Nokia - LTE EPS_Overview

RA41202EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Nokia

LTE – EPS Overview

2 RA41202EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Module Contents

• LTE Requirements• LTE Key Features• LTE Standardization• LTE Architecture• Evolved NB functionalities• EUTRAN Interfaces• LTE Terminals•LTE Advanced


Schedule for 3GPP releases

• Next step for GSM/WCDMA/HSPA and cdma2000

A true global roaming technology

year

3GPP Rel. 99/4 Rel. 5 Rel. 6 Rel. 7

2007200520032000 2008

HSDPAIMS

HSUPAMBMS

WLAN IW

HSPA+LTE Studies

Specification:

2009

• LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been simple multimode implementation and backwards compatibility.

• HSPA and LTE have in common:– Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency– Same kind of Turbo coding

• The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are typically done on hardware due to high processing requirements.

• WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization.

Rel. 8LTE & EPC

Rel. 9

LTE-Astudies

Rel. 10

LTE-AUMTS/

WCDMA

2011


LTE = Long Term Evolution

• Peak data rates of 300 Mbps / 50 Mbps (R8)

• Low latency 10-20 msEnhanced consumer experience

• Scalable bandwidth of 1.4 – 20 MHz (R8) Easy to introduce on any

frequency band

• OFDM technology

• Flat, scalable IP based architecture

Decreased cost / GB

• Next step for GSM/WCDMA/HSPA and CDMA

A true global roaming technology


Summary of Capabilities & Benefits of LTE/EPC

Fully packet-oriented mobile broadband network providing: Peak data rates of 100 Mbps (DL) Peak data rates of 50 Mbps (UL) Very low latency Seamless and lossless handover Sophisticated QoS to support important real time applications such as voice, video and interactive gaming Support for terminal speeds of 150-500 Km/h Cell ranges of up to 100 Km.

Reduced cost per bit Simplified Architecture All IP

Maximised exploitation of frequency Resources Supports flexible frequency bandwidths by means of OFDM, MIMO, HARQ etc. an outstanding spectrum efficiency can be achieved

Extended Interworking Functionality seamless mobility with other 3GPP access systems (UMTS, GPRS), with 3GPP2/cdma2000

Reduced Terminal Complexity Specific transmission schemes Minimize power consumption


LTE FDD and TDD Modes

Uplink Downlink

Bandwidthup to 20MHz

Duplex Frequencyf

tBandwidth

up to 20MHz

GuardPeriod

f

t

Uplink

Downlink

Bandwidthup to 20MHz


FDD and TDD modes (2/2)

FDD and TDD modes Harmonisation(commonalities)

FDD and TDD modesdifferences

FDD and TDD mode included together in the same specification

Same radio interface schemes for both uplink and downlink

Same subframe formats

Same network architecture

Same air interface protocols

Same physical channels procedures

FDD developed in the paired 3GPP spectrum

TDD developed in the unpaired 3GPP spectrum

Small differences in the physical channels design

Different frame formats

FDD mode has commonalities with 3G UMTS

TDD mode has commonalities with TD-SCDMA (developed in China)


Comparison of Throughput and Latency (1/2)

Enhanced consumer experience:- drives subscriber uptake- allow for new applications- provide additional revenue streams

• Peak data rates of 303 Mbps / 75 Mbps (R8)

• Low latency 10-20 ms

HSPA R6

Max. peak data rate

Mbp

s

Evolved HSPA (Rel. 7/8, 2x2 MIMO)

LTE 2x20 MHz (2x2 MIMO)

LTE 2x20 MHz (4x4 MIMO)

DownlinkUplink

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

HSPAevo

(Rel8)

LTE

* Server near RAN

Latency (Rountrip delay)*

DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on operator)

0 20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

GSM/EDGE

HSPARel6

min

max

ms


LTE Frequency Variants in 3GPP – FDD

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

9

6

2x25

2x75

2x60

2x60

2x70

2x45

2x35

2x35

2x10

824-849

1710-1785

1850-1910

1920-1980

2500-2570

1710-1755

880-915

1749.9-1784.9

830-840

BW[MHz] Uplink [MHz]

869-894

1805-1880

1930-1990

2110-2170

2620-2690

2110-2155

925-960

1844.9-1879.9

875-885

Downlink [MHz]

10 2x60 1710-1770 2110-2170

11 2x25 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9

1800

2600

900

US AWS

UMTS core

US PCS

US 850

Japan 800

Japan 1700

Japan 1500

Extended AWS

Europe Japan Americas

788-798 758-768

777-787 746-756

Japan 800

US7002x10

2x1013

12 2x18 698-716 728-746

14 US700

US700

815 – 830 860 – 875

704 – 716 734 – 746

2x15

2x1217

18US700

Band

UHF (TV)832 – 862 791 – 821

830 – 845 875 – 890

2x30

2x1519

20Japan 800

1626.5 – 1660.5 1525 – 1559 2x3424

1447.9 – 1462.9 1495.9 – 1510.92x1521TS36.101


LTE Frequency Variants - TDD

3334353637

3940

381x20

1x601x151x20

1x40

1x60

1x100

1x501910 - 1930

1850 - 19102010 - 20151900 - 1920

1880 - 1920

1930 - 1990

2300 - 2400

2570 - 2620

BW[MHz] Frequency[MHz]

UMTS TDD

UMTS TDD

US PCS

US PCS

US PCSEuro midle gap 2600

China TDD

China TDD

Band

41

4342

1x194

1x2001x200

2496 - 2690

3600 - 38003400 - 3600

UMTS TDD

new with Rel. 10


Scalable bandwidthScalable Bandwidth

• Scalable bandwidth of 1.4 – 20 MHz

• (1.4; 3; 5; 10; 15; 20) Mhz

Easy to introduce on any frequency band: Frequency Refarming(Cost efficient deployment on lower frequency bands supported)

Urban

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Rural2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

or

2.6 GHz2.1 GHz

2.6 GHz2.1 GHz

LTEUMTS

UMTSLTE

900 MHz

900 MHz GSMor

GSM UMTS

LTE

LTE

LTE


Reduced Network Complexity

• Flat, scalable IP based architecture

Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architectureIP based Interfaces

Access Core Control

Evolved Node B Gateway

IMS HLR/HSS

Flat, IP based architecture

Internet

MME


LTE/SAE Requirements Summary

1. Simplify the RAN:• - Reduce the number of different types of RAN nodes, and their complexity.• - Minimize the number of RAN interface types.2. Increase throughput: Peak data rates of UL/DL 50/300 Mbps (R8)3. Reduce latency (prerequisite for CS replacement).4. Improve spectrum efficiency: Capacity 2-4 x higher than with Release 6 HSPA5. Frequency flexibility & bandwidth scalability: Frequency Refarming6. Migrate to a PS only domain in the core network: CSFB, SRVCC7. Provide efficient support for a variety of different services. Traditional CS services will be supported via

VoIP, etc: EPS bearers for IMS based Voice8. Minimise the presence of single points of failure in the network above the eNBs S1-Flex interface9. Support for inter-working with existing 3G system & non-3GPP specified systems.10. Operation in FDD & TDD modes 11. Improved terminal power efficiency A more detailed list of the requirements and objectives for LTE can be found in TR 25.913.


Module Contents



Network Architecture Evolution

SAE GWGGSN

SGSN

RNCNode B

(NB)

Direct tunnel

GGSN

SGSN

I-HSPA

MME/SGSN

HSPA R7 HSPA R7 LTE R8

Node B + RNC

Functionality

Evolved Node B (eNB)

GGSN

SGSN

RNCNode B

(NB)

HSPA

HSPA R6LTE

User planeControl Plane

- Flat architecture: single network element in user plane in radio network and core network


Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture - Subsystems• The EPS architecture goal is to optimize the system for packet data transfer. • There are no circuit switched components. The EPS architecture is made up of:

– EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE– eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE

LTE or eUTRAN SAE or EPCEPS Architecture

• EPC provides access to external packet IP networks and performs a number of CN related functions (e.g. QoS, security, mobility and terminal context management) for idle and active terminals

• eUTRAN performs all radio interface related functions


LTE/SAE Network Elements

Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300

LTE-UE

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

MME S10

S6a

ServingGateway

S1-US11

PDNGateway

PDN

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

S1-MMEPCRF

S7 Rx+

SGiS5/S8

Evolved Node B(eNB)

X2

LTE-Uu

HSSMobility

Management Entity Policy &

Charging Rule Function

SAEGateway

eNB


Evolved Packet Core (EPC)LTE Radio Access Network

(EUTRAN)

MME

ServingGW

PDNGW

Packet Data

Network

SAE-GW

eNode-B

LTE Radio Interface Key Features

LTE Radio Interface Key Features• Retransmission Handling (HARQ/ARQ)• Spectrum Flexibility• FDD & TDD modes• Multi-Antenna Transmission• Frequency and time Domain scheduling• Uplink (UL) Power Control



(EUTRAN)

MME

ServingGW

PDNGW

Packet Data

Network

SAE-GW

eNode-B

EUTRAN Key Features

EUTRAN Key Features:• Evolved NodeB• IP transport layer• UL/DL resource scheduling• QoS Awareness• Self-configuration



(EUTRAN)

MME

ServingGW

PDNGW

Packet Data

Network

SAE-GW

eNode-B

EPC Key Features

EPC Key Features:• IP transport layer• QoS Awareness• Packet Switched Domain only• 3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option• Prepare to connect to non-3GPP access networks


Module Contents• LTE Requirements• LTE Key Features• LTE Standardization• LTE Architecture• Evolved NB functionalities• EUTRAN Interfaces• LTE Terminals•LTE Advanced


Inter-cell RRM: HO, load balancing between cells

Radio Bearer Control: setup , modifications and release of Radio Resources

Connection Mgt. Control: UE State Management,MME-UE Connection

Radio Admission Control

eNode B Meas. collection and evaluation

Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler)

eNB Functions

IP Header Compression/ de-compression

Access Layer Security: ciphering and integrity protection on the radio interface

MME Selection at Attach of the UE

User Data Routing to the SAE GW

Transmission of Paging Msg coming from MME

Transmission of Broadcast Info (e.g. System info, MBMS)

• Only network element defined as part of eUTRAN.

• Replaces the old Node B / RNC combination from 3G.

• Terminates the complete radio interface including physical layer.

• Provides all radio management functions

• To enable efficient inter-cell radio management for cells not attached to the same eNB, there is a inter-eNB interface X2 specified. It will allow to coordinate inter-eNB handovers without direct involvement of EPC during this process.

Evolved Node B (eNB)


Module Contents



LTE Radio Interface & the X2 Interface LTE-Uu interface• Air interface of LTE • Based on OFDMA in DL & SC-FDMA in UL• FDD & TDD duplex methods• Scalable bandwidth: 1.4MHz - 20 MHz

X2 interface• Inter eNB interface• X2AP: special signaling protocol (Application

Part)• Functionalities:

– In inter- eNB HO to facilitate Handover and provide data forwarding.

– In RRM to provide e.g. load information to neighbouring eNBs to facilitate interference management.

– Logical interface: doesn’t need direct site-to-site connection, i.e. can be routed via CN as well

(E)-RRC User PDUs User PDUs

PDCP..

RLCMAC

LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)

TS 36.300

eNB

LTE-Uu

eNB

X2

User PDUs

GTP-UUDP

IPL1/L2

TS 36.424

X2-UP(User Plane)X2-CP

(Control Plane)X2-APSCTP

IPL1/L2TS 36.421

TS 36.422

TS 36.423

TS 36.421

TS 36.420


S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces

MME

ServingGateway

S1-MME(Control Plane)

S1-U(User Plane)

NAS Protocols

S1-APSCTP

IPL1/L2

User PDUs

GTP-UUDP

IPL1/L2

TS 36.411

TS 36.411

TS 36.412TS 36.413

TS 36.414

TS 36.410

eNB

S1 interface is divided into two parts:

S1-MME interface• Control Plane interface between eNB & MME• S1AP:S1 Application Protocol• MME & UE will exchange NAS signaling via eNB

through this interface ( i.e. authentication, tracking area updates)

• S1 Flex: an eNB is allowed to connect to a maximum of 16 MME. (LTE2, RL20)

S1-U interface• User plane interface between eNB & Serving

Gateway.• Pure user data interface (U=User plane)

LTE4: Multi-Operator Core Network (MO-CN): An eNB can be connected simultaneously to the different Evolved Packet Cores (EPCs) of different operators, and shared by them.


Module Contents• LTE Requirements• LTE Key Features• LTE Standardization• LTE Architecture• Evolved NB functionalities• EUTRAN Interfaces• LTE Terminals•LTE Advanced


Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7 Class 8

peakrate DL/UL 10/5 Mbps 50/25 Mbps 100/50 Mbps 150/50 Mbps 299/75 Mbps 301/50 Mbps 301/102 Mbps 3000/1500 Mbps

RF bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4 2x2 or 4x4 2x2 or 4x4 8x8

LTE UE Categories

• All categories support 20 MHz• 64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink

(except Class 5 & 8)• 2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1

Power Class

Tx Power (dBm)

Tolerance (dB)

1 [+30]

2 [+27]

3 +23 +/-2 dB

4 [+21]


LTE: What is new?

- new radio transmission schemes:• OFDMA in DL• SC-FDMA in UL • MIMO Multiple Antenna Technology

- New radio protocol architecture:• Complexity reduction• Focus on shared channel operation,

no dedicated channels anymore

• new network architecture:– More functionality in the base

station (eNodeB)– Focus on PS domain– Flat architecture (2-nodes)– All-IP

• Important for Radio Planning– Frequency Reuse 1

▪ No need for Frequency Planning– No need to define neighbour lists

in LTE


LTE Air Interface Key Features

OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air interface and could be used for both FDD and TDD modes

Fast Link Adaptationdue to channel behaviour

Short TTI = 1 msTransmission time interval

Advanced SchedulingTime & Freq.

TX RX

Tx RxMIMOChannel

DL: OFDMAUL: SC-FDMA

scalable

HARQ Automatic Repeat Request

64QAMModulation


Module Contents

• LTE Requirements• LTE Key Features• LTE Standardization• LTE Architecture• Evolved NB functionalities• EUTRAN Interfaces•LTE Advanced


LTE becomes LTE-Advanced with 3GPP Rel 10

LTE-A fulfills or exceeds the requirements of IMT-Advanced defined by ITU

Data rates

Mobility

LTE-Advanced Goals

Enhance macro network performance

Enable efficient use of small cells

More Bandwidth available

Able to achieve higher data rates ( up to 1 Gbps in downlink for stationary users)

Enhance the coverage by increasing data rates on the cell edge

Meet and exceed capabilities requested for IMT-Advanced

Backward compatibility

Meet 3GPP operators’ requirements for LTE evolution


System Performance Requirements

• Peak data rate- 1 Gbps data rate will be achieved by 4-by-4 MIMO and transmission

bandwidth wider than approximately 70 MHz• Peak spectrum efficiency

- DL: Rel. 8 LTE satisfies IMT-Advanced requirement- UL: Need to double from Release 8 to satisfy IMT-Advanced requirement

Rel. 8 LTE LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced

Peak data rateDL 300 Mbps 1 Gbps

1 Gbps(*)

UL 75 Mbps 500 MbpsPeak spectrum efficiency [bps/Hz] DL 15 30 15

UL 3.75 15 6.75

*“100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility


Technology Evolution Enables LTE-Advanced

• LTE-Advanced benefits from technology evolution in baseband and RF area, availability of new spectrum and optical fiber transport

Optical transport availability

Multiple power amplifiers in UE

4-8 antennas in UE

More spectrumMultiband UE and BTS capability

Carrier aggregation

MIMO enhancements

CoMP

Heterogeneous networks

Relays

Multi-antenna BTS site

Baseband processing capability

Low cost small BTSLTE-A

http://images.google.fi/imgres?imgurl=http://blogs.sun.com/staso/resource/spectrum3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://blogs.sun.com/staso/entry/face_the_spectrum&usg=__pHqBGSqurSwyzFtvOKOU2CeyB8k=&h=334&w=485&sz=13&hl=fi&start=2&um=1&tbnid=MRy0izUjbafcEM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=129&prev=/images?q=spectrum&hl=fi&rlz=1T4SUNA_enFI268FI319&um=1

http://images.google.fi/imgres?imgurl=http://comps.fotosearch.com/comp/UNC/UNC265/antenna-icons-cell_~u30842309.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fotosearch.com/UNC265/u30842309/&usg=__hnqzjj9qIiVHVRDWaEP-hYIEEJc=&h=320&w=300&sz=22&hl=fi&start=13&um=1&tbnid=rf9CdnRQGsiAEM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=111&prev=/images?q=mobile+phone+antennas&hl=fi&rlz=1T4SUNA_enFI268FI319&um=1

http://images.google.fi/imgres?imgurl=http://fiberopticindustry.com/images/fiber_optics/fiber_optics_250x251.jpg&imgrefurl=http://fiberopticindustry.com/result.php?Keywords=Fiber%20Optic%20Cable&usg=__PDSZg9BhnzUoWQR8XOjNb1mmEY8=&h=251&w=250&sz=9&hl=fi&start=14&um=1&tbnid=2CMjITHmnlhVvM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=111&prev=/images?q=fiber+optics&hl=fi&rlz=1T4SUNA_enFI268FI319&um=1


LTE-Advanced: First features standardized in 3GPP Release10

Key aspects in 3GPP Rel.10

• Carrier Bandwidth extension by carrier aggregation

• Downlink: Up to 100 MHz bandwidth with 2 Release 8 carriers from different frequency bands

• Uplink: Only single band carrier aggregation

• New codebook for downlink (DL) 8TX MIMO

• Feedback enhancements for DL 2TX/4TX Multiuser MIMO

• 2TX/4TX Uplink Single/Multiuser MIMO• Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP), also

known as cooperative system• Receiving transmission from multiple sectors

(not necessary visible for UE)

• Single Relay Node architecture based on self-backhauling eNB

• Simple intercell interference coordination in time domain

• Enhancements for office Femto handoversHeterogeneous

networks

MIMO 4x8x

Coordinated Multipoint

Relaying

Carrier Aggregation

Carrier1 Carrier nCarrier2…..



Bandwidth Extension by Carrier Aggregation


MIMO 4x8x


Relaying

Carrier Aggregation


Mobility

in June 2009

up to 100 MHz Flexible component carrier aggregation

different frequency bands asymmetric in UL/DL

Component Carrier (LTE rel. 8 Carrier)

Aggregated BW: 30MHz

Aggregated BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz

20 MHz 10 MHz

20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps300Mbps

1.5Gbps


Carrier Aggregation (CA)

- High peak data rate of 1 Gbps in downlink and 500 Mbps in uplink can be achieved with bandwidth extension from 20 MHz up to 100 MHz.

- Backwards compatibility to Release 8 by combining N Release 8 component carriers to N x LTE bandwidth, for example 5 x 20 MHz = 100 MHz

- Old LTE terminals use one carrier, new ones all N

LTE-Advanced maximum bandwidth

Carrier 1 Carrier 4 Carrier 5Carrier 3Carrier 2

Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW

CA also offers opportunities for autonomous interference

management schemes – especially relevant for

heterogeneous networks.

Both contiguous and non-contiguous CA is

supported offering improved spectrum flexibility (e.g. for

refarming).


Carrier Aggregation (CA) – RL50 LTE 1089

DL GBR, DL non-GBR, UL

Carrier 1

Carrier 2

DL non-GBR

CA capable UE



RL60 embodiment of Carrier Aggregation functionality

• Primary improvements coming with RL60 LTE1332 feature:

• Additional cell bandwidth combinations are supported on top of RL50 band combinations:

5 MHz + 15 MHz 5 MHz + 20 MHz10 MHz + 15 MHz10 MHz + 20 MHz15 MHz + 15 MHz15 MHz + 20 MHz20 MHz + 20 MHz

20 MHz

40 M

Hz

1.8 G

2.6 G

• Support for additional band combinations is provided:

band 1 + band 7band 2 + band 4band 2 + band 5band 2 + band 17band 3 + band 3band 3 + band 7band 3 + band 20band 4 + band 4

band 4 + band 17 band 5 + band 7 band 7 + band 20B and 4 + band 12band 3 + band 28band 4 + band 7band 7 + band 7

Note that RL60 provides also support for certain intra-band

carrier aggregation options – this support was not in place in RL50

RL60 extends maximum possible aggregated bandwidth from 20 MHz

(RL50 LTE 1089) to 40 MHz

20 MHz



PRIMARY CELL

SECONDARY CELL

CA capable UEDL G

BR, DL non-GBR, UL

Carrier 1

Carrier 2

DL non-GBR



MIMO Extension


MIMO 4x8x


Relaying

Carrier Aggregation




Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)


MIMO 4x8x


Relaying

Carrier Aggregation


Cooperation of antennas of multiple sectors / sites

Interference free by coordinated transmission / reception

Highest performance potential

Service Area


• Receive UEs uplink signal by more than one cell• Intra eNB CoMP: cells involved in reception of the UE belong to the same eNB (cells are

colocated)• LTE1402: UL inter-cell intra eNB reception + Interference Rejection Combining (IRC)

• UL SINR enhancement allows for increased UL throughput on average and cell edge. Gains depend on load and interference conditions in the network

• Macro deployment: 8% average*• Hotspot deployment: 12% average*

• In LTE1402 up to 2 cells can be selected for UL reception from so called CoMP sets containing up to 3 cells

• Cell selection is performed per TTI based on instantaneous SINR measurements• CoMP reception can only be done for PUSCH. Other UL physical channels are received by serving cell

antennas.• Cells involved in LTE1402 CoMP sets can only have 2 RX antennas• In LTE1402 Interference Rejection Combining (IRC) algorithm is used for UL reception

• FDD: using 1 cell: LTE979 “IRC for 2 RX paths”; using 2 cells: LTE980 “IRC for 4 RX paths” **• TDD: using 1cell: LTE936 “UL IRC Receiver”; using 2 cells: Enhanced IRC**

• LTE1402 is transparent to UEs. All 3GPP Rel. 8 compliant UEs will benefit from this feature.

Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)- LTE1402



Relaying


MIMO 4x8x


Relaying

Carrier Aggregation


Fast deployment Coverage with low

infrastructure costs



Heterogeneous Network


MIMO 4x8x


Relaying

Carrier Aggregation


Heterogeneous Networks – The Combined Benefit of Wide & Local Area

Wide Area sites

Medium area sites

Local area

Local area

Local area

Local area

WLAN

WLANWLAN

Medium area sites

Local area

WLAN

WLAN


Heterogeneous Networks – The Combined Benefit of Wide & Local Area

Macro

Micro

Pico, Femto

Share will grow in future• 10 – 100 m, • < 500 mW

Share of sites growing• 100 – 300 m • 1 – 5 W

Majority of cell sites today• > 300 m • > 5 W output power

License exempt growing & Secondary services emerging• 10-100 m• < 100 mW Access

Points

Wide Area sites

Medium area sites

Local area

Local area

Local area

Local area

WLAN

WLANWLAN

Medium area sites

Local area

WLAN

WLAN

Benefits of Multi-Layer Deployment• Coverage improvement from local area cells in edge or

shadowed regions• Capacity increase from more transmission points in a

given area

Tradeoffs involved with Multi-Layer• Co-channel deployment needs no additional

spectrum but creates interference between the layers and within the same layer >> this interference needs to be controlled for QoS


Why small cells?


Focus on LTE Small Cells


The evolving role of Small Cells

Nokia - LTE EPS_Overview

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