lnXÀ - marthoman.tvmarthoman.tv/association_2012/Snehithar Special.pdf · 9.Xp…-a ‹ ‘{Zm-k...

$: lnXÀ - marthoman.tvmarthoman.tv/association_2012/Snehithar Special.pdf · 9.Xp…-a ‹ ‘{Zm-k \w k‘-b vs ¡¶pw amXrI ^m.-s sS-ä kvtPmÀPv 10 ... {Zm-k \w Hcn-¡ ´¡qSn ae-ƒ$

ae¶c Atkmkntbj≥ hntijm¬ ]Xn∏v

kvt\lnX¿ DdhpIfpsS Imh¬°m¿

Xpº-a Zm-k\ bph-P\]ÿm-\w

]kn-U‚v:

An. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ ¢nΩokv saXm-t∏m-eoØ sshkv ]kn-U‚v :

dh.m. K_n-tb¬ tPmkv 94472 68368P\d¬ skI- dn :

io. _nt\mbn ‰n. tXmakv 94470 87024Nov FUn-‰¿ :

io. en\p tPmjzm 94478 01733FUnt‰mdn-b¬ t_m¿UwK-ßƒ :

io. ]n. sI. tXmakvio. ]n\p ‰n. amXypio. aØmbn tPmjzmio. tPm_n≥ ]n. kPnio. dntPmbv kmwio. sÃn≥ tP°_vio. Sm≥k≥ h¿Kokvio. PnØv tPmio. enPp tPm h¿Kokvio. ]tamZv amXypio. h¿Kokv amXypio. G_nƒ tPm¿Pv aØmbn

Printed & Published by Fr.Gabriel Joseph, Vice President, Orthodox Christian Youth Movement, Thumpamon Diocese, Basil Aramana, Pathanamthitta. E-mail: [email protected]

Private circulation among members only.

1.FUn-t‰mdnb¬2. ]cnip≤ _tkentbmkv am¿tØmam

]utemkv ZznXnb≥ _mhmbpsS I¬]\3. An. Ipdnbmt°mkv am¿ ¢nΩokv

saXmt∏meoØbpsS I¬]\4. Xpº-a Zm-k\w

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ ¢oΩnkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm

6. Nne iXm_vZn Nn¥Iƒ tUm. G_lmw am¿ skdmnw saXmt∏meoØ

7. Biwk Fw. Pn. tPm¿÷v apØq‰v

8. Biwk tUm. tPm¿÷v tPmkv

9.Xpº-a Zm-k\w k-bvs°∂pw amXrI m.-ssS-‰kv tPm¿Pv

10.kvt\l]hmNI≥ \nXykvacWbn¬ m. tUm. Koh¿§okv sI.

11.Pq_n-en-°mew tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXma-kv

12. ae-¶-c-k: AXn-Po-h-\-Øns‚ \qX\amXrI

m. hn’≥ amXyp, t_kn¬ Zbd13.km-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ bph-P\]¶m-fnXzw

m. ]n. ssh. sPk≥14. ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ 1653 apX¬

2010 hsc tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv, h¿Kokv tPm tXm-∏p-g

15.ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtfPv tUm. tPm¿÷v h¿Kokv

16.ae¶c \kmWnIfpsS km ]m¿esa‚v amXyp i¶cØn¬

17.]Ø\wXn ]®∏psIm≠p hc® \∑bpsS q]Sw

km°o¿ lpssk≥18.Xpº-a Zm-k-\hpw tijvT-]n-Xm-°-

∑mcpw jmPn aT-Øn-te-Øv19.kvt\l IqSmcØns‚ CSb\v bmXmsamgn

tUm. amXyp ]n. tPm¿÷v20."hnØn''se ""kØ'' ˛

enPp tPm h¿Kokv21. kvt\l-Øns‚ Xma-c-\q-ep-Ifpw Cg-b-Sp-∏-

Øns‚ IpSpw__‘hpw ˛kmw A£-c-ho-Sv

22.Xpº-a Zm-k\ bph-P-\-]-ÿm\w hm¿Ø-Iƒ

23.UnkvSnIv‰v bqWn‰v hm¿Ø-Iƒ




""Fs‚ I¿Ømhpw Fs‚ ssZh-hpa'' F∂Xv hnizm-k-Øns‚ Bg-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

h∂ lrZ-b- i-_vZ-am-Wv.- A-Xns‚ DS-a -X-s∂-bmWv Cu mcX aÆnse k-bpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-ine CXv. B aqe-°-√n¬ \n∂pw Dbn¿sIm≠ ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n

k B ]nXr-XzsØ An-am-\-]q¿∆w G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p. ""Ah-t\mSp IqsS acnt°≠-Xn\p \mapw t]mI'' F∂p ]d™ B ss[cy-imenbpsS ]n∑p-d-°m¿

]oU-\-ß-tfbpw ]Xn-k-‘n-I-tfbpw AXn-Po-hn-®-Xn¬ A¤p-X-apt≠m? B ]utcm-lnXy ]n≥Xp-S¿® ]cnip≤ ]utemkv ZznXn-b≥ _mhm-bn¬ FØn- \n¬°p-tºmƒ

ssIkvXh hnizm-k-Øns‚ Cu‰n-√-amb Xpº-a Zm-k\w Hcn-°¬°qSn ae-¶c At m-kn-tb-j\v kmcYyw Acp-fp-I-bm-Wv. F√m A¿∞-Ønepw B ]m[m-\ysØ

Dƒs°m-≠p -sIm≠v Xpº-a Zm-k\ssIkvXh bph-P\]ÿm\w AXns‚ HutZym-KnI amkn-I-bmb ""kvt\ln-X¿'' hnti-jm¬ ]Xn-∏mbn ]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂p.

Assosiation F∂ ]Z-Øn\v “ a group of people organized

for a joint purpose ” F∂mWv UnIvj\dnbn¬ \n∂pw en°p∂ A¿∞w. ssIkvXh kbpw CtX Z¿i-\-Øn¬Øs∂ cq]w

sIm≠-Xm-Wv. InkvXo-b -kvt\-lsØ ]I-cp-∂-Xn\v tN¿°-s∏ Iqm-bva. InkvXp-\mY≥ Acpfn sNbvXp

""Rm≥ \nß-tfmSv Iev]n-°p-∂Xp sNbvXm¬ \nßƒ Fs‚ kvt\ln-X≥am¿ Xs∂'' (tbml. 15.14)

]Xn-k-‘n-I-fnepw ]Xn-Iq-e-X-I-fnepw B kvt\l-sØ-]Xn XymKw kln® km-]n-Xm°≥amsc Hm¿°p-∂-Xn\pw B \√ ]mX-Isf ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ff Hc-h-kcw IqSn-bm-hWw Cu Iqm-bva.

‡-I-hn-bmb I_o¿ ]mSn ""Hcp Ddp-ºns‚ Imen¬ Nne¶ sIn-bm¬ B Nne-¶-bpsS i_vZw t]mepw tIƒ°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-\mWv Fs‚ Cuiz-c≥''. B hnizmk kq£vaX \ΩpsS km ]nXm-°≥am-cnepw Z¿in-°m-\mhpw. B kq£va-X-bn-eqsS Ah¿ t\Sn-Ø∂ ae-¶c k-bpsS kzXzhpw kzmX-¥yhpw Aw-Kpcw

ImØp-kq-£n-°m≥ \ap°v ]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-cmImw.

kvt\l-]q¿∆w Nov FUn-‰¿

t

- 2 -




\a°v FXbpw kvt\ln°s∏ncn°p∂ \ΩpsS Xpºa saXmk\ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv ssIkvXh bphP\]ÿm\w ]h¿ØI¿°v hmgvhv.

]nbtc,

2012 am¿®v amkw 07mw XobXn ]Ø\wXn ImtXment°‰v tImtfPv A¶WØn¬ ktΩfn°p∂ ae¶c kpdnbm\n InkvXym\n At mkntbj\pambn _‘s∏v \ΩpsS Xpºa saXmk\ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv ssIkvXh bphP\ ]ÿm\w, kvt\lnX¿ F∂ ssXamknIbpsS Hcp hntijm¬ ]Xn∏v ]kn≤oIcn°p∂p F∂dn bp∂Xn¬ \mw Gsd kt¥mjn°p∂p. ]cn. kbpsS A\pKlIc amb hf¿®bv°v bphP\]ÿm\Øn\v henb ]¶v hln°phm\p≠v. bphP\ßfpsS Bflob \hoIcWØn\pw, InkvXob ka¿∏WØn s‚ ]q¿ÆXbv°pw, ktbmSp≈ kPoh _‘Øn\pw Cu DZyaw apJm¥cw BIs F∂v \mw Biwkn°p∂p.

ae¶c kpdnbm\n InkvXym\n At mkntbjs‚ ]Ø\wXn bnse tbmKw km NcnXØn¬ kph¿Æen]nIfn¬ tcJs∏SpØp hm≥ X°hÆw A\pKl]Zambn Xocphm≥ Ghcpw ]m¿∞n°Ww

ssZhw A\pKln°s

_tkentbmkv am¿tØmam ]utemkv ZznXnb≥

p

- 3 -

s_phcn 17, 2012




A\pXm]Øns‚bpw ImcpWyØns‚bpw \∑bptSbpw eßƒ \Ωn¬ Bgambn t_m[ys∏SpØp∂ henb t\mºnte°v \mw ]thin®ncn°pIbmWt√m. \ΩnepfhmIp∂ A\pXm]hpw, XXvP\yamb ]h¿Ø\ßfpw ImcpWyhm\mb ]nXmhv kzoIcn°p∂psh∂v thZ]pkvXIw \sΩ ]Tn∏n°p∂p. (hn. eqt°m. 15) kv\m\ta¬°phm≥ Xs∂ kao]n®htcmSv kv\m]I tbml∂m≥ ]dbp∂Xv am\km¥cØn\v tbmKyamb ew Imbn°pho≥ F∂mWv. A\pXm]ØneqsS ]pXnb Nn¥m coXnbpw ]pXnb kao]\coXnbpw \Ωn¬ DfhmIWw. [q¿Ø ]pXs\t∏mse kvt\l\n[nbmb ]nXmhns‚ h\Øn¬ \n∂v \mw AI∂v t]mbnpt≠m? Xncn®p htc≠Xns‚ kabw AXnIan®ncn°p∂p. Cu ]cnip≤ t\mºv AXn\v apJm¥camIs.

h¿jßƒ°ptijw ho≠pw \ΩpsS Zmk\w kbpsS ]m¿esa‚mb ae¶c kpdnbm\n InkvXym\n At mkntbj\v BXnYyacpfpIbmWt√m. tamibpsS Imew apX¬ P\m[n]Xy coXn \ap°v Z¿in°phm≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. At∏mkvtXme∑mcpsS ImeØv P\Øns‚ lnXadn™v t\Xm°∑msc Xncs™SpØXmbn At∏m. ]h¿ØnIfn¬ ImWp∂p.

\ΩpsS \mbI≥ InkvXphmWv. B t\Xmhns\ ]n≥]‰ptºmƒ Ahs‚ mhw Xs∂bmWv \Ωfnepw D≠mtI≠Xv. ssZhØm¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏

t\XrXzw \sΩ \bn°ptºmƒ GXv sN¶Sepw \ap°v adnIS°mw. GXv Npps]m≈p∂ ]mdbn¬ \n∂pw XWpØ Pew \ap°v en°pw. At∏mƒ ]cn. t\mºn¬ \S°p∂ Cu Iqmbvabn¬ B ssZhoI Nn¥ \sΩ cn°Ww. aX a’cyßƒ°∏pdw ]m¿∞\m \n¿camb Hcp a\t msS \ap°v \ΩpsS mhn Z¿in°mw. hnfn°s∏ hnfn°v tbmKyamb at\mhn\bhpw im¥Xbpw F√mhcnepw D≠mIs. bphkaqlØn\pw Cu kbpsS hf¿®bn¬ apJy ]¶mWv hln°m\p≈Xv. kvtXmt\mkns\bpw Iqscbpw sXc™SpØ t∏mƒ Ah¿°v th≠nbncp∂Xv Bflmhpw ⁄m\hpw \nd™ \√ km£yap ≈ Ggp ]pcpj∑mscbmbncp∂p. A°qØn¬ Aßs\bp≈h¿ D≠mbncp∂p Xm\pw. \nßfnepw Cu km£yw Is≠Øphm≥ ]ÿm\Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\ ßfpw ktbmSp tN¿∂p≈ ]h¿Ø\ßfpw apJm¥camIssb∂v ]m¿∞n°p∂p.

F∂v A\pKlmin pItfmsS

I¿Ør ipiqjbn¬

Ipdnbmt°mkv ¢nΩokv saXmt∏meoØ

KURIAKOSE MAR CLEMIS METROPOLITANBASIL ARAMANAPathanamthitta, 689645 Kerala. India.

02-03-2012

Ref. No. 17 / 2012

- 4 -




\ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏n\v tijw hn.-tXmΩm «olm Ipsd-°mew ]me-kvXo-\n¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn®v kphn-tijw Adn-bn-®p. CXn-\p-tijw At±-lsØ C¥y-bn-te°v Ab-®p. C¥y-bnse tKm≠-tm-dkv cmPm-hns‚ sImm-c-Øns‚ inev]n-bm-bn- mWv At±lw ChnsS FØn-b-Xv. A∫m-\okv F∂ I®-h-S-°m-c\pw IqsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tKm≠-tm-dkv cmPmhv Ncn-X-]p-cp-j-\m-sW∂v C∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn-ep≈ \mW-b-ßƒ 19mw \q‰m-≠n¬ en-®n-p-≠v.

tIc-f-Ønse k-I-fpsS ]mc-ºcyw A\p-k-cn®v tXmΩm-«o-lm, G.Un. 52 ¬ tIc-f-Ønse ][m\Xpd-ap-J-amb sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ (ap-kn-do-kv) h∂v kphn-tijw Adn-bn-®p. amen-b-¶c ]meq¿ ]d-hq¿ (tIm- -°m-b¬) tKm°awKew \ncWw Nmb¬ (\n-e-bv°¬) sIm√w Cu Ggp ÿeß-fn¬ ssIkvX-h-k-aq-l-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-tImSv Ac-∏≈n apIfn¬ ]d™ ÿe-ß-tfmSv tN¿∂v ]d-™p-h-cp-∂p-. IqSmsX Cu ssIkvX-h-k-aq-lsØ \bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]I-tem-a‰w i¶-c-]pcn I≈n Imfn-bm-¶¬ F∂o IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sshZn-I-scbpw \nb-an-®p.

tIc-f-Ønse kbv°v ASn-ÿm-\-an tijw tXmΩm «olm aem° ssN\XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ t]mbn kphn-ti-jw Adn-bn-®p. XpS¿∂v C¥y-bn¬ aS-ßn-sbØn ssaem-∏q-cn¬ h®v km£n-a-cWw ]m]n-®p.

hn.-th-Z-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ ss[cy-im-en-bmb tXmΩm «olm-bpsS NnX-amWv \ap°v en-°p-∂-Xv. I¿Øm-hns‚ Dbn¿∏n\v tijw \ncm-i-cmbn b-hn-lz-e-cmb injy-∑m¿ F√mw AS-®n apdn-bn¬ Ccp-∂-t∏mƒ ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-hm≥ ss[cyw Imnb BfmWv tXmΩm «olm.

ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kXpº-a Zm-k\w

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS hnizmk ]Jym-]\w as‰√m hnizm-k-]-Jym-]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Dc-I-√mbn \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ I¿Øm-hns\ kv]¿in®v ""Fs‚ I¿Ømhpw Fs‚ ssZh-hpta''F∂ ]Jym-]\w F√m hnizm-kn-Ifpw G‰p-]-d-tb-≠p-∂-Xm-Wv. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS a°-fmb \ap°v At±-l-Øns‚ kvacW \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ Imcy-ambn H∂pw sNøm≥ km[n-®n- n√ F∂ kXyw \mw ad-°-cp-Xv. \ΩpsS F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw \ΩpsS Imh¬ ]nXm-hmb tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS kPoh kvacW \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ \ap°v km[n-°-Ww. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS ss]Xr-I-ap≈ ae-¶-c-k- -bnse Xpº-a Zm-k\w \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂Xv 1876 emWv. Ct∂°v 136 h¿jw apºv ]kn-≤-amb apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v tijw A∂sØ ksb 7 Zm-k-\-ß-fmbn hn-Pn-®p. Ah-bn¬ H∂mWv Xpº-a Zm-k-\w. A∂v 21 ]≈n-Iƒ amXsa D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. Xpºa ]tZiw A∂v ssIkvXh hnizm-kn-I-fpsS tIµ-am-bn-cp-∂p. G.-Un. 900 Ønt\m-S-SpØv Xpº-a-Æn¬ ]≈n ÿm]n®p F∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p. sIm√-h¿jw Nnßw 15 \v Ct∏m-gsØ ]≈n-bpsS inem-ÿm-]\w \S-Øn. 1876 ¬ \S∂ apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ Xpº-a ]≈nsb Zm-k\]≈n-bmbn Db¿Øn. ]n∂oSv IØo-U¬ Bbpw Db¿Ø-s∏- p.

\ne-bv°¬ sk‚v tacokv ]≈n (Zm-k-\-Ønse ]Ya tZhm-e-bw)

]cn-ip≤ am¿tØmΩm «olm ÿm]n® 7 ]≈n-I-fn¬ \ne-bv°¬ (Nm-b¬) sk‚v tacokv ]≈n Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-°p-≈n-em-sW-∂p-≈Xv \ap°v An-am-\n-°mw. X∂n-anØw H∂mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ Xs∂ \ΩpsS ]tZ-i-Øv, InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Bcm-[\m tIµ-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv Bcpw \ntj-[n-°p-I-bn-√.

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ ¢oΩnkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm

- 5 -




\ne-bv°¬ AYhm Nmb¬ (Nm-W-]-tZ-iw) Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ AXn¿Øn-bn¬ a≤y- m-K-Ømbn ae-a-S-°p-I-fn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. ]ºm-\-Zn°v sX°pw I°m- m-dn\v hS°pw D≈ h\-a-≤y-Øn-emWv ]kvXpX ÿew. dm∂n-bn¬ \n∂pw 36 ssa¬ Ing-°mbn i_-cn-a-e-bv°p≈ ]¥fw ]mX-bn¬ AtX CXns‚ ÿm\w. Cu ]tZ-i-Øns‚ a≤y-Øn-embn kmam\yw henb Hcp XSmIw D≠v. ]pcm-X\ImeØv ChnsS a\p-jy-hmkap≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p-≈-Xn\v aXn-bmb sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. Cu h\-a-≤y-Øn¬ sIn-S-ßfpsS Xd-bpw- -t£-Xhpw ]≈n-Ø-dbpw InW-dp-Ifpw ap∏Xn¬ A[nIw I√-d-Ifpw C∂pw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \ne-bv°¬ Hcp kp]-[m\hmWn-Py-tI-µ-am-bn-cp-∂p. Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ IS-º-\mSv Im™n-c-∏-ffn Xpº-a apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn-te°v

]mem-b\w sNbvXp-sh∂pw ]≈n-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw Ds≠-∂pamWv tcJ-Iƒ km£n-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp ]q¿∆nI IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øn¬ am¿tØm-Ωm-«olm kz¥w ssIømse ]Wn sNbvXv Ipcnip h® Nmb¬ ]≈n F∂v ImWp-∂p.

]¥fw sImm-c-Ønse KŸ tiJ-c-Øn¬ \ne-bv°-en-s\-°p-dn®v ]e Fgp-Øp-I-fp-≠v. AXnepw \ne-bv°¬]≈n am¿tØm-Ωm-«olm ÿm]n®p F∂p Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p.

G.-Un.6mw \q‰m-≠n-t\m-S-SpØv Cu tZi-hm-kn-Iƒ°v Zpk-l-amb Ft¥m ]oU-I-fp-≠m-bn. Ddp-am-∏pen F∂ hnj P¥p-hns‚ BI-aWw At\-I-am-fp-I-fpsS ac-W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-°n-sb∂pw AX√ ]d-a‰w F∂p ]d-bp∂ ]m≠n-∏dbcpsS XpS-sc-bp≈ sIm≈-bm¬ sskzc-Po-hnXw Inm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ B tZiw hnv BfpIƒ Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn-te°v t]mbn F∂pw NcnXw ]d-bp-∂p. GXm-bmepw \ne-bv°-en-s\-°p-dn®v ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ At\Iw InkvXob IpSpw-_-ßƒ C∂pw tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ mK-ß-fn-ep-≠v. Im™n-c-∏-≈n IS-º-\m-Sv Xpº-a- -sN-ß-∂q¿ F∂o tZi-ß-fn¬ \ne-bv°¬ F∂ hop-t]-cp≈ hoSp-I-fp-≠v.

Cßs\]bmWw sNbvX-h¿ ]≈n-bn-en-cp∂ I\ymkvXo AΩ-bpsS cq]hpw IqsS sIm≠p-t]mbn F∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. BƒXm-a-k-an-√msX Zo¿L-Imew InS∂ ÿeØv D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]≈n-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ Ipcn-iv- -I-√-d-bpsS I√p-Iƒ F√mw C∂pw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

\jvS-s∏- p-t]mb Cu ]≈n-sb-°p-dn®p≈ At\z-j-W-ßƒ hfsc apºp Xs∂ XpS-ßn-b-Xm-Wv. 1957 s_p-hcn 21 \v m.-tXm-akv H.-sF.-kn., m.-hn.-sP.-tPm-kv hS-t»-cn-bØv F∂nh¿ Cu ÿew I≠p-]n-Sn®v AhnsS Ipsd-°mew Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂p. hn.-Ip¿_m-\bpw a‰v ipiq-j-Ifpw \SØn F¶nepw A∂sØ Khsa‚ns‚ ]Xn-Iqe \bw Ch¿°v XpS¿∂p ]h¿Øn-°m≥ CS-bm-°n-bn-√. A°m-eØv \ΩpsS CS-hI saXm-t∏m-eoØ Bbn-cp∂ An.-Zm-\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw CXc ssIkvXh tae-≤y-£-∑mcpw Dƒs∏sS At\Iw Xo¿∞m-S-I¿ ChnSw kµ¿in-®n- p-≠v.

Aßs\am¿tØmΩm «olm-bm¬ ÿm]n-X-amb Cu Zm-k-\-Ønse BZysØ ]≈n \jvS-am-sb-¶nepw B t]cn¬ Xs∂ Hcp ]pXnb Zm-k\w""\ne-bv°¬ Zm-k\w'' kbv°v D≠m-b-Xn¬ kt¥m-jn-°mw. Aßs\ ]cn. -am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ t]jnX ]hrØn tijvT-ambn \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ km[n-°s F∂v ]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

- 6 -




Nne iXm_vZn Nn¥IƒtUm. G_lmw am¿ skdmnw saXmt∏meoØ

ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kpdnbm\n kbpsS 1960mw hm¿jnIhpw ImtXment°‰v ÿm]\Øns‚ iXm_vZnbpw kwbp‡ambn BtLmjn°pIbmWt√m? ktΩf\ßfpw, skan\mdpIfpw, dmenIfpsams° kwLSn∏n°p∂tXmsSm∏w kbv°v Hcp BfloI \thm∞m\w D≠mIp∂Xns\°pdn®v Imcyambn BtemNnt°≠nbncn °p∂p. kbpsS BfloI \nehmcsØ hnebncpØp∂Xn\pw mhnImcyßƒ BtemNn ®p \S∏m°p∂Xn\pw Cu h¿jw ian°Ww. InkvXphns‚ PohnX ssienbnte°p≈ aSßnt∏m°v C∂v kbv°v Bhiyambncn°p∂p. C∂v k t\cnSp∂ ][m\ ]Xn k‘nIƒ GhbmWv? kbpsS tIkpIƒ amXamtWm \ΩpsS hnjbw? kbv°p ffnse ]iv\ßfs√ bYm¿∞ ]iv\ßƒ? Fs¥ms°bmWv AØcw ]iv\ßƒ? Fs¥ms°bmWv ]Xnhn[nIƒ ?

1. ksb∂ s]mXp Z¿i\w \jvSs∏p.

InkvXp KmXamb kbpsS Ahbhßfmbn \n¬°ptºmƒ Xs∂ KmXtØmSp≈ _‘Øn¬ s]mXp ssienIfpw XXzßfpw D≠mIWw. Zmk\ßfpsSbpw ÿm]\ßfpsSbpw ]ÿm\ßfpsSbpw hf¿®bv°v ap≥KW\ \¬Iptºmƒ km KmXØns‚ apgph\mb hf¿®sb°pdn®v hnkvacn°p∂p. B\p]mXnIa√mØ hf¿® acWØnte°p \bn°pw. saXmt∏meoØmam¿ AhcpsS Zmk\ hnIk\hpw sshZoI¿ AhcpsS CShIbpsS hf¿®bpw Aflmb¿ AhcpsS h\ßfpsS Db¿®bpw amXw e£yw h®m¬ s]mXphmb kbpsS hf¿® i≤n°s∏SmsX t]mIpw. Zmk\Øns‚bpw CShIbpsSbpw IpSpw_Øns‚bpw hf¿® kbpsS

s]mXphf¿®bpsS mKamIp∂ns√¶n¬ AXv A]ISIcamb hf¿®sb∂v ]dtb≠ncn°p∂p. ImtXmen°mbpsSbpw ae¶c saXmt∏meoØmbpsSbpw Iogn¬ H∂mbn \n∂psIm≠p≈ hf¿®sb°pdn®v \mw Nn¥nt°≠nbncn°p∂p. kbnse GXpÿm\nIfpw Abvta\nIfpw CØcØnep≈ Hcpasb°pdn®v [ym\n°Ww. Bib]camb hyXymkßƒ IqSnbncp∂v N¿®sNøpIbpw ]cnlmcw Is≠ØpIbpw thWw. Aßs\N¿® sNøphm\p≈ kwhn[m\ßƒ kbnep≠mIWw. ]ckv]cw N¿® sNbvXv ]cnlcn°phm≥ Ignbp∂ns√¶n¬ AXn\v kbn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw a≤yÿ¿ ap≥ssIsøSpØv ]cnlmcw D≠m°Ww. s]mXp XXzßfpw [mcWIfpw D≠mbn, AXn\pth≠n \n¬°phm≥ \mw i≤nt°≠nbncn°p∂p.

2.\ΩpsS BfloI ssNX\yw \jvSs∏Sp∂p.

ÿm]\h¬°cWhpw BtLmjßfpw \ΩpsS BfloIXsb kmcambn _m[n®ncn°p∂p. IpSpw_ßfpw Zmk\ßfpw k apgph\mbpw C∂v i≤n°p∂Xv BtLmjßƒ°pw sInSßfpw Np‰p]mSpIfpw D≠mIp∂Xn\pamWv. kbpsS F√m Xeßfnepw ]m¿∞\m¥co£ßƒ \jvSambncn°p∂p. Bcm[\bpw a‰pw NSßpIfmbn amdnbncn°p∂p. AXn¬ kw_‘n°p∂ qcnmKhpw CXpaXnsb∂v Nn¥n°p∂p. Aev]sa¶nepw BfloI PohnXw BKln°p∂h¿ AXv en°psa∂v Ah¿°p t_m≤yap≈nStØ°v amdnt∏mIp∂p. kbpsS BfloI \thm∞m\w AXymhiyambncn°p∂p. ssZhhpambp≈ hy‡nbpsSbpw kaqlØns‚bpw _‘w \jvSambncn°p∂p. apSnb\mb ]pXs\t∏mse, ]nXmhn¬ \n∂pw AI∂v ]∂nIfpsS

- 7 -




CSbn¬, ]∂n Ign°p∂ £Whpw Ign®v Pohn°pIbmWv \mw. ssZh km∂n≤yØn¬ \n∂v AIeptºmgp≈ B[m¿ΩnIXbpw A]Nbßfpw FhnsSbpw _m[n®ncn°p∂p. apSnb\mb ]pX\p≠mbXpt]mse Hcp ]nWnbp≠msb¶nte \Ωƒ aSßnt∏mIq F∂v tXm∂p∂p. ssZh km∂n≤yØn¬ F√m kma°fpw hfcphm\p≈ BtemN\Iƒ, ]NcWßƒ Hs° Cu h¿jw D≠mIWw. CØcw BtemN\Iƒ°pamXambn D]hmktØmSpw ]m¿∞\tbmSpw IqSn ktΩf\ßƒ D≠mIWw.

3.]ckv]cw IcpX¬ \jvSs∏p.

H∂mw \q‰m≠nse kbpsS ]tXyIX \mw At∏mkvtXme ]hrØnIfn¬ hmbn°p∂p≠v. ]bmkßƒ C√mXncp∂ Hcp k. ]ckv]cw IcpXp∂ k. B[p\oI kbv°v Cu Z¿i\w \jvSs∏p. BfloIXeØnepw, sshImcnIXeØnepw, uXoIXeØnepw ]Xnk‘n A\phn°p∂h¿ \ΩpsS kbn¬ [mcmfap≠v. Nne

]cn]mSnIfpsS mKambn Nne klmbßƒ D≠mIp∂ps≠¶nepw IcpXphm\p≈ a\ v \jvSs∏ncn°p∂p. CShIIfnepw, Zmk\ßfnepw, k apgph\mbpw Hcp IWs°Sp∏v (Is≠Ø¬) \StØ≠nbncn°p∂p. Zp:JnXsc At\zjn°pIbpw \jvSs∏hsc Is≠ØpIbpw sNøp∂ Hcp ]≤Xn \S∏nem°Ww. mcs∏Sp∂ht\mSv GIohn® I¿Ømhns‚ amXrI ]n≥]‰Ww. Cu h¿jsØ BtLmjßfpsS a≤yØn¬, ]mhs∏hs\ Is≠Øn IcpXphm\p≈ BtemN\Iƒ D≠mIWw. hoSph®v \¬IpIbpw kmºØnI klmbw \¬IpIbpw amXa√, Hcphs‚ PohnXØns‚ kakvXtaJeIfnepap≈ IcpXens\°pdn®v Nn¥n°Ww. temIØnep≈ F√m kIfpw hy‡nIfpsS PohnXsØ tIµoIcn®v AhcpsS an\nkvSn ]cnjv°cn®p Ign™p. \mw C∂pw kaqlØns‚ an\nkvSn amXw ]mh¿ØnIam°phm≥ ian°pIbmWv. hy‡nIsf IcpXp∂ Hcp ipiqjm kwhn[m\w kbn¬ D≠mIp∂Xn\pff Nn¥Iƒ D≠mIWw.

4.kmaqlnI ]Xn_≤X \jvSs∏ k

kp\manIƒ hcptºmgp≈ [\klmbßfpw Nne kmaqlnI ]iv\ßtfmSp≈ ]cn. _mhm Xncpta\nbptStbm, GXm\pw Xncpta\namcptStbm, Nne AflmbcptStbm ]XnIcWßtfm Hgn®m¬ bmsXmcp kmaqlnI ]Xn_‘Xbpw ]Z¿in∏n°mØ Hcp kbmbn \mw amdnbncn°p∂p. \sΩ _m[n°mØ H∂ns\bpw \mw i≤n°msX bmbncn°p∂p. ]cnh¿Ø\Øn\pth≠n \ne\n¬t°≠ k ]XnIcn°msX kz¥w amfØnsemfn°pIbmWv. Hcp ]t£, ]XnIcn°phm\p≈ BfloIhpw [m¿ΩoIhp ambpff i‡n£bamImw ImcWw. AXpas√¶n¬ hy‡n tIµoIrX PohnX ssienbmImw. F¥mbmepw kaqlØns‚ apJy[mcbn¬ \n∂pw \mw hfsc AIse bmWv. kaplØn¬ Fßs\ k CSs]SWsa∂v Cu h¿jsØ BtemN\Ifn¬ D≠mIWw. \sΩ am‰n \n¿Øphm≥ ian°p∂ i‡nIsf Xncn®dnbpIbpw IqsS \n¬°phm≥ \mw Hcp a\ v krjvSn°pIbpw thWw.

D]kwlmcw

BtLmjßfpsS \Sphn¬ i≤nt°≠ \mephnjbßƒ amXamWv Cu teJ\ØneqsS AhXcn∏n®Xv. CXne[nIw hnjbßƒ Ds≠∂v t_m≤yap≠v. e£yw H∂pamXta D≈q. InkvXphns‚ bYm¿∞ kbmbn \ne\n¬°phm\p≈ ssienIƒ cq]s∏SWw. NcnX]cambpw ]mcºcy]cambpw H∂mw \q‰m≠nse ktbmSv G‰hpw Bgamb _‘ap≈ Cu k AXns‚ PohnX ssiensIm≠pw ]XnIcWßƒ sIm≠pw IqSn _‘s∏p \n¬°phm≥ BKln°pIbpw ian°pIbpw sNøWw. \ΩpsS \√ ]hrØnIƒsIm≠v ]nXmhn\v alXzap≠mIphm≥ CSbmIWw. Aßs\ BtLmjw A¿∞hØmIphm≥ CSbmIWw. InkvXob hnizmkØn¬ ASnbpd®v InkvXphns‚ h‡m°fmbn Xocphm≥ X°hÆw \ap°v Cu Iqmbvabn¬ IqSn km[n°ssb∂v Biwkn°p∂p.

- 8 -




]nb bphP\]ÿm\w AwKßsf,ae¶c kpdnbm\n InkvXym\n Atkmkntbjt\mS\p_‘n®v Xpºa

Zmk\ bphP\]ÿm\Øns‚ BnapJyØn¬ kvt\lnX¿ F∂ amKkns‚ kvs]jy¬ ]Xn∏v ]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xn¬ AXnbmb kt¥mjap≠v. kbpsS Cu NcnXaplq¿ØØn¬ ]¶mfnbmIphm≥ km[n®Xn¬ k¿∆i‡\mb ssZhsØ alXzs∏SpØp∂p.

Cu kwcwØn¬ t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂ bphP\]ÿm\wKßƒ°v F√mhn[ BiwkIfpw t\cp∂p.

BiwkItfmsS

- sd -tUm. tPm¿÷v tPmkv

]nb bphP\]ÿm\w AwKßsf,ae¶c kpdnbm\n InkvXym\n Atkmkntbj≥ tbmKw am¿®v 7 \v ]Ø\wXn

bn¬ \S°pIbmWt√m. Atkmkntbjt\mS\p_‘n®v Hm¿ØtUmIvkv bphP\ ]ÿm\Øns‚ BnapJyØn¬ kvt\lnX¿ F∂ amKkns‚ kvs]jy¬ ]Xn∏v ]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xn¬ AXnbmb kt¥mjap≠v. kbpsS Cu NcnXaplq¿Ø Øn¬ ]¶mfnbmIphm≥ Ahkcw en®Xv hfsc A[nIw A\pKlamWv. bphP\ ]ÿm\w kbnse ][m\ Bflob kwLS\Ifn¬ H∂mWv. kbpsS ap≥ \ncbn¬ ]h¿Øn°phm\p≈ DØchmZnXzw bphP\ßƒ°p≠v.

kbpsS ]Xnk‘nLßfnsems° Xpºa Zmk\w F°mehpw H‰s°m bn ]cn. ]nXm°≥amcpsS ]n∂n¬ AWn\nc∂np≠v. ae¶c kbpsS 1960mw hm¿jn Ihpw ImtXment°‰ns‚ iXm_vZnbpw BtLmjn°p∂ Cu thfbn¬ Atkmkn tbj≥ FSp°p∂ Xocpam\ßƒ kq][m\amWv. Atkmkntbjs‚ hnPbØn\p th≠n ]h¿Øn°p∂ F√mhtcbpw An\µn°p∂p. BiwkItfmsS,

- sd -Fw. Pn. tPm¿÷v apØq‰v

- 9 -




ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k-bpsS amXrIm Zm-k\w F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Xpº-a Zm-k\w, k-bpsS ]m¿e-sa‚mb ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j\v Hcn-°¬ IqSn BXnYyw Acpfp∂p. 1989 ¬ \S-∂, ]Ø\wXn Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ Ct∏m-gsØ CS-hI saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø, An.- Ipdnbmt°mkv am¿ ¢oΩokv Xncp-ta\n Dƒs∏sS A©v t]sc saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ Hcp eLp-NcnXw Npcp°-ambn Ipdn-°p∂Xn¬ F\n°v A\-ev]-amb kt¥m-j-ap≠v Xpº-a Zm-k\w Dƒs∏v \nev°p∂ ]tZ-iØv InkvXp-aXw Bhn¿-hn-®Xv mc-X-Øns‚ At∏m-kvtXm-e-\mb ]cn.-am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS t]jnX ]h¿Ø\w aqe-am-sW∂v A\p-am-\n-°m≥ [mcmfw sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. Z£nW C¥y-bn¬ ]cn.- am¿tØmΩ «olm FØn kphn-ti-jn-I-cWw \S-Øn-b-Xns‚ e-ambn Hcp InkvXob kaqlw D≠mb-Xm-bn, \ΩpsS ][m-\-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lp-hns‚ UnkvI-hdn Hmv C¥y, •o-avkUv Hmv thƒUv lnÃdn F∂o ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bnp≠v. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬, At±lw ÿm]n® \ne-bv°¬ (Nm-b¬) ]≈n Dƒs∏p \n¬°p∂ ÿew 13mw \q‰m≠p hsc ]_e InkvXob tIµ-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]ºm-\-Zn°v sX°pw I°m- m-dn\v hS-°p-ap≈ h\-a-≤y-Øn-emWv ]kvXpX ÿew. Ccp-f-S™ Im\-\-a-≤y-Øn¬ sIn-S-ßfpw t£Xhpw ]≈n-Ø-dbpw InW-dp-Ifpw I√-d-Ifpw C∂pw Zriy-am-Wv. Imew sNbvX An.- Zm-\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta\n AhnsS hn.-Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®n- p-≠v. Zu¿m-Ky-h-im¬ B ÿew \ap°v \jvS-am-bn. Ct∏m-gsØ Xan-gv\m-Sns‚ AXn¿Øn-]-tZ-i-ß-fp-ambn

Xpº-a Zm-k\w

k-bvs°∂pw amXrI

hmWn-Py-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \ne-bv°¬ ]tZ-iØp \n∂pw ]mem-b\w sNtø≠n h∂, \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I-cn¬ Hcp-]‰w hnizm-kn-Iƒ, IS-º-\m-Sv, Xpº-a, sh◊-Wn, Hma-√q¿, ]Ø-\w-Xn F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te°pw Hcp hnmKw Im™n-c-∏-≈n, ]mem, c-W-ßm\w ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°pw IpSn-tb-dn-

]m¿Øp. CXn¬ c≠m-asØ hnmKw ]n∂oSv ItØm-en°m ksb ]pW¿∂p. \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I-cpsS BZy tZhm-ebw IS-º-\mSv sk‚v tXmakv ]≈n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS \n∂pw Xpº-a, sh◊-Wn, Hma-√q¿, am°mw-Ip∂v XpS-ßnb tZhm-e-b-ßfpw D≠m-bn. NcnX ]kn-≤-amb \ne-bv°¬ ]≈n \n∂ ÿew hos≠-Sp-°m-\mbn ]cn-i-an® Imew sNbvX _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩ amXyqkv ]Y-a≥, Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kv, Znhw-K-X-\mb

m.- tXm-Ωm, m.- hn.-sP.-tPm-kv F∂o ]nXm-°-∑msc \µn-]q¿∆w kvacn-°p-∂p. B ]g-b-Ime kvacW DW¿Øp-hm≥ X°-hÆw Bß-aqgn PwKvj-\n¬, ]cn.-am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬, efnX kpµ-c-amb Hcp tZhm-ebw \n¿Ωn-°m≥ km[n-®Xv kbv°v An-am-\-I-c-amb Hcp t\-am-Wv.

1876 ¬ IqSnb apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw ae-¶c ksb Ggv Zm-k-\-ß-fmbn hn-Pn-®p. Hmtcm Zm-k-\-Ønepw saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-tcbpw hmgn®v \nb-an-®p. ae-¶c km Atkmkntbj-\pw, amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰nbpw h¿°nwKv IΩ-‰nbpw DS-se-Sp-ØXv Cu ]≈n ]Xn-]p-cp-j- tbm-K-Øn-em-Wv. Xpº-a Zm-k\w cq]w sIm≠-Xn\v tijw Zm-k-\sØ \bn®, An-hµy ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS eLp-N-cn-X-amWv Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

m.-ssS-‰kv tPm¿PvXpº-a Zm-k\ skI- dn

- 10 -




1. ]mºm-°pS Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ bqentbmkv (18761883)

Xpº-a Zm-k-\sØ \bn® BZysØ saXm-t∏m-eoØ ]mºm-°pS Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Bbn-cp-∂p. tIm\mv IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n® At±lw kpdn-bm\n mjm ]WvUn-X\pw thZ imkvX-Øn¬ AKm-[- ]m-WvUn-Xy-ap≈ Bfp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1876¬ hS-°≥ ]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v saXm-t∏m-eoØm

‡n am¿§hpw Imw£n-®n-cp∂ At±lw Xs‚ ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c-\mb Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m-cn¬ \n∂pw kpdn-bm\n mj Ay-kn-®p. ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØ-\m-tkym-kn¬ \n∂pw 10mw hb-kn¬ tImdp-tbm-ÿm-\-hpw, 1831 ¬ bqbm°ow am¿ Ipdn-temkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂pw ]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-i-∏- -hpw, Iio-im-]- -hpw, tIm¿ F∏nkvtIm∏m ÿm\hpw ]m]n-®p. XpS¿∂v shn-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ Hcp XnI™ Xm]-k-\mbn Xmakw Bcw- n-®p. Xs‚ ]m¿∞-\m-Po-hnXw sIm≠pw, hXm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ sIm≠pw qan-bn¬ Pohn-®n-cn-s°-Ø-s∂ kz¿§o-bm-\p- -h-ß-fpw, A\p- q-Xn-Ifpw cpNn-®-dn™v Hcp Znhy-tPym-Xn- mbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏- p. 1872 ¬ ]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw dºm≥ ÿm\w kzoI-cn® At±lw, 1875 ¬ ]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv _mh ae-¶c kµ¿in-®-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ Zznm-jn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1876 ¬ ]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂ \ma-Øn¬ saXm-\mbn hmgn-°-s∏ sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n 1883 ¬ Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-tb-‰p. Xs‚ CS-h-I-Iƒ kµ¿in®v Bfp-Isf hnizm-k-Øn-epw, kXy Bcm-[-\-bnepw Dd-∏n®p \n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v At±lw Aim¥ ]cn-iaw sNbvXp. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS B]Øp L-ß-fn¬ Hcp ]nXmhns\-t∏mse At±lw HmSn-sbØpambn-cp-∂p.

ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw ]mºm-°pS ]≈n-bn¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-®v, sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Isf Ay-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1879¬ tIcf Zo]w ] v F∂ t]cn¬ kpdn-bm\n ] v Bcw- n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hn. Ip¿_m\ XIvkm, B\oZm apX-emb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ BZy-ambn A®-Sn-®Xv Cu ] n-em-Wv. ]e Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw Zm-k-\-Ønse ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-

Ibpw c-W-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. 1883 am¿®v 22mw XobXn 55m asØ hb- n¬ Imew sNbvX At±-lsØ ]mºm-°pS ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

2. ]cn.- ]-cp-ae am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv (18831902)

apf-¥p-cp-Øn, NmØp-cpØn Xd-hm- n¬, 1848 Pq 15mw XobXn aØmbn adnbw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]pX-\mbn Koh-dp-Kokv P\n-®p. sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ efnX Pohn-X-hpw,

- 11 -




Xpº-a ]tZ-iØv 1885 ¬ hkqcn tcmKw ]nSn-s]- -t∏mƒ bmsXmcp bhpw IqSmsX F√m h-\-ß-fnepw Ib-dn-bn-dßn ]m¿∞n-®-Xns‚ e-ambn tcmKw \oßn-t∏m-hp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1895 se Xs‚ Du¿t«w bmX-bv°p-tijw At\Iw tZhm-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw, Ai-c-W-tcbpw Zmcn-Zy-ZpxJw A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h-tcbpw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\v i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mSn-t‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-t‚bpw Db¿®bv°v Cw•ojv hnZym- ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v a\- n-em-°nb At±-lw, Xncp-h-√-bnepw Xpº-a-Ænepw Cw•ojv kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. XnI™ a\pjy kvt\ln-bpw, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-hp-amb B ]pWy-]n-Xmhv \sΩ \bn-®p-sh-∂Xv \ΩpsS Zm-k-\-Øn\p en® Hcp kum-Ky-am-Wv. 1902 \hw-_¿ amkw 2mw XobXn At±lw ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn-te°v ]k-∂-h-Z-\-\mbn bmX-bm-bn. At\-I¿°v Bizmkw \¬In-s°m≠v At±-l-Øns‚ I_-dnSw ]cp-a-e-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

3. ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmkv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv (19021909)

Ip∂w-Ipfw ]pen-t°m- n¬ Xmcp-Ip-cy-t‚bpw Xm≠-Ω-bp-tSbpw aI-\mbn 1838 Unkw-_¿ 7mw XobXn qPm-X-\mb Ct±lw 1846 ¬ tN∏mSv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw siΩm-i-]-hpw bqbm°ow am¿ Ipdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n-

bn¬ \n∂pw 1853 ¬ Iio-im-]- hpw kzoI-cn-®p. 1865 ¬ ]cn-ip≤ bm°q_v ZznXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂pw dºm≥ÿm-\-hpw, G]n¬ 30 \v saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\hpw kzoI-cn-®p. ae-¶c k-bpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw kzbw io¿j-I-Xz-Øn\pw th≠n i‡-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ FSpØ Xncp-ta\n kaq-l-tØm-Sp≈ Xs‚ IS-∏mSv Hcn-°epw hnkva-cn-®n-√. k-bn¬ kphn-ti-j-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn® An-hµy ]nXmhv, k-bnse Bflob ]ÿm-\-ßƒ°v ssNX\yw ]I¿∂p sImSp-Øp. s]m-Ã‚v hnizm-k-Øns‚ IS-∂m-I-aWsØ AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ ian® At±lw \ΩpsS Zm-k-\sØ [oc-ambn \bn-®-tijw 1904 Pqsse 11 \v Imew sNbvXp. ]gb skan-\mcn Nm∏-ens‚ hS-°p- m-K-Ømbn At±-l-Øns‚ I_-dnSw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

4. ]cn. h-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv (19091913)

]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Acp-a-in-jy-\mb ]cn-ip≤ h-t»-cn¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n, ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-Sns‚ imJ-bmb h-t»-cn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ 1858 HIvtSm-_¿ 31 \v qPm-X-\m-bn. Hutk∏v Gen-bmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI-\mb At±-l-

Øns‚ ]mY-anI hnZym- ymkw a√-∏-≈n, tImbw kn.-Fw.-F-kv. F∂o kvIqfp-I-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1876 ¬ siΩm-i-]w kzoI-cn®

- 12 -




At±lw 1879 ¬ ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw Iio-im-]w G‰p. ssZh-im-kvX-Øn-epw, km-N-cn-X-Ønepw kpdn-bm\n mj-bnepw AKm-[-]m-WvUnXyw t\Snb At±lw 1891 ¬ ]gb skan-\m-cn, ]cp-ae skan-\mcn F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ aev]m-\mbn \nb-an-X-\m-bn. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k-bpsS hnizm-k-ß-fpsS a¿Ω-ßƒ AS-ßnb atXm-]-tZ-i-km-c-ßƒ F∂ KŸw At±-l-Øns‚ ]mWvUn-Xy-Øns‚ aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kpdn-bm\n mj-bpsS ]mY-an-I-]m-T-ßƒ AS-ßnb ]pkvX-Ihpw At±lw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. 1908 sabv 31 \v sbdp-i-te-an¬ h®v Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ saXm-\mbn An-tjIw sNø-s∏- p. 1909 ¬ ]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvX-t∏mƒ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏ At±lw k-bpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw kzbw io¿j-I-Xz-Øn\pw th≠n At\Iw XymK-ßƒ kln-®p. c-W-Im-cy-hn-Z-Kv[-\pw, I¿Ω-[o-c-\pw, Im¥-Z¿in-bpw, Bflob tPymXn- p-amb At±lw km- m-kp-c≥ F∂ t]cn\v k¿∆Ym tbmKy-\mbncp∂p. A‘-Im-cm-hr-X-am-bn-cp∂ ae-¶c km-N-cn-XsØ ]m-]q-cn-X-am-°nb alm kqcy-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw 1934 s_p-hcn 23 \v Imew sNbvXp. km c-W-L-S-\-bpsS inev]n-bmb At±-lsØ 2003 s_p-hcn 23 \v k-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]cn-ip≤\mbn ]Jym-]n-®p. 1909 apX¬ 1913 hsc Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ kmc-Yn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øn\p en® Hcp henb mKy-ambncp∂p AXv F∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an-√.

5. bpbm°nw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv (19131925)

I≠-\mSv Ic-h- p-ho- n¬ 1858 ¬ P\n® Ct±lw tIm\mv bqen-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw ]w G‰p. k∂ymkn ]-°m-c-\mbn ]gb skan-\mcn, ]cp-ae skan-\mcn F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn®v ipiq-j-Iƒ A\p-jvTn-®p. A_vZpƒ ainlm ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn¬ Fgp-∂-≈n-b-t∏mƒ, 1913 ¬ Ct±-lsØ bqbm°ow am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬, sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v saXm-\mbn An-tjIw sNbvXp. Xpº-a, I≠-\mSv Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS Npa-

Xe en® Ct±-l-Øns‚ ÿnc-amb Bÿm\w ]cp-ae Bbn-cp-∂p. XnI™ km kvt\ln-bmb Ct±lw Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Ønse CS-h-I-Iƒ kµ¿in®v Bflob DtØ-P\w ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-Øp. apf-¥p-cpØn I¿tΩ¬ Zb-dmbpw amth-en-°c skan-\m-cnbpw Ct±-l-Øns‚ D’m-l-Øm¬ ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-XmWv. 1925 Pq amkw 6mw XobXn Imew-sNbvX Ct±-l-Øns‚ I_-dnSw ]cp-a-e-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

6. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv(1925 1930)

tIm-bw, Ipdn-®n-bn¬ I√m-t®cn IpSpw-_-Øn¬ 1874 Pq 16 \v P\n® _mh Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS amtam-Zokm t]cv Koh-dp-Kokv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. ]p∂qkv F∂ t]cnepw At±lw Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂p. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n, h-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n F∂n-h-cpsS Acp-a-in-jy-\mbn sshZnI hnZym- ymkw \S-Øn. tImbw kn.-Fw.-F-kv, sslkvIq-fnepw Fw.-Un.-sk-an-\mcn sslkvIq-fn-ep-ambn ]T\w \S-Øn. 1892¬ IS-hn¬ ]utemkv am¿ AØ-\m-tkym-kn¬ \n∂pw siΩm-i-]w kzoI-cn-®p. 1898¬ sshZn-I-\m-bn. XpS¿∂v dºm≥ hXw kzoI-cn-®p.

- 13 -




1902 ¬ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nsb Xs‚ tcmKm-h-ÿbn¬ ipiq-jn-°p∂ Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-Øp. 1908 ¬ hnip-≤-\mSv kµ¿in-®p. 1912 ¬ sIm√w, \ncWw Zm-k-\-ß-fp-tS-bpw, 1925 ¬ Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øn-t‚bpw Npa-Xe Gs‰-SpØv ae-¶c k-bpsS i‡n Zp¿§-ß-fmbn sX°≥ Zm-k-\-ßsf At±lw am‰n-sb-Sp-Øp. 1929 ¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn tImbw am¿ Genb Nm∏-en¬ h®v At±lw ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNøs∏p. 1931 ¬ ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v hn.-aq-tdm≥ IqZmi \S-Øn. 1934 ¬ Ct±-l-Øn\v ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØ ÿm\w IqSn en-®p. 1937 ¬ FUn≥_-tdm-bn¬ \S∂ temI-km Iukn¬ tbmK-Øn¬ At±lw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. kap-Zmb tI v \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ImeØv At±lw kbv°v [oc-amb t\XrXzw \¬In. tIkp-I-fn¬ ]cm-P-b-ßƒ D≠mb ]e kµ¿-ß-fnepw kXyw Pbn°pw F∂ Blzm-\-tØmsS km-a-°sf ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Iogn¬ AWn-\n-c-Øm≥ At±-l-Øn\p km[n-®p. 1958 se kp]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-bn-eqsS ksb kam-[m\Øns‚ Xpd-ap-JØv FØn-°p-hm-\p≈ mKyw At±-l-Øn\v kn≤n-®p. 1964 P\p-hcn 3 \v Imew sNbvX At±-l-Øns‚ I_-dnSw tZh-tem-IØv ÿnXn sNøp∂p F¥psIm≠pw Hcp ]cn-ip-≤s‚ ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-hm≥ tbmKy-\mb

At±-l-Øns‚ hX-\n-jvTbpw ]m¿∞\m Pohn-Xhpw thZ-im-kvX-]-cn-⁄m-\hpw h¿Æ-\m-Xo-X-am-Wv. _mhm-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS ipNn-Xzhpw, IrXy-\n-jvTbpw Gh¿°pw amXr-I-bm-Wv. Xpº-a Zm-k-\-tØmSpw ]tXy-In®v Imew sNbvX Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSpw At±lw Imnb kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ßƒ Af-h-‰-Xm-Wv.

7. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv (19301951)

]utcm-lnXy ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]pØ≥ Imhn¬ Ing-t°-Ø-e-bv°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ tXmakv IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX-\mbn 1897 Pq 10mw XobXn P\n-®p. At±lw sslkvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ h-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂v siΩm-i-]w kzoI-cn-®p. Fw.-Un.-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ A≤ym-]-I-\mbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®p. h-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw Iio-im-ÿm\w kzoI-cn® At±-lsØ 1928 se ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ taev]- -ÿm-\-tØbv°v Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. 1930 \hw-_¿ 2 \v ]cp-a-e-bn¬ h®v Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm Xn-cp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bmbn At±-

lsØ hmgn-®p. k-bpsS ]Xo-£-bvs°m-Øp-b¿∂ sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\n, Zm-k-\-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pw An-hr-≤nbv°pw

- 14 -




Un. skan-\m-cn-bn¬ sslkvIqƒ hnZym-ymkw t\Sn. 1905 ¬ ioa-bn¬ t]mbn am¿

HutK≥ F∂ ]cn-ip-≤s‚ \ma-Øn-ep≈ Zb-dm-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. B ]cn-ip-≤s‚ t]cv kz¥-ambn kzoI-cn-®p. 1908¬ a¿t°m-kns‚ Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v dºm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®p. \mn¬ Xncn-s®Øn tImbw sNdn-b-]-≈n-bn¬ h®v sshZn-I-\m-bn. XpS¿∂v aZm-kn¬ tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®p. tIc-f-Øn-te°v aS-ßnb At±lw hS-Ic ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v A[x-Ir-X-cpsS CS-bn¬ kphn-tijw ]N-cn-∏n-®p. AhnsS Hcp Cw•ojv kvIqƒ ÿm]n-®p. 1927 ¬ Pdp-i-te-an¬ h®v Xotam-Øn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bm-bn. At±lw ]n∂oSv ]ndhw skan-\m-cn-bnepw, aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bnepw Xma-k-am-°n. thZ-im-kvX-Ønepw kpdn-bm\n, ae-bm-f- m-j-I-fn¬ ]WvUn-X-\p-am-bn-cp∂ At±-lsØ skan-\mcn ]n≥kn-∏m-fmbn \nb-an-®p. ae-¶-c- k- -bpsS kzmX¥yØn-\pth≠n A£oWw ]h¿Øn® At±-l-Øn\v At\Iw ]oU-Iƒ A\p- -hn-t°≠n h∂n- p-≠v. ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n Imew sNbvX-t∏mƒ Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-°m-c-\mbn At±lw t_kn¬ Ac-a-\-bn¬ Xma-kn®v c-W-km-cYyw hln-®p. 1962 ¬ \nc-W-Øp-Iq-Snb ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ At±-lsØ ImtXm-

ASn-Ø-d-]m-Inb alXv hy‡n-bm-Wv. Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øn\v ]Ø-\w-Xn- -bn¬ Hcp Bÿm\w sIn-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v \n¿Æm-bI ]¶v hln-®p. Fw.-kn.-tdm-U-cp-In¬ sNß-∂q¿ _tY¬ Ac-a-\bpw, s]mß-eSn ]≈nbpw sIn-S-ßfpw ÿm]n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ Zo¿Lho-£Ww F°m-eØpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. ]Ø-\w-Xn- -bnepw ]pØ≥Im-hnepw k-bv°p-th≠n At±lw kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. sshZn-I¿°v ÿew am‰hpw iº-fhpw \n›-bn®v \S-∏n-em-°n. doØv ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ IS∂p Ib-‰-Øn¬ \n∂pw ksb Hcp ]cn[n hsc c£n-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ipXn-a-[pc Km\-ßƒ°pw lrZ-b-kv]¿in-bmb ]kw-K-ßƒ°pw km[n-®p. Bflob ]ÿm-\-ßƒ°v Nnbpw ASp°pw \¬Inb At±lw t_kn¬, HmXd Zb-dm-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. hnZym- ym-k-ap≈ Ahn-hm-lnXcmb sNdp-∏-°m¿ kbpsS hf¿®bv°v Bh-iy-am-sW∂v At±lw Nn¥n-®p. ‡n-]-I-S-\sØ shdp-Øn-cp∂ Xncp-ta-\n, emfn-Xy-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. _kn¬ bmX-sN-bvXn-cp∂ At±lw, kz¥w ssIsIm≠v A≤zm-\n-°p∂ hy‡n-bm-bn-cn-∂p. 1951 G]n¬ amkw Ip∂w-Ip-fØv kphn-tij ]kw-K-Øn-\p-t]mbn Xncn-®p-h-cp∂ hgn At±-l-Øn\v tcmKw aq¿—n-°p-Ibpw 1951 G]n¬ 17mw XobXn hn.-Iq-Zm-i-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v Imew sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ amXr-tZ-hm-e-b-amb ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n-bn¬ uXn-I-i-cocw I_-d-S-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 1930 apX¬ 1951 hsc Xpº-a Zm-k-\sØ D∂-Xn-bn-te°v \bn® bpK-]- m-h-\m-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n. k-bnse kam-[m-\-Ønepw ]ptcm-K-a-\-Øn\pw Xncp-ta\n A\-h-cXw ]b-Xv\n-®p.

8. HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv (1951- 1953)s]cp-ºm-hq-cn\v ASp-Øp≈ shtßm-

e-bn¬ XpcpØn IpSpw-_-Øn¬ A_lmw IØ-\m-cp-sSbpw A∂-Ω-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn qPmXw sNbvX At±lw ]mºm-°pS skan-\m-cn-bn¬ tIm\mv amØm≥ aev]ms‚ injy-\mbn ae-bm-f-Ønepw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw AKm[ ]mWvUnXyw t\Sn. IS-hn¬ AØ-m\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n-bn¬ \n∂pw siΩm-i-]w kzoI-cn-®p. Fw.-

- 15 -




en-°m-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw 1964 sabv 22 \v An-jn-‡-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1964 Unkw-_-dn¬ t_mw_-bn¬ h®v ]cn-ip≤ t]mƒ Bdm-a≥ am¿∏m-∏-bp-ambn IqSn-ImgvN \S-Øn. 1965 ¬ BUnkv A_m-_-bn¬ ]uckvXy k-I-fpsS kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ apJy AXn-Yn-bmbn ]s¶-Sp-Øp. aqk-en¬ \n∂pw ]cn-ip≤ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏v tZh-tem-I-tØ°v sIm≠p h∂v ÿm]n-®p. 1970 ¬ ]cn-ip≤ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ]-Xzhpw knwlm-k-\hpw \nc-kn®v ]cn-ip≤ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm Iev]\]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-t∏m-ƒ B sh√p-hnfn kzoI-cn-®p-sIm- ≠v , am¿tØm- Ωm- bpsS knwlmk\Øns‚ aln-abv°pw k-bpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw th≠n Dd-®p-\n-∂p. Xm≥ £oWn-X-\mbn F∂ t_m≤yw h∂-t∏mƒ Xs‚ ]n≥Km-ansb Npa-X-e-Iƒ Gev]n®v At±lw hni-a-Po-hnXw \bn®p 1975 Unkw-_¿ 8 \v Imew sNbvX At±lsØ tZh-temIw Ac-a-\-bn¬ I_-d-S-°n. kwm-j-W-Øn¬ anX-Xzhpw ]m¿∞\m Pohn-Øn¬ \njvTbpw ]men-®n-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ B¿Z-Xbpw a\- -enhpw amXr-Im-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.

9. Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv (19531990)

1910 sabv 10\v Hma-√q¿ hSp-Xe Cutim IØ-\m-cpsS ZznXnb ]pX-\mbn qPmXw sNbvX, At±lw tImbw Fw.-Un. skan-\m-cn, kn.-Fw.-Fkv tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw kb≥kv tImtfPv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hnZym- ymkw t\Sn. 1921 ¬ h-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw tImdptbm ]w kzoI-cn®p. skdm-ºq-cn¬ \n∂pw _n.Un _ncpZw t\Sn. 1936 apX¬ 1951 hsc ImtXm-en-t°‰v ssl-kvIq-fn¬ nknIvkv A≤ym-]-I-\mbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®p. ImbnI Imcy-ß-fn¬ hfsc Xmev]cyw ImWn-®n-cp∂ At±lw Hcp \√ pSvt_m-f-dm-bn-cp-∂p. 1938 ¬ _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿§okv _mhm-bn¬ \n∂pw ]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-i-]- hpw 1944 ¬ Iioim ÿm\hpw kzoI-cn-®p. 1951 ¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtfPv ÿm]n-X-am-b-t∏mƒ AXns‚ ]Ya ]n≥kn-∏m-fmbn At±lw \nb-an-X\mbn. 1953 sabv 15 \v Koh¿§okv ZznXn-b≥ _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-

sIm≠v At±-lsØ F∏n-kvtIm-∏-mbmbn hmgn-®p. Xpº-a Zmk\Øns‚ c-W-km-cYyw Gs‰-SpØ At±lw ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS bYm¿∞ ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Xncp-ta\n ]d-

bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ""Rm≥ Hcp Conqueror BWv. Xm≥ F√mw Consolidate sNbvXp-sIm-≈-Ww.'' ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Xncp-ta\n shn-∏n-Sn-®-sX√mw, AXn-cp-Iƒ Cv- A-Sp°pw Nn-bn-ep-am-°nb alXv hy‡n-bmWv Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oevI-kn-t\mkv Xncp-ta\n. 1953 ¬ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \S∂ AJn-e-temI ssIkvXh ktΩ-f-\-Ønepw 1963 ¬ tamkvt°m-bn¬ \S∂ djy≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k-bpsS ]mXn-b¿°m-ÿm-\m- n-tjI Pq_nen ipiq-j-bnepw 1965 ¬ GtXym-]y-bn¬ \S∂ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k-bpsS tIm-d≥knepw k-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn kw_-‘n-®p. ]cn-ip≤ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv skI- -dn, hnZym¿∞n ]ÿm\w ]kn-U‚v, bph-P\]ÿm\w ]kn-U‚v, Koh¿§okv ZznXn-b≥ _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Akn-Ã‚v, C‚¿N¿®v dnte-j≥kv IΩ‰n sNb¿am≥, t_kn¬ Zbdm amt\-P¿, ImtXm-en-t°‰v

tImtfPv amt\-P¿, _men-Im-aTw kvIqƒ amt\-P¿, ]Ø-\w-Xn Pn√m cq]oI-c-W-k-an-Xn-bpsS c£m-[n-Imcn XpS-ßnb Htsd ]Z-hn-Iƒ hln-°p-∂-Xn\pw At±-l-Øn\v

- 16 -




km[n-®p. sIm®n CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Imew-sN-bvX-t∏mƒ, Bb-Xns‚ Npa-X-ebpw At±lw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. At±lw Ahn-sS-bp≈ hµy sshZn-I-tcmSpw hnizm-kn-I-tfmSpw Imnb kvt\lhpw, kl-I-c-Whpw Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬ a[p-c-kva-c-W-I-fmbn C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. anX-Xzhpw IrXy-\n-jvTbpw ]men-®n-cp∂ At±lw ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-t‚-bpw, Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkn-bp-sSbpw Hcp Imh¬ S-\m-bn-cp-∂p. hnizm-k-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp hnp-ho-gvN-Iƒ°pw Xøm-d-√m-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ ]kw-K-ßfpw ¢m p-Ifpw A¿∞-k-ºp-jvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Xncp-ta\n ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ ]Øp an\nv t\csØ ]kw-K-ap-s≠-¶n¬ F\n°v Hcp Znhkw ]d-bm-\p≈ kØ AXn-ep-s≠-∂v. At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿∞\m Pohn-Xw, Iao-Ir-X-amb c-W-co-Xn, Bflm¿∞-X, A\p-I-º, emfnXyw, sshZo-I-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ Icp-X¬, ipNnXzw F∂o KpW-ßƒ FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-h-bm-Wv. Xpº-a Zm-k-\sØ ae-¶c k-bnse amXr-Im- -Zm-k-\-am°n Xo¿Ø-Xn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I- ]¶v At±lw hln-®p. F∂-Xn\v X¿°-an-√. k-bnse kp]-[m\ipiq-j-Iƒ°v apJy Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-°m-\p≈ mKyw At±-l-Øn\v en-®p. 1975 s_p-hcn 16mw XobXn ]pØ≥Imhv sk‚v tacokv ]≈nbn¬ h®v \S∂ \nbp‡ saXm-∑m-cpsS dºm≥ ÿm\ipiq-j-Iƒ apJy-Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-®Xv An. Xncp-ta-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k-bpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw kzbw io¿j-I-Xz-Øn\pw hnizm-k-Øn-\p-th≠n F∂mfpw \ne-sIm≠ ]nXmhv 1990 Unkw-_¿ amkw 13 \v I¿Ør-k-∂n[n ]qIn. Xm≥ FX A[nIw kvt\ln® I¿Øm-th- ip-an-in-lm-bp-sSbpw ]cn-ip-≤- am-Xm-hn-t‚bpw a‰v ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cp-sSbpw Xs∂ G‰w A[nIw kvt\ln® Koh¿Kokv ZznXn-b≥ _mhm- Xn-cp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw AZr-iy-amb km∂n≤yw ac-W-k-a-bØv At±lw Adn™ ]m¿∞\m a¥-ßƒ Dcp-hn- p-sIm≠v Cl-e-I-hmkw shSn™ At±-l-Øns‚ I_-dnSw sk‚v t_kn¬ Nm∏-en¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ \nc-¥-c-amb ]m¿∞-\, Zm-k-\-Øn\pw kbv°pw tIm-bm-bn-cn-°-s.

10. nen-t∏mkv am¿ butk-_n-tbmkv (19852009)

tImg-t©cn \mc-ßm\w ]pØ≥]-d-ºn¬ tXma-kn-s‚bpw kmdm-Ω-bp-sSbpw \mem-asØ aI-\mbn 1931 Pqamkw 16 \v P-\n-®p. tImg-t©cn sk‚v tXmakv sslkvIq-fnse hnZym- ym-k-Øn\ptijw Beph bpkn tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂v C‚¿ao-Un-

b‰pw _nFkvknbpw ]m m-bn. 1954 apX¬ 1962 hsc ktX dbn¬sh-bn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tPmen Dt]-£n-®v, skdm-ºq¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ \n∂p _n.-kn., Fw.‰n.-F®v UnKn-Ifpw P\oh bqWn-th-gvkn‰nbn¬ \n∂p ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ t]mÃv KmtPz‰v Untπm-ambpw Ic-ÿ-am-°n. 1972 Unkw-_¿ 21 \v CS-hI saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂v buhv]-ZvbIvt\m ]hpw 1974 Pq Ggn\v An-hµy nen-t∏mkv am¿ sXtb- n-temkv Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw sshZn-I-]- hpw kzoI-cn-®p.

Fw.-Pn.-H-kn-F-kvFw P\-d¬ skI- dn, tImbw sshZnI skan-\mcn Ncn-X-hn-mKw ta[mhn; XSmIw InkvXp-injy

Biaw BNmcy; hnkn-‰¿ _nj∏v; I¬°Ø _nj∏v tImtfPv eIvNd¿

- 17 -




F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ tijvTambn ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ksb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v A\-h[n BtKm-f-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ Xncp-ta-\n°v mKyw kn≤n-®n- p-≠v.

1961 ¬ U¬ln-bn¬ IqSnb Uªyp-knkn aq∂mw Akw-ªn-bn¬ hnkn-‰-dmbpw 1968 se D]-vkme Akw-ªn-bn¬ Uen-tK-‰-dmbpw ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. 1998 ¬ lcmscbn¬ \S∂ kph¿W-Pq-_nen ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]Xn-\n[n kwLw Xe-h-\mbn ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 1968 ¬ dm‰z°n¬ \S∂ kn≥U-kvtamkv Ggmw Akw-ªn-bn¬ ]t‰¿W¬ Uen-tK-‰-dmbpw 1991 se hemtam 16mw Akw-ªn-bn¬ tN¿∂ (samWmkvSn) Uen-tK-‰vkns‚ Xe-h-\mbpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 1978 ¬ ate-jy-bnepw 1981 ¬ _mw•q-cnepw 1991¬ a\n-e-bnepw \S∂ knknF Akw-ªn-bnepw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 198185 Ime-ß-fn¬ knkn-F-bpsS anj≥ B≥Uv Ch≥Penkw IΩn-j-\w-K-ambn knwK-∏q¿,- _m-t¶m°v, Xmbvhm≥, tlmwt¶mMv skj-\p-I-fnepw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 2005 ¬ tdman-epw 2006 ¬ F®van-bm-Uvk-\nepw h®p \S∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m- -Hm-dn-b‚¬- -Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv km Ub-tem-Kn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

Uªyq-knkn tdma≥ ItØm-en°m tPmbn‚v h¿°nMv Kq∏ns‚ A‚o-en-bkv (2000), kvSmKkv (2002) _mcn (2003) Kokv (2004) ktΩ-f-\-Ønepw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 1975¬ a\n-e-bnepw 1988¬ sXk-tem-\n-°n, 98se Za-kv°-kv, tI‰ Xntbm-f-Pn-°¬ Ikƒt-j-\nepw lhm-bn¬ \S∂ sFF-Fw-Fkv tIm-d≥knepw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. 1981¬ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn e≠-\n-te°v t]mb At±lw e≠≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv CS-h-I-bpsS hnIm-cn-bmbn ]h¿Øn-®p.

Hcp CS-hI F∂ \ne-bn¬ e≠≥ CS-h-Isb sIp-d-∏p-≈-Xm-°n-Øo¿°p-∂-Xn\v At±lw sNbvX tkh-\-ßƒ \nkvXp-e-ß-fm-Wv. 1982 ¬ Xncp-h-√-bn¬ \S∂ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ At±-lsØ saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. 1985 sabv 15 \v amth-en-°-c-bn¬ h®p ta¬] ÿm\-tØ°v Db¿Øn. 1985¬ BKÃv 1 apX¬ Xpº-a Zm-k-\-k-lmb saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ø-bmbpw 1990 Unkw-_¿ 13\v am¿ ]ne-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXXp apX¬ Zm-k-\-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw \n¿h-ln®p t]m∂n-cp-∂p. Xpº-a Zm-k-\sØ D∂X tiWn-bn-te°v \bn®

]pWy-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ sXfn-bn®p X∂ kXy-hn-izm-k-am¿§sØ ]n¥p-S¿∂v At±lw Zm-k-\-Øn\v tijvT-amb t\XrXzw

\¬In h∂n-cp-∂p. Zm-k-\-Øns‚ Bflo-bhpw euIo-I-hp-amb ]ptcm-KXn e£y-am°n ]pXnb \q‰m≠ns‚ Z¿i\w Dƒs°m≠psIm≠v An-hµy Xncp-ta\n A\h[n ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.

ssae] am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv sF‰n-kn, am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv kvamcI aµn-cw, hnImkv teUokv sSbve-dnwMv kvIqƒ, tdUn-b‚v tIm®nMv sk‚¿, sk≥ tXmakv _p°v Unt∏m, am¿ KntKmdn-tbmkv im¥n-\-ne-bw, Iukn-enwMv sk‚¿ F∂o ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssIØm-ß¬ Af-h-‰-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

_p≤n-hn-Imkw ]m]n-°mØ Ipn-Iƒ°m-bp≈ ]Im-i-[mc kvIqfns‚ ÿm]I ]nXm-hmb Xncpta\n ]Ø-\w-Xn kt¥mjv PwKvj-\n¬ ÿehpw sIn-Shpw hmßn kvIqfns‚ ]h¿Ø\w Ahn-tS°v am‰n. CS-h-I-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-hm\pw Bh-iy-amb ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-hm\pw ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm\pw Xncp-ta\n ImWn-®n-cp∂ ipjvIm¥n ]iw-k-\obw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bflob ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS Cu‰n-√-amb Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Ønse ]ÿm-\-ßƒ°v Hcp \h-ssN-X\yw ]I-cp-hm≥ Xncp-ta-\n°p Ign-™n-cp-∂p.

kphn-ti-jhpw t£a-]-h¿-Ø-\ßfpw Htc \mW-b-Øns‚ c≠p hi-ßfm-sW∂p a\- n-em°n kaq-l-Ønse AicWcm-b-hsc klm-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ At\Iw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bkq-XWw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Xpº-a a¿Ø-a-dnbw aµncw Hcp tImsh‚mbn Db¿Øn. AhnsS ]Wn-Xp-b¿Ønb aµn-c-Øn¬ Hcp ss]adn kvIqƒ, \gvkdn kvIqƒ, Xø¬ kvIqƒ F∂nh ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. h-\-Zm\]≤Xn ]Imcw At\-I¿°v h-\-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-

- 18 -




\mbn klmbw \¬In h∂ncp-∂p. sshZy-k-lmbw, hnZym- ymk klmbw, hnhm-l-k-lm-bw, kmº-ØnI t£a-\n[n XpS-ßn-b ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ IqSn At\-I¿°v Bizmkw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. Zo¿L-ho-£-W-tØmsS An-hµy Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ XpS-ßnb sk‚v t_kn¬ tKmkv]¬ Sow tIc-f-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw hntZ-i-Øp-ap≈ hnhn[ ssZhm-e-b-ß-ƒ kµ¿in®v Km\-ip-iq-j, hN-\-ip-iq-j, Iuk-en-wMv, h-\-k-µ¿i-\w, t£a-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p. An-hµy Xncp-ta-\n- ae-¶c k-bnse [mcmfw ssZhm-e-b-ßƒ IqZm-i -sNbvXp Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Ønse Xs∂ 70¬ A[nIw ssZhm-e-b-ß-fpsS IqZmi I¿Ω-Øn\v Im¿an-IXzw hln-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v mKyw en-®p.

Zm-k\Npa-X-e-Iƒ IqSm-sX, am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnZym¿ ∞n ]ÿm-\w, C‚¿ N¿®v dnte-j≥kv IΩn‰n, ae-¶c km amknI FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿Uv F∂n-h-bpsS tIm-]-kn-U‚v, Cknkn Iukn-ew-Kw, XSmIw Biaw BNm-cy, F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv Ãm≥UnMv IΩn‰n AwKw, ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtfPv tem°¬ amt\-P¿, Uªyp-kn-kn,-B¿knkn tPmbn‚v h¿°nMv Kq∏v saº¿ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ \nkvXpe tkh\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p. sk‚v t_kn¬ Zbdm, XÆn-tØmSv sk‚v B‚-Wokv Bi-aw, Xmh-f-∏md sk‚v tXmakv anj≥ sk‚¿, am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv HmƒUv GPv tlmw F∂nhbpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v Xncp-ta\n hf-sc-b-[nIw ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂p. ]cn-ip-≤-k-sb H∂m-bn-I≠v Bb-Xns‚ ka-K-hn-I-

k-\-Øn-\p th≠n -]-h¿Øn® B ]pWym-flmhv 2009 P\p-h-cn-bm-Wv I¿Xrk∂n[n ]qIn-b-Xv. am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv ssIkvXh hnZym¿∞n ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ iXm-_vZn BtLmjw, ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ]p\x-ÿm-]\iXm_vZn Cu c≠p NS-ßp-Ifn¬ kw_-‘n-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v hm©bpap≠mbn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ BZysØ BKlw ssZhw Xºp-cm≥ km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

H∂m-aXv Fs‚ ssZhw, c≠m-a-Xv, Fs‚ k F∂ ]q¿∆ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS

ho£Ww A¿∞-h-Ømbn ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-hm≥ B ]nXmhv ]cn-i-an-®p.

k-bpsS Imt\m\nI \a-kvIm-c-ßƒ, cl-ky-]m¿∞-\-Iƒ, a≤y-ÿ-]m¿∞-\-Iƒ apS°w IqSmsX ka-b\n-jvTtbm-Sp-IqSn At±lw \S-Øn. kpXm-cy-amb kmº-ØnI CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ, kaq-l-Øn¬ ]bmkw A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h¿°v ssIØmß¬ sImSp-°p-hm-\p≈ An-hm© Cu c≠p KpW-ßƒ A\p-I-c-Wo-b-am-Wv.

X\n°p en® ]Ww \jvSs∏SmsX kq£n-®p-sIm≠v AXp apgp-h≥ kbv°p ]tbm-P-\s∏SpØm≥ X°-hÆw hn¬∏Xw FgpXn kq£n® At±-l-Øns‚ Zo¿L-ho-£Ww Hcp henb amXr-I-bmbn \ap°v IW-°m°mw. At±-l-Øns‚ kvamc-I-ambn ]Im-i-[mcm kvIqfn¬ Hcp aµncw ]Wn-bm≥ km[n-®Xv A\p-K-l-I-c-amb Imcy-am-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ kvacW \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v amXr tZhm-e-b-amb \mc- ßm\w am¿ Hmkn- tbmkv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ Hcp kvarXn aWvU]w ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øn ka¿∏n-°-s∏- p.

B CS-hI hnIm-cn-sbbpw hnizm-kn-I-sfbpw «mLn-°p-∂p. B ]pWy-]n-Xm-hns‚ kz]v\]≤-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂ ]men-tb-‰ohv sIb¿ sk‚¿ ]Ø-\w-Xn- -bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°m-\p-≈ iaßƒ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS k mc-X-Ønse H∂mw ÿm\Øp \n¬°p∂ k-bm-I-W-sa∂p≈ B ]nXm-hns‚ kz]v\-ßƒ ]qh-Wn-bn-°m≥ \ap-s°m-sØm-cp-an®v ian-°mw. ]mh-\-kva-c-Wbv°p ap≥]n¬ BZ-cmRvP-en-Iƒ, At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿∞\ \ap°v tIm-bm-bn-cn-°-s.

11. An. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ ¢oΩokv saXm-t∏m-eoØm (2009 ......... )

2009 G]n¬ 1 \v Zm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe Gs‰-SpØ An-hµy Xncp-ta\n 1936 Pqsse 26 \v s\√n-°¬ s]cp-a-Øp-a-Æn¬ ]n.sI aØm-bn-bp-sSbpw timim-Ω-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn P\n-®p. sNß-∂q¿ Zm-k-\-Øn¬s∏ Iq¿Ø-ae sk‚v tacokv CS-h-ImK-wamb At±-l-Øn\v Hcp ktlm-Z-c\pw c≠v ktlm-Z-cn-am-cp-ap-≠v. kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw ]Ø-\w-Xn

- 19 -




ImtX-en-t°‰v tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂pw kky-im-kvX-Øn¬ _ncp-Zhpw _ncp-Zm-\¥-c-_n-cp-Zhpw t\Sn-b-tijw tImtf-Pn¬ A≤ym-]-I-\mbn tN¿∂v F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-ÿm\w en-°p-∂-Xp-hsc B ÿm-\Øp XpS¿∂p. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sshZnI skan-\mcn ]T-\-Øn-\p-tijw t_kn¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ AwK-am-bn. 1964 ¬ sshZn-I-\mb At±lw Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS skI- -dn, sshZnI tbmKw skI- dn F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-®p. 1991 ¬ F∏n-kvtIm∏m ÿm\w en® At±-l-Øn\v ]pXp-Xmbn cq]oI-cn-°-s∏ kp¬Øm≥ _tØcn Zm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe en-®p. Npcp-ßnb kabw sIm≠v B Zm-k-\sØ D∂-Xn-bn¬ FØn-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\p km[n-®p. Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xn\v tijw AXns‚ \m\m-hn-[-amb hf¿®-bv°p-th≠n A£oWw ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Bflo-b-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS sNdpXpw hepXpamb F√m ktΩ-f-\-ß-fnepw kw_-‘n-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v. Zimw-i-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw hnhn[ kmaq-ln-I-t£-a-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn 20 e£w cq]m CXn-\Iw \¬In-I-gn-™p. k-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn IΩo-j≥ sNb¿am≥, Fw.H.kn. tImtfPv amt\-P¿, ImtX-en-t°‰v tImtfPv amt\-P¿

m

F∂o \ne-I-fnepw kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh\w sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p. sh®q-®nd tagvkntlmw Ai-c-W¿°v Bew-_-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Zm-k-\-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-t£-a-]-≤-Xn-I-fmb ]Im-i-[mc kvIqƒ, am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv im¥n kZ-\w, \cn-bm-]pcw sshZn-I-k-Z\w, amcm-a dnSo‰v sk‚¿, Aßm-Sn-°¬ ]I¬ho-Sv, X sk‚v tacokv _menI h≥ F∂o ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂p. ""]Ir-Xnsb kvt\ln®v AXn-\p-≈Xv \mw \¬In-bm¬ ]IrXn \√Xv \ap°v \¬Ipw'' F∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Bibw hne-s∏- -Xm-Wv.

k-bpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn-t‚bpw kzbw io¿j-I-XzØn-s‚bpw ]Xo-I-amb ImtX-en°m ]p\-xÿm-]-\-Øns‚ iXm_vZn BtLm-jn-°p∂ Cu thf-bn¬ \S-°p∂ Atkm-kn-tb-j\v ]tXyI ]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. ]cn. ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-tØmSpw AXn¬ hmW-cp-fp∂ ]cn. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Ic-ßƒ°v i‡n-]-I-cmw. F√m ]Xn-Iqe Ah-ÿ-I-tfbpw XcWw sNøm-\p≈ IcpØv ssZhw \ap°v ]I¿∂p Xc-s-sb∂v \ap°v ]m¿∞n-°mw.

- 20 -

Xpº-a Zm-k\kmaqly t£a]≤XnIƒ

]Imi[mc kvIqƒ, ]Ø\wXnvv

sk‚v KotKmdntbmkv im¥nkZ\w, ]Ø\wXnvv

am¿ KotKmdntbmkv kvt\lmebw, AßmSn°¬vv

tagvkn tlmw, sh®q®ndvv

dnSo‰v & Iymºv sk‚¿, amcmavv

sk‚v tXmakv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv sk‚¿, Xmhf∏mdvv

sk‚v tacokv tImsh‚v, Xpºavv

hnImkv sSbnednwKv sk‚¿, ]Ø\wXnvv

\htPymXnvv

Zimwi ]≤Xn




ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kpdnbm\n kbv°p ssZhw I\n™p \¬Inb hc Zm\ambncp∂p kmcXv\w tUm. Koh¿§o kv am¿ HkvXmØntbmkv Xncpta\n. k bv°pw kaqlØn\pw KWyamb kwmh \Iƒ \¬Inb ]pWy]nXmhns‚ ]Zo]vX amb Hm¿ΩIƒ°papºn¬ Cu Ffnb injys‚ Aip]qPIƒ !

AXpey ]Xnbmbncp∂ hµy ]nXm hns‚ PohnX kv]µ\ßsf Hm¿sØSp°p hm\p≈ Hcp Ffnb iaamWo teJ\w.

1.ssZh\ntbmKw Xncn®dn™ ]nXmhvPohntXmt±iyw Xncn®dnbpIbpw Ah

tbmSv IobmflIambn ]XnIcn°pIbpw sNøp∂ hy‡nXzßsfbmWv NcnXw almflm°sf∂p tcJs∏SpØp∂Xv. ssZhhnfn Xncn®dnbpIbpw ssZhw FSp Øv D]tbmKn°pIbpw sNbvX hy‡n F∂ \nebn¬ Xncpta\nbpw B KWØn ¬s∏Sp∂p. Ggp]Xn‰m≠v apºv a≤yXncp hnXmwIqdnep≠mbncp∂ InkvXob aX]c amb Np‰p]mSn¬ ssZhipiqjbv°mbn B [\yPohnXw ka¿∏n°s∏p. h\Øn ¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂ Bflob A¥co£hpw AhnsS \n∂p en® ]cnioe\hpw kphn tij thebv°mbn B PohnXsØ Hcp°n.

ÿntcm’mlnbmbncp∂ tPm¿÷p Ipn (hnfnt∏cv) kvIqƒ hnZymymk ImeØp Xs∂ hn. thZ]pkvXIw ]q¿Æ ambn hmbn®v ]T\Ipdn∏pIƒ Xømdm °nbncp∂p. Sn.Sn.kn. ]co£bn¬ h∂ ]cmPbw ssZhoI ipiqjbv°p≈ hgnXpd°embn Xncpta\n Xncn®dn™p. km ipiqjbn¬ A]cmPnX\mbn apt∂ dnb B ]nXmhv B ]cmPbsØ hnPb Øns‚ Nhnp]Snbm°n am‰n. 1965 ¬

m. tUm. Koh¿§okv sI.(sk‚v tXmakv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv XntbmfPn°¬ skan\mcn,\mKv]q¿)

kvt\l]hmNI≥ \nXykvacWbn¬

- 21 -




ta¬∏ÿm\tØ°v Xncs™Sp°s∏n pw B ÿm\w en°mXncp∂Xv ssZh

Dt±iyambn At±lw Xncn®dn™p. hnhn[ taJeIfn¬ ambmØ hy‡napZ ]Xn∏n® B I¿ΩtbmKn At\Isc ssZhoI ipiqjbpsS ]mXbnte°v hgn \SØpI bpw AicW¿°v BibamIp∂ \nch[n ÿm]\ßƒ Bcwn°pIbpw sNbvXp. ZcnZs\∂v kzbw hntijn∏n®ncp∂ B ]nXmhnt\mSv PohnX hnPbØns‚ t]cWmi‡n Fs¥∂p tNmZn°ptºmƒ AXv I¿ØmhmIp∂p F∂ DØcamWv \¬Iphm\p≠mbncp∂Xv. PohnX \ntbm Kw Xncn®dn™v kbv°pw kaqlØn\pw \nkzm¿∞amb kwmh\ \¬tI≠ bph Xeapd B[p\oI ImbnI hnt\mtZm ]m[nIfn¬ amXw i≤tIµoIcn®v Znimt_m[w \jvSs∏SmXncn°phm≥ Xncp ta\nbpsS [\yamb PohnXw amXrIbm t°≠XmWv. Hm¿ØtUmIvkv ssIkvXh bphP\]ÿm\Øns‚ ap≥ kmcYn IqSnbmbncp∂ B ]nXmhns‚ Im¬ Nph SpIƒ ]n≥]t‰≠Xv bphXeapdbpsS ISabmWv.

2. XnXzZ¿i\Øns‚ kmaqlyh‡mhvInkvXob hnizmkØns‚ ASnÿm

\ ineIfnsem∂mb hn. XnXzØn\v kmaq lyam\w \¬Ip∂Xn¬ AnhµyXncpta\n apJy]¶phln®p. GIXzØn¬ H∂mbncn °p∂ hn.XnXzw kbpsS ssZh imkvX Øns‚bpw Bcm[\bpsSbpw ASnÿm\ amWv. Anhµy]nXmhv XnXzsØ Z¿in ®Xpw, hymJym\n®Xpw tIhew Bcm[\m aq¿Ønbmbn√ adn®v kmaqly PohnXØn¬ A\pIcnt°≠Xpw Bcm[n t°≠Xpamb apJyssNX\y tIµambn mbncp∂p. hn. XnXz hnizmkØn\v ssZh

imkvXam\ßƒ \¬Inb I¿∏tZmIy≥ ]nXm°∑mtc°mƒ hn. XnXzØns‚ kmaqlyam\ßƒ°mWv Cu ]nXmhv ]m [m\yw \¬InbXv. XnXzm[njvTnXamb km aqly PohnXIaw D≠mIWsa∂v At± lw BKln®p. ]¶nSoens‚ ssZh imkvXw hn.XnXzm[njvTnXambn hymJym \n°p∂Xn¬ At±lw hnPbn®p. km[mc W°m¿°pw kpKmlyamIp∂ efnX coXnbn¬ InkvXob hnizmkØns‚ ASnÿm\]amWßƒ hniZoIcn°p∂

coXnbmWv At±lw Ahew_n®Xv. At± lsØ Gsd BI¿jn® hnjbßfn¬ hn. XnXzw apJyÿm\w hln°p∂p. ]¶nSoen s‚ ]q¿ÆX hn. XnXzØnemsW∂v ka¿ ∞n°phm≥ At±lw bXv\n®p. hmßp Ibpw, sImSp°pIbpw, ]¶nSpIbpw sNøp ∂ kmaqly\oXnb[njvTnX ssZhamWv hn.XnXz ssZhsa∂ hymJym\w a\pjy PohnXØns‚ kmaqlyXesØ Gsd kv]¿in°p∂XmWv.

3. kphntijsØ°pdn®v e⁄bn√mØ [oc]nXmhv

kphntijØn\pth≠n XymKßƒ kln®p, kphntijØn\pth≠n aSn IqSmsX A[zm\n® ]nXmhmbncp∂p An. HkvXmØntbmkv Xncpta\n. kphntij sØ°pdn®v e⁄bn√msb∂ hn. ]utem kns‚ at\mmhw Cu hµy]nXmhn\p ap≠mbncp∂p. 1943 ¬ amthen°cbn¬ Bcwn® kphntijmebw ]n∂oSv k bpsS anj≥ sSbv\nwKv sk‚dmbpw, anj≥ t_m¿Uv Bÿm\ambpw ]cnWan ®p. Atacn°bn¬ D]cn]T\Øn\mbn t]mb tPm¿÷pIpn siΩm»\v AhnsS en® Xp—amb t]m°‰v aWnbpw, CShI Ifn¬ \n∂p Innb kwmh\bpw tPmen sbSpØp t\Snb cq]bpw tN¿ØmWv kphntijmebØns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ i‡ns∏SpØnbXv. BZy ImeLßfn¬ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°p t\cn ]bmkßfpw FXn¿∏pIfpw Hcn°¬t]mepw B Znhym flmhns\ \n lmb\m°nbn√.

Xm≥ ÿm]n® A\h[n ÿm]\ß ƒ°v hn. ]utemkns‚ \maw \¬IpI hgn At∏mkvtXmes\t∏mse kphntijØn \p th≠n IjvSXIƒ kln°phm\p≈ k∂≤XbmWv B ]nXmhv shfnhm°n bXv. 2 tImcn¥y¿ 11:23 apX¬ 33 hscbp≈ hmIyßsf A\pkvacn∏n°pamdv At\I IjvSXIƒ Cu ]nXmhpw A\phn®np≠v.

tIcfØn\IØpw ]pdØpambn ap∏ Xne[nIw ÿm]\ßƒ ÿm]n®p. kº∂ ¿ IqSpX¬ kº∂cpw ZcnZ¿ IqSpX¬ Zcn ZcpamIp∂ B[p\oI kmºØnI hyh ÿnXnbpw BtKmfh¬°cWhpw B lr ZbsØ F∂pw thZ\n∏n®ncp∂p. ]mhß sf ad∂pIfbcpXv F∂mWv acW°nS° bn¬ h®pw B ]pWymflmhv Hm¿Ωn∏n®Xv.

- 22 -




D]kwlmcwXnI™ ssZhmibtØmSpw InkvXp

Z¿i\]cambpw ssZh hnfn Xncn®dn™v kbptSbpw kaqlØns‚bpw \∑bv°m bn ITn\m[zm\w sNbvX tijvT ]nXmhm bncp∂p am¿ HkvXmØntbmkv. ImeØn\v aptº \S∂v, Ime kqN\Isf Xncn®dn™v InbmflIambn ]XnIcn°phm≥ At±l Øn\pIgn™p. 94mw hb nepw ssNX\y tØmsS ]h¿Øn® B [\y]nXmhv \ap °v ]tNmZ\amtI≠XmWv.

mcXØns‚ aX, cmjvSob, kmºØn I cwKßfn¬ Imcyamb hyXymkßƒ kwhn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ Hcp ImeLam WnXv. tIcfØnse InkvXob B[ymflo IXbv°pw De®n¬ kwhn®psIm≠ncn °p∂p. hy‡nbm[njvTnX B[ymfloI ]ÿm\ßƒ IqWpt]mse apf®ps]m ßp∂p. BflobX I®hS kwkv°mchp ambn apnbpcpΩn hy‡nIfn¬ Bfl kwL¿japW¿Øp∂p. CØcw kmlN cyßfn¬ A¿∞]q¿Æamb Bflob ssN X\yw en°p∂Xn\v Cu ]nXmhns\ amXr Ibm°p∂Xv hnizmknIƒ°pw Bflob t\Xm°ƒ°pw klmbIamWv. Gh¿°pw Hcpt]mse A\pIcn°mhp∂ Hcp hy‡n Xzambncp∂p An. HkvXmØntbmkv Xncp ta\n. hntZi bqWnthgvkn‰nIfn¬ \n∂pw en® D∂X hnZymymkw Xs‚ kbpsS D∂a\Øn\mbn At±lw hn\ntbmKn®p. At\I ]ÿm\ßfpsS ÿm]I ]nXm hmbncp∂npw kz¥w t]cn¬ Hcp ÿm]\

hpw Bcwn°mØ DZmØamXrI At±lw ImWn®p. kbpsS Ayp∂Xn°pth≠n kºØv hn\ntbmKn®v, ]cmPbßfn¬ ]XdmsX hna¿i\ßfn¬ XfcmsX kmaq ly ]Xn_≤XtbmsS At\I¿°p hgn Imnbmbn B ]pWy]nXmhv ImeØn\p aptº \S∂p \oßn. A[nIw Bcpw k© cn°mØ ]mXIfneqsS ]bmWw sNbvXv hyXykvX hy‡nXzambn \nesIm≠pw Rm≥ InkvXphns‚ A\pImcnbmbncp ∂Xp t]mse \nßƒ Fs‚ A\pImcnIfm bncn∏n≥ F∂ ]utemkv «olmbpsS Blzm\w Cu ]nXmhns\°pdn®pw ]d bmw. B\pImenI kaqlØn¬ apgßn tIƒt°≠ i_vZambncp∂p B ]nXmhn s‚Xv AXpt]mseXs∂ Pohn®p ImWn t°≠ PohnXhpw.

bphm°ƒ°v F∂pw ]tNmZ\ambn cp∂ B kvt\l\n[nbpsS [\yPohnXw hcpw Xeapdbv°p \nXy ]tNmZ\ambn amdpw F∂Xn¬ X¿°an√. B ]pWy ]nXmhv XpSßnh® I¿Ω]≤XnIfn¬ mK mKm°pIfmIpI hgn \ap°v B ]nXmhn

s‚ kz]v\ßƒ km£mXv°cn°phm≥ km[n°pw. B almflmhns‚ Hm¿ΩXs∂ Hcp tX≥agbmWv. Pohn®mepw acn®mepw ssZhw amXw aXn F\n°v F∂ tijvTam b BZ¿i\w apdpsI]nSn® tijvT Kpcp \mY\v Ffnb injys‚ hn\oXamb kvac WmRvPen. B ]nXmhns‚ ]m¿∞\ \ap °pt°mbmbncn°s !

- 23 -




Pq_n-en-°mew

ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®-

Xns‚ iXm_vZn 2012¬ BtLm-jn-°p-I-bm-Wv. 1912- se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w Hcp alm-kw- hw Xs∂-bmWv F∂-Xn¬ c≠p ]£-an-√. ]t£ AXv H∂n-s‚bpw Bcw- tam, Ah-km-\tam Bbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv sX‰mb ]h-W-X-bm-Wv. \km-Wn-I-fpsS kzbw \n¿W-b-Øns‚bpw, kzbw c-W-Øn-s‚bpw kpZo¿L-amb ]mX-bnse Hcp ][m\\mgn-I-°√v F∂ coXn-b¬ thWw 1912- se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\sØ IW-°m-°m≥.

Ck-Uv. Fw. ]mtd- ns‚ mj-bn¬, \km-Wn-bpsS hy‡nXzw, \ne-\n¬∏n-\m-bp≈ \nc-¥c ka-c-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-am-Wv. Cu kac ]c-º-c-bnse \n¿Wm-b-I-amb Hcp hnP-b-amWv 1912se ImtX-en-t°-ddv ÿm]-\w.

]ecpw Icp-Xp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]cn. h-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶-c- sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-sb, At¥ym-Jym-bpsS A_vZp≈m ZznXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv \nb-a-c-ln-X-ambn apS-°n-b-Xns\XpS¿∂v s]s-∂p-≠mb tNtXm-hn-Im-c-a√ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-Øn\p t]cn-∏n-®-Xv. 1653- se Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXyw, am¿ Al-Ø≈m F∂ kpdn-bm\n taev]- -°m-cs\ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ h[n®p F∂ tIp-tIgvhnbpsS amXw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ s]-∂p-≠mb Hcp hnIm-c-]I-S-\-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂ ]N-cWw t]mse sX‰msbmcp [mc-W-bmWv CXv. Cu kw-h-ßƒ°v Ch c≠pw bYm-Iaw Xzc-I-ß-fmbn F∂Xp hmkvX-h-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ahb√ bYm¿∞ Imc-W-ßƒ

Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXyhpw, ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\hpw Zo¿L-Im-esØ Btem-N-\-I-fpsS e-ambn bmYm¿∞y-amb al¬ kw-h-ß-fm-Wv. 1889- epw 1900epw Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n, ae-¶-c-bn¬ Hcp an-bm\m ÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Btem-Nn-®-Xmbn tcJ-I-fp-≠v. tIm\mp aev]m≥, Ce-™n-°¬ tPm h°o¬ apX-em-b-h¿ CXn-\mbn ]cn-i-an-®n-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmkv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ ae-¶-c- sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]utcm-lnXy I\-I-Pq-_n-en-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v At±-l-Øn\p an-bm-\mÿm\w \¬In CXn\v Bcw- -an-Sm-sa∂ IW°pIq-em-

^

bn-cp∂p Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ AXv bmYm¿∞y-am-bn-√. Cu Btem-N-\-bpsS XpS¿\S-]-Sn-I-fmWv 1912¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-Øn-tebv°p hgn-sX-fn-®-Xv.

taev∏ÿm\-Øn\p At¥ym-Jymsb Bi-bn-t°≠ ]cm-[o-\X Hgn-hm-°m-\mWv ImtXm-en-t°‰v ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-®-Xv. Imt\m≥ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v, ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam taev∏-°m¿°v IqSp-X¬ hy‡am°n-bm¬ Hcp kwÿm\ CS-h-I-bnse qcn-]£ saXm-∑m¿°v taev∏ hmgvN \S-Ømw. F∂m¬ A∂p ae-¶-c-bn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ kmimkvX-hn-⁄m-\-a-\p-k-cn®v ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\pw ImtXm-en°m (a-n-bm-\)bv°pw amX-amWv taev∏ hmgvN \S-Øm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu ]n¬°me At¥ym-Jy≥ km-imkvXw Chn-sS- ]m-_-ey-Øn-em-°n-bXv ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ taev∏ hmgvN-bm-Wv.

]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv siΩm-i≥ kz¥w \ne-bn¬ At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ kao-]n-°p-Ibpw, At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂pw am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ taev∏- -ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂pw t\cnp taev∏-ÿm\w t\Snb BZy ae-¶c \kmWn Bbn-cp∂p At±-lw. Nne ASn-b-¥nc kml-N-cy-Øn¬, At∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep≈ kpdn-bm\n saXm-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw taev∏w kzoI-cn-®n- p-≈-sXm-gn-®m¬ Xt±-inb saXm-∑m-cmWv 1665 apX ¬ ]n≥Km-an-Isf hmgn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu ]Xn-hmWv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkv sX‰n-®-Xv.

ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-c-an-√msX taev∏- -ÿm\w kzoI-cn® am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn\v ae-¶-c- knw-lm-k-\-Øn-\v,-A-h-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn-°m≥ bmsXmcp ]n≥_-ehpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬, X\n-°p≈ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ssIsh∏v ae-¶c knwlm-k-\-Øn-\p≈ Xs‚ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-Øn\vvv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb LS-I-ambn am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Db¿Øn-°mn 1852- se sIm√w ]©m-bØp hn[n am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-b-tXmsS Cu km-imkvXw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Dd-®p.

tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXma-kv

- 24 -




]n¬°m-eØv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Cu \ne-]m-Sn¬ \n∂pw ]n∑m-dn-sb-¶nepw hnI-e-amb Cu km-hn-⁄m-\n-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xe-bq-cp-hm≥ \km-Wn-Iƒ°p Ign-™n-√. At±-l-Øns‚ FXn-cm-fn-bmbn cwK-]-th-i\w sNbvX ]c-tZin saXm≥ am¿ bpbm-°ow Iqdn-tem-kns‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Cu \ne-]m-Sn\v B°w Iqn. A[n-Im-c-sam-∂p-an-s√-¶nepw ap°m¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn Ign-™ncp∂ At±lw \km-Wn-I-fn¬ B¿°pw taev]- -ÿm\w en-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]tXyIw i≤n-®p.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv ]pen-t°m- n¬ Cq∏v IØ-\m¿°v taev]- -Øn-\mbn ]mXn-b¿°-kns\ kao-]n-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ taev∏- -ÿm-\m-tcm-l-W-tØmsS taev∏w \evIm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v F∂ km-imkvXw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Dd-®p. AXn-\m-emWv ]n¬°m-eØv ]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkn\v ]n≥Km-an-bmb ae-¶c aev]m≥ h-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv dºms\ taev∏--ÿm\w ]m]n-°m≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ASp-

°¬ Ab-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv.

1889- se tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[nbpw CXn-s\mcp Imc-W-ambn F∂Xpw hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. ae-¶c saXm≥ ÿm\-Øn\v P\-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-chpw ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ssIsh-∏pw A\n-hm-cy-amWv F∂ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-as‚ \ne-]m-SmWv tImSXn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. AXn-\m¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-ks‚ ssIhbv]v taev]- -ÿm-\-Øn\v ae-¶-c-bn¬ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn.

Cu kml-Ncyw adn-I-S-°m-\p≈ GI-am¿§w ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-s‚ kΩ-X-tØmsS ae-¶-c-bn¬ Hcp an-bm-t\‰v (ImtXm-en-t°‰v) cq]o-I-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\p≈ ia-am-Wv -1889- 1900¬ \S-∂-Xv. AXmWv 1912¬ hnPbw I≠Xpw. 1912- ¬ At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°okv ]cn. C·m-Øn-tbmkv A_vZ¬ aviolm ZznXo-b≥ \¬Inb Iev]\Ifn-eqsS, ae-¶-c-bn¬, ]cn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-i- sN-øp-hm\pw, taev]w \¬Ip-hm\pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p 19-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ey-amb A[n-Imcw, ae-¶c

saXm-t∏m-eoØm A≤y-£-\mb ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ Xnsc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ImtXm-en-°mbv°v \ncp-]m-[nIw ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Im-i-tØmsS ssIam-dn. AXn-\m-emWv ]n¬°m-eØv _lp. kp]ow - tIm-SXn, ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm]-\-tØmsS ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Imcw am™p-t]m-Ip∂ \ne-bn-seØn F∂p \nco-£n-®-Xv.

apI-fn¬ ]d™ hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ]ivNm-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv 1912- se ImtXm-ent°‰v

ÿm]\w H∂n-s‚bpw Bcw- tam Ah-km-\tam A√m F∂p ]kvXm-hn-®-Xv. 1947¬ C¥y kzmX¥yw ]m]n®p F∂-Xp-sIm-≠v, C¥y F∂pw ]mc-X-¥yØn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂¿∞-an-√. \q‰m-≠p-I-fneqsS C¥ybv°p \jvS-s∏ kzmX-¥yhpw, kzbw \n¿Wm-b-Im-h-Im-ihpw XncnsI en®p F∂-XmWv 1947se kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ A¿∞w. AXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv 1912se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-Øn‚ ]k-‡n-bpw.

Bbn-c-Øn-e-[nIw \mp-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ NnX-dn-°n-S∂ kzmX-¥y-amWv GXm\pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fneqsS C¥ybv°p \jvS-am-b-Xv. ]t£ 1947¬ XncnsI en-®-Xv Hscm‰ kzmX¥y ]c-am-[n-Im-c- cm-jvShpw. CtX-t]mse ae-¶c saXm-\pw, ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw ssIøm-fn-bn-cp∂ taev]- -ÿm-\m-tcm-l-Wm-h-Imiw 19- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \jvS-am-b-tijw 1912¬ XncnsI en-®Xv kzX-¥- I-tXm-en-t°-‰m-bmWv.

C¥y-bpsS kzmX¥y ka-c-N-cn-Xw-t]mse sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb ]e kw-h-]-c-º-c-Iƒ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- n- p-≠v. 1653se sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyw apX-epff NcnXw amX-sa-Sp-Øm¬t]mepw Cu ka-c-]-c-º-c-bnse ]e \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fp-sSbpw Pq_n-en-Iƒ ImtXm-en-t°‰v iXm-_vZn-°m-e-ambn ]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂ Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ (2009- 12) hcp-∂p-≠v.

1. sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v 325 (1686) kvXpXn-sNm-∆m-I-s∏ hnizm-ksØ aq∂v

s]mXp kp∂-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb kXy-hn-izmkw F∂m-Wv ]pcm-X-\-k- -Iƒ hyh-l-cn®p hcp-∂-Xv. \nJym, IpkvX¥o-t\mkvt]m-eo-kv, Ft-kqkv F∂o aq∂v km¿∆-XnI kp∂-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ hymJym-\n®v \n¿W-bn® hnizm-k-amWv Hmdn-b-s‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k-Iƒ°p-≈-Xv. Ah tZ-s∏-Sp-Øm-t\m, Iqn-t®¿°mt\m B¿°pw A[n-Im-c-an-√.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ ]pXnb hnizmk kwln-X-sbm∂pw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- n√. thZm-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnizmkw C∂Xv F∂p \n¿h-Nn-°pI amX-amWv sNbvX-Xv. CtX-co-Xn-bn¬ ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS hnizm-k-kw-lnX aq∂p s]mXp kp∂-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb kXy-hn-izm-k-am-sW∂v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ]Jym-]n® kp]-[m\(G-I) ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-amWv 1686- se sNß-∂q¿ kp-∂-l-tZm-kv.

InkvXph¿jw H∂mw kl-km-_vZ-Øn¬ Ft∂mapX¬ 1599 hsc \km-Wn-Iƒ skeq-jy-mbnse ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Bflob A[n-

- 25 -




Im-c-Øn\p Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kzmm-hn-I-ambpw \km-W-nI-fpsS hnizm-khpw s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. ey-amb tcJ-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv CXm-Wv. 1599se Ip-]-kn-≤-amb DZ-bw-tº-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv \km-Wn-Isf tdma≥ I-tØm-en°m hnizm-k-Øn\p hnt[-b-cm-°n. 1653se Iq\≥Ipcnip hnπhw hsc Cu \ne XpS¿∂p.

1653¬ \kmWn-Iƒ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hnizmkw XyPn-°p-Ibpw, PmXn-°p Xe-h≥ tXmΩm A¿°Zvbmt°ms\ am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a≥ F∏n-kvt°m-∏m-bmbn Db¿Øn km-≤y-£-\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CsXm-gnsI ]tXyI thZ-imkvX \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfm∂pw \km-Wn-Iƒ A∂v kzoI-cn-®n-√.

F∂m¬ Cu \ne A[n-I-Imew XpS-cm-\-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xßƒ°p hnt[-b-cm-hmØ \km-Wn-Iƒ ]hpw ]mc-º-cyhpw ]n≥Xp-S¿®bpan-√mØ Hcp \qX\hnm-K-am-sW∂v tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ Btcm-]n-®p. Cu ImgvN-∏mtSmsS Ahsc ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw _ln-jv°-cn-°m≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ thZ-im-kvXkm-imkvX]-c-ambn -hy-‡-amb Hcp \ne-]m-sS-Sp-t°-≠-Xv \km-Wn-Iƒ°v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-ambn amdn. 1665- ¬ tbdp-i-te-anse kpdn-bm\n ]mXn-b¿°okv am¿ Kn-tKm-dn-tbmkv A_vZ¬ PeoZv, am¿tØmΩm H∂mas‚ taev]- -ÿm\w Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXmsS Hcp ISº IS-∂p-In- n. F¶nepw thZ-imkvX km-hn-⁄m-\ob cwKØv Hcp iq\yX \ne-\n-∂p.-

Cu Zim-k-‘n-bn-emWv am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv b¬tZm an-bm-\-bpw kwLhpw 1685-¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv. ]Xn-aq∂mw Znhkw

HIvtSm-_¿ 2\v At±lw Imew sNbvXp. 1686-¬ am¿tØmΩm c≠m-a≥ BI-kvan-I-ambn

Imew sNbvX-tXm-sS- Hcp c-W-]-Xn-k-‘nbpw DS-se-Sp-Øp. mKy-h-im¬ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv b¬tZm an-bm-\-bpsS kl-bm-Xn-I≥, D÷ze ]WvUn-X-\mb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv lZn-b≈, Cu kabw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw 1686- ¬ sNß∂q-cn¬ Hcp ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq- n. IrXy-amb XobXn I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ km[n-®n- n-s√-¶nepw ]n¬°me ]mc-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn®p IW-°m-°n-bm¬ am¿tØmΩm c≠m-as‚ \mev]-Xmw A-Sn-b-¥n-c-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v (1686 sabv 30/31) XobXnbn-em-hWw Cu tbmKw \S-∂-Xv.

1686- se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv ][m-\-ambpw A©v ASn-ÿm\ hnizmk ]am-W-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn®p. Ah, (1) ImtXm-enI k-bpsS \n¿h-N-\w.(2) ]pX≥ Xºp-cm‚ Bf-Xzw. (3)

hn. Ip¿_m-\bv°v ]pfn-∏p≈ A∏w D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. (4) ]cn.- dq-lm-bpsS ]pd-∏m-Sv. (5) t\m-b-ºns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ]am-W-ßƒ. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv lZn-b≈bpsS ]n¬°me cN-\-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ _kv]p¿°m-\m-bpsS \nc-k-\w, Znhk ]I¿®, h[p-hns\ heØp hiØp \n¿Øp-∂-Xv, kzcq] hµ-\-bpsS \ntcm-[\w apX-em-bh Cu kp∂-l-tZmkv Xocp-am-\-ß-fm-tWm-sb∂v hy‡-a-√. F¶nepw Ch Ahbv°v ]qc-I-ß-fm-Wv.

t]m¿p-Kokv ]q¿hImew- ap-X¬ \km-Wn-IfpsS Bflo-bhpw euIo-I-hp-amb k¿h Imcy-ß-fn-tebpw A¥na Xocp-am-\-Øn\v A[nIm-cnI-fmb AXyp∂X ka-Xn ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-Kw-bmWv sNß-∂q-cn¬ Cu hnizmk ]Jym-]\w \S-Øn-bXv F∂ hkvXpX AXoh Kuc-h-tØmsS IW-°m-°-Ww. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k-bp-sS Imt\m-\m-Iƒ°v hncp-≤-ambn A¬am-b¿ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ Hcp tbmKw DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq- p-hm≥ k¿h-i-‡-\mb B¿®v _nj∏v sat\-ko-kns\ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-°n-bXv ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-KØns‚ Cu A]-am-Zn-Xz-am-bn-cp-∂p.

1686- se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kmWv HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-khpw Ae-Ivkm≥Un-b≥ thZ-im-kvXhpw ae-¶c k-bp-tS-Xmbn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. \mfn-Xp-hsc as‰mcp hnizmk ]Jym-]-\hpw \km-Wn-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn- n-√. 1686- se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZmkns‚ \n›-b-ßƒ tZ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-an-√. aq∂p km¿h-XnI kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ Ivfn]vX-s∏-Sp-Ønb hnizmk kwlnX \km-Wn-Iƒ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn® 1686- se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ Ahbv°p Xpey-amb ]m[m-\y-tØmsS thWw ae-¶c k ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥. (1686- se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns\∏‰n-bp≈ hnZ-amb ]T-\-ßƒ°v 2012 \hw-_-dn¬ Fw. H. kn. ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ 1686- se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-tlmkv ]mThpw ]T-\hpw F∂ IrXn ImWpI)

2. I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-ebv°v 200 (1809)

Fmw am¿tØmΩm saXms‚ taev]- -ÿm-\m-tcm-l-W-tØ-°p-dn-®p≈ X¿°w N¿® sNøm-\mWv Ggmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS \mev]-X-Sn-b-¥n-c-Øn\v 1809 Nnßw 1\v I-≠-\mSp ]ffn-bn¬ ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw tN¿∂-Xv. Fmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS taev]- -ÿm\w AwKo-I-cn®p F∂-Xn-ep-]-cn-bmbn ae-¶-c-k- bv°v ey-amb BZy- en-JnX c-W-L-S-\bpw I≠-\mSp tbmKw ]Zm\w sNbvXp. 1809- se I≠-\mSp

- 26 -




]Sn-tbme F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu enJnX c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ][m-\-ambpw aq∂p LS-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.

1. Bcm-[-\-I-a-ß-fpsS GIo-I-cWw CXn-\mbn ][m-\-ambpw aq∂p \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ Zriy-am-Ip-∂Xv Ah,

1. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[-\-I-a-ß-fpsS ]q¿Æ AwKo-I-c-Whpw a‰p Ia-ß-fpsS \ntcm-[-\-hpw.

2) ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n B≠p XIvk-bpsS ]I¿s∏-gpØpw, ]N-c-W-hpw.

3) tIµo-IrX sshZoI hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\mbn sX°pw hS°pw c≠p ]TnØ hoSp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-I.

1686- se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv hnizmkw AwKo-I-cn-s®-¶nepw Bcm-[\m Ia-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hy‡-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sfm∂pw FSp-Øn-√. XpS¿∂p≈ \q‰m-≠n¬ k¶o¿Æhpw sshhn-≤y-am¿∂-Xp-amb Bcm-[-\m- ]m-c-º-cy-amWv \km-Wn-Iƒ ]n¥p-S¿∂p-t]m-∂X.v tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ tZ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]uc-kvXy- kp-dn-bm\n Ia-ß-fpw, Ah¿ ]N-cn-∏n® Nne eØo≥ Ia-ßfpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cp-∂p. AtXkabwXs∂, ]m›Xy kpdn-bm\n hnizm-k-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn Chbn¬ Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øm-\p≈ iahpw CXn-\n-S-bn¬ \S-∂n- p-≠v.

18- mw \q‰m≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n taev∏- -°m¿ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n XIvkm ]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ Xoh-iaw \S-Øn. Ah-cpsS injy≥am¿ Cu coXn-bn-tebv°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvX-tXmsS \km-Wn-I-fpsS Bcm-[\m ]mc-º-cyw IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-bn. tIhew Hcp Bcm-[\m ]mc-ºcy ]iv\w F∂-Xn-ep-]cn CsXmcp c-W-]-iv\-ambn amdp∂ ImgvN-bmWv 18- mw \q‰m≠ns‚- A¥y-]m-Z-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øm-emWv 1789¬ henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv bqlm-t\m\qw XΩn¬ amth-en-°c ]pXn-b-Imhp ]≈n-bn¬sh®v Hcp k‘n-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CX-\p-k-cn®v ]pØ≥ Iaw Im∏-bnp Ip¿∫m\sNm√phm\pw s]sIpw amtam-Zo-kmbpw ]g-b-Iaw \S-°p-hm\pw Xocp-am-\-am-bn.

]t£ CXn-\p-ti-jhpw Cu ]iv\Øn\p izmi-X ]cn-lmc-am-bn√. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n km-hn-⁄m-\n-b-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

]m›Xy kpdn-bm\n-sbm-gn-®p≈ Ia-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw _p≤n-ap- m-bn. Cu ]iv\-ßƒ°p≈ izmiX ]cn-lmcw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv apI-fn¬ ]d™ aq∂p Xocp-am-\-ßƒ I≠-\mSp tbmKw ssIs°m-≠-Xv.

2. BNm-c-ß-fpsS \ntcm-[-\hpw ]cn-jv°-cWhpw ae-¶c \km-Wn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ F√m hntZ-i-k- -I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-hmb kzmhw \km-Wn-I-fpsS tZinb kwkvIr-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ Ak-ln-jvWp-X-bm-Wv. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°cpw, ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n°mcpw, ]n∂oSv BwKvfn-°≥ s]m-Ã‚p-Ifpw ae-¶c k-bn¬ Xß-fp-tS-Xmb am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v \ho-I-cWw D≠m-°p-hm-\m-Wv ian-®-Xv. apI-fn¬ ]d™ ]m›Xy kpdn-bm-\n-°mcpsS kzm[o\w aqew 18- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]m-Z-Øn¬ Ah¿ aptºm- p-sh® \ho-I-c-WsØ A\p-Iq-en°p∂ Hcp I£n ae-¶-c-bn-ep-≠mbn. kzmm-hn-I-ambn AXns\ FXn¿ °p∂ Hcp bmYm-ÿn-XnI I£n-bpw Dse-Sp-Øp. Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥, ]pen-t°m- n¬ Cq∏v IØ\m¿ F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p \ho-I-cW I£n-bpsS t\Xm-°ƒ. Ch-cpsS h¿≤n®ph∂ kzm[o-\-amWv. 1809se I≠-\m-Sp- ]-Sn-tbme ]pe-Ip-fn, ]pfn-Ip-Sn apX-emb Nne kmaq-lnI BNm-c-ßsf \njv°m-k\w sNøm \pw, a‰p Nnehsb eLq-I-cn-°m\pw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-ØXv.

F∂m¬ Cu BNmc ]cn-jv°m-c-WØn\p ]nºn¬ Nne kzm¿∞]mtZ-inI Xm¬]cy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xmbn ]n¬°me kqN-\-I-fp-≠v. \ho-I-c-W-I-£n- sIm-≠p-h∂ Nne \n¿t±-i-ßƒ 1809- se ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw \ncm-I-cn-®-Xmbpw kqN-\-Ifp-≠v.

3. CS-h-I-I-fpsS c-W-I-ao-I-c-Ww ˛enLnX c-W-L-S-\-I-fpsS Am-h-Ønepw

]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp \nbX c-W-Iaw \km-Wn ]≈nIfn¬ \q‰m≠p-I-fmbn \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. CS-hI ]≈n-tbm-Khpw, tZiØp IØ-\m¿amcpw, ssI°m-c-∑mcpw tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu hyh-ÿ. F∂m¬ 18- mw \q‰m-≠nse hnm-Kn-bX Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øn\p tImw hcp-Øn. kzm¿∞- Xm¬∏-cy-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-]-a-Ø-Xbpw Aßp-anßpw c≠v b-P-am-\∑mcp≈ kml-N-cysØ apX-se-SpØp F∂p ]d-bp-∂-XmIpw IqSp-X¬ icn. CS-hI ]ffn-tbm-K-Øns‚ P\m-[- n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-ßƒ GXm\pw ]am-Wn-amcpsS ssII-fn-sem-Xp-ßn. tZh-kzßƒ _“-kz-ß-fm-b-Xp-t]mse ]e ]≈I-fnepw IØ-\m-c-∑m-cpsS GIm-[n-]-Xy- -c-W-ambn. Npcp-°-Øn¬ CS-h-I-]-≈n-I-fpsS c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ bmsXmcp GIo-IrX kzm-hhpw C√m-Xm-bn.

m

- 27 -




Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbme CS-h-I-]-≈n-I-fpsS euIoI cWw Iao-I-cn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. ]≈n-tbmKØns‚ P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂, ae-¶-c -sa-Xm-\n¬ tIµo-I-cn® s]mXp-k- -bpsS mKw F∂ _‘w \ne-\n¿Ø-Ø-°-hn-[-am-Wv Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-®-Xv. ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬ amXw A[n-jvTn-X-amb c-W-I-asØ \nb-X-amb enJnX-cq-]-Øn-em-°m-\p≈ ia-Øns‚ BZy-]-Sn-bm-bn-thWw I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-esb ImWp-hm≥

I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS Cu aq∂p LS-I-ß-fpsS AXy-¥nI ew Xmsg-]-dbpw ]Imcw tImUo-I-cn-°mw.

1. Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ßƒ ]m›Xy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-]-Imcw GIo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Hcp \q‰m-≠p-IqSn th≠n h∂p.

2. kmaq-lnI BNm-c-ßfn¬ hcp-Ønb \ho-I-c-W-ßƒ Hcp ehpw I≠n-√. tZinb kwkvIr-XnbpsS mK-amb Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw ]n¬°m-eØv A]-Xy-£-ambn. ]t£ AXv tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønep≠mb am‰-ßƒ°v A\p-kr-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.

3. CS-h-I-∏-≈n-I-fpsS c-W-I-ao-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ah FX-amXw e-]-Z-ambn F∂Xv kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-W-v. ae-¶c saXm-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-kn-s‚bpw, ]n∂oSv ]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ tPmkv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a-s‚bpw I¿i\\S-]-Sn-Iƒ°p-t]mepw Chsb GIo-IrX kzm-h-Øn-se-Øn-°m≥ km[n-®n-√. 1934-¬ ae-¶-cm-km c-W-L-S\]mkm-°n-bnpw,

AXp tImSXn hn[n-]-Imcw ]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂npw, A¿∞w InSp-In-Sp-°p∂ Nne CS-h-I-Iƒ Ahbv°p hnt[-b-am-ImsXbpw, s]mXp-k--bpsS mKm-am-Im-sXbpw, P\m-[n-]XyhImiw

\ntj-[n-°p∂ hIp∏pI-f-S-ßp∂ kz¥w c-W-L-S-\-I-fp-ambn aptºmp \oßp-I-bm-Wv.

Ch-sbm∂pw 1809se I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS ]m[m\yw iq\y-am-°p-∂n-√.- bm-sXmcp ]m›Xy kzm[o-\-hp-an-√mØ Hcp kaqlw kzbw \ho-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bn AXns‚ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ F¥m-bmepw ap∂n- n-d-ßp-∂-Xns‚ tcJ-bmWv I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-e. ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb enJnX c-W-L-S-\-I-fpsSsb√mw amXmhv F∂v 1809- se I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbm-esb hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.

apZnX ae-bmfw Gh≥tK-en-tbm\v 200 (1811)

\kmWn Ncn-X-Ønse \n¿Wm-b-I-amb Hcp Im¬hbv]mWv 1811- ¬ t_ms_ Iqdn-b¿ ]kn¬ A®-Sn® \mep kphn-ti-j-ß-fpsS ]Im-i-\w. -\-kmWnIfpsS ]cn- mj hn]vfhw Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv Cu KŸ-Øns‚ apZ-W-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

\km-Wn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ khn-tij hy ‡n-Xz-ap≈ Hcmƒ F∂p tXmakv ssh‰vlukv hnti-jn-∏n® Imbw-Ipfw nen-t∏mkv dºm≥ F∂ _lp- mjm ]WvUn-X-\mWv Cu ]cn- mj \n¿∆-ln-®Xv. amth-en-°c sheys]-cp-ºng sIm®nn Xc-I≥, XnΩ-øm-]n≈ F∂ Xan-g≥ F∂n-h¿ At±-lsØ klm-bn-®p. I≠-\m- p-sh®v A∂sØ ae-¶-c -sa-Xm≥ hen-b am¿ Zo-h-∂m-tkym-kns‚ ta¬t\m- -Øn¬ \S∂ Cu ]cn- m-j-bn¬ Hcp IØ-\m¿IqSn klm-bn-®-Xmbn Nne kqN-\-I-fp-ap≠v. CXv henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ kl-Nm-cn-I-fmb A¶-amen N°-c-b-I-Øqv Cq∏v IØ-\mtcm, Imp-a-ßmv Cn-b-hncm IØ-\mtcm BIm-\p≈ km≤yX X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.

1806- ¬ I¬°- m-bnse tm¿p hneyw tImtfPv ]n≥kn-∏mƒ dh. t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\-\mWv thZ-]p-kvXIw ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°v ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂ Bibw apt∂m- p-h-®-Xv. \km-Wn-Isf Bw•n-°≥ _m‘-h-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa∂v AXn-bmbn BK-ln® _p°m-\≥, Cu BKlw Xs‚ tIcf kµ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ Adn-bn-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w thZ-]p-kvXIw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]cn- m-j-s∏-SpØn A®-Sn®p Xcm-sa∂ hmKvZm-\hpw \¬In. k- m-_m-‘h \n¿t±-i-Øn¬\n∂p X¥-]q¿∆w Hgn-™p-am-dnb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv, thZ-]p-kvXIw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ A®-Sn®p Xcm-sa∂ hmKvZm\w kzoI-cn-®p. ]t£, ]cn- m-j-bv°p≈ klmbw \nc-kn-®p. BwKvfn-°≥ hnizmk-hp-ambn \kmWn kwkvIr-Xn-°p≈ A¥cw a\- n-em-°nbXm-emhmw At±lw ]cn- mj klmbw \ntj-[n-®-Xv. F¶nepw ]n∂oSv _p°m-\≥ \nb-an® XnΩøm]n≈ F∂ Xan-gs‚ klmbw kzoI-cn-°m≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv kΩ-Xn-®p.- Xs‚ ta¬t\m- -Øm¬ ]cn- mj \S-Øm-sa∂v At±lw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp..

Xs‚ hm°p ]men® am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv DS≥Xs∂ ]cn- m-j-bv°p≈ G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ sNbvXp. AX-\p-k-cn®v.... dºm≥ s]mcpƒ Xncn-s®-gp-Xp-hm-\m-bnv (1807) Ipw amkw 18\v apX¬°v Fgp-Xn-Øp-S-ßn. Gh≥tKentbm≥ ]pkvXIw aØmbn «olm-bpsS Adn-bn∏v

- 28 -




s]mcpƒ Xncn®v Fgp-Xn-b-Xn¬ ]ns∂-bX Xangv ]pkvX-Ihpw Bfpw hs∂m-≈p. dºm-\sX ISp-Zm-kn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv. XnΩ-∏≥]n≈ Hme-bn-se-gp-Xp-Ibpw, Xangv sIm®nn t\m°p-Ibpw. Fp-\m-sfm-cn-°¬ CX-sb-gpXn F∂v sIm®n-bn¬ FgpØp sN√-Ø-°-hÆw Nw sIn- -sX _p°m-\m≥ t]mbXv. Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥

s]°p-skkpws]mcpƒ Xncn-®-Xns‚ tijw, BbXp h-¶m-f-Øp- sIm≠psN√-Ø-°-hÆw Fgp-Xn-h-cn-I-sIm≠p XnΩ-∏≥]n≈ sIm≠pt]mbn...(-\n-cWw KŸ-h-cn)

Cu Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥ t_mwt_- Iq-dn-b¿ ]kn¬ A®-Sn®p ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bXv 1811emWv. 1812¬ ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥ acn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv A®Sn® tIm∏n At±-l-Øn\p en-®p. \km-WnIƒ°p en® \qdp -tIm-∏n-Iƒ ]≈n-Iƒ°p hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1816- ¬ kn. Fw. Fkv. anj-\-dn-bmb dh. tXmakv t\m¿≥ Cu ae-bm-f- ]-cn- mj ]≈n-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xmbn I≠v A¤p-X-s∏- -Xmbn tcJ-I-fp-≠v. AXn-\¿∞w \km-Wn-Iƒ CXns\ k¿∆m-fl\m kzoI-cn®p F∂pXs∂-bm-Wv.

qcn-]£w Ncn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°n-b-Xns‚ anIhv s]mÃs‚v anj-\-dn-am¿°pw, ]m›mXy ]_p-≤-Xbv°pw \¬Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ ]uckvXy ]mc-º-cy-]-Imcw Bcm-[-\-I-a-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Bcm-[-\m-I-a- ]-cn- m-j-bpsS Bcww hn. KŸ-Øns‚ ]cn- m-j-X-s∂-bm-Wv. 1811¬ dh. t¢mUnbkvv _p°m-\≥ ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p F∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ Cu ]cn- mj \km-Wn-bpsS kz¥-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Bcm-[-\m-Ia ]cn- mj Bcw- n-®Xv \km-Wn-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv. _p°m-\≥Xs∂ Cu ]cn- m-jbv°v apºv, thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ mKnI ]cn- m-j-Iƒ \km-Wn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ssIsøgp-Ømbn ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

]n∂o-S-tßmv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-ap-gp-h≥ ]cn- m-j-bp-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1820- ¬ ae-¶c aev]≥ tIm\mv A_lmw aev]m≥ H∂m-a≥, \n-Xy-\-a-kv°m-chpw Ip¿∫m-\-I-ahpw ]cn- m-j-s∏-SpØn. 1859¬ ]pen-t°m- n¬ Cq∏v IØ-\m¿ (]n∂oSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm) \nXy-\-a-kv°m-chpw Ip¿∫m-\-I-ahpw A®-Sn®p ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. At±lw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bb-Xn-t\-Xp-S¿∂v ]cn- mjm hnπhw Du¿÷z-kz-eam-bn.

C∂v ae-¶-c-k- bv°v hymg-h-Øn-sem-cn-° ¬ amXw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-

I-a-a-S°w ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ey-am-Wv. CXn-s\ √mw hgn-a-cp-∂n- -Xv hen-b -am¿ Zo-h-∂m-tkym-kn s‚ ta¬t\m- -Øn¬ Imbw-Ipfw ]nen-t∏mkv dºm≥ \S-Ønb kphn-tij ]cn- m-j-bm-sW ∂p \nkw-ibw ]d-bmw.

amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbmebv°v 175 (1836)

hf-sc-tbsd hnhm-Z-am-hp-Ibpw, hf-sc-tbsd N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX H∂mWv amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme I¬°- mbnse B•n-°≥ _nj∏v Um\n-tb¬ hn¬k, ae-¶-c-k--bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn apt∂m- p-h® \n¿t±-

i-ßsf 1836 P\p-hcn 16\v amth-en-°-c-bn¬ IqSnb ae-¶-c- ]≈n-tbmKw \ncm-I-cn®vv FgpXnb tcJ-bmWv amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-e. hf-sc- ]Xn-tem-a-sa-∂v s]m- -Ã-s‚v A\p-Iqe Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ H∂m-Wv amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-e. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ae-¶c \km-Wn-I-fpsS kzbw \n¿W-bm-h-Imiw kwc-£n-°m\p≈ hy‡-amb ia-a-amWv amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme.

1816- ¬ ]g-b- sk-an-\m-cnbn¬ A≤ym-]-I-cm-bmWv _nojv anj-\-dn-am¿ \km-Wn-I-fp-ambn kwk¿Kw Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv. \km-Wn-Isf Bw•n-°≥ hnizm-kBNm-c-ßƒ°v A\p-cq-]-cmbn am‰pI F∂ BXy-¥n-I-e£yw BZnapX¬ Xs∂ anj-\dnam°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-t\-°mƒ D]cn, Hcp s]m-Ã‚v _nojv C¥y-bpsS Nhn- p-]-Sn-bm-bm-Wv Ipeo-\cpw Db¿∂ kmaq-lnI \ne-hm-c-ap≈hcp-amb \km-Wn-Isf Ah¿ I≠-Xv. ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ ]Tn-®n-d-ßp-∂ \kmWn ]mXn-cn-amcpw D]-tZ-in-amcpwhgn ]N-cn-∏n-°p∂ s]m-Ã-s‚v aXw, C¥y-bn¬ _nojv kmam-Py-Øn\v i‡-amb ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sp-sa∂v Ah¿ hymtam-ln-®p.

F∂m¬ Ccp-]Xp h¿jsØ Ko-cY ]b-Xv\-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw Hcp s]m-Ã‚p ]mXncntbtbm D]-tZ-in-tbtbm \km-Wn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ \n∂pw krjvSn-°m≥ anj-\-dn-am¿°v km[n-®n-√. Bcm-[-\-I-a-ßƒ BwKvfn-°≥ coXn-bn¬ ]cn-jv°-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-cpsS iaw 1818- ¬ Xs∂ amth-en-°c IqSnb ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw X≈n-bn-cp-∂p.- ]w sImSp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ae-¶c saXm-\n¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Xßƒ°v A\nan-X-cm-b-hsc sshZnIhrØn-bn¬\n∂v Hgn®p\n¿ØpI F∂Xv anj-\-dn-am¿°v Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-W-v \km-Wn-I-fp-sS-ta¬ kºq¿Æ \nb-¥Ww ssIh-cn-°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS dh. Um\n-tb¬ hn’≥ GXm\pw \n¿t±-i-ßƒ aptºmp h®-Xv.- s]m- -Ã‚p hnizm-k-tØm-Sp≈ \km-Wn-I-fpsS

- 29 -




i‡-amb FXn¿∏v IW-°n-se-SpØ,v ]I-S-amb s]m-Ã‚p ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ H∂pw IqSm-sX-bmWv Cu \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

hn¬ks‚ \n¿t±-i-ßsf Xmsg-]-dbpw hn[w kwK-ln-°mw. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ Ah F¥p-sIm≠v \km-Wn-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂Xpw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

skan-\mcn ]n≥kn-∏m-fns‚ k¿n- n-°‰v IqSmsX saXm≥ B¿°pw ]w sImSp-°-cp-Xv.

c≠p Imc-W-ß-fm¬ CXv \km-Wn-Iƒ°v Akzo-Im-cy-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. H∂m-a-Xmbn, ]-Øn-\p≈ sXsc-s™-Sp∏v ae-¶-c -sa-Xms‚ AwKo-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu \n¿t±iw aqew saXm≥ tIhew ]w sImSp-°m-\p≈ Hcp b¥w amX-ambn amdpw. CXv \km-Wn-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cy-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

c≠m-a-Xmbn, skan-\mcn cWw A°m-e-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw _nojv anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ssIøn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- kzm- m-hn-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-kw-lnX AwKo-I-cn-®-h¿°p amX-amhpw k¿n- n-°‰v en-°p-I. BXy-¥n-I-ambn \km-Wn-Iƒ s]m-Ã‚m-hpI F∂-Xmhpw ew. CXns‚ A]-ISw \km-Wn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™p F∂v amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme sXfn-bn-°p∂p

]≈n-°-W-°p-Iƒ _nojv dkn-U‚ns‚ HmUn-‰n-\-b-bv°-Ww.

Cu \n¿t±-ihpw c≠p Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Akzo-Im-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p.- H-∂m-a-Xmbn, ]ffn-°-W-°p-Isf kw_-‘n-®-Sp-tØmfw \km-Wn-Iƒ°v hy‡-amb Hcp I¿Ω]≤Xn Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AX-\p-k-cn®v CS-h-I-∏-≈n-°-W-°p-Iƒ AXmXv ]≈n-tbmKw tIp-Xo¿°p-I, AXn\p km[n-°msX h∂m¬ saXm≥ tIp-Xo¿°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Iogv\-S-∏v. 1809- se I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme CXn\p IqSp-X¬ hy‡Xbpw enJn-X -cq-]hpw \¬In. Hcn-°epw tIc-f-Ønse euIoI c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \km-Wn-I-fpsS Cu Ah-Im-i-Øn¬ ssII-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Imiw ssIsh-Sn-bm≥ \km-Wn-Iƒ hnk-Ω-Xn-®Xv kzmm-hn-Iw.

c≠m-a-Xmbn, s]m-Ã‚pImc-\mb _nojv dknU‚nt\m, Ah¿°p-th≠n IW°p ]cn-tim[n°p∂ anj-\-dn-am¿t°m, Xßƒ°v Xm¬∏-cy-an-√mØ s]cp-∂mƒ, Hm¿Ω apX-em-b-hbv°v ]Ww Nnehm-°p-∂Xv Cu \n¿t±iw AwKo-I-cn-®m¬ e-]-Z-ambn XS-bm-\m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. FXn-¿°p∂ ssI°m-c-∑msc ]oUn-∏n-°m\pw km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXy-¥n-I-ambn Cu \n¿t±iw A]-I-S-I-chpw, s]m-Ã‚v hnizmkw ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-hp-am-sW∂v \km-Wn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-™p.

NmØw apX-emb ¢n]vX-X-bn-√mØ hcp-am-\-ßƒ°p ]Icw IØ-\m¿am¿°v \n›n-X -i-ºfw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

IØ-\m-c-∑m-cpsS hcp-am-\-Ønse Hcp ][m\mKw ac-Wm-\-¥c Inb-I-fpsS I¿Ω

okv Bbn-cp∂p F¶nepw, A∂pw C∂pw Ah¿°v a‰v I¿Ω-ßƒ°pw Hcp ]s£ NmØ∏-W-tØ-°mƒ A[nIw Z£nW en-®n-cp-∂p.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Xßƒ FXn¿°p∂ ac-Wm-\-¥c I¿Ω-ßsf amXw anjn-\-dn-am¿ kqNn-∏n-®Xn¬ \km-Wn-Iƒ Zpcp-t±iw aW-Ø-Xn¬ Akz- m-hn-I-X-bn-√.

amX-hp-a√, IØ-\m¿am¿ iº-f-°m-cm-hp-∂-tXmsS Ah-cpsS hnt[-bXzw iº-f-Zm-Xm-°-tfm-Smhpw. AtXmsS Ah-cpsS \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-hpw.

e-Øn¬ AXpw s]m-Ã-s‚v hnizmkw ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-\p≈ e-]-Z-amb Hcp D]m-[n-bm-W∂v amth-en-°-c-bn¬ IqSnb ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn\v hninjym IØ-\m-c-∑m¿°v Xncn-®-dn-hp-≠mbn F∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv.

Ch IqSmsX GXm\pw \n¿t±-i-ßƒ IqSn dh. Zm\n-tb¬ hn¬k aptºm- p-h-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-tbbpw amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme \ncm-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv sNbvX-Xv. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw ]n¬°me Nn¥-bn¬ \n¿tZm-j-ß-fm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw, Ah-bn-sem-s°-bnepw A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ K‘w A∂v \km-Wn°v A\p- -h-th-Zy-am-sb-¶n¬ A¤p-Øn-\-h-Im-i-an-√.

tUm. Um\n-tb¬ hn¬ks‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ F√mwXs∂ ]n¬°-eØv \km-Wn-Iƒ LwL-ambn \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xmbn tUm. ]ueqkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. 1934- se c-W-L-S\, skan-\mcn ]n≥kn-∏m-fns‚ k¿n- n-°‰v sshZo-I-ÿm-\-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-°n, sshZo-I-i-ºf ]≤Xn \S-∏m-°n. Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ßƒ amXr- m-j-bn-em-°n. ]≈n-I-W-°p-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ kpXm-cyhpw, tZi-Ønse \nb-a-Øn\p hnt[-b-hp-am°n. Aßs\ GXm≠v F√mwXs∂ \S-∏n-em°n F∂p ]d-bmw.

]ns∂ F¥p-sIm≠mWv 1836- ¬ dh. Zm\n-tb¬ hn¬ks‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \km-Wn-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambn \ncm-I-cn-®-Xv? hy‡-ambpw c≠p- Im-c-W-ßƒ CXn\p Nq≠n-°m- mw.

1. Cu \n¿t±-i-ßƒ BXy¥n-I-ambn \km-WnI-fpsS kzbw\n¿W-bm-h-Im-i-sØ tNmZyw sNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bfln-bhpw euIo-I-hp-amb ka-kvX-kw-K-Xn-I-fnepw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ ae-¶-c- ]-≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ A[n-

- 30 -




Imcw B¿°pw ASn-b-d-h-bv°m≥ \kmWn Xøm-dm-bn-√.

2. ]n¬°m-eØv hn¬k≥ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \kmWn \S-∏n-em-°n-bXv Xß-fp-tS-Xmb coXn-bn-em-Wv. Hcn-°¬ ]mtS \ncm-I-cn® \n¿t±-i-ßƒ, ]n∂oSv _mlykΩ¿±w IqSmsX \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xn¬ tZinb ]_p-≤X Z¿in°mw. GXp \√ Bi-bhpw Xß-ƒ kzoI-cn-°pw. ]t£ AXp Xß-fp-tS-Xmb coXn-bn¬, Xßƒ°p bp‡s-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ ka-b-Ømhpw \S-∏m-°pI. CXmbn-c- p∂p \km-Wn-bpsS \ne-]m-Sv. kmbn∏v ]d-bp-∂Xv tIs∂pw AtX-]Sn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ \km-Wn-bpsS kzbw \n¿W-b-t_m[w Ck-Uv. Fw. ]mtd- ns‚ mj-bn¬ PmXym- n-am\w Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√.

Bscbpw Adn-bn-°msX HXp-°-Øn¬ ]mkm-°nb H∂√ amth-en-°-c- ]-Sn-tbme. Hmtcm \n¿t±-i-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v, N¿® sNbvX-XmWv Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-Ø-sX∂v dnt∏m¿p sNbvXXv anj-\-dn -k-l-Nm-cn-bmb ]me-°p-∂Øv A_lmw aev]m-\m-Wv.

1836- se amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-esb°pdn-®p≈ hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ aq∂p ][m-\-L-S-I-ßfp≠v.

1. ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw \-kmWn-I-fpsS Bfln-Ihpw euIo-Ihpw hnizmk-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ Xß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw \ne\n¿Øn. 2. k¿∆-i-‡-amb _nojv kmam-Py-Øn-s‚ AXyp-∂X ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS kPoh km∂n≤yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂npw, Ah-cpsS \n¿t±iß-sf- ]q¿Æ-ambn X≈n tcJ Na® ]Inb A∂sØ C¥y≥ cmjvSnb aWvU-e-Øn¬ ANn-¥y-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp ]cm-P-b-s∏SpØm≥ _nojv kmam-Py-Xz-Øn\p Hcn-°epw km[n-®n-√. c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap≈ cmPm-°-∑m¿°p-t]mepw Nn¥n-°m-\m-hmØ N¶q‰w. c≠p ]Xn-‰m≠pIqSn Ign-™mWv in]mbn elf F∂-dn-b-s∏ H∂mw C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-acw D≠m-b-Xv F∂pIqSn a\-kn-em-°-Ww. 3. Bcpw i≤n-°mØ as‰mcp ]m[m-\yhpw amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-e-bv°p-≠v. 1686- se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w \S-Ønb GI ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-am-Wv 1836- ¬ amth-en-°-c-bn¬ \S-∂-Xv. amth-en-°-c- ]-Sn-tbme, Xºp-cm-s\- s]-‰Ω-tbmSpw, ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-tcm-Sp-ap≈ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ \km-Wn-Iƒ°p≈ Dd® hnizmkw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. 1686- ¬ ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ°v ]cn-Xy-Pn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂ c≠p thZ-hn-]-co-X-ßfpw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m, s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ssZh-am-Xm-hn-t\mSpw ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-tcm-Sp-ap≈

a≤yÿX AwKo-I-cn-®ncp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Cu hnj-bsØ-∏‰n Hcp Xocp-am\w AhnsS A]-k-‡-ambncp∂p. BKvfn-°≥ s]m-Ã‚p-Iƒ Ch AwKo-I-cn-°mØXn\m¬ B hnj-b-Øn¬ amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬IqSn \km-Wn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS \bw hy‡-am-°n. (IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ°v. am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv, tXma-kv, amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-e, 2011, tIm-bw, Fw. H. kn, ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.)

]mºm-°p-S- \-a-kv°m-c-Øn\v iXm_vZn (1910)

1811- ¬ dºm≥ ss__nƒ A®-Sn-®p -]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-tXmsS Bcw- n® ]cn- mjm hnπhw anX-amb tXmXn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠p apgp-h≥ XpS¿∂p-h-∂p. ]gb skan-\mcn \SØn FSp-°p-Ibpw, am¿tØm-Ωkv ]kv AhnsS ]h¿Ø\w Bcw- n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ß-fpsS ]cn- m-jbpw apZ-Whpw Du¿÷n-X-am-bn.

]cn. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n Bcw- anv, ae-¶c aev]m-∑m-cmb h-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokp IØ-\m-scbpw, tIm\m- p- am-Ø≥ IØ-\mscbpw ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Ø- n\mbn G¬∏n-®- Iyw¥m \a-kv°m-c-Øn-s‚-bpw, -hn. Ip¿∫m-\-I-a-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn- mj 1902¬ ]kn≤oI-cn-®-tXmsS Cu ]cn- mj hnπhw AXyp-®-\ne ]m]n®p F∂p ]d-bmw. I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏nf, sImm-c-Øn¬ i¶pÆn apX-emb mjm ]ho-W-cpsS klm-btØmsS ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb i_vZ-kp-µ-c-amb Cu ]cn- mj C∂pw am‰-an-√msX D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂p F∂-Xp-Xs∂ AXns‚ sshin-jvSy-Øn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.

\nXy-\-a-kv°mcw 1895- \p apºp-Xs∂ am¿tXm-Ωkv ]kn¬ \n∂pw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F¶nepw km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ D]-tbm-K-Øn\p ka-K-amb Hcp \a-kv°m-c-Iaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ey-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°mcw F∂ t]cn¬ ]kn-≤-amb \nXy-\-a-kv°mcw 1910- ¬ tIm\mp amØ≥ aev]m≥ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂X.v ]mºm-°pS am¿ bqen-tbmkv ]kn¬\n∂pw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xn-\m-emWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°mcw F∂ t]¿ en-®-Xv.

Cu IrXn°v AXoh ]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. H∂m-a-Xmbn Assh-Zn-I¿°v D]-bp-‡amwhn[w \nXy-]m¿∞-\°p]-cn-bm-bn, t\mºnse \a-kv°m-cw, s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fpsS ]tXyI ]m¿∞-\, Hcp a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-N-I-Ønse sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb GXm-s≠√m kµ¿-ßƒ°pw th≠nb ]tXyI ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ apX-em-bh F√mw AS-ßnb Hcp kºq¿Æ Bcm-[\m Ia-amWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-cw.

- 31 -




]m›Xy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Zb-dm-°m¿°p-th≠n Iao-I-cn® km[m-cW \a-kv°mcw AtX-]Sn ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-√ amØ≥ aev]m≥ ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-cw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. Zo¿Lamb AØcw ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ km[m-c-W-°m-cn¬ hnc-kX Df-hm-°p-sa∂pw, AXv Ah-cm¬ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw ]mtbm-KoI _p≤n-bmb amØ≥ aev]m≥ a\- n-em°n. AXn-\m¬ aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS lrkz-amb Hcp mjy-Øn-\mWv At±lw cq]w sImSp-Ø-Xv.

F∂m¬ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[-\m-I-a-Øn-s‚ LS\ AtX-]Sn \ne-\n¿Øm\pw At±lw i≤n-®p. Zo¿L-amb h¿Æ-\-Iƒ Hgn-hm°n, ]m¿∞\m LS-\-bnse F√m hnj-b-ßfpw AXXv ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¿Øn, efn-Xhpw lrkz-hp-amb Hcp ]m¿∞-\m-I-a-amWv amØ≥ aev]m≥ cq]-I¬∏-\- sN-bvX-Xv. Cu efnX lrkz ssien-bmWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-csØ P\-Io-b-am-°n-b-Xv.

1910¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb BZy-]-Xn∏v c≠p ]mh-iyw- cq-]-am‰w h∂mWv C∂p ImWp∂ cq]-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv. c≠mw ]Xn-∏n¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\Iahpw a‰pw Nne ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw tN¿Øv hn]p-eo-I-cn-®p. ]n∂oSv Ip¿∫m-\-Iaw Hgn-hm-°n. samØ-Øn¬ 1820- ¬ tIm\mv A_lmw aev]m≥ H∂m-a≥ Iao-I-cn® \nXy-\-a-kv°m-c-Øns‚ cq]-L-S\hn]p-e-am-°nbXmWv 1910se ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-c-Øn-\p-≈- Xv.

mjm-]-c-ambn Imen-I-ambn Nne hm°p-Iƒ°v D≠m-Imhp∂ am‰-ß-sfm-gnsI CXns‚ LS-\bvt°m ssienbvt°m hcpw ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ bmsXmcp am‰hpw hcp-Øp-I-bn√m F∂p H∂mw ]Xn-∏ns‚ apJ-h-c-bn¬ amØ≥ aev]m≥ Dd-∏p- \-evIn-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Dd∏v ]men-°-s∏- -Xn-\m¬ Hcn-°¬ Cu KŸw D]-tbm-Kn®p ]Tn-®-h¿°v AtX KŸ-Øn-s‚ a‰p ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m, a‰p ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ ]Tn-®-h-cp-ambn IqSn\a-kv°-cn-°p-∂-Xnt\m bmsXmcp _p≤n-ap- p-ap-≠m-bn-√. CXmWv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-c-Øns‚ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p∂ P\-]o-Xn-bpsS apJy-Im-c-Ww.

HutZym-Kn-Ihpw A\-[n-Ir-X-hp-amb At\I ]Xn-∏p-I-fn-eqsS ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°mcw ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\p tIm∏n-Iƒ ]N-cn-®n- p-≠v. C∂pw CXns‚ Bh-iy-IX Ipd-™n- n-√m-sb-∂Xv ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-c-Øns‚ Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb sXfn-hm-Wv.

CtXm-sSm∏w 2010- ¬ iXm_vZn BtLm-jn-t°≠ as‰mcp kp]-[m\IrXn-bmWv \S-]-Sn-I-

m aw. am¿ bqen-tbmkv ]kn¬\n∂pw 1910- ¬ amØ≥ aev]m≥ Xs∂-bmWv CXpw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. CXns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-sØ-∏‰n Bap-J-Ønse ]cm-a¿i\w...Rßƒ X¬°me \S-]-Sn-I-tfbpw, ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm Xncp-a-\- nse I¬∏-\-I-tfbpw \S-Øn-∏p-I-tfbpw, a‰p Nne ]pkvX-I-ß-tfbpw ]cntim-[n®,v Z\lm apX¬ s]m-¥n-sIm-kvXn-hsc Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ Ia-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Hcp _n¬ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m°n, hµy ]nXm-hmb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- nse (]n-∂oSv H∂mw ImtXm-en-°m) A≤y-£-X-bn¬ ]ndhw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ c≠m-aXp IqSnb sshZn-I -tbm-K-Øn¬ hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®p ]mkm°n F¶nepw, a‰p Xncp-ta-\n-I-tfmSpw, A∂p a¬∏m-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct∏m-gsØ sIm®p- Xn-cp-ta-\n-tbmSpw (]cn. h-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv) Btem-Nn®p Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠ Nne kwK-XnIƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp sIm≠v, A®-Sn-∏m-\p≈ A\p-hmZw B tbmK-Øn¬ \n∂p en-®n-√. ]n∂oSv tbmK-Øns‚ B⁄m-\p-k-cWw tIm-bØp knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬h®v Ct∏m-gsØ sIm®p Xncp-ta-\n, A∂p dºm-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct∏m-gsØ am¿ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n, a-bv°¬ Ae-Ivk-¥-tbmkv IØ-\m¿, Ce-hn-\m-a-Æn¬ kv°-dnbm IØ-\m¿ apX¬t]sc hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®p Ah-cpsS An-]m-bhpw, Ip∂w-Ip-f-ß-c-h®p hen-b -Xn-cp-ta-\nsb (]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥) hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®p B An-]m-bhpw Adn™v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn,- I-S-a-‰Øp ]≈n-bn¬h®v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ aq∂m-aXp IqSnb sshZn-I-tbm-K-Øn¬ lmP-cm-°p-Ibpw, An-]m-b-ßƒ XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏n®p ]mkm-°p-Ibpw, A®-Sn-∏n-∏m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- ap≥tbm-K-\n-›-b-]-Imcw \a-kv°m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v FgpXn D≠m-°nb Hcp _n¬IqsS IS-a‰w tbmK-Øn¬ hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®v n∂m- n-]mbw IqSmsX ]m m-°n-bn- p-≠v. Z\lm apX¬ s]m¥n-s°m-kvXn-h-sc-bp≈ BZy \n›bw A®-Sn∏n°msa∂p sh®n-cn-°p-∂p. CX ]bm-k-s∏pw tbmK-\n-›-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Zo¿L-tem-N-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw ]≈n-I-a-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p AZzn-Xo-b≥ F∂p F√m-h-cmepw kΩ-Xn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]tXyI Btem-N-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw A®-Sn-∏n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂ Cu ]≈n-Ia \S-]Sn ]pkvX-Ihpw...F∂]-Im-c-am-Wv.

1876- ¬ ]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°ok,v Bcm-[-\-I-a-ßfpw coXn-Ifpw GIoIcn®v hni-Z-amb Iev]\\¬In-sb-¶nepw AXv mKo-I-ambn amX-

- 32 -




amWv \S-∏n-em-b-Xv. F∂m¬ 1910- ¬ \S-]-Sn-I-a-Øns‚ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-tØmsS GIo-I-cWw bmYm¿∞y-am-bn.

ae-¶-c-km c-W-L-S-\bv°v 75 (1934)

ae-¶-c -\-km-Wn-I-fpsS Ncn-X-Ønse Hcp kp]-[m\\mgn-I-°-√m-Wv 1934- ¬ Hcp enLnX c-W-L-S\]mkm°n \S-∏n-em-°n-sb-∂-Xv.

1809se I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-ebpw 1853- se N-h-tcymebpw, 1873se ]cp-ae kp∂-lZ-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-Ifpw, 1876- se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-Ifpw enLn-X - -c-W-L-S-\-I-fpsS KW-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øm-hp∂hbm-sW-¶nepw Ahsbm∂pw ka-K-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\-pIƒ s]mXp-k- -bpsS c-WsØ amX-amWv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬, 1809- se I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbme CS-hI ]≈n-I-fpsS c-WsØ amX-amWv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv. km- -c-W-Øn-s‚ GXm≠v F√m-h-i-ß-sfbpw kv]¿in-°p∂ ka-K-amb c-W-L-S-\-bmWv 1934se Fw. Un. skan-\mcn Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ]mkm-°nb ae-¶-c-km c-W-L-S-\.

ae-¶-c-k- m - -c-W-L-S\ Hcp -Zn-h-kw -sIm-≠p-≠mb H∂-√. AXns‚ cq]o-I-cWw kpK-ahpw Bbn-cp-∂n-√. h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºpXs∂ Hcp c-W-L-S\\n¿am-W-k-aXn cq]w sIm≠n-cp-∂p. AXns‚ ]h¿Ø\w aptºmp \oßn-sb-¶nepw F∏n-kvt°m-∏-knbpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw XΩn-ep≈ A[n-Im-c-hn- -P-\-]-iv\-Øn¬ Xn c-W-L-S-\m -\n¿ΩmW kaXn c≠mbn

]nf¿∂p.

CXv AXoh Kuc-h-amb Hcp hnjbw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. iXm-_vZ-ß-fmbn sshZoI ÿm\n-I-fpsS ta¬s° hI-h-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂, F∂m¬ XnI®pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb, Hcp c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv \kmWn-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. PmXn°p Xe-h-\mb A¿°-Zvbm-t°m\pw, ]n∂oSv am¿tØmΩm- sa-Xm-∑m¿°pw, XpS¿∂v ae-¶-c- sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿°pw km- -c-W-Øn¬ ta¬ss° D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AtX-t]mse CS-hI ]-≈n-I-fpsS c-W-Øn¬ aq∏≥ IØ-\m¿°v (]m-›-Xy- kw⁄-bn¬ hnIm-cn-°v) ]Y-a-ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw, ae-¶-c- \-km-Wn-IfpsS Bfln-bhpw euIo-Ihpw hnizm-k-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ ]c-am-[n-Imcw CS-h-I- ]-≈n-I-fn¬\n-∂p≈ IØ-\m¿am-cp-sSbpw AsshZn-I-cp-sSbpw ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ AS-ßp∂ ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS AwKo-Im-c-an-√mØ bmsXmcp Xocp-am-\hpw ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ°v _m[-I-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

CS-h-I -]-≈n-I-fn-em-I-s, aq∏≥ IØ-\msc Iqp-ssI-°m-cn¬ Hcm-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p F¶nepw, CS-h-I-I-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\euIoI cWw CS-hI ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ \nb-¥-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c- ]-≈n-tbm-K-Øn¬ CS-h-Isb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ IØ-\m¿am¿°pw Assh-ZnI-¿°pw CS-h-I- ]-≈n-tbm-K-ß-fpsS tbmK- km-[\w k-Ω-X-]Xw Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ ae-¶-c- \-km-Wn-I-fpsS bYm¿∞ A[n-Imcw \n¿≤m-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv CS-hI ]≈n-tbm-K-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

tdma≥ c-W-coXn ]n¥p-S-cp∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿°pw, AtX-coXn ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂ ]m›Xy kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°pw Hpw Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-hmØ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p Cu A[n-Im-c -tim-X-kv. Ahsc kw_-‘n-®-Sp-tØmfw kok-dn¬\n∂pw A[n-Imcw \n¿≤m-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ tdma≥ c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp∂p bYm¿∞ c-W-co-Xn. tdmam-]m∏m/]mXn-b¿°okv Bbn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS \nbm-aI A[n-Im-c-tIµw. Ah¿, Ah-cm¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp∂ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿°pw, saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ Ah-cm¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnIm-cn-am¿°pw hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xm-bmWv k-bnse A[n-Imc tIµo-IcW/hntI-µo-I-c-WsØ IW-°m-°n-b-Xv. F∂m¬ thZ-]p-kvX-I-]-c-ambn, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw k-bv°m-bn-cp-∂p. tbdp-itew kp∂-l-tZmkv Xs∂ DZm-l-c-Ww.

Cu tdma≥ cW kwhn-[m-\-amWv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ am¿ bpbm°ow Iqdn-temkpw, XpS¿∂v ]. ]tXmkv XnXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okpw ]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. - -c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW ka-Xn-bnse F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ]£-]m-Xn-Iƒ Cu hnI-e-amb km-imkvX hn⁄m\n-b-Øn-s‚ XS-h-d-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. A[n-Imcw F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bn¬ tIµo-I-cn® Hcp c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ aptºm- p-h-®-Xv. 1912- ¬ cq]w sIm≠ ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°‰v Bbn-cp∂p F∏n-kvtIm-∏m¬ ]£-]m-Xn-I-fpsS A[n-Imc ]m-h-tI-µw. ae-¶-c- sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm F∂ ]q¿∆nI thZ-X-e-h≥ ÿm\w \n¿Ø¬ sNø-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Bh-iyw.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fm-Is CXw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. PmXn°p Xe-h-\mb ae-¶-c -sa-Xm\nepw, ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Ønepw tIµo-I-cn-®p≈ ]q¿∆n-I - -c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°p apºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]q¿∆n-I-amb Xß-fpsS P\m-[n-]XymhIm-i-ß-fpsS ]Xo-I-am-bn-cp∂p ae-¶-c- sa-Xm≥ Ah¿°v. 1912- se

- 33 -




ItXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-Øn\p apJy-Im¿an-IXzw hln® At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°okv Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw AwKo-I-cn®ncp∂p F∂Xv Hcp ]t£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-Isf kzm[n-\n-®n-cn-°mw. H∂mw ImtXm-en°mbv°v At±lw \¬Inb ÿmØn-t°m\n¬, ImtXm-en-bv°m-bv°-SpØ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøm\pw, taev]- -°msc hmgn-°p-hm-\pw ae-¶-c-sa-Xm≥ A[y-£-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw F∂p ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. ae-¶-c -sa-Xm≥ A[y-£-\mb kp∂-l-tZmkv, Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n Bbn-cp-∂p. Ccp-Iq- cpw hnp-ho-gvNbv°v Xøm-dm-°mXn-cp-∂-Xn-s\-Xp-S¿∂v c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿Ωm-W-k-aXn c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Hcp ka-hmbw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXmWv dmhpkmln_v H. Fw. sNdn-bm-s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ D≠m-°n-b-Xv. CX-\p-k-cn-®v, hnizm-kw, ]-Xzw, A®-S-°w F∂o hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ A[n-Imcw ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p hnp-sIm-SpØp. adp-h-iØv, ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb ae-¶-c -sa-Xm≥ ÿm\w \ne-\n¿Øn. ]t£ ImtXm-en-°mae-¶-c -sa-Xm≥ ÿm\-ßƒ Hmtc hy‡n-bn¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®p.

1934- se c-W-L-S-\, P\m-[n-]Xyw F∏n-kvt°m-∏-kn°p Iog-S-ßn-b-Xm-sW-∂pw, A∂v F∏n-kvt°mkv∏¬ hmZn-Iƒ aptºmph® \n¿t±-i-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p sas®-sa∂pw a‰p-ap≈ N¿®-Iƒ C∂pw kPo-h-am-Wv. ]t£ a\-kn-em-t°≠ hkvXpX, \ne-hn-ep≈ kml-N-cy-ßƒ°pw, \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbv°pw D≈n¬\n∂p amXta A∂v c-W-L-S-\-]m-km-°m-\m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. 1934- ¬ c-W-L-S\]mkm-°n-bXpt]mepw 1876- se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-I-fpsS N-°q- n¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ ]mfn-®-Itfm t\m-°p-d-hp-Itfm D≠m-hpI kzmm-hn-Iw. 1950- ¬ ]mkm-°nb C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ka-Khpw temI-Ønse G‰hpw anI-®-h-bn¬ H∂v F∂p hntijn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb FX tZ-K-Xn-Iƒ CXphsc h∂p F∂p-IqSn Nn¥n-°-Ww. AtX-t]mse km- -c-W-L-S\ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnepw hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xnepw ]mfn-®-Iƒ ]‰n-bn- p-≠v F∂Xpw bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. ]tbm-K-Øn¬ amXta AØcw wi-\-ßƒ Ias≠-Øm\pw Xncp-Øm-\m-hq.

F∂m¬ 1934- se c-W-L-S\kºq¿Ætam ]gp-Xp-Iƒ C√m-ØtXm BsW∂v Bcpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, saXm-∑m-cpsS GI-\m-b-I-Xz-Øn\v FXn¿i-‡n-bmbn

cq]wsIm≠ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ 1653epw 1809epw saXm\v Imcy-hn-Nm-c-Isc \nb-an® ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw ]cm-Xn-Ifpw hn[n-Ifpw Fßs\ssIImcyw sNø-W-sa∂p hy‡ambn \n¿t±-in-®n-√. C°m-cy-Øn¬ hy‡-amb Hcp am¿§-\n¿t±iw sIm≠p-h∂ 1853se N-h-tcym-e-tb-°mƒ 1934- se ae-¶-c-k- m- -c-W-L-S\ ]nt∂m°w t]mbn F∂p ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 18761909 ImesØ amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n Xocp-am-\-ßfpw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏- n-√.

CsXm∂pw 1934- se c-W-L-S-\sb Zp¿_-e-am-°p-∂n-√. Imem-\p-kr-X-amb tZ-K-Xn-I-fn-eqsS, ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-am-ImsX, tZ-K-Xn-h-cp-Øm≥ C∂pw ae-¶-c -]-≈n-tbm-K-Øn\v Ah-Imiap≠v. AXv Inbm-fl-I-ambn bmYm¿∞y- t_m-[-tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂p-am-Xw.

ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-te-°p≈ ]mX apI-fn¬ ]d™ Pq_n-en-I-sf√mw ImtXm-en-t°-‰nse°p≈ \km-Wn-I-fpsS ]bm-W-Øn-se Nph-Sp-sh-bv∏p-I-fm-Wv. \km-Wn-I-fpsS kzbw-\n¿Wb ]In-b-bnse Hcp kp]-[m\hgn-Øn-cn-hm-Wv 1912- se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w F∂ ImgvN-∏m-tSm-sS-bmWv Chsb IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv.

k, hnizmkw apX-emb ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ Hgn-hm°n, Hcp ]ÿm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ I≠m¬t∏mepw apI-fn¬ ]d™ Pq_n-en-Iƒ ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-te-°p≈ ]bm-W-Øn¬ kp]-[m-\- L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv. Fßn-s\-sb-∂m¬,

GXp ]ÿm-\-Øn\pw hy‡-amb Hcp ASn-ÿm-\- hn-izm-k-]-amWw thWw AXmWv 1686se sNß-∂q¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv \¬In-b-Xv.

GXp ]ÿm-\-Øn\pw GIo-Ir-X-amb Hcp Inbm-kw-lnX thWw AXn-\mWv 1809se I≠-\mSp ]Sntbme e£y-an- -Xv.

GXp ]ÿm-\-Øn\pw Xß-fpsS hy‡nXzw ]Jym-]n-t°≠ Bh-iy-ap-≠v. 1836-se amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme sNbvXXv Cu

hy‡n-Xz- -kz-bw- -c-W- -]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv.

GXp ]ÿm-\-Øn\pw Xß-fpsS XXz-kw-lnX P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-t°≠ _m≤y-X-bp-≠v. 1811- se thZ-]p-kvX-I - ]-cn- m-j-bpw, 1910se ]mºm-°pS \a-kv°m-c-hpw, \S-]-Sn-I-ahpw sNbvXXpw AXmWv. GXp ]ÿm-\-Øn\pw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb Hcp c-W-kw-hn-[m\w AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv 1912se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\hpw, 1934- se c-W-L-S-\bpw sNbvXXpw AXm-Wv.

- 34 -




ChnsS \ymb-amb Hcp kwibw Db-cmw. 1934- ¬ ]mkm-°nb km- -c-W-L-S\Fßns\1912- ¬ ÿm]n-X-amb ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-te-bv°p≈ Nhn- p-]-Sn-bm-Ipw. DØcw hf-sc- efn-X-am-Wv. 1947- ¬ C¥ybv°p kzmX¥yw en®p F∂Xv tIhew _nojv kmam-PyXzw ]n≥hmßn F∂p amX-am-Wv. _no-jp-Im¿ cWw Iø-S-°p-tºmƒ c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw \mp-cm-Py-ß-fm-b-ncp∂ C¥y. AXv Adp-\q-dn¬ Nnezm\w \mp-cm-Py-ßfpw GXm\pw _nojv ]hn-iy-I-fp-ambn Npcpßn F∂Xp amX-am-bn-cp∂p hyXym-kw. F∂m¬ 1950- ¬ C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\]m-km-°n-b-tXm-sS-bmWv C¥y F∂ cmPy-Øn\v ¢n]vX-amb Hcp hy‡nXzw en-®-Xv.

AtX-t]m-se, 1912- ¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-s®-¶nepw AXn\p \nb-X-amb Hcp cq]w en-°p-∂Xv 1934- se km - -c-W-L-S-\-]-Im-c-am-Wv. AXp-hsc ]. A_vZ¬ aviolm ZznXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-s‚ ÿmØn-t°m≥ amX-am-bn-cp∂p ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn-s‚ B[mcw.

Cu Ncn-X-K-Xn-°n-S-bn¬ Hcp \mWw-sI iXm-_vZnbpw Bcp-a-dn-bmsX IS-∂p-t]m-bn. AXv 1911 sabv 31- \v ae-¶-c- sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm

]. h-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-as\, A_vZp≈m ZznXo-b≥ At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°okv \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn apS-°n-b-Xn-t‚-bm-W.v Xm-\pw, ap≥Kman ]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okpw BK-ln-®Xpw, 1889- se tdmb¬ tIm¿p-hn[n Xn-sØ-dn-∏n-®-Xp-amb ae-¶-c-bpsS euIo-Im-[n-Imcw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-\p-s≠∂v AwKo-I-cn®v cPn-Ã¿ DS-ºSn \evIm-Xn-cp-∂Xp amX-am-bn-cp∂p Cu apS-°n\p Imc-Ww. ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb hyhlm-c-ß-fn¬ Atº ]cm-P-b-s∏ Cu \mWw-sI apS-°n-t\-°p-dn®v Hm¿°m≥ AXns‚ ]mtbm-‡m-°-fpsS ]n≥Km-anXzw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿t]mepw BKln-°p-∂n-s√-∂-XmWv kXyw.

D]-kw-lmcw 2012- ¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ iXm_vZn BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv Nne¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]uc-kvXy- Im-tXm-en-°msb C¥y≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv Bbn Xcw-Xm-gvØn-tbm, ae-¶-c -sa-Xm≥ ÿm\w C√m-Xm-°ntbm A√. adn®v, ]pcm-X-\-amb C¥y-sbm-°-bp-sSbpw hmXn¬ F∂ \kmWn PmXn-°p-X-e-hs‚ ÿm\-\maw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-®mWv. ]tXy-In®pw NXn-b-\mb ]d-ºn¬ Nm-≠n-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ Cu al-Ømb ÿm\-\maw ssIh-i-am-°m≥ ian-°p-tºmƒ.

- 35 -




ae-¦-c-k`: AXn-Po-h-\-¯nsâ \qX\amXrI

Xt±-iob ae-¶-c-k

\ΩpsS \mSn\v ]ucm-Wn-I-ambn hntZ-i-\m-Sp-I-tfmSv hym]m-c-_‘w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ko°v- -tdm-a≥- -A-d-_n- -bqZ hnm-K-ß-fp-am-bp≈ hym]m-c-_-‘w ]kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. C]-Imcw kmwkvIm-cnI kwkvIrXn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ aÆn-te°v G. Un. 52¬ hn. tXmakv As∏m-tkvXm-e≥ IS-∂p-h-∂p. Chn-SpsØ BZn-hw-i-P-cp-sS-bpw, XpS¿∂ph∂ Zmhn-U-cp-sSbpw k¶-c-h¿§-amb Hcp-hn- mKw P\-ß-fmWv A∂n-hnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. As∏m-tkvXm-es‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ BIr-jvS-cmb 4 IpSpw-_-ßƒ (hy-XykvX ÿe-ß-fn-ep≈ 4 kaq-l-ßƒ/ad-ßƒ) InkvXp-am¿§w kzoI-cn-®p. ]m›m-Xy-\m-Sp-Iƒ InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-apsº mc-X-a-Æn¬ IS-∂p-h-∂v, Cu aÆns‚ NqSpw, Nqcpw Xncn-®-dn™v Ahn- m-Py-L-S-I-am-bvØo¿∂ InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ Ffn-b-Xp-S°w Ahn-sS-Øp-S-ßn. As∏m-kvX-es‚ kphn-tij ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Akq-bm-ep-°-fm-b-h¿ (B Ime-L- -Øn¬ PqX- km-∂n≤yw tIc-f- -X-an-gv\mSv mK-ß-fn¬ i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xßƒ Iqin-®-hs‚ ]n≥Km-an, Xß-sf-Xn¿Ø ktµiw ]N-cn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ Ak-ln-jvWpX ]q≠ PqX-h¿§w Xs∂, Xß-fpsS h¿§-Øn¬s∏ tXma-kns\ h[n®p F∂v hniz-kn-bv°p-∂-XmWv IqSp-X¬ hniz-k-\o-b-am-b-Xv. tXma-kns\ Xt±-io-b¿ h[n®p F∂ -]m-c-ºcy ]gw-]p-cm-W-Øn\v Adp-Xn-h-tc-≠n-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p) G.Un. 72¬ ssaem-]q-cn¬ sh®v h[n-®p. mc-X-a-Æn¬ c‡w No¥n, Cu ]pWy- q-

hn¬ AS-°-s∏ As∏m-tkvXm-e≥ mc-X-Øns‚ As∏m-tkvXm-e-\m-bn. At±-l-Øns‚ c‡-km-£n-Xz-Øn-\p-tijw Iao-Ir-X-amb hf¿® InkvXp-a-X-Øn-\p-≠m-bn. _p≤- -ssP-\-aX kzm[o\w \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ tIc-f-a-Æn¬ ssIkvXh aXhpw thcp-d-∏n-®p. Cu kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-t\-

m. hn’≥ amXyp, t_kn¬ Zbd

XrXzw ""A¿°-Znbmt°m≥'' am¿°m-bn-cp-∂p. t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂pw h∂ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-am-cpsS B≤ym-flnI t\Xr-Xzhpw ae-¶-c-k- -bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶n-epw, c‡-Øn-e-en-™p-tN¿∂ kzmX¥y Ah-t_m[w ]pe¿Ønb kaq-l-am-bn-cp∂p A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. G. Un. 345¬, t]¿jy-bn¬ D≠mb ITn-\-amb aX-]o-V-\-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v ae-¶-c-bn-te-°p-h-∂, Iv\mbn-sXm-Ωs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ sNdp-k-aq-l-

sØbpw (Syrian Migration) - mc-X-k-aq-lw s\©n-te-‰n. 1498 ¬ hmkvt°m-U-Kma h∂-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k- -bpsS kzm[o\w mc-X-Øn-ep-≠m-b-Xv. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS aX-]o-U-\w, ]mc-º-cy- kp-dn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Isf ItØm-en-bv°m-cm-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-iaw BZn-bm-bh Xt±-io-b-cpsS FXn¿∏ns\ £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øn. mc-Xob kwkvIm-chpw, ssIkvXh hnizm-khpw ]n¥p-S¿∂ B P\-hn- m-K-Øns‚ tdma≥ A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]Xn-IcW-am-Wv "Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXyw' (1653) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1653 hsc \o≠ "A¿°-Znbmt°m≥' c-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw, hf¿®-bpsS ]Xn- -e-\-ambn "am¿tØmΩm ÿm\w' cq]w ]m]n-®p.

16531814 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L- -Øn¬ "am¿tØm-Ωm-am¿' F∂-t]-cn-ep≈ 8 t]¿ ksb \bn-®p. CXn¬, am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a\v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn taev∏- -ÿm\w \evInbXv sPdp-k-te-anse ]mXn-b¿°o-kv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-km-bn-cp-∂p. (tdmw, Ae-Ivkm-¥y, At¥ym-Jy, tImÃm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ, sPdp-ktew F∂n-ßs\ ]mXn-b¿t°-‰p-Iƒ A∂v \ne-hn-en-cp-∂p). ]mtZ-inI saXm-∑m-cpsS Am-hw, aX-]o-V\w BZn-bm-bh \ne-hn-en-cp∂ Ime-L- -ß-fn¬ ktlm-Z-c- k- -Iƒ XΩn¬ aqtdm≥ IqZm-i, saXm≥ ÿm\m-tcm-lWw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ ]e-L- -ß-fn¬ ]c-kv]-c-k-l-I-

- 36 -




sNbvX-Xv. mc-Xo-b-cpsS Aaq-ey-h-kvXp-°ƒ Ih¿s∂-Sp-°m ≥ shºnb ]m›mXycpsS at\mmhamWv Cu sshtZinI i‡nbv°pw D≠mbXv. Cu at\mmhtØmSp≈ ae¶cbnse, hnLS\hnt[bamImØ \kmWnIfpsS Bflmnam\]IS\amWv 1912se "ImtXm ent°‰v' ÿm]\w. A¿°Znbmt°m≥, am¿tØmΩmam¿, ae¶c saXmt∏meoØ XpSßn hnhn[ ImeLßfn¬ ae¶ck kzoIcn® ÿm\ßfpsS hf¿®bpsS \qX\ GSmWv "ImtXmen°m ÿm]\w' (tNmf, tNc, ]mWvUy ImeLßfn¬ Adnbs∏ C∂sØ tIcfw, ]n∂oSv XncphnXmwIq¿, sIm®n, ae_m¿ F∂pw 1956 \hw_¿ 1 apX¬ tIcfw F∂pw Adnbs∏p. 1956¬ tIcfw cq]w sIm≠p F∂Xn\v A∂p sXmmWv Cu \mSp≠m bsX∂v A¿∞an√t√m? hf¿®bpsS ]pXpLsat∂ CXn\¿∞ap≈q).

1912¬ "ImtXmen°mÿm]\w' cq]w ]m]n®t∏mƒ, ChnsS cq]w sIm≠ "A t¥ymJy≥ hnLSnXhnmKw' HutZymKnI hnmKØn\p hncp≤ambn kacImlfw apg°n. "ae¶c k Xt±iobambn \ne \n∂v BVyX ]pe¿ØWtam? AtXm At¥ymJy≥ \pIØnembncn°Wtam? F∂Xmbncp∂p B ImeLØnepb¿∂ tNmZyw. _nojm[n]XyØnepw, cW kpJw \pI¿∂ Hcp hnmKw C¥y≥ kzmX ¥ykacsØ FXn¿ØXpt]mse, A[n Imcs°mXnbpw, ]Ws°mXnbpw ]q≠ Hcp hnmKw ae¶ckbpsS kzmX ¥yhpw, kpc£nXhpw, kzmbm¿÷n Xhpamb A\phØn\v Xpc¶w shbv°pI bmbncp∂p. A¿lc√mXncp∂h¿°v A[n Imcw \evIpI, ]Whpw, A[nImchpw \evIn HutZymKnI kbnse AwKßsf AS¿ØnsbSp°pI XpSßnb Ip’nX iaßfmWv A∂p\S∂Xv. mcXw t]mse bp≈ ]hnXaÆnse, \njv°f¶cpw, kwkvImckº∂cpamb CXcaXhnmK ßfnse kzmX¥y An\nthisØbpw, kl\Xsbbpw XI¿°phm\pw, kzbw sX‰n≤mcW ]I¿Øm\pamWv CXv aqew Nne¿ ]cnian®Xv.

1934¬ ae¶ck HutZymKnIambn Hcp cWLS\ Xømdm°n. mcØn\v HutZym

cWw D≠m-bn- p-≠v. C]-Imcw Bflo-I-k-lmbw \evIp-∂-h-cpsS Iogn-tem, hnt[-b-Xz-Øntem \ne-\n-ev°p-hm≥ klmbw tXSp-∂-h¿°v DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. PmXym- n-am-\n-I-fmb \km-Wn-Iƒ A[o-i-Xzw, A[n-\n-thiw Chsb FXn¿Øv Xt±-io-bX ]n¥p-S-cp-hm≥ F∂pw ]cn-i-an-®n-cp-∂p.

18141912 Ime-L- -ß-fn¬, "am¿tØm Ωmam¿' F∂ A[n-Im-c-ÿm\w "ae-¶-c- sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm' ÿm\-Øn\v hgn-amdn. km-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp \mgn-I-°-√n-\nXv XpS-°-an- p. ae-¶-c-k C°m-e-L- -Øn¬ kn. Fw. Fkv. anj-\-dn-am-cp-ambn _‘-Øn-em-sb-¶nepw ]uckvXy ]mc-º-cy-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-bp≈ kao-]\w aqew 1840 se "sIm®n≥ ]©m-b-tØmsS' Cu _‘-Øn\v ae-¶-c-bnse ]ucm-Wn-I-k ASn-h-c-bn- p. F∂m¬, Cu _‘sØ cl-ky-ambn A\p-Iq-en® Hcp hnmKw, ]me-°p-∂Øv A_lmw aev]ms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ "\ho-I-cW'Øn\v t\XrXzw \evIn. Ah-cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Ab-bv°-s∏ amXyqkv siΩm-i≥, At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂v, amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv F∂-t]-cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-ÿm\w ]m]n®v XncnsI FØn. ae-¶-c-k- -bn¬ \n∂v Hcp hy‡n BZy-ambn At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂v taev∏- -ÿm\w ]m]n-bv°p-∂-Xn-hn-sS-bm-Wv. CXv HutZym-Kn-I-amb kao-]-\-a-√, adn®v hnL-SnX hnm-K-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ kao-]-\-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v, ae-¶-c-bn-ep-S-se-SpØ Acm-P-I-Xz-am-Wv, 1865¬ ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmkv dºms\ At¥ym-Jy-bn-te-°-bv°p-hm≥ CS-bm-b-Xv. At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂pw saXm≥ ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®v, am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂-t]-cn¬ XncnsI FØn, ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-Øp. ae¶-c-k- -bpsS HutZym-KnI At¥ym-Jy≥ _‘-Øn-s‚ XpS-°hpw CXp-X-s∂. Cu saXm≥ hmgvN-bpsS ]n∂mse ]tXmkv aq∂m-a≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm ae-¶-c-bnseØn. BZy-L--ß-fn¬ \√-_‘w ]n¥p-S¿∂ At¥ym-

Jy≥ saXm-∑m¿ ]n∂oSv "B≤ym-fln-I-X-bn¬ tImf-\n-h-ev°-c-Whpw' "Nqj-W-X-Xz-im-kvXhpw ]tbm-Kn-bv°p-I-bmWv

- 37 -




1889se "tdmb¬tIm¿v' hn[nsb XpS¿∂v am¿tØmΩm k cq]w sIm≠t∏mgpw ]ncn ™pt]mbh¿°v amXrkbpsS Hcp tZhm ebw t]mepw \evIphm≥ tImSXn Xømdm bn√. ]ncn™p t]mIp∂h¿°v ]pXnbh \n¿Ωn®p amdmw F∂ ]amWamWhnsS ssIs°m≠Xv).

Ø mcXØns‚ X\nabn¬ Du‰w sIm≈p ∂h¿, sshtZinItaevt°mbvabpw, \n¿t± ißfpw A\pkcn®v ]h¿Ønbv°ptºm ƒ, BXy¥nI kam[m\Øn\pw, kpc£n XXzØn\pw, Hcp ]cn[nhsc ojWnbs√? _nojm[n]Xyhpw, t]m¿pKokv U®v A[n\nthihpw FXn¿ØhcpsS ]n≥Km anIƒ, mcXkbpsS kzmX¥ymnapJy sØ aqeytØmsS ho£nbv°ns√?

Økp]owtImSXnhn[nbpw, A\p_‘ hn[nIfpw Zo¿LImesØ ]T\Øn\p tijhpw A\pIqeambp≠mIptºmƒ AXn\p]n∂nse bmYm¿∞yw I≠ns√∂p \Sn®v, tImSXnIsf Ahtlfnbv°p∂Xv qjWamtWm?

Ø cmjvSob kzm[o\hpw, uXnI kwLS\m_ehpw IpdhmsW∂pI≠vv, Iøq°v, amnbm BIaWw ChsIm≠v ]ucmWnI kmhnmKsØ ASn®a¿Øp ∂Xv \ymboIcn°m\mIptam?

Ø AkvXnXzsØbpw, Xdhmnse Ah ImisØbpw tNmZyw sNøptºmgp≠m Ip∂ tImSXn hyhlmcßsf "A\mflnI sa∂v' apZIpØptam? km[p°ƒ°v, cW LS\mhnt[bambn AhImiw eyamIp hm≥ thsd¥p am¿§w?

ae¶ckbnse X¿°w, A[nImc tIµoIrXa√. Ht∂m ct≠m ]≈nIƒ°p th≠bpa√ Cu X¿°w. ]e ]≈nIƒ ]Wnbphm\p≈ kmlNcyw ssZhw k bv°pX∂np≠v. F∂m¬, ASn®a¿Ø s∏ hnmKØns‚ kzmX¥y t_m[Øn ¬ \n∂pw, ]nXm°∑mcpsS AhImiØn ¬ \n∂pw kmaqly\oXnbn¬ \n∂pw ]m¿izhev°cn°s∏ \yq\]£Øns‚ hnImcsØ eLqIcnbv°phm≥ ian bv°ptºmƒ \ne\nev]n\mbn \ymbamb am¿§Øn¬ t]mcmtS≠nhcp∂p F∂p≈ bmYm¿∞yw hnkvacnbv°cpXv.

KnI cWLS\ D≠mIp∂Xn\v apsº, as‰mcp kmhnmKØn\pw cWLS\ cq]s∏Sp∂Xn\p apsº ae¶ckbv°v cWLS\bp≠mbn. \mfnXphscbp≈

X¿°ßƒ°v A¥na]cnlmcambn, kp]owtImSXn HutZymKnIambn AwKo Icn®Xpw Cu cWLS\Xs∂bmWv. HutZymKnI ae¶ckbvs°Xnsc hnLSn X hnmKØns‚ "A\mimkyI¿Ωßƒ' 1958se kp]owtImSXn hn[nbnte°phsc \bn®p. kp]owtImSXnbpsS A∂sØ hn[n ae¶ckbnse HutZymKnI hnmK Øn\v A\pIqeambncp∂p. tImSXn sNe hpƒs∏sS \evIWsa∂ hn[nbp≠m bnpw, hnLSnXhnmKsØ kzoIcnbv°p hm≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkpIm¿ Xømdmbn. 1972 hsc Cu kam[m\w \ne\n∂p. ho≠pw AkzÿXIƒ DSseSp°pIbpw, "bm t°m_mb hnmKw' F∂ I]S\maØn¬ hnLSnXhnmKw \nesIm≈pIbpw sNøp ∂p. 1995epw, 2002epw ]ctam∂X \oXn \ymbtImSXnbn¬ \n∂v "HutZymKnI hnmK'Øn\v (Hm¿ØtUmIvkv) A\pIqe ambn hn[nbp≠mbn. CXns\Xnsc hnLSn X hnmKw, 2002¬ Hcp SÃv ]pØ≥Ipcniv Bÿm\ambn cq]oIcnbv°pIbpw, amXr kbn¬ \n∂v AI∂p\nev°pIbpw sNøp∂p. mcXob kwkvIrXnbpsS "kzbwcWw', "kzbwio¿jIXzw' F∂nh bpsS ISbv°¬ IØnsh®v "ASnaXz at\mmhw' ]pe¿Øp∂ hnLSnX hnmKØns‚ kzm[o\Øn\p hgßp∂ XcØnte°v cWIqShpw \oßn°gn ™p.]_p≤ aebmfnItfmSv Nne tNmZyßƒ

Ø km[pP\ßfpsS ta¬ \nbaØns‚ A[nImcw (P]vXn \S]Sn Dƒs∏sS) ASnt®¬∏n°p∂ cWIqSw kwLSnX hnmKßfpsS sIm≈cpXmbvabv°pt\sc IÆSbv°p∂Xpw, tImSXnhn[n \S∏nem °p∂Xv b°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv "cW IqS oIcX' Xs∂bs√?

Ø cWLS\bpsS Iognep≈ P\hnmKw, AXns‚ ]amWßƒ FXn¿ØpsIm≠v ]pXnsbmcp cWkwhn[m\Øn\v cq]w \evInbm¬ AXn\v km[pXbpt≠m? (1960 Ifn¬ am¿tØmΩm kbn¬ \n∂v Chm ©enbv°¬ hnmKw cq]w sIm≠t∏mgpw,

- 38 -




km-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ bph-P\]¶m-fnXzw m. ]n. ssh. sPk≥

(sk‚v B‚Wokv Biaw, XÆntØmSv )

InkvXp-in-jy\pw mc-X-k- -bpsS ÿm]-I-\p-amb ]cn-ip-≤- am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS At∏m-kvtXm-enI ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°p∂ ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k-bpsS kph¿Æ ] sNmcn-bp-∂ Ncn-X-\n-an-j-ß-fmWv ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥. Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ BXn-tY-b-Xz-Øn¬ \S-Ø-

s∏-Sp∂ Atkm-kn-tb-j\v Ncn-X-]-c-ambn hfsc ]m[m-\y-ß-fp-≠v. ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS 8m-asØ ImtXm-en-°m- _m-hmbpw ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øbpw Bb ]cn-ip≤ _t -en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm Xncp-a-\-kp-sIm≠v hnfn®p tN¿°p∂ BZy-k-tΩ-f-\w. ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS kzbw io¿j-I-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kzbw--c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xo-I-amb ]cn-

ip≤ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w iXm-_vZn-\n-d-hn¬ \n¬°p-∂p. ]cn. -k- sb ASpØ A©p-h¿jw apt∂mp \bn-°p-hm≥ ]m]vX-cmb c-W-I¿Øm-°-∑msc Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ktΩ-f-\w. k-bpsS Ncn-X-\n-an-j-ßƒ°v Hcp km£y-am-Ip-hm≥ Xpº-a Zm-k\ bph-P\]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kvt\ln-X¿ F∂ amkn-I-bpsS kvs]jy¬ ]Xn-∏n\v km[y-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS Ncn-X-]m-[m-\y-Ønte°pw bph-P\]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\ ]¶m-fn-Xz-Øn-te°pw \ΩpsS angn-Iƒ Xpd-°mw.ImtXm-en-°m- knw-lm-k-\-Øns‚ NcnX ]m[m\yw

InkvXp-h¿jw 52 ¬ ÿm]n-X-amb mc-X-ssI-kvX-h-k- -bpsS Ncn-X-Ønse

AXn-]-[m-\-amb A≤ym-b-amWv ]. ItXm-en-°m-knw-lm-k-\w. BZy ]Xn-\©p iXm-_vZ-ßƒ PmXn-°p-X-e-h≥am-cm-cm¬ cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw mc-X-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ XnI®pw ]mtZ-in-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-tfm-sSbpw hf¿∂ k-bmWv mc-X-k- . C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ t]¿jy≥ kmam-Py-Øn¬

hf¿∂p hym]n® t]¿jy≥ k-bp-ambn ae-¶-c-k Bflob kmao]yw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ Akq-b-]q≠ tdma≥ kmam-PyXz k temIw apgp-h≥ hym]n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ip¬knX ia-ß-fpsS mK-ambn 1599 se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn-eqsS ae-¶c \kmWn ksb Iog-S-°n. 1653 ¬ AW-s]m- n-sbm-gp-Inb \km-Wn-hocyw Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip-k-Xy-Øn-eqsS tdma≥k- -bpsS kmam-PyXz \pIw hen-s®-dn-™p. Ncn-X-Øn¬ ambw-I-e¿ØmsX ]d-™m¬ tdma≥ ksb ]n≥Xm-ßn-bn-cp∂ Hcp hnmKw tdma≥ ]m∏m-bpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn¬ Ign-™p. \kmWn hocy-ap≈ km-a-°ƒ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-Ωm-cmepw saXm-∑m-cmepw ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-Ωm-cmepw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ cn-°-s∏- p. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ \jvS-s∏ kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[\m ]mc-º-cy-Øn-te°v XncsI hcp-hm≥ \S-Ønb ia-ß-fpsS mK-ambn At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm\n k-

bpsS klmbw tXtS-≠-Xmbpw h∂p. Cßs\am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS mc-X-k tdma≥ k-bpsS ASn-a-Xz-Ønepw At¥ym-Jy-≥ k-bpsS kl-I-c-W-Ønepw Ign-bp∂ c≠p hnm-K-ß-fmbn apdn-°-s∏- p.

ae-¶-c-bn¬ kzbw c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp kbpw kwhn-[m-\hpw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ae-¶-c-k- sb \bn® saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-∑m-cpsS kz]v\-am-bn-cp-∂p. kz]v\km£m-Xv°m-c-Øn-\mbn ]pen-t°m-n¬ tPmk- vam¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-

as‚ Imew apX¬ ia-ß-fm-cw- n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 1908 ¬ ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn \nb-an-X-\mb ]cn-ip≤ h-t»-cn¬ Koh¿§okv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv AXy-≤zm\w sNbvXp. XymK-]q¿Æ-amb Xs‚ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS 1912 ¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ \nb-am-\p-k-cWw hmgn-°-s∏ ]. A_vZ¬avinlm-]m-X-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS Cu Bhiyw \nd-th‰n X∂p. ae-¶ck kzbw

- 39 -




cm-Wv. AXns‚ e-amWv 1912 ¬ ImtXm-en° knwlm-k-\-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw 1934 ¬ ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j-\m¬ ]mkm-°-s∏ XnI®pw kzX-¥-amb c-W-L-S-\-bpw. CXv mc-Ø-Xn\pw AXnse ssIkvX-h¿°pw An-am-\-Øns‚ aIp-S-am-Wv.bph-P\]¶m-fnXzw

ae-¶c k-bpsS Bth-i-Øn-s‚bpw An-am-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xo-I-amWv bph-P-\-ßƒ. CS-h-IIfn¬ \n∂pw \s√mcp ]¶pw bph-P-\-ß-fm-Wv. CS-h-I- -c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ bph-P-\-km-∂n-[yhpw it≤-b-am-Wv. km amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bn-te°v \ma-\n¿t±iw sNø-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-h-cnepw qcn- m-Khpw bph-P-\-ß-fp-w a≤y-h-b-kvI-cp-am-Wv. CXv kbpsS mhn ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ it≤-b-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw cmjvSob ÿm\-ß-fn¬ Db-cp-hm≥ Nhn- p-]-Sn-bmbn km-ÿm-\-ßsf ImWp-∂-h¿ Nne-sc-¶nepw D≠v. Ah-c-h¿ hniz-kn-°p∂ cmjvSob ]m¿n-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w k-bpsS \n¿Æm-bI kw-h-ß-fn¬ tijvT-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ FSp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-hcpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww bphm°ƒ. cmjvSo-b-tØ-°mƒ A[:]Xn®v ]I-S-\-ß-fn-eqsS km t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-hm≥ ian-°p-∂-h¿ k-bpsS apJw hnIr-X-am-°pw. C—m-i-‡n-bp-≈-hcpw ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d®p \n∂p-sIm≠v k-bpsS \∑bv°pw tib- n-\p-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hcpw Bbn-cn-°Ww k-bpsSbpw CS-h-I-I-fp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-\n-c-bn-te°v IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-h¿.

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ssIkvX-h-bp-h-P\]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Dt±i e£y-ß-fn¬ \mw ImWp-∂Xv Bcm-[-\, ]T-\w, tkh\w F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Cu aq∂p-Im-cy-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hf¿∂p-tim- n-°p∂hcm-IWw k-bpsS ÿm\-ß-fn-te°v Db-cp-hm≥. \ΩpsS km-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]c-a-]-[m-\-amb mKw Bcm-[-\m-Po-hn-X-am-Wv. bph-P-\-ßƒ Bcm-[\m Pohn-X-Øn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww. icn-bmbn ]m¿∞n-°p-∂-h¿°p-am-Xta icn-bmb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ImgvN hbv°p-hm≥ km[n-°q. C∂v bph-P-\-]-ÿm-\hpw bph-P-\-ßfpw uXo-I-amb

io¿j-I-Xzhpw kzbw c-Wm-[n-Im-chpw Dff k-bmbn Db¿Ø-s∏- p.

ae-¶c \kmWn kaq-l-Øn¬ n∂-X-Iƒ krjvSn®v tdma≥ kmam-PyXz k-bpsS mK-ambn amdn-t]m-b-hcpw ]cn-ip≤ k-bpsS ImtXm-en-°hpw At∏m-kvtXm-en-I-hp-amb hnizm-ksØ X≈n-∏-d™v \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-te°v ]pd-s∏- p-t]m-bhcpw kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-amb ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-t\bpw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-sØbpw ]p—-ambn Icp-Xn. ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ A®-S-°-Øn¬ \n¬°p-hm≥ ian-°msX 1930 ¬ tdma≥ kmam-Py-Øns‚ A∏-°-jW-ßƒ BK-ln-®p-sIm≠v ae-¶-c-k- sb X≈n-∏-d™v ]pd-s∏- p-t]m-b-hcpw am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS At∏m-kvtXm-enI A[n-Im-c-tØbpw ]mc-º-cy-tØbpw ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-tØbpw Ah-⁄-tbmsS ho£n-®p.

apI-fn¬ ]d™ kaq-l-ßƒ°n∂v ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\hpw ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\-hp-sams° sshtZ-in-I-amb Be-¶m-cnI Zm\ÿm\-ß-fmbn \ne-sIm-≈p∂p F∂-Xn\mi-¶-tXm-∂p-∂p. am¿tØm-Ω-≥ ss]Xr-I-sØ-∏‰n B[p-\oI Ime-b-f-hn¬ ]d-bp-Ibpw AtX-k-abw ]tXm-kns‚ At∏m-kvtXm-enI A[n-Im-csØ Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂ C°q- ¿ hntcm-[m- m-k-Øn-eqsS hnizmk kaq-lsØ A‘-cm-°n-Xo¿°p-∂p.

At¥ym-Jy≥ ]mX-b¿°o-kns‚ ÿm\-am-\-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]c-kv]-c-k-l-I-c-W-Øn¬ Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ°p hncp-≤-cmbn Nne hnL-SnX i‡n-I-fpsS CjvTm-\n-jvT-ßƒ°p hgßn ae-¶c k-bpsS c-W-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ ian-°p∂ At¥ym-Jym-bpsS ]mZ-]q-P-I-cmb dn_¬ ImtXm-en-°mbpw mcX ssIkvXh kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ A]-am-\-am-Wv.

Chn-sS-bmWv mc-X-k- -bpsS kzmX-¥yhpw ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ]k-‡n-tb-dp-∂-Xv. mcXw kzmX¥yw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ kºq¿Æ kzmX-¥y-Øn-\mbn b⁄n-®p-h-

- 40 -




]e-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw apt∂-dp-∂-h-cm-Wv.

AtX-k-abw Bcm-[\m Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v ]n≥hm-ßp∂hcpw D≠v. CXv \ΩpsS km- h-f¿®bv°v lm\n-I-c-am-Wv. Bcm-[-\-bn¬ Xo£-W-X-bp≈ bph-P-\-ß-fm-bn-cn-°Ww km ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw A[n-Im-c-ti-Wn-I-fnepw IS-∂p-h-tc-≠-Xv.

hnizmk kXyßƒ hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°Ww km t\Xr-Xz-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-cp∂ bph-P-\-ßƒ. bph-P\]ÿm-\-ßƒ cmjvSo-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb hnj-b-ßƒ N¿® sNøm-dp-s≠-¶nepw hnizmk kXy-ßƒ Bg-ambn ]Tn-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-∂n-√.

tkh\Xev]-c-cmb bph-P-\-ßƒ km t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ FØp-∂Xv kbv°v Ae-¶m-c-am-Wv. InkvXob hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-w kphn-tij hym]-\-Øn-\pw -th-≠n-bmWv k \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. InkvXp-hns‚ a\p-jym-h-Xmc ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n¿∆-ln-°pI F∂-XmWv k-bpsS ][m-\- I-S-a. k-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ßƒ InkvXp-hns‚ \maw al-Xz-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw k-bpsS sImºv Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw kphn-ti-j-hym-]-\-Øn\pw klm-b-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bph-P\]ÿm-\-Øn\v Hcp iXm-_vZ-°mew Bth-i-I-c-amb t\XrXzw \¬Inb ]nXm-hmWv s_p-hcn 16 \v Imew sNbvX An-hµy Koh¿§okv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n. At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Xhpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw km hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v F√m-°m-ehpw amXr-I-bm-I-Ww. InkvXp-hn\p th≠nbpw kvt\l-\n¿-c-amb kphn-tij ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p th≠nbpw bph-P\ktΩ-f-\ß-fn¬ bph-P-\-ßsf Bth-iw -sIm-≈n® ]nXm-hmWv An-hµy HkvØm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n. km ]h¿Ø-I¿ F∂pw InkvXp-hn-\p-th-≠nbpw kphn-tij hym]-\-Øn-\mbpw Poh≥ ]W-b-s∏-SpØn ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ C—m-i‡n ImWn-°-Ww.

k-bpsS qan-bnse \ntbm-Khpw ZuXyhpw hnizmk Pohn-X-Øn-eq-sSbpw Bflob ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Cu temIsØ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. km Pohn-XØ-nse \ΩpsS F√m-Iq-Sn-h-c-hp-Ifpw ssZh-cm-Py-Øn-\p-th≠n

temIsØ BZm-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-I-Ww. ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ktΩ-f-\-ßfpw k-bpsS c-W-Iaw \n¿∆-ln-°pI F∂-Xn-ep-]-cn-bmbn k-bpsS Bflob Pohn-XsØ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ß-fpsS thZn-bm-I-Ww. Bph-kvt\-ln-X¿°v k-bpsS tim\mhn-°p-th≠n ssI tIm¿°mw. InkvXp-hns‚ \maw Db¿Øn-]n-Sn-°mw. ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\sØ A\-iz-c-X-bn-te°v \bn-°mw.

Pbv Pbv ImtXm-en-t°mkv

- 41 -




ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥1653 apX¬ 2010 hsc

BZn-a-k- -bpsS i‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p tbmKw. P\-sa√mw GI-a-\-t msS H∂n-®p-IqSn km-Im-cy-ßƒ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. ]mtZinI k-Iƒ c-W-ti-Wn-bnse LS-I-ß-fm-Ip-Ibpw F∏n-kvtIm-∏kn i‡n-bm¿Pn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS BtKm-f-k--bn¬ tbmK-ßƒ A]-k-‡-ß-fm-bn.

F∂m¬ a≤y ]uckvXy tZihpw bqtdm∏pw tIµ-am°n hf¿∂ ssIkvXh km c-W-coXn Ah-cp-ambn t\cnp _‘-s∏-Sm-Xn-cp∂ tIcf ssIkvX-h¿°v A]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. BZn-a-k- -bpsS X\n-a-bn¬ CS-hI ]≈n-Ifpw, ae-¶-c-k apgp-h\pw ]≈n- tbm-K-ßfmepw ae-¶-c -]-f-fn-tbm-K-Ømepw cn-°-s∏- p. PmXn-°p Xe-h-\mb

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ (Archdeacon of All India) Bbn-cp∂p ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ Xe-h≥. kp∂-l-tZmkv F∂ t]cn-emWv 16 apX¬ 19 hsc-bp-ff \qd-dm-≠p-I-fnse ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-ßƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]-°mcpw P\-ßfpw Dƒs∏- -Xm-bn-cp∂p ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-Kw.

ae-¶-c-]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ ]mam-Wy-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb sXfnhv DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv Xs∂-bm-Wv. ae-¶-c- \-km-Wn-Isf tdmam ]m∏m-bpsS Iogn-em-°m≥ k¿∆-i-‡-\mb B¿®v_nj∏v sa\-knkn\v tdma≥ k-bpsS Imt\m-\p-Iƒ°v hncp-≤-ambn DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-t≠n h∂p. ImcWw, ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmK-Øns‚ kΩXw IqSmsX bmsXmcp Xocp-am-\hpw Cu kbv°v _m[-I-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. DZbwt]cq-cn\p tijw ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-KsØ C√m-Xm-°p-hm≥ tdma≥ km-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ t_m[-]q¿h-amb iaw \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw AXp hnP-bn-®n-√. PmXn°p Xe-h-\mb ]I-tem-a‰w tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-b-t°ms‚ kzmX¥yka-c-Øn\p ]n∂nse i‡n H‰s°- mbn \n∂ ae-¶c

]≈n -tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1599 \pw 1653 \pw CS-bn¬ ae-¶-c-]≈n -tbmKw ktΩ-fn®t∏msgms° Cu sFIy-Zm¿Uyw ]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Iogvhg-°-ßsf amXw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏Sp-Øn-bp-≈ ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn\v \nb-X-amb Hcp \nb-am-hen D≠m-°m-\p-ff iaw 19- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-Im-eØv Bcw-n-®p-sh-¶nepw 1876- se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-

l-tZm-kn-emWv B iaw hnP-bn-®-Xv. 1934¬ ae-¶-c-km c-W-L-S\ ]m m-°n-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn ae-¶-c-]≈n- tbm-K-Øn\p hy‡-amb Hcp \nb-am-hen D≠mbn. ]t£ Cu ]In-b-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ AXns‚ A[n-Im-c-ß-fn¬ \√ ]¶pw tNm¿∂pt]mbn. F∂m¬ C∂pw ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS AXyp-∂X \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWtIµw ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ F∂ ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw Xs∂bmWv.

1653 apX¬ 2006- hsc \S∂ kp]-[m\ ae-¶c ]≈n-tbm-K-ß-fpsS Hcp eLphnh-c-W-amWv Xmsg. 1876 \v apºp≈ ]e tbmK-ßfpw hnp-t]m-bn-cn-°m≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v (ÿ-ew, A≤y-£≥, Xob-Xn, Xocp-am\w F∂ Ia-Øn¬):

1. amt©-cn 1653 P\p-hcn 3 ]I-tem-a-‰w tXmΩm A¿°Znbt°m≥ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k-bp-ambn _‘w hntO-Zn®v Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyw sNbvXp.

2. CS-∏-≈n 1653 s_p-h-cn 5 - - ]I-tem-a‰w tXmΩm A¿°Znbt°m≥ Pm-Xn°pI¿Ø-hy≥ tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ thZ-X-e-h-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

3.- B-e-ßmSv 1653 sabv 2 ]I-tem-a-ddw tXmΩm A¿°Znbt°m≥ tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bt°ms\, am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a≥ F∂ t]cn¬ F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bmbn hmgn-®p. \mep ]-°msc At±-l-Øns‚ Btem-N-\-°m-cmbn \nb-an-®p. aq∂p h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ tbmKw IqSn Btem-N-\-°msc am‰n \nb-an-°-W-sa∂pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.

tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv, h¿Kokv tPm tXm-∏p-g

h¿Kokv tPm tXm-∏p-g

- 42 -




4. sNß-∂q¿ 1686 ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n saXm≥ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv lZn-b≈ ASn-ÿm\ Ae-Ivk-¥y≥ thZ-imkvX ]am-W-ß-fn¬ As©Æw (k, kz¿§w, ]cn.- dq-lm, t\mºv, hn. Ip¿_m\) ae-¶-c-k AwKo-I-cn-®p. _m°n Imcy-ß-fn¬ Iogv\-S∏v XpS-cm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.

5. I≠-\mSv 1774 Pq (949 anYp-\w) henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv (Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωm) A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn saXm≥ ]-ta-‰v sIm®n cmPyØv A[n-Imcw \S-Ønb Imp-a-ßmv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns\hSnbpw apSnbpw hbv∏n®ví ÿm\--jvS-\m-°n.

6. \ncWw 1780 \hw-_¿ (956 Xpemw 21) henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ k¿°m-cn¬ ASn-bd Xo¿°m≥ 40,000 ]Ww ]≈n-°m¿°v hcn-bn- p. ]kmcw \qdp- ]-W-an-Sbv°v \mepw Bdp-ambn Hcp cmin (Cu A\p-]mXw hc\pw h[p-hn-\p-am-I-Ww) Bbn \n›-bn®p.

7. amth-en-°c 1789 (sIm-√-h¿jw 964) henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv hn.- bm-t°m-_ns‚ Ip¿_m\ XIvkm Dƒs∏sS ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n Ia-ßƒ ae-¶c k kzoI-cn-®p. hnhm-lhpw amtam-Zo-kmbpw Iogvhg-°-a-\p-k-cn®v XpS-cm-\-\p-h-Zn-®p.

8. \ncWw 1807 Unkw-_¿ (983 [\p 5) henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv At¥ym-

Jy≥ saXm≥ am¿ Zob-kvtIm-tdm-kns‚ c-Wm-h-ImihmZw \ncm-I-cn-®p.

9. I≠-\mSv 1809 BKÃv 13 (985 Nnßw 1) am¿tØmΩm Fm-a≥ kp]-[m-\-amb Cu tbmK-Øn¬ h®v am¿tØmΩm Fm-as\tamXn-c-an-Sp-hn®v ae-¶c saXm-\mbn AwKo-I-cn-®p. Imbw-Ipfw oen-t∏mkv dºm-t\bpw- ]pen-t°m- n¬ Cq∏v IØ-\m-sc dºm-\m°n At±-l-sØbpw saXms‚ Imcy-hn-Nm-c-I-cmbn \nb-an-®p. I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbmeí F∂ ]kn≤-amb ]Jym-]-\-Øn-eqsS ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS Bflo-bhpw euIo-I-hp-amb hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-sf-∏-‰n ]Xn-s\m∂v mK-ap≈ \nb-am-hen ]m m-°n. a‰p Ia-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-am-bn Dt]-£n®v ae-¶ck ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\nIa-ßsf kzoI-cn®v Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ßƒ GIo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw AXn-\mbn c≠pv ]TnØ hoSp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xp-amWv Ch-bn¬ apJyw.

10. tIm-bw 1816 P\p-hcn (991 aIcw) InS-ß≥ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv ]I-tem-

a‰w ]mc-ºcy hmgvN Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]Icw ]pen-t°m- n¬ Cq∏v dºms\ saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ°p Xnc-s™-Sp-°pIbpw sNbvXp.

11. tImbw sNdn-b-]≈n 1817 P\p-hcn (992 aIcw 10) InS-ß≥ am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\mkv ]p∂X Ipcy≥ IØ-\msc hnImcn P\-d-embn \nb-an-®p.

12. amth-en-°c 1818 Unkw-_¿ 3 ]p∂X am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv Cw•ojv anj-W-dn-am¿ Bh-iy-s∏- -X-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ hcp-Ø-Wtam F∂v ]Tn-°p-hm≥ Hcp IΩn-‰nsb \nb-an-®p.

13. tImbw sNdn-b-]≈n 1825 Pq 27 (1000 anYp\w 15) InS-ß≥ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv tN∏mSv B™n-en-aq- n¬ nen-t∏mkv aev]ms\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

14. tImbw sNdn-b-]≈n 1825 Unkw-_¿ (1001 [\p 13- 16) tN∏mSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv At¥ym-Jym-bn¬ \n∂pw h∂v ae-¶c saXm≥ ÿm\w Ah-Im-i-s∏ am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv F∂ saXms\ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkn-s‚bpw am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv \mem-a-s‚bpw klm-bn-bmbn amXw AwKo-I-cn-®p.

15. amth-en-°c 1836 P\p-hcn 16 (1011 aIcw 5) tN∏mSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv s]m-Ã‚v anj-W-dn-am-cpsS \ho-I-cW \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]msS Xnc-kv°-cn-®v amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-e F-gp-Xn.

16. I≠-\mSv 1843 BKÃv 15 (1019 Nnßw 3) tN∏mSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kns‚ kvXmØn-t°m≥ AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p.

17. tImbw ]gb skan-\mcn 1853 s_p-hcn 14 (1028 Ipww 2) ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv CS-h-go-°¬ oen-t∏mkv IØ-\m¿ apX¬ t]¿ ap≥I-sø-SpØp Xøm-dm-°nb ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS hnizm-k, BNm-c, c-W-kw-_-‘-ambn 101 mK-ß-fp≈ Hcp N-h-tcyme ]m m-°n. ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS BZy- kºq¿W en-JnX c-W-L-S-\-bmWv CXv.

- 43 -




18. tImbw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn 1869 HIvtSm-_¿ 21 (-Xpemw 9) ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv hn-∏W∏eni hmßp-∂-Xn\v Iqp SÃn-I-fmbn XmgØv Nmt°m Nm≠-∏n≈ IØ-\m-scbpw Ipf-ßc Cn-®≥ ss]entbbpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

19. tImbw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn 1870 s_p-hcn 7 (a-Icw 26) ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv hn-∏Ww sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xn\pw skan-\mcn ]T\w kpK-a-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn Hcp IΩn-‰n D≠m-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ]Øp mK-ß-fp≈ Hcp ]Sn-tbm-ebpw ]m m-°n.

20. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn 1873 sk]vd-dw-_¿ 8 bpbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkv/]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n°pw cq]wsImSp-Øp. hni-Z-amb Hcp \nb-am-hen ]mkm-°n.

21. apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈n 1876 Pq 2730 ].- ]-tXmkv XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv

kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nbpw cq]o-I-cn-®p. amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 24 t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

22. shfn-b-\mSv ]≈n 1877 P\p-hcn 2730 -]-tXmkv XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv saXm-∑msc sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ ae-¶c

]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ Ah-Imiw- ]m-Xn-b¿ °okv _mhm AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ tbmKw _ln-jv°-cn-®p.

23. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn 1878 s_p-hcn 18 ]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ ]pXnb IΩn-‰n-°msc \n›-bn-®p. \ho-I-c-W-°m-cp-am-bp≈ tIkpw AXn-\m-bp-f-f ]W-∏n-cnhpw Du¿÷n-Xs∏SpØm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.

24. ]pXp-∏≈n ]≈n 1879 G]n¬ 26 am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ tIkp- aq-e-ap-≠mb ISw hom≥ \S-]-Sn. ]≈n-Isf \mep ¢mkmbn Xncn-®p. ]ncnhp XpI \n›-bn-®p.

25. tImbw ]gb skan-\mcn 1886 sk]vd-dw-_¿ 11- 13 am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ CS-hI ]≈n-I-fpsS hcp-am-\-Øns‚ A©p iX-am\w F√m h¿jhpw s]mXp-h-Ibv°v \evI-Ww. Iqp SÃnamcmbn tIm\mv tImc tbml-∂m≥

aev]m-s\bpw Ip∂pw-]p-dØv tImc De-l-∂m-s\bpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

26. tImbw ]gbskan-\mcn 1892 am¿®v 30-, 31 am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v ]pXn-b-Xmbn 24 t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. IΩn-‰n-bpsS \S-]SnIa-ßƒ°v cq]wsImSp-Øp.

27. tImbw ]gbskan-\mcn 1895 \hw-_¿ 2123 - am¿ Zoh∂mkn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ sshZnI SÃn-bmb tIm\mv tImc tbml-∂m≥ aev]ms‚ \ncymWw aqew Hgnhp h∂ ÿm\-tØ°v tIm\mv tImc amØ≥ aev]ms\sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

28. tImbw ]gbskan-\mcn 1901 G]n¬ 24, 25 am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ Ip∂pw-]p-dØv tImc De-l-∂m≥ acn® Hgn-hn¬ Ip∂pw-]p-dØv tImc Ipcys\ (kn.-sP. -Ip-cy≥) Aflmb SÃn-bmbpw ]pXnb 24 AwK amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n-tbbpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbm-kns‚ ]utcm-lnXy I\IPq_nen BtLm-jn-°-Ww F∂p Xocp-am-\n®p.

29. tImbw ]gbskan-\mcn 1908 s_p-hcn 27 am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ ae-¶c aev]m≥ h-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv dºm-s\bpw, sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]utemkv dºm-s\bpw taev] ÿm\-tØ°pw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. Ch-cn¬ h-t»-cn¬ dºms\ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Akn-Ã‚pw ]n≥Km-an-bpambn \n›-bn-®p. 26 AwK amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰nsb sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

30. tImbw ]gbskan-\mcn 1909 \hw-_¿ 25- 27 A-_vZp≈m ZznXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv ]mXn-b¿°o-kv euIo-Im-[n-Imcw Bh-iy-s∏- Xv tbmKw \nc-kn-®-Xn-\m¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°msX ]ncn-™p.

31. tImbw Fw. -Un.- sk-an-\mcn 1911 sk]v‰w-_¿ 7 ]cn. h-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv Bdm-a≥ _mhm I£n-bn¬ tN¿∂ tIm\mv tImc amØ≥ aev]m≥, kn.- sP.- Ip-cy≥ F∂n-hsc am‰n ]Icw ]me-∏-≈n¬ amWn ]utemkv IØ-\m-scbpw Nnd-°-S-hn¬ tImc sIm®p-tIm-cp-fsbbpw Iqp SÃ-nI-fmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

32. tImbw ]gbskan-\mcn 1930 sk]v‰w-_¿ 4 ]cn. h-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv Bdm-a≥ Bdp -t]sc

- 44 -




taev]- -ÿm-\-tØ°pw 36 t]sc amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°pw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. H. Fw.- sNdnbm≥ Iho-\-dmbn c-W-L-S\m cq]o-I-cW kan-Xnsb \nb-an®p.

33. tImbw Fw.- Un. -sk-an-\mcn 1931 Pqsse 10 am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv Bdm-a≥ Nnd-°-S-hn¬ tImc sIm®ptImcp-f-bpsS

\ncymWw aqew Hgnhp h∂ ÿm\-tØ°v Fdn-ImSv C.- sF.- tPm-k- ns\ Iqp SÃn-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

34. tImbw Fw. -Un. -sk-an-\mcn 1934 Unkw-_¿ 26 ]cn. Ko-h¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhmsb ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. kmc-W-L-S\ ]m m-°n. 60 AwK amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nsbbpw Hcmsf taev]- -ÿm-\-tØ°pw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. 10 AwK h¿°nwKv IΩn-‰n D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw \n›-bn-®p. ImtXm-en°m\n[n cq]o-I-cn-®p.

35. tImbw Fw.- Un. skan-\mcn 1951 sabv 17 ]cn. -Ko-h¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m c-W-L-S\tZ-KXn sNbvXp. c≠p-t]sc taev] ÿm\-tØ°pw 66 t]sc amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°pw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. 15 t]sc t\man-t\-‰v sNbvXp.

36. ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n 1958 Unkw-_¿ 26 ]cn. -Ko-h¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m \ncym-X-cmb Iqp -S-Ãn-Iƒ°p ]Icw aW-en¬ bmt°m_v IØ-\m¿, D∏q-n¬ Ipcy≥ G_lmw F∂n-hsc sXc-

s™-Sp-Øp. _mhm I£n-bnse taev]- -°msc AwKo-I-cn-®p.

37. tImbw Fw. -Un.- sk-an-\mcn 1959 sk]v‰w-_¿ 16 ]cn.- Ko-h¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 72 t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp (]n-∂oSv 18 t]sc t\man-t\-‰p sNbvXp).

38. \ncWw ]≈n 1962 sabv 17 ]cn.- Ko-h¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsSbpw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsSbpw ]n≥Km-an-bmbn HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

39. tImbw Fw.- Un. -sk-an-\mcn 1965 Unkw-_¿ 28 ]cn. Hu-tK≥ ImtXm-en°m aW-en¬ bmt°m_v IØ-\m¿ cmPn-h®

Hgnhn¬ sXßpw-tXm- -Øn¬ Sn.- F-kv.

G_lmw tImsd∏n-kvtIm-∏msb sshZnI SÃn-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. taev] ÿm\tØ°v A©p t]scbpw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-d-dn-bn-te°v 86 t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp (]n∂oSv 22 t]sc t\man-t\-‰p sNbvXp).

40. tImbw Fw.- Un.- sk-an-\mcn 1970 Unkw-_¿ 31 ]cn. -Hu-tK≥ ImtXm-en°m ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sSbpw ae-¶c

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsSbpw ]n≥Km-an-bmbn h-°p-t∂¬ amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 86 t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp (]n-∂oSv 22 t]sc t\man-t\‰p sNbvXp).

41. \ncWw ]≈n 1974 HIvtSm-_¿ 2 ]m-tdv amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv taev]- -ÿm-\-tØ°v A©p t]scbpw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 86 t]scbpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp (]n-∂oSv 22 t]sc t\man-t\-‰p sNbvXp).

42. amth-en-°c Fw. -F-kv.- Fkv. sslkvIqƒ 1977 sabv 16 ]cn. am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m taev]ÿm\-tØ°v A©p t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

43. tImbw Fw.- Un.- sk-an-\mcn 1980 sabv 1 ]cn. am-Xyqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en-°m ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sSbpw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sSbpw ]n≥Km-an-bmbn amXyqkv am¿ Iqdn-temkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbbpw \ncym-X-\mb D∏q- n¬ Ipcy≥ G_-lm-an\p ]I-cw ]Sn™mtd-°c ]n.- kn. G_-lm-an-s\ Aflmb SÃn-bmbpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 86 t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. (]n-∂oSv 22 t]sc t\man-t\-‰p sNbvXp).

44. Xncp-h√ Fw. -Pn. -Fw. sslkvIqƒ 1982 Unkw-_¿ 28 ]cn. -amXyqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m cmPn-h® Sn.- F-kv. - G-_lmw tIm¿ F∏n-kvtIm-∏mbv°p ]Icw tIm\mv G_lmw aev]ms\ sshZnI SÃn-bmbpw A©p-t]sc taev]- -ÿm-\-tØ°pw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

45. tImbw Fw. -Un.- sk-an-\mcn 1985 HIvtSm-_¿ 23 ]cn. am-Xyqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 90 t]sc sXcs™Sp-Øp (]n-∂oSv 24 t]sc t\man-t\‰p sNbvXp).

- 45 -




46. tImbw Fw.- Un. -sk-an-\mcn 1987 Unkw-_¿ 29 ]cn. -am-Xyqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m \ncym-X-\mb tIm\mv G_lmw aev]m\v ]Icw \qd-\m¬ aØmbn IØ-\msc sshZnI SÃnbmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. taev]ÿm\-tØ°v Hcmsf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ ian-s®-¶nepw aXn-bmb an\naw thmp en-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Bscbpw sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.

47. ]Ø-\w-Xn ImtXm-en-t°-ddv tImfPv 1989 Unkw-_¿ 28 ]cn. am-Xyqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m taev]- -ÿm-\-tØ°v 5 t]scbpw ]pXnb amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 108 t]scbpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp (]n∂oSv 30 t]sc t\man-t\‰p sNbvXp).

48. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn 1992 sk]v‰w-_¿ 10 ].- am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sSbpw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sSbpw ]n≥Km-an-bmbn tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. taev]ÿm\-tØ°v c≠p-t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp (aq∂p t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\mWv Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂-Xv).

49. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn 1994 sabv 26 ]cn. am-Xyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 108 t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp (]n-∂oSv 30 t]sc t\man-t\‰v sNbvXp).

50. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn 2002 am¿®v 20 ]cn. am-Xyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m kp]ow-tIm-SXn \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v PÃokv hn. Fkv. afo-a-Tns‚ \nco-£-W-Øn¬ ]cn. _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-bpsS ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w ÿnco-I-cn-®p. amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 111 t]sc sXc-s™-SpØp (]n-∂oSv 30 t]sc t\man-t\‰v sNbvXp).

51. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn 2004 Pq 10 ]cn. am-Xyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m sshZn-IS-Ãn-bmbn tUm. H. tXma-kv IØ\mscbpw taev]ÿm\-tØ°v m. tUm. sI. sP. K_n-tb¬, m. tUm. Fw. kn. sNdn-bm≥, tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ dºm≥, HutK≥ dºm≥ F∂n-h-scbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. Ggp t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\mWp-t±-

in-®n-cp∂sX¶nepw aXn-bmb thmp en-®Xv \mep t]¿°p amX-am-Wv.

52. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn 2006 sk]v‰w-_¿ 21, HIvtSm-_¿ 12 ]cn. ZnZn-tamkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m 1971 apX-ep≈ F√m Atkm-kn-tb-j≥, amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n, h¿°nwKv IΩn‰n, F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv Xocp-am-\-ßfpw ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øn.-]u-ckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sSbpw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sSbpw ]n≥Km-an-bmbn ]utemkv am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. -am-t\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bw-K-ß-fpsS FÆw 159 Bbn h¿≤n-∏n-®p. CXn¬ 129 t]¿ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ Bbn-cn-°pw.

53. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn 2007 am¿®v 21 ]cn. ZnZn-tamkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m sshZn-I- S-Ãn-bmbn m. tUm. tPmkv G_lmw tIm\m- n-s\bpw Aflmb S-Ãn-bmbn Fw.-Pn. tPm¿Pv apØq-‰n-s\bpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 129 t]sc Xnc-s™-SpØp (]n-∂oSv 30 t]sc t\man-t\‰v sNbvXp).

54. ]mºm-°pS Fw.Sn.Fw. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ 2008 sk]v‰w-_¿ 11 ]cn. ZnZn-tamkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m taev] ÿm\-tØ°v Ggp t]sc Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.

55. imkvXmw-tIm au≠v tlmtd_v Biaw 2010 s_p-hcn 17 ]cn. ZnZn-tamkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m taev∏ ÿm\-tØ°v Ggp t]sc Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.

- 46 -




a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse G‰hpw ]g-°w-sN∂ Iem-e-bamWv ]Ø-\w-Xn ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtfPv. aX-k-a-\z-b-Øn-s‚bpw kmwkv°m-cnI sshhn-[y-ß-fp-sSbpw qan-I-bmWv ]Ø-\w-Xn- . tIc-f-Ønse ae-tbm-c-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn ChnSw kmº-ØnI kmaqlnI hnZym- ym-k- cw-K-ß-fn¬ ]nt∂m°w \n∂n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L- -Øn-emWv Cu D∂-X- hn-Zym- ym-k -ÿm-]\w ]Ø-\w-Xn- -bn¬ Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. 1952 BKÃv H∂n\v A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pm-hmb ioNnØnc Xncp-\m-fns‚ km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ Cu Iem-ebw ]h¿Ø-\-am-cw- n-®p. ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k-bpsS hnZym- ym-k-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse it≤-b-amb Hcp Im¬h-bv]m-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]uc-kvXy -Im-tXm-en-°mbpw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-am-bn-cp∂ ]cn. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b-s‚bpw ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\m-kn-s‚bpw Znim-t_m-[-tØm-sS-bp≈ ]h¿Ø\w CXn-\p-]n-∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aX-ta-e-[y-£≥amcpsS ]Xo-£-Iƒs°m∏w km-kvt\-ln-I-fmb hnizm-kn-Ifpw kmaq-lnI ]Xn-_-≤-X-bp≈ ]Ø-\w-Xn- -bnse P\-ßfpw Cu kwcw- -Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\m-kv, sXßpw-X-d-bn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv tIm¿ F∏o-kvt°m-∏m, I≠-Øn¬ ama≥ am∏n-f, tPm¿÷v h¿Kokv Ing-t°-S-Øv, sI.-Fw. tPm¿÷v Ipgn-bn¬, Sn.-Pn. A_-lmw, tPm

nen-t∏mkv Ce-™n-°¬ ]pØ≥Imhv amØ≥ Xc-I≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu kµ¿-Øn¬ A\p-kva-cn-t°-≠-h-cm-Wv.

C‚¿ao-Un-b‰v hnm-K-Øn¬ 140 hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw ]Øv A≤ym-]-I-cp-ambn Bcw- n® Cu tImtf-Pns‚ A≤y-£-\mbn

ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtfPv

]n.-C. Um\n-tb¬ dºm≥ ]n∂oSv Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p. tImtf-Pns‚ ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-tijw \memw h¿jw C°tWm-anIvkv, KWn-X-imkvXw, kky-imkvXw hnm-K-ß-fn¬ _ncpZ tImgvkp-Iƒ Bcw- n-®p. 1957 ¬ ae-bm-fw, ck-X-¥w hnm-K-ßfpw 1960 ¬ lnµn 1964 ¬ P¥p-im-kvX-hn- m-K-ßfpw Bcw- n-®p. XpS¿∂p≈ Ime-b-f-hp-I-fn¬ NcnXw, Cw•ojv, sImtagvkv hnm-K-ß-fn¬ _ncp-Z-tIm-gvkp-Iƒ Bcw- n-®p.

1965 ¬ ae-bmfw lnµn uXnIimkvX hnm-K-ßƒ _ncp-Zm-\-¥c _ncp-Z-hn- m-K-ß-fm-bn. imkvX am\-hnI hnj-b-ß-fn-embn 13 _ncp-Zm-\¥c _ncp-Z-tIm-gvkp-Ifpw ]Xns\m∂v _ncpZ tImgvkp-Ifpw Cu Iem-e-b-Øn-ep-≠v. nkn-Ivkv,- t_m- -Wn, -kp-thm-f-Pn, amXvkv, lnµn, ae-bmfw F∂o Bdp Un∏m¿p-sa‚p-Iƒ alm-flm-Km‘n k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS Kth-jW tIµ-ß-fm-Wv. \nc-h[n k¿n- n-°‰v tImgvkp-Ifpw A FbvUv tImgvkp-Ifpw Cu Iem-e-b-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

CXp-h-sc-bmbn \ΩpsS tImtf-Pnse Kthj-W -tI-µ-ßfn¬ \n∂pw 58 t]¿°v ]n.-F-®v.-Un.- _n-cpZw bqWn-th-gvkn‰n \¬In-bn- p-≠v.

Ct∏mƒ tIµ-k¿°m-cns‚ kb≥kv & sSIvt\m-fPn Un∏m¿p-sa‚v \ΩpsS tImtf-Pnse kb≥kv Un∏m¿p-sa‚p-I-fpsS Kth-jW t]mP-IvSp-I-fp-sS-bpw, hnhn[ A¥m-cmjvS tP¿W-ep-I-fpsS ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn

s‚ anI-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ nÃv (Fist) AwKo-Imcw \¬In. Cu t]mKm-ans‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 50 e£w cq] tImtf-Pn\p en-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

tUm. tPm¿÷v h¿Kokv]n≥kn∏mƒ

k`bpsS ]Ya Iem-e-bw

- 47 -

(tijw 57 mw t]Pn¬)




ae¶c \kmWnIfpsS km ]m¿esa‚v

ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kbv°v FgpXs∏ cWLS\ D≠mbXv 1934 ¬ BsW¶nepw ]≈n ]Xn]pcpj≥am¿ tN¿ ∂v Xncs™Sp∏v \SØp∂ P\m[n]Xy cW coXnbmWv F°mehpw k Ah

ew_n®ncp∂Xv. ae¶c \kmWnIfpsS BZyIme Xeh\mbncp∂ B¿®p Uo° s\ ]≈n ]Xn]pcpj∑m¿ IqSn Xncs™Sp Øncp∂Xmbn NcnXw km£n°p∂p.

1599 se DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂ltZmkpw 1653 se Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXyØn\p tijw H∂mw am¿tØmΩmsb hmgn°m≥ \n› bn® Beßms Iqhpsams° C∂sØ kpdnbm\n InkvXym\n Atkmkntbj s‚ BZyIme cq]ßfmsW∂v IcptX ≠nbncn°p∂p. A]q¿hambn amXw IqSn bncp∂ ]≈n ]Xn]pcpjtbmKw hyh ÿm]nXamb Hcp kanXn BbXv 1876 se apf¥pcpØn kp∂ltZmtkmsSbmsW∂v ]dbmw. Cu tbmKØns‚ A≤y£≥ A t¥ymJym ]mXnb¿°okv Bbncp∂psh¶nepw Im¥Z¿inbmb ]pent°mn¬ am¿ Znh∂mkntbmkv Bbncp∂p _p≤n tIµw.

apf¥pcpØn kp∂ltZmkv apX¬ 2010 s_phcn 17 \v imkvXmwtImbnse tbmKw hsc ap∏Ønb©p ktΩf\ßfm Wv \S∂Xv. 1908 ¬ tImbw ]gb skan \mcnbn¬ IqSnb Atkmkntbj≥ tbmKw ]cnip≤ ht»cn¬ Xncpta\nbp sS Xncs™Sp∏v HutZymKnIam°n. 1909 ¬ CtX thZnbn¬ A_vZp≈ ZznXob≥ ]mXn b¿°okns‚ A≤y£Xbn¬ tN¿∂ tbm Kw Ieln®p ]ncn™tXmsSbmWv ae¶c kbn¬ I£n hg°v Bcwn®Xv.

1934 Unkw_¿ 26 \v tImbw Fw.Un. skan\mcnbn¬ tN¿∂ tbmKamWv AXn \p tijw \S∂ Atkmkntbj\pIfn¬ ]ca][m\sa∂p hntijn∏n°mhp∂Xv. km cWLS\ ]mkm°pIbpw Koh¿

Kokv ZznXob≥ _mhmsb ae¶c saXm t∏meoØbmbn Xncs™Sp°pIIbpw sNbvX Cu ktΩf\w ae¶c km NcnX Ønse kp][m\ \mgnII√mWv. 1958 se km kam[m\Øn\ptijw AtX h¿jw Xs∂ ]pØ≥Imhn¬ tN¿∂ tbmKhpw ]m[m\yw A¿ln°p∂p. apf¥pcpØn bv°v tijw \S∂ ]Xnaq∂masØ tbmK ambncp∂p CXv.

saXmt∏meoØ∑mscbpw kmXe hs\bpw amt\PnMv IΩ‰ntbbpw Xnc s™Sp°p∂Xn\v AXn\v tijw ]ehw Atkmkntbj≥ IqSnbnp≠v. 1955 se kp]ow tImSXn hn[nsb XpS¿∂p≠mb Nne \nba ]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°m≥ 2002 am¿®v 20 \v ]cpaebn¬ IqSnb tbmKw ]e ]tXyIXIfpw D≈Xmbncp∂p. tImSXn \n¿t±in® \nco£Is‚ km∂n[yØn¬ \S∂ GI Atkmkntbj≥ AXmbncp ∂p. ]cnip≤ _tkentbmkv am¿tØmΩ amXyqkv ZznXob≥ _mhmbpsS ae¶c saXmt∏meoØ ÿm\w ÿnXoIcn°m≥ IqSnb Cu tbmKw PÃokv afoaTv \nco £n®v ]q¿Æ kwXr]vXn tcJs∏SpØn. Atkmkntbj≥ AwKßfpsS Imemh[n A©p h¿jambn \nPs∏SpØnb tijw \S∂ BZy tbmKsa∂v ]tXyIXbpw CXn\p≠v. 2006¬ ]cpaebn¬ IqSnb tbmKØn\pw Nne ]tXyIXIfp≠v. Ct∏mgsØ ]cnip≤ ImtXmen°m _mhm sb \nbpIvX ImtXmen°bmbn Xncs™ Sp°m≥ tN¿∂ Cu tbmKØn\v c≠p sk £\pIƒ D≠mbncp∂p. BZy skj≥ sk]v‰w_¿ 21 \pw c≠masØ HIvtSm_¿ 12\pamWv \S∂Xv. XpS¿®bmbn H∂ne[n Iw Znhkßfn¬ apºpw Atkmkntb j≥ ktΩfn®np≠v. F∂m¬ skj\pI ƒ°nSbn¬ CSthfbp≠mIp∂Xv CXv BZyambncp∂p.

amXyp i¶cØn¬aebmf at\mca, ]Ø\wXn

- 48 -

(tijw 50 mw t]Pn¬)




hc≠ Im‰pw kzImcy_kns‚ Ccº epw t_°dnIfpw ]s≠ms° ]Ø\w Xnsb∂p tIƒ°ptºmƒ a\ n¬ sXfn bp∂Xv Cu ZriyßfpsSsbmcp sImfmjv Bbncp∂p. \ndsb d_¿ acßfp≈, CS bvs°ms° \ZnsbmgpIp∂, \navt\m∂X ßfpsS IpSnhbv∏v. ASpØdn™t∏mgpw F√mw icnbmWv. ]t£ AXamXa√ ]Ø\wXn.

Cu sNdnb hnkvXrXn°p≈n¬ CX tbsd Pn√m HmokpIfpw a‰pw Cu sNdp ]Ww Fßs\ HXp°n∏nSn°p∂p F∂p tXm∂nbnp≠v. Pn√m Bÿm\Øns‚ Katbm, ]uUntbm C√mØ km[mcWam sbmcp Kma°he Ft∂ sk≥S¬ PwKv£\n¬ \n¬°ptºmƒ tXm∂q.

tIcfsa∂ AΩbpsS G‰hpw Cfb ]pXnbmWp ]Ø\wXn Pn√. ap∏Xp XnI bp∂tXbp≈q. \hw_¿ H∂n\mWv A SpØ ]nd∂mƒ. CfhfmbXpsIm≠mhpw hep∏Ønepw Pn√Ifn¬ G‰hpw sNdpXv ]Ø\wXn Xs∂.

hnkvXrXnbpsS ]IpXnbntesdbpw h\amWv. B\sb∏‰n Hm¿Ωbn¬ ImSp≈ arKw F∂p Ihn ]mSnbXp t]msebmWv Cu qmKØns‚ Imcyhpw. P\]Yßƒ hfcptºmgpw Cu aetbmcØns‚ Hm¿Ω Ifn¬ \ndsb ImSpw AXns‚ lcnX wKnbpamWv.

Ing°v ]›naLßfn¬ Xe Nmbv®pw ]Sn™mdv s\¬]mSßfn¬ Im¬ \nh¿ Ønh®pw InS°pIbmsW∂p Pn√sb∂p k¶¬∏n°m≥ ckamWv. tIcfØns‚ samØw q]IrXnsb hnPn®ncn°p∂Xp t]mse ]Ø\wXnbnepap≠v ae\mSpw, CS\mSpw Xmgv∂ ]tZihpw. Xocans√t∂ bp≈q.

]≠v, ]mWvVy cmPhwihpambn _‘ap≈ ]¥fw cmPyØns‚ mK ambncp∂p ]Ø\wXn. kzmX¥yw ]nd∂v 35 h¿jw Ign™t∏mƒ ]Ø\wXn Pn√

sb∂ kz]v\w kXyambn. sIm√w, Be ∏pg, CSp°n Pn√IfpsS mKßƒ tN¿Øv kwÿm\sØ G‰hpw lcnXmamb Pn√Ifnsem∂v cq]w sIm≠p.

ap∏Xph¿jØn\n∏pdhpw, \Ωƒ \ ΩpsS km[yXIƒ Ipds®¶nepw hn\ntbm Kn®npt≠m? DØcw kΩniamhpw. km[y XIsftbm hnhßsftbm hn\ntbmKn °pI F∂Xv ]IrXn NqjWØn\p≈ ssek≥k√. AXp \Ωƒ Xncn®dnbp∂ XpsIm≠mhmw ]pØ≥ kuIcyßƒ ]e Xpw Inm™npw \Ωƒ \ΩpsS ]®∏ns\ ImØp ]cn]men°p∂Xv. AXns\ ]mgv qan sb∂p thWsa¶n¬ hnfn°mw. dnwßv tdmUn\v AIØpw ]pdØpambn ]Ø\w Xn \KcØnt∑¬ ]S∂ NXp∏pIƒ ]mgp InS°pIbmsW¶nepw AXp hnhcn°p∂ ]®∏ns\ ImWmXncn°m\mhn√. apIfn¬ Imh¬t°mt]mse Npn∏md \n¬°p∂p.

BImiØp \n∂p t\m°ptºmƒ Npn ∏mdbpw, NXp∏pw tN¿∂ ]tZiw Fßs\ bmbncn°pw ? sNdnsbmcp ]p¬tan¬ B tcm Hcp IpS \nh¿Øn h®Xpt]msebm hpw Nnet∏mƒ. CXpt]mse Cu ae\mSn s‚ Imh¬∏pcIfmbn FXsbX ]mdIƒ.

]cpaebpsSbpw, i_cnaebpsSbpw, amcma Ih≥js‚bpw amXw Bflo b D∂Xn aXn ]Ø\wXnbv°p tIcfØn s‚ Xo¿∞mS\ Bÿm\sa∂ ]w Inm ≥. uXoI hnIk\Øns‚ XesbSp∏v C \nbpw Innbnn√mØ shdpsamcp \mp Ihe t]msePn√m Bÿm\w. Pn√bnse at‰Xp ]tZiØp sN∂mepw ]pXnb Ime Øns‚ apJ]SWnbm≥ aSn°p∂ \mSpIƒ ImWmw. Ahbn¬ NnesX¶nepw Aßs\ Xs∂ XpScs. \msf, F¥mWp \mn≥ ]pdØns‚ \∑sb∂p tNmZn°p∂ XeapdIƒ°p Nq≠n°mWn®p sImSp°m at√m.

a‰p mj°m¿°v D®cn°m≥ AX sbm∂pw hgßmØ ]Ø\wXn F∂ t]cns‚ ]ndhn Fßs\bmhpw? IYIƒ

]Ø\wXn ]®∏psIm≠p hc® \∑bpsS q]Sw

km°o¿ lpssk≥aebmf at\mca, ]Ø\wXn

- 49 -




]eXmWv. F¶nepw CXmhpw icn F∂p tXm∂p∂ c≠p Is≠ØepIfp≠v. H∂v Cßs\bmWv : ]Øv C\ßƒ AYhm kapZmbßƒ Xmakn°p∂ \ZoXocw. ]Øn\wXn ]d™p ]d™p ]Ø\wXn bmbXmWpt]mepw. Xangv\mn¬ \n∂p h∂ ]Øp kapZmb°m¿ ChnsS XºSn® XmWpt]mepw t]cns‚ ]n∂n¬. c≠ma sØ Is≠Ø¬ : B‰pXocØp≈ ]Ww F∂ A¿∞Øn¬ ]WwXn F∂ t]cp ≠msb∂pw ]ns∂bXp ]Ø\wXnbmbn F∂pamWv.

t]cns‚ hgn GXmbmepw c≠nepw Hcp Pe]hmlØns‚ IfIfw tIƒ°mw. A®≥tImhnem¿ Aßs\ÿe\maw NcnXØns‚ ]emjyßfn¬ s]mXp LSIambn HgpIp∂p. AXn\m¬ ]ºm\Zn t]mse A®≥tImhnemdpw ]Ø\wXn bpsS IYbn¬ A\nhmcyw.

c≠p ][m\ kwÿm\ ]mXIƒ kwKan°p∂p≠v ]Ø\wXnbn¬. Sn.sI. tdmUpw, ]p\eq¿ sXmSp]pg tdmUpw. kwÿm\Øn\v AIØpw ]pdØpap≈ Htsd ÿeßfnte°v ChnSp∂p hgn Xpd∂np≠v F∂¿∞w. ]t£, Bhiy Øn\p h≠nbpt≠m F∂Xp thsd Imcyw. ]tXyIn®pw cmXnIfn¬.

FpIntemao‰¿ amXw dbn¬thbpw Hcp dbn¬th tÃj\pw amXap≈ Pn√. ]pXnb dbn¬]mXIsf Gsd°meambn \mw kz]v\w ImWp∂p. tZiob ]mXbv°p

kam¥cambp≈ Fw.kn. tdmUpw \ΩpsS KXmKX kuIcyw h¿≤n∏n°ps∂¶nepw CcpphoWm¬ hosSØm≥ C∂pw \ap°p ]bmkw Xs∂.

FXsbX ]kn≤nIfmWp ]Ø\w Xnbv°p≈Xv ? temI ]ikvXamb i_ cnae t£Xw, Bd∑pf h≈wIfn, Bd≥ apf°ÆmSn, Gjybnse G‰hpw henb hnizmkn kwKaamb amcma Ih≥ j≥, sXmSpØp \S°p∂ sNdptIm¬ ∏pg lnµpaX Ih≥j≥, G‰hpw IqSp X¬ ]hmknIfp≈ ]tZiw, FÆa‰ hn t\mZk©mc kt¶Xßƒ....

kwÿm\sØ c≠masØ henb Pe sshZypXn ]≤Xn \ΩpsS i_cnKncnbmWv. AXpIqSmsX sNdpInS ]≤XnIƒ s]mXp, kzImcy taJeIfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂p. F∂npw sshZypXn FØmØ Ipd®p ]tZ ißsf¶nepw \ap°p≠v.

hf¿∂n√, hf¿∂n√ F∂p ]Xw ]dbptºmgpw GXp ]co£WamWp \Ωƒ \SØnbnn√mØXv? hntZiØp \ns∂ Ønb d_¿ C∂p Pn√bnse G‰hpw hen b IrjnbmWv. Hcp ]t£, G‰hpw henb hcpam\am¿§hpw. \Ωƒ Hcn°epw ]pXnb ImcyßtfmSp ]pdw Xncn™√ \n¬]v F∂p ]dbpIbmbncp∂p. AXn\p \ap°m hn√. ImcWw, GXp \mpImscbpw GXp hnizmksØbpw ssI \on kzoIcn°p∂ aetaSpw aW¬∏pdhpw AhnsS \ndbp∂ ssNX\yhpw tN¿∂XmWp \ΩpsS q]Sw.

G‰hpw IqSpX¬ ]mhiyw ae¶c kpdnbm\n InkvXym\n Atkmkntbj\p thZnbmIm\p≈ mKyw en®Xv tImbw Fw.Un. skan\mcnbv°mWv 9 ]mhiyw. ae¶c kbpsS ]Ya ]Jym]nX ]cnip ≤≥ A¥y hniaw sIm≈p∂ ]cpae bv°mWv c≠mw ÿm\w 8 ]mhiyw. ]g b skan\mcnbn¬ Bdp ]mhiyw tbmKw \S∂np≠v. ]Ø\wXn ImtXment°‰v tImtfPn¬ CXp c≠mw ]mhiyamWv Atkmkntbj≥ ktΩfn°p∂Xv.

ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kbpsS ]m¿esa‚v F∂p hntijn∏n°mhp∂ kpdnbm\n InkvXym\n Atkmkntbj≥

Hcn°¬ IqSn ktΩfn°pIbmWv. sshZn Icpw, AsshZoIcpw AS°w aqhmbncØn A™qdn¬]cw Xncs™SpØ ]Xn\n[n Iƒ ]Ø\wXnbn¬ HØptNcp∂p. ta¬ ∏°m¿, kmXeh≥, Iqp SÃnam¿, amt\PnwKv IΩn‰n AwKßƒ F∂nhsc Xncs™Sp°m\pw cW LS\tZKXn sNøm\pw amXta ae¶c Atkmkntbj ≥ ktΩfn°mdp≈q.

ae¶c k Hcp F∏nkvtIm∏¬ k bmsW¶nepw P\m[n]XyXXzßfpw AXn s‚ cWIaØn¬ ka\zbn∏n®ncn°p∂p F∂Xns‚ sXfnhmWv Cu Atkmkntb j≥.

- 50 -

(48mw t]Pn¬ \n∂v)




Xpº-a Zm-k-\hpw tijvT-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpw

1876 se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ 7 Zm-k-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ ]ucm-Wn-I-Xbpw ]mc-º-cyhpw Ipeo-\-X-bp-ap≈ \ΩpsS ]q¿∆-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ km-hn-izm-k-Øn\pw Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkn-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\pambn t]mcm-Sn-b-Xn\v en® AwKo-Im-c-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-amWv Xpº-a Zm-k-\w. A∂v cq]o-Ir-X-amb Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂v DZbw sNbvX-XmWv sNß-∂q¿, \ne-bv°¬ Zm-k-\-ßƒ. A∂p-ap-X¬ C∂p-h-scbpw Chn-sS-bp≈ hnizm-kn-Iƒ ]cn-ip≤ k-bpsS ImtXm-en-I-X-bpw, At∏m-kvtXm-en-I-X-bpw, GI-Xz-hpw, hnip-≤nbpw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw kzbw io¿j-IXzw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-hm\pw Ign-hns‚ ]c-am-h[n ian®p XpS¿∂pw ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øns‚ XohX a\- n-em°n ssZh-ln-Xm-\p-kr-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ I¿Øm-hn¬ ic-W-s∏-Sp∂ kaq-l-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv ]cn-ip-≤-k- -bn¬ Xpº-a Zm-k\w A∂pw C∂pw F√m-Im-cy-ß-

fnepw amXr-Im- -Zm-k-\-am-b-Xv. Cu Zm-k-\sØ A∂p-ap-X¬ C∂p-hsc \bn® ]nXm-°-∑m¿ D∂-X-ti-jvTm-N-mcy-∑m-cpw, ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cpw, ]fin-X-∑mcpw kaq-l-tØmSpw k-tbmSpw ]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-≈-h-cpw, ]IrXn kvt\ln-Ifpw Bbn-cp-∂p.

aev]m\pw kpdn-bm\n mjm ]fin-X\pw Bbn-cp∂ ]mºm-°pS Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv (18761883) Xncp-ta\n Bbn-cp-∂p. Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ ]Ya saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø.

ae-¶-c-bnse ]Ya ]Jym-]nX ]cn-ip-≤-\m-bn-cp∂ ]cp-a-e-Xn-cp-ta\n (18831902) a\p-jy-kvt\-lnbpw kmaqly ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xpº-a-Æn¬ Cw•ojv kvIqƒ ÿm]n-®Xv Cu ]pWym-flm-hm-Wv. B ]pWy-]n-Xm-hns‚ a≤y-ÿX

F∂pw Cu Zm-k-\-Øn\pw hnizm-kn-Iƒ°pw Imhepw tIm-bp-am-Wv.

ae-¶-c-bnse Bflob ]ÿm-\-ßƒ°v ssNX\yw ]I¿∂p-sIm-SpØv s]m-Ã‚v hnizm-k-Øns‚ IS-∂m-I-a-WsØ AXn-Po-hn®v Xpº-a Zm-k-\sØ [oc-ambn \bn® tijvT-]n-Xm-hmWv ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmkv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv (19021909) Xncp-ta-\n. k-bpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw kzbw io¿j-I-Xz-Øn\pw th≠n XymK-ßƒ kln® ae-¶-c-bnse ]Jym-]nX ]cn-ip-≤\pw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw km- -c-W-L-S\m inev]n-bp-amb h-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv (19091913) Xncp-ta\n Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ mKy kvac-Wm¿l-\mb ]nXm-hm-Wv. Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ 5mw saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn ÿm\-ta-‰Xv XnI™ km kvt\lnbpw c-W-Im-cy-hn-Z-KvZ\pw Im¥-Z¿in-bp-amb bpbm°nw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv (19131925) Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv. ]cn. ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Bbn-cp∂ Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mh (Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv 19251930) bpsS c-W-Im-e-L- -Øn¬ Xpº-a Zm-k-\sØ ae-¶-c-bpsS i‡n-tI-µ-am°n am‰n-sb-Sp-Øp. k-bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m-I-W-sa∂v BK-ln® ]nXm-hmWv At±-lw. kXyw amXta \ne-\n-ev°p-I-bp≈p F∂v Dd®v hnizkn®v kXyw Pbn°pw F∂ Blzm-\-tØmsS km a°sf ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Iogn¬ AWn-\n-cØn ksb \bn® tijvT-]n-Xm-hm-Wv. Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Ønse ]utcm-lnXy ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]pØ≥Imhv Ing-t°-X-e-bv°¬ IpSpw-_-Ønse Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta\n (19301951) \ΩpsS Zm-k-\sØ Zo¿L-Imew [oc-

jmPn aT-Øn-te-Øv, Xpº-a Zm-k\ Iukn-ewKw

- 51 -




ambn \bn®v Zm-k\Bÿm-\-Øn\pw C∂p ImWp∂ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS F√mw Bcw- -Øn\pw ASn-ÿm\w Ipdn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ lrZ-b-kv]¿in-bmb ]kw-K-ßƒsIm≠v ae-¶-c-k- m-a-°ƒ°v kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°p-∂-Xn\v Du¿÷w ]I¿∂p \¬In. C∂v ]Ø-\w-Xn--bn¬ ImWp∂ t_kn¬ Zb-dmbv°v

XpS°w Ipdn-®p. emfnXyw CjvS-s∏ Xncp-ta\n ITn-\m-≤zm\n Bbn-cp-∂p. k-bn¬ Bflob ]ÿm-\-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn®v hnizm-kn-I-fn¬ Bflob DW¿∆v D≠m-°p-hm≥ km[n®p. thZ-im-kvX-Ønepw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw ]fin-X\pw sshZnI skan-\mcn ]n≥kn-∏m-fp-am-bn-cp∂ HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv (19511953) (]cn. HutK≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_m-h) Xncp-ta\n t_kn¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ Xma-kn®v c-W-km-cYyw hln-®p. C≥Uy-bpsS Imh¬]n-Xmhpw ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n ÿm]-I-\p-amb am¿ tXmam«olm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏v tZh-tem-IØv sIm≠p-h∂p ÿm]n® ]nXm-hn\v Xpº-a Zm-k-\-tØmSv F∂pw ]tXyI hm’eyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xpº-a Zm-k-\sØ ae-¶-c-bnse G‰hpw tijvThpw ]Y-a-hp-amb Zm-k-\-am°n Xo¿ØXv ]utcm-lnXy ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ Hma√q¿ hSp-Xe IpSpw-_mw-K-amb An-hµy Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv (19531990) Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv. ]. Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXmen°m_m-hm-bpsS Acpa injy-\m-bn-cp∂ Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta-\n. ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS bYm¿∞ ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-k-Øns‚ Imh¬-S-\mbncp∂ Xncp-ta\n Xpº-a Zm-k\ skI- dn, ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtf-Pns‚ ]Ya ]n≥kn-∏mƒ, hnZym¿∞n ]ÿm\w, bph-P-\-]-ÿm\w ]kn-U‚v, ]cn. F∏n-kvtIm∏ kp∂-l-tZmkv skI- dn, ]cn. Koh¿Kokv _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Akn-Ã‚v, t_kn¬ Zbdm amt\-P¿, ]Ø-\w-Xn ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtf-Pv, km hI tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h√ _men-Im-aTw kvIqƒ F∂n-h-bpsS amt\-P¿, XpS-ßnb \ne-bn¬ tijvT-ambn ]h¿Øn-®p. BfloI kwL-S-\-I-fpsS ÿm]-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ An. Xncp-ta\n sshZn-I-tcmSpw hnizm-kn-I-tfmSpw

Imnb kvt\lhpw kl-I-c-Whpw Gh-cp-tSbpw kvac-W-bn¬ F∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ Acp-a-in-jy\pw ss]h‰v skI- -dn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ ssS‰kv tPm¿÷v A®-\mWv C∂v Xpº-a Zm-k\skI- dn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BK-l-]-Im-c-amWv Xs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y-\mb ]cn. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-a-\- nse Nca cP-X- Pq-_n-enbpw ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n At m-kn-tb-j\pw CZw-]-Y-am-bn 1989 ¬ ]Ø-\w-Xn ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtf-Pns‚ A¶-W-Øn¬ h®v ]iw-k-\o-b-amb hn[-Øn¬ \S-Øn-b-Xv.

]Xn-_-≤-X-bpsS ]hm-N-I≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ An. nen-t∏mkv am¿ butk-_n-tbmkv (19852009) Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-Lw Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ kph¿Æ-Im-e-L- -am-bn-cp-∂p. km-N-cn-X-Im-c\pw, sshZn-I-sk-an-\mcn A[ym-]-I\pw, ae-¶c ksb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn® A\-h[n BtKmf ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]Xn-\n-[n-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta-\n, ]pXnb \q‰m-≠ns‚ Z¿i\w DƒsIm≠v ]h¿Øn® BNm-cy-ti-jvT-\m-Wv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kaq-l-tØm-Sp≈ ]Xn-_≤-X-bpsS aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-amWv _p≤n-hn-Imkw Ipd™ Ip™p-ßƒ°p-th≠n Xncp-ta\n ÿm]n® ]Im-i-[mcm kvIqfpw AXns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw. C∂p Zm-k-\-Øn¬ ImWp∂ an°-hmdpw F√m ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw hf¿®bv°v Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Zo¿L-ho-£-Whpw cW ss\]p-Wyhpw D≠v. h-\-Zm\]≤Xn, tKmkv]¬ Sow ]h¿Ø\w, am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv im¥n-\n-ebw, ]Ø-\w-Xn am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv kvamcI aµn-cw, Xmh-f-∏md sk‚v tXmakv Xo¿∞m-S\tIµw, Xpº-a a¿Ø-a-dnbw tImsh‚v, hnImkv sSbve-dnwKv kvIqƒ, ]Im-i-[mcm kvIqƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hfsc tijvT-am-Wv. Bflob ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS Cu‰n-√-amb Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ °v Hcp \h-ssN-X\yw ]I-cp-hm≥ Xncp-ta-\n°v km[n-®p.

C∂p \S-°p∂ (7032012) At m-kn-tb-j≥ An-h-µy-cmb ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpw An. butk-_n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpw A¥y-hn-iaw sIm≈p-∂-Xpw, An. ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

- 52 -




hnb¿∏ns‚ IWn-I-Iƒ hoW-Xpw Zm-k-\sØ \bn® ]pWy-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cmb ]cn. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nbptSbpw, ]cn. h-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw a‰v ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]mZkv]¿i\Øm¬ ]hn-X-amb am°mw-Ip-∂n-emWv F∂Xv hfsc A\p-K-l-]-Zhpw tijvT-hp-am-Wv. 1876 apX¬ Xpº-a Zm-k-\sØ D∂-X-ti-Wn-bn-te°v \bn® ]pWy-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ sXfn-®p-X∂ kXy-hn-izm-k-am¿§sØ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂v Ime-L- -Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Gs‰-SpØv C∂v Cu Zm-k-\sØ \bn-°p-∂Xv ]IrXn kvt\lnbpw, Kpcp-ti-jvT-\pw, BNm-cy-ti-jvT\pw t_kn¬ Zbdm AwK-hp-amb An. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ ¢oΩnkv Xncp-ta\nbmWv (2009)

Xncp-ta\n Zm-k-\-Øn\v ]pXnb Hcp Znim-t_m[w \¬In XpS-ßnb Zimw-i-]-≤Xn kaq-l-Øn\pw k-bnepw IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw \n¿≤-\-cp-amb [mcmfw t]¿°v Hc-Øm-Wn-bm-Wv. \h-tPymXn ]h¿Ø-I-cpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS XpS-ßn-h® kzbw sXmgn¬ ]≤-Xnbpw km ]cn-ÿnXn IΩo-j≥ ]kn-U‚p-Iq-Sn-bmb Xncp-ta\n Zm-k\ ]cn-ÿnXn ]h¿Ø-I-cpsS kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]IrXn kulrZ tZhm-e-b-ßƒ F∂ e£y-tØm-Sp-IqSn tZhm-e-b-ßƒ°v Np‰pw e-hr-£-ßƒ h®v ]nSn-∏n®pw ag-sh≈ kw-c-Wn-Iƒ D≠m-°nbpw amen\y kwkv°-cW bqWn-‰p-Iƒ ÿm]n®pw amXrI Imp-∂p.

sIm®p-Ip- n-I-fn¬ Zm\-ioew hf¿ ØpI F∂ e£y-tØm-Sp-IqSn _me-k-amP AwK-ßƒ°v en-°p-∂ ""t]m°‰v aWn-''bn¬ \n∂v Zimwiw kzoI-cn®v _me-k-amPw Zm-k\Xe-Øn¬ Poh-Im-cp-Wy-]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂p. \ncm-ew-_-cmb Iym≥k¿ tcmKn-I-fpsS km¥z-\-Øn-\mbn Zm-k\ bph-Xo-k-amPw ]h¿Ø-I-cpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw An. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kmaqly ]Xn-_-‘-Xbv°v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

An. ¢oΩnkv Xncp-ta\n ]Ir-Xn-c-a-Wo-b-amb s]cp-t¥-\-cp-hn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ sh®q-®p-d-bn¬ ]Wn-I-gn-∏n® ÿm]-\-amWv ""tagvkn tlmw'' hm¿≤-Iy-Øn-se-Ønb tcmKn-Isfbpw, \ncmew-_-tcbpw ipiq-jn-°p∂ Cu ÿm]\w Ai-c-W-cm-b-h¿°v

- 53 -

henb Bib-hpw, Bizm-k-hp-am-Wv. 20 Hmfw At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ ChnsS Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Zo¿L-ho-£-W-tØmsS amcm-a dnSo‰v sk‚dns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]ptcm-KXn ]m]n-°p-∂p.

]Ø-\w-Xn- -bn-epw ]cn-k-c-]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw n£m-S\w \SØn Pohn-°p-∂-h¿°v Zm-k\ bph-P-\-]-ÿm\w ]h¿Ø-I-

cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ henbt\mºnse F√m i\nbmgvNIfnepw D®- -£Ww \¬In hcp-∂p. Zm-k-\sØ F√m bph-P-\-]-ÿm\ bqWn-‰p-Ifpw kl-I-cn-®v XnI®pw hyXy-kvXamb Cu Poh-Im-cpWy ]h¿Ø\w An-\-µ-\m¿l-am-Wv. Zm-k\ bph-P-\ -]-ÿm\Øns‚ BnapJyØn¬ \ncmew _cmb bphm°ƒ°v NnIn’m klm bhpw ]T\ klmbhpw \¬Ip∂ km¥z\w ]≤Xnbpw XpS¿∂p hcp∂p F∂Xv «mL\obamWv. Zm-k\ kphn-tij kwLw Aßm-Sn-°¬ am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv kvt\lm-e-b-Øn¬ h®v ""]I¬ hoSv'' F∂ kz]v\w -km-£m¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ mK-ambn B≤ym-flnI Iqmbva \S-Øp-∂p. 50 ¬ ]cw s]Ip- n-Iƒ ChnsS Xø¬ ]cn-io-e\w \S-Øp-∂p.

Zm-k\a¿Ø-a-dnbw kamPØns‚ kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ A\m-Y-_m-en-I-am-cpsS ]cn-io-e-\m¿∞w X-bn¬ sk‚v tacokv _menIm h\w ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Zm-k\]m¿∞-\m-tbmKw, _menIm kam-Pw, hnZym¿∞n ]ÿm-\w, kt≠-kvIqƒ XpS-ßnb Bflob kwL-S-\-Ifpw ]T-\-¢m- p-Ifpw Poh-Im-cpWy ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \S-Øp-∂p.

Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Øns‚ inev]n-I-fmb Cu An-hµy ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Zm-k-\-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb Bflob Iqm-bva-Iƒ BWv ae-¶c k BI-am\w kzoI-cn®v \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xv. Xpº-a Zm-k\w FSp°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ C∂pw ae-¶c k BImw-j-tbmsS t\m°n-ImWp∂p. AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb Bi-b-ßfpw An-]m-b-ßfpw Db¿∂p-h-cp-hm-\pw- AXv ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-hm\pw \mw PmK-cq-I-cm-I-Ww. AXn\v ]q¿∆ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS a≤y-ÿXbpw, tImbpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw en-°s∂v ]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.




kvt\l IqSmcØns‚ CSb\v bmXmsamgntUm. amXyp ]n. tPm¿÷v

(At mkntb‰v skIdn MGOCSM)

Hcp hy‡n almflmhmbnØocp∂Xv a lXz ]q¿Æamb PohnXØn\v DSabmbn ØocptºmgmWv. ImesØ AXnPohn°p∂ Z¿i\ßtfmsS Pohn°ptºmgmWv Ahsc temIw Xncn®dnbp∂Xpw _lpam\n°p ∂Xpw. ]m¿∞\bneqsSbpw ]hrØnbneq sSbpw hm°pIƒ°v AXoXamb A\ph ambn a\pjya\ pIfn¬ \nd™v ssZh k∂n[nbnte°v bmXbmb Anhµy tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXmØntbmkv saXm t∏meoØ ImesØ AXnPohn°p∂ Z¿i\ ßtfmsS Hcp almflmhmbn amdn°gn ™ncn°p∂p. hm°pIfn¬ A·n Pzen∏n®v ]h¿Ø\]ŸmhneqsS NSpeXtbmsS ap t∂dnb Xncpta\n mcXØns‚ kphnti joIcWtØ°pdn®pw \ncmew_s‚ Ah ew_sØ°pdn®pw ]pe¿Ønb Z¿i\ßƒ ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kpdnbm\n kbv°v Io¿Øn apZIfmbn amdn.

bphP\ßsf Xncpta\nbpsS hm°p Iƒ F∂pw Gsd BI¿jn®ncp∂p. amXrI Iƒ \jvSamIp∂ B[p\nI temIØv hm °pw ]hrØnbpw ka\zbn∏n® ]mhßfp sS CSbs\ Ah¿ s\t©‰n Bcm[n®ncp∂p. Fw.hn. tPm¿÷v siΩmi\mbncp∂ Imew apX¬ Ih≥j≥ thZnIfnepw CXc ] kwKthZnIfnepw bphP\tImd≥kp Ifnepw A·nkv penwKßfmbn Xncpta\n bpsS hm°pIƒ \nd™t∏mƒ At\I bph a\ pIfn¬ I\epIfmbn AXv ]nd∂p. XpS ¿∂p≈ Imeßfn¬ B I\epIƒ Ahcn epw A·nbmbn Bfn°Øn. 94mw hb n¬ ssZhk∂n[nbnte°v IS∂pt]mIptºmgpw aq∂v Xeapdbnse¶nepap≈h¿°v XymtKm ÷zeamb B PohnXw bphXzØns‚ ssNX \yambnØs∂ A\phamIp∂p F∂Xv hn kvacn°m\mhmØ bmYm¿∞yamWv.

""\ymbw sh≈w t]msebpw \oXn h‰m Ø tXmSpt]msebpw Ihns™mgpIs''

F∂v Blzm\w sNbvX Btamkv ]hmNI s‚ PohnXhpw hm°pIfpw Xncpta\nbpsS BZyIme ]kwKßfpsS tIµ mhambn cp∂p. ZcnZ temIØn¬ [\hm\mbncn°p ∂Xv ]m]w F∂v hnizkn®ncp∂ Xncpta\n Xs‚ Hcp KŸØn\v \¬Inbncn°p∂ t] cpw AXpXs∂bmWv. F∂pw ZcnZs‚ ]£w ]nSn®ncp∂ B Xm]ktijvT≥ \ymbhpw \oXnbpw adn®p Ifbphm≥ ian°p∂h¿ s°Xnsc F∂pw B™Sn®ncp∂p. apXemfn

- 54 -




ØØns\Xnsc F∂pw i_vZapb¿Ønbn cp∂ Xncpta\n Atacn°t]msebp≈ tem IcmjvSßƒ ]pe¿Ønh∂ \ne]mSpIsf i‡nbmbn hna¿in®ncp∂p. 1948¬ Xs∂ Atacn°bpsSbpw a‰v apXemfnØ cmPy ßfpsSbpw XI¿® ]hNn® Xncpta\nbpsS ]hmNI Z¿i\Øns‚ alXzw Xs∂bmWv 2008 apX¬ ]S¿∂p ]nSn® kmºØnI amµyhpw XI¿®bpw \ap°v hy‡am°n Ø cp∂Xv. H∂pw ]¶nSmsX X∂nte°v Xs∂ Npcpßp∂ at\mmhsØ Xncpta\n F∂pw FXn¿Øncp∂p. ]¶nSmØ kºØv A\oXn bmsW∂ Z¿i\w Ahkm\izmkw hsc bpw B CSb\n¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂ncp∂p. BtKmfh¬°cWhpw DZmch¬°cWhp sams° IS∂phcptºmgpw temIØns‚ \m\mmKØpw ]nWn InS∂v acn°p∂hcp sS FÆw IqSp∂p F∂Xv hµy]nXmhns‚ a\ ns\ Gsd aYn®ncp∂p.

h¿§clnX kaqlw F∂ ImgvN∏mSv Gsd N¿® sNøs∏ Hcp Z¿i\ambncp∂p. ssZhkvt\lw ]¶v shbv°phm\p≈XmWv. kvt\lØns‚ ]¶v shbv°¬ kaqlØn\v ]pXpPoh≥ ]I¿∂p \¬Ipw F∂v Xncpta \n hnizkn®ncp∂p. PmXnh¿§h¿Æ hy Xymkßƒ a\pjy≥ Xs∂ krjvSn®Xm sW∂pw ssZhkvt\lØn\v ap∂n¬ AXn\v \ne\n¬∏ns√∂pw Xncpta\n ]Tn∏n®p. 1977 se Hcp Ih≥j≥ tbmKØnse ]kwK Øn\nSbn¬ Xncpta\n ""XntbI ssZhw F√mh¿°pw ssZhw lnµphn\pw apk¬ am\pw''F∂v Dds°]mSn. BZyw tIh¿°v AXv Dƒs°m≈phm≥ ]bmkw tXm∂n sb¶nepw ]n∂oSv F√mbnSØpw P\ßƒ AtX‰p]mSn. P\a\ pIfn¬ B hcnIƒ FXamXw ÿm\w t\Snsb∂Xn\p sXfn hmbncp∂p Xncpta\nbpsS uXnI icocw hln®psIm≠p≈ hnem]bmXbnepw B Km\w \nd™v \n∂Xv.

Xncpta\nbpsS A¥yIev]\bn¬ ]d ™ncn°p∂Xpt]mse B hµy]nXmhns‚ lrZbkv]µ\w Xs∂bmbncp∂p ""Pohn®m epw acn®mepw ssZhw amXw aXnsb\n°v, Poh\pw acWhpw Hcpt]mse Im¬hdn Xs∂mcp h≥ ss[cyw'' F∂ Km\w. At\ Imbncw hnizmknIfpsS lrZbØnte°v B Km\w IS∂psN∂p. ]m¿∞\bpsSbpw hnizmkØns‚bpw ]XymibpsSbpw ]Jym]\w amXa√, Xncpta\n XeapdIƒ °mbn ]I¿∂p \¬Inb Z¿i\kumKy ßfmWv B Km\Øn¬ \nd™v \n∂ncp∂

Xv. kvt\lsØ°pdn®pw XnXzsØ°pdn®p ap≈ tijvT CSbs‚ ImgvN∏mSv a\ nem °m≥ Cu Km\w amXw aXnbmIpw. hnem] bmXbnepS\ofw Db¿∂ptI Cu hcnIfpw P\klkßƒ CSdnb IWvTtØmsS G‰p ]mSpIbp≠mbn. ]m¿∞\bv°pw IÆo¿∏q °ƒ°psam∏w Cu Km\hpw A¥co£Øn een™p \n∂Xv AXns‚ kvt\lkv]¿iw H∂p sIm≠p Xs∂bmbncp∂p.

ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kbpsS anj ≥ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v IcpØpw Z¿i\hpw ]I¿∂p \¬InbXmWv Xncpta\nbpsS G‰ hpw henb kwmh\. kvt\lØns‚bpw, kmtlmZcyØns‚bpw, kaXzØns‚bpw kz]v\ßfmbncp∂p F∂pw Xncpta\nbpsS IcpØv. anj≥ t_m¿Uv ]knU‚v F∂ \nebn¬ ae¶ckbpsS anj≥ ]h¿Ø \ßƒs°√mw Np°m≥ ]nSn®Xv ]mhßfp sS CSb\mbncp∂p. hni°p∂hs‚ hni∏v am‰pIbpw A\mYs‚ A\mYXzw C√mXm °pIbpamWv G‰hpw henb kphntijw F∂v B alm CSb≥ hnizkn®ncp∂p. "kphntijZuXyhpw ÿnXn kaXzhpw' F∂ KŸØn¬ kIfpsS ÿm]\ßƒ anj\v XS amImsX ]h¿Øn°Ww F∂v Xncpta\n ]tXyIw Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂p. ""kvIq fpIfpw Bip]XnIfpw a‰pw anj\v klm bn® Imew amdn C∂v ]ebnSØpw XS ambns°m≠ncn°pIbmWv. AXn\v aIptSm ZmlcWw tIcfkIƒ tIcfØn¬ \SØp ∂ hnZymymk ÿm]\ßfmWv. CwKvfojv aoUnbw kvIqƒ C∂v Hcp NqjtWm]m[n bpw emam¿§hpw I®hShpambn amdnbncn °p∂p F∂v a\ m£n \jvSs∏SmØh¿ °dnbmw. ]e anj\mip]XnIfnepw ZcnZ¿ °v FØn t\m°m≥ km≤ya√. tImfPpIfn se ]InSn \nanØw ZcnZcmb At]£I¿ °v tPmen km≤yX C√mXmbncn°p∂p.'' (kphntij ZuXyhpw ÿnXn kaXzhpw t]Pv 136. 1988) am¿§hpw e£yhpw ad∂v ]e ssIkvXhkIfpw C∂v apt∂dptºmfmWv ZcnZ¿°v th≠n Pohn®v ZcnZ\mbn acn°m ≥ sImXn® kmcXv\w AicWcpsSbpw Bew_lo\cpsSbpw CSb\mbn Nne icn Ifpw sX‰pIfpw \sΩ Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂Xv.

]kwKw t]mse XqenIbpw Xncpta\n °v hensbmcp Bbp[ambncp∂p. Adp]tXm fw KŸßƒ sshhn[yßfmb hnjbßfn ¬ Xncpta\n cNn®np≠v. h¿§clnX kaq lw, amnb tkmnb Kvtfmdnb, aq∂mw klkm_vZØn¬ kvt\lØns‚ GI

- 55 -




aXw, AssXX ssZhimkvXhpw kvt\l Øns‚ GIaXhpw, ZcnZtemIØn¬ [\ hm\mbncn°p∂Xv ]m]w, \nXykvt\l IqSmcw, tkmjyenkØns‚ ssZhimkvXw XpSßnb KŸßƒ kbv°v ]pdØpw Gsd N¿® sNøs∏np≠v F∂Xv Xncpta\n bpsS Z¿i\ßfpsS Bgw hy‡am°p∂p.

amthen°c sk‚v. t]mƒkv anj≥ sS bn\nwKv sk‚¿ apX¬ ]pXp∏mSn _meh≥, bm®mcw _meKmw tZlptdmUv _menIm Kmw, Iel≠n anj≥ Bip]Xn, _me h≥, im¥nKmw F∂nßs\ tIcfØn\

IØpw ]pdØpambn hym]n®p InS°p∂ BXpctkh\cwKw kaqlØn\v ap∂n¬ hensbmcp km£yamIp∂p.

93mw P≥aZn\Øn¬ \SØnb Ffnb NSßn¬ Xncpta\n, Xs‚ hntbmK thfbn¬

timi∏mbpw ]pjv]ßfpsamgnhm°n ]mhßƒ°mbn ]pXphkvXhpw ]pX∏pw sIm≠phcphm≥ Blzm\w sNbvXXv Gsd i≤n°s∏ncp∂p. Xs‚ Poh\pw acWhpw ]mhßƒ°mbn ka¿∏n® tijvT CSbm Rßƒ°v am∏v \¬Inbmepw. RßfpsS B¿mSßfpw BUw_cßfpw C\nbpw hn p amdmØXn¬ Rßƒ kzbw tJZn°p∂p.

Aßv Rßƒ°v ]I¿∂v \¬Inb kp hntijØns‚bpw kvt\lØns‚bpw ssI ØncnIƒ hcpw XeapdIfnte°v ]I¿∂p \¬Ipsa∂v Rßƒ Dd∏v \¬Ip∂p. amXrI bmbn ap∂n¬ \n∂v Rßsf \bn® tijvT CSbm Atßbv°v RßfpsS kvt\lm RvPenIƒ. \nXykvt\l IqSmcØns‚ CS bm, Atßbv°v bphP\hnZym¿∞n kaql Øns‚ Aip]qP.

hnhm-lw AXn¬Øs∂ HXp-ßn-\n¬°p∂ H∂-√. AXv Zº-Xo-_-‘-ß-fn¬ Bcw- n-°p-∂p-sht∂bp≈p. hnhmlw hy‡n-I-sfbpw IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw H∂n®ptN¿Øv ]pXn-b-_-‘-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXv Hcp al-Ømb kaq-lnI ]ÿm-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

C∂v hnhmlw B¿m-S-Øn-s‚bpw s]mß-®-Øn-s‚bpw BUw-_-c-Øn-s‚bpw BsI-Øp-I-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXnse ssZhnI km∂n≤yhpw am\p-jnI \∑bpw Fhn-sS-sbm-s°tbm ssItamiw h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. hnhmlw AXns‚ IuZm-in-I-amb A\p- -h-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]dn-s®-SpØv [q¿Øns‚ ]n∂m-ºp-d-ß-fn¬ \p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cmWv Gsd-bpw. ]ucm-WnI hnip-≤n-bpsS ]Z-\n-kz-\-ßsf Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂v ssIkvXh Z¿i-\-∏q-¶m-hn¬ kpµ-c-kp-c- ne ]pjv]-ß-fm-°p-hm≥ IpSpw-_-tbm-K-ßƒ ap∂n- n-d-tß-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-Xzh-f¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\w-Xs∂ _‘-ß-fm-Wv. a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ÿmbn-bm-bn- p-≈Xv IpSpw-_-‘-hp-am-Wv. Hcp-h\v IpSpw-_-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂p en-°p∂ AwKo-Im-cw-, Xnc-kvI-c-Ww, t]m’m-l-\w, kvt\lw, kvt\l-cm-lnXyw Ch-sb√mw hy‡n-XzsØ A\p-Iq-e-

amtbm ]Xn-Iq-e-amtbm _m[n-°p-∂p. hy‡n Xt∂m-Sp-X-s∂bpw kaq-l-tØm-Spw, ssZh-tØm-Spw, ]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw hniz-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-hm≥ ]Tn-°p-∂Xv h-\-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Hcp-h\v am\-kn-Ihpw imco-cn-Ihpw B≤ym-fln-I-hp-amb kpc-£n-XXzw en-°p-∂Xpw IpSpw-_-Øn-¬ \n∂m-Wv.

mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hne-s∏ kwm-h-\-bmWv ZrV-amb IpSpw-_-_-‘-ßƒ. F∂m¬ kmaq-lnI hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ- -k-aq-l-Øns‚ ]Y-a-L-S-I-amb IpSpw-_-Øns‚ LS-\-bn¬ ]I-S-amb hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ krjvSn-®p. \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw hyh-km-b-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw e-ambn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ LS-\-bv°pw _‘-ßƒ°pw De-®n¬X- n. Iqp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS XI¿®bpw sNdp-IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Bhn¿m-hhpw kmaq-lnI hyXn-bm-\-ß-fpsS ]Xy-£- -e-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wv. Cßs\amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmaq-lnI ]›m-Ø-esØ hne-bn-cp-Øn-s°m-≠p-thWw Hmtcm IpSpw-_-tbm-K-ßfpw Xß-fpsS e£y-Øn-te°v km¿∞-I-ambn apt∂-dm≥. kt¥m-jhpw k¥m-]hpw ]¶p-h®v s]mß-®-Øns‚ s]cp-ºd apg-°-ß-fpsS AI-ºSn C√msX Adn™pw Adn-bn®pw \ap°v Cu ]bmWw A\p-kyqXw XpS-cmw.

- 56 -





""hnØn''se ""kØ''enPp tPm h¿Kokv,

Hm¿K-ss\-k¿ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv ssIkvXh bph-P\]ÿm\wXpº-aUnkvSnIvSv

""B∏nƒ Hp-ap-°mepw No™p t]msb-¶nepw hnØv KpW-]-Z-ambn Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p.'' tkmI- okv

No™p t]mb kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v \msf-bpsS tNX\tXSn-bp≈ bmX ]Xo£m \n¿-c-am-Wv. Xn∑-bpsS t]cn¬ \∑-sbbpw Xa-kvI-cn-°p∂ temI-Øv, \∑-bpsS hml-I-cmbn h¿Øn-bv°p-∂Xv DNn-X-am-Wv.

Sayings of Desert Fathers F∂ KŸ-Øn¬, A∫m At¥m-Wn-tbm-kns\ImWm-s\-Ønb Ipsd-bp-hm-°-fpsS A\p- hw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Hcp hr≤ k\ym-kn-s°m∏w h≈-Øn-emWv bphm-°ƒ t]mb-Xv. bphm-°-fpsS kwkm-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw, s]cp-am-‰-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ah-cpsS kzmhw Kln® k\ymkn, ""At¥m-Wn-tbm-kn-t\mSv Ch-sc-∏‰n ]d-™-Xv, Ch¿ \√-h¿ F∂m¬ ]Sn-hm-Xn-en-√. CjvS-ap-≈-h¿s° √mw sXmgp-Øn¬ Ib-dp-Ibpw, Igp-Xsb Agn-bv°p-Ibpw sNømw''.

aen-\-am-bXpw aen-\-am-Ip-hm≥ t]mIp-∂-Xp-amb A\p- -h-ßƒ C∂p-≠v. AXn¬ \n∂p≈ Xncn-®p-h-chv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. _e-lo-\-am-b-Xn-s\, _e-lo-\-sa∂p hne-bn-cp-Øn \n m-c-h-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw _e-h-Øm°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv "ssIkvX h PohnX Iaw'

\√-hsc IqsS \n¿ØWw F∂-Xp-t]mse Np‰p-ap-≈-hsc \√-h-cm°n IqsS \n¿Øp-∂Xpw ][m-\-am-Wv. Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ß-fn-eqsS \mw Ic-ÿ-am-°n-b-h, A⁄m-\-Øn-eqsSbpw Ai-≤-bn-eq-sSbpw \jvS am-Im-Xn-cn-°p∂ ]Inb B≤ym-flnI Pohn-X-I-a-Øns‚ mK-am-Wv. Xn∑-tbmSv tXm¬°msX \∑-bm¬ Xn∑sb Pbn-°p∂ A\p- hw tijvT-am-Wv.

KpW-]-Z-amb hnØn-s\, hf-cp-hm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿm\Øv \nt£-]n-°p∂Xv km[-\-bm-Wv. \jvS-am-ImØ

tem-ev]m-Z\w AXns‚ s]s-∂p≈ ]Xn--e-am-Wv. hnØn\p Np‰p-ap≈ Ah-in-jvS-

ßƒ°-∏pdw hnØn-\p-≈nse kØ ImWp ∂ A\p- hw tijvT-am-Wv.

kZm-Po-hn-X-Ønepw hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Ønepw hnØn-se kØ tXSp∂ A\p- hw tijvT-am-Wv. kºØpw, ]Xm-]hpw t\Sn-Øs∂ Pohn-X-am¿§w tXSp∂ temI-Øn¬ Nobm≥ XpS-ßp∂ Hcp kaq-lsØ \∑-bn-te°pw, ]Xym-i-bn-te°pw \bn-°p-hm≥ \ΩpsS ZuXyw \mw \nd-th-‰-Ww.

tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ ªUv sUmtW-j-\p≈ tÃ‰v Ahm¿Uv tImtf-Pn\p en-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. tImtf-Pns‚ \mj-W¬ k¿∆okv kvIow bqWn‰v 20 t]¿°v hoSp-sh-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xpw, Nme-°bw BZn-hmkn tImf\n ZsØ-Sp-Ø-Xpw, tImtf-Pns‚ tkmjy¬ k¿∆okv eoKns‚ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv lm¿v ut≠j≥ apJm-¥ncw ]mh-s∏ Ipn-Iƒ°v lrZ-b-i-kvX-In-b-Iƒ°v klmbw \¬Ip-∂Xpw tImtf-Pns‚ kaq-l-tØm-Sp≈ ]Xn-_-≤-Xsb FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-∂p.

CsX√mw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Fw.-H.-kn. amt\-Pvsa‚v 2010 -11 ¬ ‘Best College

Award’ \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn.

- 57 -


""Hcn-°¬ Hcp Acp-hn-tbmSv IS-en-s\-∏‰n Rm≥ kwkm-cn-®p. Acphn hnNm-cn®p Rm≥ s]mß-®-°m-c-\m-sW∂v. IS-en-t\mSv Acp-hn-sb-∏-‰n- ]-d-™-t∏mƒ IS-ens\ Hcp aqey-tim-j-W-°m-c-\m-bn- I≠p.'' Jeo¬ Pn_m¬




kvt\l-Øns‚ Xma-c-\q-ep-Ifpw Cg-b-Sp-∏-Øns‚ IpSpw__‘hpw

Htc Iqc-bv°p- Io-gn¬ hnhn[ Xe-Øn-ep≈ hyXykvX ]mb-°m-cmb kvXo]p-cp-j≥am¿ HØp-IqSn £Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-t≠m, A¥n-bp-d-ßn-b-Xp-sImt≠m AsXmcp IpSpw-_-ambn amdptam? C√, khn-ti-j-amb Z¿i-\-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn, uXn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb PohnXw ]¶p-h-

bv°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv Hmtcm hoSpw IpSpw-_-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂-Xv. hoSv tIhew Ipd®p Pohn-I-fpsS Hcp Bhmk ÿm\w amX-a√; Hcp Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-bm-Wv, Hcp XXz-im-kvX-am-Wv, Hcp Z¿i-\-am-Wv.

k¥m\kar-≤n-bpsS hf¿®bpw, ]]© ]cn-]m-e-\-Øns‚ Ah-Imihpw, ]c-kv]-cm-i-b-ØØns‚ A\p- -hhpw ka-RvP-k-ambn ktΩ-fn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Znhy-\n-tbm-Khpw G‰p-hm-ßnb BZn-Ip-Spw-_w. a\p-jy-N-cn-X-Øns‚ BZy-Xm-fp-Iƒ amX-a-√ ChnsS cNn-°-s∏- -Xv. a\p-jys‚ ]X-\-Øns‚ NnXhpw Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬Øs∂ Bte-J\w sNø-s∏- p. _mt_-ens‚ hgn-bn¬ FØp-tºm-tg°v am\-h-hwiw F∂ am\y-Ip-Spw_w ssiY-ney-Øns‚ ]cym-b-ambn hn-°-s∏- p. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ hos≠-Sp-∏ns‚ Ncn-Xhpw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ Bcw- n-°-s∏- p. hnizm-kn-Iƒs°√mw ]nXm-hmb A_-lm-ans‚ IpSpw-_-Øn¬, k¶o¿Ø-\-ßfn-eqsS ssZhn-I-X-bpsS AXyp-∂-Xn-bn-te°v \bn® ZmhoZns‚ IpSpw-_-Øn¬, IpSpw_ ]›m-Ø-e-Øns‚ Nhn- n-bp-d-∏n® Xd-bn¬ \n∂v c£-Is‚ Pohn-Xhpw ss__nƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. \jvS-t_m-[-ßƒ IqSpIq- p∂ CS-ambn amdp∂ A[x-]-Xn-°-e-√, ]m]-©nI kXy-Øn¬ ssZthm-t±-iy-Øns‚ km£m-XvI-cn-°-emWv B IpSpw_ k¶-ev]-Øns‚ Cg-b-Sp-∏-ambn amdp-∂-Xv.

IpSpw-_-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]gb \√ k¶-ev]-ßƒ AXns‚ ]cn-h¿Ø\L-ØnsehnsS-sbm-s°-tbm, s]mfn-s®-gp-X-s∏-n-cn-°p-∂p. apØ-—≥, apØ-»n, A—≥,

AΩ, a°ƒ, sIm®p-a-°ƒ, acp-a-°ƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ henb IpSpw-_-k-¶ev]w

A]-k-‡-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \mtem At©m AwK-ßƒ amX-ap≈ sNdnb IpSpw-_-ß-fmWv Gsd-bpw amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw a°fpw. AXn¬t]mepw HXp-ßm≥ Ign-bmsX AIØv Bbbpw ]pdØv \mbbpw amX-ap≈ henb hosS∂ hnI-e-k-¶ev]w t]mepw Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ \nXy-Im-gvN-I-fm-Ip-∂p. Chn-sS-sbßpw NnXw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂n-√. ]t≠-t∏mse Ch¿s°√mw H∂n-®p-Iq-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m? k‘y-a-b-ßp-tºmƒ a°sf Acn-IØp hnfn-®n-cp-Øn, \ne-hn-f°v sImfp-Øn, ]mp-]m-Sn, thZ-]p-kvXIw hmbn-®v, hmbn-∏n-®v, Dcp-hn-Sp-hn®v IpSpw-_m-cm-[\\S-Øp-hm≥ FX IpSpw-_-ßƒ°mWv Ign-bp-I. a°-sftbm hr≤-am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-sftbm icn-bmbn Icp-Xm≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v Bhp-∂pt≠m? Bk-∂-amb CØcw kml-N-cy-ßsf t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn¬ k FX-amXw PmK-cq-I-am-Wv. AtXm ]q¿∆-]p-Wy-ß-fpsS s]cp-ºd apg-°-ß-fn¬ hoºn-f°n Imew Ign-°p-I-bmtWm? adn®v h¿Ø-am-\-Ime bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfmSv k F¥v kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°p∂p F∂ tNmZyw h√msX apg-ßn-t°ƒ°p-∂p.

IpSpw_w F∂Xv kXyw. CXv "FIypan\nkw' BWv. Cu hm°v tIƒ°p-tºmƒ hyXykvX k-Iƒ H∂n®v tN¿∂v \S-Øp∂ ktΩ-f-\-ß-tfm, ]cn-]m-Sn-Itfm, N¿®-I-tfm, Nmb-Ip-Sn®v ]ncnbtem Hs°-bmbn a\- n¬ an∂n-a-d-bpw. B∏nfpw A≠n-∏-cn∏pw DW-°-ap-¥n-cn-bp-am-bn-cn°pw IS-∂p-h-cp∂ thsd Nn”-ßƒ. "Hbvt°mkv', "sat\m' F∂o Ko°v ]Z-ßƒ ka-\z-bn-®p-≠m-b-XmWv FIyp-an-\nkw. Hbvt°mkv F∂-Xn\v h\w F∂pw "sat\m' F∂-Xn\v hkn-°pI F∂p-amWv A¿∞w. At∏mƒ h-\-Øn¬ Hcp-a-tbmsS hkn-°p-∂-sXm-s°bpw FIyp-an-\nkw BWv.

GXv mj-bn-teXpw t]mse \ΩpsS mj-bn-tebpw i‡-amb hm°p-I-fn¬

H∂mWv h-\w. hoSv, ]m¿∏n-Sw, ]pc, Krlw, tKlw, Be-bw, hk-Xn, aµn-cw, kZ-\w, \ne-bw, ic-Ww, \nhm-kw, \nh-k-\w, IpSn

kmw A£-c-ho-Sv

- 58 -




F∂n-ßs\FX-t]-cp-Iƒ \ΩpsS Nn¥-I-fn¬ h-\-Øn\v ]cym-b-ambn HmSn-sb-Øp-∂p-≠v. hm°v GXm-bmepw AXn\v Np‰pw \ΩpsS a[p-c-kva-c-W-Iƒ Xfw-sIn \n¬°p-∂p. AXns‚ Nph-cp-Iƒ \ap°v A-bhpw AXnse kvt\lw \ΩpsS i‡n-bp-am-Wv. Ahn-SpsØ Imh¬am-emJ Hcp kvXobm-Wv. temIw \Ωp-sS-t\sc \n¿hn-Im-c-X-tbmsS apJw Xncn-°p-tºmƒ Bizm-k-Øns‚ sXfn-\o¿ tXSn \mw HmSn-sb-Øp-∂Xv Cu IpSpw_ k¶-ev]-Øn-te-°m-Wv. Ahn-SpsØ A\p-I-ºbpw Icp-Xepw Bizm-k-Øns‚ Du¿÷-tkm-X- p-I-fmbn \Ωn¬ DW-cp-∂p. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Hcp hoSn-√m-ØXv Pohn-X-Ønse G‰hpw henb ZpxJ-ambn FÆ-s∏-Sp-∂p. kz¥-am-sbmcp Iqc, AXv GXv a\p-jy-Po-hn-bp-sSbpw kz]v\-am-Wv. Nne¿°Xv ]W-s°m-gp-∏n‚bpw AXym-Uw-_-c-Øns‚ [q¿Øn-s‚bpw Nn”-am-Ip-∂p-sa-∂p-am-Xw.

tbip-hns‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ ""Ipdp-\-cn-Iƒ°v amf-hpw, BIm-i-Ønse Ipcn-In-en\v IqSpw D≠v. a\p-jy-]pX\v Xe-Nm-bv°m≥ aÆn-en-S-an-√.'' h-\-c-ln-Xs‚ hnem-]-am-Wn-Xv. _Ym-\y-bnse h\w \ΩpsS a\- n¬ \nd-bv°p∂ a[p-c-Nn-¥-Iƒ FXtbm hep-Xm-Wv. am¿Øbpw adn-b-bp-ambn \Ωƒ \Ωsf k¶-ev]n-°p-∂p. B h-\-Øns‚ kt¥m-j-Øn¬ tbip F√m £oWhpw ad-°p-∂p. adnb B ]mZ-]o-T-Øn¬ ipiq-j-I-bm-Ip-∂p. am¿Ø hop-tPm-en-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-bm-Ip-∂p. Bcpw sImXn-°p∂ kam-[m-\w. a\- n¬ sImXn-°p∂ hoSv. CXv kz¿§ob k¶ev]w Xs∂.

Here he lies where he longs to be home is the sailor, home from sea, and the hunter, home from the hill.

BZn-bn¬ ]pcp-j\pw kvXobp-ambn a\pjy\v cq]w \¬Inb ssZhw, Ah¿ H∂m-bn-Øo¿∂v ssZhm-\p-K-l- -e-amb a°ƒ°v P∑w \¬In, Xs‚ krjvSn-I¿Ω-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-hm-\p≈ ZuXyw \¬In. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ BZn-a-\p-jy≥ hnfn-°-s∏- -Xp-Xs∂ IpSpw_ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-te-°m-Wv. B IpSpw-_-ÿm-]-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv btlm-h-bmb ssZhw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B IpSpw-_-am-bn-cp∂p am\-h-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ka-K-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsSbpw ASn-

ÿm\LS- I- ambn- Øo¿∂- Xpw. Aßs\GXv bpK-Ønepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-hmØ ÿm\w IpSpw-_-Øn\v ssIh-∂p. hN-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ IpSpw_w ssZh-I-ev]n-X-am-Wv. ]pcpjs\bpw kvXosbbpw Xs‚ kzcq-]-Øn¬ krjvSn®v Ahsc mcym-¿Øm-°-∑m-cm-°n-bXv ssZh-am-Wv. arK-

tem-I-Øn¬ Zriy-amb ss\k¿KnI hmk-\-Iƒ sIm≠pw h¿K-t_m[w sIm≠pw D≠m-°p∂ Hcp "CW-tN-c¬' A√ bYm¿∞ IpSpw-_w. kvt\l-Øns‚ ]hn-X-amb Nß-e-°-Æn-I-fm¬ ]c-kv]cw CW-°-s∏v c≠v hy‡n-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv IpSpw_w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]c-kv]c [mc-W, AwKo-Im-cw, Adnhv, hop-ho-gvN, XymKw, \nkzm¿∞X Ch-sbms° hnIm-c-]-c-ambpw _p≤n-]-c-ambpw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]hn-X-amb ÿe-ambn amdp∂p IpSpw-_w.

kzbw-]-cym-]vX-amb c≠v hy‡n-I-fn-se-∂-Xn-ep-]cn ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-ß-fmb Hcp kwbp-‡-hy-‡n-_-‘-amWv mcym- ¿Øm-°-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv. hkvXp-a-b-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw B≤ym-fln-I-ambpw Cu ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-Nn¥ Hpw-Xs∂ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xm-Wv. Pb-]-cm-P-b-ß-fpw, kt¥m-j-k-¥m-]-ßfpw H∂m-bn amXta A¿∞-h-Øm-hp-I-bp-≈p. Cu ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-Nn-¥-bn-eqsS amXta hyXy-kvX-cmb c≠v hy‡n-Iƒ th¿]n-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØ "Hcp ico-c-ambn' Xocp-I-bp-≈q. InkvXphpw kbpw H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse aW-hm-f\pw aW-hm- nbpw H∂mbn-Øo-cp-∂p. hnip≤ XnXz-Øn¬ ]nXm-hpw,- ]pX\pw ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhpw GI-Xz-am-Ip-∂Xv Hcp ssZhnI IpSpw-_-]-›m-Ø-e-Øns‚ ]I-Samb ZriyNmcp-X-bmWv \ap°v ]I¿∂p-X-cp-∂-Xv.

IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ KpW\ne-hmcw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. \√ IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw D≈n-StØ kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb hf¿®-bp-≈p. DXvIr-jvShpw ]cn-ip-≤-hp-amb IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw CXƒ hnS¿Øp-∂Xv Bflo-b-X-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Bflo-b-i‡n Ipd-bp-tºmƒ Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bnse _‘-ßƒ _e-lo-\-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw.

- 59 -

(tijw 56 mw t]Pn¬)




1. lcnXw 2011

AXyp-jvW-Øn\v ac-amWv adp-]Sn F¶n¬ AXns\\v \\®v hf¿Øm-\p≈ IS-abpw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ssIkvXh bph-P-\-]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p-s≠∂ DØa t_m[yw DƒsIm-≠p-sIm≠v 2011 Pq 5mw XobXn Fen-ap-≈pw-πm-°¬ sk‚v tPm¿÷v CS-h-I-bn¬ h®v Zm-k-\-Ønse hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-Iƒ°v hr£ssX hn-X-cWw \S-Øn. Bb-Xns‚ DZvLm-S-\-I¿Ωw Zm-k\]kn-U‚v An. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ ¢oΩnkv saXm-t∏m-enØ \n¿∆-ln-®p. CS-hI hnImcn dh. m. tXmakv tbml-∂m≥ A≤y-£X hln-®p.

2. kulrZ kwKaw

Zm-k\ bph-P-\-]-ÿm\Øns‚ hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fnse skI- -dn-am¿, sshkv ]kn-U‚p-am¿, tPmbn‚v skI- -dn-am¿ F∂n-h-cpsS kwKaw ]pØ≥]o-SnI sk‚v tacokv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ h®v \S-Ø-s∏- p. Bb-Xns‚ DXvLm-S-\-I¿Ωw An. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ ¢nΩnkv saXm-t∏m-enØ \n¿∆-ln-®p. tIµ-P-\-d¬ skI- dn dh. m. Ão≥ h¿§okv apJym-Xn-Yn-bm-bncp∂p. CS-hI hnImcn dh. m. tXmakv sI. Nmt°m, en\p amXyp at≈-Øv, hnImkv h¿§o-kv, \nXn≥ _m_p h¿§okv, tPm Pn. tXmakv F∂n-h¿ Biw-k-Iƒ A¿∏n-®p. dh. m. hn¬k amXyp ¢m n\v t\XrXzw \¬In.

3. Zm-k\hm¿jnIw 2010 11

bph-P-\-]-ÿm\w hm¿jnI ktΩ-f\w 2011 Pqsse 24 Rmb-dmgvN A-®m-°¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ h®v An. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ t]mfn-°m¿t∏mkv (tIµ bphP\]ÿm\w ]kn-U‚v), An. Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ ¢oΩnkv (-Zm-k\ bph-P-\-]-ÿm\w ]kn-U‚v) F∂n-h-cpsS al-\ob km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ \S-∂p. dh. kPp amXyphpw kwLhpw (sk-ln-tbm≥ am¿tØmΩ ]≈n, Abn-cq¿) ss__nƒ ¢m n\v t\XrXzw \¬In.

hnhn[ UnkvSn-Iv‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂mbn 500 ¬ ]cw bphm-°ƒ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. m. amXyp ]n. Um\n-tb¬ (C-S-hI hnIm-cn), m. tPm¿÷v tUhnUv (Un-kvSnIv‰v ]kn-U‚v), sI. Pn. Um\n-tb¬ (C-S-hI SÃn), PntPm sI. tXmakv (C-S-hI skI- -dn), tPmkv amXyp, tPmWn ‰n. Fw (Iho-t\-gvkv), ent‚m tXmakv (H.-kn.-ssh.Fw bqWn‰v skI- -dn), Pn_n≥ Pbnwkv (H.-kn.-ssh.Fw. bqWn‰v Sj-dm¿) F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In.

4."kvt\ln-X¿' ]Im-i\w

Zm-k\ bph-P-\-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ HutZym-KnI amkn-I-bmb "kvt\ln-X¿' H∂mw e°w 2011 Pqsse 24 Rmb-dmgvN tIµ bph-P-\-]-ÿm\w ]kn-U‚v An. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ t]mfn-°m¿t∏mkv XÆn-tØmSv sk‚v B‚-Wokv Bia kp∏o-cn-b¿ An. bm°q_v dºm\v \¬In-sIm≠v ]Im-i\w sNbvXp.

5.bph-P-\-hm-cm-tLmj DXvLm-S\w

bph-P-\-hm-cm-tLmj DXvLm-S\w 2011 sk]v‰w-_¿ 4mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN R°p-Imhv sk‚v tacokv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]≈n-bn¬ h®v Zm-k\Iukn¬ AwKw io. jmPn aT-Øn-teØv DXvLm-S\w sNbvXv \n¿h-ln-®p. dh. m. tdmbn sska (C-S-hI hnIm-cn) A[y-£X hln-®p. io. tPm¿÷v h¿Kokv (C-S-hI SÃn), enPp cmPp F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In, BtLm-j-Øns‚ mK-ambn hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fp-sSbpw UnkvSn-Iv‰p-I-fp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn HmW-In‰v hnX-c-Ww, Bip-]Xn kµ¿i-\w, elcn hncp≤ t_m[-h-Xv°-c-Ww, \Kc ipNo-I-c-Ww, _kv IgpIn hrØn-bm-°¬ F∂n-hbv°v t\XrXzw \¬In.

6."\sΩ Adn-bm≥ \ap°v Adn-bm≥'

bph-P-\-k-aq-l-Øn\v ]d-bp-hm-\pw, ]¶v hbv°p-hm-\pw, Adn-bp-hm-\p-am-bn, bph-P-\-hm-cm-tLmj kam-]-\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v "\sΩ Adn-bm≥- -\-ap°v Adn-bm≥' F∂ ]cn-]mSn 2011 sk]v‰w-_¿ 11 Rmb-dmgvN 1.00 aWn-ap-X¬ Ipºg sk‚v tacokv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv henb IØo-U-en¬ h®v \S-∂p. tUm. Fbv©¬ tXmakv (¢n-\n-°¬ sskt°m-f-Pn-Ãv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw) ¢m n\v t\XrXzw \¬In.

- 60 -

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ssIkvXh bph-P-\-]-ÿm\wXpº-a Zm-k\w

2011 Pqsse 2012 s_p-hcn

Zm-k\ hm¿Ø-Iƒ




dh. m. sNdn-bm≥ ‰n. iap-th¬ (C-S-hI hnIm-cn), io. Fw. Fkv. AeIvkv (CShI SÃn), \ho≥ ]o‰¿ Ae-Ivkv, Pnt‚m sP. tXmakv F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In.

7."ipNnXz qan kpµ-c- qan'

Zm-k\ bph-P-\-]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw Ing-°≥ taJem bph-P-\-]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw kwbp-‡m- n-ap-JyØn¬ ]Ø-\w-Xn sI. Fkv. B¿. Sn. kn. _ p-Iƒ IgpIn hrØn-bm-°n. Pn√m ]©m-bØv AwKw io. tdm_n≥ ]o‰¿ DXvLm-S\w \n¿∆-ln-®p.

tPm_n≥ ]n. kPn, Sm≥k h¿§o-kv, PnØv tPm F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In.

8. ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ sFIy-Zm¿Vy dmen

2011 Unkw-_¿ 1- mw XobXn Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ssIkvXh bph-P-\-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bn-ap-Jy-Øn¬ ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ sFIy-Zm¿Uy-dmen t_kn¬ Ac-a-\-bn¬ \n∂v ]Ø-\w-Xn TuWn-te°v \S-Øn. tIc-f-P-\-X-bpsS Poh≥ kwc-£n-°pI F∂ ktµ-i-hp-ambn hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-Ønb dmen \K-c-k- m-≤y-£≥ F. kptcjv Ipam¿ DXvLm-S\w sNbvXp.

9. "tPymXnkv ' 2011

Zm-k\ bph-P-\-]-ÿm-\hpw bphXn kam-Phpw kwbp-‡-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n® Iem-a-’-c-ßƒ tPymXnkv 2011 Unkw-_¿ 10mw XobXn ]Ø-\w-Xn ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtfPv BUn-t‰m-dn-b-Øn¬ h®v ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtfPv ]n≥kn-∏mƒ tUm. tPm¿÷v h¿Kokv DXvLm-S\w sNbvXp. tPm_n≥ ]n. kPn, tagvkn h¿Kokv F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In.

Zm-k\ Iem-a-’-c-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ t]mbn‚p-Iƒ Ic-ÿ-am°n tIm∂n sk‚v tPm¿÷v H.-kn.-ssh.-Fw. bqWn‰v am¿ butk-_n-tbmkv Fh¿tdm-fnwKv tSmn-°pw, Hma-√q¿ UnkvSnIv‰v H.-kn.-ssh.-Fw. am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Fh¿ tdmfnwKv tSmn°pw A¿l-cm-bn.

10. tIµ Iem-a-’c hnP-bn-Iƒ

Xpº-a Zm-k-\-Ønse Pp_n\m tPm (sk‚v Ct·-jy-kv, ssI∏- q¿) ]kw-K-a-’-c-Øn¬ c≠mw ÿm\-hpw, ssj_ A∂ tImin (sk‚v tPm¿÷v amØq¿) D]-\ymk a’-c-Øn¬ H∂mw ÿm\-hpw, tPmbnkv tPm (am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kv, A-®m-°¬) s]≥kn¬ tUmbnw-Kn¬ c≠mw ÿm\-hpw, Aizn≥ cmPp (sk‚v taco-kv, ]pØ≥]o-Sn-I) s]≥kn¬ tUmbnw-Kn¬ aq∂mw ÿm\-hpw, Ae≥ ]n. cmP≥ & ]m¿n (sk‚v tPm¿÷v, tIm∂n) ]cn-N-ap-p-I-fn-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\hpw Ic-ÿ-am-°n.

11. "t•mdnb' 2011

Zm-k-\-Xe InkvXpa-kv ]pXp-h-’-cm-tLmjw \cn-bm-]pcw CΩm-\p-th¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ h®v kn\nam kwhn-[m-b-I≥ Xºn IÆ-¥m\w DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. CSp°n Zm-k-\m-[n-]≥ amXyqkv am¿ tXthm-tZm-kn-tbmkv A≤y-£X hln-®p. tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ IntkmÃw InkvXpakv ktµiw \¬In.

hnhn[ bph-P-\-]-ÿm\bqWn-‰p-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∂p.

CS-hI hnImcn m. tPm¿÷v ]km-Zv, enPp tPm h¿§o-kv, CS-hI H.-kn.-ssh.-Fw. F∂n-h¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw hln-®p.

12. km¥z\w 201112 (£-W-s]mXn hnX-cWw)

sXcp-hn¬ Ae-bp∂ Ai-c-W-cm-b-h¿°v, £-W-s]mXn FØn-®p -sIm-Sp-°p∂ km¥z\w 201112 F∂ t]mP-IvSn\v Unkw-_¿ 25mw XobXn XpS°w Ipdn-®p. Inkvakv Zn\-Øn¬ Zm-k\bqWn‰v ]h¿Ø-I¿ \SØnb £W s]mXn hnX-cWw thdn A\p- -h-am-bn.

CXns\ XpS¿∂v henb t\mºns‚ F√m i\n-bm-gvN-I-fnepw D®bv°v ]Ø-\w-Xn TuWn¬ Ai-c-W-cm-b-hsc I≠p-]n-Sn®v £W s]mXn hnX-cWw sNøp∂ ]≤Xn XpS¿∂p hcp-∂p. Zm-k-\-Ønse hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fp-sS-bpw, kpa-\- p-I-fp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W-tØm-sS-bmWv Cu ]≤Xn \S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv.

tPm_n≥ ]n. kPn, Sn_n≥ tPm F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂p.

13. a≤y Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bph-P-\-kw-Kaw

a≤y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Ih≥j-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v am°mw-Ip∂v sk‚v Ão≥kv IØo-U-en¬ h®v 2012 P\p-hcn 28mw XobXn bph-P-kw-Kaw \S-Øn. An. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ ¢oΩnkv Xncp-ta\n DXvLm-S\w \n¿∆-ln-®p. s]m. tXmakv Ipcp-hnf ¢m p-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In.

- 61 -




14. Ing-°≥ taJe Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bph-P-\-kw-Kaw

Ing-°≥ taJem Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Ih≥j-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v 2012 s_p-hcn 18mw XobXn tIm∂n sk‚v tPm¿÷v alm CS-h-I-bn¬ h®v bph-P\kwKaw \S-Øn. Pn√m ]©mbØv ]knU‚v io. _m_p tPm¿÷v D¬LmS\w sNbvXp. shcn. dh. tXmakv tPm tIm¿ F∏n-kvtIm-∏, shcn. dh. sI. ‰n. aØmbn tIm¿ F∏n-kvtIm∏m dh. m. _nPp amXyqkv F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In. AUz. _nt\m ¢m n\v t\XrXzw \¬In.

15. "ia-cn-b≥ ' hnZym- ym-k NnIn’m klmbw

A¿l-cmb ]ÿm\]h¿Ø-I-cpsS hnZym- ym-k NnIn’m klm-b-ambn 201112 ]h¿Ø\h¿j-Øn¬ 80,000/ cq] \¬In.

16.bph-\n[n 2011

Zm-k\ bph-P-\-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\mbn "bph-\n[n' F∂ t]cn¬ Zm-k\ hnIk\ ≠v Ih-dp-Iƒ F√m bqWn-‰p-Iƒ°pw hnX-cWw sNbvXp.

17.]m¿∞\m kwKaw

Zm-k\ bph-P\]ÿm\IΩ‰n AwK-ß-fpsS h-\-ßƒ tIµo-I-cn®v \SØn hcp∂ ssZzamk ]m¿∞-\m-tbm-K-ßƒ io. ]n. sI. tXma-kv, io. dntPmbn kmw, io. ]n\p ‰n. amXyqkv F∂n-h-cpsS h-\-ß-fn¬ h®v \S-∂p.

km‚m 2011

2011 Unkw_¿ 17 mw XobXn am°mwIp∂v UnkvSnIvSv bphP\]kvYm\Øns‚ BnapJyØnepw, aÆmd°pf™n am¿ _tkentbmkv KotKmdntbmkv henb ]≈nbpsS klIcWtØmsSbpw, km‚m 2011 \SØs∏p. CShI hnImcn dh. m. cmPp Zm\ntbens‚ A≤y£Xbn¬ IqSnb ktΩf\w bphP\]kvYm\w Zmk\w sshkv ]knU‚v dh. m. K_ntb¬ tPmkv DXvLmS\w sNbvXp. hµy kn. Fw. t]mƒ dºm≥ InkvXpakv ]pXphXvkc ktµiw \¬In. tbmKØn¬ dh. m. tPm¿÷v amXyp bphP\ ]kvYm\Zmk\ skIdn io. _nt\mbn ‰n. tXmakv, tIµ IΩ‰n AwKw ]n\p ‰n. amXyqkv, UnkvSnIvSv Hm¿Kss\k¿ io. h¿Kokvv amXyp, Zmk\ ]Xn\n[n BImiv amXyp h¿Kokv, UnkvSnIvSv skIdn io. dntPm amXyp F∂nh¿ ]kwKn°pIbpw, bphP\ ]kvYm\ AwKßƒ°mbn Itcmƒ Km\aXvkchpw, InkvXpakv mZ¿ aXvkchpw \SØs∏p.

ss__nƒ ]T\¢mkv

2012 P\phcn 15 -mw XobXn ssae]m sk‚v tPm¿÷v henb ]≈nbn¬ h®v am°mwIp∂v UnkvSnIvSv bphP\]kvYm\Øns‚ BnapJyØn¬ ss__nƒ ]T\¢mkv \SØs∏p. dh.

m. tPm¿÷v amXyp A≤y£X hln® ktΩf\w shcn. dh. ‰n. Fw. iapth¬ tIm¿ F∏nkvtIm∏ DXvLmS\w sNbvXp. dh. m. tXmakv ]n. apIfn¬ ¢mkv \bn®p. tIµ bphP\]kvYm\IΩn‰n AwKw io. ]n\p ‰n. amXyqkv, Zmk\ bphP\]kvYm\w tPmbn‚v skIdn io. en\p tPmjzm, UnkvSnIvSv Hm¿Kss\k¿ io. h¿Kokv amXyp, bphP\]kvYm\ Zmk\ ]Xn\n[n io. BImiv amXyp h¿Kokv, UnkvSnIvSv skIdn io. dntPm amXyq F∂nh¿ ]kwKn®p.

- 62-

UnkvSnIvSv hm¿ØIƒ




]h¿Øt\mXvLmS\w

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ssIkvXh bph-P-\-]-ÿm\w tImg-t©cn UnkvSn-Iv‰ns‚ ]h¿Ø-t\m-ZvLm-S\w \mc-ßm\w sk‚v Hmkn-tbmkv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv N¿®n¬ 2011 Unkw-_¿ 4 mw XobXn cmhnse hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\bv°v tijw 11 aWn apX¬ D®bv°v 1 aWn hsc UnkvSnIv‰v ]kn-U‚v m. F_n G_lmans‚ A≤y-X-bn¬ IqSn. m. _nPp amXyp tbmKw DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp.

m. h¿Kokv Ifo-°¬ kzmKXhpw G_nƒ tPm¿÷v aØmbn \µnbpw ]d™p. Zm-k\P\-d¬ skI- dn _nt\mbv ‰n tXmakv, tPmbn‚v skI- dn en\p tPmjz, Sj-dm¿ ]n. sI. tXmakv, ‰n. F tXmakv F∂n-h¿ Biw-k-I-f¿∏n-®p.

ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ sFIy-Zm¿Uyw GIZn\ D]hmk ka-cw

ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ ka-c-Øn\v sFIy-Zm¿Uyw ]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v bph-P-\-]-ÿm\w tImg-t©cn UnkvSn-Iv‰ns‚ Bn-ap-Jy-Øn¬ tImg-t©-cn-bn¬ h®v Hcp GI-Zn\D]-hmk kacw \S-Øn. UnkvSnIv‰v ]kn-U‚v m. F_n G_lmw DZvLm-S\w \n¿∆-ln-®p. 150 AwK-ß-tfmfw ]s¶-

SpØ ka-c-Øn\v ]n≥XpW Adn-bn-®p-sIm≠v cmjvSo-b, kmaq-ln-I, kmwkv°m-cnI taJ-e-I-fnse ]ap-J¿ kwkm-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. tªm°v ]©m-bØv ]kn-U‚v ioaXn sÃ√m tXmakv ka-cmw-K-ßƒ°v \mc-ßm-\ocv \¬In 6 aWn°v kacw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. m. h¿Kokv Ifo-°¬, Zm-k\P\-d¬ skI- dn _nt\mbv ‰n tXmakv, jn_p nen-∏v, G_nƒ tPm¿÷v, PnIvk, tSmWn F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In.

bphkwKaw

Hm¿ØtUmIvkv ssIkvXh bphP\]ÿm\w tIm∂n UnkvSnIvSns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ h°mhv sh≈∏md Ih≥j≥ \Kdn¬ sh®v bphkwKaw \SØs∏p. hnizmk ]T\¢m n\v m. K_ntb¬ tPmkv t\XrXzw \¬In. ktΩf\w Pn√m ]©mbØv AwKw io. tdm_n≥ ]o‰¿ DZvLmS\w sNbvXp. m. tPm¿÷v h¿Kokv h∏dºn¬ A≤y£X hln®p. bphP\]ÿm\tIµ skIdn tXmakv h¿Kokv, k©p tPm_n F∂nh¿ ]kwKn®p.

A\ptamZn®p

sI.Fkv.bp. ]Ø\wXn Pn√m ]knU‚mbn Xncs™SpØ tkmWn Fw. tPmkns\ bphP\]ÿm\w tIm∂n UnkvSnIvSv IΩn‰n A\ptamZn®p. tIm∂n UnkvSnIvSn¬ \n∂p≈ bphP\]ÿm\w Zmk\ ]Xn\n[nbmWv tkmWn Fw. tPmkv.

- 63 -

KotKmdnb≥ amknI

ssae]m henb]≈nbnse CS°c sk‚v tacokv bphP\]kvYm\Øns‚ HutZymKnI ]kn≤oIcWamb KntKmdnb≥ 2012 s_phcn 19 mw XobXn kp¬Øm≥ _tØcn Zmk\m[n]≥ An. F_lmw am¿ F∏n∏m\ntbmkv, CShI hnImcn m. tdmbn ]n.

tXmakn\p \¬InsIm≠v ]Imi\w sNbvXp.

bphP\hmcm-tLmjw

]pØ≥]o-SnI sk‚v.-ta-cokv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv CS-h-I-bnse (hS°v) sk‚v.-tPm¿÷v bph-P\]ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ bph-P\hmcm-tLm-j-tØm-S\p_‘n®v h-\-k-µ¿i\w , Xo¿∞m-S\w , ipNo-I-cWw F∂nh \SØn. m.-hn¬k G_lmw, Pn‰n≥ ta°-c-ßmv , tdmPn≥ F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In . InkvXp-a-kn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v BXp-c-tk-h-\-Øns‚ mK-ambn \dps°-Sp∏v \SØn .m.-a-Ømbn tIm¿- -F-∏n-kvtIm∏m t\XrXzw \evIn. tIµ-I-em-a-’-c-Øn¬ NnX-c-N-\-bn¬ aq∂mw ÿm\w t\Snb ]ÿm-\mwKw Aizn≥ cmPp-hns\ A\p-tam-Zn-®p.

Km‘n- -h≥ kµ¿i\w

h©nX am¿ _kvlm\-\nb Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv CS-h-I-bnse am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv bph-P\]ÿm\w \S-Øn-h-cm-dp-ff Poh-Im-cp-Wy- ]h¿Ø\Øns‚ mK-ambn ]Ø-\m-]pcw Km‘n--h-≥ kµ¿in-®p. Ahn-sS-bp-ff At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ°v ]pXp-h-kvX-ßfpw kmº-ØnI klm-

bhpw \¬In.

bqWn¡v hm¿ØIƒ




s]møm-\n¬ Bip-]-Xn-bpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bn-ap-Jy-Øn¬ c‡-Kq∏v \n¿Æb Iymºv \S-Øn.

BXp-cm-eb kµ¿i\w

ssI∏- q¿ sk‚v- tPm¿÷kv bph-P\]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bn-ap-Jy-Øn¬ tImbw ]mºm-°pS ]Xymim h≥ kµ¿in-®p. Ahn-sS-bp-ff At¥-hm-kn-I-tfm-sSm∏w Hcp Zn\w sNe-h-gn-°p-Ibpw klmbw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

BXpc tkh-\-Øns‚ mK-ambn ]Ø-\w-Xn- -bn¬ Ai-c-W¿°v £-W-s∏mXn \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp

]co£m am¿§-\n¿t±i ¢m v

ssI∏- p¿ sk‚v.-tXmakv bph-P\]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bn-ap-Jy-Øn¬ ]co-£m- bw AI-‰p-∂-Xn\pw Bfl-hn-izmkw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°mbn ]co-£m-am¿§ \n¿t±i ¢m v \S-Øn. ]Ø-\w-Xn ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtfPv s]m-k¿ tUm.-F-kv.-]-Zo]v ¢m n\v t\XrXzw \¬In.

]p¬°q- n¬ ]q°mew 2012

]pØ≥]o-SnI sk‚v tacokv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv hen-b-]-≈n-bnse ssIkvXh bph-P-\-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bn-ap-Jy-Øn¬ InkvXp-a-kv \yqC-b¿ BtLm-j-ßƒ "]p¬°q- n¬ ]q°mew' 2012 P\p-hcn 1mw XobXn sshInv 6 aWn apX¬ \S-Ø-s∏-p. ]kvXpX ]cn-]mSn _lp tIcf BtcmKy

hIp∏v a¥n io. ASq¿ ]Imiv DXvLm-S\w

sNbvXp. CS-hI hnImcn dh. m. tXmakv sI. Nmt°m A≤y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]Ø-\w-Xn Pn√m ]©m-bØv AwKw io. tdm_n≥ ]o‰¿, bph-P-\-]-ÿm\w Zm-k\sshkv]-kn-U‚v dh. m. K_n-tb¬ tPmkv Zm-k\P\-d¬ skI- dn s]m. _nt\m-bn ‰n. tXma-kv, s]m. _m_p h¿Ko-kv, io tXmakv h¿Kokv Ipdp-ßm- v, io. en\p amXyp at≈-Øv, io. \nXn≥ _m_p h¿Kokv hey-ho- n¬, io. hnImkv h¿Kokv CSn-°p-f, io. AJn¬ nen-∏v, io. tPm Pn. tXmakv F∂n-h¿ ]kw-Kn-®p. XpS¿∂v Iem-k-‘ybpw sIm®n≥ saKm-Ãm-dns‚ saKm tImaUn tjmbpw \S-Ø-s∏- p.

CShI UbdŒdn ]Imi\w

hmgapw am¿ _l\m≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv ssIkvXh bphP\]ÿm\Øns‚ BnapJyØn¬ ]pdØnd°nb CShI UbdŒdnbpsS ]Imi\w CShI s]cp∂mfnt\mSv A\p_‘n®v \S∂ NSßn¬ I≠\mSv Zmk\m[n]≥ An. tUm. tXmakv am¿ AØm\mkntbmkv, saXmt∏meoØm Zmk\ skIdn ssS‰kv tPm¿÷n\v \¬In ]Imi\w sNbvXp.

16maXv h°mhv sh≈∏md Ih≥j≥

h°mhv sk‚v]ot‰gvkv B‚v sk‚v t]mƒkv bphP\]ÿm\Øns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ F√m h¿jhpw \SØnhcp∂ h°mhv sh≈∏md Ih≥j≥ 2012 s_phcn 3, 4, 5 XobXnIfn¬ R°pImhv sk‚v tacokv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv tZhmeb hIbmbn ]cpae Xncpta\nbpsS \mat[bØn¬ ÿm]nXambnp≈ IpcniSnbv°v kao]ap≈ am¿ KntKmdntbmkv \Kdn¬ h®v \SØn. ktΩf\tØmS\p_‘n®v bphP\]ÿm\w tIm∂n UnkvSnIvSns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ bphkwKahpw \SØs∏p. \qdpIW°n\v hnizmknIƒ Ih≥j\n¬ ]s¶SpØv A\pKlw ]m]n®p.

- 64 -

lnXÀ - marthoman.tvmarthoman.tv/association_2012/Snehithar Special.pdf · 9.Xp…-a ‹ ‘{Zm-k...

Documents

Transcript of lnXÀ - marthoman.tvmarthoman.tv/association_2012/Snehithar Special.pdf · 9.Xp…-a ‹ ‘{Zm-k...