hdn mot

LICH s i THE GlOl THdl NGUYEN THUY, CO DAI VA TRUNG DAI

Chuffng I

XAH6I NGUYfiN THUY

Bai 2 S\S XUAT HIEN LOAI NGl/Cfl VA BAY NGl/dl NGUYEN THUY

Lich .sir loai nguoi cho ta biet nhu'ng sir viec dien ra trong doi song con ngirdi ke tir khi \iiat hien tren Trai Diit. Khoa hoc, dac biet la Khao co hoc \'a C6 sinh hoc. da tim diro'c nhi^u bang cu noi len sir' phat trien lau dai ttJ dong vat cap thap ien dong vat cap cao. Dinh cao ciia qua trinh nay la si,r chii\'en bien tiv vuon thanh nguoi.

1. Sir xuQt hien loai ngudi va ddi song bdy ngi/di nguyen thuy

O chang dau cua qua trinh hinh thanh loai ngucri, co mot loai vuon co, song

khoang 6 trieu nam truoc day, da co the dung va di bang hai chan, diing tay di

cam nam, an hoa qua, cu, la va ca dong vat nho. Xuong boa thach cua chiing

dugfc tim thay a Dong Phi, Tay A va ca a Viet Nam.

Tren da tien trien, vugn co chuyen bien thanh Ngu&i tdi co, bat dau tir khoang

4 trieu nam trudc day. Di cot Ngudi tdi co duoc tim thay d Ddng Phi, Gia-va

(In-dd-ne-xi-a), Bae Kinh (Trung Qud'c) v.v... 6 Thanh Hoa (Viet Nam), tuy chua

tim tha'y di cdt nhung lai phat hien duoc cdng cu bang da cua Ngudi td'i cd.

Ngudi td'i cd hau nhu da hoan toan di, dtmg bang hai chan. Ddi tay dugc tu do de sir dung cdng eta, kie'm thirc an. Co the cua ho da cd nhiSu bien doi : tuy tran cdn tha'p va bm ra sau, u may cdn noi cao, nhung hop so da ldn hon so vdi loai vugn c6 va da hinh thanh trung tam phat tie'ng ndi trong nao.

A ' ^ f e t " ^ ; ^ / .*j«-U A * ^ ^

Hinh I - Ngucri toi co JM.^i. ^ulS^iwilS. ^ii: . .^AaA^i J

Tuy chua loai bd he't da'u tfch vugn tren ca the minh nhung Ngudi td'i co da la ngudi. Day la hinh thiic tie'n trien nhay vgt tii vugn thanh ngudi, la thdi ki dau tien ciia lich sit loai ngudi.

Tur chd sit dung nhiJng manh da cd sSn de lam cdng cu, Ngudi td'i co da biet la'y nhiing manh da hay hdn cudi ldn, dem ghe mdt mat cho sac va viia tay c5m. Nhu the, hg da bat ddu biet che' tac cdng cu. Cdng cu thd kech nay dugc ggi la do dd cii (soki). Vdi nhirng chiec nu da kieu dd, ngudi ta chat cay lam gay hoac diing true tiep lam vG khf, tu ve hay ta'n cdng cac con thii, de kiem thiic an.

Tur chd giii lira, la'y trong tu nhien nam nay qua nam khae d sudi am, duoi da thli, nudng chin thiic an, con ngudi da bie't ghe hai manh da vdi nhau de lay lira. Day la mdt phat minh ldn ma nhd nd, con ngudi cd the sir dung mdt thii nang lugng quan trgng hac nha't, cai thien can ban ddi sd'ng ciia minh.

Qua lao ddng, che' tao cdng cu va sir dirng cdng cu, ban tay con ngudi kheo leo din. Co the cung do dd bien ddi theo de cd tu the lao ddng thfch hgp. Tieng ndi thudn thuc hon do nhu cSu trao ddi vdi nhau. Con ngudi tir cai bien, hoan thien minh timg budc nhd lao ddng.

0 mdt sd loai ddng vat da hinh thanh mdt each tu nhien quan be hgp doan, cd ddi, cd dan va con dau dan. Ngudi td'i cd da cd quan he hgp quan xa hdi : cd ngudi diing dau, cd phan cdng lao ddng giQa nam va nu, cung cham sdc con cai. Hg sd'ng trong hang ddng, mai da hoac cung cd the dung leu bang canh cay, da thli, sd'ng quay quan theo quan be rudt thit vdi nhau, gdm 5 - 7 gia dinh. Mdi gia dinh cd ddi vg chdng va con nhd chiem mdt gdc leu bay gdc bang. Bay gid chua cd nhirng quy dinh xa hdi nen ngudi ta ggi nhung hgp qudn xa hdi ddu tien nay la bdy ngifdi nguyen tltiiy.

Bdy ngudi nguyen thuy vdn cdn sd'ng trong tinh trang "an ldng d Id" - mdt cudc sd'ng tu nhien, bap benh, trien mien hang trieu nam.

- The'nao la Ngwd'i tdi co 7

- Tiie nao la biy ngctdi nguyen thuy ?

Ngudi tinh khon va 6c sang tao

De'n cud'i thdi da cii, khoang 4 van nam trudc day, con ngudi hoan thanh qua tnnh tu cai bien minh, da loai bd het dau tfch vugn tren ngudi, trd thanh Ngudi tinh klion hay cdn ggi la Ngudi hien dgi.

Ngu'di tinh khon c6 ca'u tao co the nhu ngu'di ngay nay : xirong cdt nho hon Ngu'di td'i cd ; ban tay nho, kheo leo, cac ngdn tay linh boat; hop so va the tfch nao phat then, tran cao, m|t phang ; co the gpn va linh hoat, tao nen t\J the thi'ch hgp vdi cac hoat dpng phiic tap cua con ngiroi. Di cdt Ngu'di tinh khdn diTOc tim tha'y d khap cac chau luc.

Day la budc nhay vgt thii hai, sau budc nhay vgt tir Vugn cd thanh Ngudi td'i cd. CGng ttr day, khi ldp ldng mdng trdn ngudi khdng cdn niia, d Ngudi hien dai lai xuat hien nhirng mau da khdc nhau, chia thanh da vang, den va trdng. Dd la ba chiing tdc ldn.

Su khdc nhau dd la ket qua ciia su thfch iing Idu dai ciia con ngudi vdi nhiing

hoan canh tu nhien khdc nhau, chii khdng phai sir khdc nhau ve trtnh do

hieu bie't.

Trong viec che tao cdng cu, Ngudi tinh khdn da biet ghe hai na ciia mdt manh da, lam cho nd ggn va sdc canh hon, dung lam nu, dao, nao. Hg cdn lay xuong cd, canh cay dem mai hoac deo nhgn ddu de lam lao.

Tir dd, con ngudi tien tdi biet che tao cung ten. Day la mdt thanh tuu ldm trong qua tnnh che tao cdng cu va vu khf. Vdi cung ten, con ngudi mdi san bdn cd hieu qua va an toan.

Thiic an ciia con ngudi da tang ldn ddng ke, nhd't la thiirc an ddng vdt, tir khi kl thudt thdi dd cii dugc hoan thien va dac biet la tir khi cd cung tdn.

Ngudi ta cung cd the' rdi hang ddng ra dung leu, dinh cu d nhirng dia diem thuan tien hofn. Cu tni "nha cira" phd bien d Ngudi tinh khdn tii cud'i thdi dd cu.

De'n khoang 1 van nam trudc day, loai ngudi tie'n vdo tltcfi dd men.

Diem ndi bat cua cdng cu da mdi la ngudi ta cd the ghe deo nhu'ng manh da thanh hinh dang gon va chinh xac, thich hop vdi tCfng cong viec, vdi nhieu kieu loai theo nhung yeu cau khae nhau (dao, riu, due...), dugc mai nhin d ria ludi hay toan than, dugc khoan Id hay cd nac de tra can.

Cd the ndi rang, cdng cu thdi dd cQ vdn la nhCrng manh dd dugc ghe deo thd so, cdn cdng cu thdi dd mdi la nhung manh da da dugc con ngudi ghe sdc va mai nhan thdnh hinh cdng cu.

Ciing thdi gian nay, ngudi ta biet dan ludi ddnh cd bdng sgi vd cdy va lam chi ludi bdng da't nung, biet lam dd gdm de dung va dun nd'u (ndi, bat, vd...).

Hav neu nlidng tien bo kithuatkhi Ngudi tinli khon xuaihien.

Hay cbo biei nliung tie'n bg ki thuat cua thoi da mdi.

3. Cuoc each mang thdi dd mdi

Cdc nha khao cd coi tbdi dd mdi la mdt cudc cdch mqng, khi con ngudi tir san bdn, lugm hdi, danh cd da tien tdi biet trdng trgt va chan nudi. Viec lugm hdi nam nay qua nam khdc da dem lai kinh nghiem trdng va thu hoach theo thdi vu mdt so cdy luong thuc va thuc pham nhu khoai, cii, bdu, bf, liia... Di san, bat dugc thu nhd, ngudi ta giir lai de nudi va thudn dudng thdnh gia sue, trudc tidn la chd rdi den ciru, lgn (heo), bd v.v...

Con ngudi cd dc sdng tao, va d thdi dd mdi nay, hg bdt ddu biet khai thdc tir thien nhien cdi can thiet cho cudc sd'ng ciia minh, chii khdng chi thu lugm nhiing cai cd sdn trong thidn nhien.

Ngudi ta cOng bdt ddu lam sach nhirng ta'm da thii de che thdn cho dm va cho "cd van hod". Nhung chiec ciic (khuy) va kim lam bdng xuong tim tha'y trong cdc di chi van hod da ndi len dieu dd.

Ngoai ra, ngudi ta da biet dung dd trang siic, nhu vdng cd bang vd dc va chudi hat xuong (bdng cdch dem khoan Id rdi lay ddy xau lai), vdng tay, vdng cd chdn, hoa tai... bdng da mau.

Cac nha khao cd hgc cdn tim thd'y chid'c sao bang xuong dui Id, dan dd va cd le cdn cd ca trdng bit da.

Nhu the', tiing budc, con ngudi khdng ngumg sang tao, kie'm dugc thiic dn nhieu hon, sd'ng tdt hon va vui hctn. Tuy nhidn, qud trtnh dd rd't dai ( 4 - 5 van nam), trong dd cudc sd'ng cdn thap kem va bap bdnh. Ddi sdng con ngudi chi tie'n bd vdi td'c do nhanh hon va dn dinh hon tii thdi da mdi, khoang I van ndm trudc ddy.

I ^ — - Trinli bay nliung tien bg trong dij'i song con ngwdi thdi da md'i.

>AU HOI /^

1. Tai sao iai go! 1 "cuoc each mang thdi da m6i" ?

2. Hay cho biet nhiJng bi/dc tien trong lao dong va ddi song ciia ngi/di nguyen thuy.

y

Bai ^ XA HOI NGUYEN THUY

Tir khi Ngudi tinh khdn xuat hien, thi tdc hinh thanh Cling la budc ddu tien ciia td chire xa hdi loai ngirdi.

1, Thi toe vd bo Igc

De'n giai doan Ngudi tinh khdn, so dan da tang ldn. Timg nhdm ngudi cGng ddng diic hem, gdm 2 - 3 the' he gia tre ciing cd chung ddng mdu, dugc ggi la thi toe - nhiing ngudi "cung hg".

Trong thi tdc, con chdu cd thdi quen tdn kfnh ldp dng ba, cha me. Ngugc lai, dng ba, cha me deu cham lo, bao dam nudi day ta't ca con chdu cua thi tdc.

Trdn mdt viing sinh sdng thudn lgi nhu ven sdng, sudi... thudng khdng chi cd thi tdc ma cdn cd bg lac.

Bd lac la tdp hgp mdt sd thi tdc, sd'ng canh nhau, cd hg hang vdi nhau va cung cd mdt ngudn gd'c td tidn xa xdi. Giua cac thi tdc trong mdt bd lac thudng cd quan he gdn bd vdi nhau, giiip dd nhau.

Duong nhidn, cdng vide thudng xuyen va hang ddu ciia thi tdc la kiem tbiic an dd nudi sd'ng thi tgc.

Nhiing cdng viec nhu the, nhd't la viec san dudi, san bdy cdc con thii ldn, thii chay nhanh, ludn ddi hdi su phdn cdng hgp If, su "chung lung da'u cat", mdi ngudi mdi vide, phd'i hgp an y vdi nhau.

Yeu cdu ciia cdng viec va trtnh do lao ddng thdi nguydn thuy ddi hdi su hgp tdc lao dong ciia nhilu ngudi, cua ca thi tdc.

Thiic an kie'm dugc chua nhilu, chua cd deu dan. Mgi ngudi cdn phai ciing lam, ciing cd gdng dd'n miic cao nhat dd kie'm sd'ng nen tu nhidn ngudi ta thd'y cdn phai cdng bang, phai dugc hudng thu bang nhau.

Nhu the, trong thi tdc khdng chi cd su hgp tdc ma mgi ciia cai, mgi sinh boat dugc coi la ciia chung, viec chung, lam chung, an chung.

4> — ; - Id chuc \a iioi cua NgUo'i tinh khon la gi ?

2. Bud! ddu cua thdi dai kim khi

Tir chd dung nhiing cdng cu bdng da, bdng xuong, tre, gd, ngudi ta bat ddu bie't che tao dd dung va cong cu bdng dong.

Cu dan Tay A va Ai Cap biet sir dung ddng sdm nhdt, thoat tidn la ddng dd vao khoang 5500 nam trudc ddy. Cdch ngay nay khoang 4000 nam, nhidu cU ddn tren Trai Ddt da biet dung ddng thau.

Khoang 3000 nam trudc day, cu dan d Tay A va Nam Au la nhiing ngudi dau tien bie't diic va sir dung do sdt.

Cdng cu kim khf da md ra mdt thdi dai mdi ma tdc dung va nang sudt lao ddng ciia nd vugt xa thdi dai dd dd. Dac biet la cdng cu bdng sdt tbi khdng cd mgt cdng cu da nao cd the so sanh dugc. Nhd cd dd kim khf, nhd't la sdt, ngudi ta cd the khai phd nhirng viing ddt dai ma trudc kia chua khai phd ndi, cd the cay sdu cudc bdm, cd the xe gd ddng thuyen di bien, xe dd lam lau dai va ban than viec due sdt ciing la mdt nganh san' xud't quan trgng bdc nhd't.

Day thuc su la mdt cudc cdch mang trong sdn xud't. Ldn dau tidn tren chang dudng dai ciia lich sir lodi ngudi, con ngudi cd the ldm ra mdt lugng sdn phdm thira.

Sud't thdi dd dd, con ngudi tir chd sd'ng bap benh tie'n tdi dii sd'ng. Vao budi ddu cua thdi dai kim khf, con ngudi san xudt khdng nhiing dii sd'ng d miic cdn thdp cua hang nghin nam trudc, ma cdn tao ra dugc mgt lugng sdn phdm thda thucfng xuyen.

- Su xuiit hien cong cu bang kim loai co y nghia nliu the nao ?

3. Su xudt hien tu hQu vd xd hoi cd giai cdp

Trong xd hdi nguydn thuy, su cdng bdng va binh dang la "nguydn tdc vang". Bdi liic d'y ngudi ta sd'ng trong cdng ddng, dua vao nhau vi tinh trang ddi sd'ng cdn qud thdp, nhung khi bdt ddu cd san phdm thira thi lai khdng the dem chia ddu cho mgi ngudi.

10

Trong xa hdi, mdi thdnh vien cd nhiing chiic phdn khdc nhau. Ban ddu, mdt sd ngudi dugc cu chi huy ddn binh, chuydn trach vd Id nghi hoac didu hdnh cac cdng vide chung ciia thi tdc, bd lac (xay den, lam nha, ldm dudng, ddp dd...). Nhiing ngudi nay lgi dung chiic phdn de chiem mdt phan sdn pham xa hdi cho ridng minh khi cbi dting cdc cdng viec chung. Chdng bao Idu, hg cd nhieu ciia cai hon ngudi khdc. The la cua tuhitu bdt ddu xua't hien. Quan he cdng ddng bat ddu bi phd vd. Gia dinh cung thay ddi theo. Dan dng lam cdc viec nang nhgc nhu cdy biia, lam thuy lgi, lam dan binh, nen da cd vai trd tru cdt vd gidnh lay quyen quyet dinh trong gia dinh. Con cdi lay theo hg cha. Gia dinh phu he xud't hien trong ldng thi tdc binh ddng thdi nguydn thuy.

Kha nang lao ddng ciia cdc gia dinh khdc nhau da thiic day thdm su phdn biet giau - ngheo.

Xa hdi nguydn thuy, hay cdn ggi la xa hdi thi tgc bd lac, bi ran vd. Con ngudi dang dumg trudc ngudng cira cua thdi dai xd hdi cd giai cap ddu tien - .\d ligi cd dai.

Do dau ma co su' xuat hien tu' hitu ?

.AU HOI

r 1. Hay giai thich tfnh cgng dong cua thj tgc.

2. Tu hull xua't hien da dan tdi su" thay ddi trong xa hgi

nguyen thuy nhu" the nao ?

• J

11

Chucfng ,

VI£T N A M Ttr THCa NCUYfiN THUY D^N THEKIX

Bai J^^ VIET NAM THCII NGUYEN THUY

Cach ngay nay 30 - 40 van nam, do ed dieu kien tu nhien, khf hau thuan lgi cho su sinh trudng ctia cay cd va ddng vat ndn tren ddt nude ta sdm cd con ngudi sinh sd'ng. Trai qua hdng chuc van nam. Nguai tdi to da tien hod thdnh Nguai rinh khon, xa hdi nguyen thuy d Viet Nam chuydn ddn qua cac giai doan hinh thanh, phat tridn va tan ra.

1. NhOng ddu tich Ngi/di td'i cd o Viet Nam

Tren dd't nudc ta, cdc nha khdo cd hgc da tim thay ddu tfch Ngudi tdi cd cd nidn dai cdch ngay nay 30 - 40 van nam va nhidu cdng cu da ghe deo thd so cua Ngudi tdi cd d Lang Son, Thanh Hod, Ddng Nai, Binh Phudc v.v...

Ngudi tdi cd sdng thanh timg bdy. Hg san bat thu rimg vd hdi lugm hoa qua de sd'ng.

70

'••f^vlsf-

Hinh 29 - Riu tay da cu Niii Dp (Thanh Hoa)

- Em hay nhan xet vS dia ban smli sdng cua Ngwdi tdi cd d

Viet Nam.

2. Su hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn cua Cdng xd thi tdc

O nhidu dia phuong ciia nudc ta da tim thd'y nhiing rang hod thach va nhidu cdng cu da ghe deo cua Ngucri tinh khdn tai cdc di tfch van hod Ngudm (Vd Nhai - Thai Nguydn), San Vi (Ldm Thao - Phti Thg). Chii nhdn cua van hod Son Vi cu tni trong cdc hang ddng, mai dd ngoai trdi, ven bd sdng, sudi, trdn mdt dia ban kha rdng tir Son La, Lai Chau, Ldo Cai, Yen Bdi, Bdc Giang ddn Thanh Hod, Nghe An, Qudng Tri. Hg sd'ng thdnh cdc thi tdc, sir dung cdng cu dd ghe deo, lay san bdt, hdi lugm lam ngudn sd'ng chfnh.

O Hod Binh, Bae Son vd nhieu dia phuong khdc trdn dat nudc ta da tim thdy nhieu ddu tfch ciia van hod so ki dd mdi, cdch ngdy nay khoang 6000 - 12000 nam.

Cu dan Hod Binh, Bdc Son da sd'ng dinh cu Idu ddi trong cdc hang ddng, mdi dd gdn ngudn nudc, hgp thdnh cac thi tdc, bd lac, ldy san bdt, hdi lugm lam ngudn sd'ng chfnh. Ngodi ra, hg cdn bidt trdng cdc loai rau, cii, cdy an qua... Mdt ndn ndng nghiep so khai da bdt ddu tir thdi van hod Hod Binh.

NgUdi Hoa Binh da biet ghe deo nhieu hdn len ca met ben mat riu da, budc dau biet mai ludi riu va lam mpt sd cdng cu bang xUdng, tre, gd. NgUdi Bae Sdn bie't mai rpng len tren ludi riu da va bat dau bie't lam dd gdm.

Cudc sd'ng vat chdt va tinh thdn ciia cu ddn Hod Binh, Bdc Son ciing dugc ndng cao hon.

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Cdch ngay nay khoang 5000 - 6000 nam, con ngudi da bie't sir dung ki thudt cua, khoan da, phat trien kl thudt lam dd gdm bdng ban xoay. Cdng cu lao ddng dugc cdi tidn, lam tang nang sudt lao ddng. Phdn ldn cdc thi tdc ddu budc vdo giai doan ndng nghiep trdng liia dimg cudc da. Ciing vdi su gia tang dan sd, viec trao ddi sdn pham dugc day manh giiia cdc bd lac. Ddi sdng vat chdt dugc dn dinh va cai thien ban, ddi sd'ng tinh thdn duge nang cao. Cdc nhd khao cd hgc thudng coi dd la "cudc cdch mang dd mdi" d nudc ta. Dia ban cu tni ciia cdc thi tdc, bd lac bdy gid da md rdng ra nhidu dia phuong trong ca nudc.

- Hay did biet nliitng diem tien bd trong hoat ddng kuih te ciia cW dan Hoa Binli - Bae Sdn.

- Nhimg bieu hien ciia "each niiing da md'i" d nudc ta la gi 7

3. Su ra ddi cua thudt luyen kim vd nghd ndng trdng lua nudc

Cdch ngdy nay khoang 3000 - 4000 nam, cdc bd lac sd'ng rdi rdc tren ddt nudc ta, trdn co sd trinh do phdt trien cao ciia kT thudt chd tdc dd, lam gdm, da bdt ddu bie't khai thdc, sir dung nguydn lieu ddng va thudt luyen kim dd chd tao cdng eu, cdc vat dung trong cudc sd'ng. Nghd ndng trdng liia nudc trd ndn phd bidn.

Cu dan van hod Phiing Nguyen la nhifng ngudi md ddu thdi dai ddng thau d Viet Nam.

Cdc bd lac Phiing Nguydn lam ndng nghiep trdng liia nudc, sd'ng dinh cu lau dai trong cdc cdng xa thi tdc mdu he. Cdng cu lao ddng chii ydu vdn bdng da. Hg lam gdm bdng bdn xoay, sir dung cdc nguydn lieu tre, gd, xuong dd lam dd dimg, bidt xe chi, ddt vai va chan nudi gia siic, gia cdm nhu trdu, bd, lgn, gd... Trong cdc di chi thdi Phiing Nguyen, cdc nha khao cd hgc da tim thd'y nhidu cue ddng, xi ddng, day ddng, diii ddng.

Ciing thdi vdi cac bd lac Phiing Nguydn, cac bd lac sd'ng d viing chdu thd sdng Ma (Thanh Hod), d vting luu vuc sdng Ca (Nghe An) cung da tidn ddn thdi dai so ki ddng thau vdi ndn ndng nghiep dung cudc da phdt trien. Nghd ndng gitf vai trd chii dao trong boat ddng kinh td. Cdc nghd thii cdng lam dd, gdm dat trtnh do tuong duang vdi cu dan Phiing Nguyen. Trong cdc di tfch, ben canh cac hien vat bdng da, gdm cdn cd hien vat bdng ddng.

Cach ngay nay khoang 3000 - 4000 nam, cdc bd lac sd'ng dinh cu d viing Nam Trung Bd ngay nay, chii nhdn ciia van hod Sa Huynh eiing da tien den budi ddu thdi dai kim khf, bidt ddn thudt luyen kim.

Cac di tich van hoa Sa Huynh da dugc phat hien d Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Khanh Hoa...

72

Hoat ddng kinh td ehu ydu ciia cu dan Sa Huynh la ndng nghiep trdng lua va cac cay trdng khdc. Hg bdt ddu bidt chd tdc va sir dung dd sdt. Ngoai ra, hg cdn lam gdm dep, det vai, lam dd trang siic bdng dd quy, ma nao, vd dc, thuy tinh.

Cu dan vSn hoa Sa Huynh thudng thieu xac chet, dd tro vao cac vd bang da't nung cung vdi cac dd trang sire.

O luu vuc sdng Ddng Nai ciing da phdt hien dugc mgt so di tfch van hod thdi dai dd ddng.

Cac di tfch van hoa sdng Ddng Nai dugc phan bd d Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh, cac tinh Ddng Nai, Binh Phudc, Binh DUdng, Long An...

Cu ddn van hod sdng Ddng Nai lam nghd ndng trdng liia nudc vd cdc cdy luong thuc khdc. Ngodi ra, hg cdn lam nghd khai thac san vat rimg, san bdn, lam nghe thil cdng. Ben canh cac cdng cu bdng dd la chii ydu cdn cd mdt sd hien vat bdng ddng, vang, thuy tinh.

Tdm lai, cdch ngay nay khoang 3000 - 4000 nam, trdn cdc viing mien eiia dd't nudc ta, cdc bd lac da budc vao thdi dai kim khf, hinh thanh nhiing nen van hod ldn phan bd d cdc khu vuc khdc nhau, ldm tien dd eho su chuydn bidn ciia xa hdi nguyen thuy sang thdi dai mdi.

Nhihig diem mdi trdng cudc .song cua cu dan Phiing Nguyen

la gi 7 Sd sanli vdi cW dan Hoa Binli - Bae Sdn.

/

»AU HOI

1. Trinh bay nhu'ng giai doan phat then chinh ciia thdi nguyen thuy d Viet Nam.

2. Em c6 nhan xet gi ve thdi gian ra ddi thuat luyen kim 6 cac bg lac song tren dat nudc ta ?

3. Su ra ddi ciia thuat luyen kim c6 y nghTa gi ddi vdi cac bg lac sd'ng tren dat nu6c ta each day khoang 3000 - 4000 nam ?

4. Lap bang thdng ke nhiirig diem chinh ve cugc sd'ng ciia cac bg lac Phiing Nguyen, Sa Huynh, Dong Nai theo cac ngi dung : dia ban cutri i , cong cu lao dgng, boat dgng kinh te

>

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Chumg

XAH6IC6DAI

Bai ^ CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI PHUONG DONG

Tren luu vuc cac ddng sdng Idn d chau A, chau Phi tir khoang thien nien ki IV trudc Cdng nguyen (TCN), cu dan phuang Ddng da bie't tdi nghe luyen kim, lam ndng nghiep va chan nudi gia siic. Hg da xay dung nen nhirng qud'c gia dau tien ciia minh, dd la xa hdi cd giai cap dau tien ma trong dd thieu so ngudi cd cita thdng tri da sd thanh vien cdng xa va nd le. Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia nha nudc d cac qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng khdng gidng nhau, nhung the che chung la che do quan chti chi»yen che. trong dd vua la ngudi ndm mgi quydn hanh va dirge cha truydn, con ndi.

Phirong Ddng cung hi cai ndi ciia van minh nhan loai, nai ma lan ddu tien con ngudi da biet sang tao ra chu viet. van hoc. nghe thuat va nhidu tri thirc khoa hoc khdc.

1. Oi§u kien tu nhien vd %\S phdt tri§n kinh t§

Su xud't hien cdng cu bdng kim loai da bdo hidu su tan vd hoan toan cua chd' do cdng xa thi tdc va la khdi ddu ciia thdi dai van minh - thdi dai con ngudi

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san xudt ra ngay cdng nhieu ciia cai, biet xdy dung nhiing cdng trtnh kien true do so, cd chu vie't, nghe thudt, khoa hgc vd van chuong.

Budc chuyen minh vT dai dd da dien ra dau tien d phuong Ddng, tren lull vuc cua cac ddng sdng ldn nhu sdng Nin d Ai Cap ; O-pho-rat va Ti-go-rd d Ludng Ha ; sdng An, sdng Hang d An Do ; Hoang Ha d Trung Qud'c v.v... d day cd nhOrng dieu kien thien nhien het sdc thuan ldi cho ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi. NhOrng ddng bang ven sdng rdng, da't dai phi nhieu va mem xdp, d l canh tac, lugng mua deu dan phan bd theo mua, cd khf hau am ndng (trU Trung Qud'c). Vao mua mua hang nam, nudc sdng dang cao, phu len cac chan rudng tha'p mot Idp dat phu sa mau md, thfch hgp cho viec gieo trdng cac loai cay lUdng thuc.

Do cd dieu kidn tu nhien thuan lgi nen khodng 3500 - 2000 nam TCK, cu dan da tap trung khd ddng theo timg bd lac trdn cdc thdm ddt cao gan sdng. Ddu tidn Id cu dan cd d Tay A va Ai Cap, rdi ddn lugt cu dan tren cdc km vuc sdng cdn lai. Luc nay, hg da bie't sir dung ddng thau cimg vdi nhumg cdng cu bdng dd, tre va gd.

Cu dan trdn luu vuc nhiimg ddng sdng ldn d chdu A va chau Phi sd'ng chii ye'u bdng nghe ndng. Hg da bidt trdng mdi nam 2 vu lua.

Nhung de dat dugc didu dd, trudc tidn ngudi dan d day phdi lo xdy dung he thd'ng thuy lgi, dap de ngan lii, dao kenh mdng ddn nudc... Cdng viec tri thuy khie'n mgi ngudi lien ket, gdn bd vdi nhau trong td chiic cdng xa. Ngodi vide "ld'y nghd ndng lam gd'c", cdc cu dan ndng nghiep cd nay cdn ke't hgp nudi gia siic, lam dd gdm va det vai de ddp umg nhu cdu hdng ngdy ciia minh. Hg tien hanh trao ddi san phdm giiia viing ndy vdi viing khdc. Dd la nhumg nganh kinh td bd trg cho nghd ndng.

Taj sao xa hoi co giai cap va nha nud'c lai phat trien sd'm d luu

vu'c cac con song lo'n thuoc chau A va chau Phi 7

Hay neu Ccic nganh kinh te chinh o' khu vuc nay.

2. Su hinh thdnh cdc quoc gia co dai

San xua't phdt tridn td't yeu ddn de'n sir phan hod xa hdi, xudt hien ke gidu,

ngudi ngheo, quy tdc vd binh dan ; trdn co sd dd, giai cap vd nha nudc da ra ddi.

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Cdc qude gia cd dai phuong Ddng dugc hinh thdnh ttr rdt sdm. Tren luu vuc sdng Nin, vao khoang giiia thidn nien ki IV TCN, cu dan Ai Cap cd dai da khd ddng diic, sd'ng tap trung theo tumg cong xd.

De huy dong dugc nhieu nhan cdng lam thuy idi, cac cdng xa da tu ke't hdp lai thanh cac lien minh cong xa, ggi la cac "Ndm". Khoang 3200 nam TCN, mot quy tdc cd the lUc da chinh phuc dUOc tat ca cac Ndm va thanh lap nha nudc Ai Cap thdng nha't.

Hmh 2 - Tranh khdc tren tuong ham mo o Te-bo (Ai Cap) the ki XV TCN

6 luu vuc Ludng Ha, vao khoang thidn nien ki IV TCN, hang chuc nudc nhd ciia ngudi Su-me da dugc binh thdnh. O An Do, nhtrng qud'c gia cd dai ddu tidn da ra ddi tren luu vuc sdng An ttr khoang giira thidn nien ki III TCN.

Chd do cdng xa nguydn thuy d Trung Qud'c tan ra vao khoang cud'i thidn nien ki III TCN. Vuong trieu nhd Ha dugc hinh thanh vdo khoang the ki XXI TCN da md ddu cho xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc d Trung Qud'c.

Nhu the, cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng ddu da dugc hinh tJtdnh td khodng thien nien ki IV - III TCN. Day la nhiing nha nudc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt the gidi.

Cac quo'c gia cd dai phu'o'ng Dong da ditdc hirJi thanh cr dau

va tit bao gid 7

<.«'.

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3. Xd hdi cd dai phuong Odng

Nhu cdu ciia cdng tdc tri thuy cdc ddng sdng va xdy dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy lgi da khie'n nhiing ngudi ndng dan d nhiimg viing nay gdn bd va rdng budc vdi nhau trong khudn khd cua cdng xa ndng thdn. Cdc thanh vidn ciia cdng xa dugc ggi la nong ddn cong xd.

Ndng dan cdng xa la bd phan ddng dao nha't, cd vai trd to ldn trong san xua't. Hg nhdn rudng da't ciia cdng xa dd canh tdc, song phdi nop mdt phan san phdm thu hoach dugc va lam khdng cdng cho quy tdc.

Trong qua trinh phdn hod xd hdi, dtrng dau giai cap thd'ng tri la nhiimg dng vua chuyen che vd dgi ngu ddng dao quy tdc, quan lai, chii rudng dat va tdng ldp tang lii. Dd Id tdng ldp cd nhidu ciia cdi vd quydn the, gitf chii'c vu tdn gido hoac qudn If bg mdy nha nudc, dia phuong... Hg sd'ng gidu sang bdng sir bdc lot, bdng lgc do nha nudc cap va do chiic vu dem lai.

No le la tdng ldp tha'p nhdt trong xd hdi. Hg cd ngudn gd'c la nhtrng tii binh bi bat trong chien tranh hay nhtimg ndng dan ngheo khdng tra dugc ng. Hg chuydn lam cdc viec nang nhgc vd hdu ha tdng ldp quy tdc.

Hay trinli bay vai h'o cua nong dan cong \a trong xii hgi co dai ph Wong Dimg.

4. Ch§ do chuyen ch§ co dgi

Nhd su phdt tridn ciia ndn kinh te ndng nghiep, cac cu dan phuang Ddng da sdm budc vdo xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc ngay ttr budi ddu ciia thdi dai dd ddng. Ttr thidn nien ki IV den thien nien ki III TCN, xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc deu da dugc hinh thdnh d luu vuc sdng Nin, sdng Ti-go-ro va O-pho-rat, sdng An, sdng Hdng va Hodng Ha.

Xa hdi cd giai cap va nha nudc dugc hinh thanh tir lien minh bd lac, tLi:c la nhidu bd lac cd quan he than thudc vdi nhau, lien ket vdi nhau do nhu cdu tri thuy va xay dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy lgi. Nha nudc dugc lap ra dd dieu hanh va qudn If xa hdi. Ca cdu bd mdy nhd nudc dd mang tfnh chat ciia mdt nhd nudc chuyen che trung uong tap quyen. Diing ddu nha nudc la vua.

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De cai tri ndng dan cdng xa va nd ie, vua da dUa vao quy tdc va tdn giao, bat moi ngUdi phai phuc tiing. Vua tU coi minh la ngudi dai dien cua than thanh d dudi tran gian, ngudi chii tdi cao cua da't nUdc, tU quye't dinh moi chinh sach va cdng viec. Vua trd thanh vua chuyen che ma ngUdi Ai Cap ggi la Pharadn (cai nha ldn), ngudi Ludng Ha ggi la Enxi (ngUdi dUng dau), Trung Qud'c ggi la Thien tir (con Trdi)...

Hinh 3 -Quach vang tac hinh vua Ai Cip Tu-tan-kha-m6n (1361-1352 TCN)

Giiip viec cbo nha vua Id mdt bd mdy hanh chfnh quan lidu gdm toan quy tdc, diing ddu la Vidia (Ai Cap) hoac Thira tudng (Trung Qud'c). Bg may nay lam cdc viec thu thud, xay dung cdc cdng trtnh cdng cdng nhu den thap, cung dien, dudng sd vd chi huy quan ddi. Nhu the', chd do nha nudc ciia xa hdi cd giai cap ddu tidn d phuang Ddng, trong dd vua la ngudi diing ddu, cd quydn luc td'i cao, goi la chd dd chuydn chd cd dai.

I—— —— - O cac nuoc phu'Ong Dong, vua co nhifng quyen gi 7 ~ Tai sao goi che do nliii nu'dc phu'o'ng Dong la che do chuyen

che CO dai •'

5. Vdn hod cd dai phUdng ©ong

Su xuat hien xa hdi cd giai cap va nhd nudc khdng chi ddn den dp biic, bdc lot, da'u tranh... ma cdn la mdt bieu bien cua thdi dai van minh, trong dd con ngudi san xudt dugc c ia cai ddi dao hon trudc va sang tao trong ddi sd'ng van hod tinh thdn.

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a) Su ra ddi ciia Lich phdp vd Thien vdn hgc

Nhumg tri thiic Thidn van hgc va Lich phdp hgc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt d cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng. Nd gdn lidn vdi nhu cdu san xud't ndng nghiep. De cay cdy diing thdi vu, nhtimg ngudi ndng ddn ludn phai "trdng trdi, trdng ddt". Dan ddn, hg biet den sir chuyen ddng ciia Mat Trdi, Mat Trang. Dd la nhumg tri thu'c ddu tidn vd thien van. Ttr tri thiic dd, ngudi phuong Ddng sdng tao ra lich. Vi vay, lich cua hg la nong lich, mdt nam cd 365 ngay dugc chia thdnh 12 thdng.

Ddy cung la co sd dd ngudi ta tfnh chu ki thdi gian vd mua. Thdi gian dugc tfnh bdng nam, thdng, tudn, ngay. Nam lai cd miia ; mtia mua Id miia nudc ldn, mua khd Id mua nudc xud'ng, mua gieo trdng ddt bai. Thdi dd, con ngudi cdn bie't do thdi gian bdng dnh sdng mat trdi vd tfnh dugc mdi ngay cd 24 gid.

Thien van hgc so khai va lich da ra ddi nhu the.

b) Chu viet

Sir phdt trien cua ddi sdng lam cho quan he ciia xa hdi lodi ngudi trd nen phong phii va da dang ; ngudi ta cdn ghi chep vd luu giir nhiing gi da didn ra. Chtr viet ra ddi bdt ngudn tu nhu cdu dd. Chir vidt Id mdt phat minh ldn ciia loai ngudi.

Cac cu dan phUdng Ddng la ngudi dau tien phat minh ra chd viet. Vao khoang thien nien ki IV TCN, chU vie't da xuat hien d Ai Cap va Ludng Ha.

Luc dau, chu viet chi la hinh ve nhOfng gl ma hg mudn ndi, sau dd hp

sang tao them nhuTig ki hieu bieu hien khai niem truU tUdng. ChU viet

theo each dd goi la chur tugng iiinii. Ngudi Trung Hoa xua ve f/fl de

chi ruong, ve ; ^ d e chi cay va ve ; ^ ^ de chi rung.

NgUdi Ai Cap xUa ve ^ ^ de chi nha, ve i ^ chi mdm, ve ( ^ chi

Mat Trdi...

Sau nay, ngudi ta each dieu hoa chUtUdng hinh thanh net va ghep cac

net theo quy udc de phan anh y nghT cua con ngudi mot each phong

phu hdn goi la chit tupng y. ChutUdng y chua tach khoi chutUdng hinh

ma thudng dUdc ghep vdi met thanh de phan anh tieng ndi, tieng goi

cd am sac, thanh dieu cua con ngudi.

Nguydn lieu dugc dung dd vidt cua ngudi Ai Cap la gidy lam bdng vd cay papinit. Ngudi Su-me d Ludng Ha dung mdt loai cay say vdt nhgn lam btit vidt ldn tren nhiing ta'm ddt set cdn udt rdi dem phoi ndng hoac nung khd. Ngudi Trung Qud'c liic ddu khdc chu trdn xuang thii hoac mai rua, vd sau hg da bie't ket hgp mdt sd net thanh chu va viet tren the tre hay tren lua.

2. LICH sir IOC -A 17

c) Todn hgc

Do nhu cdu tfnh todn lai dien tfch rudng dd't sau khi ngap nudc. tfnh toan trong xay dung, ndn Toan hgc xuat hien rdt sdm d phuomg Ddng.

Liic dau, cU dan phUdng Ddng biet vie't chd sd tU 1 den 1 trieu bang

nhOng kl hieu ddn gian. Ngudi Ai Cap cd dai rat gioi ve hinh hgc. Hg tinh

dUdc sd Pi (71) bang 3,16 ; ti'nh dugc dien tich hinh trdn, hinh tam giac,

the tfch hinh cau v.v... Cdn ngudi Ludng Ha gioi ve sd hgc. Hp cd the

lam cac phep cdng, trU, nhan, chia cho tdi mot theu. ChU sd ma ta dung

ngay nay, quen gpi la chu sd A-rap, ke ca sd 0, la thanh tUu Idn do

ngUdi An Do tao nen.

Nhiing hidu bidt ve todn hgc cua ngudi xua da dd lai nhidu kinh nghiem quy, chudn bi cho budc phdt trien cao horn d thdi sau.

d) Kien true

Trong ndn van minh cd dai phuang Ddng, nghe thuat kidn true phat trien rat phong phii. Nhidu di tfch kie'n tnic each day hang nghin nam vdn cdn luu lai nhu Kim tu thap d Ai Cap, nhiing khu ddn thap d An Do, thdnh Ba-bi-lon d Ludng Hd ...

Nhung cdng trinh cd xua nay la nhtrng ki tfch ve siic lao dgng va tdi nang sdng tao ciia con ngudi.

Hinh 4 - COng I-so-ta thanh Ba-bi-lon 6 Luona Ha

2. LjCH SU lOC . B

V{,'.'" f i ' f " <^s^)mm^

!§!«%• l.W»

Hinh 5 - Kim tir thap a Ai Cap

Hay cho bie't nhimg thanh tUii van hoa ldn ciia cac quoc gia

cd dai phu'o'ng Dong.

/

»AU HOI

1. Tai sao cu" dan tren lifu vUc cac ddng song Idn d chau A, chau Phi c6 the sdm phat then thanh xa hgi c6 giai cap va nha nudc ? Dac diem kinh te ciia cac viing nay la gi ?

2. Xa hgi cd dai phucing Dong gom nhu'ng tang I6p nao ? Hay giai thich vi sao d day lai hinh thanh cac tang I6p xa hgi d6.

3. Em hieu the nao la che do chuyen che cd dai phUdng Dong ?

4. Cu dan phuang Dong thdi cd dai da c6 nhu'ng dong gdp gi ve mat van hoa cho nhan loai ?

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