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1. Dunn, J. L. (1990): In CRC Handbook of Marine Mammals Medicine; Health, Disease, and

Rehabilitation. (Dierauf L A, ed.), CRC Press.

2. (2005): 46(1) 6-20.

3. , (1999): .

4. Greenwood AG, Taylor DC. (1978): Clostridial myositis in marine mammals. Vet. Rec. 103:54-55.

5. (1989): .

6. 2001 : : 8 . 1319-1332.

7. , , , , , , , (1987):

― ―. .

8. (2004): . 235-246.

, . .

9. , , , , , , , , ,

, , , (2003):

2003, ,

10. , , , (1984): . .

11. , , , , (1999): . .

12. , , (1989) :

- -

. 31(4):132.

13. Raverty SA, Carlsen K, Whitton E, Byrne S. (2004): Hemorrhages enteritis associated with

Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Washington State and British

Columbia. IAAAM proceeding.

14. (1995): . 107-111. .

15. , , , , , (1971)

. 13:4-7

16. , , , , , (2006): 11(2) 93-97.

17. , , (2009): Phoca larga

. 15 .

18. Kollias, G. (1998): Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxicosis in recently captured North American river

otters(Lontra canadiensis). 1998 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 61-62.

19. Kollias, G.(1999). Health Assesment, Medical Management, and Prerelease Conditioning of

Translocated North American River Otters. In Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy 4th

edition(Fowler, M. E. & Miller, R. ed). Saunders Co.

20. , , , (2009):

. 50(2) 60.

21. Nagano, N., Isomine, S., Kato, H., Sasaki, Y., Takahashi, M., Sakaida, K., Nagano, Y., Arakawa, Y.

(2008): Human fulminant gas gangrene caused by Clostridium chauvoei. J Clin Microbiol. 46(4)

1545–1547.

1. http://niah.naro.affrc.go.jp/disease/fact/kansi.html

2. http://merckmanual.banyu.co.jp/cgi-bin/disphtml.cgi

3. http://ss.niah.affrc.go.jp/sat/joseki/Saikin_Kenshukai/Clostridium.htm

4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769548/

5.http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/Library/TaskForces/OCT/North_American_River_Otter_Husbandr

y_Manual_3rd_edition.pdf

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ed 5, 689-696 Fowler M.E. Miller R.E. editors Saunders St.Luis Missouri (2006) In 3-17 (2006) In 18-25

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Branson W. Ritchie, D.V.M., Ph.D, Greg J. Harrison, D.V.M., Linda R. Harrison, BS

(1994 Avian Medicine: Principles and Application Wingers Publishing, Inc., USA

J. Samour -

(1999

Margaret L. Petrak

Murray E. Fowler

Peter H Beynon

,

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http://www.d1.dion.ne.jp/~akaki_ch/care -infection.html#tuberculosis

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1 (1998) In

pp416-427 2 (2006) Enhydra lutris

Halarachne halichoeri. 12 3 Webb,J.P.,Furman,D.P.and Wang,S.(1985):A unique case of human ophthalmic

acariasis caused by Orthohalarachne attenuata (Banks,1910) (Acari: Halarachnidae). Journal of Parasitology,71(3):388-389.

4 (1962) 13(2):1825 (2003)

20036 Ogata,M.,Itagaki,H.,Sirouzu,H.,Suzuki,T.(1979):A case of pulmonary mite infestation of

a Californian sea lion.Bulletin of the Azabu Veterinary4(1) 207-209

7 (1987) (Callorhinus ursinus)1 38(2) 85-91

8 Kenyon,K.W.,C.E.Yunker,I.M.Newell(1965):Nasal Mites (Halarachnidae) in the Sea Otter.The Journal of Parasitology,51(6):960.

9 (1999) In pp.136-162

10 (2001) 20 Inpp.371-391

11 (2004) In pp.257-270

12 1964) 6(3-4) 79 80

3(1) 21 2314 Furman, D.P.(1979):Specificity adaptation and parallel evolution in the

endoparasitic Mesostigmata of mammals.In: Recent advances in Acarology,vol.II (Rodriguez, J.G. (ed.)),pp.329-337, Academic Press Inc.,New York.

15 (1996) 5(1) 46

WEB >> >> 62

>> (http://homepage3.nifty.com/clas/62th-4.htm) >> CONTENTS >> >>

>> (http://www.amy.hi-ho.ne.jp/s-kuwabara/74.htm) 10 Q & A

Q1 A

Q2 A

Q3 A

Q4

A

5 A

Q6 A

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, ,Mycobacterium leprae M. avium

subsp. paratuberculosis Mycobacterium

. ,. ,M. chelonae,M. fortuitum, M.

marinum , M. ulcerans,M. xenopi.

.

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Mycobacterium .

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, , ,. ,M. fortuitum 37

, 30 37 . M. fortuitum,M. marinum .

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. M. marinum ,M. xenopi

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.,

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Branson,E. and Southgate,P. , 1996 : . In

3

- -, 69-77, Butcher,R.L. , , . 2 Cooper, J. E. (1981): Bacteria. In Diseases of the reptilia, 165-191, Cooper, J. E. and

Jackson, O. F. (ed.), Academic Press, London.

3 Lamberski, N. (1999): Nontuberculous mycobacteria: potential for zoonosis. In Zoo and Wild animal medicine: current therapy 4, 146-150. Fowler, M. E. and Miller, R.

E. (ed.),W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.

4 (2001): , . . , 75: 457-459.

5 Marcus, L. C. (1981): Veterinary biology and medicine of captive amphibians and reptiles. 239 pp. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

6 (2003): : . 288 pp. , .

7 Nemetz,T.G.and Shotts,Jr.E.B. (1993): Zoonotic diseases. In Fish Medicine, 214-220, Stoskopf, M.K. (ed.), W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. WEB 8

(2003) :

9 .http://www.amda.or.jp/contents/database/4-2/ 10

,Mycobacterium leprae M. avium subsp.

paratuberculosis Mycobacterium

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9 (2005): 46(1):6-20. (2003): . 28

. (2008): 48(4):129-142. (2003): - -. 29

. (1994): 41

35(4):140.

(2002): 4943(4):109-110.

(1996):43

37(3,4) 142. (2003): 2003. , . (1990)

37 31(3):87.

(2007):,48(3):87-97.

(2002) In 8 pp204-214 (2005):

5146(2):64.

WEB HP>> >> >> (http://micro.fhw.oka-pu.ac.jp/microbiology/g-negative-aerobic/pseudomonas.html) >> (http://medical.radionikkei.jp/abbott/final/pdf/061117.pdf#search=' ')

>> >> >> (MDRP) (http://idsc.nih.go.jp/disease/MDRP/index.html)

>> >> >> (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/kekkaku-kansenshou11/01.html)

>> >> (http://www.hijirigaoka.or.jp/disin.htm)

>> >> 65 (http://www.microbes.jp/rika/rika_no65/rika_no65.htm)

>> >>1. (http://www.microbes.jp/syoukai/good/g001.htm)

10 Q & A Q1 A

Q2 A

Q3 A

Q4 A

Q5 A

Q6 A

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Leptospira

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biflexa L. interrogans

L. icterohaemorrhagiae L. canicola

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pyrogenes

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