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HORTSCIE'cCE 40(5):1569-1570. 2005.USDA 02L1058 and 02L1059: CherryTomato Breeding Lines with HighFruit 13-Carotene ContentJohn R. StommePUnited States Department 0!Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Plant Sciences Institute, VegetableLaboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705Judith A. Abbott and Robert A. SaftnerU n ited States Department ofA griculture, Agric ultural Research Service, BeltsvilleAgricultural Research Center Plant Sciences Institute, Produce Quality andSafety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705Additional index words. carotenoids, Lvcopersicon esculenium, Lvcopersicon cheesmarn',pigment, value-added, vitamin A

More than 20 genes have been character-ized from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentuniMill.) that influence the type, amount, ordistribution of carotenoids in fruit and/orfoliage (Stommel, 1992). Orange-fruitedtomato genotypes containing high levels of13-carotene were first identified among seg-regants from a cross of a red-fruited tomatogenotype and the green-fruited wild tomatospecies L. hirsutuin Dunal (Lincoln et al..1943). High 13-carotene levels are conditionedby a single dominant gene, Beta, and subjectto influence by a modifier gene, M O B (Tomeset al., 1954). Recent studies demonstrated thatBeta an d M O B are linked on chromosome 6 anddo not segregate independently as originallyproposed (Zhang and Stommel, 2000). In thepresence of the homozygous recessive Mo,1MOB, 13-carotene accounts for >90% of coloredcarotenes. With the dominant MO 5llele,0-carotene to lycopene ratios are reduced,resulting in red-orange pigmented fruit.Tom ato fruit with high (3-carotene contentare suitable for specialty applications andprovide a rich dietary source of provitaminA. Many studies have examined the relation-ship between vegetables, fruit, and humanhealth (e.g., Steinmetz and Potter, 1996).Horticultural crops represent about one-thirdof the U.S. diet and are the main source ofdietary carotenoids. 13-carotene is an essentialnutrient due to its retinoid activity and likeother carotenoids, is an antioxidant and mayprotect against free radical damage. The rolethat 13-carotene and vitamin A play in growth,reproduction. mortality and morbidity frominfectious diseases has been reviewed (e.g.,Ross, 1998; Tee, 1992).The Agricultural Research Service of theUnited States Department of Agricultureannounces the release of two new cherry to-mato breeding lines designated 02L 1058 and02L 1059. These lines produce fruit with highReceied for publication 17 Dec. 2004. Acceptedfor publication 4 Feb. 2005.'To whom reprint requests should be addressed:e-mail stommeIj ba.ars.usda.gov .

DescriptionBreeding lines 02Ll058 and 021_1059were selected for their determinate (sp gene)growth habit and concentrated set of cherry-size fruit with high (3-carotene content. Plantgrowth is compact and less vigorous than thered-fruited check cultivars 'Mountain Belle'and 'Castlette'. Fruit ofO2L 1 058 and 02L 10 59contain two to three locules, ripen unifbrmly

(u gene) and havejointless pedicels (j-2 gene).Fruit quality of 02L1058 and 02L1059 wascompared to 'Mountain Belle' and 'Castlette'.'Mountain Belle' is a cherry tomato hybriddeveloped at North Carolina State Universityfrom the cross of breeding lines NC IC andNC 2C (Gardner, 1993). 'Castlette' was aparental line in the development of NC ICand NC 2C. Fruit shape of02L1058 is roundwith average fruit fresh weight of 22.3 0.9g. Fruit of02L1059 are slightly elongated toround and average 23.5 0.9 g fresh weight.Fruit of 'Castlette' are comparable in size(21.7 0.5 g fresh weight) to 021-1058 and021-1059, while fruit of 'Mountain Belle' aresmaller (17.0 0.6 g fresh weight). Fruit of02L 1058 and 02L1059 mature about 7 d laterthan 'Mountain Belle'.High fruit 0-carotene content in thesebreeding lines is attributed to introgression ofthe dominant Beta gene from the wild tomatospecies L. cheesmanli. accession LA3 17.Lines 02L 1058 and 02L 1059 are homozygousBB MO BMOB, and hence fruit accumulatepredominantly 13-carotene and are orange-pigmented. In 2003 trials at Beltsville, Md.,13-carotene content averaged 46.5 and 41.8l'gg tissue fresh weight in 02L1058 and02 L1059 (94.6% oftotal colored carotenoids),respectively, about 13-fold higher than thetwo red-pigmented cultivars (Table 1). Fruitof the red-pigmented cultivars, MountainBelle and Castlette, contained lycopene asthe major colored carotenoid and relatively

3-carotene content and are intended for use asbreeding material in the development of newspecialty cherry tomato cultivars.Origin

Breeding lines 02L 1058 and 021-1059 weredeveloped from an initial cross between thefresh-market tomato cultivar Flora-Dade andL. cheesmanii f. minor (Hook f.) C.H. Mull,accession LA3 17 (Fig. I). The interspecifichybrid was sequentially backcrossed threetimes to 'Flora-Dade' and once to the process-ing cultivar Spectrum 579. L ines 02L 1058 and021_1059 are small-fruited F 7 selections froma subsequent backcross to the North CarolinaState University cherry tomato breeding lineNC IC (Gardner, 1993). Early generationselections focused on plant habit and fruitcarotenoid content, followed by selection inlater generations for horticultural quality.Fig. I. Pedigree of USDA 02L1058 and 021-1059.'Flora-Dade' LA317

F 1 'Flora-Dade'BC, 'Flora-Dade'

BC 2 'Fora-DadeBC3 'Spectrum

F 2 NC1F4

F 7F702L1058 021-1059

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Table]. Fruit quality attributes of cherry tomato breeding l ines USDA 021-1 058 and 021-1059, and commercial cult ivars in 2003 trials at Beltsvil le, MarylaTotal Soluble Titratable Sugar to acid rf l-Carotene Lycopene Fructose Glucose Sucrose sugars solids acidity (% total sugaGenotype (lug-g-1 fresh wt) (mgg fresh wt) (mgg fresh wt) (% ) (% citr ic acid) % citr ic acid02L1058 46.5 a' 2.7 b 19.07 a 15.75 b 0.13 b 34.95 a 7.7 a 0.46 a 7.6 c02L 1059 41.8 a 2.3 b 18.74 a 17.76 ab 0.07 b 36.56 a 7.5 a 0.41 b 8.9 bMounta in Bel le 3.2 b 31.1 a 14.65 b 19.41 a 0.58 a 34.64 a 6.8 b 0.35 c 9.9 aCastlette 3.7 b 54.2 a 10.57 c 10.96 e 0.10 b 21.63 b 5.7 c 0.44 ab 4.9 d'Adapted from Stom mel ci al. (2005). Data for sugars, soluble solids and t it ratable acidity represen t the mean of 14 b ulked sam ples of 10 to IS fruit per busamp le for each genotype. Da ta for f l-carotene and lycop ene represe nt the mean o ften sets of bulked fruit .'Mean comparisons in columns by Tukey's IISD test atP.05.

little fl-carotene. Laboratory evaluation ofcarotenoid content conducted on fruit from2002 trials did not differ significantly from2003 trials (data not shown).

Average fruit soluble solids content of02L1058 and 02Ll059 was 10.5% and 25.0%higher than that measured in 'Mountain Belle'and 'Castlette', respectively (Table 1), likelydue to the transfer of favorable genes forsoluble solids content from the wild donorparent L. cheesmanii (Garvey and Hewitt,1984; Stommel, 2001; Stommel and Haynes,1994). Similar observations for soluble solidscontent were noted in 2002 trials (data notshown). Total sugar content of 02L1058 and021-1059 was 39.5% greater than 'Castlette'and equivalent to 'Mountain Belle' (Table 1).Because f ructose has a h igher sweetness scorethan glucose (1.8 vs. 0.7; Sikorski, 1997),higher fructose levels in lines 021-1058 and02L1059 resulted in favorably lower (32.6%less) glucose to fructose ratios for 02Ll058(0.83)and 02L 10 59 (0.96) . Relat ive swe etnessscores[ 1.8 (mg-g- ' f resh w eight f ruc tose) + 0.7(mgg I fresh weight glucose) + 1.0 (mgg'f r esh we ight suc rose) ] o f 021_1058 (45.5) an d02L 1059 (46 .2 ) were comp arab le to 'Mounta inBelle' (40.5) and significantly greater than'Castlette' (26.8).

T i tra tab le ac id i ty o f02L1 058 an d 02L 1059fruit was 19.5% higher, relative to 'MountainBel le ' and comp arable to 'Cast lette ' (Table 1) .Sugar toacid ratios ofO2LlO58 and 02L1059were intermediate to 'Mountain Belle' and'Castlette'. The relatively high sugar to acidratios of' Mountain Belle' likely influenced thatcultivars superior subjective sweetness ratingby sensory pane ls (Stommel et a l . , 2005). Tota lvolat i le levels d id not d i f fer among genotype s.However, several individual volatiles differedsignificantly in high fl-carotene genotypesvs. lycopene-rich cultivars (data not shown).Hexanal (green, grassy aroma), the predomi-nant volatile in tomatoes and considered tobe important for tomato flavor (Petro-Turza,1987), was 1.5-fold higher in 'Mountain Belle'and 'Cast lette ' in compar ison to 02L 1058 and02L 1059. Breakdown products of f l -carotene,trans-2-heptenal (green aroma) and geranyl-acetone (floral or fruity aroma) were 2.3 and1.5-fold higher, respectively, in 02L 1058 and021-1059 in comparison to 'Mountain Belle'and 'Castlette'.

UseLines 02L1058 and 02L1059 are intended

for use as breeding lines in the developmentof specialty cherry tomato cultivars. Theircombination of desirable plant and fruitcharacteristics make them a good source ofthe Beta gene in cultivar development. Thedominant nature of high fruit fl-carotenecontent permits ready use of these lines forhybrid production in combination with elitedisease resistant red-fruited breeding mate-rial. Fruit are orange-pigmented, making thismaterial a specialty product for use whereadditional variety, flavor, or retinoid activityis desired. Our recent study (Stommel et al.,2005) demonstrated the importance ofcoloronconsumer perceptions of fruit quality. In thisstudy, panel is ts preferred the ap pearance o f thered-pigmented cultivars when viewed underwhite light, but scored many of the other fruitqual i ty at t r ibutes of red and orange-pigmentedgenotypes s imi lar ly under wh i te light and unde rmasked lighting conditions where differencesin fruit color could not be discerned.

Premium quality tomatoes and specialtyproducts attract a loyal consumer following(Goldman, 1988) . Spec ial ty products in today 'smarketplace include cluster tomatoes sold onthe vine, vine-ripened greenhouse-grown to-matoes, and sp ec ial ty cherry and grape tom atocultivars, all of which command premiumprices. The diversity of tomato products cur-rently found in the marketplace demonstratesthe opportunities for added product variety.

AvailabilityUSD A 021-1058 and 021-1059 a re b reed-

ing line releases. Seed of these lines will bedeposited in the National Plant GermplasmSystem where it will be available for researchpurposes, including development and com-mercialization ofnew cultivars. Small samplesof seed are available for professional trialand breeding purposes upon written requestto the corresponding author. It is requestedthat appropriate recognition be made if thisgermplasm contributes to the development ofa new breeding line or cultivar.

Literature CitedGardner, R.G. 1993. 'Mountain Bellecheny tomNC IC and NC 2C cherry tomato breeding lFlortScience 28:349-350.Ga rvey, T.C. and J.D. Hewi t t . 1984. A surveLycopersicon cheesinanii for high soluble soTomato G enet . Coop. Rpt . 34 :4-5.Goldman, A . 1988. Consumer response to m ium qua l i ty b randed p roduce: The casIsraeli g lasshouse tomatoes. Ap pI . Agr . 3 :264-268.Lincoln, R.E., F.P. Zschei le, J .W. Por ter , GKohler, andR.M. Caldwell. 1943. Provitamand v i tamin C in the genus Lvcopersicon.Gaz. 105:113-115.Petro-Turza, M. 1987. Flavor of tomato and tom

products. Food Rev. Int l. 2:309-351.Ross, D.A. 1998. Vi tamin A and publ ic heaChallenges for the next decade. Proc. Nutr. S57:159-165.Sik6rski, Z. E. 1997. C hemical and funct ional pert ies of food compon ents. 2nd ed. CRC PrBoca Raton, Fla.Steinmetz, K.A. and J.D. Potter. 1996. Vegetabfruit, and cancer prevention: A review. J. AmDietetic Assn. 96 :1027-1039.Stomm el , J .R. 1992. Tom ato nutr i t ional quaG enet ic improvem ent of carotenoid contAgro Foo d Ind. H i- tech 3:7- I1 .Stommel, J .R. 2001. USDA 971-63, 971-66 , 971-97: Tomato breeding lines with hfruit beta-carotene content. HortSeien36:387-388.

Stomme l, J.R. and K.G . Haynes. 1994. Inheritaof beta-carotene content in the wi ld tomspecies Lvcopersicon cheesmanil. J. He85:401-404.Stomm el, J.R., J.A. Abbott , R.A. Saftner, and MCam p. 2005. Sensory an d object ive quality tr ibutes of f l-carotene and lycopene-rich tomfruit . J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130:244-2 51.Tee, E.S. 1992. Carotenoids and retinoidshuman nutrition. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. N31:103-163.Tomes, ML., F.W. Quackenbush, and M. McQuis

1954. Modification and dominance of gene gove rn ing format ion of h igh conc entt ions of beta-carotene in the tomato. Gene39:810-817.Zhang, Y . and J .R. S tomm el . 2000. RAPD aAFLP tagg ing and mapp ing o f Bela (B)Beta modifier (Mo 8 ), two genes w hich inf luenbeta-carotene accumulation in fruit of tom(Lycopersicon esculentum Mil l .) . Theor . ApGenet . 100:368-375.

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