How East Asians View Democracy Larry Diamond Doh Chull ...€¦ · 1 Complete Dictatorship 10...
33
How East Asians View Democracy Larry Diamond Hoover Institution Doh Chull Shin University of Missouri Yun-han Chu Academia Sinica
Transcript of How East Asians View Democracy Larry Diamond Doh Chull ...€¦ · 1 Complete Dictatorship 10...
How East Asians View Democracy
Larry Diamond
Hoover Institution Doh Chull Shin University of Missouri Yun-han Chu Academia Sinica
Larr
y D
iam
ond
Larr
y D
iam
ond
Doh
Chu
ll Sh
in
Doh
Chu
ll Sh
in
Yun
Yun
-- han
Chu
han
Chu
How
Eas
t Asi
ans V
iew
Dem
ocra
cy: T
he R
egio
n in
Glo
bal P
ersp
ectiv
eD
ecem
ber 8
-9, 2
003
Taip
ei
How
Eas
t Asi
ans
Vie
w D
emoc
racy
How
Eas
t Asi
ans
Vie
w D
emoc
racy
How
Eas
t Asi
ans
Vie
w D
emoc
racy
1. C
once
ptio
ns o
f Dem
ocra
cy1.
Con
cept
ions
of D
emoc
racy
2. P
erce
ptio
ns o
f Reg
imes
2. P
erce
ptio
ns o
f Reg
imes
3. P
erce
ptio
ns o
f Reg
ime
Cha
nges
3. P
erce
ptio
ns o
f Reg
ime
Cha
nges
4. A
sses
smen
ts o
f Gov
ernm
enta
l and
Reg
ime
Per
form
ance
s4.
Ass
essm
ents
of G
over
nmen
tal a
nd R
egim
e P
erfo
rman
ces
5. R
eact
ions
to D
emoc
racy
and
Aut
horit
aria
nism
5. R
eact
ions
to D
emoc
racy
and
Aut
horit
aria
nism
6. P
robl
ems
of D
emoc
ratiz
atio
n: D
emoc
ratic
Def
icit
and
Sur
plus
6. P
robl
ems
of D
emoc
ratiz
atio
n: D
emoc
ratic
Def
icit
and
Sur
plus
7. C
once
ptio
ns o
f Dem
ocra
cy a
nd o
ther
Dem
ocra
tic O
rient
atio
ns7.
Con
cept
ions
of D
emoc
racy
and
oth
er D
emoc
ratic
Orie
ntat
ions
Hong
Kong
Japa
nKo
rea
Mon
golia
Philip
pine
sTa
iwan
Thail
and
Main
land
1.Fre
edom
and
liber
ty58
.631
.763
.521
.860
.032
.050
.124
.4
2.Pol
itica
l rig
hts,
inst
itutio
ns an
d pr
oces
s20
.58.8
2.78.2
4.021
.37.2
32.8
3.Mar
ket e
cono
my
1.22.0
9.92.5
0.21.4
0.00.3
4.Soc
ial eq
ualit
y and
just
ice17
.219
.933
.310
.64.0
6.522
.94.7
5.Goo
d go
vern
men
t5.4
2.43.9
4.12.0
3.20.3
2.3
6.In
gene
ric an
d/or
pop
ulist
term
s17
.75.8
5.42.4
2.018
.318
.227
.5
7.In
othe
r abs
tract
and
posit
ive te
rms
19.8
20.5
16.6
7.117
.027
.71.3
2.6
8.In
nega
tive t
erm
s8.6
4.00.6
2.43.0
6.00.0
6.3
9.Oth
ers
6.56.5
0.00.6
0.07.7
0.00.3
10.D
on't k
now,
no
resp
onse
0.034
.21.5
40.4
27.0
17.1
29.7
40.8
N81
114
1815
0011
4412
0014
1515
4631
83
Tabl
e 1 U
nder
stand
ing
of D
emoc
racy
1
Com
plet
e D
icta
tors
hip
10
Com
plet
e D
emoc
racy
Whe
re d
o yo
u ex
pect
our
cou
ntry
to b
e in
five
yea
rs?
(10-
poin
t)q1
02Fu
ture
regi
me
1
Com
plet
e D
icta
tors
hip
10
Com
plet
e D
emoc
racy
Whe
re w
ould
you
pla
ce o
ur c
ount
ry u
nder
the
pres
ent
gove
rnm
ent?
(10-
poin
t)q1
00Pr
esen
t reg
ime
1
Com
plet
e D
icta
tors
hip
10
Com
plet
e D
emoc
racy
Whe
re w
ould
you
pla
ce o
ur c
ount
ry o
n th
is s
cale
du
ring
the
perio
d of
[nam
e of
the
mos
t rec
ent
gove
rnm
ent u
nder
aut
horit
aria
n ru
le]?
(10-
poin
t)q0
99Pa
st re
gim
e
Here
is a
scale
: 1 m
eans
com
plet
e dict
ator
ship
and
10 m
eans
com
plet
e dem
ocra
cy
Item
s
Char
t 2-1
Th
e M
ean
Scor
es o
f the
Pas
t, Cu
rrent
, and
Fut
ure
Regi
mes
on a
10-
poin
ts s
cale
3.1
4.1
3.0
5.2
7.3
7.7
8.0
7.7
7.9
9.0
8.9
6.6
4.7
3.7
4.4
4.4
6.6
6.5
8.2
7.3
6.7
7.2
7.0
5.9
012345678910
Hong
Kon
gJa
pan
Kore
aM
ongo
liaPh
ilipp
ines
Taiw
anTh
aila
ndM
ainl
and
Past
regi
me(
A)Pr
esen
t reg
ime(
B)Fu
ture
regi
me(
C)
Item
Hon
g K
ong
Japa
nK
orea
Mon
golia
Phili
ppin
esTa
iwan
Thai
land
Mai
nlan
d
1-2,
Har
d Au
thor
itaria
nism
2.9
41.9
16.5
31.3
34.0
15.3
49.0
14.1
3-5,
Sof
t Aut
horit
aria
nism
23.7
48.8
55.0
50.3
39.2
60.0
41.9
54.2
6-8,
Lim
ited
Dem
ocra
cy63
.68.
627
.616
.718
.822
.16.
225
.4
9-10
, Adv
ance
d D
emoc
racy
9.7
0.7
0.9
1.7
8.1
2.6
2.8
6.3
Tota
l10
010
010
010
010
010
010
010
0
DK
/DA*
11.5
15.8
05.
80.
617
.715
.331
.60
Tabl
e 2-
1: P
erce
ptio
ns o
f the
Pas
t Reg
ime
(1-1
0 S
cale
)(%
)
*Don
't kn
ows
and
don'
t ans
wers
are
not
com
pute
d in
the
colu
mn
perc
enta
ges,
but
are
pre
sent
ed h
ere
to i
ndic
ate
what
perc
enta
ge o
f eac
h sa
mpl
e di
d no
t ans
wer t
he q
uest
ion.
Item
Hon
g K
ong
Japa
nK
orea
Mon
golia
Phi
lippi
nes
Taiw
anTh
aila
ndM
ainl
and
1-2,
Har
d Au
thor
itari
anis
m6.
00.
50.
53.
94.
61.
50.
51.
6
3-5,
Sof
t Aut
hori
tari
anis
m54
.114
.317
.822
.525
.614
.96.
414
.7
6-8,
Lim
ited
Dem
ocra
cy37
.072
.479
.557
.747
.360
.947
.459
.2
9-10
, Adv
ance
d D
emoc
racy
2.9
12.8
2.3
15.9
22.5
22.7
45.7
24.5
Tot
al10
010
010
010
010
010
010
010
0
DK
/DA*
11.1
8.9
05.
50.
212
.95.
46.
29
Tabl
e 2-
2: P
erce
ptio
ns o
f the
Cur
rent
Reg
ime
(1-1
0 S
cale
)(%
)
*Don
't kn
ows
and
don'
t ans
wers
are
not
com
pute
d in
the
colu
mn
perc
enta
ges,
but
are
pre
sent
ed h
ere
to i
ndic
ate
what
perc
enta
ge o
f eac
h sa
mpl
e di
d no
t ans
wer t
he q
uest
ion.
Coun
tryPa
st re
gime (
A)Pr
esen
t reg
ime(B
)Fu
ture
regim
e(C)
Past
chan
ge(B
-A)
Futu
re ch
ange
(C-B
)
Hong
Kon
g6.6
5.25.9
-1.4
0.7
Japa
n3.1
7.07.3
3.90.3
Kore
a4.4
6.57.7
2.11.2
Mong
olia
3.76.6
8.02.9
1.4
Philip
pines
4.16.7
7.72.6
1.0
Taiw
an4.4
7.37.9
2.90.6
Thail
and
3.08.2
9.05.2
0.8
Mainl
and
4.77.2
8.92.5
1.7
Table
3-1 P
erce
ption
of th
e Pas
t and
the C
urre
nt Re
gimes
on a
10-p
oint s
cale
Coun
tryEx
perie
ncin
gEx
pecti
ngBo
th
Hong
Kon
g12
375
Japa
n75
2823
Kore
a85
7664
Mon
golia
7963
52
Philip
pine
s72
5435
Taiw
an66
3528
Thai
land
8048
40
Chin
a56
5844
Tabl
e 3-
2 Pe
rcen
tage
s Ex
perie
ncin
g an
d Ex
pect
ing
Prog
ress
ion
towa
rd D
emoc
racy
Re
gime C
atego
ryHo
ng K
ong
Japa
nKo
reaMo
ngoli
aPh
ilippin
esTa
iwan
Thail
and
Mainl
and
1. Au
thorita
rianis
m Re
versa
l21
.30.4
1.11.0
5.91.9
0.53.0
2. Au
thorita
rian P
ersist
ence
36.0
5.78.6
13.9
14.2
11.0
2.98.8
3. Au
thorita
rianis
m Lib
eraliza
tion
1.39.3
7.611
.59.4
3.13.9
4.8
4. Lim
ited D
emoc
racy
Tran
sition
6.164
.556
.347
.836
.848
.643
.543
.9
5. De
mocra
tic Tr
ansit
ion to
Adv
ance
d Dem
ocrac
y0.9
12.1
1.110
.917
.116
.141
.114
.0
6. De
mocra
tic Pe
rsiste
nce
34.3
8.125
.315
.016
.719
.38.1
25.6
Tota
l10
010
010
010
010
010
010
010
0
DK/
DA*
17.4
17.7
1.38.5
1.820
.015
.331
.2
Table
3-3:
Patte
rns of
Perc
eptio
n of R
egim
e Cha
nge(P
ast-C
urren
t)(%)
*Don
't kno
ws an
d don
't ans
wers
are no
t com
puted
in th
e colu
mn pe
rcenta
ges,
but a
re pre
sente
d here
to in
dicate
what
perc
entag
e of e
ach s
ample
did n
ot an
swer
the qu
estio
n.
Reg
ime C
atego
ryHo
ng K
ong
Japa
nKo
rea
Mong
olia
Philip
pines
Taiw
anTh
ailan
dMa
inlan
d
1. Au
thorita
rianis
m Re
versa
l0.5
1.70.3
1.82.6
2.91.2
0.3
2. Au
thorita
rian P
ersist
ence
33.6
10.9
4.44.0
12.5
6.92.4
2.1
3. Au
thorita
rianis
m Lib
eraliza
tion
4.20.6
0.30.7
1.40.6
0.10.7
4. Lim
ited D
emoc
racy
Tran
sition
20.5
4.313
.916
.711
.55.4
2.67.7
5. De
mocra
tic Tr
ansit
ion to
Adv
ance
d Dem
ocrac
y2.6
0.31.6
6.59.3
2.02.4
5.5
6. De
mocra
tic Pe
rsiste
nce
38.6
82.2
79.7
70.4
62.7
82.2
91.4
83.8
Tota
l10
010
010
010
010
010
010
010
0
DK/
DA*
32.6
21.0
0.412
.93.5
34.2
9.530
.1
Table
3-4:
Patte
rns of
Perc
eptio
n of R
egim
e Cha
nge(C
urren
t-Futu
re)(%
)
*Don
't kno
ws an
d don
't ans
wers
are no
t com
puted
in th
e colu
mn pe
rcenta
ges,
but a
re pre
sente
d here
to in
dicate
what
perc
entag
e of e
ach s
ample
did n
ot an
swer
the qu
estio
n.
Pres
ent r
egim
e
Dem
ocra
tic(A
)
curr
ent r
egim
eas
dem
ocra
cy
curr
ent r
egim
eas
non-
dem
ocra
cy
Satis
fied
(B)
curr
ent r
egim
eas
dem
ocra
cy
curr
ent r
egim
eas
non-
dem
ocra
cy
Best
eve
r(C
)
Hong
Kon
g36
7743
4861
5049
15
Japa
n78
5619
4527
1422
11
Kore
a82
6643
6137
3236
23
Mon
golia
7073
5667
6968
6736
Phili
ppin
es70
5840
5256
4854
24
Taiw
an73
5730
4869
5856
28
Thai
land
8892
7689
7163
6957
Mai
nlan
d63
8745
6895
9176
45
Tabl
e 4-
1 As
sess
men
ts o
f the
Pre
sent
Reg
ime
as a
Dem
ocra
cy (%
)Sa
tisfie
d wi
th th
e wa
y dem
ocra
cy w
orks
O
ur fo
rm o
f gov
ernm
ent i
s th
e be
st
Al
l thr
ee(D
)Co
untry
Cou
ntry
satis
fied
with
the
incu
mbe
nt(g
over
nmen
t)
satis
fied
with
the
perfo
rman
ce o
fde
moc
racy
satis
fied
with
the
dem
ocra
cy a
mon
g th
ose
who
are
not s
atis
ified
with
the
incu
mbe
nt
Hon
g K
ong
3048
44
Japa
n36
4541
Kor
ea35
6149
Mon
golia
5867
64
Phili
ppin
es58
5231
Taiw
an37
4842
Thai
land
8989
69
Mai
nlan
dna
.68
na.
Tabl
e 4-
2 A
sses
smen
ts o
f the
Pre
sent
Reg
ime
as a
Dem
ocra
cy
Ite
ms
1C
ompl
ete
Dic
tato
rshi
p
10C
ompl
ete
Dem
ocra
cy
1D
emoc
racy
is c
ompl
etel
y un
suita
ble
10D
emoc
racy
is c
ompl
etel
y su
itabl
e
1D
emoc
racy
is c
apab
le o
f sol
ving
the
prob
lem
s of
our
soc
iety
2D
emoc
racy
can
not
sol
ve o
ur s
ocie
ty's
pro
blem
s
1D
emoc
racy
is a
lway
s pr
efer
able
to a
ny o
ther
kin
d of
gove
rnm
ent.
2U
nder
som
e ci
rcum
stan
ces,
an
auth
orita
rian
gov
ernm
ent
can
be p
refe
rabl
e to
a d
emoc
ratic
one
.
3Fo
r pe
ople
like
me,
it d
oes
not m
atte
r w
heth
er w
e ha
ve a
dem
ocra
tic o
r a
nond
emoc
ratic
reg
ime.
1E
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t is
defin
itely
mor
e im
port
ant
2E
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t is
som
ewha
t mor
e im
port
ant
3D
emoc
racy
is s
omew
hat m
ore
impo
rtan
t
4D
emoc
racy
is d
efin
itely
mor
e im
port
ant
5Th
ey a
re b
oth
equa
lly im
port
ant (
DO
NO
T R
EA
D O
UT)
Fo
r the
Atta
chm
ent t
o D
emoc
racy
Whi
ch o
f the
follo
win
g st
atem
ents
com
es c
lose
st to
you
row
n op
inio
n?q1
17D
emoc
ratic
Pref
eren
ce
To w
hat e
xten
t wou
ld y
ou w
ant o
ur c
ount
ry to
be
dem
ocra
tic n
ow?
(RAT
ING
BO
ARD)
q101
Dem
ocra
ticD
esir
e
Here
is a
sim
ilar s
cale
of 1
to 1
0 m
easu
ring
the
exte
ntto
whi
ch p
eopl
e th
ink
dem
ocra
cy is
sui
tabl
e fo
r our
coun
try. I
f “1”
mea
ns th
at d
emoc
racy
is c
ompl
etel
yun
suita
ble
for [
nam
e of
cou
ntry
] tod
ay a
nd “
10”
mea
nsth
at it
is c
ompl
etel
y su
itabl
e, w
here
wou
ld y
ou p
lace
our c
ount
ry to
day?
q103
Dem
ocra
ticSu
itabi
lity
If yo
u ha
d to
cho
ose
betw
een
dem
ocra
cy a
nd e
cono
mic
deve
lopm
ent,
whi
ch w
ould
you
say
is m
ore
impo
rtant
?q1
19D
emoc
ratic
Prio
rity
Whi
ch o
f the
follo
win
g st
atem
ents
com
es c
lose
r to
your
own
view
?q1
18D
emoc
ratic
Effic
acy
Cha
rt 5-
1 D
emoc
ratic
Des
ire, S
uita
bilit
y, E
ffica
cy,
Pre
fere
nce,
and
Prio
rity
(%)
8888
8988
72
92
72
39
63
72
22
61
47
90
60
9
32
19
95
1917
11
2622
0102030405060708090100
Hon
g K
ong
Japa
nK
orea
Mon
golia
Phili
ppin
esTa
iwan
Thai
land
Mai
nlan
d
Desi
reSu
itabi
lity
Effic
acy
Pref
eren
cePr
iorit
y
Item
Hong
Kon
gJa
pan
Kore
aM
ongo
liaPh
ilipp
ines
Taiw
anTh
ailan
dM
ainlan
d
Dem
ocra
tic D
esira
bilit
y,6-10
* (%
yes)
88.4
87.8
95.4
88.5
88.1
72.2
92.4
72.2
Dem
ocra
tic S
uita
bilit
y, 6-1
0* (%
yes)
67.2
77.0
84.2
83.0
80.2
59.0
87.6
67.0
Dem
ocra
tic E
iffica
cy
(% ye
s)39
.263
.171
.722
.460
.746
.889
.860
.4
Dem
ocra
tic P
refe
renc
e (%
yes)
40.0
68.5
49.4
54.0
63.6
40.4
83.8
53.9
Dem
ocra
tic P
riorit
y (
% ye
s)8.6
32.2
18.7
26.2
19.4
10.5
16.6
22.2
None
of t
he a
bove
five
1.10.1
0.70.6
1.53.1
0.10.0
All o
f the
abo
ve3.7
18.9
9.91.4
6.03.3
11.8
10.9
Mean
Ove
rall
Scor
e on
Sup
port
(0-5
scal
e)2.6
3.62.8
2.83.0
2.63.8
3.7
Table
5 -1
O
n sup
port
for de
mocr
acy,
which
was
base
d on f
ive ite
ms
*Figu
res in
this
row re
prese
nt the
mea
n on t
he 10
-point
scale
, with
1 rep
resen
ting c
omple
te dic
tators
hip (o
r com
pletel
y uns
uitab
le) an
d 10
repres
entin
g com
plete
demo
cracy
(or c
omple
tely s
uitab
le)
2.6
3.6
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.6
3.8
3.7
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0 Hong
Kong
Japan
Korea
Mongolia
Philippines
Taiwan
Thailan
d
Mainlan
d
Cha
rt 5-
2 M
ean
Scor
e on
Sup
port
(0-5
sca
le)
Char
t 5-3
The
per
cent
ages
who
doe
s no
t pre
fer d
emoc
ratic
gov
erna
nce
alway
sam
ong
thos
e wh
o de
sire
to liv
e in
a de
moc
racy
(%)
53
19
50
43
34
51
15
26
Hong
Kon
gJa
pan
Kore
aM
ongo
liaPh
ilippi
nes
Taiw
anTh
aila
ndM
ainl
and
Item
Hong
Kon
gJa
pan
Kore
aM
ongo
liaPh
ilipp
ines
Taiw
anTh
aila
ndM
ainl
and
Rejec
t "str
ong l
eade
r"72
.480
.084
.456
.569
.468
.377
.0na
.
Rejec
t "mi
litary
rule"
85.9
94.6
89.8
81.9
62.7
81.6
80.6
61.4
Rejec
t "no
oppo
sition
party
"62
.967
.186
.771
.069
.670
.362
.2na
.
Rejec
t "ex
perts
decid
e eve
rythin
g"74
.086
.482
.360
.576
.871
.378
.274
.4
Rejec
t all a
uthori
tarian
optio
ns50
.155
.265
.132
.235
.650
.043
.5na
.
Rejec
t non
e of a
bove
1.0
0.3
0.9
3.1
4.1
1.1
4.7
na.
Mean
score
(0 to
4)*
3.4
3.5
3.4
2.8
2.8
3.4
3.0
na.
Tabl
e 5-
2: A
utho
ritar
ian
Deta
chm
ent (
Perc
enta
ge R
ejecti
ng A
utho
ritar
ian
Optio
ns)(%
)
*Eac
h item
is sc
ored
as fo
llows
: stro
ngly
supp
ort
or so
mewh
at su
ppor
t the
auth
orita
rian o
ption
= 0;
stro
ngly
oppo
se o
r som
ewha
top
pose
=1.
Item
Hong
Kon
gJa
pan
Kore
aM
ongo
liaPh
ilipp
ines
Taiw
anTh
aila
ndM
ainl
and
1.Ve
ry s
tron
g su
ppor
ters
10.5
38.9
34.2
11.4
17.1
17.4
33.5
na.
2.St
rong
sup
port
ers
19.0
14.3
17.5
14.4
9.5
15.9
6.2
na.
3.M
oder
ate
supp
orte
rs20
.18.
811
.75.
76.
316
.33.
2na
.
4.Sk
eptic
al s
uppo
rter
s11
.13.
41.
72.
52.
07.
80.
9na
.
5.W
eak
oppo
nent
s14
.222
.218
.626
.225
.618
.729
.3na
.
6.St
rong
opp
onen
ts3.
91.
20.
54.
32.
94.
91.
2na
.
7.In
cohe
rent
, mix
ed21
.211
.215
.735
.636
.619
.025
.6na
.
Tota
l10
010
010
010
010
010
010
0na
.
DK
/DA
*10
.68.
20.
03.
50.
012
.30.
8na
.
Tabl
e 5-
3: O
vera
ll C
omm
itmen
t to
Dem
ocra
cy (%
)
*Don
't kn
ows
and
don'
t ans
wer
s ar
e no
t com
pute
d in
the
colu
mn
perc
enta
ges,
but
are
pre
sent
ed h
ere
to i
ndic
ate
wha
t
perc
enta
ge o
f ea
ch s
ampl
e di
d no
t ans
wer
the
ques
tion.
Bloc
k Pr
edic
tors
Indi
vidu
al P
redi
ctor
sed
ucat
ion
age
inco
me
gend
erin
tere
st in
pol
itics
and
med
ia e
xpos
ure
perc
eptio
n of
gov
ernm
ent i
mpa
ct o
n da
ily lif
e ci
tizen
em
powe
rmen
tsy
stem
resp
onsi
vene
ssel
ecto
ral p
artic
ipat
ion
non-
elec
tora
l par
ticip
atio
n5.
Incu
mbe
nt a
ppro
val
appr
oval
of i
ncum
bent
per
form
ance
poin
t diff
eren
t in
perc
eptio
n be
twee
n cu
rrent
and
pas
t reg
ime
impa
ct o
f dem
ocra
cy (p
olitic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s)im
pact
of d
emoc
racy
(pol
icy
perp
orm
ance
)sa
tisfa
ctio
n w
ith th
e wa
y de
moc
rary
wor
ksec
onom
ic e
valu
atio
n-- n
atio
nal /
cur
rent
econ
omic
eva
luat
ion-
- nat
iona
l / p
ast
inst
itutio
nal t
rust
(gov
over
nmen
t/ po
liticl
)in
stitu
tiona
l tru
st (s
tate
)co
rrupt
ion
inde
x tr
aditi
onal
ism
dem
ocra
tic /
auth
orita
rian
valu
esbe
lief i
n pr
oced
ural
nor
m o
f dem
ocra
cy
6.R
egim
e pe
rcep
tion
7.D
emoc
ratic
per
form
ance
8.Va
lue
orie
ntat
ion
1.So
cio-
eco
nom
ic s
tatu
s
2.Ps
ycho
logi
cal i
nvol
vem
ent i
n po
litic
s
3.Po
litic
al e
ffica
cy
4.Pa
rtici
patio
n
q064
Eve
n if
pare
nts’
dem
ands
are
unr
easo
nab
le, c
hild
ren
still
sho
uld
do w
hat t
hey
ask.
q065
Whe
n hi
ring
som
eone
, eve
n if
a st
rang
er is
mor
e qu
alifi
ed, t
he o
ppor
tuni
tysh
ould
stil
l be
give
n to
rela
tives
and
frie
nds.
q066
Whe
n on
e ha
s a
conf
lict w
ith a
nei
ghb
or, t
he b
est w
ay to
dea
l with
it is
toac
com
mod
ate
the
othe
r per
son
q067
Wea
lth a
nd p
over
ty, s
ucce
ss a
nd fa
ilure
are
all
dete
rmin
ed b
y fa
te.
q068
A p
erso
n sh
ould
not
insi
st o
n hi
s ow
n op
inio
n if
his
co-w
orke
rs d
isag
ree
with
him
.
q069
For t
he s
ake
of th
e fa
mily
, the
indi
vidu
al s
houl
d pu
t his
per
sona
l int
eres
tsse
cond
.
q070
A m
an w
ill lo
se fa
ce if
he
wor
ks u
nder
a fe
mal
e su
perv
isor
.
q071
If th
ere
is a
qua
rrel
, we
shou
ld a
sk a
n el
der t
o re
solv
e th
e di
sput
e.
Trad
ition
alis
m
q132
Peo
ple
with
littl
e or
no
educ
atio
n sh
ould
hav
e as
muc
h sa
y in
pol
itics
as
high
lyed
ucat
ed p
eopl
e.
q133
Gov
ernm
ent l
eade
rs a
re li
ke th
e he
ad o
f a fa
mily
; we
shou
ld a
ll fo
llow
thei
rde
cisi
ons.
q134
The
gove
rnm
ent s
houl
d de
cide
whe
ther
cer
tain
idea
s sh
ould
be
allo
wed
to b
edi
scus
sed
in s
ocie
ty.
q135
Har
mon
y of
the
com
mun
ity w
ill b
e di
srup
ted
if pe
ople
org
aniz
e lo
ts o
f gro
ups.
q136
Whe
n ju
dges
dec
ide
impo
rtant
cas
es, t
hey
shou
ld a
ccep
t the
vie
w o
f the
exec
utiv
e b
ranc
h
q137
If th
e go
vern
men
t is
cons
tant
ly c
heck
ed [i
.e. m
onito
red
and
supe
rvis
ed] b
y th
ele
gisl
atur
e, it
can
not p
ossi
bly
acc
ompl
ish
grea
t thi
ngs.
q138
If w
e ha
ve p
oliti
cal l
eade
rs w
ho a
re m
oral
ly u
prig
ht, w
e ca
n le
t the
m d
ecid
eev
eryt
hing
.
q139
If pe
ople
hav
e to
o m
any
diffe
rent
way
s of
thin
king
, soc
iety
will
be
chao
tic.
Dem
ocr
atic
/ au
tho
rita
rian
val
ues
q145
The
mos
t im
porta
nt th
ing
for a
pol
itica
l lea
der i
s to
acc
ompl
ish
his
goal
s ev
en if
he h
as to
igno
re th
e es
tab
lishe
d pr
oced
ure.
q146
If
a po
litic
al le
ader
real
ly b
elie
ves
in h
is p
ositi
on, h
e sh
ould
refu
se to
com
prom
ise
rega
rdle
ss o
f how
man
y pe
ople
dis
agre
e.
q147
Apo
litic
alle
ader
shou
ldto
lera
teth
evi
ews
ofth
ose
who
chal
leng
ehi
spo
litic
alid
eals
.
q148
As
long
as
a po
litic
al le
ader
enj
oys
maj
ority
sup
port,
he
shou
ld im
plem
ent h
isow
n ag
enda
and
dis
rega
rd th
e vi
ew o
f the
min
ority
.
Bel
ief i
n pr
oced
ural
nor
m o
f dem
ocra
cy
Hong
Kon
g
Japa
n
Korea
Mong
olia
Philip
pines
Taiw
an
Thail
and
Table
6-1:
The t
wo in
dividu
al pre
dictor
s tha
t sha
pe S
uppo
rt for
Dem
ocrcy
mos
t pow
erfull
y
Supp
ort fo
r Dem
ocrac
y
individ
ual in
dicato
r(1)
individ
ual in
dicato
r(2)
institi
tiona
l trus
t(gov
ernme
nt)ins
tititio
nal tr
ust(s
tate)
regim
e cha
nge o
f cur
rent a
nd pa
stbe
lief in
proc
edura
l norm
of de
mocra
cy
impa
ct of
demo
cracy
(polic
y perf
orman
ce)
institi
tiona
l trus
t(stat
e)
belie
f in pr
oced
ural n
orm of
demo
cracy
corru
ption
inde
x
regim
e cha
nge o
f cur
rent a
nd pa
stco
rrupti
on in
dex
regim
e cha
nge o
f cur
rent a
nd pa
stsa
tisfac
tion w
ith th
e way
demo
cracy
works
impa
ct of
demo
cracy
(polic
y perf
orman
ce)
satis
factio
n with
the w
ay de
mocra
cy wo
rks
Hong
Kon
g
Japa
n
Korea
Mong
olia
Philip
pines
Taiw
an
Thail
and
belie
f in pr
oced
ural n
orm of
demo
cracy
impa
ct of
demo
cracy
(polic
y perf
orman
ce)
belie
f in pr
oced
ural n
orm of
demo
cracy
demo
cratic
/ auth
otaria
n valu
es
demo
cratic
/ auth
otaria
n valu
esim
pact
of de
mocra
cy(po
litical
chara
cteris
tics)
tradit
ionali
smbe
lief in
proc
edura
l norm
of de
mocra
cy
demo
cratic
/ auth
otaria
n valu
esim
pact
of de
mocra
cy(po
litical
chara
cteris
tics)
demo
cratic
/ auth
otaria
n valu
esed
ucati
on
demo
cratic
/ auth
otaria
n valu
esim
pact
of de
mocra
cy(po
litical
chara
cteris
tics)
Autho
ritari
an D
etach
ment
Table
6-2:
The t
wo in
dividu
al pre
dictor
s tha
t sha
pe A
uthori
tarian
Deta
chme
nt mo
st po
werfu
lly
individ
ual in
dicato
r(1)
individ
ual in
dicato
r(2)
Hong
Kon
g
Japa
n
Kore
a
Mon
golia
Philip
pine
s
Taiw
an
Thail
and
psyc
holog
ical in
volve
men
t in po
litics
regi
me p
erce
ptio
ninc
umbe
nt ap
prov
al
regi
me p
erce
ptio
ninc
umbe
nt ap
prov
al
dem
ocra
tic pe
rform
ance
socio
-eco
nom
ic sta
tusva
lue or
ientat
ion
regi
me p
erce
ptio
nde
moc
ratic
perfo
rman
ce
regi
me p
erce
ptio
nva
lue or
ientat
ion
regi
me p
erce
ptio
nva
lue or
ientat
ion
Table
6-3
: The
two
block
s of
pre
dicto
rs th
at s
hape
Sup
port
for D
emoc
racy
mos
t pow
erfu
lly
Supp
ort f
or D
emoc
racy
block
s of p
redic
tor(1
)blo
cks o
f pre
dictor
(2)
Hong
Kon
g
Japa
n
Kore
a
Mong
olia
Philip
pines
Taiw
an
Thail
and
value
orien
tation
regim
e per
cepti
on
value
orien
tation
socio
-eco
nom
ic sta
tus
value
orien
tation
regim
e per
cepti
on
value
orien
tation
regim
e per
cepti
on
value
orien
tation
regim
e per
cepti
on
value
orien
tation
socio
-eco
nom
ic sta
tus
value
orien
tation
regim
e per
cepti
on
Auth
orita
rian D
etac
hmen
t
Table
6-4:
The t
wo bl
ocks
of pr
edict
ors t
hat s
hape
Auth
orita
rian D
etach
ment
most
powe
rfully
block
s of p
redic
tor(1
)blo
cks o
f pre
dictor
(2)
8.7
5.2
8.5 7.
07.
8
6.5
8.5
6.6
8.2
6.7
7.7 7.
3
9.3
8.2
8.7
7.2
012345678910
Hong
Kon
gJa
pan
Kore
aM
ongo
liaPh
ilipp
ines
Taiw
anTh
aila
ndM
ainl
and
Char
t 7-1
T
he M
ean
scor
es o
f the
des
ire le
vel o
f dem
ocra
cy
and
the
expe
rienc
ed le
vel o
f dem
ocra
cy
Desir
e Ex
perie
nced
Coun
tryDe
sire(A
)Ex
perie
nce(B
)De
ficit(
A-B)
Perc
entag
e exp
erien
cing o
ver
demo
crac
y(%)
Perc
entag
e exp
erien
cing
unde
r dem
ocra
cy(%
)
Hong
Kon
g8.
75.
23.
51
82
Japa
n8.
57
1.5
364
Kore
a7.
86.
51.
38
71
Mon
golia
8.5
6.6
1.8
1269
Philip
pine
s8.
26.
71.
616
62
Taiw
an7.
77.
30.
423
39
Thai
land
9.3
8.2
1.1
455
Mai
nlan
d8.
77.
21.
52
55
Tabl
e 7-
1 Th
e ex
tent
to w
hich
Dem
ocra
cy is
des
ired
and
expe
rienc
ed
Tabl
e 8-
1 C
once
ptio
ns o
f Dem
ocra
cy a
nd O
ther
Orie
ntat
ions
tow
ard
Dem
ocra
cy a
nd D
emoc
ratiz
atio
n in
Sou
th K
orea
Subj
ectiv
e
Dom
ains
Proc
edur
alSu
bsta
ntiv
eM
ixed
1.Pe
rcep
tions
Dem
ocra
tic re
gim
e ch
ange
75%
55%
64%
2.As
sess
men
ts
Satis
fact
ion
with
dem
ocra
tic p
erfo
rman
ce75
6448
3.Re
actio
ns
Opp
ositi
on8
2116
Supp
ort
7862
75
Stro
ng s
uppo
rt41
2829
4.D
emoc
ratic
Def
icit
H
ighl
y un
derd
emoc
ratiz
ed14
1922
Conc
eptio
n of
Dem
ocra
cy
