GJitg; gy;fiyf; fofk; ,sq;fiyg; gpupT III- A jkpo; (B.A Br.III-A TAMIL)

(2011-2012 Mk; fy;tp Mz;L Kjy; NrUfpd;w khzhf;fu;f;Fupa jhs;fs;) Kjy; Mz;L - Kjy;gUtk; Code MTI(3) jhs; - 1 **ahg;gUq;fyf;fhupif (KOtJk;)

Code MT2(4) jhs; - 2 *jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW Code ATI(3) rhu;Gg;ghlk; - 1 **Clftpay;- ,jopay;> tpsk;guf;fiy Code ES2(1) *** Environmental Studies

,sepiyg; gl;lg; gbg;G gapYk; midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; fl;lhag; ghlkhf cs;sJ. gy;fiyf; fofj; Nju;T Kjy; my;yJ ,uz;lhk; gUtj;jpy; eilngWk;. ,uz;lhk;gUtk;

Code MT3(3) jhs; - 3 **ed;D}y; vOj;jjpfhuk; (tlnkhopahf;fk; ePq;fyhf)

Code MT4(4) jhs; - 4 **,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; (ftpijAk; ciueilAk;) Code AT2(3) rhu;Gg;ghlk; - 2 * Ngr;Rf;fiy ,uz;lhkhz;L - %d;whk; gUtk; Code MT5(3) jhs; - 5 ** ed;D}y; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; Code MT6(4) jhs; - 6 **rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSk; >gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Code AT3(3) rhu;Gg;ghlk;-3**Clftpay; - thndhyp>njhiyf;fhl;rp>jpiug;glq;fs;

ehd;fhk; gUtk; Code MT7(4) jhs; - 7 **jz;bayq;fhuk; -nghJtzpapay; >nghUszpapay;

Code MT8(4) jhs; - 8 ** ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Code AT4( ) rhu;Gg;ghlk; - 4** fzpdpAk; ,izag; gad;ghLk;

%d;whhkhz;L - [e;jhk; gUtk; Code MT9(4) jhs; -9 * ek;gpafg;nghUs; (xopgpay; ePq;fyhf)

Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy (ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; tiu)

Code MTI0( ) jhs; -10 ** nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Code MT11(4 ) jhs; -11 *jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;;;;; ; Code MTI2(3 ) jhs; -12 *nkhopapay; Xu; mwpKfk; Code MTI3( ) jhs; -13 ** gilg;gpyf;fpaKk; jpwdha;Tk; (mf kjpg;gPL 25 kjpg;ngz;fs;) %d;whhkhz;L - Mwhk; gUtk; Code MTI4( )jhs; -14 ** nrk;nkhopapay;

Code MTI5(4)jhs; -15 *GJr;Nrup khepy tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;;;;; ; Code MTI6( )jhs; -16 ** fhg;gpaq;fs; Code MTI7( )jhs; -17 **nkhopngau;g;gpay; Code MTI8( )jhs; - 18 **tpUg;gg; ghlk; (gilg;ghsu;) ghujpahu; Fwpg;G : * ,f;Fwp Ke;ija ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,y;iy vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ** ,f;Fwp Gjpjhf khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sitiaf; Fwpf;Fk;

GJitg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,sq;fiy - gpupT III- A jkpo; (B.A. Br.III-A TAMIL)

(2011-2012 Kjy; NrUfpd;w khzhf;fu;f;Fupa jhs;fs;) Code MT1( ) ** jhs; -1 ahg;gUq;fyf;fhupif – (KOtJk;) myF : 1 (nra;ASWg;Gf;fs;) vOj;J – Fwpy;> neby;> xw;W – mir - Neu;> epiu - rPu;;; - mirr;rPu; <uirr;rPu; - fha;r;rPu;;;;;; - fdpr;rPu; - vOtifj; jisfs; - mbfs; - Fwsb – rpe;jb – mstb – nebyb – fopnebyb – njhilfs; - Nkhid – vJif - ,iaG – Kuz; - msngilj; njhilfs; - rPu;tifj; njhilAk; mbtifj; njhilAk; - nre;njhil myF : 2 (ntz;ghTk; Mrpupag;ghTk;) ghtpd; Xirfs; - nrg;gy; - mfty; - Js;sy; - J}q;fy; - ntz;ghtpd; nghJtpyf;fzk; - Fws; ntz;gh – Fws; ntz;nre;Jiw – Fwl;lhopir –

rpe;jpay; ntz;gh – Neupir ntz;gh - ,d;dpir ntz;gh – g/nwhil ntz;gh – ntz;ghtpd; <W Mrpupag;ghtpd; nghJtpyf;fzk; - Neupir Mrpupag;gh – epiykz;by Mrpupag;gh - ,izf;Fwshrpupag;gh – mbkwp kz;by Mrpupag;gh myF : 3 (fypg;ghTk; tQ;rpg;ghTk;) fypg;ghtpd; nghJtpyf;fzk; - juT – jhopir –muhfk; - mk;Nghjuq;fk; - jdpr;nrhy; - Rupjfk; Mfpa fypg;ghTWg;Gf;fs; - Neupir xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh –mk;Nghjuq;f xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh – tz;zf xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh –fypntz;gh –ntz;fypg;gh –nfhr;rff; fypg;gh –juTnfhr;rff; fypg;gh – jutpizf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh – rp /whopirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh – g/whopirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh – kaq;fpirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh – tQ;rpg;ghtpd; nghJtpyf;fzk; - Fwsb tQ;rpg;gh – rpe;jb tQ;rpg;gh – kUl;gh myF : 4 (ghtpdq;fs;) ntz;lhopir – ntz;Liw – ntsptpUj;jk; – Mrpupaj;jhopir – Mrpupaj;Jiw – Mrpupa tpUj;jk; - fypj;jhopir – fypj;Jiw – fyptpUj;jk; – tQ;rpj;;jhopir –tQ;rpj;Jiw - tQ;rptpUj;jk;

myF : 5 (xopgpay;) rPUk; jisAk; rpijTwpd; Fw;wpaYfuk;> Fw;wpaypfuk;> msngil myF ngwhik – khQ;rPu; fypg;ghtpy; thuhik – tpsq;fdpr;rPu; fypg;ghtpYk; Mrpupag;ghtpYk; thuhik – Mrpupag;ghtpy; gpw jisfs; gapd;W tUjy; - jd;rPu; > jd;jis – gpwrPu; - gpwjis gw;wpa kuGfs; - fil> filapiz> gpd; > filf;$io> ,ilg;Gzu;> Kuz; njhilfs; - tUf;fNkhid> tUf;fvJif – neby;Nkhid> neby; vJif - ,d Nkhid> ,d vJif> jiyahnfJif> ,ilahnfJif> filahnfJif> MnrJif Kjypad - $d;- -tpfhuk; - tifAsp – tho;j;J – tir – tdg;G – epuy;epiw – nghUs;Nfhs;fs; - tz;zk; E}W tifapy; mikjy; - nra;As; Fw;wk; Kjy; ehd;F myFfl;Fj; jw;fhy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fSk; ,izj;Jf; fUjg;glNtz;Lk; ghu;it E}y;fs; : 1.ahg;gUq;fyf;fhupifAk; Fzrhfuu; ciuAk;

fofntspaPL> nrd;id.

2. Gytu; Foe;ij – ahg;gjpfhuk;> jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.

3. Gytu; Foe;ij - njhilajpfhuk; jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.

Code MT2(4) * jhs; -2 jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - ghlj;jpl;lk; myF: 1 jkpo; ,yf;fpag; gioik-%d;W rq;fq;fs;- ghl;Lk; njhifAk;- mfk;> Gwk; ghFghL- jpizg; nghUz;ik. myF: 2 ePjp ,yf;fpak;: gjpndz;fPo;f; fzf;F- mfk;> Gwk; tifik- mw ,yf;fpaq;fs; -ghLnghUs;> tbt khw;wq;fs;- jpUf;Fwspd; mikg;Gk; rpwg;GfSk;. myF: 3 fhg;gpaq;fs;- Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fs;> IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; rpyk;gpd; ngUik- fhg;gpaq;fspy; rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;- gpw;fhyf; fhg;gpaq;fs;. myF: 4 gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs;: irtk;> itztk;> rkzk;> Gj;jk;> fpwpj;Jtk;> ,];yhkpag; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs;- gd;dpU jpUKiw> ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk;- rpj;ju; ,yf;fpak;- jpU%yu;> jhAkhdtu;> mUzfpupahu;> ts;syhu;> Ntjehafk;> Fzq;Fb k];jhd;rhfpG Nghd;Nwhu; gilj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs;- gpw;fhyg; gf;jpg; ghly;fs;. myF: 5 ,yf;fzq;fs;: njhy;fhg;gpak;- ed;D}y;-jz;b- ahg;G- ek;gpafg;nghUs;- Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy- ciuahrpupau;fs;. myF: 6 rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;: Nfhit> gps;isj;jkpo;> FwtQ;rp> gs;S> guzp> cyh> fyk;gfk; Nghd;wit. myF: 7 ciueil tsu;r;rp: ,yf;fpag; ghLnghUspYk; tbtj;jpYk;

Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;- gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaj; jhf;fk;- Gjpdk;> rpWfij> fl;Liu.

myF: 8 GJf;ftpij: i`f;$- nrz;l;upNah QhdgPl> rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp> jkpof muR Nghd;wd je;j tpUJfisg; ngw;w E}y;fs;- Clfq;fSk; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpAk;. ghu;it E}y;fs;:

1. lhf;lu;.jkpoz;zy; Gjpa Nehf;fpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW kPdhl;rp Gj;jf epiyak;>jhdg;g Kjyp njU> kJiu

2. lhf;lu; r .Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; > jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> rpjk;guk;.

AT1( ) **rhu;Gg;ghlk; -1 Clftpay;- ,jopay;> tpsk;guk; myF - 1

,jopay; tpsf;fk; - ,jo;fspd; gzpfs; - ,e;jpa ,jopaypd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; - jkpo; ,jopaypd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; - gj;jpupifr;rl;lq;fs; - nra;jpj;jhs; epUthf mikg;G - ,jo; tiffs; - ,jopay; Kd;Ndhbfs; - 1.[p.Rg;gpukzpa ma;au; - 2. ghujpahu; - 3.jpU.tp.fy;ahzRe;judhu; -4. fy;fp fp;U~;z%u;j;jp - 5. ngupahu; <.Nt. uhkrhkp - 6.ghujpjhrd;- 7. rp.gh.Mjpj;jdhu; - 8.v];.v];.thrd; - 9. g. [Pthde;jk;- 10. b. tp. ,uhkRg;igau;.

myF – 2

nra;jp tpsf;fk; - nra;jp tiffs;> ,ay;Gfs;> %yq;fs; - jiyaq;fk; - nra;jpf; fl;likg;G> jiyg;G> Nfhg;G> cly; gFjp nra;jp epWtdq;fs; - ,jo;fspy; glq;fs; - jpdkzp> jpdkyu;>jpdfud;> jpdj;je;jp Mfpa ehspjo;fspd; cl;$Wfis xg;gpl;lwpjy;

myF - 3

Mrpupau; - Jizahrpupau; - nra;jpahrpupau; - jFjpfs; - flikfs; - nra;jpahsu; tiffs; - nra;jp jpul;Lk; Kiwfs; - nra;jp nrg;gdpLjy; - gf;f tbtikg;G

myF - 4

tpsk;gu tpsf;fk; - Fwpf;Nfhs; - newpKiwfs; - tpsk;gu tuyhW -tpsk;gu tiffs; - tpsk;gu Clfq;fs; - mtw;wpd; ed;ikfSk; FiwghLfSk; - tpsk;guj; jhf;fq;fs; - tpsk;gu epWtdk; - tpsk;gu newpfs; - re;ijg; ghFghL

myF - 5

tpsk;gu mikg;Gj; jpl;lk; - tpsk;gu efy; tpsf;fk; - tpsk;gu efy; vOJk; Kiwfs; - tpsk;guj; jiyg;G - tpsk;gu Ntz;LNfhs; -tpsk;gur; rl;lq;fs;

gapw;rpfs;

1. ,jo;fspd; tiffspy; xd;wpid> vLj;J mtw;wpd; cl;$Wfis mwpjy;

2. nra;jp vOjpg; goFjy; 3. nra;jpf; $Wfis ehspjo; xd;wpy; milahsq;fz;L $Wjy; 4. Clfmbg;gilapy; (,jo;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp)xU

tpsk;guj;ijf; Nfl;L> fz;L vOjpf; fhl;Ljy; 5. xU nghUspd; tpsk;gu efiy mikj;Jf; fhl;ly;

ghu;it E}y;fs;

1. kh.gh.FUrhkp ,jopay; fiy FU- Njnkhop> jpUr;nre;J}u; 2. m.rhe;jh> tP. Nkhfd;- kf;fs; Clfj; njhlu;gpay;-mbg;gilfs; kPbah gg;spNfrd;];> kJiu. 3. m.rhe;jh> tP. Nkhfd;- kf;fs; Clfj; njhlu;gpay;- Gjpa

gupkhzq;fs;- kPbah gg;spNfrd;];> kJiu. 4. m.tpehaf%u;j;jp - tpsk;guf;fiy

ghyKUfd; gjpg;gfk;> kJiu

kjpg;ngz; gfpu;T 1. tpdhj;jhs;- 75-kjpg;ngz;fs; (,jopay; 50> tpsk;guk; 25)

mfkjpg;gPL 25-kjpg;ngz;fs; (gapw;rp xd;wDf;F 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; vDk; Kiwapy; toq;fyhk;)

tpdhj;jhs; kjpg;ngz; gfpu;T

gFjp -1 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 15 kjpg;ngz;fs; (3x 5= 15) gFjp -2 6 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 30 kjpg;ngz;fs; (5x 6= 30) gFjp -3 10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 30 kjpg;ngz;fs; (3x 10= 30)

SYLLABUS FOR

Paper - II: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

FOR UNDER GRADUATE COURSES OF ALL BRANCHES OF HIGHER

EDUCATION

Objectives: 1. To know about the environment

2. To understand the surrounding

3. To know about biotic interaction

Hours: 45 Lecture Hours Maximum: 75 marks

Unit I: (10 hours)

The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies - Definition, Scope

and importance - Need for public awareness.

Renewable and non-renewable resources:

(a) Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies,

Timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal

people.

(b) Water resources: Use and over -uti lization of surface and ground water,

floods, drought, conflicts over water, d ams-benefits and problems.

(c) Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of

extracting and using mineral resources, case studies.

(d) Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and

overgrazing, effects of modern agricul ture, fertilizer-pesticide problems,

water logging, salinity, case studies.

(e) Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non -renewable

energy resources, use of alternate energy sources, case studies.

(f) Land resources: Land as a resource, land degrad ation, man induced

landslides, soil erosion and desertification.

Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources.

Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyle.

Unit II: (6 hours)

Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem - Structure and function of an

ecosystem Producers, consumers and decomposers - Energy flow in the

ecosystem - Ecological succession - Food chains, food webs and ecological

pyramids - Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and

function of the following ecosystem: (a) Forest ecosystem, (b)Grassland

ecosystem, (c) Desert ecosystem, (d) Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams,

lakes, rivers, ocean estuaries)

Unit III: (8 hours)

Biodiversity and its conservation: Introduction - Definition: genetic,

species and ecosystem diversity - Bio-geographical classification of

India - Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social,

ethical aesthetic and option values - Biodiversity at global, national and

local levels - India as a mega-diversity nation - Hot-spots of

biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife,

man wildlife conflict - Endangered and endemic species of India -

Conservation of biodiversity: In -situ conservation of biodiversity.

Unit IV: (8 hours)

Environmental Pollution: Definition - cause effects and control

measures of: (a) Air Pollution, (b) Water pollution, (c) Soil pollution,

(d) Marine pollution, (e) Noise pollution, (f) Thermal pollution,

(g) Nuclear pollution. Solid waste management: Causes, effects and

control measures of urban and industrial wastes - Role of an individual

in prevention of pollution - Pollution case studies - Disaster

management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.

Unit V: (13 hours)

Social Issues and the Environment : From unsustainable to sustainable

development - Urban problems and related to energy - Water

conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management -

Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns.

Case studies - Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions

Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion,

nuclear accidents and holocaust, Case studies. Wasteland reclamation -

Consumerism and waste products - Environmental Protection Act - Air

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act - Water (Prevention and

control of Pollution) Act - Wildlife Protection Act - Forest

Conservation Act - Issues involved in enforcement of environmental

legislation - Public awareness. Human Population and the Environment:

Population growth, variation among nations - Population

explosion - Family Welfare Programme - Environment and human

health - Human Rights - Value Education - HIV/AIDS - Women and

Child Welfare - Role of Information Technology in Environment and

Human - Case Studies.

Text Books:

1. Agarwal, K.C. Environmental Science, Nidi Publishers, 2001.

2. Bharucha Erach, The Biodiversity of India, Mapin Publication, 2001.

3. Brunner RC, Hazardous waste incinerati on, McGraw Hill Publishers, 1989.

4. Jadhav H, Environmental Protection and Laws, Himalaya Publication, 2000

5. Odum EP, Fundamentals of Ecology, WB Sannders Publication, 1971.

Suggested Books:

1. Clarke G. Elements of Ecology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

2. Verma PS and Agarwal VK, Principles of ecology, S.Chand & Co., New

Delhi.

3. Sharma BK and Kaur, An Introduction to environmental pollution, Good Pub.

Meerut.

4. Cunningham et.at . Environmental Encyclopedia, Jaico Publications, Mumbai.

5. Miller TG Jr. Environmental Science, Wadsworth Publishes.

6. Sharma BK, Environmental Chemistry, Goel Publishers, Meeru, 2001.

Field Work (5 hours)

Visit to a local area to document environmental assets -

river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain

Visit to a local polluted site - Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural

Study of common plants, insects, birds

Study of simple ecosystems-pond, river, hill slopes, etc.

,uz;lhk;gUtk; Code MT3( ) **jhs; -3 ed;D}y; vOj;jjpfhuk; (tlnkhopahf;fk; ePq;fyhf) myF : 1 ghapuk; - nghJg;ghapuk; -rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; - Mrpupau;> khzhf;fu; ,ay;G – Kjy;E}y;> topE}y; > rhu;GE}y; - KjnyOj;J> rhu;ngOj;J – vz;- ngau; Kiw – cUtk; - khj;jpiu – Nghyp – capnuhyp –nka;nahypfspd; gpwg;G – rhu;ngOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G – nkhop Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs; - nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs; - nka;kaf;F – cldpiy – vOj;Jr; rhupia - gfhg;gjk; - gFgjk; - gFjp >tpFjp> ,ilepiy> rhupia > re;jp > tpfhuk; myF : 2 Gzu;r;rp - ,ay;Gg;Gzu;r;rp> tpfhug;Gzu;r;rp – cld;gLnka; - epiynkhop> tUnkhop> njhifepiyj; njhlu;> njhfh epiyj;njhlu; - Ntw;Wik> my;top – nra;As; tpfhuk;

myF : 3 capuPw;Wg; Gzu;r;rp nghJg;Gzu;r;rp> ngau; <w;W> tpid <w;Wg; Gzu;r;rpfs; - capu; Kd; capu; Gzu;jy; Fw;Wfug; Gzu;r;rp – capu;Kd; ty;ypdg; Gzu;r;rp – mfuk; Kjypa epiynkhop <w;Wg; Gzu;r;rpfs;

myF : 4 nka;aPw;Wg; Gzu;r;rp nka; Kd; capu; Gzu;jy; - nka; Kd; nka; Gzu;jy; - zfu> dfutPw;Wg; Gzu;r;rp Kjypad

myF : 5 cUGg; Gzu;r;rp ngaNuhL cUGg; Gzu;r;rp – rhupiag; Gzu;r;rp – vy;yhk;> vy;yhUk;> vy;yPUk; vd;gtw;NwhL cUGg; Gzu;r;rp – jd;ik > Kd;dpiy> jhd; > jhk; Kjypa glu;f;ifg; ngau; <w;W cUGg;; Gzu;r;rp

[e;J myFfSk; jw;fhy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fNshL ,izj;Jf; fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ghu;it E}y;fs; :

1. gtze;jp Kdpth;> ed;D}y; vOj;jjpfhuk;>

fhz;bifAiu> fofntspaPL> nrd;id.

2. nrh. gukrptk; - ew;wkpo; ,yf;fzk;> gl;Lg; gjpg;gfk;> 1269> 32-Mk; njU>

[ - gpupT> mz;zhefu; Nkw;F> fk;gu; FbapUg;G> nrd;id-40.

3. m.fp. gue;jhkdhu;> ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh.

4. tp.fzgjp> jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa mwpKfk;> fofntspaPL> nrd;id.

,f;fhy tof;Ffisr; rhd;W fhl;bg; gapw;Wtpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Code MT4( ) ** jhs; -4 ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; - ftpijAk; ciueilAk; 1. kuGf;ftpij : ftpkzpapd; ftpijfs; (10)

(,yf;fpak; - 5 r%fk; - 5) ,yf;fpak;

jiyg;G ghly; vz; ghly; njhlf;fk;

1. ftpij 107-113 ‘ tz;b mw;Gjg; nghUshk;’ 2. ,yf;fpag; gQ;rfk; 114-118 ‘ ts;Stu; je;j jpUkiwia’ 3. jpUf;Fws; 134-138 ‘ kf;fSf;F khepyj;jpy;’ 4. fk;gd; 139-157 ‘ Mupak; ed;Fzu;e;Njhd;’ 5. ghujp 161-184 ‘ Cuwpa ehlwpa cz;ik’ r%fk; 1. jPz;lhikg; Nga; 685-701 ‘jPz;lhikg; Nga; mwptPNuh’ 2. ngz;fspd; cupikfs; 740-753 ‘ kq;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf’ 3. cly; eyk;Ngzy ; 754-761 ‘ clypy; cWjp’ 4. ehl;Lf;F ciog;Nghk; 762-765 ‘ vd;Wk; jkpo; kf;fs;’ 5. xw;Wik cau; epiy 774-785 ‘ xw;Wikahfcioj;jpLNthk;’ E}y; : ftpkzpapd; ftpijfs; = nrz;gfh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id-12 gjpg;ghrpupau; : m.fh. ngUkhs; v];. = Fkhu; 2. GJf;ftpij : jpUj;jp vOjpa jPu;g;Gfs; Mrpupau; . ituKj;J eu;kjh gjpg;gfk;> 10> ehdh njU> ghz;b g[hu;> nrd;id.

3. rpWfij : ,e;j E}w;whz;Lr; rpWfijfs; gFjp -%d;W (njhFg;G –tpl;ly;uht;) 10> fz;zjhrd; njU> fiyQd; gjpg;gfk;- nrd;id- 1.

1. mNrhfkpj;jpud; - gpuahzk;

2. R[hjh - [d;dy; 3. rh. fe;jrhkp - ths;

5. n[afhe;jd; - Afrhe;jp 6. R.rKj;jpuk; - NghJk; cq;f cgfhuk; 7. jpyftjp - capupd; epwk;

8. ehQ;rpy; ehld; - ghyk; 9. Rg;ughujp kzpad; - ];jyq;fs; 10. uh[k;fpU~;zd; - thy; 4. ehty; : thbthry; Mrpupau; : rp.R. nry;yg;gh jpUty;ypf;Nfzp neLQ;rhiy fhyr;RtL gjpg;gfk; -nrd;id -5 5. ehlfk; : gprpuhe;ijahu; ghujpjhrd; ghupepiyak;> nrd;id 6. fl;Liu : ,yf;fpa tpsf;fk; Mrpupau; : t.Rg. khzpf;fk; kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk; -nrd;id

AT2(4 ) *rhu;Gg;ghlk; - Ngr;Rf;fiy myF :1

nrhw;nghopTf;fiy – rpwg;gpay;Gfs; - nrhw;nghopTf; fiyapd; tuyhW – Gfo; ngw;w nrhw;nghopthsu;fs; - cyf muq;fpy; nrhw;nghopTf; fiyapd; tuyhW – jkpopy; nrhw;nghopTf;fiy - ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nrhw;nghopT gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; - jpUf;Fwspy; nrhw;nghopT – nrhw;nghopTf; fiyapd; gad;ghLfs;

myF : 2

nrhw;nghoptpd; tiffs; - ghl;L tpsf;fk; (gpurq;fk;) fjh fhyl;Nrgk; - mwTiu –nrhw;Nghu; - murpay; - ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpr; nrhw;nghopTfs; - jiyikAiu – tho;j;Jiu - tuNtw;Giu – ed;wpAiu - ghuhSkd;w > rl;lkd;w ciufs; - ePjpkd;w tof;Fiu – gl;bkd;w> tof;fhL kd;w ciufs;

myF : 3

nrhw;nghopTf;fiy cj;jpfs; - vOj;Jiu - mitar;rk; - mitar;rj;ij ePf;Fk; top Kiwfs; - rpwe;j nrhw;nghoptpd; ,yf;fzk; - nrhw;nghoptpd; njhlf;fk; - rpwe;j njhlf;fj;;jpw;fhd cj;jpfs; - nrhw;nghoptpd; Kbg;G – rpwe;j Kbg;gpw;fhd cj;jpfs; - nrhw;nghopTg; nghUis tptupf;Fk; top Kiwfs; - nkhopeil ghlj;jpl;lk; vOj;Jj; Nju;T kw;Wk; nra;Kiwg; gapw;rp vd ,uz;L gpupthf mikAk;. vOj;Jj; Nju;T 75 kjpg;ngz;fs; nra;Kiwg; gapw;rp 25 kjpg;ngz;fs;. nra;Kiwg; gapw;rp ntspf; fy;Y}up Mrpupauhy; elj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. gapw;rp ,uz;L gpupthf mika Ntz;Lk;. Kd;Ng jug;gl;l VNjDk; xU jiyg;ig xl;bNah ntl;bNah nrhw;Nghu; Guptjw;F 15 kjpg;ngz;fs;. gapw;rpf;Fr; rw;W Kd; jug;gLk; jiyg;gpy;; nrhw;nghopthw;Wtjw;F 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;. ghu;it E}y;fs; :

1. ePq;fSk; Ngr;rhsu; Mfyhk; Fkup mde;jd;> g+k;Gfhu; gpuRuk;> nrd;id. 2. Ngr;rhsuhf m.fp.gue;jhkdhu;> ghup epiyak;> nrd;id.