Firas 7th Bioeconomy Conference · 2014. 4. 17. · Firas_7th Bioeconomy Conference.pptx Author:...

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Why is Ethanol Rela/vely Expensive in the U.S.? Firas AbuSneneh, Colin A. Carter & Aaron Smith University of California, Davis 7 th Annual Berkeley Bioeconomy Conference, March 2014 ﻧﻲﻟﻌﺪ ﺷﺮﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ

Transcript of Firas 7th Bioeconomy Conference · 2014. 4. 17. · Firas_7th Bioeconomy Conference.pptx Author:...

Page 1: Firas 7th Bioeconomy Conference · 2014. 4. 17. · Firas_7th Bioeconomy Conference.pptx Author: Angie Erickson Created Date: 4/15/2014 5:41:19 PM ...

Why  is  Ethanol  Rela/vely  Expensive  in  the  U.S.?  

Firas  Abu-­‐Sneneh,  Colin  A.  Carter  &  Aaron  Smith  

University  of  California,  Davis  

7th  Annual  Berkeley  Bioeconomy  Conference,  March  2014  

نيدوواااالع هللا  بدة  عريفش

   

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Ethanol  is  typically  priced  above  its  energy  content,  i.e.  Pethanol  >  0.7*PBOB  

0.00  

0.50  

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$  /G

allon  

Gasoline   Ethanol  price  on  energy  basis    

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Actual  Use  vs.  Mandated  Use  

•  Ethanol  use  exceeded  the  mandate.    

2%  

3%  

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Actual  Blend  Rate   Mandate  Rate  

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Poten/al  Explana/ons  

1.  Ethanol  is  NOT  expensive  –  Volumetric  subs/tutes:  buy  ethanol  as  long  as            

Pethanol    ≤  PBOB  –  Cheap  source  of  octane    

2.  Mandate  is  binding  

– RINs  accumula/on  for  later  years  

– Switching  is  costly,  and  occurs  region  by  region,  limi/ng  compe//on  

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Rela/ve  price  in  the  U.S.  vs.  Brazil  

0  

0.2  

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1.6  Jan-­‐10  

Jun-­‐10  

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Price  of  ethan

ol/Price  of  gasoline  

U.S.   Brazil    

Perfect substitutes: energy content

Perfect substitutes: Volumetric

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Octane  

•  Ethanol  could  decrease  produc/on  costs  by  subs/tu/ng  expensive  inputs.    

•  Ethanol  has  high  octane  ra/ng  (good),  but  also  high  vola/lity  (bad).    

•  We  run  an  LP  model  to  es/mate  demand  for  ethanol,  given  its  rela/ve  price  and  aeributes.    

•  Given  recent  prices,  ethanol  will  not  minimize  produc/ons  costs.    

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Does  ethanol  in  the  mix  reduce  the  price  of  BOB?  

•  If  ethanol  reduces  produc/on  cost,  then  introducing  it  should  have  decreased  the  price  of  BOB,  once  controlling  for  oil  prices.      

•  Natural  experiment:  ethanol  in  mix  allowed  refiners  to  switch  from  87  to  84  octane  BOB.    

•  Regress  BOB  on  crude  price  &  switch  dummy.  

•  Null  hypothesis:  No  effect.  We  fail  to  reject.  

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Switching  between  blends  is  costly  

•  Adjustment  of  BOB  

•  Coordina/on  costs    

•  E10  receives  a  vola/lity  waiver;  other  blends  are  more  costly  to  produce  

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Switching  occurs  regionally      

•  Economies  of  scales  favors  holding  one  blend.  

– Most  infrastructure  designed  to  hold  limited  grades  of  gasoline.      

– Pipeline  logis/cs  limits  the  ability  to  transport  mul/ple  BOBs  to  same  loca/on.    

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Model  of  blender’s  choice  with  switching  costs.  

•   A  refiner  operates  in  two  iden/cal  regions  and  faces  the  following  mandate  – Year  1:  ethanol  blend  rate  must  be  4%  

– Year  2:  ethanol  blend  rate  must  be  9%  

•  To  minimize  cost  and  meet  the  mandate  the  refiner  should  either:  

A.  Switch  one  region  to  E10  in  year  1  and  switch  to  E10  in  year  2  

B.  Switch  both  regions  to  E10  in  year  1  

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Model  of  blender’s  choice  with  switching  costs.  

•  Blending  rate  is  thus  either:      – 5%  in  year  1  and  10%  in  year  2  – 10%  in  both  years  

•  Giving  the  impression  that  mandate  is  not  binding,  when  in  fact  it  is.    

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Should  a  region  switch  early  or  not?  

Demand

E0 Supply

E10 Supply

$/Mile

Miles

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Should  a  region  switch  early  or  not?  

•  Demand  for  gasoline  is  extremely  inelas/c.  

•  Producer  surplus  is  maximized  when  prices  are  higher.    

•  Compe//on  keeps  prices  down  

•  Mandate  allows  implicit  collusion;  sell  inferior  product  at  higher  price  

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Conclusion  

•  Mandate  increase  U.S.  gasoline  prices  by  raising  the  price  of  ethanol.    

•  Market  rigidi/es  result  in  limited  compe//on  between  gasoline  blends.    

•  This  disconnects  the  rela/ve  price  of  ethanol  to  gasoline  from  consumer  preferences.    

•  The  mandate  is  set  at  a  quan/ty  above    equilibrium,  leading  to  a  higher  ethanol  price.    

•  It  also  leads  to  vola/le  price  rela/onship  between  ethanol  and  gasoline.