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evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BwZnvm c„ôv � 43

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gnvgwZ AvKei t mvgªvR¨ „pxKiY I m¤úªmviY

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• AvKe‡ii wmsnvmb Av‡ivnYKv‡j fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • w`wjø-AvMÖv cybiy×v‡ii Rb¨ AvKei I Avw`j kv‡ni †mbvcwZ wngyi m‡½ msNwUZ cvwbc‡_i

wØZxq hy‡×i weeiY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • AvKe‡ii AwffveK êivg Luvi c`Py¨wZ Ges AvKei KZ…©K kvmb fviZ ¯^n‡¯Í MÖnY m¤ú‡K©

Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • DËi-fvi‡Z ivR¨ m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ msNwUZ hy×-weMÖ‡ni weeiY wjwce× Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • evsjv I DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ AÂ‡j AvKe‡ii ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii BwZnvm ej‡Z cvi‡eb; • `w¶Y fvi‡Z AvKei wKfv‡e mvgªvR¨ m¤úªmviY K‡iwQ‡jb †m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • wewRZ mvgªv‡Rï msnwZ I „pxKi‡Y AvKe‡ii f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

eveyi‡K gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cÖ_g cÖwZôvZv ejv n‡jI gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv n‡jb gnvgwZ AvKei| eveyi gyNj mvgªv‡Rï †h wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb ûgvqy‡bi kvmbKv‡j Zv aywjm¨vr n‡q wM‡qwQj| AvKei †m jyß ¶gZv‡K cybiy×vi K‡i GK wekvj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡i †hvM¨Zvi cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb| ïaygvÎ mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z wM‡q hy× †KŠk‡j bq, ivRKxq Kg©Kv‡Ûi wewfbœ wefv‡M Ges ¯^Kxq e¨w³Z¡ I cÖwZfvi ¸‡Y wZwb fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m †h Awe¯§iYxq cÖfve †i‡L †M‡Qb †mRb¨ Zuvi ÔgnvgwZ' AvL¨v h_v_©| HwZnvwmK W. Ck¦ixcÖmv‡ì g‡Z, ÒïaygvÎ fviZ BwZnv‡m bq, we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m AvKei GKwU wewkó ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Qb|Ó

wcZv ûgvqyb hLb †kikv‡ni n‡¯Í ivR¨Py¨Z n‡q Ges åvZ…eM© KZ…©K cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡q wmÜz cÖ‡`‡ki AšÍM©Z Agi‡Kv‡Ui ivYv cÖmv‡ì M„‡n Avkªq wb‡qwQ‡jb ZLb (15 A‡±vei, 1542) AvKe‡ii Rb¥ nq| ivYv cÖmv‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq ûgvqyb hLb _vÆv I fv°vi Awfhv‡b AMÖmi nb cw_g‡a¨ Zvw`© †eM Lvb KZ…©K ûgvqyb cy‡Îi Rb¥ msev` cvb| ûgvqy‡bi ZLb GgbB `ytmgq PjwQj, hvi Rb¨ Zuvi cy‡Îi

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R‡b¥i msev‡` †Kvb AvbyôvwbK eë¯’v Kiv wKsev Zuvi m½x‡ì †Kvb cyi¯‹vi w`‡ZI wZwb A¶g wQ‡jb| ZLb wZwb GKwU K¯Ízix †K‡U m½x‡ì g‡a¨ weZiY K‡i e‡jb, ÔAvgvi AvR Avcbv‡ì †Ìqvi g‡Zv wKQyB †bB| wKšÍz Avgvi wek¦vm GB K¯Íyixi myMÜ †hgb Zveyi g‡a¨ Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q, GKw`b Avgvi cy‡Îi hk I L¨vwZI GB K¯Ízixi myM‡Üi g‡Zv mgMÖ †`ke¨vcx we¯Í„Z n‡e|' D‡jøL¨, AvKei wmsnvm‡b e‡m wcZvi GB AvKv•¶v c~iY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi hk I L¨vwZ ïaygvÎ fviZe‡l© bq, mgMÖ we‡k¦ we¯Í„wZ jvf K‡iwQj|

ûgvqyb üZiv‡Rï GKvsk cvÄve, w`wjø I AvMÖv cybiy×vi Kivi AeëwnZ c‡iB g„ZzëiY (27 Rvbyqvwi, 1556 wLª÷vã) K‡ib| ZLb AvKe‡ii eqm wQj gvÎ †Zi ermi| AvKei ZLb cvÄv‡e wmKv›`vi k~‡ii weiy‡× hy‡× wjß wQ‡jb|GB msev` †c‡q ûgvqy‡bi eÜz I AbyPi AvKe‡ii AwffveK ‰eivg Luv Zr¶Yvr B‡Ui gÂ ˆZwi K‡ib| 14 †deªyqvwi 1556, †mB B‡Ui g‡Â AvKe‡ii wmsnvmb Av‡ivn‡Yi Awf‡lK-wµqv m¤úbœ K‡ib| ¯^fveZB †Zi eQ‡ii evjK AvKei kvmbKv‡h©i `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi Dchy³ wQ‡jb bv| ZvB êivg Lvb Zuvi c‡¶ kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z jvM‡jb|

AvKe‡ii wmsnvmb Av‡ivnYKv‡j fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK Ae ’v

AvKei hLb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib, ZLb gyNj mvgªvR¨ †KejgvÎ cvÄve, w`wjø I AvMÖvi g‡a¨B mxgve× wQj|G mg‡q fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK msKU Zxeªfv‡e Nbxf‚Z n‡qwQj Ges Pviw`‡K wek„´Ljvi ìyb evjK AvKei Pig msK‡U cwZZ nb| †ki kv‡ni DËivwaKvixi mgq †_‡K fvi‡Z eû ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï D™¢e N‡U| ûgvqyb mvgªv‡Rï AwaKvi cybcÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡jI mvgªvR¨‡K mymsnZ Kivi mgq cvbwb| G mg‡q w`wjøi wmsnvm‡bi cÖwZ wZb Rb bicwZi †jvjyä `„wó wQj|

cÖ_gZ, †kikv‡ni åvZz®úyÎ Avw`j kv‡ni †mbvcwZ wngy w`wjøi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv `L‡ji Rb¨ Zrci nb|

wØZxqZ, ‡ki kv‡ni Aci åvZz®úyÎ wmKv›`vi k~i cvÄve †_‡K w`wjøi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv `Lj K‡i AvKe‡ii wmsnvmb `vwe‡K webó Ki‡Z D`¨Z wQ‡jb|

Z…ZxqZ, DËi-cwðg AÂ‡j AvKe‡ii êgv‡Îq åvZv gxR©v †gvnv¤§` nvwKg ¯^vaxbfv‡e ivRZ¡ KiwQ‡jb| wZwbI AvKe‡ii wmsnvm‡bi `vwe‡K webó K‡i wb‡Ri `vwe‡K mycÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb|

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cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy×, 1556 wLª.

ûgvqy‡bi AvKw¯§K g„Zzï my‡hvM wb‡q AvKei wmsnvm‡b emvi m‡½ m‡½ Avw`j kv‡ni cÖavbgš¿x I †mbvcwZ wngy w`wjø I AvMÖv `Lj K‡i fviZel© †_‡K gyNj‡ì weZvwoZ Kivi Rb¨ AMÖmi nb| AvMÖvi gyNj kvmbKZ©v B¯‹v›`vi Lvb Zuv‡K evav w`‡Z Amg_© n‡q w`wjø‡Z cvwj‡q Av‡mb| wngy AvMÖv `Lj K‡i AvMÖv †_‡K w`wjøi w`‡K AMÖmi nb| w`wjøi kvmbKZ©v Zvw`© †eM wngyi nvgjv cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q wZwbI w`wjø †_‡K cvwj‡q cvÄv‡e P‡j Av‡mb| AZci wngy Avw`j kv‡ni AaxbZv A¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡R‡K ¯^vaxb bicwZ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib Ges weµgvw`Z¨ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡i w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb| gyNj †mbvevwnbxi ˆbwZK kw³ I gh©v`vq AvNvZ nv‡b| cvÄv‡e Ae¯’vbiZ AvKe‡ii wbKU GB msev` †cŠuQ‡j AwaKvsk AwfRvZ Zuv‡K wngyi KvQ †_‡K i¶v Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kvey‡j P‡j †h‡Z civgk© †`b| wKšÍz AvKe‡ii AwffveK weP¶Y ivRbxwZK êivg Luv Hme civRqcÖeY AwfRvZM‡Yi civgk© AMÖvn¨ K‡ib| wZwb webv hy‡× wngy‡K w`wjøi wmsnvmb †Q‡o w`‡Z ivwR wQ‡jb bv| evjK mgªvU AvKei êivg Luvi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib Ges Kvey‡j cvwj‡q bv wM‡q wngyi m‡½ hy‡× AeZxY© n‡q gyNj‡ì fvM¨ wba©vi‡Yi wm×všÍ †bb| AZci wmKv›`vi k~i‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ AvKei wLwRi Lvb‡K cvÄv‡e †i‡L êivg Luv mn w`wjø AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ m‰m‡b¨ AMÖmi nb| cw_g‡a¨ wmiwn‡›` AvMÖvi cjvZK kvmbKZ©v B¯‹v›`vi Lvb I w`wjøi cjvZK kvmbKZ©v Zvw`© †eM Zuv‡ì m‡½ wgwjZ nb| w`wjø i¶v Ki‡Z bv cvivi Aciv‡a êivg Luv Zvw`© †eM‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| KZ©‡e¨ Ae‡njv I KvcyiylZvi dj¯îƒc Zuvi GB cwiYwZ nq|

wmiwn›` †_‡K AvKei I êivg Luv Zvu‡ì cÖavb kÎy w`wjø I AvMÖv `LjKvix wngy‡K civwRZ K‡i w`wjø AwaKv‡ii msKí wb‡q w`wjø Awfgy‡L AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡Kb| BwZnvmL¨vZ cvwbc‡_i cÖvšÍ‡i gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx‡K wngy evav cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zzgyj hy× ïiy nq| hy‡×i cÖ_g w`‡K wngyi AvdMvb ˆmbëvwnbx gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx‡K ¯’vbPy¨Z Ki‡j gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx fxZ n‡q c‡o| wKšÍz nVvr wngyi `w¶Y P¶z Zxiwe× n‡j wZwb msÁvnxb n‡q c‡ob| d‡j †bZ…‡Z¡i Afv‡e hy‡×i MwZ cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq Ges wngyi AvdMvb ˆmbëvwnbx QÎf½ n‡q hy×‡¶Î †_‡K cvjv‡Z _v‡K| wngy †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nb Ges msÁvnxb Ae¯’vq a„Z nb| AZci ew›` Ae¯’vq Zuv‡K AvKe‡ii wbKU Avbv nq| êivg Luv AvKei‡K wngyi wki‡”Q` Ki‡Z Aby‡iva Rvbvb| wKšÍz AvKei G‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbv‡j êivg Luv wb‡R wngyi wki‡”Q` K‡ib| AvKei weRqx‡e‡k 1556 wLª÷v‡ãi 6 b‡f¤î w`wjø cÖ‡ek K‡ib| Kvjwej¤^ bv K‡i wZwb AvMÖv AwaKvi K‡ib Ges wmKv›`vi k~‡ii weiy‡× h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| d‡j wmKv›`vi k~i 1557 wLª. ek¨Zv ¯^xKv‡i eva¨ nb| AvKei Zuv‡K wenv‡i RvqMxi cÖ`vb K‡ib| wKšÍz AíKv‡ji g‡a¨ wmKv›`vi k~i we‡`ªvnx n‡q DV‡j Zuv‡K RvqMxi Py¨Z Kiv nq| wZwb AvZ¥i¶v‡_© evsjvq Avkªq †bb| evsjvq Ae¯’vbKv‡j 1559 wLª. Zuvi g„Zz¨ N‡U| Ab¨w`‡K Beªvwng k~i gyNj we‡ivwaZv Z¨vM K‡ib Ges Avw`j k~i evsjv AwaKv‡ii e„_v †Póv Ki‡Z wM‡q B‡Zvg‡a¨ (1556) wbnZ nb| d‡j cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy‡× Rqjv‡fi d‡j fvi‡Zi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv AvKe‡ii wbKU `vwe Kivi g‡Zv Avi †Kvb cÖej AvdMvb cÖwZØ›`¡x iBj bv| 1526 wLª. cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× weRq jvf Kivi ci eveyi †h mvgªv‡Rï wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb, 1556 wLª. cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy‡× AvKe‡ii Rqjv‡fi d‡j †mB mvgªvR¨ wec`gy³ n‡q my`„pfv‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| Gici AvdMvbMY Avi KL‡bv mgMÖ fviZe¨vcx mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi KíbvI Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wØZxq cvwbc‡_i



RqjvfB AvKe‡ii Ges fviZe‡l© gyNj fvM¨ wba©viY K‡i| Gici †_‡K gyNj‡ì bZzb kw³‡Z hvÎv ïiy nq| Gme w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j mwZ¨B cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy× AvKei I êivg Luvi AZ¨šÍ we‡ePbvcÖm~Z I mwVK wm×všÍ wQj| DcišÍz evey‡ii mg‡q †h gyNj-AvdMvb msNv‡Zi m~Pbv n‡qwQj, cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy‡× Gi Aemvb N‡U| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GB hy×‡K AvKei Z_v gyNj‡ì me©‡kl AvZ¥i¶vi hy× ejv hvq| Gici AvKei †hme hy‡× AeZxY© n‡qwQ‡jb †mme wQj mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii hy×| g~jZ gyNj‡ì me©v‡c¶v ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I mxgv-gxgvsmg~jK hy× wQj cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy×|

êivg Luvi c`Py¨wZ I mvgªv‡Rï kvmbfvi ¯n‡ Í MÖnY

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ZvQvov AvKe‡ii gvZv nvwg`v evby, avÎx gvZv gvng& Ab&M Ges Acivci ïfvKv•¶x AvZ¥xq¯^Rb êivg Luvi weiy‡× cÖ‡ivPbv I loh‡š¿ wjß n‡q AvKei‡K Zuvi Awffve‡Ki KZ…©Z¡ eR©b Ki‡Z Dc‡`k †`b| µ‡g AvKeiI êivg Luvi m¤úK© wZ³ n‡q I‡Vb| d‡j 1560 wLª. AvKei êivg Luv‡K AwffveKZ¡ †_‡K AcmvwiZ K‡ib Ges ¯^n‡¯Í gyNj mvgªv‡Rï kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib|

AvKe‡ii mvgªvR¨ we¯—vi

1560 wLª. AvKei e¨w³MZ kvmb¶gZv cÖwZôvi d‡j gyNj mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii BwZnv‡m GK bZzb Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv nq| AvKei Zuvi ivR‡Z¡i m~Pbv n‡Z g„Zzï Aí K‡qK ermi c~e© ch©šÍ AcÖwZnZ MwZ‡Z m¤úªmviY bxwZ AbymiY K‡iwQ‡jb| 1561 wLª. AvKei †h mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi bxwZi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib 1601 wLª. Lv‡›`‡ki AvwmiMo `yM© AwaKvi ch©šÍ Zv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| GB `xN© Pwjøk ermi ¯’vqx avivevwnK weR‡qi ga¨ w`‡q AvKei mgMÖ DËi fvi‡Z Ges ga¨ fvi‡Z HK¨ ¯’vcb K‡i GK wekvj mvgªv‡Rï m„wó K‡ib| G e¨vcv‡i Aveyj dRj e‡jb, Òfvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂ‡ji AZ¨vPvix I ¯^v_©v‡b¦lx kvmK‡ì kvmb †_‡K RbmvaviY‡K kvwšÍ I mg„w×`v‡bi Rb¨ AvKei ivR¨ we¯Ívi bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib|Ó

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AvKei ¯^n‡¯Í ivR¨fvi MÖnY K‡i DËi fvi‡Zi †h AÂjwU AwaKvi K‡ib Zv n‡jv gvje| †mLvbKvi kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb evRevnv`yi| wZwb wQ‡jb †ki Lvb I Zuvi cyÎ Bmjvg kv‡ni mg‡qi kvmbKZ©v my¾vZ Lv‡bi cyÎ| evRevnv`yi kvmbKv‡h© Ag‡bv‡hvMx n‡q m½xZ I evBwR wb‡q w`b

Gm Gm GBP Gj


AwZevwnZ KiwQ‡jb| 1561 wLª. AvKei avÎxgvZv gvn&g Avb&M-Gi cyÎ Av`g Lvb‡K gvje AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ cvVvb| Av`g Lvb evRevnv`yi‡K civwRZ K‡i gvje AwaKvi K‡ib Ges ivRavbx mvivscyi jyÉb K‡ib| Gm‡½ gvj‡ei RbmvaviY I bvix‡ì Ici Av`g Lvb AZ¨vPvi ïiy K‡ib| GB AZ¨vPv‡ii msev` AvKe‡ii Kv‡b †cŠuQv‡j m‡½ m‡½ Av`g Lvb‡K kvwšÍ †èvi D‡Ï‡k¨ AvMÖv †_‡K gvj‡ei w`‡K hvÎv K‡ib (1561 wLª. 27 GwcÖj)| 13 †g, 1561 wLª. AvKei gvj‡e †cŠuQ‡j Av`g Lvb we¯§‡q nZevK n‡q hvb Ges AvKe‡ii wbKU ¶gv cÖv_©bv K‡ib| wKšÍz AvKei Av`g Lvb‡K c`Py¨Z K‡i cxi gn¤§`‡K gvj‡ei kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM K‡i AvMÖvq wd‡i Av‡mb| cxi gn¤§‡ì `ye©j kvm‡bi my‡hv‡M evRevnv`yi cybivq gvje AwaKvi Ki‡j AvKei †mbvcwZ Avãyjøv Luv DR‡eK‡K evRevnv`y‡ii weiy‡× †cÖiY K‡ib| wZwb gvje AwaKvi K‡ib| AZci gvj‡e AvKe‡ii cÖZ¨¶ kvmb ïiy nq| cieZx©Kv‡j evRevnv`yi AvKe‡ii ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡j Zuv‡K ÔGKnvRvix' gbme`vi c‡` wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib|

M‡Ûvqvbv

1564 wLª. AvKei Kviv I c~e© AÂ‡ji kvmbKZ©v Avmd Luv‡K cÂvk nvRvi ˆm‡bï GK evwnbx w`‡q ga¨ cÖ‡`‡ki Mo KvUv½vi ivR¨ M‡Ûvqvbv Rq Kivi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| ZLb M‡Ûvqvbvi ivRv exibvivqY wQ‡jb bvevjK| GB mg‡q ivYx gvZv `~M©veZx exibvivq‡Yi AwffvweKv iƒ‡c ivR¨ kvmb KiwQ‡jb| ivRgvZv `~M©veZx †hgwb wQ‡jb mvnmx †Zgwb wQ‡jb we`~lx| wZwb AZ¨šÍ mvn‡mi m‡½ M‡oi c~e©w`‡K bvinx‡Z `yw`b gyNj ˆmb¨‡K cÖwZnZ K‡ib| wKšÍz cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z wM‡q gyNj ˆm‡bï Zx‡ii AvNv‡Z AvnZ nb Ges wb‡Ri m¤¢ªg i¶vi Rb¨ AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| evjK ivRv exibvivqY ex‡ii b¨vq hy× K‡i cÖvY wemR©b †`b| Avmd Luv wecyj cwigvY ¯^Y©, †iŠc¨ gwYgy³vi M‡Ûvqvbv ivR¨ †_‡K n¯ÍMZ K‡ib| Gfv‡e M‡Ûvqvbv ivR¨ gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ nq| AvKei Z_vKvi cyivZb ivRes‡ki P›`ª kvn bvgK GK e¨w³i n‡¯Í M‡Ûvqvbvi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡ib| wewbg‡q M‡Ûvqvbv‡K ¯^xq iv‡Rï wKQy Ask gyNj kvmbvax‡b †Q‡o w`‡Z nq| P›`ª kvn AvKe‡ii cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b K‡ib|

DR‡eK we‡`ªvn

M‡Ûvqvbv R‡qi m‡½ m‡½ 1565 wLª. gvj‡ei kvmbKZ©v Ave`yjøv Luv DR‡eK, †RŠbcy‡ii kvmbKZ©v DR‡eK †bZv Lvb Rvgvb we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì we‡`ªv‡ni my‡hv‡M AvKe‡ii åvZv gxR©v nvwKgI wb‡R‡K wn›`y¯Ív‡bi mgªvU †NvlYv K‡i cvÄve AvµgY K‡ib| AvKei G‡K G‡K wZbwU we‡`ªvn m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `gb K‡ib Ges we‡`ªvnx‡ì Dchy³ kvw¯Í cÖ`vb K‡ib|

ivRcyZbv

DR‡eK we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i AvKei ivRcyZbvi w`‡K `„wó wbe× K‡ib| weP¶Y I `~i`kx© ivRbxwZwe` AvKei Dcjwä Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQ‡jb †h, gyNj mvgªvR¨‡K `„p wfwËi Ici cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡j ivRcyZ‡ì m‡½ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb Acwinvh©| GQvov ivRcyZbvi g‡a¨ w`‡qB DËi-cwðg fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki evwYR¨ c_ wQj| Gme ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y AvKei cÖ_g †_‡KB ivRcyZ RvwZi m‡½ †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡Z m‡Pó wQ‡jb| 1562 wLª. wZwb gvbwmK kvwšÍ I cyÎ Kvgbvq cèª‡R AvRgx‡i LvRv gCbDwÏb wPkwZi gvRvi cwi`k©b Ki‡Z hvb| cw_g‡a¨ A¤^‡ii ivRv wenvixgj Ges eû ivRcyZ `jcwZ ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i Zuvi m‡½ ˆgÎx ¯’vcb K‡ib| wenvixgj wbR Kb¨vi m‡½ AvKe‡ii weevn †`b| GB ivRcyZ Kb¨vB Rvnv½x‡ii gvZv| wenvixgj, ZrcyÎ fMevb



`vm I †cŠÎ gvbwmsn AvKe‡ii ˆmbëvwnbx‡Z D”Pc` jvf K‡i cieZx© mg‡q gyNj mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb|

Kvjµ‡g gyNj-ivRcyZ ˆgÎx AvKe‡ii mvgªv‡Rï cÖavb ¯Í¤¢ n‡q ùvovq| wKšÍz mKj ivRcyZ ivRv G bxwZ MÖnY K‡ibwb| †gev‡ii ivYv ivRcyZ cÖwZ‡ivaKvix‡ì ga¨gwY wQ‡jb| G mg‡q †gev‡ii ivYv wQ‡jb D`q wmsn| ivYv msMÖvg wms‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ D`q wmsn †gev‡ii ivYv nb| Z‡e wZwb wenvixg‡ji gZ ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z ivwR wQ‡jb bv| 1567 wLª. AvKei †gevi AvµgY K‡i wP‡Zvi `yM© Ae‡iva K‡ib| †gev‡ii ivRv D`q wmsn cvwj‡q Avivejøxi `yM©g cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡ib| cÖvq Pvi gvm wP‡Zvi `yM© AwaKv‡ii †Póvi ci GKw`b AvKw¯§Kfv‡e AvKe‡ii ¸wj‡Z ivRcyZ exi Rqg‡ji g„Zz¨ n‡j wP‡Zvi `y‡M©i cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v †f‡½ c‡o Ges gyNj †mbvevwnbx wP‡Zvi `y‡M© cÖ‡ek K‡i| ivRcyZ ˆmb¨MY exi‡Z¡i m‡½ hy× K‡i cÖvY wemR©b †`q| ivRcyZ igYxMY ÔRIni eªZ' Aej¤^b K‡i AwMœKz‡Û Suvc †`b| Gfv‡e wP‡Zvi `yM© gyNj‡ì AwaKv‡i Av‡m|

wP‡Zvi `y‡M©i cZ‡b Ab¨vb¨ ivRcyZ ivRvMY `viybfv‡e fxZ n‡q c‡ob| G‡K G‡K iY_‡¤¢v‡ii AwacwZ myRb, KvwjÄ‡ii AwacwZ ivRv ivgPuv` ev‡Nj, †hvacy‡ii ivRv gvj‡`‡ei cyÎ P›`ª †mb, weKvbxi ivRv Kj¨vYgj Ges Zuvi cyÎ ivB wms Ges Rqmjgx‡ii ivRv ivIqvj ni ivB AvKe‡ii ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡ib|

cÖvq webvhy‡× mgMÖ ivRcyZbv AvKe‡ii ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡jI †gevi AvKe‡ii ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡iwb, hwÌ †gev‡ii ivRavbx wP‡Zv‡ii cZb N‡UwQj| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †gev‡ii ivYv D`q wms‡ni g„Zz¨ (1572 wLª.) n‡j Zuvi cyÎ cÖZvc wmsn †gev‡ii ivYv nb| wZwb D`qcyi, Kz¤¢j I †Mv¸Ûvq kw³ mÂq K‡i wP‡Zvi cybiy×v‡ii msKí K‡ib| AvKei AZ¨šÍ D`vi k‡Z© ivYv cÖZvc wmsn‡K AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKv‡ii AvnŸvb Rvbv‡j wZwb Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i ¯^‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi kc_ †bb| AvKei 1576 wLª. GwcÖj gv‡m ivRv gvbwmsn I Avmd Luv‡K Zuvi weiy‡× †cÖiY K‡ib|cÖZvc wmsn gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx‡K gÛjM‡oi ga¨ w`‡q †Mv¸Ûvq AMÖmi nevi gy‡L njw`NvU bvgK wMwic‡_ cÖwZ‡iva K‡ib| 1576 wLª÷v‡ãi 21 Ryb Zvwi‡L Dfq evwnbxi g‡a¨ GK i³¶qx hy× msNwUZ nq| cÖZvc wmsn gyNj ˆmbëvwnbxi n‡¯Í civwRZ n‡q cjvqb K‡ib| d‡j †Mv¸Ûv gyNj mvgªv‡Rï AwaKvifz³ nq| AZci wm‡ivwn, B`vi, ebm&Iqviv, `y½icyi, IQ©v cÖf…wZ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ivRcyZ ivR¨mg~n AvKe‡ii wbKU Z_v gyNj‡ì wbKU AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i| 1578 wLª. cybivq AvKei kvnevR Lvb‡K ivYv cÖZvc wms‡ni weiy‡× †cÖiY K‡ib| gyNj †mbvevwnbx †KjIqviv, Kz¤¢jMo I †Mv¸Ûvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡j ivYv cÖZvc wmsn Pe›` bvgK ¯’v‡b AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡ib| AZci my‡hvM ey‡S wZwb Kz¤¢jMo cybiy×vi Ki‡Z m¶g nb Ges ebm&Iqviv I `y½icy‡ii Ici ¯^xq KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZôv K‡ib| kvnevR Lvb Zuv‡K `gb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| 1584 wLª. AvKei ivYv cÖZvc wms‡ni weiy‡× Rvdi †eM I RMbœv_‡K †cÖiY K‡ib| ZuvivI e¨_©Zvi cwiPq †`b| 1597 wLª. ivYv cÖZvc wmsn g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Z‡e g„Zzï c~‡e© wZwb AvRgxi, wP‡Zvi I gÛjMo e¨ZxZ Zuvi üZiv‡Rï A‡bKvsk cybiy×vi Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| ivYv cÖZv‡ci g„Zzï ci Zuvi DËivwaKvix Agi wms‡ni weiy‡× AvKei 1599 wLª. kvnRv`v †mwjg I ivRv gvbwmsn‡K †cÖiY K‡ib| hy‡× Agiwmsn civwRZ nb| Z_vwc mgMÖ †gevi gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| †gev‡ii GB cÖwZ‡iva msMÖvg fvi‡Zi ga¨hy‡Mi BwZnv‡m GK †ivgvÂKi Kvwnbx|

cwðg fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ we Ívi

¸RivU

Gm Gm GBP Gj


gvje I ivRcyZbv AwaKv‡ii ci AvKei DËi fvi‡Z wbi¼zk ¶gZvi AwaKvix nb| AZci wZwb cwðg fvi‡Zi mgy`ª DcK‚jeZx© AÂj ¸RivU R‡q gb¯’ K‡ib| ¸RivU k‡m¨, m¤ú‡` Ges eëmv-evwY‡R¨ Lye mg„× wQj| w`wjøi myjZvwb Avg‡jB e¯¿wk‡í ¸RivU fvi‡Z we‡kl gh©v`vi Avm‡b mgvmxb nq| Aek¨ AvKe‡ii ¸RivU Awfhv‡bi cðv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ KviY wQjÑ

(1) we‡`ªvnx gxR©viv ¸Riv‡U Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡j Zuv‡ì `gb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q|

(2) ¸RivU wQj mgy`ªc‡_ fvi‡Zi evB‡ii †`‡ki †hvMv‡hvM †¶Î|

(3) cZz©wMR‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ûi Ici bRi ivLvi cÖ‡qvR‡b ¸RivU gyNj‡ì AwaKv‡i ivLv Riywi wQj|

(4) ¸Riv‡Ui wKQy msL¨K Avgxi AvKe‡ii n¯Í‡¶c Kvgbv K‡iwQ‡jb|

(5) ¸Riv‡Ui cÖfzZ m¤ú` I evwYR¨ NuvwU AvKei‡K ¸RivU AwaKv‡i DrmvwnZ K‡i|

7 b‡f¤î 1572 wLª. AvKei BwZg` bv‡g ¯’vbxq GKRb Avgx‡ii AvnŸv‡b ¸Riv‡Ui cvUj bvgK ¯’v‡b m‰m‡b¨ Dcw¯’Z nb| †mLvb †_‡K Avn‡g`vev` hvb| AvKei mn‡RB ¸RivU Rq K‡ib| AZci wZwb 8 wW‡m¤î 1572, Avn‡g`vev` †_‡K K¨v‡¤^‡Z hvb| †mLvb †_‡KB wZwb we‡`ªvnx gxR©v‡ì weiy‡× AMÖmi nb| we‡`ªvnx‡ì g‡a¨ Beªvwng û‡mb gxR©v e‡iv`vq, gn¤§` †nv‡mb gxR©v myiv‡U Ges kvn gxR©v Pv¤úv‡b‡i NuvwU ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1573 wLª. Rvbyqvwi gv‡m gxR©v †Mvôxi we‡`ªvnxiv gyNj ˆmb¨‡ì nv‡Z civwRZ nq| ¸Riv‡Ui kvmbfvi Lvb AvR‡gi n‡¯Í Ac©Y K‡i AvKei d‡Zcyi wmµx‡Z wd‡i Av‡mb| wKšÍz K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨ cjvZK we‡`ªvnxiv we¶zä Avgxi‡ì mnvqZvq myivU, †eªvR, K¨v‡¤^ I Avn‡g`vev` AwaKvi K‡i †bq| AvKei AvM÷ †_‡K A‡±vei 1573 wLª. Zuv‡ì weiy‡× Awfhvb K‡i cybivq †mme GjvKv gyNj‡ì AwaKv‡i G‡b ¸RivU‡K gyNj mvgªv‡Rï Ab¨Zg Ômyev'q cwiYZ K‡ib|

¸RivU weRq AvKe‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| KviY Gi djvdj n‡qwQj my`~i cÖmvix|

cÖ_gZ, ¸RivU AwaKvi Kivi d‡j mgy‡`ª Ges cwðg DcK‚‡ji mg„×kvjx e›ì¸‡jvi Ici gyNj‡ì AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq|

wØZxqZ, ¸RivU weR‡qi d‡j AvKei cZz©wMR‡ì ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mb| Zv‡ì m‡½ eÜzZ¡ nq Ges cZz©wMRiv g°v hvÎx‡ì wbivcËvi cÖwZkªywZ †`b| cwðgv wPšÍv-fvebvi m‡½ AvKei cwiwPZ nb|

Z…ZxqZ, mgy`ª DcK‚j AwaK…Z nIqvq gyNjiv †bŠevwnbx MV‡bi my‡hvM jvf K‡i|

PZz_©Z, ivRv †UvWigj cÖ_g ¸Riv‡U Rwg-Rwic K‡i AvaywbK ivR¯^ eë¯’vi †MvovcËb K‡ib|

cÂgZ, ¸RivU e›ì †_‡K Av`vqK…Z ïé I ivR¯^ gyNj ivR‡Kvl‡K ùxZ K‡i|

lôZ, ¸RivU weR‡qi d‡j `vw¶Yv‡Zï Øvi gyNj‡ì Rb¨ Db¥y³ n‡q hvq|

c~e© fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ we Ívi



evsjv I Dwol¨v

¸RivU weR‡qi ci AvKei fviZe‡l©i c~e©vÂ‡j evsjvq gyNj AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvq m‡Pó nb| my‡jgvb Kiivbx bv‡g GKRb AvdMvb m`©vi evsjvi kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb AvKe‡ii ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv KiwQ‡jb| 1572 wLª. my‡jgvb Kiivbxi g„Zz¨ n‡j Zuvi cyÎ `vD` evsjvi kvmK wn‡m‡e AwawôZ nb| wZwb gyNj‡ì KZ…©Z¡ A¯^xKvi K‡i ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| d‡j 1574 wLª. ¯^qs AvKei Zuvi weiy‡× m‰m‡b¨ AMÖmi nb| `vD`‡K cvUbv I nvRxcyi †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i AvKei w`wjø cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| †mbvcwZ gywbg Luv I ivRv †UvWigj G‡K G‡K gy‡½i, †ZwjqvMwo, †KvjMv, fvMjcyi cÖf…wZ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bb| G mg‡q `vD` Dwol¨vq Avkªq wb‡Z eva¨ nb| `vD`‡K cðvraveb K‡i gywbg Luv I †UvWigj 1575 wLª. ev‡jk¦‡ii wbKU ZzKviq bvgK ¯’v‡b Zuv‡K civwRZ K‡i ek¨Zv ¯^xKv‡i eva¨ K‡ib| wKšÍz K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨ `vD` cybivq we‡`ªvn †NvlYv Ki‡j gyNj †mbvevwnbx 1576 wLª. ivRgn‡ji hy‡× `vD`‡K civwRZ K‡i| hy‡× wZwb wbnZ nb| d‡j evsjv gyNj mvgªv‡Rï AšÍfz©³ nq| wKšÍz evsjvi evi f‚uBqv bv‡g cwiwPZ XvKv I gqgbwms‡ni Ckv Luv, h‡kvn‡ii cÖZvcvw`Z¨, weµgcy‡ii †K`vi ivq cÖgyL ¯’vbxq Rwg`viMY gyNj‡ì AvµgY eûw`b cÖwZ‡iva K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e ivRZ¡ KiwQ‡jb| c~e©vÂ‡ji Aci ivR¨ Dwol¨v AviI wKQyKvj GK cÖKvi ¯^vaxb †_‡K 1592 wLª. gyNj mvgªv‡Rï AšÍfz©³ nq|

DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ AÂj

DËi-cwð‡g Ges c~e© fvi‡Z gyNj AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Kivi mgq AvKei mvgªv‡Rï Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© AÂj DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ AÂj m¤^‡ÜI m‡PZb wQ‡jb| †fŠ‡MvwjK Kvi‡YI DËi-cwðg AÂj wQj †h‡Kvb fviZxq mvgªv‡Rï c‡¶B ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| AvKei GB mxgvšÍ wbivc` I wbR AwaKv‡i ivLvi Rb¨ m‡Pó nb|

Kveyj

AvKe‡ii êgv‡Îq åvZv gxR©v nvwKg DËivwaKvi m~‡Î Kvey‡ji AwacwZ wQ‡jb| gxR©v nvwKg AvKe‡ii mve©‡fŠgZ¡ A¯^xKvi K‡i Zuv‡K wmsnvmbPy¨Z Kivi loh‡š¿ wjß n‡j AvKei 1578 wLª÷v‡ã AvbyMZ¨ †P‡q Kvey‡j `~Z cvVvb| G‡Z gxR©v nvwKg mvov bv †Ìqvq 1581 wLª÷v‡ã AvKei Zuvi weiy‡× AMÖmi n‡q Zuv‡K civwRZ K‡ib| wKšÍz Zuv‡K ¶gv K‡i cybivq Kvey‡ji kvmK wbhy³ K‡ib| 1585 wLª. gxR©v nvwK‡gi g„Zzï ci Kveyj m¤ú~Y©fv‡e gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ nq Ges AvKei gvbwmsn‡K Kvey‡ji kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM K‡ib|

Kvwk¥i

AvKe‡ii mgq Kvwk¥‡ii kvmK wQ‡jb BDmyd kvn| Kveyj AwaKv‡ii ci Kvwk¥i‡K wbR mvgªvR¨fz³ Kivi Rb¨ BDmyd kv‡ni m‡½ K‚UbxwZ e¨_© n‡j AvKei Avµg‡Yi c_ MÖnY K‡ib| 1586 wLª. wZwb fMevb `vm I Kvwmg Luv‡K m‰m‡b¨ Kvwk¥i AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx BDmyd Luv I Zuvi cyÎ BqvKze‡K hy‡× civwRZ K‡i Kvwk¥i gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|

wmÜz

Gm Gm GBP Gj


Kvwk¥i AwaKv‡ii ci AvKei êivg Luvi cyÎ gyjZv‡bi kvmbKZ©v Ave`yi iwng‡K wmÜz Avµg‡Yi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib| Ave`yi iwng 1591 wLª. GK ˆmbëvwnbx wb‡q wmÜz R‡qi Rb¨ AMÖmi nb| wZwb Z_vKvi kvmK Rvwb †eM‡K AvKe‡ii ek¨Zv ¯^xKv‡i eva¨ K‡ib|

Kv›`vnvi

DËi-cwðg mxgv‡šÍi mvgwiK w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j Kv›`vnvi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb| ZvB wmÜz I Kvwk¥i AwaKvi Kivi ci AvKei 1595 wLª. ga¨hy‡Mi cÖL¨vZ HwZnvwmK gxi gvmy‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ K‚U‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g webv-i³cv‡Z †ejywP¯Ívb I Kv›`vnvi AwaKvi K‡ib| Kv›`vnvi AwaKv‡ii d‡j DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ ê‡`wkK AvµgY n‡Z myiw¶Z nq|

`vw¶Yv‡Z¨ mvgªvR¨ we¯—vi

DËi I ga¨ fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ we¯Í„Z Kivi ci AvKei `w¶Y fvi‡Z AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z K…ZmsKí nb| KviY, `w¶Y fvi‡Zi weRvcyi, †MvjKzÛv, Avn¤§`bMi I Lv‡›`k AwaK…Z n‡j fviZel© gyNj kvm‡bi AšÍfz©³ n‡e| DcišÍz AvKei weP¶Y ivóªbxwZ‡Ki g‡Zv Zuvi fviZ mvgªv‡Rï wbivcËvi Rb¨ cZz©wMR‡ì ¶gZv `gb Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib| hv‡Z cZz©wMRiv `vw¶Yv‡Zï myjZvb‡ì ìev‡i AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i mvgªv‡Rï A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv †fvM Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| eis Zv‡ì AvwacZ¨ mgy‡`ªi g‡a¨B †hb mxgve× _v‡K| myZivs AvKei m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mvgªvRëv`x `„wófw½ wb‡qB Zuvi `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

AvZ¥Kj‡n wjß `vw¶Yv‡Zï myjZvb‡ì gyNj AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kivi ¶gZv wQj bv| Z_vwc AvKei 1591 wLª. `~Z gvidZ `vw¶Yv‡Zï myjZvb‡ì wbKU Zuvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz GKgvÎ Lv‡›`k e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb ivR¨B Zuvi cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡iwb| GB K‚U‰bwZK e¨_©Zvi d‡jB wZwb hy× Øviv `vw¶YvZ¨ weR‡qi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib|

êivg Luvi cyÎ Ave`yi iwng Ges AvKe‡ii wØZxq cyÎ gyiv` wekvj ˆmbëvwnbx wb‡q 1595 wLª. Avn¤§`bMi Ae‡iva K‡ib| wKšÍz Avn¤§`bM‡ii weaev ivRKb¨v Puv` myjZvbv `¶ †mbvcwZi g‡Zv AwgZ weµ‡g bMi i¶vq cÖe„Ë nb| wKšÍz Puv` myjZvbv wb‡R hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i ˆmb¨‡ì †cÖiYv w`‡jI `xN© Ae‡iv‡a Zuvi kw³ µgk `ye©j n‡q c‡o| Gw`‡K gyNj †mbvcwZ‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZØw›`¡Zv e„w× cvIqvq gyNjMY Puv` myjZvbvi m‡½ 1596 wLª. mwÜ ¯’vcb K‡i| GB mwÜi d‡j †eivi gyNj‡ì †Q‡o †Ìqv nq Ges Avn¤§`bM‡ii bvevjK myjZvb gyNj‡ì cÖvavb¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ib| wKšÍz GB Pyw³i kZ© wb‡q Avn¤§`bM‡i kxNªB `jxq msNl© Dcw¯’Z nq| Puv` myjZvbv Pyw³f‡½i weiy‡× gZ †Ìqvq weiy×ev`xMY Zuv‡K nZ¨v K‡i Ges †eivi cybiy×v‡ii Rb¨ gyNj‡ì weiy‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| cÖvq Pvi eQi hy× Pjevi ci 1600 wLª. AvKe‡ii cyÎ `vwb‡qj I gyNj †mbvcwZ Ave`yi iwng Avn¤§`bMi Rq K‡ib|

Lv‡›`‡ki kvmK myjZvb Avwj Luv AvKe‡ii ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡j Zuvi cyÎ gxiY evnv`yi AvKe‡ii mve©‡fŠgZ¡ MÖn‡Y A¯^xK…Z nb| AvKei ¯^qs 1599 wLª. `vw¶YvZ¨ Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib| AvKei mn‡RB Lv‡›`‡ki ivRavbx eyinvbcyi AwaKvi K‡i kw³kvjx AvwmiMo `yM© Ae‡iva K‡ib| `xN© Qq gvm Ae‡iv‡ai ciI hLb AvwmiMo `y‡M©i cZb nj bv, ZLb AvKei †KŠk‡j AvwmiM‡oi myjZvb‡K wbR wkwe‡i G‡b Zuvi ˆmb¨MY‡K hy× Z¨v‡Mi Av‡`k w`‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| AZci



AvwmiM‡oi ivR Kg©PvixMY‡K ev`kvn A_© w`‡q ekxf‚Z K‡ib| AvKe‡ii Rxe‡b GUvB wQj †kl `yM© weRq|

AZci bewewRZ `vw¶Yv‡Zï ivR¨¸‡jv‡K AvKei Avn¤§`bMi, †eivi I Lv‡›`k GB wZbwU myevq wef³ K‡ib| kvnRv`v `vwb‡qj‡K mgMÖ `w¶Y-cwðg fvi‡Zi myev¸‡jvi kvmK wbhy³ K‡ib|

m¤úªmvwiZ mvgªv‡Rï msnwZ I „pxKi‡Y AvKe‡ii f‚wgKv

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AvKei hLb wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb ZLb Zuvi mvgªvR¨ cvÄve, w`wjø I AvMÖvi g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| mvgªvR¨ m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb `xN© Pwjøk ermi (1561-1601wLª.) mvgwiK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wZwb DËi fvi‡Zi gvje, M‡Ûvqvbv, ivRcyZbv, ¸RivU, c~e© fvi‡Z evsjv, Dwol¨v, `w¶Y fvi‡Zi Avn¤§`bMi, †eivi, Lv‡›`k Ges DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ AÂ‡ji wmÜz, †ejywP¯Ívb, Kveyj, Kvwk¥i, Kv›`vnvi cÖf…wZ ivR¨ AwaKvi K‡i DË‡i wngvjq †_‡K `w¶‡Y K…òv b`x Ges cwð‡g wn› yKzk †_‡K c~‡e© eªþcyÎ b` ch©šÍ GK wekvj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| ivR¨ m¤úªmvi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i AvKei mgi Awfhv‡bi cvkvcvwk K‚UbxwZ‡K GKwU Kvh©Ki cš’v wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i mdjZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb, XvKv, 1988| 2. G. †K. Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm XvKv, 1973| 3. Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad, 1970.



AvKe‡ii ag©bxwZ D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ

• AvKe‡ii ag©‰bwZK weeZ©b Z_v Zuvi ciag© mwnòzZvq cÖfvevwb¦Z nevi KviYmg~n Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

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cÖ_gZ, myjZvwb Avg‡j fw³ev`x gnvcyiyl bvbK, Kexi I ˆPZb¨‡è Zuv‡ì D`vi wPšÍvavivi gva¨‡g fviZxq mgv‡R wgjb I mnbkxjZvi GK PgrKvi cwi‡ek m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖwZfvevb ivóªbxwZK AvKei GB mgb¦qev`x wPšÍvavivq cÖfvevwb¦Z n‡qwQ‡jb|

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cvV - 2

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AvKe‡ii ag©‰bwZK weeZ©b

AvKe‡ii ag©‰bwZK weeZ©b‡K HwZnvwmKMY wZbwU ¯Í‡i wef³ K‡i‡Qb t

cÖ_g ch©vq (1560Ñ1575 wLª.) t GB mg‡q AvKei GKRb mybœx gymjgv‡bi g‡Zv Bmjvg a‡g©i mKj AvbyôvwbKZv †g‡b Pj‡Zb| h_vixwZ cuvP Iqv³ bvgvR co‡Zb, †ivRv ivL‡Zb Ges mybœx gZev‡ì GKwbô c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb|

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bvgK †NvlYvcÎ Rvwi K‡i AvKei D‡jgv‡ì ag©‰bwZK AwaKvi Le© K‡ib| HwZnvwmK wfb‡m›U w¯§_ G‡K ÔAåvšÍ KZ…©‡Z¡i †NvlYv' (Infallibility Degree) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| AvKei wb‡R‡K iv‡óªi cÖavb ag©¸iy A_©vr ÔBgvg-B-Avw`j' e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| d‡j wZwb ivóª I a‡g©i e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi P~ovšÍ ¶gZv AR©b K‡ib|

Z…Zxq ch©vq (Øxb-B-Bjvnx)t 1581 wLª÷v‡ã ÔØxb-B-Bjvnx' bvgK `k©bvkªqx GK D`vi gZev` †NvlYvi ga¨w`‡q AvKe‡ii ag©‰bwZK Rxe‡bi weeZ©‡bi Pig cwiYwZ N‡U| wZwb g~jZ cvi¯úwiK ag©-we‡Øl I cia‡g©i cÖwZ AmwnòzZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ GB ag©gZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| †RmyBU cv`ªx evi‡Zvjxi weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, AvKei Bmjvg, wn›`y, wLª÷vb Ges Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i mvie¯Íz MÖnY K‡i GB bZzb ag©gZ m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| AvKei ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î †h RvZxq iv‡óªi m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi Dchy³ RvZxq ag© nj ÔØxb-B-Bjvnx'| GB ag©g‡Z wek¦vmx‡ì wb¤œwjwLZ Aek¨ cvjbxq KZ©e¨ wQjÑ

(1) Øxb-B-Bjvnx ag©g‡Z wek¦vmx AbymvixMY G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ wgwjZ n‡j bZzb cÖ_vq m¤¢vlY Ki‡eb| cÖ_g e¨w³ ÔAvjøvû AvKevi' Ges wØZxq e¨w³ Rvjøv Rvjøvjyû A_©vr Zvi gwngv weKwkZ †nvK D”PviY Ki‡eb|

(2) mvaviYZ g„Zzï c‡i †h †fvR †Ìqv nq Øxb-B-Bjvnxi m`m¨MY‡K ciKv‡ji cv‡_q msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ RxweZ Ae¯’vq †m †fv‡Ri eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

(3) cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡K Rb¥wèm cvjb Ges cÖxwZ‡fv‡Ri eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

(4) Øxb-B-Bjvnxi m`m¨MY hZ`~i m¤¢e gvsm LvIqv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡eb| Z‡e gvsm‡fvRx‡ì cÖwZ we‡Øl †cvlY Ki‡eb bv|

(5) KmvB, axei Ges e¨va cÖf…wZ wbP RvwZi †jvK‡ì m‡½ Øxb-B-Bjvnxi m`m¨MY †gjv‡gkv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

(6) Øxb-B-Bjvnxi m`m¨‡ì mgªv‡Ui wbKU Rvb, gvj, m¤§vb Ges ag© mgc©Y Ki‡Z n‡Zv; hviv GB PviwU mgc©Y Ki‡eb Zviv cÖ_g †kªYxi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Zb| wZbwU mgc©Y Ki‡j wØZxq †kªYx, `ywU mgc©Y Ki‡j Z…Zxq †kªYx Ges GKwU mgc©Y Ki‡j PZz_© †kªYxi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gh©v`v †c‡Zb|

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ev`vqybx AvKe‡ii GB ag©g‡Zi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| ev`vqybx AvKe‡ii weiy‡× Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Qb †h, AvKei Øxb-B-Bjvnx cÖeZ©‡bi ci KZ¸‡jv Abykvmb Rvwi K‡i‡Qb, †hgbÑ ïµev‡i RygAv'i bvgvR, igRvb gv‡m †ivRv, Miyi gvsm LvIqv, bZzb gmwR` wbg©vY I g°v Zx_©hvÎv wbwl×KiY| wKšÍz

Gm Gm GBP Gj


ev`vqybxi G e³e¨ mwVK bq| cÖ_gZ wZwb AvKe‡ii cÖwZ we‡Øl †cvlY Ki‡Zb| KviY c`gh©v`vi w`K w`‡q Aveyj dRj‡K AvKei Zuvi Ici ¯’vb †`b| wØZxqZ, wZwb †Mvovcš’x wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ ag©g‡Zi cwieZ©‡b ¶zä nb| AvKe‡ii weiy‡× mgv‡jvPK ev`vqybx I †RmyBU cv`ªx‡ì Z‡_ï Ici wbf©i K‡i HwZnvwmK wfb‡m›U w¯§_ e‡jb ÒØxb-B-Bjvnx AvKe‡ii Áv‡bi cwiPq bq, wbey©w×Zvi Pig wb`k©b Ges mgªv‡Ui Ans‡ev‡ai I Awbqwš¿Z ˆ¯îvPvwiZvi RjšÍ `„óvšÍ|Ó D‡jøwLZ `yRb AvKei we‡Ølxi Z‡_ï Ici wfwË K‡i w¯§_, GWIqvW© Mv‡iU, eøKg¨vb cÖgyL HwZnvwmKMY e‡j‡Qb, AvKei Bmjvg ag© Z¨vM K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz HwZnvwmK Ck¦ix cÖmv`, Gg. Gj. ivq‡PŠayix, †efvwiR cÖgyL AvaywbK HwZnvwmKMY D³ g‡Zi we‡ivwaZv K‡i e‡jb, AvKei KL‡bv Bmjvg ag© Z¨vM K‡ibwb| m¨vi Ugvm †iv gšÍe¨ K‡ib, AvKei GKRb Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x wn‡m‡e g„ZzëiY K‡iwQ‡jb| AvaywbK HwZnvwmK W. ivq‡PŠayix e‡j‡Qb, ÔØxb-B-Bjvnx' Avj-†KviAvb I cviwmK mywd gZev‡ì wbh©vm| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ‘It was after all a sufi order of Islam within Islam’.

cÖK…Zc‡¶, ÔØxb-B-Bjvnx'†Z a‡g©i Qvc _vK‡jI GwU wQj GKwU ivR‰bwZK `wjj| AvKei Øxb-B-Bjvnx‡K †Kvb ag©g‡Zi iƒc bv w`‡q G‡K gvby‡li ˆbwZK Rxebev‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi weiy‡× †h Awf‡hvMB DVzK bv †Kb, wZwb ga¨hy‡Mi wek¦ BwZnv‡m ciag© mwnòzZvi †¶‡Î GK Abb¨ ¯’v‡bi AwaKvix| w¯§_, GWIqvW© Mv‡iU, eøKg¨vb cÖgyL HwZnvwmK hvB ejyb bv †Kb GK_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h, AvKe‡ii mgKvjxb BD‡ivcI ciag© mwnòzZvi †¶‡Î A‡bK wcwQ‡q wQj| AvKei hLb ciag© mwnòzZv bxwZ cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Qb, ZLb BD‡iv‡c K¨v_wjK‡ì nv‡Z †cÖv‡U÷¨v›Uiv wbh©vwZZ nw”Qj| ÔØxb-B-Bjvnx' AvKei‡K fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡m GK gnvb RvZxq mgªv‡U cwiYZ K‡i|

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AvKei wQ‡jb GKRb agx©q ms¯‹vi gy³ gvbe‡cÖgx gvbyl| wZwb Zuvi wcZv-gvZv, M„nwk¶K mywd-ì‡e‡ki ms¯ú‡k© G‡m ciag© mwnòzZvq cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb| G m‡½ Kexi, ˆPZb¨, bvbK cÖf…wZ mgb¦qev`x gnvcyiy‡li `k©‡b cÖfvevwb¦Z n‡q wewfbœ a‡g©i mZ¨vbymÜv‡b g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| Zzjbvg~jK ag©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ Bev`ZLvbv cÖwZôv K‡ib| wn› y, Bmjvg, wLª÷vb, ˆRb cÖf…wZ a‡g©i ag©ZË¡we`MY‡K AvKei Zuvi Bev`ZLvbvq Avgš¿Y K‡ib| †mLv‡b wewfbœ ag©ZË¡we` Zv‡ì e³‡e¨ cvi¯úwiK we‡Øl I cia‡g©i cÖwZ AmwnòzZv cÖKvk K‡ib| ag©ZË¡we`‡ì GB we‡Øl I AmwnòzZv ~i Kivi Rb¨ AvKei Øxb-B-Bjvnx ag©g‡Zi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| G‡Z a‡g©i Qvc _vK‡jI GwU g~jZ GKwU ivR‰bwZK `wjj|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad, 1970. 2. G.†K.Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 1973| 3. Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 1988| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| AvKe‡ii wcZv †Kvb ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb?

Gm Gm GBP Gj


AvKe‡ii ivR¯bxwZ


• AvKe‡ii ivR¯^bxwZi g~j j¶¨, Zuvi kvmb Avg‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K ivR¯^-msµvšÍ cix¶v-wbix¶v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

• AvKei KZ…©K ivRv †UvWigj‡K wÌqvb wb‡qvM Ges ivR¯^-ms¯‹v‡i Zuvi f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

• AvKe‡ii Avg‡j f‚wg-Rwic, f‚wgi †kªYx wefvM, ivR¯^ wba©viY c×wZ, ivR¯^ Av`v‡q wbhy³ Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix‡ì f‚wgKv BZ¨vw` ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

• AvKe‡ii ivR¯^bxwZi djvd‡ji weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

ga¨hy‡Mi fviZe‡l© gymwjg kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ myjZvb AvjvDwÏb LjRx me©cÖ_g f‚wg Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g K…lK‡ì mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶ m¤úK© ¯’vcbc~e©K ivR¯^ eë¯’vi m~Pbv K‡iwQ‡jb| ivR¯^ Av`vqKvix hv‡Z K…lK‡ì wbKU †_‡K †ewk cwigvb A_© ev km¨ †Rvi K‡i Av`vq Ki‡Z bv cv‡i AvjvDwÏb LjRx †m eë¯’v K‡i AvaywbK g‡bi cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb| AvjvDwÏ‡bi ci †kikvnB cÖ_g Dcjwä Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb †h, fvi‡Zi g‡Zv K…wl cÖavb †`‡k f‚wg-ivR¯^B nj A_©bxwZi †giy`Û| ZvB wZwb †`‡ki mg¯— Rwg Rwic K‡i ivR¯^ c×wZ‡K Rb Kj¨vYKi Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| †kikv‡ni ¯^íKvjxb kvm‡b Zuvi ivR¯^ eë¯’v me©Î Kvh©Kix nqwb| ZvQvov †kikv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi `ye©j DËivwaKvix‡ì mgq wek„´Ljvi d‡j Zuvi ivR¯^ c×wZ AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o| ûgvqy‡bi ¯^íKvjxb ivR‡Z¡ GB eë¯’vi †Kvb DbœwZ nqwb| AvKei †kikvn KZ…©K Abym„Z bxwZ Aej¤^b K‡i ivR¯^ c×wZ‡K Av‡iv weÁvbm¤§Z K‡i AvaywbK ivR¯^ eë¯’vi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib| G m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK wfb‡m›U w¯§_ e‡jb, AvKe‡ii ivR¯^bxwZ wQj wbLuyZ Ges ivR¯^ eë¯’v wQj cÖksmbxq|

AvKe‡ii ivR¯^bxwZi g~j j¶¨ wQj `y'wUÑ

1) AwaK cwigv‡Y ivR¯^ Av`vq Kiv Ges Avq e„w× Kiv;

2) cÖRvmvaviY‡K my‡L mg„w×‡Z ivLv|

GB `y'wU AvcvZ we‡ivax bxwZi mgb¦q mva‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wQj myôz cwiKíbv I mwVK ivR¯^ c×wZi cÖeZ©b| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZfv`xß kvmK AvKei ivR¨ R‡qi m‡½ m‡½ †mLv‡b kvwšÍ-k„´Ljv cÖwZôv K‡i ivR¯^ eë¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©‡b g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|

AvKei me©cÖ_g LvRv Ave`yj gwR`‡K wÌqvb c‡` wbhy³ K‡i ivR¯^ eë¯’vi DbœwZ mva‡bi †Póv K‡ib| wÌqvb LvRv Ave`yj gwR` cÖ‡Z¨K miKv‡ii ivR¯^ wba©viY Ges Drcvw`Z k‡mï Av`k© ì wba©vi‡Yi cÖqvm Pvjvb| wKšÍz wZwb we‡kl mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| AZci AvKei gyRvddi Lvb ZzieZx‡K wÌqvb c‡` wb‡qvM w`‡q ivR¯^ eë¯’v ms¯‹v‡ii †Póv K‡ib| ZzieZx ivRv

cvV - 3



†UvWig‡ji mnvqZvq ivR¯^ m¤úKx©q cwimsL¨vb msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ `kRb Kvbyb‡Mv wbhy³ K‡ib| Kvbyb‡MvMY mywbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv mycvwik cÖ`vb K‡ib| wKšÍz DR‡eK we‡`ªvn `g‡b AvKei e¨¯Í _vKvi ìyb G e¨vcv‡i g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| 1573 wLª. ¸RivU gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ n‡j AvKei ivR¯^ ms¯‹v‡i cybivq g‡bv‡hvM †`b| wZwb ivRv †UvWigj‡K ¸Riv‡Ui f‚wg-ivR¯^ ms¯‹v‡ii `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡ib| †UvWigj me©cÖ_g ¸Riv‡Ui mg¯Í Rwg-Rwic K‡i f‚wgi ¸Y I AvqZb Abymv‡i ivR¯^ wba©viY K‡ib| ¸Riv‡U mvdj¨ jv‡fi ci mvgwMÖKfv‡e mg¯Í Rwg Rwic I Ki wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ †UvWigj wbhy³ nb| 1575 wLª. evsjv, wenvi Qvov mvgªv‡Rï mg¯Í Rwg Lvjmvq ev Lvm ev`kvnx ZË¡veav‡b Avbv nq Ges RvqMxi wejyß Kiv nq| mgMÖ mvgªvR¨‡K 182wU ciMYvq wef³ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K ciMYvq GKRb ÔK‡ivix' bvgK ivR¯^ msMÖvnK wbhy³ Kiv nq| wKšÍz K‡ivix‡ì AZ¨vPvi I Dr‡KvP MÖn‡Yi d‡j K…lK‡ì Rxeb `ywe©ln n‡j AvKei K‡ivix `ßi eÜ K‡i w`‡q cyivZb ivR¯^ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ Pvjy K‡ib|

1582 wLª. AvKei †UvWigj‡K wÌqvb-B-Avkivd ev cÖavb ivR¯^ mwPe wbhy³ Ki‡j †UvWigj ivR¯^ bxwZi Avg~j cwieZ©b K‡ib| Zuvi ivR¯^ bxwZi cÖavb j¶¨ wQjÑ

(1) Avev`x Rwgi wbfz©j Rwic Kiv;

(2) cÖ‡Z¨K weNvi Drcbœ k‡mï Mo wbY©q Kiv;

(3) cÖ‡Z¨K weNvi ivR‡¯î nvi wba©viY Kiv|

†UvWigj K…wl Rwg¸‡jv Rwi‡ci Rb¨ we‡kl eë¯’v Aej¤^b K‡ib| Bjvnx MR bv‡g GK cÖKv‡ii wbw`©ó cwigv‡ci mvnv‡h¨ wZwb Rwgi cwigv‡ci eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| K…wl Rwg cwigv‡ci ci De©iZv Abyhvqx Rwg¸‡jv‡K Pvi †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv nq t

(1) †cvjvR t m‡e©vrK…ó Rwg¸‡jv †cvjvR bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡Zv| Giƒc Rwg cÖ‡Z¨K ermi Pvl Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv Ges GK erm‡ii RbÏ Zv AKwl©Z _vK‡Zv bv| Kv‡RB †cvjvR Rwgi Rb¨ cÖwZ ermi LvRbv Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv|

(2) cvivDwZ t K‡qK ermi Pvlvev‡ì ci De©ivkw³ e„w×i Rb¨ gv‡S gv‡S GB Rwg¸‡jvi Pvl eÜ ivL‡Z n‡Zv|

(3) PvPi t Giƒc Rwg wZb/Pvi erm‡ii Rb¨ Pvlvev` eÜ _vK‡Zv|

(4) eÄi t Gme Rwg cuvP ev Z‡ZvwaK ermi cwZZ _vK‡Zv| G¸‡jv‡K mvaviYfv‡e Abye©i Rwg e‡j g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖ‡Z¨K K…l‡Ki Aax‡b wZb cÖKv‡ii RwgB _vK‡Zv| †UvWigj ivR¯^ wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡fvi MÖn‡Yi ci `k ermi c~‡e©Kvi (1570Ñ1580 wLª.) k‡mï Drcv`b Abymv‡i D‡jøwLZ cÖ_g wZb †kªYxi Rwg‡K DËg, ga¨g I Aag GB wZb ch©v‡q wef³ K‡i Ges Drcbœ k‡mï Mo wnmve K‡i k‡mï GK-Z…Zxqvsk †`q ivR¯^ wn‡m‡e wba©viY K‡ib| mvgªv‡Rï cÖ‡Z¨K ciMYvi Rb¨ c„_K c„_Kfv‡e ivR‡¯î cwigvY wba©viY Kiv nq| Rwgi Drcv`‡bi cwigvY e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ ivR‡¯î cwigvY e„w×i eë¯’vI wQj|

†UvWigj ivR¯^ wba©vi‡Yi ci ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| c~‡e© mvaviYZ k‡mï evRvi ì wba©viYc~e©K Zvi mgcwigvY ivR¯^ Av`vq Kivi eë¯’v wQj| wKšÍz cÖ‡Z¨K ermi evRvi ì wba©viY K‡i K…lK‡ì wbKU †_‡K wbw`©ó mg‡q ivR¯^ Av`vq Kiv Sv‡gjvi e¨vcvi wQj| ZvB †UvWigj `k erm‡ii evRvi ì wbiƒcY K‡i Zvi Mo wn‡m‡e evRvi ì wba©viY K‡i ivR¯^ wbw`©ó K‡ib| K…lK‡ì‡K Rwgi Drcbœ dmj A_ev bM` A‡_©i Øviv ivR¯^ cwi‡kva Kivi myweav †Ìqv nq| GB

Gm Gm GBP Gj


eë¯’v ÔRvewZ' eë¯’v bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB eë¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j K…lK Ges †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖZ¨¶ m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq| ÔRvewZ' eë¯’v ÔAvBb-B-`kkvjv' bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| GB eë¯’v wenvi, Gjvnvev`, gyjZvb, AvMÖv, w`wjø, jv‡nvi, AvRgxi, ¸RivU Ges ivRcyZbvi Askwe‡k‡l cÖewZ©Z nq|

AvKe‡ii mg‡q ÔRvewZ' eë¯’v QvovI f‚wg-ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Av‡iv `y'wU eë¯’v cÖPwjZ wQj| GB eë¯’v¸‡jv ÔMvjøveK&m' Ges ÔbK&m' bv‡g cwiwPZ| MvjøveK&m k‡ãi A_© dmj fvM| GB eë¯’vq Rwgi Drcvw`Z k‡mï GK-Z…Zxqvsk ivR¯^ wn‡m‡e Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv| G‡Z f‚wg Rwic Kiv ev k‡mï evRvi ì wba©viY Kivi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb co‡Zv bv| GB eë¯’v wmÜz, Kvwk¥i Ges Kvey‡ji Askwe‡k‡l cÖewZ©Z n‡qwQj| bK&m eë¯’v eûjvs‡k Rwg`vix eë¯’vi Abyiƒc wQj| GB eë¯’vq Rwg Rwi‡ci ci Drcv`‡bi wfwË‡Z ivR‡¯î cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi cwie‡Z© Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z wba©viY Kiv n‡Zv| GB eë¯’v GKgvÎ evsjvq cÖPwjZ wQj|

AvKei f‚wg-Rwic Ges Drcvw`Z k‡mï Ici wfwË K‡i ivR¯^ wba©vi‡Y †h †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv †`wL‡q‡Qb, †Zgwb myôzfv‡e ivR¯^ Av`v‡qI Abyiƒc K…wZZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| ivR¯^ Av`vq Ges kvmb eë¯’vi myweavi Rb¨ AvKei mgMÖ mvgªvR¨‡K 15wU myevq fvM K‡ib| cÖwZwU myev‡K K‡qKwU miKv‡i Ges cÖwZwU miKvi‡K K‡qKwU ciMYvq wef³ K‡ib| AvKei †K‡›`ª GKRb †Ìqvb Ges cÖ‡Z¨K myevq GKRb K‡i †Ìqvb wbhy³ K‡i ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K miKv‡i _vK‡Zb GKRb Avwgb| Avwgb‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ wewZKwP, †cvÏvi, Kvbyb‡Mv, †PŠayix, cv‡Uvqvix Ges gyKvÏg cÖgyL Kg©Pvix wbhy³ wQ‡jb| Avwgb‡K ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi e¨vcv‡i eû ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z n‡Zv| K…lKMY hv‡Z †KvbiK‡g DrcxwoZ bv nq †mw`‡KI Avwgb‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡Zv| wbw`©ó ivR‡¯î †ewk Av`vq G‡Kev‡i wbwl× wQj| ivR¯^ wefv‡Mi cÖwZwU Kg©Pvixi wnmve cix¶v Kivi `vwqZ¡ wQj Avwg‡bi| mg¯Í Avev`x Rwg hv‡Z K…wl Kv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ nq †mw`‡K j¶¨ ivLv Avwg‡bi KZ©e¨ wQj|

ÔwewZKwP' wQ‡jb Avwg‡bi mggh©v`vm¤úbœ Aci ivR¯^ Kg©Pvix| Zvi `vwqZ¡ wQj Rwgi bw_cÎ msi¶Y Kiv Ges Kvbyb‡Mv‡ì Kg©KvÛ ch©‡e¶Y Ges Av`vqx K‡ii ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍzZc~e©K †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbKU †cÖiY Kiv| †cvÏv‡ii `vwqZ¡ wQj K…lK‡ì wbKU †_‡K wba©vwiZ Ki MÖnY K‡i Zv‡ì iwk` cÖ`vb Kiv| ÔciMYv' ¯Í‡i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Kg©Pvix wQ‡jb †PŠayix| ¯’vbxq f‚wg ivR‡¯î cwiPvjbvi m‡½ wZwb GKvwaKfv‡e RwoZ wQ‡jb| †PŠayixi `ßiwU eskvbyµwgK wQj| cÖwZwU MÖv‡gi ivR¯^ Kg©Pvix n‡jb gyKvÏg I cv‡Uvqvix|

AvKei K…lK‡ì ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨ me©`v hZœevb wQ‡jb| Abve„wó ev AwZe„wói d‡j dmjnvwb NU‡j K…lK‡ì LvRbv gIKzd K‡i w`‡Zb| `ywf©¶ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi mgq K…lKMY‡K FY cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| †Kvb ivR¯^ Av`vqKvix Aciva Ki‡j Zv‡K kvw¯Í †Ìqv n‡Zv|

ivR¯bxwZi djvdj

AvKe‡ii ivR¯^bxwZi d‡j mvgªv‡Rï K…lK I iv‡óªi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨¶ †hvMv‡hvM N‡U| G‡Z Dfqc¶ jvfevb nq|

cÖ_gZ, ivR‡¯î cwigvY mywbw`©ó nIqvq Ab¨vqfv‡e Ki Av`v‡qi c_ eÜ nq|

wØZxqZ, Rwgi Ici K…l‡Ki AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z nIqvq K…lK‡K RwgPy¨Z Kivi m¤¢vebv `~i nq|

Z…ZxqZ, c~e©eZx© gymwjg kvmK‡ì kvmbvg‡j ivR‡¯î †¶‡Î †h AwbðqZv I wek„´Ljv †`Lv w`‡qwQj bZzb eë¯’v Zvi Aemvb NwU‡q k„´Ljv wdwi‡q Avb‡Z m¶g nq|



PZz_©Z, ivR¯^ eë¯’vi myôz ev¯Íevq‡bi d‡j K…lKMY Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb nq Ges mg„×kvjx n‡q I‡V|

cÂgZ, Abve„wó I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M dmj bó n‡j ivR¯^ gIKz‡di bxwZ Ges K…lK‡ì FY cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` K…lK‡ì DrmvwnZ K‡i|

lôZ, K…wl Drcv`b e„w× †c‡j iv‡óªi Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ N‡U| Zv‡Z iv‡óªi c‡¶ RbKj¨vYKi KvR Kiv m¤¢e nq|

mvims‡¶c

AvKei ivRv †UvWig‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ ivR¯^ eë¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©b K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi mvgªv‡Rï mgMÖ GjvKvq f‚wg-Rwic, Pv‡li aib Abyhvqx Rwgi †kªYx web¨vm, Rwgi De©iZv Abyhvqx ivR¯^ wba©viY, ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Avwgb, wewZKwP, Kvbyb‡Mv cÖgyL Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Ges ivR¯^ Av`vq I myôz kvmb eë¯’v cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mvgªvR¨‡K myev, miKvi, ciMYv BZ¨vw`‡Z wef³ K‡i GK myôz ivR¯^ eë¯’v M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb K…lKMY jvfevb nq Ab¨w`‡K ivóªI mg„×kvjx nq|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad, 1970. 2. Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb, XvKv, 1988| 3. G.†K.Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm, XvKv, 1973|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| AvKei me©cÖ_g Kv‡K †Ìqvb wbhy³ K‡iwQ‡jb? (K) LvRv Ave`yj gwR` (L) êivg Lvb (M) ivRv †UvWigj (N) gyRvddi Lvb ZzieZx| 2| AvKei ivRv †UvWigj‡K me©cÖ_g †Kvb wewRZ AÂ‡ji f‚wg-ivR¯^ ms¯‹v‡ii `vwqZ¡ †`b? (K) AvgRxi (L) ¸RivU (M) Kveyj (N) wmÜz| 3| KZ wLª. ivRv †UvWigj‡K †Ìqvb-B-Avkivd c‡` wbhy³ Kiv n‡qwQj? (K) 1573 (L) 1582 (M) 1556 (N) 1575 4| m‡e©vrK…ó Pvlvev`‡hvM¨ Rwg‡K wK bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡Zv? (K) cvivDwZ (L) †cvjvR (M) PvPi (N) eÄi| 5| AvKe‡ii mg‡q evsjvq †Kvb cÖ_vq f‚wg ivR¯^ Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv? (K) RvewZ (L) MvjøveK&m



Rvnv½xi


• mgªvU Rvnv½xi KZ…©K M„nxZ RbwnZKi Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j cyÎ Lmiy I Lyi&ig (kvnRvnvb) Ges †mbvcwZ gneŸr Lv‡bi we‡ ªvn

eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j gyNj mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii BwZnvm wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii m‡½ byiRvnv‡bi weevn, mgªv‡Ui Ici Zuvi cÖfve Ges mgªv‡Ui m‡½

BD‡ivcxq‡ì m¤úK© cÖf…wZi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb; • mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgªvU AvKe‡ii A‡bK¸‡jv mšÍvb cici ˆkke Ae¯’vq gviv hvIqvi ci 1569 wLª÷v‡ã Rvnv½x‡ii Rb¥ nq| wZwb wQ‡jb A¤îivR wenvixg‡ji Kb¨vi Mf©RvZ mšÍvb| †kL †mwjg wPw¯Íi `qvq GB mšÍv‡bi Rxeb i¶v †c‡q‡Q e‡j AvKei mšÍv‡bi bvg iv‡Lb †mwjg| †¯œnf‡i WvK‡Zb Ô‡mLyevev' e‡j| AvKe‡ii RxweZKv‡jB AvKe‡ii Aci `yB cyÎ gyiv` I `vwb‡qj Aí mg‡qi eëav‡b g„Zz¨gy‡L cwZZ n‡qwQ‡jb| ¯^fveZB AvKe‡ii DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e †mwj‡gi `vwe AMÖMY¨ wQj| 1605 wLª: AvKe‡ii g„Zz¨ n‡j †mwjg ÔbyiywÏb gynv¤§` Rvnv½xi' bvg aviY K‡i QwÎk ermi eq‡m w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb| 1600 wLª: AvKe‡ii RxeÏkvq †mwjg wcZvi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv Kivq A‡b‡K g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb †h, mgªvU AvKei †mwj‡gi cyÎ Lmiy‡K wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ Ki‡eb| wKšÍz †kl ch©šÍ AvKei †mwjg‡K ¶gv K‡ib Ges gyZz¨kh¨vq †mwjg‡K DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡ib|

wmsnvm‡b e‡m Rvnv½xi Zuvi we‡ivwaZvKvix‡ì ¶gv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì‡K c~e©eZx© c‡` envj K‡ib| Gm‡½ KZ¸‡jv RbwnZKi Kvh©c×wZ MÖnY K‡ib| gnvb wcZvi cÖRv evrm‡jï w`‡K ZvwK‡q cÖRv‡ì cÖwZ b¨vqwePv‡ii Rb¨ AvMÖv `yM© n‡Z hgybv ch©šÍ lvUwU N›Uvhy³ wÎk MR j¤^v GKwU †mvbvi

cvV - 4

Gm Gm GBP Gj


wkKj Szwj‡q †`b| Gi d‡j †hme cÖRv b¨vqwePvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Zv Zviv wkK‡j Uvb w`‡q mgªv‡Ui `„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| mgªvUI †mB g‡Zv eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Zb| BwZnv‡m GB N›Uv Bell of Justice ev b¨vqwePv‡ii N›Uv bv‡g cwiwPZ| GQvov mvgªv‡Rï kvwšÍ-k„´Ljv i¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨ 12wU kvmbZvwš¿K wewa Rvwi K‡ib| h_vÑ

1| ZvgNv I gxi-evnix bvgK cY¨ I evwYR¨ ïé iwnZKiY|

2| g` I Ab¨vb¨ †bkvi `ªe¨ Drcv`b I wewµ wbwl×KiY|

3| ejc~e©K A‡bï m¤úwË `Lj wbwl×KiY|

4| Mixe Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ nvmcvZvj ¯’vcb I mywPwKrmvi eë¯’vKiY|

5| Acivaxi bvK-Kvb †K‡U kvw¯Í †Ìqvi cÖ_v evwZjKiY|

6| wbw`©ó w`‡b cïnZ¨v wbwl×KiY|

7| gbme`vi I RvqMxi`vi cÖ_vi w¯’wZkxjZvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì wbR ciMbvq êevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vcb wbwl×KiY|

8| iweev‡ii cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b|

9| AvBgv ev IqvK&d Rwgi wbw`©óKiY|

10| yM© I KvivMv‡ii mKj ew›`‡ì cÖwZ ivR‰bwZK ¶gv cÖ`vb|

11| ivnvRvwb I Pywi eÜ Kivi eë¯’vKiY|

12| DËivwaKvix wenxb g„Z e¨w³i m¤úwË Rbmvavi‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y eënv‡ii wb‡`©k cÖ`vb|

cyÎ Lmiyi we‡ ªvn

†gevi

mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii kvmbKv‡ji Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbv n‡jv wcZvi weiy‡× cyÎ Lmiyi we‡`ªvn| Rvnv½xi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nIqvi gvÎ cuvP gvm ci Lmiy K‡qKkZ AbyPi wb‡q AvMÖv Z¨vM K‡i wcZvi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib Ges cvÄv‡ei w`‡K AMÖmi nb| g_yivq Zuvi mv‡_ †nv‡mb †eM ev`vKkvjx Ges cvwbc‡_ jv‡nv‡ii †Ìqvb Ave`yi iwng †hvM w`‡q Lmiyi kw³ e„w× K‡ib| Lmiy AwP‡iB jv‡nvi `yM© Ae‡iva K‡ib| cy‡Îi we‡`ªv‡ni msev` AeMZ n‡q mgªvU ¯^qs cyÎ‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ hy×hvÎv K‡ib| Lmiy mgªv‡Ui ˆmbëvwnbxi n‡¯Í civwRZ n‡q †nv‡mb †eM‡K m‡½ wb‡q Kvey‡ji w`‡K AMÖmi nb| wKšÍz †Pbve b`x AwZµg Kivi mgq mgªv‡Ui ˆmbëvwnbxi nv‡Z AbyPimn Lmiy ew›` nb| Rvnv½xi Lmiy‡K KvivMv‡i ew›` K‡i iv‡Lb| Zuvi AbyPi‡ì nZ¨v Kiv nq| Lmiy‡K Ges mgªv‡Ui weiy‡× lohš¿ Kivi Aciv‡a wkL¸iy ARy©b‡K 1606 wLª÷v‡ã µz× mgªvU KvivMv‡i wb‡¶c K‡ib Ges Kvivi¶x‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i ARy©‡bi g„Zz¨ N‡U| wKQyw`b AwZevwnZ nevi ci wcZ…‡¯œnekZ Lmiyi cÖwZ mgªv‡Ui g‡bvfve big nq| wKšÍz 1607 wLª÷v‡ã mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii cÖvYbv‡ki loh‡š¿i m‡½ Lmiy RwoZ Av‡Qb g‡b K‡i mgªvU PviRb lohš¿Kvix‡K cÖvY`Û †`b Ges Lmiy‡K AÜ K‡i †Ìqvi wb‡`©k †`b| h_vixwZ mgªv‡Ui wb‡`©k cÖwZcvwjZ nq| Aek¨ Lmiy cy‡ivcywi AÜ n‡q hvbwb Ges c‡i mgªvU AbyZß n‡qwQ‡jb|



`k ermi ci mgªv‡Ui Av‡`‡k Aa©AÜ Lmiy‡K gyw³ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ mgªvÁx byiRvnvb Rvnv½x‡ii Kwbô cyÎ kvnwiqvi m‡½ wb‡Ri c~e© weevnRvZ Kb¨v jvWjx †eM‡gi weevn w`‡q kvnwiqvi‡K wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx nb| GB c_‡K wb®‹ÈK Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ byiRvnvb kvnRv`v Lmiy‡K Zuvi åvZv Avmd Luvi n‡¯Í mgc©Y K‡ib| Avmd Luv Zuv‡K kvnRv`v Lyi&i‡gi (kvnRvnvb) ZË¡veav‡b iv‡Lb| Lmiyi RbwcÖqZvq Cl©vwb¦Z n‡q Lyi&ig 1622 wLª÷v‡ã ivRv evnv`yi bv‡g GK `ye„©Ë e¨w³i Øviv Lmiy‡K nZ¨v Kivb| Gfv‡e nZfvM¨ Lmiyi Rxebvemvb N‡U|

mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii m‡½ byiRvnv‡bi weevn I Zuvi cÖfve

1611 wLª: mgªvU Rvnv½xi byiRvnvb‡K weevn K‡ib| byiRvnv‡bi weevnc~e© Rxe‡bi bvg wQj †g‡niywbœmv| wZwb wQ‡jb ea©gv‡bi RvqMxi`vi †ki AvdMv‡bi cZœx Ges wgR©v wMqvm †eM-Gi Kb¨v| †g‡niywbœmvi m‡½ hyeivR †mwj‡gi cÖYq wb‡q bvbv Kvwnbx cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| Kw_Z Av‡Q, mgªvU AvKei AmvaviY my›ìx †g‡niywbœmvi cÖwZ †mwj‡gi Avmw³ `g‡bi †Póv K‡ib| wKšÍz †m †Póv e¨_© nq| wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nIqvi ci Rvnv½xi we‡`ªvnx †ki AvdMvb‡K nZ¨v K‡i †g‡niywbœmv‡K weevn K‡ib| †g‡niywbœmvi weev‡ni ci bZzb bvgKiY nq ÔbyiRvnvb'| kxNªB Rvnv½xi byiRvnvb‡K cÖavb †eM‡gi gh©v`v `vb K‡ib| Aviwe I dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ byiRvnv‡bi h‡_ó ey¨rcwË wQj| ivR‰bwZK I KyU‰bwZK mgm¨v Abyaveb Kivi †hvM¨Zvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb †mŠ›`h©-wcÖq bvix wQ‡jb Ges Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j wkíKjvi †h Af‚Zc~e© DbœwZ N‡U Zv cÖavbZ byiRvnv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZvq m¤¢eci n‡qwQj| ivR¨ kvmb e¨vcv‡i Rvnv½xi µgk: byiRvnv‡bi Ici m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡ob| byiRvnvb wbR ¶gZv ¯’vqx Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †MvwôPµ MVb K‡ib| GB †MvwôP‡µ Zuvi wcZv wgR©v wMqvm †eM (BwZgv` D‡ÏŠjv), åvZv Avmd Luv Ges cÖ_g w`‡K hyeivR LyiigI wQ‡jb| cieZx© mg‡q Rvnv½x‡ii Kwbô cyÎ kvnwiqv‡ii m‡½ cÖ_g weevRnvZ Kb¨v jvWjx †eM‡gi weevn w`‡j Lyiig byiRvnv‡bi †¯œn`„wó †_‡K ewÂZ nb| Ab¨w`‡K byiRvnv‡bi åvZv Avmd Luvi Kb¨v AviRyg›` evbyi m‡½ kvnRv`v Lyi&i‡gi weevn n‡j Avmd Luv wb‡Ri RvgvZv‡K w`wjøi wmsnvm‡bi cieZx© DËivwaKvix Kivi evmbv †cvlY Ki‡Z jvM‡jb|

Rvnv½x‡ii mvgªvR¨ we Ívi

wcZv AvKe‡ii g‡ZvB Rvnv½xi mvgªvR¨ m¤úªmvi‡Yi bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| AvKei mgMÖ ivRcyZbvq AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡jI †gev‡ii ivbv cÖZvcwmsn AvKei Z_v gyNj‡ì cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| cÖZvcwms‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ Agiwmsn 1597 wLª÷v‡ã †gev‡ii ivbv c‡` AwawôZ nb| wZwb wcZvi b¨vq Kómwnòz I `„pwP‡Ëi AwaKvix bv n‡jI wcZvi c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i wZwbI gyNj‡ì cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| Rvnv½xi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ n‡qB wØZxq cyÎ cvi‡fR-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ †gev‡ii weiy‡× ˆmb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| GB Awfhv‡bi djvdj AwbwðZ n‡j mgªvU Rvnv½xi 1608 wLª: gneŸr Luvi †bZ…‡Z¡ GK wekvj ˆmbëvwnbx †gev‡ii weiy‡× †cÖiY K‡ib| wKšÍz ivRcyZ‡ì cÖej we‡ivwaZvi d‡j GeviI gyNj‡ì †Póv e¨_© nq| d‡j 1616 wLª. Rvnv½x‡ii Z…Zxq cyÎ Lyi&i‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx †gevi AvµgY K‡i| gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx †gev‡ii MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z jyÉb, AZ¨vPvi I aŸsmKvh© Pvjvq| gyNj evwnbx †gevi weaŸ¯Í Ki‡Z _vK‡j Agiwmsn eva¨ n‡q mwÜi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv Rvbvb| gyNj I ivRcyZ‡ì g‡a¨ GK m¤§vbRbK kvwšÍ-Pyw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| †gev‡ii ivbv GB cÖ_g gyNj ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡ib| G Kvi‡Y HwZnvwmKMY G‡K gyNj-†gevi m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Gfv‡e †gev‡ii ivRes‡ki m‡½ gyNj

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mgªv‡Ui weev‡ì Aemvb N‡U| †gev‡ii ivbvi AvbyMZ¨ jv‡f Lywk n‡q Rvnv½xi Agiwmsn I Zuvi cyÎ wKiYwms‡ni gg©i g~wZ© wbg©vY K‡i AvMÖv `y‡M© ¯’vcb K‡ib|

evsjv weRq

evsjvq AvdMvb kw³ webó K‡i AvKei gyNj kvmb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb mZ¨, wKšÍz evsjvq AvdMvb `jcwZMY gyNj mgªv‡Ui AvbyMZ¨ cy‡ivcywi ¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| evi f‚uBqv bv‡g cwiwPZ K‡qKRb kw³kvjx Rwg`vi I AvdMvb Igivn evsjvi wewfbœ As‡k ¯^vaxbfv‡e kvmb KiwQ‡jb| mgªvU weP¶Y myev`vi‡ì †cÖiY Kiv m‡Ë¡I †mme ¯’v‡b gyNj AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g nbwb| KzZzeDwÏb Luv, †KvKv I Rvnv½xi Kzwj Luvi ci Bmjvg Luv‡K 1608 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi myev`vi wb‡qvM K‡ib| 1613 wLª: ch©šÍ wZwb D³ c‡` envj _v‡Kb| cÖavbZ ZuviB cÖ‡Póvq cuvP erm‡ii g‡a¨ cÖvq mgMÖ evsjvq gyNj AvwacZ¨ ¯’vwcZ nq| Bmjvg Luvi my`¶ cwiPvjbvq gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx †mvbviMuvI-Gi Rwg`vi gymv Luv (Ckv Luvi cyÎ), wm‡jU †Rjvi eyKvBbM‡ii AvdMvb Rwg`vi Imgvb Luv I h‡kv‡ii mvgšÍivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨‡K civwRZ K‡i| Gfv‡e evsjv gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ nq|

`vw¶YvZ¨ Awfhvb

AvKe‡ii g‡Zv Rvnv½xiI `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ m¤úªmviY bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| AvKe‡ii mgq Avn¤§`bM‡ii cZb NU‡jI D³ ivR¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e gyNj‡ì Aaxb nqwb| AvKe‡ii g„Zzï mgq (1605 wLª:) mgMÖ Lv‡›`‡k gyNj kvmb cÖwZwôZ wQj| wKšÍz Avn¤§`bM‡ii GKvsk gvÎ gyNj kvmbvax‡b wQj| Ab¨ As‡ki ¯^vaxb kvmK wQ‡jb wbRvgkvnx es‡ki R‰bK kvnRv`v wØZxq gyZ©Rv wbRvg kvn| Zuvi gš¿x wQ‡jb gvwjK A¤î| gvwjK A¤î kvmbKvh©, hy× cwiPvjbv, ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©Zvq cÖwZfvi cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb| gyNj mvgªv‡Rï nvZ †_‡K wZwb Avn¤§`bM‡ii ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi Rb¨ AvšÍwiK cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| 1611 wLª÷v‡ã Avn¤§`bM‡ii ¯^vaxb AskwU Rq Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii wØZxq cyÎ kvnRv`v cvi‡f‡Ri †bZ…‡Z¡ gyNj evwnbx †cÖwiZ nq| Avn¤§`bM‡ii AmvaviY †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ gš¿x gvwjK A¤î mvd‡jï m‡½ evav cÖ`vb Ki‡j gyNj Awfhvb e¨_© nq| d‡j 1617 wLª÷v‡ã kvnRv`v cvi‡f‡Ri ¯’‡j kvnRv`v Lyi&ig‡K gyNj evwnbxi me©vwabvqK wb‡qvM Kiv nq| gvwjK A¤^‡ii †bZ…Z¡vaxb Avn¤§`bMi evwnbx‡K Gevi civRq ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z nq| wZwb evjvNvU AÂj I Avn¤§`bM‡ii `yM© gyNj‡ì n‡¯Í mgc©Y K‡ib| `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ mvd‡jï Rb¨ Lyi&ig‡K mgªvU Rvnv½xi ÔkvnRvnvb' Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡ib| `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ gyNj‡ì mvdj¨ †ewkw`b ¯’vqx nqwb| gyNj ˆmbëvwnbxi g‡a¨ AivRKZv I wek„´Ljvi my‡hvM wb‡q gvwjK A¤î cybivq Zuvi Kg©ZrciZv e„w× K‡ib| kvnRvnvb‡K cybivq `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ cvVv‡bv nq| gvwjK A¤î cybivq ek¨Zv ¯^xKv‡i eva¨ nb| 1623 wLª: kvnRvnvb wcZvi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn Ki‡j gvwjK A¤î Zuvi m‡½ †hvM †`b| wKšÍz kvnRvnv‡bi ek¨Zv ¯^xKv‡ii ci gvwjK A¤î cybivq hy× ïiy K‡ib| Gi wKQyw`b c‡iB gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx‡K Kv›`vnvi cybiy×v‡ii Rb¨ e¨vc„Z n‡Z nq| d‡j gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx‡K `vw¶YvZ¨ †_‡K ‡diZ Avbv nq| Gfv‡e Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j `vw¶YvZ¨ weRq cÖ‡Póvi cwimgvwß N‡U|

Kvsov weRq

mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j Aci GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv n‡jv Kvsov ev bMi‡KvU `yM© Rq| DËi cvÄv‡ei kZ`ªy I ivfx b`xi gaëZx© cvnvox AÂ‡j `y‡f©`¨ Kvsov `yM©wUi Ae¯’vb| cvÄv‡ei kvmbKZ©v gZz©Rv Lvb‡K Kvsov `yM© AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ m‰m‡b¨ †cÖiY Kiv nq| GB Awfhvb e¨_© n‡j



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Kv›`vnvi wb‡q cvi‡mï m‡½ cÖwZØw›`¡Zv

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†mbvcwZ gneŸr Luvi we‡ ªvn

Gm Gm GBP Gj


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BD‡ivcxq‡ì m‡½ Rvnv½x‡ii m¤úK©

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Rvnv½x‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

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mvgwMÖK w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j Rvnv½xi GKRb mdj kvmK wQ‡jb| kvmbKvh© ¯^qs cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| wZwb KviI cigvk© MÖnY Ki‡Zb bv| ivóªbxwZ wba©vi‡Y Rvnv½xi †h AwePj wQ‡jb Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq eû cÖ‡Póv m‡Ë¡I byiRvnvb hLb kvnwiqvi‡K DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| GKgvÎ †hvM¨ cyÎ Lyi&ig‡K (kvnRvnvb) mvgªv‡Rï DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ Ki‡Z Rvnv½xi fzj



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AvKe‡ii g‡Zv Rvnv½xi a‡g©i e¨vcv‡i D`vi wQ‡jb| wZwb Bmjvg a‡g© wek¦vmx n‡qI AvKe‡ii g‡Zv wZwb wewfbœ a‡g©i Av‡jvPbv ïb‡Zb| wKšÍz gv‡S gv‡S wZwb Ggb wKQy AvPiY Ki‡Zb , hvi d‡j Zuvi ag©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb †Kvb HwZnvwmK m‡›`n †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wn›`y †hvMx‡ì m½ w`‡Zb| †nvwj Drm‡e †hvM`vb Ki‡Zb| wKšÍz Zv m‡Ë¡I R¡vjvgyLx gw›`‡i Zuvi AvPiY I wkL ¸iy ARy©b nZ¨vi e¨vL¨v Ab¨fv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e GK_v mwZ¨ †h, †Kvb agx©q D¤§v`bvq wZwb wkL ¸iy ARy©b‡K nZ¨v K‡ibwb| wZwb gyNj ìev‡ii ivRbxwZ‡Z n¯Í‡¶c K‡iwQ‡jb weavq Rvnv½xi Zuv‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| ev¯Í‡e wZwb agx©q e¨vcv‡i mwnòzZvi cwiPq †`b| wcZvi g‡ZvB Zuvi ivRìev‡i wn›`y‡ì gh©v`v †`b| ivóªxq Kv‡h© wn›`y‡ì AskMÖn‡Y †Kvb evav m„wó K‡ibwb| gvbwmsn I Ab¨vb¨ wn›`y gbme`viMY ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb|

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Rvnv½xi gyNj ivRes‡ki GKRb Ab¨Zg mdj I cÖRvwn‰Zlx kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb Kv›`vnvi Qvov me©Î wcZvi AwR©Z mvgªvR¨ AUzU ivL‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| wcZvi cÖ`wk©Z c‡_B cÖRv‡ì Kj¨vY I iv‡óª mykvmb eë¯’v Kv‡qg Ki‡Z me©`vB m‡Pó wQ‡jb Ges gyNj kvm‡bi gh©v`v A¶zbœ †i‡LwQ‡jb| Avgiv †hb fz‡j bv hvB, 1615 wLª÷v‡ã ZuviB ivRZ¡Kv‡j m¨vi Ugvm †iv Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv cÖ_g †Rg‡mi ivóª`~Z wn‡m‡e ìev‡i G‡m bZRvby n‡q mgªv‡Ui AbyMÖn †P‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi mvgªv‡Rï ixwZbxwZ, Hk¦h© Bs‡iR `~Z‡K wew¯§Z K‡iwQj| ZvB HwZnvwmK W. †eYxcÖmv` h_v_© e‡j‡Qb, ÒRvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kvj wQj mvgªv‡Rï kvwšÍ I mg„w×i m~PK| wkí I evwYR¨ Pig DrKl© jvf K‡i| ¯’vc‡Zï AMÖMwZ mvgvb¨ e‡U, wKšÍz wPÎwkí †MŠi‡ei Pig wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡i|Ó

mvims‡¶c

Gm Gm GBP Gj


gyNj mgªvU‡ì g‡a¨ mgªvU Rvnv½xi Ab¨Zg AvKl©Yxq e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix wQ‡jb| ivR¨ we¯Ívi, we‡ ªvn `gb I ivR¨ kvm‡b wZwb K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq †`b| Zuvi mg‡q BD‡ivcxq ewYK we‡klZ Bs‡iR ewYK fviZe‡l© AvMgb K‡i| Zuviv mgªv‡Ui AbygwZ wb‡q Aev‡a eëmv-evwY‡Rï my‡hvM cvq| wZwb wQ‡jb D`vi cÖK…wZi| agx©q mwnòzZv wQj Zuvi Pwi‡Îi Ab¨Zg ¸Y| Zuvi Avg‡j fvi‡Z wPÎKjvi cÖfzZ DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb mykvmK I b¨vq wePviK| Zuvi kvmbvg‡j mvgªv‡R¨ kvwšÍ, mg„w× weivRgvb wQj|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad, 1970. 2. Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb, XvKv, 1988| 3. G. †K. Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm, XvKv, 1973|


ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| Rvnv½xi‡K AvKei †¯œn K‡i wK bv‡g WvK‡Zb? (K) †mLyevev (L) †mwjg evev (M) Rvnvevev (N) Rûevev| 2| wmsnvm‡b e‡m mgªvU Rvnv½xi KqwU kvmbZvwš¿K wewa Rvwi K‡iwQ‡jb? (K) 15wU (L) 10wU (M) 12wU (N) 20wU| 3| KZ wLª÷v‡ã Rvnv½xi byiRvnvb‡K weevn K‡ib? (K) 1600 wLª: (L) 1605 wLª: (M) 1611 wLª: (N) 1612 wLª:| 4| †Kvb Bs‡iR ivRv cÖ_g †Rg‡mi wPwV wb‡q me©cÖ_g mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii ìev‡i Av‡mb? (K) K¨v‡Þb nwKÝ (L) GWIqvW©m (M) m¨vi Ugvm †iv (N) DBwjqvg †Kix| 5| agx©q e¨vcv‡i Rvnv½xi †Kgb wQ‡jb? (K) †Muvov (L) D`vi (M) ga¨cš’x (N) ms¯‹vicš’x|



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kvnRvnvb

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • kvnRvnv‡bi wmsnvmb-Awaôvb-DËi mgm¨vewj I wewfbœ we‡ ªvn `gb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • kvnRvnv‡bi mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi bxwZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡j wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvi wb‡q Zuvi cyÎ‡ì g‡a¨ msNwUZ hy×-weMÖ‡ni

NUbvewj ej‡Z cvi‡eb; • wkí-¯’vc‡Zï c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e kvnRvnv‡bi Ae`vb g~jÄqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • kvnRvnv‡bi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvV - 5

Gm Gm GBP Gj


kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj cÖvq wÎk ermie¨vcx (1628-1658) we¯—„Z wQj| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kvj‡K mvaviYZ gyNj kvm‡bi BwZnv‡m ¯^Y©hyM e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| wZwb 1592 wLª÷v‡ã jv‡nv‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZvgn AvKei Ges wcZv Rvnv½xi `yR‡biB wcÖqcvÎ wQ‡jb wZwb| Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg wQj Lyi&ig| mgªvU AvKei wb‡R Zuvi wk¶vi eë¯’v K‡i gyNj ivRcwiev‡ii GKRb Dchy³ e¨w³ wn‡m‡e M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| Zvi Kg©cÖ‡Póv, D`¨g, eyw×gËv Ges mvnmwKZvi cwiPq †c‡q wcZv Rvnv½xi Zuv‡K eû hy‡×i AwabvqK wbhy³ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb †gevi, `vw¶YvZ¨ I Kvsov cÖf…wZ Awfhv‡b K…wZZ¡ cÖ`k©b Ki‡j Rvnv½xi Zuv‡K ÔkvnRvnvb' Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡ib| 1627 wLª. wcZvi g„Zzï ci wZwb Zuvi Zx¶èeyw× Ges cÖLi ev¯Íe‡eva‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q byiRvnv‡bi mKj †Póv I `~iwfmwÜ‡K e¨_© K‡i wmsnvmb jvf Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb 1628 wLª÷v‡ãi 24 Rvbyqvwi wcZvi †`qv Dcvwa ÔkvnRvnvb' MÖnY K‡i gnvmgv‡iv‡n w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb|

kvnRvnv‡bi cÖv_wgK mgm¨v I we‡ ªvn `gb

kvnRvnvb wmsnvmb Av‡ivn‡bi ci †ek K‡qKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mgm¨vq cwZZ nb| kvmbKv‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K Zuv‡K `y'wU we‡`ªvn `gb Ki‡Z nq| GKwU n‡jv ey‡›`jL‡Ûi ivRcyZ †bZv RySi wms‡ni we‡`ªvn, AciwU n‡jv `vw¶Yv‡Zï kvmbKZ©v Avgxi Lvb Rvnvb †jvwì we‡`ªvn| kvnRvnvb 1628 wLª÷v‡ã RySi wms‡ni weiy‡× gner Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| gner Lvb RySi wmsn‡K civwRZ K‡i ek¨Zv ¯^xKv‡i eva¨ K‡ib| mgªvU kvnRvnvb RySi wmsn‡K gbme`vi wbhy³ K‡ib wKšÍz 1635 wLª÷v‡ã cybivq we‡`ªvn Ki‡j Zuv‡K ew›` K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq|

1628 wLª. `vw¶Yv‡Zï kvmbKZ©v Lvb Rvnvb †jvw` Avn¤§`bM‡ii myjZv‡bi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q we‡`ªvn Ki‡j mgªvU kvnRvnvb Zuvi weiy‡× gyNj †mbvevwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| hy‡× Lvb Rvnvb †jvw` civwRZ n‡q KvwjÄ‡i cvwj‡q hvb| †mLv‡b wZwb wbnZ nb|

cZz©wMR `gb

1571 wLª. mgªvU AvKe‡ii AbygwZ wb‡q cZz©wMR ewYKMY evsjvi mvZMuvI bvgK ¯’v‡b evwYR¨ †K›`ª ¯’vcb K‡iwQj| µ‡g Zviv ûMjx‡Z Zv‡ì evwYR¨ †K›`ª ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡i| mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii mgq †_‡K Zviv `ybx©wZ civqb n‡q I‡V| ïé duvwK, K…lK‡ì Ici AZ¨vPvi, ejc~e©K wLªóa‡g© ag©všÍwiZKiY Ges ggZvR gn‡ji `y'Rb µxZ`vmx evwjKv‡K AcniY cÖf…wZ AcK‡g©i Rb¨ mgªvU kvnRvnvb Zv‡ì mgywPZ wk¶v †`qvi Rb¨ evsjvi kvmbKZ©v Kvwkg Luv‡K wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib| 1632 wLª. Kvwkg Lvi cyÎ Gbv‡qZ Djøvn cZz©wMR evwYR¨ †K›`ª ûMjx AvµgY K‡i Zuv‡ì‡K K‡Vvi n‡¯— `gb K‡ib| Aek¨ 1633 wLª. kvnRvnvb cZz©wMR‡ì ûMjx‡Z kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e emev‡mi AbygwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb|

kvnRvnv‡bi mvgªvR¨ we Ívi bxwZ

`vw¶YvZ¨



ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ gyNj mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ mgwaK cÖwm×| kvnRvnvb wcZv Rvnv½xi I wcZvgn AvKe‡ii mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi bxwZi c_ AbymiY K‡iB `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ ivR¨ m¤úªmviY bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|

gyNj mvgªv‡Rï `w¶Y mxgv‡šÍ wQj Avn¤§`bM‡ii wbRvgkvnx iv‡Rï Ae¯’vb| Kv‡RB kvnRvnv‡bi `vw¶YvZ¨ Awfhv‡bi cÖavb j¶¨ wQj Avn¤§`bMi ivR¨| GB mg‡q Avn¤§`bM‡ii myjZvb wbRvg-Dj-gyj‡Ki gš¿x gvwjK A¤^‡ii ¯^v_©v‡b¦lx cyÎ d‡Z Luv lohš¿ K‡i myjZvb wØZxq gZz©Rv‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| AZci wbR ¯^v_© D×v‡ii Rb¨ wZwb myjZv‡bi `k erm‡ii bvevjK cyÎ Avn¤§`bM‡ii wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q ivR¨ kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| 1331 wLª. gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx Avn¤§`bM‡ii †`ŠjZvev` `yM© AvµgY K‡i| d‡Z Luv gyNj evwnbx‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib| wKšÍz gyNj evwnbxi Avµg‡Y d‡Z Luvi evwnbx wech©¯Í n‡q c‡o| d‡j mv‡o `k j¶ ¯^Y©gy`ªv Dr‡KvP MÖnY K‡i †`ŠjZvev` `yM© gyNj‡ì nv‡Z Ac©Y K‡i| †`ŠjZvev` `y‡M©i cZ‡bi d‡j Avn¤§`bM‡ii ¯^vaxbZv wejyß nq Ges GwU gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ nq| bvevjK myjZvb û‡mb kvn hve¾xeb †Mvqvwjqi `y‡M© ew›` Rxeb KvUvb| Ab¨w`‡K d‡Z Luv gyNj ìev‡i ¯’vqx Avmb jvf K‡ib|

`vw¶Yv‡Z¨ Avn¤§`bMi weR‡qi ci mgªvU kvnRvnvb weRvcyi I †MvjKzÛv iv‡Rï Aw¯ÍZ¡ we‡jvc Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| 1635 wLª÷v‡ã Avn¤§`bM‡ii wbRvg kvnx esk‡K cybcÖwZôv Ki‡Z kvûRx †Póv Pvjv‡j D‡jøwLZ `y'wU ivR¨ kvûRx‡K †Mvc‡b mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| GB msev` AeMZ n‡q G‡ì ¯^xK…wZ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ ¯^qs kvnRvnvb 1636 wLª. †`ŠjZvev‡` Mgb K‡ib| Ges 50,000 ˆm‡bï GK wekvj evwnbx MVb K‡i weRvcyi I †MvjKzÛv Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍzZ nb| kvnRvnv‡bi GB D‡`¨vM †`‡L †MvjKzÛvi myjZvb Ave`yjøv KzZe kvn fxZ n‡q c‡ob| kvnRvnvb‡K mve©‡fŠg mgªvU ¯^xKvi K‡i evrmwiK Ki cÖ`vb Ki‡Z mgªv‡Ui bv‡g Lyrev cvV I gy`ªv cÖPjb mn ¯^xK…Z nb|

wKšÍz weRvcy‡ii myjZvb Avw`j kvn mn‡R gyNj‡ì ek¨Zv ¯^xKv‡i ivwR wQ‡jb bv| d‡j kvnRvnvb gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx‡K weRvcyi Avµg‡Yi wb‡`©k †`b| weRvcyi evwnbx gyNj evwnbx‡K exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Ges kvncyi n«‡ì eva †K‡U ivRavbx cøvweZ K‡i gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx‡K evav cÖ`vb K‡i| GK ch©v‡q Dfq evwnbx K¬všÍ n‡q c‡o| Ges GK mwÜi gva¨‡g hy‡×i cwimgvwß N‡U| Avw`j kvn gyNj mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡ib| d‡j weRvcy‡ii ALÛZv eRvq _v‡K| DcišÍz Avn¤§`bM‡ii cÂvkwU ciMbv weRvcy‡ii myjZvb jvf K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K weRvcy‡ii myjZvb 20 j¶ ¯^Y©gy`ªv gyNj mgªvU‡K cÖ`vb K‡ib| Gm‡½ kvûRx‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi cÖwZkªywZ †`b| kvnRvnvb 1636 wLª÷v‡ã Z…Zxq cyÎ AvIi½‡Re‡K 18 ermi eq‡m `vw¶Yv‡Zï kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM K‡ib| `vw¶YvZ¨ cÖ‡`k‡K Lv‡›`k, †eivi, †Zwj½bv I †`ŠjZvev`Ñ GB PviwU AÂ‡j wef³ Kiv nq| gyNj mgªvUMY †mLvb †_‡K erm‡i K‡qK †KvwU UvKv ivR¯^ jvf Ki‡Zb|

kvnRvnv‡bi DËi-cwðg mxgvš— bxwZ

mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii kvmbvg‡j cvim¨ mgªvU kvn AveŸvm Kv›`vnvi AwaKvi K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb (1623 wLª.)| 1638 wLª÷v‡ã kvnRvnvb Kv›`vnvi cybiy×v‡i m‡Pó nb| wZwb GRb¨ K~U‡KŠk‡ji Avkªq †bb| wZwb Kv›`vnv‡ii ZrKvjxb kvmbKZ©v Avjx g`©vb‡K cÖfyZ A_© Øviv ek K‡i Kv›`vnvi AwaKvi K‡ib| Avjx g`©vb w`wjø‡Z P‡j Av‡mb| wZwb gyNj ìev‡i Afvebxq m¤§vb I gh©v`v jvf K‡ib| Zuv‡K Kvwk¥i I Kvey‡ji kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM Kiv nq|

gvÎ `k eQi Kv›`vnvi gyNj AwaKv‡i wQj| 1648 wLª. cvi‡mï kvn AveŸvm Kv›`vnvi Ae‡iva K‡ib| kxZKv‡j Zzlvicv‡Zi d‡j kvnRvnvb h_vmg‡q mvgwiK mvnvh¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z bv cvivq gyNj

Gm Gm GBP Gj


evwnbx Kv›`vnvi i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| gyNj kvmbKZ©v †`ŠjZ Luv cvim¨ evwnbxi n‡¯Í civwRZ n‡q Kv›`vnvi Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| AZci kvnRvnvb 1649, 1652 Ges 1653 wLª÷v‡ã gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx †cÖiY K‡i Kv›`vnvi cybiy×vi Ki‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz gyNj evwnbx Kv›`vnvi cybiy×vi Ki‡Z e¨_© nb|

kvnRvnv‡bi ga¨ Gwkq bxwZ

1638 wLª÷v‡ã Kv›`vnvi cybiy×vi Kivi ci kvnRvnvb ga¨ Gwkqv cybAwaKv‡ii msKí MÖnY K‡ib| ej&L Ges ev`vL&kvb weR‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1646 wLª. hyeivR gyiv` Ges Avjx g`©vb‡K ga¨ Gwkqvq †cÖiY K‡ib| GB Awfhvb mvdj¨gwÛZ nq| Zuviv ej&L I ev`vLmvb AwaKvi K‡i †bb| wKšÍz wKQyKvj ci †mLvbKvi AvenvIqv mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i wcZvi B”Qvi weiy‡× gyiv` AvMÖvq wd‡i Av‡mb| gyiv‡ì cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ci kvnRvnvb cÖavbgš¿x mv`yjøv‡K ej&L-G †cÖiY K‡ib| 1647 wLª. Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ges be wewRZ ¯’vb¸‡jvi wbivcËv weav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GK wekvj †mbv evwnbx mn kvnRv`v AvIi½‡Re‡K †mLv‡b †cÖiY K‡ib| wKšÍz `ya©l© DR‡eM‡ì c`vbZ K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| AvIi½‡R‡ei mKj †Póv e¨_© n‡j wZwb ej&L Z¨vM K‡i Avm‡Z eva¨ nb| GB e¨vcv‡i ivR‡Kv‡li cÖfyZ A_© e¨q Ges wecyj ˆm‡bï cÖvYnvwb N‡U|

kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡j DËivwaKvi hy×

1657 wLª÷v‡ãi †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m mgªvU kvnRvnvb ¸iyZi Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob| Zuvi Amy¯’Zvi m‡½ m‡½B ¸Re Qwo‡q c‡o †h, mgªv‡Ui g„Zz¨ N‡U‡Q| Giƒc Ae¯’vq Zuvi cyÎ‡ì g‡a¨ gyNj mvgªv‡Rï wmsnvm‡bi AwaKvi wb‡q msNl© †e‡a hvq| A_P kvnRvnvb Zuvi g„Zz¨ Avmbœ †R‡b m¤¢eZ †R¨ô cyÎ `viv‡K wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡i mywe‡ePbvi cwiPq w`‡Z fzj K‡ib| GB fzjB DËivwaKvi Ø›`¡‡K Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡j| kvnRvnv‡bi cyÎiv GB mg‡q eqcÖvß Ges kvmb wel‡q AwfÁ wQ‡jb| Z‡e Zuv‡ì AwfÁZv I `¶Zvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wQj|

`vivwk‡Kvn

‡R¨ô cyÎ `vivwk‡Kvn wQ‡jb kvnRvnv‡bi me‡P‡q wcÖq| wZwb wQ‡jb cvÄve, gyjZvb I Gjvnvev‡ì kvmK| wKšÍz wZwb me©`v wcZvi wbK‡U †_‡K cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g D³ cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| wZwb wQ‡jb weØvb, we‡`¨vrmvnx I ag© m¤ú‡K© D`vi| Dcwbl`, evB‡ej Ges mywd m¤úª`vqfz³ †jLK‡ì iPbvi mv‡_ Zuvi cwiwPwZ wQj LyeB Nwbó| wZwb wn›`y cwÛZ‡ì mvnv‡h¨ dviwm fvlvq A_e© †e` I Dcwbl‡ì Abyev` m¤úbœ K‡ib| mKj a‡g©i mgb¦q mvabB wQj Zuvi agx©q bxwZi cÖavb j¶¨|

myRv

kvnRvnv‡bi wØZxq cyÎ myRv wQ‡jb evsjvi kvmbKZ©v| eënvi AgvwqK n‡jI Zuvi ˆbwZK PwiÎ wQj wbægv‡bi| wKšÍz g` Ges bvixi cÖwZ Avmw³ Zuvi me©bvk †W‡K Av‡b| hwÌ †Kvb cÖKvi †Muvovwg, fÛvgx A_ev mnRvZ `yóeyw× Zuvi wQj bv|



AvIi½‡Re

kvnRvnv‡bi Z…Zxq cyÎ AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb `vw¶Yv‡Zï kvmK| åvZv‡ì g‡a¨ wZwb †hgwb wQ‡jb weØvb, mvnmx, k„´LjvcivqY †Zgwb wQ‡jb K~UbxwZÁ Ges `~i`kx©| Zuvi g‡a¨ mvgwiK cÖwZfv I kvmbZvwš¿K cÖwZfviI Afve wQj bv| myRvI `¶ wQ‡jb| wKšÍz AvIi½‡R‡ei g‡Zv GKUvbv K‡Vvi cwikª‡g Drmvn I `„pZv Zuvi wQj bv| mij RxebhvÎv, †mŠRb¨ I wcÖqfvwlZv Ges k„´Ljv civqYZvi Rb¨ Zuvi L¨vwZ wQj| wZwb wQ‡jb †Muvov mybœx gymjgvb| j¶¨ m¤ú‡K© Zuvi aviYv wQj ¯úó Ges wZwb AwePj _vK‡Zb Zuvi j¶¨ wmw×i Rb¨|

gyiv`

kvnRvnv‡bi me©Kwbô cyÎ gyiv` wQ‡jb ¸Riv‡Ui kvmK| wZwb mvnmx I kw³kvjx wQ‡jb; wKšÍz wPšÍv-fvebv, fq, KcUZv, mshg-ag©wbôv cÖf…wZ Zuvi wQj bv| g` I bvixi cÖwZ myRvi g‡Zv ZuviI Avmw³ wQj| AvIi½‡R‡ei K~UbxwZ †evSvi g‡Zv ¶gZv Zvi wQj bv|

Rvnvbviv I †iŠkbviv

ìev‡ii ivRbxwZ‡Z we‡klZ DËivwaKvi Ø‡›`¡i mgq kvnRvnv‡bi `yB Kb¨vi f‚wgKv j¶Yxq| Rvnvbviv wcZv I †R¨ôåvZv `vivi c¶ †bb Ges †iŠkbviv AvIi½‡R‡ei c¶ Aej¤^b K‡ib|

mgªvU kvnRvnvb hLb Amy¯’ nb ZLb †R¨ô cyÎ `viv wcZvi Kv‡Q AvMÖvq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| †m mgq myRv evsjvq, AvIi½‡Re `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ Ges gyiv` ¸Riv‡U wQ‡jb| ¯^fveZB `viv wcZvi Amy¯’Zvi my‡hvM wb‡q kvmbfvi MÖnYc~e©K wZb fvB‡qi AvMÖv AvMg‡bi c_ eÜ K‡i †`b| Ggb wK ivRavbx †_‡K †Kvb msev` hv‡Z fvB‡ì wbKU †cŠuQv‡Z bv cv‡i †m eë¯’vI K‡ib| m¤¢eZ kvnRvnvb †ivMkh¨vq `viv‡K wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡iwQ‡jb| fMœx †iŠkbviv gvidZ AvIi½‡Re msev` cvb †h, wcZv kvnRvnvb Amy¯’, `viv kvmb ¶gZv MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| GB msev` †c‡q wZwb ¶zä nb| wZb åvZvB g‡b K‡ib †h, Zuv‡ì wcZv Avi RxweZ †bB Ges `viv wmsnvm‡b emvi Rb¨ GB msev`wU †Mvcb K‡i‡Qb| GB Abygv‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i wZb åvZvB `viv‡K civ¯Í K‡i wmsnvmb AwaKv‡ii cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib| cÖ_‡gB myRv evsjvi ZrKvjxb ivRavbx ivRgn‡j wb‡R‡K mgªvU e‡j †NvlYv †`b| AZci wZwb wenvi AwaKvi K‡i AvMÖv Awfgy‡L AMÖmi nb| Gw`‡K gyiv` ¸Riv‡Ui ivRavbx Avn‡g`vev‡` wb‡R‡K mgªvU e‡j †NvlYv †`b| wKšÍz AvIi½‡Re Aci `yB fvB‡qi g‡Zv †Kvbiƒc †NvlYv bv w`‡q my‡hv‡Mi cÖZx¶vq iB‡jb| myRv AvMÖv Awfgy‡L m‰m‡b¨ AMÖmi n‡”Qb G msev` †c‡q AvIi½‡Re `vw¶YvZ¨ †_‡K Zuvi wbR¯^ ˆmbëvwnbx wb‡q DËi fviZ Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib| 24 GwcÖj, 1658 wLª. w`cvjcy‡i gyiv‡ì m‡½ Zuvi mv¶vZ N‡U| wZwb gyiv‡ì m‡½ GK Pyw³‡Z Ave× nb| w¯’i nq †h, Zuviv `yR‡b `viv I myRvi weiy‡× wgwjZfv‡e hy× Ki‡eb Ges hy‡× Rqx nevi ci gyNj mvgªvR¨ wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †b‡eb|

wZb åvZvi ivRavbx Awfgy‡L m‰m‡b¨ AMÖmi nevi msev` †c‡q `viv cyÎ my‡jgv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ GK ˆmbëvwnbx myRvi weiy‡× cvVvb| my‡jgv‡bi Aaxb¯’ gyNj evwnbx myRvi ˆmbëvwnbx‡K evivYmxi wbKU evnv`yicy‡ii hy‡× civwRZ K‡i (†deªyqvwi, 1658 wLª.)| myRv eva¨ n‡q evsjvq cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| `viv h‡kvešÍ wmsn Ges Kvwkg Luvi †bZ…‡Z¡ Aci GK †mbvevwnbx AvIi½‡Re I gyiv‡ì mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi weiy‡× †cÖiY K‡ib| h‡kvešÍ wmsn Ges Kvwkg Luvi g‡a¨ gZv‰b‡Kï Rb¨

Gm Gm GBP Gj


AvIi½‡Re GB evwnbx‡K D¾wqbxi †PŠÏ gvBj `w¶Y-cwð‡g Aew¯’Z ag©vU bvgK ¯’v‡b civwRZ Ki‡Z m¶g nb (GwcÖj, 1658)| GB hy‡× Rqjv‡fi d‡j AvIi½‡R‡ei mvgwiK L¨vwZ I gh©v`v eû¸‡Y e„w× cvq| AvIi½‡Re I gyiv‡ì weRqx evwnbx AvMÖvi wbKUeZx© mvgyMo bvgK ¯’v‡b Dcw¯’Z nq| `viv cÖvq cÂvk nvRvi ˆmb¨ wb‡q `viv AvIi½‡Re Ges gyiv‡ì weiy‡× AMÖmi nb| D‡jøL¨ †h, `vivi ˆmbëvwnbx msL¨vq kÎyc¶xq ˆm‡bëvwnbxi mgvb n‡jI k„´Ljvi Afve wQj| Zv m‡Ë¡I `viv wb‡R ˆmbëvwnbx cwiPvjbv K‡ib| ZiyY ivgwms‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ ivRcyZiv exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ cÖvYc‡Y `vivi c‡¶ hy× K‡ib| wKšÍz AvIi½‡R‡ei wbcyY iY‡KŠk‡ji wbKU `viv mvgyM‡oi hy‡× (†g, 1658) civwRZ nb| GB hy‡× civwRZ n‡q `viv cvÄv‡e cjvqb K‡ib| AvIi½‡Re Awej‡¤^ AvMÖvq Dcw¯’Z n‡q AvMÖv `yM© Ae‡iva K‡ib| e„× kvnRvnv‡bi mg¯Í cÖwZ‡iva I Av‡cvl idvi Aby‡iva D‡c¶v K‡i AvIi½‡Re AvMÖv `yM© AwaKvi K‡ib| wcZv kvnRvnvb‡K AvMÖv `y‡M© bRiew›` K‡i iv‡Lb|

AvMÖv †_‡K AvIi½‡Re w`wjø Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib| cw_g‡a¨ g_yivi Kv‡Q wZwb †KŠk‡j gyiv`‡K ew›` K‡ib| cÖ_‡g mwjgMo `y‡M© c‡i †Mvqvwjqi `y‡M© ew›` K‡i iv‡Lb| 1661 wLª÷v‡ã †Ìqvb Avjx bKx‡K nZ¨vi Awf‡hv‡M AvIi½‡R‡ei Av‡`‡k gyiv`‡K cÖvY`‡Û `wÛZ Kiv nq|

1658 wLª÷v‡ã myRv evivYmxi Kv‡Q `vivi cyÎ my‡jgv‡bi nv‡Z civwRZ n‡qwQ‡jb| ag©vU I mvgyM‡oi hy‡× `vivi civR‡qi d‡j my‡jgvb Avi myRvi weiy‡× hy× Pvjv‡Z cvi‡jb bv| B‡Zvg‡a¨ myRv cybivq ˆmb¨ msMÖn K‡i kw³e„w× K‡ib| AvIi½‡Re AvMÖv AwaKvi K‡i myRvi weiy‡× hy× hvÎv K‡ib| 1659 wLª÷v‡ã Lvbyqvi hy‡× AvIi½‡Re myRv‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c civwRZ K‡ib| AZci AvIi½‡R‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rygjv myRvi cðvàveb Ki‡j wZwb evsjv Z¨vM K‡i AvivKvb AÂ‡j cvwj‡q hvb| Gici myRvi Avi †Kvb †LuvR cvIqv hvqwb| Abygvb Kiv nq †h, AvivKvb iv‡Ri Av‡`‡k wZwb wbnZ n‡qwQ‡jb|

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Gm Gm GBP Gj


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kvnRvnv‡bi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

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1628 wLª÷v‡ã kvnRvnvb wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ n‡q cÖ_‡gB ey‡›`jL‡Ûi ivRcyZ †bZv RySi wms‡ni we‡ ªvn, `vw¶Yv‡Zï kvmK Lvb Rvnvb †jvwì we‡`ªvn Ges cZz©wMR ewYK‡ì `gb K‡i mvgªv‡R¨ kvwšÍ-k„´Ljvi DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| AZci mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| `vw¶Yv‡Zï Avn¤§`bMi, †MvjvKzÛv, weRvcyi cÖf…wZ AÂ‡j Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡i mdjZv jvf K‡ib| G m‡½ DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ AÂj I ga¨ Gwkqvq mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i mvgwiK Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡i Zuvi c~e© cyiyl‡ì mvgªvR¨ m¤úªmviY bxwZ A¶zbœ iv‡Lb| 1657 wLª÷v‡ã mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Amy¯’Zvi my‡hv‡M wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvi wb‡q Zuvi Pvi cy‡Îi g‡a¨ Ø› ¡ msNwUZ nq| GB åvZ…NvZx hy‡× AvIi½‡Re Rqx n‡q w`wjøi mgªvUKz‡c AwawôZ nb| kvnRvnv‡bi Avg‡j ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi Af‚Zc~e© DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb mykvmK, we‡RZv I mywePviK| Zuvi ivRìevi wQj †ek RuvKRgKc~Y©| Zuvi kvmbKvj gyNj BwZnv‡m Ô¯^Y©hyM' wn‡m‡e L¨vZ|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1| Ishwariprasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad 1970. 2| Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb, XvKv 1988| 3| G. †K. Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm, XvKv 1973|


ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| kvnRvnvb KZ ermi fviZel© kvmb K‡iwQ‡jbÑ (K) cÖvq Pwjøk eQi (L) cÖvq wÎk eQi (M) cÖvq Kzwo eQi (N) cÖvq cbi eQi| 2| kvnRvnvb wmsnvm‡b KZ wLª. AwawôZ nbÑ (K) 1628 (L) 1618 (M) 1638 (N) 1648| 3| DËivwaKvi hy‡× †K Rqx n‡qwQ‡jb? (K) `viv (L) gyiv` (M) myRv (N) AvIi½‡Re| 4| kvnRvnv‡bi Kb¨v Rvnvbviv Zuvi †Kvb åvZv‡K mg_©b K‡iwQ‡jb? (K) AvIi½‡Re (L) gyiv` (M) myRv (N) `viv| 5| kvnRvnvb KZ wLª. g„ZzëiY K‡ib? (K) 1656 (L) 1666 (M) 1766 (N) 1646|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


AvIi½‡Re

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • AvIi½‡R‡ei ivR¨ we¯Ívi bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • Zuvi ivRcyZbxwZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • Zuvi `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ m¤‡Ü weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb; • Zuvi agx©q bxwZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • Zuvi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyNj mgªvU‡ì g‡a¨ gynxDwÏb gynv¤§` AvIi½‡Re GKwU we‡kl ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Qb| Kg©`¶Zv, e¨w³Z¡ Ges `¶Zvi w`K w`‡q AvIi½‡Re gyNj mgªvU‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb| GKgvÎ gnvb mgªvU AvKei Qvov Zuvi g‡Zv †Kvb Kg©`¶ mgªvU gyNj wmsnvmb Av‡ivnY K‡ibwb| wZwb wQ‡jb mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Z…Zxq cyÎ| DËivwaKvix hy‡× 1658 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_g ag©vU I wØZxq mvgyM‡oi hy‡× Rqx n‡q wZwb wcZv‡K wmsnvmbPy¨Z K‡i M„new›` K‡ib| Gici AvMÖv AwaKvi K‡i †mLv‡b Awf‡lK-wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i wb‡R‡K fwel¨Z gyNj mvgªv‡Rï DËivwaKvix †NvlYv K‡ib| AZci LvRIqv I †ÌqvB hy‡× `viv‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civwRZ K‡i 1659 wLª÷v‡ã w`wjø‡Z cybivq Awf‡lK-wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb| Gm‡½ MÖnY K‡ib ÔAvjgMxi ev`kvn MvRx' Dcvwa| AvIi½‡Re cÖvq Aa©kZvãx fviZel© kvmb K‡ib| Zuvi kvmbKvj‡K `yfv‡M wef³ Kiv hvqÑ cÖ_gv‡a© 1658Ñ1681 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ DËi fvi‡Z Ges wØZxqv‡a© 1681Ñ1707 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ wZwb `w¶Y fvi‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡ib| cÖK…Zc‡¶, AvIi½‡R‡ei ivR‰bwZK Rxeb ïiy nq `w¶Y fvi‡Z| 1682 wLª÷v‡ãi ci wZwb Avi DËi fvi‡Z wd‡i Av‡mbwb| 1707 wLª÷v‡ã `w¶Y fvi‡ZB wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

AvIi½‡R‡ei mvgªvR¨ we Ívi

DËi-c~e© fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ m¤úªmviY

gnvgwZ AvKei †h mvgªvR¨ m¤úªmviY bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb AvIi½‡Re Zv Zuvi mg‡q Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmbvg‡j g~jZ mvgªv‡Rï me©vwaK m¤úªmviY N‡U| Zuvi c~‡e© †Kvb kvmKB GZ eo mvgªv‡Rï AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡ibwb| DËi-c~e© fvi‡Zi wn›`yivR¨ KzPwenvi I A‡nvg ivR¨ Awfhvb wQj AvIi½‡R‡ei GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c`‡¶c| GB `y'wU ivR¨ cÖvK…wZK w`K †_‡K myiw¶Z nIqvq gymwjg kvmKMY G‡ì ¯^vaxbZv niY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| AvIi½‡R‡ei wb‡`©‡k 1661 wLª÷v‡ã

cvV - 6



wenv‡ii kvmbKZ©v `vD` Luv cvjv‡gŠ gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| G ermi evsjvi kvmbKZ©v gxi Rygjv‡K A‡nvg, †KvP I AvivKvbx gM‡ì weiy‡× mgªv‡Ui wb‡`©k †c‡q 1661 wLª: GK weivU ˆmbëvwnbx wb‡q XvKv †_‡K c~e©w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q KzPwenvi AwaKvi K‡ib| AZci gxi Rygjv ˆmbëvwnbx wb‡q c‡ii ermi gvP© gv‡m A‡nv‡gi ivRavbx MoMuv wM‡q Dcw¯’Z nb| A‡nvgivR RqaŸR ivRavbx †_‡K cvwj‡q wM‡q kÎyi nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v K‡ib| wKšÍz AwP‡iB el©v bvg‡j gyNj ˆmbïv Avmv‡gi RjevwnZ bvbv cÖKvi †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q GK weeªZKi Ae¯’vq cwZZ nq| GB my‡hv‡M A‡nv‡gi ivRKxq ˆmbïv gyNj ˆmbëvwnbxi m‡½ LÛ hy‡× wjß nq| G‡Z gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx e¨wZe¨¯Í n‡q c‡o| GB Ae¯’vq gyNj ˆmbëvwnbxi Rqjv‡fi †Kvb m¤¢vebv bv †`‡L gxi Rygjv A‡nvgiv‡Ri m‡½ GK mwÜ ¯’vcb K‡ib| mwÜi kZ©vbyhvqx hy‡×i ¶wZc~iY, evwl©K Ki Ges `vivs cÖ‡`‡ki A‡a©K gyNj‡ì w`‡Z eva¨ nq| GB Awfhv‡b gyNj‡ì eû ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| Avmv‡g Ae¯’vbKv‡j gxi Rygjv Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob| eb¨v I el©vi cÖ‡Kv‡c Avmvg †_‡K XvKvq cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi c‡_ 1663 wLª÷v‡ã gxi Rygjv g„ZzëiY K‡ib| gxi Rygjvi g„Zzï ci AvIi½‡Re Zuvi gvZzj kv‡q¯Ív Lvb‡K (Avmd Luvi cyÎ) `vw¶YvZ¨ †_‡K mwi‡q G‡b evsjvi kvmbKZ©v (myev`vi) c‡` wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib| kv‡q¯Ív Lvb `xN© wÎk eQi GB c‡` envj wQ‡jb| wZwb cZz©wMR I AvivKvbx gM Rj`my¨‡ì AZ¨vPvi I jyÉb eÜ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjvi †bŠkw³ e„w× K‡ib| 1665 wLª. gM Rj`my¨‡ì cÖavb NuvwU m›`¡xc `Lj K‡ib| c‡ii eQi (1666 wLª.)AviKvb iv‡Rï nvZ †_‡K PÆMÖvg‡K AwaKvi K‡i c~e© I `w¶Y evsjvi gvbyl‡K gM I cZz©wMR‡ì AZ¨vPvi †_‡K i¶v K‡ib|

DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ bxwZ

fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡m DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ i¶vi mgm¨v wPiKvjB fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ hy‡Mi kvmK‡ì e¨vc„Z K‡i †i‡LwQj| ïaygvÎ gyNj hy‡M bq, myjZvwb hy‡MI DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ kvmK‡ì gv_v e¨v_vi KviY wQj| D‡jøL¨ †h, gymjgvbiv DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ w`‡q fviZe‡l© cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| †mB Kvi‡YB H AÂ‡ji ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| GB Dcjwä †_‡KB mKj mg‡qB DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ i¶vi `vwqZ¡ mKj kvmK‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| AvIi½‡Re wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡iB A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ bxwZ‡Z ÔAMÖmi bxwZ' Aej¤^b K‡i mvgªv‡Rï wbivcËv i¶vi †Póv K‡ib| H AÂ‡ji AvdMvb DcRvZxq †jv‡Kiv msNe× n‡q cÖvqB DËi-cwðg cvÄv‡e AZ¨vPvi I jyUZivR Ki‡Zv| 1667 wLª÷v‡ã ÔBDmydRvB' bvgK GK DcRvwZ Ôfv¸' bv‡g GK Awabvq‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ `je× n‡q AvUK I nvRviv †Rjv AvµgY K‡i| mgªvU Zv‡ì weiy‡× K‡Vvi mvgwiK Awfhvb †cÖi‡Yi wm×všÍ †bb| mgªvU gyNj †mbvcwZ Avwgb Luv I Kvwgj Luv‡K ÔBDmydRvB' DcRvwZ‡ì `g‡bi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| `yB †mbvcwZ DcRvZxq we‡`ªvnx‡ì K‡Vvi n‡¯Í `gb Ki‡Z m¶g nb Ges `jcwZ‡ì Dchy³ kvw¯Í cÖ`vb K‡ib| mgªvU AvIi½‡Re gnvivRv h‡kvešÍ wmsn‡K Rvgiƒ` `y‡M©i AwabvqK c‡` Awfwl³ K‡i GB AÂ‡ji wbivcËvi eë¯’v K‡ib|

1672 wLª÷v‡ã Avwd«w` I LvUK bvgK DcRvwZi †jv‡Kiv gyNj mvgªv‡Rï weiy‡× we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V| Avwd«w`‡ì †bZv AvKgj Luv wb‡R‡K ivRv e‡j †NvlYv w`‡q LvUK‡ì gyNj‡ì weiy‡× msNe× n‡Z AvnŸvb Rvbvb| Zuv‡ì‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ mgªvU †mbvcwZ Avwgb Luv‡K †cÖiY K‡ib| Avwgb Luv Avwd«w` †bZv AvKgj Luvi wbKU civwRZ n‡j mgªvU AvIi½‡Re ¶zä n‡q †mbvcwZ gneŸr Luv‡K †mLv‡b †cÖiY K‡ib| wKšÍz gneŸr Luv hy‡×i cwie‡Z© Av‡cvl bxwZi gva¨‡g we‡`ªvn `g‡bi †Póv Pvjv‡j AvIi½‡Re myRvZ Luvi †bZ…‡Z¡ Av‡iKwU evwnbx we‡`ªvnx Avwd«w` DcRvwZ‡ì weiy‡× †cÖiY K‡ib| wKšÍz myRvZ Luv mn eû gyNj ˆmb¨ we‡`ªvnx‡ì nv‡Z wbnZ nb Ges A‡bK ˆmb¨ ew›` nq| Avwd«w` DcRvwZi GB mvd‡j¨ DrmvwnZ n‡q LvUK DcRvZxq †bZv Kwe Lyk&nj Luv Avwd«w` †bZv AvKgj Luvi m‡½ †hvM`vb K‡ib| Zuviv AvdMvb I cvVvb RvwZ‡K GKwÎZ n‡q gyNj‡ì weiy‡× GK

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mve©Rbxb RvZxq Afz¨Ìv‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| G‡ì `gb Kievi Rb¨ mgªvU cici dwi` Luv I gneŸr Luv‡K †cÖiY K‡i e¨_© nb| gyNj ˆmb¨ I †mbvcwZMY Dch©ycwi e¨_© nIqvi d‡j mgªvU wb‡RB ˆmb¨ cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb m‰m‡b¨ †c‡kvqv‡ii wbKUeZx© nvmvb Ave`v‡j Dcw¯’Z nb| wZwb GKB m‡½ K‚UbxwZ I mvgwiK bxwZi Øviv we‡`ªvnx DcRvwZ‡ì `gb Ki‡Z K…ZKvh© nb| wZwb we‡`ªvnx‡ì K‡qKwU RvqMxi, A_© I D”Pc` Dcnvi w`‡q Zuv‡ì ekxf‚Z Ki‡Z m¶g nb| LvUK I BDmydRvB DcRvZxq †bZv‡ì cyÎØq gyNj‡ì c‡¶ †hvM`vb K‡i| we‡`ªvnxcš’x Ab¨vb¨‡ì K‡Vvi n‡¯Í `gb Kiv nq| Gfv‡e DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i 1675 wLª÷v‡ã AvIi½‡Re ivRavbx w`wjø‡Z wd‡i Av‡mb|

AvIi½‡R‡ei DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ bxwZ mvgwqKfv‡e mvdj¨jvf Ki‡jI Zv gyNj mvgªv‡Rï c‡¶ †ek ¶wZKi n‡qwQj| cÖ_gZ, GB hy‡×i d‡j gyNj ivR‡Kvl cÖvq k~b¨ n‡q c‡o| wØZxqZ, ivRcyZ‡ì weiy‡× hy‡×i Rb¨ mxgvšÍ AÂj †_‡K gyNj ˆmb¨ msMÖ‡ni c_ iy× n‡qwQj| me©‡k‡l D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, `vw¶YvZ¨ †_‡K DËi-cwðg mxgv‡šÍ gyNj †mbvevwnbxi GK weivU Ask‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kivi d‡j wkevRxi c‡¶ gyNj †mbvevwnbx‡K civwRZ Kiv mnRmva¨ n‡qwQj| e¯ÍzZ, 1675 wLª÷v‡ãi cieZx© †ò erm‡ii g‡a¨ wkevRx †MvjKzÛv, weRvcyi, KY©vUK cÖf…wZ AÂ‡j wbR AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb|

AvIi½‡R‡ei ivRcyZbxwZ

mgªvU AvKei wQ‡jb cÖK…Z `~i`„wóm¤úbœ kvmK| wZwb Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb †h, gyNj mvgªv‡Rï wfwË my`„p Ki‡Z n‡j ivRcyZ‡ì mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv GKvšÍfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb| wZwb ivRcyZM‡Yi m‡½ wgÎZvmyjf AvPiY K‡ib Ges Zuv‡ì mnvqZv jv‡f mg_© nb| AvKe‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j gyNj mvgªvR¨ †h †MŠi‡ei wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡i Zv eûjvs‡k ivRcyZ‡ì AKzÉ mnvqZv jv‡fB m¤¢eci n‡qwQj| AvKe‡ii weP¶Y Ges mv_©K ivRcyZbxwZi Avgyj cwieZ©b N‡U Zuvi cÖ‡cŠÎ AvIi½‡R‡ei ivRZ¡Kv‡j| ivRcyZ eÜz‡Z¡i HKvwšÍK cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v we¯§„Z n‡q AvIi½‡Re AZ¨vPvi I Drcxo‡bi bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib|

1678 wLª÷v‡ã gv‡ovqv‡ii ivRv h‡kvešÍ wmsn gyNj †mbvcwZ wn‡m‡e AvdMvwb¯Ívb mxgv‡šÍ hy×iZ Ae¯’vq g„ZzëiY Ki‡j AvIi½‡Re gv‡ovqvi ivR¨ AwaKvi Ki‡Z AMÖmi nb| gv‡ovqvi ivR¨wU mvgwiK Ges eëmvwqK w`K †_‡K ivRcyZbvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wQj| Gme Kvi‡Y AvIi½‡Re gv‡ovqvi AwaKvi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| ivRv h‡kvešÍ wms‡ni AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨ AvIi½‡Re‡K Zuvi D‡Ïk¨ Kv‡h© cwiYZ Kivi my‡hvM G‡b †`q| AvIi½‡Re cÖ_‡g gv‡ovqvi ivR¨wU Lvwjmvi AšÍfz©³ K‡ib Ges c‡i gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| wZwb 36 j¶ UvKv bRivbvi wewbg‡q h‡kvešÍ wms‡ni R‰bK AvZ¥xq B›` wmsn‡K gv‡ovqvi wmsnvm‡b emvb| wKšÍz G mg‡q GK bZzb mgm¨vi D™¢e nq| h‡kvešÍ wms‡ni g„Zzï Qq gvm ci Kvey‡j Zuvi `yB ivYxi M‡f© `yB cyÎ mšÍvb Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| Zb¥‡a¨ GKR‡bi g„Zz¨ nq| G‡Z AvIi½‡R‡ei D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi c‡_ evavi m„wó nq| GB Ae¯’vq gv‡ovqv‡ii ivYxØq beRvZ cyÎ AwRZ wmsn‡K m‡½ wb‡q w`wjø‡Z Dcw¯’Z nb| Ges gv‡ovqv‡ii wmsnvm‡b h‡kvešÍ wms‡ni cyÎ‡K AwawôZ Kivi `vwe Rvbv‡j AvIi½‡Re AwRZ wmsn‡K gyNj nv‡i‡g †i‡L jvjb-cvjb Kivi kZ©v‡ivc K‡ib| wKšÍz `yM©v`vm bv‡g GK AmvaviY ¶gZvm¤úbœ iv‡Vvi †bZv GB cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i AvIi½‡R‡ei weiy‡× ùvovb| wZwb †KŠk‡j h‡kvešÍ wms‡ni `yB ivYx I wkïcyÎ AwRZ wmsn‡K 1679 wLª÷v‡ã gyNj nv‡ig †_‡K D×vi K‡i wbivc‡` †hŠacy‡i wb‡q hvb| AvIi½‡R‡ei AvPi‡Y iv‡Vviiv ¶zä n‡q we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i Ges `yM©v`v‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡ AwRZ wmsn‡K gv‡ovqv‡ii ivRv e‡j †NvlYv K‡i| ZLb AvIi½‡Re wbR cyÎ AvKei‡K `yM©v`v‡mi



weiy‡× †cÖiY K‡ib| wZwb ¯^qs AvRgx‡i wM‡q gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| gyNj evwnbx 1679 wLª÷v‡ã †hŠacyi AwaKvi K‡ib| wKšÍz Zuvi GB AvµgYvZ¥K bxwZ‡Z gv‡ovqv‡ii iv‡Vvi‡ì m‡½ †gev‡ii ivRv ivRwmsn-Gi HK¨ ¯’vwcZ nq| †gev‡ii ivRcwiev‡ii m‡½ gv‡ovqvi ivRcwiev‡ii AvZ¥xqZvi m¤úK© wQj| †gevi eûw`b gyNj‡ì m‡½ eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© i¶v K‡i P‡jwQj| †gev‡ii ivRv ivRwmsn AvIi½‡Re KZ…©K wRwRqv Ki cybcÖeZ©‡b wei³ n‡qwQ‡jb| Gici hLb AvIi½‡Re gv‡ovqvi ivR¨ AvµgY K‡ib ZLb ivRwmsn iv‡Vvi‡ì mvnv‡h¨ AMÖmi nb| iv‡Vvi I †gev‡ii ivRvi GB HK¨ ivRcyZ BwZnv‡m GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbv| GB wgwjZ kw³i wbKU kvnRv`v AvKei m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c civwRZ nb|AZci AvIi½‡Re Zuvi cyÎ AvRg‡K gyNj ˆmbëvwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q ivRcyZ‡ì weiy‡× †cÖiY K‡ib| wKšÍz wZwbI e¨_© nb|

kvnRv`v AvKe‡ii ¯’‡j kvnRv`v AvRg‡K gyNj evwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Kivq kvnRv`v AvKei Acgvb‡eva K‡ib| wZwb ivRcyZ‡ì m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q wcZvi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib| 1681 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb wb‡R‡K wn›`y¯Ív‡bi mgªvU e‡j †NvlYv †`b| G mg‡q AvIi½‡Re AvRgx‡i Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb| wZwb K~U‡KŠk‡j kvnRv`v AvKe‡ii m‡½ ivRcyZ‡ì eÜzZ¡ webó Ki‡Z Zrci nb| AvIi½‡Re Ggb GKwU wg_¨v cÎ cvVv‡jb hv †_‡K g‡b nq †h, kvnRv`v AvKei mgªv‡Ui D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ GB bxwZ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|wPwVLvbv hv‡Z ivRcyZ‡ì n¯ÍMZ nq AvIi½‡Re †mB eë¯’vI Ki‡jb| ivRcyZiv AvIi½‡R‡ei K‚U‡KŠkj eyS‡Z bv †c‡i kvnRv`v AvKei‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡ib| ivRcy‡Ziv wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨ AvIi½‡R‡ei GB K‚U‡KŠkj eyS‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz ZLb Avi mgªv‡Ui weiy‡× hy× Kiv m¤¢eci wQj bv| AvIi½‡Re GBfv‡e Zuvi Kv‡h© wmw× jvf Ki‡jb| kvnRv`v AvKe‡ii HKvwšÍKZvq mšÍzó n‡q iv‡Vvi †mbvcwZ `yM©v`vm wcZvi †µva †_‡K kvnRv`v AvKei‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ Zuv‡K 1681 wLª÷v‡ã gvivVv‡ì wbKU †cŠu‡Q †`b| gvivVv †bZv wkevRxi cyÎ k¤¢yRxi m‡½ kvnRv`v AvKe‡ii eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq|

AvIi½‡R‡ei m‡½ †gevi I gv‡ovqv‡ii hy× Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| 1681 wLª÷v‡ã kvnRv`v gyqv¾‡gi ga¨¯’Zvq †gev‡ii m‡½ gyNj‡ì mwÜ ¯’vwcZ nq| wKšÍz gv‡ovqv‡ii m‡½ hy× AvIi½‡R‡ei RxweZKv‡j mgvß nqwb| AvIi½‡R‡ei g„Zzï `yB eQi ci 1709 wLª÷v‡ã GB hy‡×i cwimgvwß N‡U| cieZx© gyNj mgªvU wØZxq evnv`yi kvn (gyqv¾g) AwRZ wmsn‡K gv‡ovqv‡ii ivRv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|

AvIi½‡R‡ei ivRcyZ bxwZ gyNj mvgªv‡Rï me©bvk †W‡K Av‡b| AKvZ‡i A_© e¨q K‡i Ges AMwYZ ˆmb¨ ¶q K‡i AvIi½‡Re `yB ¶z`ª ivRcyZ ivRv‡K civwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| GB bxwZ GKw`‡K gyNj mvgªv‡Rï c‡¶ m¤§vb nvwbKi wQj, Ab¨w`‡K mvgªv‡Rï mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK I kvmbZvwš¿K eë¯’vi Ic‡i ¶wZKi cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQj| †h ivRcyZ exiZ¡ gyNj‡ì mvgªvR¨‡K we¯Í„Z Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj, Pig msK‡Ui mg‡q AvIi½‡Re †mB mvnvh¨ †_‡K ewÂZ nb| gvivVv‡ì weiy‡× hy‡× A_ev DËi-cwðg mxgv‡šÍi DcRvwZ‡ì weiy‡× ivRcyZ exiZ¡ gyNj mgªvU‡ì c‡¶ GKvšÍ mnvqK n‡Zv| kvm‡bi w`K w`‡qI gyNj mvgªvR¨ `¶ Kg©Pvix †_‡K ewÂZ nq| GBfv‡e gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi exR Dß nq|

AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ

AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ c~e©eZx© gyNj mgªvU‡ì `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ ivR¨ m¤úªmviY bxwZi AbymiY ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| mgªvU AvKe‡ii Avgj †_‡KB `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ gyNj mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii cª‡Póv P‡j AvmwQj| AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ‡K `yBfv‡M wef³ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq t (1) wcZv kvnRvnv‡bi

Gm Gm GBP Gj


ivRZ¡Kv‡j `vw¶Yv‡Zï kvmbKZ©viƒ‡c AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ,(2) mgªvU wn‡m‡e AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ|

kvnRvnv‡bi kvmbKv‡j AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ

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Gici AvIi½‡Re weRvcy‡ii w`‡K `„wó wbe× K‡ib| Avw`j kv‡ni g„Zzï ci weRvcy‡i †h wek„´Lj Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡qwQj Zv AvIi½‡Re‡K CwáZ my‡hvM `vb K‡i| mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi AbygwZ wb‡q 1657 wLª: weRvcyi AvµgY K‡ib| gxi Rygjv GB hy‡× Zuv‡K mn‡hvwMZv `vb K‡ib| G‡K G‡K weì, Kj¨vYx AwaKvi K‡i wZwb hLb ivRavbx weRvcyi Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib wVK ZLbB Rvnvbviv I `vivi cÖ‡ivPbvq kvnRvnvb n¯Í‡¶c K‡ib| weRvcy‡ii myjZvb mwÜ K‡i cÖPyi ¶wZc~iY Ges weì, Kj¨vYx Ges cix›`v gyNj‡ì w`‡q †`b| AZci kvnRvnv‡bi g„Zz¨ Ges Zuvi cyÎ‡ì DËivwaKvi Ø‡›`¡i Rb¨ `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ gyNj weRq mvgwqKfv‡e ¯’wMZ _v‡K|

mgªvU wn‡m‡e AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ

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`vw¶Yv‡Z¨ AvIi½‡R‡ei e¨_©Zvi KviY

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`vw¶Yv‡Z¨ bxwZi mgv‡jvPbv

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Gm Gm GBP Gj


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AvIi½‡R‡ei agx©q bxwZ

AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb GKRb wbôvevb mybœx gymjgvb| Zuvi agx©q bxwZi j¶¨ wQj, kixqZ Abyhvqx fvi‡Z Bmjvg ag©‡K Ggb kw³kvjx Kiv hvi d‡j fviZ cÖK…Z Bmjvgx ivóª ¯’vwcZ n‡e Ges iv‡óªi cÖwZwU KvRKg© Bmjvgx a¨vb-aviYv I AvPvi-Abyôvb Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| GB †Muvov agx©q bxwZ Zuvi ivóªbxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î mvnvh¨ K‡i| wØZxqZ, åvZ…hy‡×i mgq AvIi½‡Re wb‡R‡K †Muvov mybœx‡ì cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Zuvi `vwe Rvbvb| Ges GKB m‡½ wZwb Zuvi D`vi gZvej¤^x AMÖR `viv‡K Aavwg©K I Bmjvgwe‡ivax e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| Gid‡j msL¨vMwiô mybœx m¤úª`vqfz³ gymjgv‡biv Zuv‡K mg_©b Rvbvq| AZGe, AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmb bxwZ Zuvi e¨w³MZ †LqvjLykx ev cvw_©e jvf-†jvKmv‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ nqwb| wbôvevb mybœx gymjgvb wn‡m‡e wZwb Bmjvgx ivRZ‡š¿ wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| GB ivRZ‡š¿i g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq nj †h, kvmK cweÎ †KviAv‡b D‡jøwLZ bxwZ Abymv‡i ivR¨ kvmb Ki‡eb| Zuvi ivR¨ kvm‡bi g~jbxwZB n‡e cweÎ †KviAv‡bi bxwZ¸‡jv‡K kvm‡bi gva¨‡g Kvh©Ki Kiv| GB bxwZ Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb Bmjv‡gi Abykvmb¸‡jv K‡Vvifv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| d‡j Zuvi kvmbKv‡j gyNj iv‡óªi eûj Ask ag©vkªqx iv‡óª cwiYZ nq| Gi d‡j fviZe‡l©i msL¨vMwiô Agymjgvb cÖRviv mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î bvbv cÖwZeÜKZvi Rb¨ wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb nq|

mybœx gymjgvb cÖRvMY AvIi½‡Re‡K ÔwR›`vcxi' e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| wZwb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i Bmjvg kv¯¿ we‡ivax AvPvi-AvPiY wbwl× K‡ib| wZwb gy`ªvq ÔK‡jgv' DrKxY© Kiv eÜ K‡ib| KviY wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb, Agymjgvb‡ì nv‡Z †M‡j Zv AcweÎ n‡e| wZwb ÔbI‡ivR' Drme eÜ K‡i †`b| hwÌ Zuvi c~e©eZx© mgªvUMY GB Drme cvjb Ki‡Zb| AvIi½‡Re GB Drme‡K Bmjvgwe‡ivax e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| GQvov gynZvwme bv‡g GK`j ivRKg©Pvix wb‡qvM Kiv nq| hv‡ì KvR wQj †KviAvb wb‡`©wkZ c‡_ RbmvaviY AvPiY Ki‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lv| †KviAv‡b Abby‡gvw`Z AvPvi-Abyôvb K‡Vvi n‡¯Í `gb Kivi eë¯’v †bIqv nq| mgªvU Zuvi Abykvmb Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z wM‡q wkqv-mybœx wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gymjgvb‡K kvw¯Í w`‡Z KzÉv‡eva K‡ibwb| 1669 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb wkqv‡ì Ôgnig' Drme cvjb wbwl× K‡ib|

1668 wLª÷v‡ã AvIi½‡Re ìev‡i b„Z¨MxZ wbwl× K‡ib| ivR‡Z¡i GKv`k I Øv`k eQ‡i h_vµ‡g †mvbv, iƒcv I gwYgy³v w`‡q eQ‡i `y'evi mgªv‡Ui †`n IR‡bi †h cÖ_v Ges cÖZ¨n mKv‡j RbmvaviY‡K `k©b (S‡ivKv) †Ìqvi †h ixwZ wQj Zv wZwb eÜ K‡i †`b| AvIi½‡Re Zuvi Rb¥w`b



I Awf‡lK w`‡b Drme cvjb eÜ K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, Gme ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-Abyôvb wQj Bmjvg we‡ivax|

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me©‡k‡l ejv hvq, GKRb †Muvov I wbôvevb gymjgvb wn‡m‡e AvIi½‡Re Zuvi ¯^xq a‡g©i Øviv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb|

AvIi½‡R‡ei e¨w³Z¡ I K…wZZ¡

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mvims‡¶c

gyNj mgªvU‡ì g‡a¨ AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg `¶ kvmK I mgi bvqK| Zuvi mg‡q gyNj mvgªv‡Rï me©vwaK we¯Í„wZ N‡U| Z‡e mvgªv‡Rï we¯Í„wZ NU‡jI mvgªv‡R¨ wek„´Ljv †`Lv †`q| `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ gvivVv‡ì DÌvb N‡U| wekvj mvgªv‡Rï RwUj kvmbeë¯’vi cÖwZwU mvgvb¨ wel‡qI e¨w³MZfv‡e j¶¨ K‡i Kg©`¶Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb ag©cÖvY gymjgvb| Zuvi g‡Zv GZ mvavwm‡a mgªvU w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b e‡mbwb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad, 1970. 2. G, †K, Gg, Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm, XvKv, 1973| 3. Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb, XvKv, 1988|


ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| †Kvb mgªv‡Ui Avg‡j gyNj mvgªv‡Rï me©vwaK we¯Í„wZ N‡U? (K) AvKe‡ii Avg‡j (L) Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j (M) kvnRvnv‡bi Avg‡j (N) AvIi½‡R‡ei Avg‡j| 2| A‡nv‡gi ivRavbx †Kv_vq wQj? (K) wenvi (L) MouMv (M) Dwol¨v (N) cvjv‡gŠ| 3| gxi Rygjvi g„Zzï ci evsjvi gyNj kvmbKZ©v †K wQ‡jb? (K) kv‡q¯Ív Luv (L) gvbwmsn (M) Bmjvg Luv (N) Cmv Luv| 4| AvIi½‡R‡ei cyÎ AvKei KZ wLª. we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib? (K) 1707 (L) 1681 (M) 1675 (N) 1682| 5| weRvcyi I †MvjKzÛvi myjZvbMY †Kvb gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK wQ‡jb? (K) wkqv (L) mywbœ (M) Lv‡iRx (N) Rewiqv| msw¶ß cÖkœ t 1| evsjvi kvmbKZ©v gxi Rygjv A‡nvg I KzPwenvi Awfhvb m¤ú‡K© GKwU msw¶ß weeiY w`b| 2| AvIi½‡R‡ei ivZcyZ bxwZi djvdj eY©bv Kiyb| 3| `vw¶Yv‡ZÄvIi½‡Re †Kb e¨_©nb? 4| AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ m¤ú‡K©HwZnvwmK‡ì gZvgZ e¨³ Kiyb| 5| AvIi½‡R‡ei agx©qbxwZi cÖavb cÖavb êwkó¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t 1| AvIi½‡R‡ei mvgªvR¨ we¯ÍvibxwZ m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bb wjLyb| 2| AvIi½‡R‡ei ivRcyZ bxwZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiyb| 3| AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZi weeiY w`b| 4| AvIi½‡R‡ei agx©q bxwZi we‡kl D‡jøLc~e©K Zuvi e¨w³Z¡ I K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb|



gyNj cÖkvmb, mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • gyNj Avg‡ji †K› ªxq I cÖv‡`wkK cÖkvmb eë¯’v m¤‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • gyNj hy‡Mi mvgvwRK Ae¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • gyNj hy‡Mi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • gyNj hy‡M ¯’vcZ¨, wPÎKjv I m½xZKjvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq mgªvU‡ì Ae`vb wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • wk¶v I mvwnZ¨ †¶‡Î gyNj‡ì Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyNj kvmb eë ’v

gyNj kvmb eë¯’vq ÔmgªvU' wQ‡jb mKj ¶gZvi Drm| cÖK…Zc‡¶, wZwb wQ‡jb mxgvnxb ¶gZvi AwaKvix| wZwb GKw`‡K wQ‡jb agx©q cÖavb, Ab¨w`‡K ivóª cÖavb| Gm‡½ wZwb wQ‡jb m‡e©v”P wePvicwZ Ges cÖavb †mbvcwZ| eveyi me©cÖ_g fvi‡Z ÔmyjZvb' Dcvwai cwie‡Z© Ôcv`kvn' (ev`kvn) Dcvwa wb‡qwQ‡jb| gyNj kvmK‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, Ôcv`kvn' n‡jv mvgªv‡Rï mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Drm| gyNj Avg‡j †Kvb mgªvUB ÔLwjdv'†K cÖfz e‡j †g‡b †bbwb| myjZvwb Avg‡j GKgvÎ AvjvDwÏb LjRx e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mKj myjZvb Lwjdvi AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb| gyNj kvmb ÔfviZxq kvmb' bv n‡jI AvKe‡ii kvmbvg‡j fviZxq RvZxq kvm‡bi †h wfwËi m~ÎcvZ n‡qwQj, †m m¤ú‡K© mKj AvaywbK HwZnvwmK GKgZ| GK_vI mZ¨ †h, ga¨hy‡Mi fviZe‡l© gyNj cÖkvm‡bB me©cÖ_g cÖvPxb fviZxq kvmb eë¯’vi m‡½ ewnivMZ cÖkvmb eë¯’vi mgb¦‡q AwaK RbKj¨vYKvgx I mwnòz cÖkvmb eë¯’v cÖewZ©Z nq|

†K› ªxq cÖkvmb

†K›`ªxq cÖkvmb cwiPvjbvq mgªvUB wQ‡jb cÖavb e¨w³| wZwb wQ‡jb mKj ¶gZvi Drm| hwÌ Zuvi gš¿xcwil` wQj, Z_vwc wZwb Zuv‡ì civgk© MÖn‡Y eva¨ wQ‡jb bv| Z‡e †K›`ªxq kvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ wefvM wQj| †mme wefv‡Mi cÖkvmKMY kvmb cwiPvjbvq mgªvU‡K me©‡Zvfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb|

cvV - 7

Gm Gm GBP Gj


DwRi ev fwKj t mgªv‡Ui c‡iB DwR‡ii ¯’vb wQj| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wZwbB wQ‡jb mvgªv‡Rï cÖavbgš¿x| ivR¯^ Ges A_© wefv‡Mi hveZxq Kvh©Kjv‡ci `vwqZ¡ Zuvi Ici b¨¯Í wQj| †h‡nZz Zuvi Ici ivR¯^ wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ Awc©Z wQj †m‡nZz wZwbB kvmb wefvM¸‡jvi Ici KZ…©‡Z¡i AwaKvix wQ‡jb| mKj Av‡`k-wb‡`©k wZwb mgªv‡Ui bv‡g Rvwi Ki‡Zb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ DwR‡ii `¶Zvi Ici gyNj cÖkvm‡bi `¶Zv wbf©ikxj wQj| D‡jøL¨, AvKe‡ii mgq DwRi‡K †Ìqvb bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡Zv|

gxi eK&mx t †K‡›`ªi mvgwiK wefv‡Mi cÖavb Kg©KZ©v‡K gxi eK&mx ejv n‡Zv| Zuvi cÖavb KZ©e¨ wQj ˆmbëvwnbxi Rb¨ ˆmb¨ msMÖn Kiv, Zv‡ì †`Lv‡kvbv Kiv, mK‡ji hv‡Z †eZ‡bi e‡›`ve¯Í Kiv, hy‡×i mgq ˆmb¨ m¤^‡Ü cy´Lvbycy´Lfv‡e mgªvU‡K msev` cÖ`vb Kiv I ˆmb¨ Ges gbme`vi cÖf…wZ Kg©Pvix‡ì ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍzZ Kiv| Gm‡½ miKvwi bw_cÎ msi¶Y Kiv gxi eK&mxi Ab¨Zg cÖavb `vwqZ¡ wQj| wZwb †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wewfbœ cÖKvi bw_cÎ, `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR Ges Ab¨vb¨ KvMRcÎ msi¶Y Ki‡Zb| G‡Z †`Lv hvq gxi eK&mx cÖavbZ GKRb mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v n‡jI †emvgwiK cÖkvm‡bi A‡bK `vwqZ¡ Zuv‡K cvjb Ki‡Z n‡Zv|

Lvb-B-mvgvb t gyNj Avg‡j mieivn wefv‡Mi `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb Lvb-B-mvgvb| wZwb wQ‡jb mgªv‡Ui msmv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY Ges mvgwiK wefv‡Mi mKj DcKiY mieivn Kivi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß ivRKg©Pvix| Zuvi Aax‡bB wQj ivRKxq KviLvbvmg~n| wZwb mgªv‡Ui åg‡Y I Awfhv‡b m½x n‡Zb Ges mgªv‡Ui e¨w³MZ Kg©Pvix‡ì ZË¡veavb Ki‡Zb| †h‡nZz wZwb Zuvi Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b me mgq mgªv‡Ui KvQvKvwQ _vK‡Zb †m‡nZz wZwb wQ‡jb ìev‡i AZ¨šÍ wek¦vm‡hvM¨ I cÖfvekvjx e¨w³ |

mì-Dm-my`yi t mì-Dm-my`yi wQ‡jb ag© I `vZe¨ cÖwZôvb Ges miKvwi ÎvY wefv‡Mi cÖavb Kg©KZ©v| wZwb mvwnwZ¨K, Kwe, cwÛZ e¨w³, weÁvbx, Av‡jg, D‡jgv, mywd-ì‡ek, `yt¯’, `wi`ª, weaev, GwZg, bvevjK, KvRx, wk¶K cÖgyL‡K `vb I Dc‡XŠKb BZ¨vw` cÖ`v‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb| agx©q kv‡¯¿ AMva cvwÛ‡Zï AwaKvix e¨w³‡K GB c‡` wb‡qvM `vb Kiv n‡Zv|

KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ t mgªv‡Ui Aax‡b mvgªv‡Rï wePvi wefvMxq cÖavb‡K ejv n‡Zv KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ ev cÖavb wePvicwZ| wZwb n‡Zb GKRb AvBbÁ, b¨vqcivqY, m”PwiÎ Ges wbôvevb gymjgvb| wZwb mvgªv‡Rï wn›`y-gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`v‡qi †Ìqvwb I †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi wePvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| Zuv‡K wePvi Kv‡h© mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Zb gyd&wZ I gxi-B-Av`j bv‡g `y'Rb Kg©KZ©v| KvRx gvgjvi wbi‡c¶ Z`šÍ Ki‡Zb, gyd&wZ AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb Avi gxi-B-Avw`j ivq cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb|

gyn&Zvwme t gyNj cÖkvm‡b gyn&Zvwme wQ‡jb GKRb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivRKg©Pvix| Zuvi cÖavb KZ©e¨ wQj A-Bmjvgxq weavb¸‡jv wbqš¿Y Kiv Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi ‰bwZK Pwi‡Îi DbœwZ mva‡b m‡Pó _vKv| GKK_vq wZwb wQ‡jb Rbmvavi‡Yi ˆbwZK Pwi‡Îi ZË¡veavqK| g`¨cvb, Ryqv‡Ljv I cwZZve„wË cÖf…wZ AmvgvwRK Kg©KvÛ eÜ Kivi `vwqZ¡ Zuvi Ici Awc©Z wQj Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b NUbv¯’‡j Z¡wiZ wePv‡ii ¶gZvcÖvß wQ‡jb| ZvQvov evRv‡i wRwbmc‡Îi evRviì Z`viK, Lv‡`¨ †fRvj ev IR‡b Kg BZ¨vw` ai‡bi Aciva Z`‡šÍi `vwqZ¡I wZwb cvjb Ki‡Zb|

Ab¨vb¨ ivRKg©Pvix t D‡jøwLZ ivRKg©Pvix Qvov AviI eû Kg©V I my`¶ ivRKg©Pvix wQ‡jb, huv‡ì wbijm †Póvq gyNj cÖkvmb eë¯’v Kvh©Ki wQj| G‡ì g‡a¨ ¸ßPi wefv‡Mi Ô`v‡ivMv-B-WvK‡PŠKx', †ZvcLvbvi `vwqZ¡cÖvß Ô`v‡ivMv-B-†ZvcLvbv', cÖRv-mvavi‡Yi Av‡e`b wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡cÖvß Ôgxi AviR', wnmve cix¶K Ôgy¯Ívdx', miKvwi evwoN‡ii Z`viKKvix Ôgxi-gwÄj', †Kivwb I msev` †jLK ÔIqvK-B-bwek' Ges ivRmfvi Abyôv‡bi ixwZbxwZi ZË¡veavqK Ôgxi-†ZvRvK' D‡jøL‡hvM¨|



cÖv‡`wkK cÖkvmb

HwZnvwmK h`ybv_ miKvi e‡jb, gyNj Avg‡ji cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv wQj †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii AweKj GKwU ¶z`ª wPÎ| gyNj Avg‡j mKj mgªv‡Ui kvmbKv‡j myev ev cÖ‡`‡ki msL¨v GK wQj bv| †hgb AvKe‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j cÖ‡`‡ki msL¨v wQj 15, Rvnv½x‡ii mg‡q 17, kvnvRvnv‡bi mg‡q 22 (1648 wLª: Kv›`vnvi n¯ÍPy¨Z n‡j 21) Ges AvIi½‡R‡ei ivRZ¡Kv‡j cÖ‡`‡ki msL¨v wQj 21wU| kvmbKv‡h©i myweavi Rb¨ Ômyev'¸‡jv‡K ÔmiKvi' Ges ÔmiKvi'¸‡jv‡K ÔciMYv'q wef³ Kiv n‡qwQj| KZ¸‡jv MÖv‡gi mgb¦‡q GKwU ciMYv MVb Kiv n‡Zv|

myev`vi wQ‡jb cÖ‡`‡ki cÖavb kvmbKZ©v| Z‡e ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wel‡q mgªv‡Ui AbygwZ wb‡Z eva¨ wQ‡jb| wZwb †K›`ªxq miKvi KZ…©K wbhy³ n‡Zb Ges cÖ‡`‡k mvgwiK I †emvgwiK cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb| myev`vi c`wU cÖkvm‡b AZ¨šÍ gh©v`vc~Y© nIqvq mvaviYZ mgªv‡Ui cyÎ Ges Zuvi wek¦¯Í I D”Pc`¯’ ivRKg©Pvix GB c‡` wb‡qvMcÖvß n‡Zb| Zuv‡K cÖkvm‡b mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Zb †Ìqvb, eKmx, mì, KvRx, †dŠR`vi, †Kv‡Zvqvj, Avwgj, wewZKwP, †cvÏvi, IqvK-B-bwek I cv‡Uvqvix bvgK ivRKg©Pvixe„›`|

gyNj hy‡M fvi‡Zi mgvR eë ’v

gyNj hy‡M fviZe‡l©i Rbmvavi‡Yi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvi `vwe iv‡L| wKšÍz gyNj hy‡Mi ivRìev‡ii HwZnvwmKMY A_ev mgKvjxb HwZnvwmKMY mgmvgwqKKv‡ji mvgvwRK Ges A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© LuywUbvwU weeiY wjwce× K‡ibwb| Guiv cÖavbZ mgªvU‡ì †MŠieMv_v, ivRmfvi RuvKRgK I Avo¤îc~Y© hy× I weRq Awfhv‡bi Kvwnbx wj‡L †M‡Qb| Zuviv fviZe‡l©i mvaviY gvby‡li RxebhvÎv Z_v mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡bi K_v wjwce× Kivi e¨vcv‡i we‡kl `„wó †`bwb| gyNj mgªvU‡ì kvmbvg‡j eû we‡`kx ch©UK, ågYKvix Ges wLª÷ag© cÖPviK fvi‡Z G‡mwQ‡jb| Zuviv mgmvgwqK fvi‡Zi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡bi †h weeiY †i‡L †M‡Qb, Zv †_‡K gyNj hy‡Mi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi g~jëvb Z‡_ï mÜvb †g‡j| Gme we‡`kx ch©UK‡ì weeiYB GB wel‡qi GKgvÎ wbf©i‡hvM¨ Drm| Gme ch©UK‡ì g‡a¨ m¨vi Ugvm †iv, DBwjqvg nwKÝ, ivj&d dxP, dvwÝm‡Kv †cjmvU©, evwb©‡q, U¨vfvwb©‡q, gvbywPi bvg mwe‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

gyNj mgvR Rxeb

gyNj hy‡Mi mgvR wQj g~jZ mvgšÍZvwš¿K wfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ| mgv‡R mgªv‡Ui ¯’vb wQj m‡e©v”P| Zuvi wb‡PB AwfRvZ m¤úª`v‡qi ¯’vb wQj| we‡kl m¤§vb I cÖwZcwËi AwaKvix GB m¤úª`vq A_© I m¤ú‡` weËevb wQ‡jb|Zuviv †fvM wejv‡m Rxeb AwZevwnZ Ki‡Z Af¨¯Í wQ‡jb| ivRmfvq †h cÖvPyh© I AwgZe¨wqZv eZ©gvb wQj, AwfRvZ m¤úª`v‡qi g‡aÏ Zvi we¯Í„wZ N‡UwQj| g`¨cvb, e¨wfPvi wQj AwfRvZ †kªYxi Rxe‡bi GKwU cÖavb A½| gyNj ivRìevi Z_v mgªvU wb‡R AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB me †`vlÎywU †_‡K gy³ wQ‡jb bv| Ônv‡ig' eë¯’v mgmvgwqK hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨ wQj| Aveyj dRj eY©bv K‡i‡QbÑ mgªv‡Ui nv‡i‡g cuvP nvRvi ¯¿x‡jvK _vK‡Zv| AwfRvZ †kªYx wbR mvg_© g‡Zv mgªvU‡K G w`K w`‡q AbymiY Ki‡Zb| Rvnv½x‡ii mgq †cjmvU© bvgK R‰bK Ij›`vR ewY‡Ki weeiY †_‡K AwfRvZ‡ì Pig PvwiwÎK I ˆbwZK bxwZÁvbnxbZvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| AwfRvZ †kªYxi g‡a¨ ci¯úi we‡Øl, Cl©vcivqYZv I lohš¿wcÖqZv cÖf…wZ KvR K‡iwQj| gyNj ivRìevi

Gm Gm GBP Gj


RuvKRgK I êf‡ei Rb¨ cÖwm× wQj| Giƒc ìev‡i wb‡R‡ì gh©v`v i¶vi Rb¨ AwfRvZeM©I †cvkvK-cwi”Q` Ges iZœvj¼v‡i cÖPyi A_© e¨q Ki‡Zb|

AwfRvZ m¤úª`v‡qi c‡iB wQj ga¨weË †kªYxi ¯’vb| †`vKvb`vi, eëmvqx, ewYK, gnvRb cÖf…wZ wQj ga¨weË †kªYxfz³| GB †kªYx mvaviYZ wgZe¨qx wQj| wb‡R‡ì ¶gZv Abyhvqx Zviv Rxebhvcb Ki‡Zv| Ges e¨wfPvi, gv`Kvmw³ cÖf…wZ †_‡K gy³ wQj| BD‡ivcxq ch©UK‡ì weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, cwðg DcK‚‡ji ewYKMY Avw_©K †¶‡Î wKQyUv ¯^”Qj wQ‡jb Ges Giv wKQyUv DbœZ I wejvmeûj Rxebhvcb Ki‡Zv|

mvaviY gvby‡li Rxe‡b ¯^v”Q›`¨ ev mv”Qj¨ wQj bv| cÖ`x‡ci wb‡Pi AÜKv‡ii g‡Zv ivRìev‡i cÖvPy‡h©i m‡½ wQj Rbmvavi‡Yi Amxg `vwi`ªZv| mvaviY gvby‡li Rxe‡b evû‡jï †Kvb ¯’vb wQj bv| mvaviY mg‡q fiY‡cvl‡Yi Afve bv n‡jI `ywf©¶ I Lv`¨vfv‡ei mgq Zv‡ì `yM©wZ Pig mxgvq †cŠuQ‡Zv| Ij›`vR ch©UK †cjmv‡U©i weeiY †_‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Ae¯’vi wKQy cwiPq cvIqv hvq| wZwb -D‡j L K‡ib †h, mgv‡R GB †kªYxi †jvK bv‡g ¯^vaxb cÖRv n‡jI Kvh©Z Zviv µxZ`v‡mi b¨vq Rxeb AwZevwnZ Ki‡Zv| Giv n‡jv kªgRxex, f…Z¨ Ges †QvU †`vKvb`vi| Zv‡ì Avq wQj mvgvb¨ Ges Zv‡ì †Kvbiƒc ¯^vaxbZv wQj bv| †h M„‡n Zviv emevm Ki‡Zv Ges †h Lv`¨`ªe¨ Zviv MÖnY Ki‡Zv Zv‡Z mv”Q‡jï †Kvb j¶Y wQj bv| ZvQvov ivR Kg©Pvix‡ì Drcxob Zv‡ì Ici †ewk wQj| kvnRvnv‡bi Avgj †_‡K K…lK‡ì Ae¯’v Lviv‡ci w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K| d‡j Zv‡ì Ae¯’v µgk †kvPbxq n‡q I‡V|

gyNj Avg‡j g~jZ AwfRvZ †kªYxi g‡a¨ e¨wfPvi, AwgZvPvi †`Lv †hZ| mvaviY †kªYxi †jvK‡ì g‡a¨ Gme `~ivPvi wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j| Giv †hgwb wQj wgZvPvix †Zgwb ag©civqY| evj¨ weevn, cYcÖ_v, †KŠwjY¨ cÖ_v, mZx`vn cÖ_v H hy‡Mi mvgvwRK e¨vwai Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ wQj| mgªvU AvKei evj¨weevn Ges mZx`vn cÖ_v wbevi‡Yi †Póv K‡iI e¨_© nb| wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖxwZi m¤úK© wQj| Zuviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e ¯^-¯^ agx©q Abyôvb cvjb Ki‡Zv| U¨vfvwb©‡q Zuvi eY©bvq wn›`y‡ì ˆbwZKZv m¤ú‡K© D”Q¦wmZ cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, ZrKvjxb wn›`y mgvR wgZe¨qx, mr Ges m”Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix wQj|

A_©‰bwZK Rxeb

gyNj hy‡M fviZel© cÖavbZ K…wl cÖavb wQj| K…lKiv mvgvb¨ Rwg‡Z Pvl Ki‡Zv Ges ZvivB ivR‡¯î cÖavb fvi enb Ki‡Zv| Mg, evwj©, avb, eRiv, wewfbœ ai‡bi Wvj, Zzjv BZ¨vw` wQj cÖavb K…wlRvZ cY¨| evsjv I wenv‡i B¶zi Pvl n‡Zv| evsjvq cv‡Ui PvlI fv‡jviKg n‡Zv| †cjmv‡U©i weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, ga¨ fviZ I hgybv DcZ¨Kvq cÖPyi bxjPvl n‡Zv| GQvov Kvc©vm I †ikg GB mgq cÖPyi cwigv‡Y Drcbœ n‡Zv| evwb©‡qi weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, GB `yB `ª‡eï Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ evsjv G mgq fvi‡Zi fvÛvi wQj| AvKe‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j R½j cwi®‹vi K‡i K…wl Rwgi cwigvY e„w×i w`‡K bRi †Ìqv nq| Gi d‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb e„w× †c‡qwQj|

gyNj hy‡M wk‡íi cÖmvi N‡U| wk‡ívrcv`b gyNj hy‡Mi A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡bi GKwU we‡kl A½ wQj| gyNj hy‡M kªg wefvRb I `¶ZvwfwËK wkí M‡o D‡VwQj| `xN©Kvj a‡i GKB †kªYxi gvbyl GKB wkíKv‡h© iZ _vKvq `¶ KvwiMi I wkíx‡ì wfbœ wfbœ wkí A_ev ewYK msN wQj| GB mgq ivRKxq I †emiKvwi wk‡ív‡`¨v‡MI KviLvbv M‡o I‡V| †emiKvwi wk‡í †`‡ki Pvwn`v I ißvwbi Rb¨



cY¨`ªe¨ cÖ¯ÍzZ Kiv n‡Zv| ivRKxq KviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z ivRcÖvmv` I AwfRvZ‡ì Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wejvm mvgMÖx ˆZwi n‡Zv|

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gyNj ms¯‹…wZ

wkí I mvwnZ¨

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Gm Gm GBP Gj


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gyNj wPÎKjv

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gyNj hy‡Mi wPÎwk‡íi welqe¯Íz wQj ìevi Rxeb, ivRKxq Drme, wkKvi BZ¨vw`| G cÖm‡½ cvwm© eªvDb e‡jb, ÒgyNj AsKbixwZ I welqe¯Íz wQj Ro, we‡`kx Ges wewfbœ aviv n‡Z msM„nxZ, wKšÍz wn›`y A¼bixwZ I welqe¯Íz wQj Ava¨vwZ¥K I cÖZxKx|Ó cÖK…Zc‡¶, gyNj wPÎ wk‡í Rbmvavi‡Yi †hvMv‡hvM wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j| ïaygvÎ kvmK †kªYx I kvnRv`vMY wQ‡jb Gi c„ô‡cvlK| ivRìev‡ii evB‡i Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j|

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m½xZ

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wk¶v I mvwnZ¨

Gm Gm GBP Gj


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mvims‡¶c

gyNj cÖkvmb wQj g~jZ GK‡Kw› ªK| mgªvUB wQ‡jb cÖkvm‡bi cÖavb e¨w³ Ges Amxg ¶gZvi AwaKvix| wZwb DwRi, gxi eK&mx, Lvb-B-mvgvb, mì-Dm-my yi, KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ, gyn&Zvwme mn wewfbœ ivRKg©Pvix‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq ivRKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| D‡jøL¨ AvKeiB gyNj cÖkvm‡bi wfwË iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| gyNj mgvR mvgšÍZvwš¿K wfwËi Ici M‡o D‡VwQj| mgv‡R AwfRvZ, ga¨weË I mvaviYÑ GB wZb †kªYxi †jvK we`¨gvb wQj| wn› y-gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖxwZi m¤úK© wQj| gyNj hy‡Mi A_©bxwZ g~jZ K…wli Ici wbf©ikxj wQj| †m mg‡q eëmv-evwY‡Rï DbœwZ NU‡jI mvaviY gvby‡li RxebhvÎv m”Qj wQj bv| Ghy‡M mgªvU‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvq wkí-mvwn‡Z¨ cÖfzZ DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. G.†K.Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg kvmbeë¯’vi BwZnvm, XvKv, 1976| 2. Iswari Prasad, A short History of Muslim Rule in India. Allahabad, 1970. 3. Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb, XvKv, 1988| 4. G.†K.Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm, XvKv, 1973| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| eveyi ÔmyjZvb' Dcvwai cwie‡Z© †Kvb DcvwawU MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb? (K) cv`kvn (L) ev`kvn

Gm Gm GBP Gj


gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZb

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi Af¨šÍixY KviYmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡b ê‡`wkK Avµg‡Yi f‚wgKv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivóª I ivRbxwZ‡Z †Kvb wKQyB GKgyLx P‡jbv, DÌvb I cZb mg‡qi eëav‡b N‡U| A‡bKUv cÖvK…wZK wbq‡gi g‡ZvB Zv n‡q _v‡K| gyNj mvgªv‡Rï †¶‡Î Gi e¨wZµg N‡Uwb| GK`v †h gyNj mvgªv‡R¨ mgMÖ DËi fviZ, ga¨ fviZ Ges `w¶Y fvi‡Zi GK we¯ÍxY© AÂ‡j AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡iwQj Zv Kv‡ji MwZ‡Z aywjm¨vr n‡q BwZnv‡mi cvZvq ¯’vb jvf K‡i‡Q| fvi‡Zi mycÖvPxb BwZnv‡m †gŠh© mvgªvR¨ I ¸ß mvgªvR¨ †hme Kvi‡Yi mgb¦‡q wejyß n‡qwQj gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡b †mme kw³i wfbœiƒc cÖKvkB j¶Yxq| cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ KviY Z_v Af¨šÍixY wek„´Ljv Ges ê‡`wkK AvµgY gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZb Awbevh© K‡i Zz‡jwQj|

cvV - 8



Af¨š—ixY KviY

1. my‡hvM¨ DËivwaKvixi Afve t gyNj Avg‡j †h c×wZi ivóª eë¯’v cÖPwjZ wQj Zvi mdjZv wbf©i Ki‡Zv †K›`ªxq kvmK Z_v mgªv‡Ui e¨w³MZ cÖwZfv I kvmb `¶Zvi Ici| A`¶ AvivgwcÖq ev Kg cÖwZfvm¤úbœ mgªvU AwawôZ n‡j mvgªv‡Rï Aw¯Í‡Z¡i msKU †`Lv †Ìqvi m¤¢vebv wQj| ZvB †`Lv hvq, AvKei, Rvnv½xi, kvnRvnvb I AvIi½‡R‡ei g‡Zv cÖwZfvevb kvm‡Ki kvmbKv‡j mvgªv‡Rï Af¨šÍixY A‡bK msKU _vKv m‡Ë¡I mvgªv‡Rï kvwšÍ I k„´Ljv eRvq wQj| wew”QbœZvev`x kw³i Avwef©ve nIqv m‡Ë¡I †m¸‡jv my‡KŠk‡j `gb K‡i Zuviv mvgªv‡Rï wbivcËv i¶v K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz AvIi½‡R‡ei DËivwaKvixiv cÖvq mK‡jB c~e©eZx© gyNj mgªvU‡ì g‡Zv †kŠh©-ex‡h©i AwaKvix wQ‡jb bv| AKg©Y¨ I A‡hvM¨ G mg¯Í kvm‡Ki `ye©jZvi d‡j mvgªv‡Rï wek„´Ljv e„w× cvq| AšÍØ©›`¡ I b„ksmZv G hy‡Mi GKgvÎ êwkó¨| Ac`v_© mgªvUMY bvggvÎ kvm‡K cwiYZ nb Ges Zuviv ¶gZvkvjx ivRKg©Pvix‡ì µxovb‡K cwiYZ nb| Gme mgªv‡Ui A‡hvM¨ZvB gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZb‡K Z¡ivwb¦Z K‡iwQj| g~jZ AvIi½‡Re cieZx© my‡hvM¨ DËivwaKvixi AfveB gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY|

2. DËivwaKvix wbe©vP‡b mywbw`©ó AvB‡bi Afve t ga¨hy‡Mi fviZe‡l© gymwjg kvmbvg‡j DËivwaKvix wbe©vP‡bi †Kvb mywbw`©ó wbqg wQj bv| d‡j mgªvU‡ì g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎMY wmsnvm‡bi `vwe wb‡q wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Ø‡›`¡ wjß n‡ZbÑ hv mvgªv‡Rï c‡¶ Pig msKU m„wó Ki‡Zv| kvnRvnv‡bi ivR‡Z¡i †klfv‡M wmsnvmb‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zuvi Pvi cy‡Îi g‡a¨ msNl© nq| d‡j ìev‡i AwfRvZ‡ì g‡a¨ †Mvôx ivRbxwZ ïiy nq, Zvi d‡j mvgªv‡Rï cÖfyZ ¶wZ nq| cieZx© gyNj‡ì kvmbKv‡jI GB M„nhy× gyNj mvgªv‡R¨ Pig me©bvk †W‡K Av‡b| †h Kvi‡Y AviI½‡Re g„Zzï c~‡e© cyÎ‡ì g‡a¨ mvgªvR¨ e›Ub K‡i gymwjg AvBb Abyhvqx ÔIwmqZbvgv' ev B”QvcÎ K‡i hvb| wKšÍz cyÎMY Zv gvb¨ K‡ibwb| Kv‡RB gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ¸iyZ¡ wePv‡i gyNj ivRcwiev‡ii M„nhy× me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KviY wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvi `vwe iv‡L|

3. mvgªv‡Rï wekvjZv t gyNj mvgªv‡Rï wekvjZvI GB mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY| AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmbKv‡jB gyNj mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii Pig mxgvq Av‡ivnY K‡i| GwU DË‡i AvdMvwb¯Ívb, c~‡e© Avmvg, cwð‡g Kvwk¥i I `w¶‡Y gnxk~i ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj| mvgªv‡Rï AvqZb e„w× bvbv mgm¨vi m„wó K‡iwQj| †`‡ki GKcÖvšÍ †_‡K Aci cÖv‡šÍi †hvMv‡hvM I msev` msMÖn mnR wQj bv| kw³kvjx kvm‡Ki Avg‡j hv cÖKvk cvqwb `ye©j kvmK‡ì mgq Zv cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| my`~i AÂ‡ji we‡`ªvn I wek„´Ljv `gb Kiv Zuv‡ì c‡¶ mnRmva¨ wQj bv| AvIi½‡R‡ei DËivwaKvixMY wekvj mvgªvR¨‡K HKë× ivL‡Z e¨_© nb|

4. AwfRvZ‡ì ˆbwZK Ae¶q I ¯^v‡_©i msNvZ t AwfRvZ Avgxi‡ì PvwiwÎK cwieZ©b I AšÍØ©›`¡ gyNj mvgªv‡Rï wfwË‡K `ye©j K‡i w`‡qwQj| D‡jøL¨ †h, AvKei m„ó GB AwfRvZ AvgxiMYB wQ‡jb gyNj mvgªv‡Rï †giy`Û ¯îƒc| gyNj mvgªv‡Rï DbœwZi hy‡M we‡klZ †lvok Ges mß`k kZvãx‡Z AwfRvZMY mvgªv‡Rï we¯Í„wZ I DbœwZ‡Z Zuv‡ì mg¯Í kw³ wb‡qvwRZ K‡iwQ‡jb| gyNj mvgªv‡Rï msnwZ weav‡b Zuv‡ì D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| wKšÍzz Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z GB AwfRvZ‡ì Pwi‡Î Ges `„wófw½‡Z weivU cwieZ©b G‡m c‡o| wejvmeûj Ges Acwimxg êf‡e Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡i Zuviv wbwe©‡iva Rxebhvc‡b Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡ob| ZvQvov mgªv‡Ui `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Zuviv ïaygvÎ e¨w³MZ ¶gZv e„w×‡Z DrmyK n‡q c‡ob| e„nËi RvZxq ¯^v_© A‡c¶v msKxY© e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© Zuv‡ì wbKU Awf‡cÖZ n‡q ùvovq| mgªvU Zuv‡ì µxob‡K cwiYZ nb| Gm‡½ †`kxq AwfRvZ Ges we‡`kx AwfRvZ‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZwbqZB ¶gZv Ø›`¡ †j‡M _vK‡Zv| gyNj ivRìev‡ii AwfRvZeM© ci¯úi we‡ivax ÔBivwb', ÔZzivwb' I Ôwn›`y¯Ívwb'-GB wZb †Mvôx‡Z wef³ n‡q c‡o| wØavwef³ GB AwfRvZe‡M©i Dc`jxq msNl© I D”Pvwfjvlg~jK Kg©KvÛ gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZb‡K Z¡ivwb¦Z K‡i|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


5. gyNj mvgwiK evwnbxi `ye©jZv t AvaywbK HwZnvwmKMY gyNj mvgwiK msMV‡bi ÎywU‡K gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| HwZnvwmK Aviwfb I wfb‡m›U w¯§_ mvgwiK eë¯’vi ÎywUi e¨vcv‡i cÖavbZ `vqx K‡i‡Qb Ôgbme`vwi' eë¯’v‡K| Zuv‡ì AwfgZ n‡jv, gbme`viiv Ak¦v‡ivnx ˆmb¨ ivLvi Rb¨ †h cwigvY A_© RvqMxi †_‡K †c‡Zb, Zv wb‡R‡ì wejvmeûj RxebhvÎvi wcQ‡b e¨q K‡i †dj‡Zb| d‡j A‡bK mgq cÖ‡qvR‡b †hvM¨ †mbv mieivn K‡i ivóª‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡Zb| †hvM¨ Ak¦v‡ivnx †mbv bv †i‡L cÖ‡qvR‡b Awkw¶Z Ak¦v‡ivnx bvggvÎ ˆmb¨ cvVv‡Zb| ZvQvov cÖ‡Z¨K gbme`v‡ii Aax‡b ˆmb¨ _vKvq Zv‡ì ivóªxq H‡Kï ¯^v‡_© cÖwk¶Y †Ìqv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| DcišÍz gbme`vwi eë¯’vq †mbvevwnbx Zv‡ì gbme‡K wPb‡Zv| cÖZ¨¶fv‡e Zviv mgªvU ev †mbvcwZi Aax‡b wQj bv| Kv‡RB gbme`vwi eë¯’vi ÎywUi Rb¨ gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx KL‡bv GKwU AlÛ RvZxq ˆmbëvwnbx‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| GQvov gyNj A¯¿k¯¿I AvaywbK wQj bv| Zv‡ì Kvgvb¸‡jv wQj †m‡K‡j| GB Kvgvb¸‡jv GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b `ªyZ wb‡q hvIqv †h‡Zv bv| gyNj ˆmbëvwnbx ìevi I nv‡ig m‡½ wb‡q hy× hvÎv Ki‡Zv| GB wecyj `ªe¨m¤¢vi gyNj †mbvevwnbxi w¶cÖZv webó Ki‡Zv|

gyNj mgªvUiv ¯’jevwnbx MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq †hfv‡e Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb, fvi‡Zi we¯Í„Z DcK‚jxq AÂj i¶vi Rb¨ †h †bŠevwnbxi cÖ‡qvRb wQj Zv Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| hwÌ AvKei GB we‡ePbvq †bŠevwnbx MVb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz cieZx© gyNj mgªvUiv Zv‡Z D`vmxb wQ‡jb| gyNj †bŠevwnbx _vK‡j cvðvZ¨ ewYKMY fviZe‡l© evwYwR¨K I cieZx©Kv‡j ivR‰bwZK AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z mn‡R m¶g n‡Zv bv| GR‡b¨ HwZnvwmK wfb‡m›U w¯§_ gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡b †bŠevwnbxi Afve‡K `vqx K‡i‡Qb|

6. A_©‰bwZK msKU t A_©‰bwZK msKU gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KviY| ivóª cwiPvjbv I ˆmbëvwnbx †cvl‡Y wecyj A_© e¨q n‡Zv| we‡klZ AvIi½‡R‡ei mg‡q we‡`ªvn `gb, ivR¨Rq I cÖkvmwbK Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ARmª A_© LiP nq| `xN©w`b `vw¶YvZ¨ Awfhv‡b ivR‡Kv‡li Ae¯’v †kvPbxq n‡q c‡o Ges `viyb A_©‰bwZK msKU †`Lv †`q| GB msKU wbim‡bi Rb¨ AwaK nv‡i Ki Av`vq Kiv nq| G‡Z K…lKiv AmšÍzó nq Ges gv‡S gv‡S K…lK †kªYx we‡`ªvn K‡i| mvgwiK evwnbx Øviv Gme we‡`ªvn `gb Kiv nq| Z_vwc Avw_©K Ae¯’v‡K DbœZ Kiv hvqwb| Ggb wK ˆmb¨‡ì †eZb †`qvI KóKi n‡q c‡o| cieZx© `ye©j kvmK‡ì Avg‡j iv‡óªi Avq AviI msKzwPZ n‡q c‡o| Avw_©K `yie¯’v mvgªvR¨‡K `ye©j K‡i †d‡j|

7. AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ t AvIi½‡Re Abym„Z `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZI gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY| mybœx mgªvU AvIi½‡Re †MvjKzÛv I weRvcyi iv‡Rï wkqv myjZvb‡ì ¯^vaxbZv aŸsm K‡i ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©Zvi cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| gvivVv‡ì RvZxq Afz¨Ìvb‡K `gb Ki‡Z wM‡q AvIi½‡Re mvgªv‡Rï cZb‡K Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡jb| Rxeb mvqv‡ý `xN© mgq AvIi½‡Re `vw¶Yv‡Zï gvivVv kw³ `g‡b e¨¯Í wQ‡jb| A_©e¨q I †jvK¶q Qvov GB my`xN© Awfhvb mvgªv‡Rï Rb¨ †Kvb ¯’vqx dj Avb‡Z cv‡iwb| Aciw`‡K G‡Z mvgªv‡Rï Avw_©K Ges mvgwiK kw³ wb`viybfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡qwQj| ivRavbx †_‡K mgªv‡Ui `xN© Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Zuvi GK”QÎ kvmb eë¯’vq bvbv wek„´Ljvi m„wó nq| AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZb‡K Z¡ivwb¦Z K‡i Ges †mw`K w`‡q AvIi½‡Re gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y `vqx| Ò`vw¶YvZ¨ Zuvi †`n I L¨vwZi Ke‡i cwiYZ n‡qwQj|Ó

8. †K›`ªxq kvm‡bi ˆkw_j¨ I cÖv‡`wkK kvmK‡ì ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv t w`wjøi †K›`ªxq kvm‡bi ˆkw_j¨ gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi GKwU we‡kl KviY| AvIi½‡Re †h wekvj mvgªvR¨ M‡owQ‡jb w`wjø †_‡K Zvi kvmb myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| mgªvU‡ì AKg©Y¨Zv, AwfRvZe‡M©i lohš¿, cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v‡ì D”Pvwfjvl mvgªvR¨‡K AebwZi w`‡K †V‡j †`q| †K›`ªxq kvmb eë¯’vq `ye©jZvi



my‡hv‡M mvgªv‡Rï wfbœ wfbœ AÂ‡j kvmbKZ©vMY bv‡ggvÎ mvgªv‡Rï AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i Kvh©Z ¯^vaxbfv‡eB kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| AvIi½‡R‡ei g„Zzï ci wbhvg-Dj-g~jK `vw¶Yv‡Z¨, gywk©`Kzjx Lvb evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vq, mv`Z Lvb A‡hva¨vq Ges Avjx gyn¤§` Lvb †ivwnjvL‡Û ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB mg¯Í ¯^vaxb beve gyNj mgªvU‡K evrmwiK Ki cÖ`vb K‡i gyNj mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^xKvi Ki‡jI G‡Z mvgªv‡Rï kw³ I msnwZ bó nq|

9. gvivVv kw³i Afz¨Ìvb t gvivVv kw³i DÌvb gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| †h gvivVv RvwZ wkevRxi Av`k© Ges Aby‡cÖiYvq DØy× n‡q `vw¶Yv‡Zï Ab¨Zg cÖavb ivR‰bwZK kw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQj, Zv Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i fvi‡Z wn›`y mvgªvR¨ cybcÖwZôvq m‡Pó nq| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z gvivVviv fvi‡Zi Ab¨Zg cÖavb ivR‰bwZK kw³ wQj Ges gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡b Zviv GK we‡kl HwZnvwmK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

10. RvqMxi cÖ_vq msKU t RvqMxi cÖ_vq msKU gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi GKwU cÖavb KviY wQj| eû gbme`vi‡K RvqMxi w`‡Z mgªv‡Ui e¨_©Zv, jvfRbK RvqMxi bv cvIqvq cyivZb RvqMxi`vi‡ì Am‡šÍvl, BRviv`vi I RvqMxi`vi‡ì wbg©g K…lK-†kvlY, Nb Nb K…lK-we‡`ªvn, Drcv`b n«vm wKšÍz mvgªv‡Rï µgvMZ e¨q e„w×, K…wl I evwY‡Rï DbœwZ weav‡b mgªvU‡ì J`vmxb¨ cÖf…wZ gyNj mvgªvR¨‡K `ªyZ cZ‡bi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡qwQj|

11. RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai Afve t ga¨hy‡Mi fviZe‡l©i Ab¨vb¨ mvgªv‡Rï g‡Zv gyNj mvgªv‡Rï wfwË mvgwiK bxwZi Ici cÖwZwôZ wQj, RbM‡Yi mg_©‡bi Ici wbf©i wQj bv| mgªvU AvKei fvi‡Zi mKj m¤úª`vq‡K HKë× K‡i RvZxqZv‡eva m„wói cÖqvm Pvjvb| wKšÍz mdj n‡Z cv‡ibwb| gyNj mgªvUMY fvi‡Zi RbmvaviY‡K GK RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DØy× Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb e‡j mgªvU AvµvšÍ n‡j mvgªvR¨‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ RbMY GwM‡q Av‡mwb| RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai Afve gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi GKwU -D‡j L‡hvM¨ KviY wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨|

ewnivMZ KviY

Af¨šÍixY wek„´Ljv, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¶‡q hLb gyNj mvgªv‡Rï g~j kw³ I msnwZ webó ZLbB cvi‡mï mgªvU bvwì kv‡ni fviZ Avµg‡Y gyNj mvgªvR¨ aŸsm n‡q hvq| bvwì kv‡ni GK f‚uB‡duvo cy‡Îi m‡½ mgªvU Zuvi †g‡qi we‡qi m¤§wZ w`‡q gyNj mgªv‡Ui †h m¤§vb I gh©v`v Aewkó wQj ZvI webó nq| bvwì kv‡ni fviZ Avµg‡Yi d‡j mgMÖ c„w_ex we‡klZ fviZe‡l©i DcK‚jxq AÂ‡j Ae¯’vbKvix fvM¨v‡b¦lx BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡ì wbKU gyNj mgªv‡Ui `ye©jZv cÖKvwkZ n‡q c‡o| BD‡ivcxq ewYKMY fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi Ici Zx¶èfv‡e `„wó ivL‡Z ïiy K‡i| Kveyj I wmÜzi cwðgvÂj bvwì kv‡ni AwaKv‡i hvIqvq fviZel© †`ki¶vi AMÖeZx© AÂj I cwðg Gwkqvi NUbv wbix¶Y Kivi myweavRbK Ae¯’v †_‡K ewÂZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K bvwì kvn gwYgy³v mn cÖvq 17 †KvwU UvKvi m¤ú` fviZel© †_‡K cvi‡m¨ wb‡q hvIqvi d‡j gyNj ivR‡Kvl G‡Kev‡i wb:†kl n‡q c‡o Ges A_©‰bwZK Ae¶q Pigfv‡e †`Lv †`q| ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK Ae¯’vI cÖvq †f‡½ c‡o| Ggwb Ae¯’vq AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi kvmK Avng` kvn Ave`vjx bqevi fviZ AvµgY K‡i gyNj mvgªvR¨‡K wQbœwfbœ K‡i †`q| Avng` kvn Ave`vjxi evievi Avµg‡Y Kvh©Z gyNj mvgªvR¨ wejyß n‡q hvq| Gici gvivVviv Ges me©‡k‡l Bs‡iRMY gyNj mvgªvR¨‡K aŸsm K‡i †d‡j|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mvims‡¶c

wekvj gyNj mvgªvR¨‡K i¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wQj †hvM¨ cÖwZfvevb kvm‡Ki| wKšÍz AvIi½‡R‡ei ci cÖwZfvevb mgªv‡Ui Afv‡e †K› ªxq cÖkvmb eë¯’v ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges AwfRvZeM© AšÍØ©‡› ¡ wjß n‡q mvgªv‡Rï wfwË‡K ye©j K‡i †`q| GQvov AviIi½‡Re cieZx© mgªvUMY wQ‡jb ye©j I wejvmwcÖq| Zuv‡ì kvmbvg‡j mvgªv‡Rï Avw_©K Ae¯’v G‡Kev‡i †kvPbxq n‡q c‡o| m‡e©vcwi ê‡`wkK AvµgY, gyNj ivóª cÖRve‡M©i mg_©bcyó bv nIqvq Ges cÖavbZ cÖkvmwbK I mvgwiK ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZb N‡U|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1| G. †K. Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm, XvKv, 1973| 2| Ave`yj Kwig, fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb, XvKv, 1988| 3| Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad, 1970.

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| gyNj Avg‡j cÖkvmb eë¯’v mgªv‡Ui †Kvb ¸‡Yi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Zv? (K) MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfv‡ei Ici (L) wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi Ici (M) e¨w³MZ cÖwZfv I kvmb `¶Zvi Ici (N) gnvbyfeZvi Ici| 2| †Kvb gyNj mgªv‡Ui Avg‡j mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi Pig mxgvq †cŠu‡QwQj? (K) AvKei (L) kvnRvnvb (M) Rvnv½xi (N) AvIi½‡Re| 3| HwZnvwmK Aviwfb I wfb‡m›U w¯§_ †Kvb eë¯’v‡K gyNj mvgwiK eë¯’vi ÎywUi Rb¨ `vqx

K‡i‡Qb? (K) RvqMxi`vix (L) gbme`vix (M) RvewZ (N) MvjøveK&m| 4| gvivVv RvwZ Kvi Av`k© AbymiY Ki‡Zb? (K) wkevRx (L) Kexi (M) bvbK (N) ˆPZb¨| 5| cvi‡mï †Kvb kvmK fviZel© AvµgY K‡ib? (K) Avng` kvn Ave`vjx (L) bvwmi kvn (M) bvwì kvn (N) †gvnv¤§` kvn| msw¶ß cÖkœ t 1| gyNj Avg‡j DËivwaKvix wbe©vP‡bi mywbw`©ó AvBb bv _vKvi djvdj wK n‡qwQj? 2| gyNj mvgwiK evwnbxi `ye©jZv¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiyb| 3| AvIi½‡R‡ei `vw¶YvZ¨ bxwZ wK gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi Rb¨ `vqx? Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b| 4| w`wjøi †K›`ªxq kvm‡bi ˆkw_j¨ gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg KviYÑ Gi mc‡¶ hyw³

w`b| 5| gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡b ewnivMZ Kvi‡Yi weeiY w`b|



iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t 1| gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi KviYmg~n eY©bv Kiyb| 2| gyNj mvgªvR¨ cZ‡bi Af¨šÍixY KviYmg~n eY©bv Kiyb| ‰be©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi t cvV-1 t 1| (L); 2| (K); 3| (M); 4| (K); 5| (M)| cvV-2 t 1| (L); 2| (L); 3| (L); 4| (K); 5| (L)| cvV-3 t 1| (K) ; 2| (L); 3| (L); 4| (L); 5| (M)| cvV-4 t 1| (K); 2| (M); 3| (M); 4| (K); 5| (L)| cvV-5 t 1| (L); 2| (K); 3| (N); 4| (N); 5| (L)| cvV-6 t 1| (N); 2| (L); 3| (K); 4| (L); 5| (K)| cvV-7 t 1| (K); 2| (L); 3| (L); 4| (K); 5| (L)| cvV-8 t 1| (M); 2| (N); 3| (L); 4| (K); 5| (M)|

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