Energiesystemen, Exergie analyse, Cascades en Ruimtelijke integratie.

Energie, Exergie, Cascades in de Ruimte

H.C. Moll, OU-NW, Utrecht, 8 oktober 2011VEM

Energiesystemen, Exergie analyse, Cascades en Ruimtelijke integratie.

Prof. dr. H. C. Moll, Centrum voor Energie en Milieukunde, IVEM, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

Presentatie 8 oktober 2011

Open Universiteit, Natuurwetenschappen

Utrecht



Energiesystemen, Exergie analyse, Cascades en Ruimtelijke integratie.

Inhoud van de presentatie

1. Energie en energiesystemen.

2. Efficiëntie en exergie.

3. Energiecascades om exergie te besparen

4. Energie, exergiecascades en ruimtegebruik.

5. Toepassingen en voorbeelden



The influence of energy use on the three spheres

Economy

Exploitation of energy sources generates economic benefits

Energy is an essential resource for production and service delivery by all economic sectors

Social

Energy is directly and indirectly a source of health and wealth

Ecological

Extraction of energy may have several ecological effects

Emissions due to energy use cause severe environmental problems

The influence of energy use on

Economy

Exploitation of energy sources generates economic benefits

Energy is an essential resource for production and service delivery by all economic sectors

Social

Energy is directly and indirectly a source of health and wealth

Ecological

Extraction of energy may have several ecological effects

Emissions due to energy use cause severe environmental problems



Some important energy issues.

The most important environmental effect of present-day energy use is the emission of gases contributing to the increased radiative forcing of the atmosphere (the greenhouse effect) that causes global warming.

(a) Carbondioxide and methane are the relevant emissions.

(b) To almost stabilise the atmospheric concentrations the global use of energy from fossil carbon sources and the related emissions should be halved.

(c) Therefore it is necessary that the energy requirements of lifestyles are diminished, carbon-neutral energy sources are developed, and carbon dioxide is removed from tail gas.



Additional energy issues Global distribution of energy use

World-wide average annual use of energy 65 GJ/capita

Average annual use of energy in EU 150 GJ/capita

Present-day trends of EU energy use

Energy use is increasing for electricity and transport, and is at a stable level for heating and the total of production

Slow development of renewable energy sources

Waste combustion (including organic waste and biomass) is important. Wind energy is stimulated in the North. Solar energy (PV and solar collectors) is developing in the South.



Het Nederlandse energiesysteem



A typology of approaches to reduce non-sustainable energy use: The Trias Energetica.

PREVENTION

Use renewable sources maximally

Use non renewable sources highly efficiently

Consider FIRST the fundamental needs to be satisfied



Energy system analysis

Energy system: A social/economic system consisting out of installations, institutions, arrangements and practices that is able to meet the demand for an energy service.

Examples•The transport system•The electricity system•The heating system



Some common features of energy systems.

•Diversity of ways to produce the supply and of installations associated with the production and distribution.

•Diversity of the demand of the final consumers of the energy service.

•Strategies to guarantee the sufficiency of the supply: the expected total demand should be met by the energy system.

•Strategies to guarantee the reliability of the supply: notwithstanding variation in the demand, the demand should be met at any time and at any place as much as possible.



The transport energy system. motor fuel use by car for transportation

fuel tank container with motor fuel

tank stations delivering motor fuel

refinery installat. producing motor fuel

Sufficiency: total refinery capacity and aggregate capacity of tank stations

Reliability: density of tank stations (maximal interval between stations) and maximal content of the fuel container



Changing the transport energy system.

•Changing the transport fuel may require changes at all steps in the system (production, tank stations, storage in cars and use in cars). Past successful example lead-free gasoline. Failures until now: electrical cars and CNG cars.

•Changing the system in one step is feasible - reformulated gasoline, energy-efficient cars - but depends on the investment and replacement rate in that step.

•Complex changes may facilitated by a hybrid strategy: double storage (gasoline and LPG), a dual drive system (electric and engine-driven), or a conversion system may guarantee the sufficiency and the reliability of the system.



The electricity system. Light, music, cleaning of cloths & dishes

appliance s & light bulbs in the houses

electricity grid: high voltage line, med. & low V.

electricity producing and distribut. firms

Sufficiency: total electricity production capacity and transport capacity of the grid

Reliability: regulation strategy of electricity production and backup capacity in case of disturbances



Specific features of the electricity system and possibilities for change.

•Diversity of electricity production methods: Regular sources coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear; other sources waste, wind, solar PV; Technologies gas turbine, steam turbine, combustion engines, combined heat and power systems.

•Technologies differ with regard to efficiency, to flexibility, and to the ability to regulate the output, and to predictability. The technology mix determines the overall reliability of the system.



Heating system: energy balance of a house.

HouseTransmission

Ventilation

Sun light

Internal sources

LossesInputs

Additional Supply of heat

Heat Heater Heat pump energy distributor (gas, oil) from environment

Additional Supply of heat



Grenzen aan energiesysteem analyses

Interactie tussen deelsystemen complex in de analyse

Bij voorbeeld warmtepomp voor verwarming draait op elektriciteit, net als de elektrische auto

Alleen de hoeveelheid energie wordt beschouwd, maar niet de kwaliteit.

Een elektrische waterkoker is zeer energie efficiënt, maar gebruikt energie van hoge kwaliteit.



Exergieverschillen en Temperatuur



De Nederlandse energiehuishouding



Eexergetische verbeterd energiesysteem



Energie en warmte cascade principe



Het toekomstige energiesysteem

Energiesystemen, Exergie analyse, Cascades en Ruimtelijke integratie.

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