buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @...

52

Transcript of buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @...

Page 1: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

��� ��� ������ ������������������������������! "�$#%��&� '�(�)�*����+�&,��+������! %�-�����#��/.0�������"�*����������#��12�$�����3���)�����4&5�$���6����#879��&� �:;&<�����>=?�@+A����B��#������� �&C��&5�������

D5EGFIHKJ6ELH�MONQPRHS�PRT�FIUWVYX8PZH*V�[]\�^�PR[(_W`RELPRH�`ZPR_RacbKVdF]VdPfe?H�ELgIPRUY_WELVihj[]\lk?PZmonp[(UWqjF]VAbKVY[(Hrhts@UW[u[(q

buv�[IUWV�VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p���l�p�����8�$��}������@�"�!�'�"{2�@�$�/�����l�5��������{�p�$�"��{(�$�!�c�����I���

�@�r���*�i�"�]�6��� �r¡

Page 2: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢

£¥¤/¦Z§ ¨�©�ªI§r« ¬ Ho­�®|vrhK¯�UYEL°!X8P±Vdv�[K°²Ey_³°�PZgIPRxy[ITcPZ°!\´[(Uµ`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdELH�M·_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`_YPZEy_WX8[(MIUdFIX³_�EyHrg([(xwgKEyH�M¸Vim"[]¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx5xL[u`RFIxyELºRPZ°»v6PZVdPZUY[(MIPRH�PZ[(¶�_�_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_Z¼�½�v�P2vrhK¯�UYEL°X³PZVdv6[u°8Ey_pF¾`Z[(XO¯�ELH�F]VdEL[(H³[I\5FIH�FIxLh*VdEL`?FIH�°¥H*¶�X³PRUWEy`�F]x�X8P±Vdv�[K°�_Ra*m�ELVYv8VYv�PH*¶�X³PRUWEy`�F]x¿X³PZVYv�[K°À´Á H�ELVYP8°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH�`RP�þFIT�T6xyEyPZ°QELHQVYv�PÄv�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PR[I¶�_OUYPZM(Ey[IHQ[(H6xLhÅFIH�°0FIH�FIxwhKVYEy`RFIx�X8P±Vdv�[K°�_[(¶6VY_YEL°�PI¼�^�PRH6PRUdF]xyEyºZPR°»UdF�hjVdv6PR[(U%ht_Y[(xL¶6VdEL[(H�_�\´UY[(XÆF8_YPZEy_WX8EL`f_W[(¶�UW`RP¾FIUYPf¶�_YPZ°ÇVd[³EyH6ELVdEyF]VdPAVdv�PÁ H�EwVdP¾°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZPO`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdEL[(H�a¿FIH�°È_WPREL_YX³Ey`fUYPR_WTc[IH�_YPZ_;F]V�Vdv6POÉ�FIUWVYv�ÊË_�_Y¶�U%\ÌFI`RPµF]UYP2[I¯6VÍFIELH�PR°\´UY[IX|Vdv6P Á H�ELVYP±¹i°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RP;[(¶uVdT�¶6V?¯rhtFIT6T�xLhKEyH6MOVdv�PfÎ�EyUW`Ív�v�[IÂÏVYv�PR[IUWh(¼�NQPfFIT�T�xwh¥Vdv�P;vrhK¯�UYEL°X³PZVdv6[u°ÇFIH�°Ç_%Vd¶�°uhQ­�®Ðm�F�gIPOT�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEy[(H»H�PRFIU?VYv�P2¯¿[IVWVd[(XÑ[I\3Vdv�P¾XÄFIHrVYxyPI¼?Ò\�T�FIUWVYEy`R¶6xGFIUPRX³T�v�F]_YPR_�FIUYP;Vdv�P¾_Yv�PRFIUgIPRxy[K`REwViht_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_;FIH�°9Vdv�P¾EyHrVdPZUdFI`±VdEy[IH9[I\@­�®om@F�g(PR_�m�EwVdv»Vdv�PZ_YPg(PZxy[K`REwVihÈ_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_OFÓVfVYv�P³¯�FI_YP³[I\"Vdv�P³XÄF]H*VYxyP¸¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÅVdv�P³`RPZHrVdUdF]x"Ô/FI`RE Á `8FIH�°Õbu[(¶6VYv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH�_Z¼�½�v�Pf[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°0­�®�m@F�g(PR__dFIX³T�xyELH�MOVdv6PR_YPfVim@[8UYPZM(Ey[(H6_?[]\3Vdv6P¾`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·_Yv6[�m×gIPRU%hQ°6ELÂcPRUYPZHrV2`Ív�F]UdFI`±VdPRUWEy_%VdEy`Z_2F]`RUY[I_Y_;Vdv�P³PRT�EL`RPZH*VYUdFIx�°�EL_WVdFIH�`RP³UdF]H�M(P³[I\Ø(ÙIÚ ¹ÍÛ Ü ØIÚ ¼�½�v6P³­�®�m@F�g(PR_?_dF]X8T�xLEyH�MOVYv�P;`R[(UWP±¹'XÄFIHrVYxyP�¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhj¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv»VYv�P;`RPRHrVYUdFIx$Ô3F]`RE Á `_Yv6[�m!F�xyEyH6P�FIUWxLh¾EyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6M�°�PRxyF hO[I\,Ý;_WPR`R[IH�°�_�\´UY[(X1Þ Ø Ú Vd[µÛ Ü Ø Ú aKFIH6°³°6Ey_Y`ZPRUWH�Ey¯�xLP�­�ßÖ­2T6v�FI_YPZ_¶�TÈVd[tF]HÈPRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIxl°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPO[I\?Û Ü ¢]Ú ¼;½�v�Pj­�®àm@F gIPR_fT�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEyH�M8Vdv�UW[(¶�M(vÏVYv�P¸¯�FI_WP¸[I\Vdv6P³X8FIHrVdxLP¸¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvQVYv�PÄbu[(¶6VYv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`¸[u`ZP�FIH,a/[(H·Vdv6P³[]Vdv�PZUfv�FIH�°�a$P±Juv�EL¯�ELV¾FjxyELH�P�FIUWxLhEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�M¥°�PZxGF�hÏ[]\�۠ܥ_YPZ`R[(H�°6_;\´UW[(XáÞ ØIÚ VY[ÈÛ Ü ØIÚ a�°�EL_Y`RPZUYH�EL¯�xyP¾XO¶�xwVdEyT6xyPµ­�ßÖ­tT�v�FI_WPR_�m�ELVYvF8_YFIX³P2_YxL[ m�H�PR_W_�FI_AVYv�P2°6EyUYPZ`ZV¾­�®om@F�g(PR_�¶6TÇVd[9Û Ü ØIÚ a,FIH6°ÏUdFIT6Ey°9g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_?[]\lm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX8_FI`ZUY[(_W_�_YX8FIxyx5PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx3°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPR_R¼�bKhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`¾VdPR_%Vd_�ELH�°�EL`�F]VYPfVYv�F]V�a¿m�v�EyxLPfVYv�P2[I¯�_YPZUWg]F]VdEL[(H�__dF]X8T�xLEyH�MµVdv6PO`RPZH*VYUdFIxlÔ3FI`ZE Á `O`RFIHϯ¿POP±JuT�xyFIEyH6PR°Ï¯rhÈF8H�PRMrFÓVdELgIPO_Yv6P�FIUgIPRxL[u`ZELVih»M(UdF]°�EyPZH*V[I\Ùrâ À UYPZxGF]VYELg(P�VY[ÄÔ�ã?É"äÇÃ?F]V�VYv�P¾¯¿[IVWVd[(X Ù Ü(ܸqKXÑ[]\3Vdv6P¾X8FIHrVdxLPIa6VYv�[(_YPf_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M¸VYv�P¾bu[(¶6VYv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`O[u`ZP�FIHÈUWPRå*¶�ELUYPµF Ù Ü(Ü¥q*X-VYv�Ey`Íq9¯c[]VYVd[IX-¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhÇxGF�h(PZU�m�ELVdvÅF¥xyFIUYM(PZUH�PZMrF]VYELg(Pg(PZxy[K`REwVih¥M(UYFI°�EyPZHrV À ¶�TjVd[tÛ Ü â Ã�F]H�°t_WVdPZPRT�xwhj°�ELT�T�EyH6M¸PR°�M(PZ_R¼p½�v�P;H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`REwVih¥M(UYFI°�EyPZHrVF]V"Vdv�P�¯�FI_YP�[]\�XÄFIHrVYxyP?¯cPZH�P�F]VYv¥Vdv�P�bu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`?[K`RP�F]Hj`�FIH¥¯¿P�¯¿PR_%V�P±JuT�xyFIEyH�PZ°¥¯rhÄT�FIUWVYEGFIxX³PRxLV;°6UYELgIPRHQ¯*hÅFt`R[IX8T¿[(_YEwVdEL[(H�FIx/`Ív�FIH�M(P³T�UW[u°�¶6`RPR°QEyHÈVdv6P8PRFIUYxwh·É�FIUWVYv�Êæ_fv�EL_WVd[IUWh·FIH6°ÕFg(PZUWVYEy`�F]x/Vdv6PRUYX8FIx$M(UdF]°�EyPZH*VAm�ELVYv�EyH»Vdv�POxyF�h(PRUZacm�v�ELxyPfVdv�F]V¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvÏVdv6PO`RPZH*VYUdFIx3Ô3FI`ZE Á `2XÄF�hUYPRFI_Y[IH�FI¯�xwhj¯cP;FÓVYVdUWEy¯�¶uVdPR°jVY[8T�¶6UYP�Vdv�PZUYX8FIx�P±Â,PZ`ZVd_�m�ELVYv�EyHtF¸Vdv6PRUYX8FIx�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥xGF�h(PZUR¼

Page 3: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Ù

çpèÅé �@�6���?�;+�&,�� ��@�

½�v�P8`R[(UWP±¹iX8FIHrVdxLP¸¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h·UYPZM(Ey[(HÅT�xyF hK_¾Ft\´¶6H�°�FIX³PRHrVÍF]x�UY[(xLP³ELHQX8FIHrVdxLPµFIH�°Q`R[(UWP°6hKH�FIX³Ey`Z_³êë_WPRPjì�íIîÈï±ðíIñwòyalÛ ÞIÞ Ø ac\´[IU;FtUWPZgKEyP±m�ó�¼µô'V;EL_�H�[ m1m�Ey°6PRxLhÇUYPZ`R[(M(H6EyºRPZ°ÅVYv�F]V�VYv�PRUWPP±JuEL_WVAH�[IVA[(H�xLhtxyFIUYMIP;g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_�[I\�_YPZEy_WX8EL`;gIPRxL[u`ZELVdELPR_?¯�¶6VFIxy_W[8UYFIT�EL°9VdUYFIH�_WELVdEL[(H�_�[I\3_YPREL_YX³Ey`_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_fEyHÈVdv�F]VfUYPRMIEy[(H�¼¸äÇFIHrh·_YPZEy_YX³Ey`¸_%Vd¶�°6EyPR_;ELH�°�Ey`RF]VdP¾Vdv�F]V;VYv�PµXÄFIMIH�ELVY¶�°�PR_�[]\"VYv�P_YPZEy_WX8EL`�g(PRxL[u`ZELVihOg]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_lXÄF�h¸PÖJu`RPRPZ°ÏÛ Ü â \´[(U�õÈm@F gIPR_@FIH�°³TcPZUYv�FIT6_ Ù Ü â \´[(U�_Yv6P�FIU�m�F�gIPR_H�PRFIU?VYv�P2`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLP�¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%h0êöPI¼ËM�¼wap÷�íIø±ù,ï±ødútï±ð�íIñwòya�Û ÞIÞ Ù6û,ü úÓø±ý"íIù¿þ8®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa5Û Þ(Þ�� û��ï��Iï±ù¿í����ÈíIù¿þ ü ï±îrï±øua/Û Þ(Þ� û�� ýÌþríIñyï³íIù¿þÄ®¾ïYþ6ñ ý ù$alÛ Þ(Þ Ø6û�� ï±ù íIù¿þÄ®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa3Û�Þ(Þ Ø ¯6ó ¼bu[(X³P?_YPREL_YX³Ey`�[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_�FIxL_Y[fUYPZåK¶6EyUYP?Vim@[Ó¹l[(U�Vdv6UYPRPÖ¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx�_WPREL_YX³Ey`�_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_;êöPI¼ËM�¼wa� ï±ù²íIù¿þ»®¾ï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa�Û Þ(Þ Ø6û�� ï±ù�ï±ð�íIñwòya ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛRó ¼µN�v�EyxLP³[I¶�UfFI¯�EyxLELVih»Vd[9`R[(H�_%VdUYFIEyHůc[]VdvVdv6P³MIPR[(X³PZVYUWhÈF]H�°ÈVdv�PµX8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�P2[I\@_WPREL_YX³Ey`¸_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_;m�EyxLx3¯�UWEyH�Mj_WEyM(H�E Á `�F]H*V;T6UY[(M(UWPR_W_EyHŶ�H�°6PRUY_%VÍFIH6°�EyH�M9Vdv�P8[(UYELM(EyH·[I\"Vdv�[(_WPÄ_WPREy_WX8EL`³FIH�[(X8FIxyELPR_³êöPI¼ËM�¼wa � ï±ù!ï±ð�íIñwòya ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛZó�a�Vdv�PP±JuEL_WVdPZH�`RP¾[I\$Vdv�UWPRPf°�EyX³PRH�_WEy[(H�FIx�_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_�FIH6°»VYv�PRELU�xGFIUWM(P;FIH�°»UdFIT6Ey°tgIF]UYEGFÓVdEy[IH�_�[I\_YPZEy_WX8EL`¾T�UW[(T¿PRUWVYEyPZ_FIxL_Y[8Tc[(_WP¾_WEyM(H6E Á `RFIHrV`Ív�F]xyxyPZH�M(PZ_AVd[8[(¶�U?X8[K°�PZxyEyH6M³P±Â,[IUWVd_Za,F]_AVdUYFI°�PÖ¹i[IÂc_P±JuEL_WV;FIX³[(H�M8M(PR[IX8P±VdUWhIa�X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�P]a,F]H�°ÏVdv�P2°�PZVdFIEyxLPR°Ç°6Ey_WVYUYEL¯�¶6VdEL[(HÇ[]\�_YPREL_YX³Ey`2FIH�[(X8FIxyELPR_Z¼½�v�PZUYPfEy_�FIHt[(¯rgKEy[(¶6_?°6PRX8FIH�°j\´[(U�H�P±moVdPZ`Ív�H�ELåK¶6PR_?`�FIT�F]¯�xyP;[I\/`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdELH�MO_WPREy_WX8EL`�UYPZ_YT¿[(H�_WPR_Vdv6UY[(¶�MIvÏVdv�P¸_%VdUY[IH�M(xLh9v�P±VdPRUW[(M(PZH�PR[(¶6_�UYPRMIEy[(H�_EyHÏVdv6PO°�PRPZT·XÄFIHrVYxyPIa�FI_m"PRxyx3FI_�_WhK_%VdPRX8F]VYEy`_WVY¶�°�ELPR_�[I\/EyHrVdPZUdFI`±VdEy[IH»[]\3_WPREy_WX8EL`�m�F�gIPR_Am�EwVdvjVdv6PR_YPfUdF]T�Ey°�xwh8g]FIU%hKEyH�Mµ_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_R¼

NQPAv�F�gIPA°�P±g(PZxy[(T¿PR°ÄF;Vim"[]¹i°6EyX³PRH�_WEy[(H�F]xcõ��'­ � v*hK¯�UWEy°³X8P±Vdv�[K°µ\´[(U�`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdELH�M�_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`_YPZEy_WX8[(MIUdFIX³_\´[(U�_WPREy_WX8EL`2m@F gIPR_fT�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEyH�M¥VYv�UY[I¶�M(v·xy[K`�FIxLEyºZPR°Ïv�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PR[I¶�_¾X³PR°6Ey¶�XF]V�xyFIUYMIP2°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPZ_³ê � ï±ù íIù¿þÄ®¾ï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa3Û ÞIÞ Ø ó ¼��?hK¯�UYEL°ÈX8P±Vdv�[K°�_�F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯�ELH�F]VdEL[(H�_A[I\H*¶�X³PRUYEL`�FIx�F]H�°ÏFIH�FIxLh*VdEL`�X8P±Vdv�[K°�_Za�m�EwVdv9HK¶6X8PZUYEy`RFIx5X³PZVdv6[u°�_AFIT�T6xyEyPZ°tEyHtVdv�Pfv�PZVYPRUW[(M(PRH6PR[(¶�_UYPZM(Ey[IHÏ[(H�xwh(¼;½�v�P¥õ��'­ � vrhK¯�UYEL°ÅX³PZVYv�[K°Ïv�FI_�¯¿PRPZHQF]T�T�xyELPR°ÇVY[j_WVY¶�°6hÏX8FIHrhÏ_WPREL_YX³[(xy[(MIEy`�F]xT�UW[(¯�xyPZX8_Za�_Y¶�`ÍvÏFI_�Vdv�Pf°�ELÂcUdF]`ZVdPZ°9¯¿PRv�F gKEL[(UA[]\@­��;­��'­�õ�þ��;­ÄT6v�FI_YPZ_¸ê � ï±ùÅíIù¿þ³®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øuaÛ Þ(Þ Ø6û ®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±ø?ï±ð/íIñwòyaKÛ Þ(Þ Ø a ¢ ÜIÜ(Ü]ó a]Vdv6P�T�UYPZ`R¶�UW_Y[(UW_lVd[¾õ���õÇT�v�FI_WPR_?ê � ï±ù¥íIù¿þ�®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øuaÛ Þ(Þ Ø ¯ û�� ï±ù/a ¢ ÜIÜ(Ü û�� ý ÈíIù¿þ � ï±ù$a ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛRó a�FIH�°tVdv6P¾_WPREy_WX8EL`�_Y`RF]VYVYPRUYELH�M³EyHjVdv�PfÉ�FIU%Vdv�ÊË_AELH�H�PZU`R[IUYPÄê � ï±ùQíIù¿þ � ý �a ¢ Ü(ÜuÛRó�¼pNÕP;\´[K`R¶�_?v�PRUWP¾[IH9Vdv6P¾°�P±g(PZxy[(T�X³PRHrV[I\�FIH·­�®Ðvrhu¯6UYEy°9X8P±Vdv�[K°

Page 4: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Ý

FIH�°ÅFj_WVY¶�°6h·[I\pELH*VYPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(HÈ[I\?­�®<m@F�g(PR_fm�ELVYvÅ_WPREL_YX³Ey`O_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_fH�PRFIU�Vdv�Pµ`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh(acm�ELVdvÏF¥T�FIUWVYEy`Z¶�xGFIU?PRX³T�v�F]_YEy_A[(HÏVdv6[(_YP¸¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÏVYv�PO`ZPRHrVdUYFIx�Ô3F]`RE Á `¸FIH�°Åbu[I¶6Vdv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`¾[K`RPRFIH�_R¼?NÕP¾T�UYPZ_YPZH*V�VYv�P¾VYv�PR[IUWh»[I\�­�®ov*hK¯�UWEy°ÏX³PZVYv�[K°ÇEyH9_YPZ`ZVdEL[(H ¢ a¿Vdv�P¾_YPZEy_YX³Ey`[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_�_dFIX³T�xyELH�MOVdv6P¾`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥UYPRMIEy[(H»¯cPZH�P�FÓVdv9VYv�P;`RPZH*VYUdFIx$Ô/FI`RE Á `2F]H�°bu[(¶uVdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`A[K`RPRFIH�_�ELHÄ_WPR`ZVYEy[(H Ù a6F]H�°�auVYv�P_%Vd¶�°uhÄ[I\5VYv�PELHrVdPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(H8[I\5_WPREy_WX8EL`f­�®�m�F�gIPR_m�ELVYv»g]FIUWEy[(¶6_?_WPREL_YX³Ey`;_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_�FÓVAVYv�P¾¯�FI_YPf[I\3VYv�PfXÄFIHrVYxyP;EyH»_YPZ`ZVdEL[(HÇÝ6¼"NQPfVYv�PRHÏPÖJuT�xy[(UWP_YPZEy_WX8EL`fX³[K°�PRxL_�FIT�T�UW[(T�UYEyF]VdP�\´[(U?P±JuT�xyFIEyH6EyH�MOVYv�P2_WPREy_WX8EL`;°�F]VÍFµ_dF]X8T�xLEyH�MOVYv�P2`ZPRHrVdUYFIx$Ô3FI`ZE Á `FIH�°Qbu[I¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`2[u`ZP�FIH�_;ELHÈ_YPR`±VdEL[(H!�ua�FIH�°ÅTc[I_Y_YEL¯�xyP2EyHrVdPZUYT�UWPZVÍFÓVdEy[IH�_�[I\�Vdv�PZ_YP³_YPZEy_YX³Ey`_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_?EyHt_YPZ`ZVYEy[(H#"6¼$�è � %Q.0�'&]�; %� �$���� ��"����##(*) +à���� ��-, ���������/.0�"�1� %�� W��01 �$���$����#% 325�$�54��5�6%0�����"���87�9t %�� i�6�;:o 3<2�����/��&5�872�����6=4 %��&¿������<%0�����p���

½�v�PA`R[(H�`ZPRT6V�[I\5vrhK¯�UYEL°¥X8P±Vdv�[K°ÄEL_pVYv�P?_dFIX³P�FI_pEyH � ï±ùÇíIù¿þ¾®¾ï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±ø8ê Û Þ(Þ Ø ó a*P±Ju`RPZT6VVdv�F]V¾­�®�m@F�g(POT6UY[(T¿[(MrF]VYEy[(HtEL_?`Z[(H�_WEy°�PZUYPR°ÇEyHtVdv�PfT�UYPZ_YPZH*V�`�FI_WPI¼�½�v�Pµ­�®�m�F�g(P2T�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYEy[(HT�UW[(¯�xyPZXÑEy_�EyxLxy¶�_%VdUYF]VdPZ°»ELH?>/EyM�¼�Û�F6a�m�v�PRUWP¾m"POFI_W_Y¶�X³PfVYv�P¾ÉpF]UWVdvA@�F]VWVdPRH6EyH�M8FIT�T�UW[�J6ELXÄFÓVdEy[IH�¼½�v�P¸v�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PR[I¶�_¾UWPRM(EL[(HÏEL_�¯c[I¶�H�°�PZ°Q¯rhÈF¥¯¿[�Jca�m�v�PRUWP8F Á H�ELVYPO°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZP¸VdPR`Ív6H�Eyå*¶�PµEy_FIT�T6xyEyPZ°�¼¥½�v�P8M(PRH6PRUdF]xyEyºZPR°QUdF�h·Vdv�PZ[(UWh À ^;ã3½?Ã�_Y[Ixy¶6VYEy[(H�_fFIUWPÄELH*VYPRU%\ÌFI`RPZ°Qm�ELVYvQVYv�P Á H6ELVdP°�EwÂ,PZUYPRH6`RP À >lS;Ã"`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdEy[IHjEyHjVdv�P;_Wv�FI°�PZ°ÇUYPZM(Ey[IH�_�EyH#>3EyM6¼,Û�¯�¼�½�v�P;m@F gIP Á PZxy°�_?FIUWP;[(¶6VdT6¶6V\´UY[IX-Vdv6P Á H6ELVdP¸°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RPµ`RFIxy`Z¶�xGF]VYEy[(HÈELHÈVdv�P¸Vd[ITÅ[]\@Vdv6P Á H�ELVYP±¹i°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RPµUWPRM(EL[(H�a�m�v�EL`ÍvFIUWP¾ELH�°�Ey`RF]VdPZ°Ç¯rh»[(T¿PRHÇVYUYEGF]H�M(xyPZ_R¼�½�v6P2_Y[Ixy¶6VYEy[(H�_?EyH»_Y[IxyEy°tVdUWEGFIH6M(xyPZ_AF]UYPf`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdPZ°Ç°�ELUYPR`±Vdxwh¯rh9VYv�P2MIPRH�PZUdFIxLEyºRPZ°ÏUdF�htVdv6PR[(U%h(a�_WEyH�`ZP¾Vdv6[(_YPOUWPRM(EL[(H�_FIUYP2F]Â,PZ`ZVYPR°ÈxyEwVYVYxyP�¯rh9VYv�P2T6UYPR_WPRH�`ZPµ[I\v�P±VdPRUW[(M(PZH�PREwVdEyPZ_R¼�½�v�P;_%huHrVYv�PZVYEy`R_?F]V�VYv�P�_Y¶6UW\ÌFI`ZP�[I\�Vdv�P;É�FIU%Vdv»FIUYP�[I¯6VÍFIELH�PR°j¯rh¥FIT�T�xwhuELH�MOVdv6PÎ�EyUW`Ív�v�[IÂQX8P±Vdv�[K°ÇVY[¥EyHrVdPZUW\ÌFI`ZP2Vdv6PO[(¶6VYT�¶6V�[]\�UYPR`ZPREwg(PRUW_ À VdUWEGFIH6M(xyPZ_AELHB>3ELM�¼�Û FrÃ�m�EwVdvÅ^;ã3½^�UYPRPZH�ÊË_;\´¶6H�`ZVYEy[(H�_Z¼2ôiHrVdPZUW\ÌFI`ZEyH�MI_�[I\�Vdv�PZ_YPµX8[]VdEy[IH�_�FIUWP¸°�Ey_W`R¶�_W_YPZ°QELHÈ_Y¶�¯�_WPR`±VdEy[IH�_ ¢ ¼LÛ³FIH6°¢ ¼ ¢ ¼

Page 5: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

�C «ED�«GFIH�J�KMLON/PRQ¿§TS*¨�U�©�ª�V�QXW

½�v�P»_WVdFIM(M(PZUYPR°K¹iM(UWEy° _Y`Ív6PRX³P9EL_¸¶�_YPZ°~\´[(U Á H�ELVYP»°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RELH�MÈVdv�PÈ­�®×m@F�g(P9PRå*¶�FÓ¹VdEL[(H�_¾ê � ý øÖý�ï�ZY$a�Û Þ Ø ÝIó�¼�>3ELH�ELVYP±¹i°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RP�MIUYEy°6_AF]UYP;EyxLxy¶�_%VdUdFÓVdPR°jELH?>/EyM�¼�ÛR¯�a�m�v�PRUWPfVdFIH�M(PZH*VYEGFIxg(PZxy[K`REwVdEyPZ_�FIUWPOEyH6°�Ey`RF]VdPZ°Ï¯rhÏ`RELUY`ZxyPR_Za5FIH�°È_Wv�P�F]U�_WVdUWPR_W_YPR_fFIUWPOUYPZT�UYPZ_YPZH*VYPR°Q¯*h9VdUWEGFIH�MIxyPR_AFIH�°_Yå*¶�F]UYPR_Z¼¥½�v�P Á H�ELVYPµ°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZP8M(UWEy°�_;F]UYP³°�ELgKEy°6PR°ÅEyHrVd[jVdv6UYPRP³UYPZM(Ey[IH�_Ra�_YPZT�FIUYF]VdPZ°0¯rhÈVdv�P°�FI_Wv�PR°BxLEyH�PZ_OEyH[>/EyM�¼pÛ�¯�z À Û�Ã;Vd[IVdFIx�a3m�v6PRUYP¥VYv�P¥Vd[]VÍFIx�m�F�gIP Á PRxy°6_µFIUYP¥`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdPR° û VYv�Pv�P±VdPRUW[(M(PZH�PREwVihÈEy_�[(H6xLhÏT6UYPR_WPRHrV¾EyHÏVdv6Ey_�UYPZM(Ey[IH û À ¢ ÃAUWP\@�PZ`ZVYPR°�a$m�v�PRUWP³UWP\@�PZ`ZVYPR°Qm@F�g(P Á PRxL°�_FIUWPf`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdPR° û Vdv�P;UYP�@�PR`±VdPZ°Çm�F�gIPR_�FIUWP;°�P Á H6PR°ÈFI_�VYv�P¾UWP\@�PZ`ZVYEy[(H�_�\´UW[(X Vdv6P¾v�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PR[I¶�_UYPZM(Ey[IH À E ¼æP]¼La�PZH�PRUWMIhÏT6UY[(T�F]MrF]VdELH�MĶ6T*m@FIUW°�Ã�°�¶�P2VY[¥Vdv�P¸ELH�`REL°�PRHrVm@F�g(P û FIH6° À Ù ÃA_W`�F]VWVdPZUYPR°,am�v�PZUYP¥_W`�F]VWVdPRUWPR°Õm@F�g(P Á PZxy°�_2FIUYP³`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR° û _W`�F]VWVdPZUYPR°0m@F�g(P Á PRxy°6_OFIUWP8°�P Á H�PZ°BFI_¾VYv�P_Y`RF]VYVYPRUWEyH�M³°�¶�P�Vd[µVdv6PfT6UYPR_WPRH�`ZP2[I\/Vdv�P;v�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PREwVdELPR_ À E ¼æP]¼La�PZH�PRUWMIhtT�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEyH�M¸xLPZ\ Vim@FIUY°�à û\´[(U�FIH»[(H�PÖ¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx¿X³[u°�PZx�aKVdv�PZ_YP;m�F�g(P Á PRxL°�_?FIUYP�ºZPRUW[�¼

D5PZV?Vdv�PfEyH6`REy°6PRHrV�m�F�g(P Á PRxL°9¯¿P^]R_�a�Vdv6P¾[(H6P±¹i°6EyX³PRH�_WEy[(H�F]x�_Y[(xL¶6VdEL[(Ht[I\3VYv�P;m�F�g(P Á PRxL°9¯¿P`�_ auVdv6P�UYP\@�PR`ZVYPR°tm�F�gIP Á PZxy°j°�¶6P�Vd[OVdv6P�[(H�P±¹'°�EyX³PRH6_YEy[IH�FIx¿X8[K°�PRxc¯cP�ab_�a6Vdv6P�Vd[IVdFIxcm@F�g(P Á PRxL°¯¿P�`¾auVdv�P�UWP\@�PZ`ZVdPZ°9m@F�g(P Á PRxL°t¯cP�aCFIH�°jVdv6P�_Y`�FÓVYVdPZUYPZ°»m@F�g(P Á PRxL°»¯¿P^c�¼*]�de`�dfaOa�F]H�°#c~FIUWPPREwVdv�PZU?gIPRxL[u`ZELVih À�g Ã�[(UA_%VdUWPR_Y_WPR_ À h\ifj a hRklj ñ¼@½�v�PRUWPOFIUWP¾M(PZH�PRUYFIx$UYPRxyF]VdEL[(H�_Wv�EyT�_�F]X8[(H6MIcmdM]�de`faFIH�°#aOa�H�F]X8PZxLh(a

`onp]\_mqra û [(U�asnt`vu[]\_ ûcwnt`vuw`�_ û [(Ux`ynpc?qz`�_ ûcwnyapu[a�_ û [(U{a|nsc#q}a�_ ¼

½�v�P Á H�EwVdP;°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZP;_Y`Ív�PZX8PZ_�FIUWP¾F]T�T�xyELPR°t°�ELUYPR`±Vdxwh¥EyHtVdv6[(_YP;UYPZM(Ey[IH�_Ra�_WEyH�`ZPfm@F�g(P Á PRxL°�_EyHjVYv�[(_YP;UWPRM(EL[(H�_�_dF]VYEy_%\ hÄVdv6P;m@F�g(P¾PRå*¶�F]VYEy[(H�_�ELH�°�ELgKEL°�¶�FIxLxLh(¼$½�v�PfP±JuT�xLEy`REwV�H*¶�X³PRUYEL`�FIx5_W`Ív�PRX³PR_[I\�\´[(¶�U%VdvÈ[(UW°�PRU�ELHÈ_YT�F]`RPµFIH�°·_WPR`R[IH�°·[(UY°�PZU�EyHÏVYEyX³POFIUWP¸FIT�T�xLEyPZ°ÈEyHÇVYv�P¸EyHrVdPZUYEL[(U[I\�VYv�[(_YPUYPZM(Ey[IH�_Ra*m�v�PRUWP�FI_�VYv�[(_WP[I\�_WPR`R[IH�°j[(UY°6PRU@ELH¥_YT�FI`RP�F]H�°ÄVdELX8P¾ê � ý øÖý�ï�ZY$acÛ Þ Ø Ý]ó,F]UYP¶6_YPR°¥\´[IU"Vdv6PM(UWEy°jT¿[(EyHrVd_�ELH�°�EL`�F]VYPR°j¯rhj_Y[IxyEy°Ä_WhKXO¯¿[(xy_�ELH~>3EyM�¼cÛ�¯�a6m�v6PRUYP;_WTcPZ`REGF]x,VdUWP�F]VYX8PZH*VY_�FIUYP�UWPRå*¶�ELUYPR°,¼>�[(U�P±J6FIX³T�xLPIa�EyHt[(UW°�PRU�VY[8`RFIxy`Z¶�xGF]VYP�Vdv�PfUYP�@�PR`±VdPZ°9VÍF]H�M(PRHrVYEGFIx�gIPRxy[K`REwVdELPR_ À�g Ã�F]Vfù�n Ù À _W[(xyEL°`RELUY`ZxyPR_dñarVdv6PUYP�@�PR`±VdPZ°j_Yv�PRFIU"_%VdUWPR_Y_WPR_ À hRklj ÃpFÓVù�n Ù À _W[(xyEL°8_Wå*¶�FIUYPZ_ÍÃpFIUYP?UYPZåK¶6EyUYPZ°�¼�½�v�PA_Yv�PRFIU

Page 6: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

"_WVYUYPZ_Y_YPZ_ À hRklj Ã�EyHÈVdv�[I_YPµTc[I_YELVYEy[(H6_Ra�v�[ m"PZgIPRURalFIUYPOVYv�P¸Vd[IVdFIx3m@F gIP Á PZxy°�_fFI_�°6P Á H�PZ°0FI¯¿[ g(P]¼Ò�HÏVdv�P2[IVdv�PZU�v�FIH6°�a�EyHÇ[(UY°�PZUVd[j`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdP¾VYv�P2VY[IVÍFIx$_Yv6P�FIU�_%VdUYPZ_Y_WPR_ À�h\klj Ã?F]V¸ù#n Ù À _Y[IxyEy°_Yå*¶�F]UYPR_dña¿Vdv�P;Vd[IVdFIx5g(PZxy[K`RELVYEyPZ_ À�g Ã�F]Vfù~n Ù À _Y[IxyEy°»`RELUY`ZxyPR_dÃ�FIUYPfUYPZåK¶6EyUYPZ°�¼�½�v�Pfg(PRxL[u`ZELVYEyPR_ gF]V�VYv�[(_WP¸Tc[(_WELVYEy[(H�_Za�v�[ m"PZg(PZURa/FIUYP¾Vdv�P¸UWP\@�PZ`ZVdPZ°Åm@F�g(P Á PRxL°�_;FI_�°6P Á H�PZ°ÕF]¯c[ g(P]¼O½�v�POVY[IVÍFIxg(PZxy[K`REwVih À�g ÃAF]H�°ÈUYP�@�PR`±VdPR°·_Wv�P�FIU_WVdUWPR_W_ À�h\k3j Ã�`�FIHȯ¿PO[(¯6VdFIEyH6PR°Ï¯rh9¶�_YELH�MÄVdv6P¸FI¯¿[�gIP2Vdv6UYPRPUYPZxGF]VYEy[(H6_Yv�ELT�_?FIX8[IH�M�]�dfaGdfc�a�F]H�°?`f¼�½�v�P2PÖJuT�xyEL`RELV Á H6ELVdP;°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH�`RPf\´[(UYXO¶6xGF]VYEy[(H�_�FÓVAVYv�[(_YP_YT¿PR`ZEGFIx5UWPRM(EL[(H�_�FIUWP�T�UYPZ_YPZH*VYPR°ÏELHjVdv�PfFIT�T¿PRH6°�EwJc¼

C « C «GFIS�QXS*¨�©���V���S���H¥©��}J��XS��¿¨T�]R_TdMa�_�acFIH�°#`�_�`RFIHϯ¿P¾`RFIxy`Z¶�xGF]VYPR°»¯rh9VYv�P¾MIPRH�PZUdFIxLEyºRPZ°ÇUYF htVYv�PR[(U%hÕê ®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øua5Û Þ Ø(Ù ó ¼

N�ELVYvÈ_YX8FIxyx/X8[K°�E Á `�F]VYEy[(H6_?\´[(U�FtxLEyH�P¾_Y[(¶6UY`RP]a5Vdv�P¸T¿[IVdPZHrVdEGF]xy_\´[(U�FtUWPR`ZPRELgIPRU;EyH·F¥X³PR°6Ey¶�Xm�ELVYv»Fµ_%VdUYF]VdE Á PR°tg(PZxy[K`RELVihÄ_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWP2FIUWP

� n�� _ÝZ��� ê��� À�� Ã������e�� Z¡ � c*¢ � g�£�À � Ã�ó�¤ À Û Ã

m�v�PZUYP

g�£�À � Ã�n Û� ꦥ�§ ��  ]�¨ À Û© £^ª À¬« ÃZ­ «­ � à § ó�d« EL_;UdF�h·T�FIUYFIX8P±VdPZURa��ÏEy_;°�PZH�_YEwVih(a � _¾Ey_f_YPZEy_YX³Ey`¸X³[(X³PRHrV�a�®!EL_f_Wv�P�F]U¾g(PZxy[K`REwVih(ao�� À�� Ã�Ey_\ÌFIU�¹ Á PZxy°ÇVYEyX³Pf\´¶�H6`ZVdEL[(H�a�¯ À¬« Ã�Ey_�T6UY[K°�¶�`ZV�[I\�Vdv�P¾VdUdF]H�_YX³Ey_W_YEy[IHÈFIH�°ÏUWP\@�PZ`ZVYEy[(HÈ`Z[uP�°8`ZEyPZH*VY_Ra± Ey_�VYv�P;HK¶6XO¯cPZU�[I\3`Z[(HrVdUWEy¯�¶6VYEyH�M¸UYF�hu_Za¿FIH�°�a © £ n À ®'² � u « � Ã�³´ ¼

½�v�Pj[(UWEyPZH*VdF]VdEL[(HÕ`Z[(H�_%VÍFIHrVd_ ¡ � FIH6° _Y[(¶�UW`RPjUYFI°�EGFÓVdEy[IHQT�FÓVYVdPZUYH�_µc*¢ � a�FIUYPÄ°�P Á H6PR°EyHÏ®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øjê Û Þ Ø(Ù ó ¼�>�UY[(X Vdv�P;UWPRxGFÓVdEy[IH�_Yv�ELT�_�¯¿PZVim"PRPZHÏ_WVYUYPR_W_YPZ_�FIH�°»°�EL_YT�xyFI`RPZX8PZH*VY_Rz

h\ifj n ¶ À\· g·�¸ ÃhRklj n ¶ À · g·�¹ Ã

m�v�PZUYP g EL_�Vdv�P;VÍFIH6M(PRHrVdEyFIx�`Z[(X8T¿[(H�PZHrVA[]\3°�EL_YT�xyFI`RPZX8PZHrVF]H�°#¶ÅEy_�_Wv�P�F]UAX³[u°6¶�xy¶�_Z¼�ã?PZ`RPZELg(PZU\´¶�H�`±VdEL[(H�_�\´[(U�`R[IH*gIPRU%VdEyH6M8T¿[IVdPZHrVdEGF]xy_@VY[µgIPRxL[u`ZELVdELPR_�FIH6°9_%VdUYPZ_Y_WPR_�F]UYP

Page 7: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

>�[(U�g(PZxy[K`REwVdEyPZ_

a|n º � «>�[(U�_WVYUYPZ_Y_YPZ_

»¼½ ¼¾ a�¿EÀEÁlÂOn º � ¶ « �a�¿EÀEà  n Ä�º � ¶ « © £ºEy_�VYv�PD�FIT6xGFI`ZP�VYUdFIH6_W\´[(UWX gIF]UYEGF]¯�xyP û Ä�n Û�\´[(U�¶�T�M([(ELH�MfUdF�h³FIH�°µÄ�n;ufÛA\´[(U�°�[ m�H�MI[(EyH�M¾UdF�h(¼

½/FIH�M(PZH*VYEGFIx$g(PZxy[K`RELVYEyPZ_A`RFIxy`Z¶�xGF]VYPR°Ï¯rh9Vdv�Pµ^;ã3½@¹l>lS1EyHrVYPRUW\ÌF]`REyH6M¥FIH�°ÏVYv�[(_WP2\´UY[(X ^;ã3½\´[(UµFIHBELH�`REL°�PRHrVj­�®�m@F gIP9¶6_YEyH6M·VYv�Pt[(H�PÖ¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx@Ô�UWPRxLEyX³EyH�FIU%hQÉpF]UWVdv²ã�PZ\´PZUYPRH6`RPä9[K°�PRx À Ôpã?ÉpäÏÃ2êÆÅbÇRý�ï�È@úÓùÊÉfËÓý�íIù¿þÍÌù¿þKï±øMÉ úÓù$a5Û Þ Ø ÛZó�_Yv�[ mCFIH9P±Ju`RPZxyxyPZHrV�FIMIUYPRPZX8PZHrVELH9¯¿[IVdvm@F gIPR_Wv�FIT¿P2FIH6°tFI¯�_Y[Ixy¶6VYP�FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6P À >3EyM�¼ ¢ ÃÖ¼l½�v�P�xyP±\ V�FIH6°jUYEyMIv*V�T�FIH�PZxy_�_Wv�[ mo`Z[(X8T�FIUYEL_Y[(H�_[I\$_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_�\´[(U�UWPR`ZPRELgIPRUW_?ELH�°�EL`�F]VYPR°j¯rh¥_WåK¶�FIUYPZ_AF]H�°jVdUYEyFIH�M(xLPR_ZauUWPR_YT¿PR`±VdEwg(PRxwh(¼ ¬ xLxcVYUdFI`ZPR_�FIUWPT�xL[IVYVYPR°9VY[8VYv�P2_YFIX8P¾_Y`RFIxyP]¼?½�v6P Á UW_WV�T6v�FI_YPZ_�FIUWP2°�ELUYPR`±V¾­�®Ðm@F gIPR_ À xGFI¯¿PRxLPR°9FI_�b�Ã?FIH�°»Vdv�P_YPZ`R[(H6°ÇT�v�F]_YPR_AFIUWP�Vdv�P;`R[IUYP±¹'UYP�@�PR`±VdPR°Q­�ßÖ­8m@F�g(PR_ À xyFI¯¿PRxyPZ°»FI_?bu` b6ñ¼

½�v�PÇg]FIxLEy°�EwVih [I\�VYv�PB>3S-VdPZ`Ív�H�Eyå*¶�PÏF]\ VdPZU8Vdv6PÈ^;ã3½@¹3>lSáEyHrVdPZUW\ÌFI`ZEyH�MQEy_µ\´¶�UWVYv�PRU°�PZX8[(H6_WVdUYF]VdPZ°Ç\´UY[IXÆ_YH�F]T�_Yv�[]Vd_�[I\@­�®Ðm@F�g(P Á PRxL°�_\´[(U?X8[K°�PZxy_�m�ELVYvÏF8UWEy°�MIP±¹i_Wv�FIT¿PR° À >3ELM�¼ Ù ÃFIH�°ÕF9¯¿[�J6`RFIU%¹'_Yv�F]TcPZ° À >/EyM�¼5Ý*Ã�xL[�m1g(PRxL[u`ZELVih·_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_Z¼t½�v�PÄELH*VYPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(H·[I\�­�®Cm@F�g(PR_m�ELVYvÅVYv�P³X8[K°�PRx�MIPR[(X³PZVYUWhÅFIH�°ÅVdv�P³`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP¸¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWh·EL_f`ZxyPRFIUYxwhÈ_YELXO¶�xGFÓVdPR°·ELHÅVYv�PÁ H�EwVdPÖ¹i°�EwÂ,PZUYPRH6`RP2`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdEy[IH À >3EyM(_Z¼ Ù aæÝrñ¼ ¬ ¯c[�Ju`�F]U�xy[ m<g(PZxy[K`REwVih9_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYP¸F]xy_Y[8M(PRH6PRUdFÓVdPR__WVYUY[(H6M8XO¶6xLVdELT�xyPAT�v�FI_WPR_?EyH�_WEy°�P�VYv�P;¯c[�Ju`�F]U À >3EyM6¼6Ý*ÃÖ¼C «ÏÎ5«^Ð#V̨Ӫ��Ñ�X��Ò|P\Qc§TS*¨ÓU'©�ª�VEQ�W

>�[(U�FIHrh¥Vim"[³\´¶6H�`ZVYEy[(H�_Za�ÔÏFIH6°#Õ¾a6Vdv�PZUYP;P±JuEL_WVd_?FµUYPZxGF]VYEy[(H�_Wv�EyTÖØ× À Ô · Õ

· ± uwÕ · Ô· ± Ã ­�Ù n ÖtÖTÚ À Ô�Û � Õtu[ÕrÛ � Ô,Ã ­ ¡ À ¢ Ã

m�v�PZUYP�� EL_"PZH�`RxL[(_YPZ°j¯rhÝÜ�a ± Ey_p[(¶6Vim@FIUW°j°�EyUWPR`ZVYPR°¥H6[(UYX8FIx�Vd[ÍÜ�a ­�Ù EL_pVYv�P�xLEyH�P�EyHrVYPRM(UYFIx¿FIxy[(H6MÜ�a�FIH�° ­ ¡ Ey_�Vdv6P¾F]UYP�F]x�EyHrVdPZM(UdF]x�EyHA�Ǽ

Page 8: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Ø

½�v�P�m@F gIP Á PRxL°³T¿[IVYPRHrVdEyFIx À�Þ Ã/\´[(U�F�_YPZEy_WX8EL`­�® m@F gIP�T�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYEyH�M�ELHµFVim@[Ó¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIxm�v�[(xLP�_YT�F]`RPf_dF]VYEy_ Á PR_

Û �fß n Ûà � · � ß· � �m�v�PZUYP à Ey_�­�®Bm�F�g(PT�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYEy[(H�F]x6g(PZxy[K`RELVihI¼l½�v�PAD�FIT�xGF]`RP�VdUdF]H�_W\´[(UWX [I\�VYv�PAFI¯c[ gIPAPZåK¶�F]VdEL[(H[ g(PZU?VYEyX³PhKEyPRxL°�_

À Û � u º �à � Ãmáß noܽ�v�P2^;UWPRPZH�Êæ_�\´¶�H6`ZVdEL[(H À áâ Ã"\´[(U?F¸xyEyH6P�_Y[(¶6UY`RP]a�¯*h¥°�P Á H6ELVdEL[(H�a�_YF]VdEL_ Á PZ_

À Û � u º �à � ÃÑáâ n|ã À ¸ u ¸�ä Ãåã À ¹ u ¹Zä à À Ù Ã

ôiH�_WPRUWVYEyH�M;áâ FIH6°æáß ELH*VY[ À ¢ ÃÖa6m@P;v�F�gIP

ÖT× À áß · áâ· ± u5áâ · áß· ± Ã ­�Ù n|ç{ç Ú À áß Û � áâ uèáâ Û � áß Ã ­ ¡n ç{ç Ú áß ã À ¸ u ¸ ä Ãåã À ¹ u ¹ ä Ã ­ ¡

Vdv�F]V�Ey_Za

áß À ¸ d ¹ Ã�n Ö × À áß · áâ· ± uèáâ · áß· ± à ­�Ù À ÝrÃ

ôiHÈVdv�EL_�_WVY¶�°6h(a5VYv�PµEyHrVdPZM(UdF]VYEy[(HÇEy_�FIxL[(H�MtFj_WVYUdFIELM(vrV�xyELH�P{éW¶�_%VfFI¯¿[�gIP¸Vdv�P¸ELH*VYPRU%\ÌFI`RP]a âEy_A`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdPZ°Ï¯rh·^;ã3½�acFIH�° ß EL_AVYv�PÄ­�®àgIPRxL[u`ZELVih»[(¶6VYT�¶6V�\´UW[(XáVYv�Pµ^;ã3½@¹3>3S1EyHrVdPZUW\ÌFI`ZEyH�M\´[(U�UYPZM(Ey[IH�_�EyH�°�EL`�F]VYPR°»¯rh9[ITcPZH»VYUYEGF]H�M(xyPZ_Ra�FIH6°9\´UY[IX Vdv�PfM(PZH�PRUYFIxyELºRPR°»UdF�hjVYv�PR[(U%hj\´[(U�UYPZM(Ey[(H6_EyH6°�Ey`RF]VdPZ°»¯rhj_W[(xyEL°¥VdUWEGFIH�MIxyPR_�ELH~>3EyM6¼,Û(¼

½�v�P"Tc[(ELHrV�_Y[(¶�UW`RP"_Y[(xL¶6VdEL[(H;`�FIH¾¯cPp[(¯6VdFIEyH�PZ°¾¯rh;`Z[(UYUWPR`ZVYEyH�M?Vdv�PpxyELH�P�_Y[I¶�UY`ZP"UWPR_YT¿[(H�_WP�êöPI¼ËM�¼wa­�ðiïYírþjíIù¿þµ®¾ï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa�Û Þ ØIØ ó�z

ê�ë Ú § ¥Rì n ¢í avq í ¸Ûí � � ­­ � êÑî § ¥Øï À �IÃ

m�v�PZUYPða FIH6° ¸ FIUYP�Vdv6P;VY[IVÍF]x5FIH�°tv�[(UWEyºZ[(HrVÍFIx�°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPR_Ra�UWPR_YT¿PR`±VdEwg(PRxwh(¼

Page 9: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Þ

NQP2`Ív�PZ`Íq9Vdv6P¾g]FIxyEL°�ELVih¥[I\lVdv6P2vrhK¯�UYEL°ÏX8P±Vdv�[K°Ç¯rh9`R[(X³T�FIUWEyH�M³T¿[(EyHrVW¹'_Y[(¶6UY`RPf_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR°Ï¯rh9°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV�X³PZVdv6[u°�_A\´[(U¾­»FIH6°0­�ßÖ­tT�v�FI_WPR_;F]V�FÄ°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPOUYFIH�M(PO[]\ Ø Ü Ú ¹dÛ(Û Ü Ú ¼­¥EL_�Vdv�Pf°�EyUWPR`±V¾­�®ÐFIUWUYEwgIF]x�\´UY[(X VYv�Pf_Y[(¶�UW`RPfVd[µVdv�PfUYPZ`RPREwg(PZUFIH6°Q­�ßÖ­¥EL_�Vdv�PfUYP�@�PR`±VdPR°ÇT�v�FI_WP\´UY[IX Vdv6P?`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLP�¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%h À >3ELM�¼��Iñ¼"­�®Bm@F�g(PZ_@_WVdFIUWV�VY[;°�ELÂcUdFI`±VpFIxy[IH�M�Vdv�P�`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWhÕF]V¸FI¯¿[(¶6VOFIH0PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx@°�EL_WVdFIH�`RPÄ[I\?Þ�� Ú À >3ELM�¼Ñ�ualH�[IVYPÄVdv�F]V2VYv�P¥°�EwÂ,UYFI`ZVYEy[(H°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPµEy_�¯¿[IVYvÅX³[K°�PRx ¹?FIH�°·_Y[I¶�UY`ZP8°�PZT6VdvK¹i°�PZTcPZH�°�PRHrVÍñ¼Ä½�v6P³`Z[(X³T�FIUYEL_Y[(Hȯ¿PZVim"PRPZHÕVdv6P_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_�\´[(UAFÄT¿[(EyHrVA_Y[(¶6UY`RP2`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdPZ°9¯rhÏ^fã3½4F]H�°ÇVdv6P2vrhK¯�UYEL°ÏX8P±Vdv�[K°ÇhKEyPZxy°�_AFÄM([K[K°FIM(UWPRPZX8PZH*V À >3ELM�¼�"rñ¼�s@[]VdvÄVYv�PVdELX8ELH�M¾FIH�°¥Vdv6P�FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°�P?[I\�­8FIH�°9­�ßÖ­|T6v�FI_YPZ_�XÄFÓVd`Ív¥m"PRxyx\´[(U�_%huHrVYv�PZVYEy`R_?`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR°t¯rh¥Vdv�P�Vim"[Ä°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*V?X³PZVYv�[u°6_ À >3ELM�¼�"rÃÖ¼ñ�è =?�$ ���� %&óò���6���� ��3�� %�"����=?���õô�#% W��0������ó.Õ�/�@�6����#879��&� �:;&<�����=?�"+A����� ��#����@�� �&óò�&5�������

NQP�\´[u`Z¶�_l[(¶�U3°�PZVdFIEyxLPR°O_%Vd¶�°�ELPR_�[(HOVYv�P�_WPREy_WX8EL`­�®0m@F�g(P�T�UW[(T�FIMrFÓVdEy[IH2EyHOVYv�P�`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·UYPZM(Ey[IHů¿PRH6P�F]VYvQVdv6P8`ZPRHrVdUYFIxpÔ3FI`ZE Á `8FIH�°Õbu[(¶6VYv ¬ VYxGFIHrVYEy`µ[u`ZP�FIH6_R¼Ä½�v6PR_YP³Vim@[UYPZM(Ey[IH�_�FIUWP2°�P±g([(EL°Ï[I\�_W¶�UW\ÌF]`RPO_W¶�¯c°6¶�`ZVYEy[(HÇ\´[IU�F8xL[(H�M8TcPZUYEy[K°Ç[]\�VdEyX³P8êö��ý�ßYíIøYþ9ï±ð?íIñwòya�Û Þ(Þ Ù6û� ï±ùÏíIù¿þ�Ìù¿þKï±øMÉ úÓù/a�Û ÞIÞ��Óó ¼3½�v�PA`RPRHrVYUdFIxcÔ3FI`ZE Á `AEy_�m@PZxyx�_dF]X8T�xLPR°8¯*hµVYv�PP±g(PRHrV%¹i_WVdF]VdEL[(H¥T�F]EyUY_\´UY[IX °6PRPRTjPRFIUWVYv�å*¶�FIq]PR_�EyHÄVYv�P�>/E÷éWE�_Y¶�¯¿°�¶�`±VdEL[(HjºR[(H6PVd[O_WPREL_YX³Ey`?_WVÍFÓVdEy[IH�_@ELHjkA[(U%Vdv ¬ X8PZUYEL`�F6¼½�v�P¥T�F]Vdv�_¾_dFIX³T�xLEyH�MtVdv�P8xy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%VOX8FIHrVdxyPµ¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv0VYv�PjbK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`³[u`ZP�FIHÕv�F�g(P¯¿PRPRHÈ_WEyM(H6E Á `RFIHrVdxLhtPÖJuT�FIH�°�PZ°QELHÇUWPR`RPZHrV�h(P�F]UY_�m�ELVYvÇVdv6P2°�PZT�xy[ hKX8PZHrV�[I\�_YP±g(PZUdFIx�Ô ¬ b�bÊø ¬ D_YPZEy_WX8EL`OP±JuT¿PRUYELX8PZHrVd_;EyH·_Y[I¶6Vdv�PZUYH ¬ \´UWEy`�Fu¼2½�v�PZ_YP8VYPRX³Tc[IUdFIU%hÇ_WPREy_WX8EL`OH�P±Vim@[(UWq*_2UYPZ`R[(UW°�PR°v�ELM(vtåK¶�FIxyEwVih¥_YPZEy_WX8EL`�°�F]VdFµ\´UW[(X °�PZPRT»PZgIPRHrVd_AEyHjVdv�P¾bu[I¶6Vdv ¬ X³PRUWEy`�F]H»_W¶�¯¿°�¶�`ZVYEy[(HtºZ[(H�PI¼

NQPf_WPRxLPR`ZV?VÍF]H�M(PRHrVYEGFIx�°6Ey_YT6xGFI`ZPRX³PRHrVd_�UYPZ`R[(UW°�PR°9EyH9FµÔ ¬ b6b�ø ¬ D0_WPREy_WX8EL`;FIUYUYF�h(acäÏÒ;ä ¬ aEyHÏVYv�PµP�FI_%VdPZUYHQeAH�EwVdPR°QbKVdF]VdPZ_Ra�Vdv�P¸½$UYELH�PZV;_WPREL_YX³Ey`¸H�P±Vim@[(UWqÈEyHÈ_W[(¶6Vdv6PRUYHùø�FIxLEL\´[(UWH�EGF6a,FIH�°F»\´P±m�_YPZEy_YX³Ey`³_WVdF]VdEL[(H�_fEyHÅVdv�P¥^;xL[(¯�FIx�bKPREy_WX8EL`Äk?PZVim"[(UYq�al\´[(U;Vdv6UYPRP8°�PRPZT0PZgIPRHrVd_¸ELHQVYv�P>3EúéWE$_W¶�¯¿°�¶�`ZVYEy[(HȺZ[(H�PµFIH6°Ï[(H�POELHÇVdv6PµäÇFIUWEGFIH�F8_Y¶�¯¿°�¶�`±VdEy[IHȺR[(H�P À ½/FI¯�xyP8Û�ñ¼�½�v6PO_YPZEy_YX³Ey`°�F]VdF³UWPR`Z[(UY°�PZ°Ç\´[(U�Vdv6UYPRP�>3E÷éWE,PZg(PZHrVd_ À Þ��uÛ Ü(Ü��ua�Þ� IÜIÞ(ÜIÝ�a�FIH6°ÏÞ� IÜ��IÜ Ù Ã@_YFIX8T6xyP�Vdv�Pfxy[ m"PRUWX8[(_%V

Page 10: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Û Ü

X8FIHrVdxyP�¯¿PRH6P�F]VYvÄVdv�P�`ZPRHrVdUYFIx,Ô/FI`RE Á `AFIH�°µVdv�P?°�F]VdFfUWPR`R[IUY°�PZ°Ä\´[(U�Vdv�PäÇFIUWEGFIH�F;P±g(PZH*V À Þ��]Ü Ør¢IÙ Ã_dF]X8T�xLPOVdv�P¸`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLP¸¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%hÈUYPZM(Ey[(Hȯ¿PRH6P�F]VYvÅVYv�PµH�[(UWVYv�PRUWHÕÔ/FI`RE Á ` À >3ELM�¼� Iñ¼¸½�v�P­�®�þIý û<T�v�FI_WPR_O_Wv�[ m °�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVO`Ív�F]UdFI`±VdPRUWEy_%VdEy`Z_2¯¿PZVim"PRPZHBVYv�[(_WPÄ_dF]X8T�xLEyH�MtVdv6PÄxy[ m"PRUWX8[(_%VX8FIHrVdxyP³¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÕVYv�PÄH6[(UWVYv�PRUWH Ô3FI`ZE Á ` À >3ELM�¼ Ø FrÃ;FIH�°QVdv�[(_WPÄ_YFIX8T6xyEyH6M»VYv�PÄ`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWhÅUYPZM(Ey[(HÕ¯cPZH�P�F]VYvÕVdv6P¥`RPZH*VYUdFIx@Ô3FI`ZE Á ` À >3ELM�¼ Ø ¯�Ãּǽ�v�PÇ­cþIý ûàT�v�FI_WPR_¸_dF]X8T�xLEyH�MVdv6P¸xy[ m@PZUYX³[(_WV�XÄFIHrVYxyP2¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv·VYv�P¸H�[(U%Vdv�PZUYHÅÔ3F]`RE Á `O_Yv�[ m1_YEyX³T�xLP2T�¶�xL_YPÖ¹ixyELqIPfm�F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_FI`ZUY[(_W_Vdv�P³äÇÒfä ¬ FIUYUYF�h À >3EyM�¼ Ø F(ñ¼fÒ�HÇVdv6PO[IVdv6PRU�v�F]H�°�a,VYv�PÄ­cþIý û�T�v�F]_YPR_�_YFIX³T�xyELH�M8VYv�P`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWhtUWPRM(EL[(Hj¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv»Vdv�P;`RPZHrVdUdF]x�Ô3FI`ZE Á `;P±Juv�EL¯�ELV?Fµ°�EL_Y`RPZUYH�EL¯�xyP�_WPR`Z[(H�°�FIU%hT�v�F]_YP�¶�TjVd[µFO°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP�[I\pÛ(Û Ü6¼Æ� Ú À T�v�FI_WP�xGFI¯¿PRxLPR°jFI_ ¢ a�>3EyM6¼ Ø ¯�ñ¼�½�v�EL_�_YPZ`R[(H�°�FIUWhjT6v�FI_YP;v�F]_`R[IX8T�F]UdFI¯�xLP;FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°�PZ_�FIH�°9Fµ_YX8FIxyxLPRU�_Wxy[ m�H�PR_W_A`Z[(X³T�FIUYPZ°»VY[¸Vdv�Pf°�EyUWPR`±V�­�®Ðm@F�g(PZ_ À T6v�FI_YPxGF]¯cPZxyPR°·F]_³ÛIaÑ>/EyM�¼ Ø ¯�ñ¼µ½�v�Pj­cþIý ûÐT�v�FI_WPR_¾FIxy[IH�Mt¯c[IVYvÈVdv�PZ_YPµVim@[»T�F]VYv�_¾_Wv�[ m×FtxyELH�P�FIUWxLhEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�M¥VdUYF�g(PRx�VYEyX³PO°�PRxyF�hÏ[I\@FI¯¿[(¶6V�Ýt_YPZ`R[(H6°�_2F]`RUY[I_Y_�Vdv�P³FIUWUdF�h(a5m�EwVdvÈUYPZ_YT¿PR`±V¾VY[tVYv�PT�UWPR°�EL`ZVdEL[(H�_�¯�FI_WPR°9[(HÇX³[u°6PRx5ô ¬ buÔ�Þ6Û(¼@½�v6P³­�®oFIH�°·­�ßÖ­¥T6v�FI_YPZ_�F]V?`Zxy[(_WPRU�°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPfUdFIH�MIPR_°�[8H�[IV?_Yv�[ m4xyF]VdP¸­�ßÖ­¥T6v�FI_YPZ_�F]V?Vdv6P¾°�EL_WVdFIH�`RPfUdF]H�M(P;[I\�Þ(Ü Ú ¹iÞ�" Ú À >3ELM�¼ Ø `�ñ¼ ¬ xLVdv6[(¶�M(vtVdv�PZUYPEy_�_W[(X³P³¯6UY[rFI°6PRH�ELH�Mt[I\@m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX�_Yv�FITcPµ\´[(U�UWPR`R[IUY°�ELH�M(_fF]V�Vdv6P8°�EL_WVdFIH�`RPµUYFIH�M(Pµ¯¿PZVim"PRPRHÞ6Û Ú ¹�Þ�" Ú a�H�[µ°�EL_Y`ZPRUYH6Ey¯�xLP�_YPR`Z[(H�°�F]UWhtT�v�F]_YPR_AFIUWPf[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°ÏF]V�VYv�Ey_�°�EL_WVdFIH�`RP;UYFIH�M(P]¼

½�v�P8_YPREL_YX³Ey`¸m@F gIPR_O_YFIX³T�xyELH�MjVdv�P³xy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%V2X8FIHrVdxLP³¯¿PRH6P�F]VYvQVdv6Pjbu[(¶uVdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVYEy`[K`RP�F]H�a�v�[ m@P±g(PRUZa,_Wv�[ m<g(PRU%h»°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV?`Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_�\´[(U�UYPZ`R[(UW°�EyH�MI_A¯¿[IVdv9F]V�Vdv6P¾°�EwÂ,UYFI`ZVYPR°°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP¸UYFIH�M(P À Þ ØIÚ ¹dÛ(Û Ü Ú Ã�FIH�°QF]V;Fj`Zxy[(_WPRU�°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPµUdF]H�M(P À Ø(¢]Ú ¹iÞ�" Ú Ã±¼ ¬ V�VYv�Pµ°�ELÂcUdFI`±VdPZ°°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP¸UYFIH�M(P¸[I\@Þ ØIÚ ¹ÍÛIÛ Ü Ú À >3EyM(_Z¼�Þ(Fua5ÞI¯ û UYPZ`R[(UW°�EyH6M(_�\´[(U�PZgIPRHrV¾Þ� IÜ(ÞIÜ ¢ EyHÏVYv�P¸H�[(U%Vdv�PZUYHFIH�°·_W[(¶6Vdv6PRUYH·T�F]UWVd_�[]\pVYv�PµFIUWUdF�h(a5UWPR_YT¿PR`±VdEwg(PRxwh û _WPRP³FIxL_Y[~>3ELM�¼� 8\´[IU�M(PR[IM(UdFIT6v�Ey`OxL[u`RF]VdEL[(H�__dF]X8T�xLPR°�ÃÖzÛ�Ã�Vdv6PRUYP¾Ey_?F8xLEyH�PRFIUYxwh¥ELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M³VdUdF�gIPRx�VdEyX³P;°�PRxyF�ht[I\�FI¯¿[(¶6V¾Û Ü³_YPR`Z[(H�°�_�FI`RUW[(_Y_Vdv6P³_WPREL_YX³Ey`µFIUWUdF�h û�¢ ÃVdv6PRUYP³FIUWPµ`RxyPRFIU�XO¶�xwVdELT�xyPO_WPR`Z[(H�°�FIU%h·T�v�FI_WPR_;m�ELVYvQ_YFIX8PµX³[ g(PR[I¶6Vd_FI_VYv�P Á UY_WV�FIUYUWELg]FIxy_ û,Ù Ã�Vdv6P2m�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX `R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVYEyPZ_?g]FIU%h9UYFIT�EL°�xLh»FI`ZUY[(_W_�_YX8FIxyx�PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPZ_R¼t½�v�PÄ`Zxy[(_WPR_%V2_%VÍF]VYEy[(HÅ_YPZT�FIUdFÓVdEy[IHÕ¯¿PZVim"PRPRH0VYv�P³H�[(UWVYv�PRUWH0FIH6°0_Y[(¶uVdv�PZUYH0T�F]UWVd_[I\"Vdv�P³FIUWUdF�hÈEy_µÛ(Û Ù q*X À >3EyM�¼� (ñ¼8kA[]VdP¸Vdv�FÓV�Vdv�Pµm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX>`Z[(X³T�xyPÖJ6EwVdELPR_�FIUWPµXÄFIUWqIPZ°�xLh°�EwÂ,PZUYPRHrVf¯¿PZVim"PRPRHQVdv�P¸Vim"[ÇM(UW[(¶�TÅ[I\@[I¯�_YPZUWg]F]VdEL[(H�_ À >/EyM(_Z¼5Þ(F6a5Þ]¯�ñ¼ ¬ V¾Ft`Zxy[(_WPRU;°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP

Page 11: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Û(Û

UdF]H�M(P¸[I\ Ør¢]Ú ¹�Þ�" Ú À >3ELM�¼�ÞI` û UWPR`Z[(UY°�ELH�M(_�\´[(U�P±g(PZH*V2Þ� uÛIÛ ¢IØ6û _YPZP³FIxy_W[#>/EyM�¼¦ Ä\´[(U�M(PR[IM(UdFIT6v�Ey`xy[K`�FÓVdEy[IH�_�_dF]X8T�xLPR°�ÃÖz8Û Ã�VYv�PRUWP8EL_fF»`Ív�F]H�M(P³[I\@VYUdF�g(PZx�VYEyX³P¸¯cPZv�F�gKEy[(UW_f\´[(U�VYv�PµUYPR`Z[(UY°6EyH�M(_FI`ZUY[(_W_Vdv�P2_YPREL_YX³Ey`¾FIUYUYF�h(acm�EwVdvÏ_WPREL_YX³Ey`¾m@F�g(PZ_�¯c[IVWVd[(X³EyH6M Ù ÜIÜÄq*X FI¯¿[ g(P2VYv�PO`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh³_Yv�[ m�ELH�MOH�[¾UYPRxyF]VdEwg(P�VdUYF gIPRx¿VdEyX³P�°�PRxyF�hu_@FI`RUW[(_Y_"Vdv�PFIUYUYF h À xyELM(vrVpVYUdFI`ZPR_dÃ@FIH�°³Vdv�[(_WP¯¿[IVYVY[(X8ELH�Mµxy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%V Ù ÜIܳq*X [I\lVYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLPfPÖJuv�Ey¯�EwVdELH�MÄF³xyELH�P�FIUWxLhÄEyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6M³VYUdF�g(PZx/VdELX8P°�PZxGF�ht[I\�FI¯¿[(¶6V��³_WPR`Z[(H�°�_�F]`RUY[I_Y_�Vdv�P2FIUYUYF h À v�P�F�g*h»VdUdF]`RPR_dà û�¢ Ã�VYv�Pµ­�ßÖ­jT�v�FI_WPR_A_Yv�[ mCxGFIUWM(PVdELX8P;_WPRT�FIUYF]VdEL[(H�_�\´UY[(X|Vdv�P¾°�EyUWPR`ZV?m@F gIPR_�F]H�°ÏF³UdFIT�EL°9ELH�`RUWP�FI_WP2[I\3UYPZxGF]VYELg(P¾FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6P�\´UY[(XØ(Ù Ú VY[ÄÞ�� Ú ¼

½�v�PZ_YP�VdUYF�g(PRx*VdELX8Pp°�PZxGF�hK_lFIH�°¾m�F�g(P±\´[(UYXC`R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVYEyPZ_$`RFIH�H�[]Vl¯¿P@`�F]¶�_YPZ°¸¯*hfX³Ey_Wxy[K`�F]VYEy[(H[I\�Vdv6P�P�FIU%Vdv�å*¶�FIq]PfFIH�°jVdv�P_YPREL_YX³Ey`�v6PZVdPZUY[(MIPRH�PZELVdELPR_�ELHÄVdv�P�_W[(¶�UW`RP±¹'_YEL°�P�XÄF]H*VYxyP]¼�ä9Ey_Wxy[K`�F]VYEy[(H[I\�F]H8PRFIUWVYv�å*¶�FIqIP�FIH�°8VYv�PP±Â,PZ`ZVY_@[I\�VYv�P?_Y[(¶�UW`RPÖ¹i_YEL°�PX8FIHrVdxLP�v�PZVYPRUY[IM(PRH�PZELVYEyPR_�m"[(¶�xy°8UYPZ_Y¶�xwV@ELHFµ¶�H�EL\´[IUYX|VYUdF�g(PZx$VYEyX³P�°�PZxGF�h»FIH�°»_YELX8ELxGFIUpm�F�g(P±\´[(UYX `Z[(X8T6xyP±JuEwVdEyPZ_�FI`ZUY[(_W_?VYv�P¾_WPREL_YX³Ey`;FIUWUdF�h(aFI_�Vdv6PR_YPµ_WPREy_WX8EL`Om�F�gIPR_fT�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYPµFIxy[(H6MtFIxyX³[(_WV�Ey°�PZH*VYEy`RFIx3UYF hÏT�F]Vdv6_fELHÈVdv�P¸_W[(¶�UY`ZP±¹'_YEy°6PX8FIHrVdxyP]¼�½/FIqIPfVim@[Äm@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_UWPR`R[IUY°�PZ°ÈF]VA_WVÍFÓVdEy[IH�_A_YF�" Ù À >3ELM�¼�Þ(FrÃ�FIH6°Ï_dF Ù Þ À >3EyM�¼�Þ]¯�Ã�\´[IUP±J6FIX³T�xLPIa�T�v�FI_YP ¢ [(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°0F]V�_YF�" Ù °�[KPR_�H6[IV�P±JuEL_WV;EyHÏVYv�POUWPR`R[IUY°�ELH�MtF]V�_YF Ù ÞtFIH�°ÈT�v�FI_YPÙ [(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°ÕF]V_dF�" Ù Ey_A°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV�\´UY[IXáT6v�FI_YP ¢ [(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°ÅF]V�_YF Ù Þ À >3EyMI_R¼cÞ(F6acÞI¯�ñ¼��APRUWP¸FIUWPM(PZ[(M(UdF]T�v�Ey`�_WPRT�F]UdF]VYEy[(H�_�[]\/VYv�PRELU�UdF�hKT�F]Vdv6_AELHtVYv�P;XÄF]H*VYxyP]z

S�PRTuVdv _YPZT�FIUdFÓVdEy[IH_Y[I¶�UY`ZP±¹i_WEy°�P;Ý�Û�ܵq*X Ü6¼æÜ ÙIÚ_Y[I¶�UY`ZP±¹i_WEy°�P^"� ]ܵq*X Ü6¼æÜ ØIÚ_Y[I¶�UY`ZP±¹i_WEy°�Pðø�äÇs Û(¼Æ ¢ ÚUYPZ`RPZELg(PZU%¹'_YEy°6P�ø�ä9s Û(¼ Ø(ÙIÚ

½�v�P³_Y[(¶6UY`RPÖ¹i_WEy°�P8_YPREL_YX³Ey`¸v�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PREwVdELPR_fEyH·Vdv�PµVdUYFIH�_YEwVdEL[(H·ºR[(H�P³UYPZM(Ey[IH·m"[(¶�xL°Õ¶�H6xyEyq]PRxwhM(PZH�PRUYF]VdP¸°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*V�m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX�`Z[(X8T6xyP±JuEwVdEyPZ_¯¿PZVim"PRPZHQVdv6POVim@[tUYPZ`R[(UW°�EyH6M(_Ra�FI_�VYv�PZhÏv�F�g(P³FT¿PRUYEL[u°»[I\lFI¯c[I¶6V Ù _YPZ`R[(H6°�_Rac¯�¶6VAT�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYPfm�EwVdv�ELH9F³°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPfUdFIH�MIP¾[I\lÜ6¼æÜ Ù Ú ¹iÜ6¼æÜ Ø Ú EyHtVdv6P_Y[I¶�UY`ZP±¹i_WEy°�P�VYUdFIH�_WELVYEy[(HjºZ[(H�PI¼

Page 12: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Û ¢

½�v�Pfm�F�g(P±\´[(UYXá`R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVYEyPZ_?`RFIH�H�[]V¯¿P2F³UYPZ_Y¶�xwV[I\�F8`R[IX8T�xLEy`RF]VdPZ°»PRFIUWVYv�å*¶�FIq]PO_Y[(¶6UY`RP\´[(U�Vim"[ÄUWP�FI_W[(H�_Rz"FrÃ"VYv�P�m�F�g(P±\´[(UYX `Z[(X8T6xyP±JuEwVdEyPZ_�EyHjVYv�P�Vim@[8M(UY[(¶6T�_?FIUYP;X8FIUYq]PR°�xwh¥°�EwÂ,PZUYPRHrV ûFIH�°,a,¯�Ã?VYv�P2m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX [I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°ÕFÓV�[IVYv�PRUA_WVÍFÓVdEy[IHÈF]V�F8_YEyX³EyxyFIU�PRT�EL`RPZH*VYUdFIx/°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP¾m�v6Ey`Ív_dF]X8T�xLPR_µF·°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVµT�F]VYv²VYv�UY[I¶�M(vBVdv�PtX8FIHrVdxyP]a�°�Ey_WT�xGF�hK_µFÅ_WEyX³T�xyPÄT�¶�xy_WP±¹'xyEyq]P¥_Yv�FITcP]aEyH6°�Ey`RF]VdELH�MjF¥_YELX8T6xyPO_W[(¶�UY`ZP¸VdEyX³P¾\´¶6H�`ZVYEy[(H²ê � ï±ù²ï±ðíIñwòya ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛRó ¼Ok?P�FIU�¹i_%VÍF]VYEy[(HÏP±Â,PZ`ZVY_2FIH6°Vdv6PO¶�T�T¿PRU�X8FIHrVdxLP¾_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPO¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv ¬ \´UYEL`�F¥F]T�TcPRFIUAVY[¥`R[IH*VYUYEL¯�¶6VdP¾xyEwVYVdxLP�Vd[ÄVYv�PO[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°VdELX8Pf°�PZxGF�hK_;FI`RUW[(_Y_VYv�P¸_YPZEy_WX8EL`2FIUWUdF�h(a,¯cPZ`�FI¶�_WP¸UYPZ`R[(UW°�EyH�MI_\´[(U�F]HÈP�FIU%Vdv�å*¶�FIq]P³F]V�F¥`Zxy[(_WPRU°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPAUdFIH�MIPA_Wv�[ mÐxLELVWVdxyP�VYEyX³P�gIF]UYEGFÓVdEy[IH8F]`RUY[I_Y_@VYv�P_WPREy_WX8EL`?FIUYUYF hÇê � ï±ùÈï±ð�íIñwòya ¢ Ü(ÜuÛRó�¼3½�v�P`R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVYEyPZ_@FIH6°jxGFIUWM(PAVYEyX³PA°�PZxGF�hK_�FIUYPH�[IV�`RFI¶�_WPR°t¯rh¥_YPZEy_WX8EL`_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_�ELHÄVdv�P�X³Ey°K¹ixy[ m"PRUX8FIHrVdxyP;¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv ¬ \´UWEy`�FµPREwVdv�PZURa�_YELH�`RPfVdv�Pµ­�®ÐT�v�FI_WPR_�¯¿[IVWVd[(X³EyH�M¸X³[(UWP;VYv�FIH Ù Ü(ܵqKXáFI¯¿[ g(PVdv6PÄ`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyPµ¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·\´UY[(X�P±g(PZH*V¸Þ� uÛ(Û ¢]Ø À >3EyM�¼�Þ]`Ia3xLEyM(vrV;VdUYFI`RPZ_ÍÃÖalP±Juv�EL¯�ELVf_YELX8T6xyPm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX8_fFIH6°ÅxLELVWVdxyPfUYPZ_YEL°�¶�FIx3VYEyX³P¾g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H�_FI`RUW[(_Y_�VYv�PµFIUYUYF�h(¼2½�v6PR_YP³T�v�F]_YPR_fFIH6°·VYv�P°�ELUYPR`±VO­�®�þIý û�T�v�FI_WPR_;EyHÏP±g(PZH*V¾Þ� ]Ü(Þ(Ü ¢ _YFIX³T�xyP2F¥_YEyX³EyxyFIU�UYPZ`RPZELg(PZU%¹'_YEy°6P¸X8EL°u¹ixL[�m"PRU?X8FIHrVdxyP]¼ä9[(UWPR[ g(PZURa6VYv�P?[(¯�_YPZUWg]F]VYEy[(H�_p\´UY[(X×[]Vdv�PZU"P±g(PRHrV%¹i_WVdF]VdEL[(H¥T�F]EyUY_�\´UY[IX Vdv�P�bu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`A[K`RPRFIHFIH�°·Vdv6P¸_Y[(¶6VYv0buFIH�°6m�EL`ÍvÕôi_YxyFIH�°�_�VY[jVdv�P³É�¶�UY[ITcPRFIHu¹%ä»PR°�EwVdPRUWUdFIH6P�FIHQFIUYPRF6a5m�v�Ey`ÍvÅ_dF]X8T�xLPVdv6P8_YFIX8P³`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyPµ¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·UYPZM(Ey[IHQ¯�¶uV2°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*V¾T�FIU%Vd_f[I\@VYv�P³X8EL°u¹ixL[�m"PRU�X8FIHrVdxLPIa_Yv6[�m4PÖJ6FI`ZVYxLhjVdv6P¾_YFIX8P�VYUdF�g(PZx$VYEyX³P�¯cPZv�F�guEL[(UY_�\´[(U�Vdv6P³­�ü´­cþIý û~T�v�FI_WPR_FI_?VYv�[(_WP¾UWPR`R[IUY°�PZ°ÏEyH_Y[I¶6Vdv�PZUYH ¬ \´UYEL`�F9ê � ï±ù0ï±ð�íIñwòya ¢ ÜIÜ6ÛRó a�`R[(H Á UYX³EyH�MµVdv�F]V?¯c[IVYv»VYv�P;VdUdF�gIPRx5VdELX8P�°�PZxGF�hK_F]H�°9VYv�Pm@F gIPZ\´[(UWXÑ`R[(X³T�xLP±JuELVYEyPR_�[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°ÏEyHjVYv�P;_Y[(¶6VYv�PRUWH ¬ \´UYEy`RFIH»FIUYUYF�htFIUYP�`RFI¶�_WPR°Ï¯rhtFIH6[(XÄF]xy[(¶�__YPZEy_WX8EL`f_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_�EyHtVdv�P¾xy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%V Ù ÜIܳq*X [I\lVYv�P¾X8FIHrVdxLPI¼O>/EyH�FIxLxLhIa6Vdv�PZUYP¾Ey_?xyELVWVdxLPVdUYF gIPRxVdELX8P°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZP�¯cP±Vim@PZPRHQ­�®�þIý û�FIH�°È­ � þIý û²T�v�FI_YPZ_?\´[(U"Vdv�EL_�PZgIPRHrV�a�_Y¶6M(M(PR_%VdELH�M¸Vdv�F]V�X³[(_%V�[I\Vdv6P¾P±Â,PZ`ZVd_FIUYP;`RFI¶�_YPZ°Ï¯rhtEy_W[IVdUW[(T�Ey`�g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_�[I\l_WPREL_YX³Ey`�g(PZxy[K`RELVihI¼@½�v�EL_�Ey_�`R[(H6_YEy_%VdPZH*V?m�ELVYvVdv6POFIH�EL_Y[IVYUY[(Trh»_WVY¶�°6h9EyH»Vdv�EL_AUWPRM(EL[(H êÆý/ú��ßf�·ï±ð�íIñwòya�Û Þ(Þ(ÞÓó�¼�NQP¾\´[K`R¶�_Za,EyH»Vdv�P¾H�P±JKV�_WPR`±VdEy[IH�a[(H·°�P±VÍFIELxyPR°·_%Vd¶�°�ELPR_;[I\pVdv�PµELH*VYPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(HÈ[I\"_YPZEy_WX8EL`Ä­�®4m�F�gIPR_¾m�EwVdv·_YPZEy_WX8EL`O_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_fEyHVdv6POxy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%V Ù Ü(ÜÄq*X-[I\�Vdv�POX8FIHrVdxLPI¼�ô'V�m�ELxyx/FIxy_W[¥¯¿PR`R[IX8PO`ZxyPRFIUVdv�F]V�¯¿[IVdvÏVYv�P¸xyELH�P�F]UYxLhEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�M;VdUdF�gIPRxcVYEyX³P�°�PRxyF�hÄF]H�°8m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX `R[(X³T�xyPÖJuELVdELPR_�[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°»ELH³VYv�P_W[(¶6VYv�PRUWH ¬ \´UWEy`�F]HFIUWUdF�hÅ`�FIH0[IH�xLhů¿PÄP±JuT�xyFIEyH6PR°Õ¯rhQX8[K°�PZxy_;m�ELVdvÕxGFIUWM(Pµ_Yv�PRFIU2g(PZxy[K`REwVihQUWPR°�¶6`ZVdEL[(H�_¾EyHQVYv�P

Page 13: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Û Ù

xy[ m"PRUWX8[(_%V Ù Ü(ܸq*XÑ[I\/VYv�PfXÄFIHrVYxyPIa6`R[(UWUY[(¯¿[(UdFÓVdPR°jm"PRxLx�m�EwVdv»FIxLx,Vdv�P;_WPREy_WX8EL`;[(¯�_YPZUWg]F]VYEy[(H�_�m"P°�EL_Y`R¶6_Y_AFI¯c[ gIPI¼

þ è (*) ÿ �5 @�C7Å��� ô��*0p�3�� ��"�)�������"+�0@��� � �/.[&Ó @�$#���&� i�I���B���K�6�@��B�@+���������� � �5�"�$�

NQP9v�F�gIP9PÖJ6T6xy[(UWPR°�_WPZgIPRUdF]xAv*¶�H�°6UYPR°�X8[K°�PRxL_O\´[(U¸_WVY¶�°6hKEyH6MQVdv6P9_WPREy_WX8EL`¥g(PZxy[K`RELVih_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_FIH�°tVdv�PfEyHrVdPZUdFI`±VdEL[(Ht[I\@­�®�m@F�g(PR_Am�ELVdvtVdv6PR_YP;g(PZxy[K`REwVihj_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_�FÓV?VYv�Pf¯�FI_YPf[I\Vdv6P¾X8FIHrVdxLPI¼@NQP2T�UWPR_WPRHrV�_Y[IX8P;P±J6FIX³T�xLPR_[]\l_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`2_WPREy_WX8[IM(UdFIX³_�Vd[8MrFIEyH»_Y[IX8PfEyH�_WEyM(vrVY_EyHrVY[»VYv�PÄELH*VYPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(HÅ[I\�_WPREy_WX8EL`j­�®1m@F�g(PR_¾m�ELVdvQ_YPZEy_YX³Ey`µ_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_OF]V¾VYv�Pį�FI_YP8[I\�Vdv6PX8FIHrVdxyP]¼�Ò\�T�FIUWVYEy`R¶6xGFIU�PZX8T�v�FI_YPZ_�FIUWP?VYv�PAP±Â,PZ`ZVY_@[I\�F¾H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`RELVihOM(UdFI°6EyPRHrV@F]V�Vdv�P?¯�FI_WP[I\�VYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLP2FIH6°ÏELVY_M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%h9[IHÇVdv�P¾_YPZEy_YX³Ey`;VdUYF�g(PRx/VdEyX³PR_Za¿m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_Ra,FIH�°Ïg]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H�_[I\lm@F�g(P±\´[(UYXá`R[(X³T�xLP±JuELVYEyPR_?FI`ZUY[(_W_�F³_YX8FIxyx5PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx/°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPI¼�NÕPf\´[u`Z¶�_?[(HÇVdv6P8­�®�m�F�gIPT�UW[(T�FIMrFÓVdEy[IHÏF]VAVdv�PO°6ELÂcUdFI`±VdPR°Ç°�Ey_%VÍFIH�`ZP2UYFIH�M(PO[]\pÞ Ø Ú ¹ÍÛ Ü Ø Ú Á UW_WV�a,FI_�_WPREy_WX8EL`¾m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX³_�F]VVdv6Ey_@°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPUdF]H�M(P�F]UYP_WPRH�_WELVYELg(P?Vd[O¯¿[IVYv8Vdv6P�UdFI°6EGFIx�gIPRxy[K`REwVih³M(UdFI°6EyPRHrV@FIH�°ÄVYv�P�M(PZ[(X³PZVdU%hµ[I\Vdv6P2_YPZEy_WX8EL`f_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_�EyHtVdv�P¾¯c[]VYVd[IXÑ[I\3VYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLPI¼@NQPOFIxL_Y[³°�Ey_W`R¶�_W_AVYUdFI°�PÖ¹i[IÂc_?¯cP±Vim@PZPRHVdv6P8X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°6P¸[I\�_WPREy_WX8EL`¸g(PRxL[u`ZELVihÈUWPR°�¶6`ZVdEL[(HQFIH�°QVYv�P³M(PR[(X³PZVYUWhÈELHQT6UYPR°6Ey`ZVYEyH�Mt_WPREy_WX8EL`UYPZ_YT¿[(H�_WPR_AF]V�Vdv�P;°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP;UdF]H�M(P�[I\ Ø(Ù Ú ¹�Þ�� Ú ¼

½�v�Pµ[(H�xwhÏT�xyFI¶�_WEy¯�xLP2m�F�hÈVY[»MIPRH�PZUdF]VYP8FjxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhÇELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M¥VYUdF�g(PZx�VYEyX³PO°�PZxGF�hÈ[I\AÛ Ü_YPZ`R[(H6°�_�FI`ZUY[(_W_?VYv�P¾°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP¾UYFIH�M(Pf[I\�Þ Ø Ú ¹dÛ Ü Ø Ú Ey_�VYv�F]VA_YPREL_YX³Ey`¸­�®�m�F�gIPR_�PZH�`R[(¶6H*VYPRUF Ù Ü(Üq*XÑVdv�EL`Íq»xyF�h(PRU?m�ELVYvÇxGF]UYM(P;H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P¾_Yv�PRFIUAgIPRxy[K`REwVihtUYPZ°�¶�`ZVYEy[(H6_�F]V?Vdv�P¾¯�FI_WP2[I\lVYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLPI¼½�v�P¸X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°6P2[I\�Vdv6P2VdUYF gIPRx3VYEyX³P2°�PZxGF�h9UYPRå*¶�ELUYPZ_�_Y¶�`ÍvÅxGFIUWM(P¾gIPRxL[u`ZELVih9UYPR°6¶�`ZVYEy[(H�_EyHÏVdv6P¯¿[IVYVY[(X×[I\�VYv�PX8FIHrVdxLP�VYv�F]VpVdv�PA°�EyUWPR`±V@_WPREy_WX8EL`?m@F�g(PZ_@m@[I¶�xy°¥T6UY[(T�F]MrF]VdPAFIxL[(H�M;Vdv�P�Vd[(TÄ[I\�Vdv6Pxy[ màgIPRxL[u`ZELVihtFIH6[(XÄF]xLh(¼@ôiH9Vdv6Ey_?`�FI_WPIa�Vdv�PfVdUdF�gIPRx�VdEyX³P�°�PZxGF�h»Ey_�`R[(HrVYUY[(xLxyPR°»¯rhtVdv�PfVdv�EL`ÍqKH6PR_Y_ZaUdFÓVdv�PZUfVYv�FIHÕVYv�P8gIPRxy[K`REwVih·UYPZ°�¶�`ZVYEy[(H6_Ra3[]\�Vdv�P8¯c[]VYVd[IX�¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%hQxyF�h(PRUZ¼9ä9[u°6PRxy_;m�ELVYv0F_YX8FIxLxyPRU�VYv�Ey`Íq*H�PZ_Y_�`RFIH�H�[IVT�UY[K°�¶�`ZP¸F8xLEyH�PRFIUYxwhjEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�M8VYUdF�g(PZx$VYEyX³P¾°6PRxGF�h»[I\�Û�Ü8_YPZ`R[(H6°�_RaUYPZMrFIUW°�xyPZ_Y_�[I\$Vdv�P�g(PZxy[K`REwVih¥UYPZ°�¶�`±VdEy[IH�_�EyH�_WEy°�P�VYv�P;xGF�h(PZU À PI¼ËM�¼wa�>3EyM�¼cÛ ÜrÃÖ¼

Page 14: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Û�Ý

¬ H6PRMrF]VYELgIP2_Yv6P�FIU?g(PRxL[u`ZELVih»M(UYFI°�EyPZHrV[I\ Ùrâ FI`RUW[(_Y_?Vdv�P¾¯c[IVWVd[(X Ù Ü(Ü8q*Xá[I\lVdv6P2X8FIHrVdxyPT�UW[u°�¶6`RPR_fF¥xLEyH�PRFIUYxwhtEyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6M¥VdUdF�gIPRx3VYEyX³P2°�PZxGF�hÏ[I\pÝj_WPR`R[IH�°�_fF]V�VYv�P¸°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP¸UdF]H�M(PO[I\Þ Ø Ú ¹ÍÛ Ü Ø Ú À >3ELM�¼�Û(۠ñ¼pS�PRT¿PRH�°6EyH�M³[(HtVdv�P;M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%hj[I\3VYv�P;_YPZEy_YX³Ey`;_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPIa5­�ßÖ­ÄT�v�FI_WPR_AFIUYP_Y[IX8P±VdEyX³PR_"guEL_YEL¯�xyP�¶�TjVY[8F]H9PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx5°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP�[I\"Û Ü ¢]Ú ¼�½�v�PR_WP³­�ßÖ­8T�v�F]_YPR_?v�F�g(P¾F¸_YX8FIxyxLPRU_YxL[ m�H�PR_W_�Vdv�FIH9Vdv�F]VA[I\�VYv�P2°�ELUYPZ`ZV�F]UYUYEwg]FIxy_ À >/EyM(_Z¼$ÛIÛ F6a$Û(Û�¯�ÃÖ¼s@[]VdvÇVYv�P2UWPRxGFÓVdELgIPOFIX³T�xLELVd¶6°�PFIH�°8VdEyX³EyH6M¾¯¿PZVim"PRPZHtVYv�P¾­�ßÖ­µT6v�FI_YPZ_�FIH�°8Vdv�P�°6EyUYPZ`ZV�FIUYUWELg]FIxy_Za*FIH�°¥VYv�PAVYPRUYX³EyH�F]VdEL[(H8°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP[I\¿Vdv�P�­�ßÖ­¾T�v�F]_YPR_�_%VdUY[IH�M(xLh2°�PRT¿PRH6°8[(H¸VYv�P�M(PR[(X³PZVYUWh2[I\cVYv�P�_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_R¼ ¬ _Wv�FIxyxL[ m@PZUPR°6M(P�°�EyTµM(PZH�PRUYF]VdPZ_p_%hKH*VYv�PZVYEy`Z_pm�EwVdv³F�xGFIUWM(PRU@­�ßÖ­fVdPZUYX³EyH�FÓVdEy[IH2°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP]auF�xL[(H�M(PZU@­�ßÖ­(¹d­;VdELX8P_YPZT�FIUYF]VdEL[(H�a�FIH6°ÇF¸_WVYUY[(H6M(PRU�UYPZxGF]VYELgIPO­�ßÖ­¥FIX³T�xLELVd¶6°�P À >/EyM(_Z¼,Û(Û Fua�Û(Û�¯�a5ÛIÛ�` ÃÖ¼pä9[u°6PRxy_�m�EwVdv»FIHEyHrm@FIUY°È°6EyT�T�ELH�M¥M(PZ[(X³PZVdU%hÇT6UY[K°�¶�`RP¸_WEyX³T�xyPfm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX8_;FIH6°·F¥_YX8FIxyxLPRU?xyEyH6P�FIUWxLhtEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�MVdUYF�g(PRx5VYEyX³P�°�PRxyF�h À >3ELM�¼,ÛIÛ�°�ñ¼

¬ H·ELH�`RUWP�FI_WPO[I\�Vdv�P¸H6PRMrF]VYELgIP2g(PZxy[K`RELVih9M(UYFI°�EyPZHrV�Vd[~" â F]V�VYv�PO¯¿[IVYVY[(Xá[I\�Vdv�POX8FIHrVdxLPT�UW[u°�¶6`RPR_;_WPZg(PZUdFIx�H�[]VdEy`ZP�FI¯6xyPOP±Â,PZ`ZVd_f[(H·_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_ À >/EyM�¼/Û ¢ ñz2Û�ÃAVdv�P¥­�ßÖ­»T�v�FI_YPZ_¾v�F�gIP8FX³[(UYP�_WEyX³EyxGF]U"_Wxy[ m�H�PR_W_AVY[µVYv�P;°�EyUWPR`±VF]UYUYEwg]FIxy_ û�¢ Ã@_%VdUY[IH�M»­�ßÖ­8T�v�F]_YPR_AFIUWP;gKEL_YEy¯6xyPVYv�UY[(¶6M(v�[(¶6VVdv6POm�v�[(xyP¸°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP¸UdFIH�MIPO[I\"Þ ØIÚ ¹ÍÛ Ü Ø]ÚZû$Ù ÃA¯¿[IVYv·VYv�POVdUYF�g(PRxlVYEyX³P2°�PZxGF�hK_;FIH�°ÈVdv6P¸UYPRxyF]VdEwg(P­�ßÖ­ÅFIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6PR_2ELH�`RUWP�FI_WPjEyHÕVYv�P¥_%huHrVYv�PZVYEy`R_Z¼ Þ ¶�FIxLELVdF]VdEwg(PRxwh(a$m@Pj_WPRPj_YELX8ELxGFIU;P±Â,PZ`ZVd_¸[]\`Ív�FIH6M(EyH�MÄX8[K°�PRx$M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%hÇ[(HÇ_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`Z_;FI_�ELH >3EyM6¼$ÛIÛ(¼ ¬ _Wv�FIxyxL[ m@PZUPR°6M(PO°�ELTÏM(PRH6PRUdFÓVdPR__WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_�m�ELVYvÈFÄxL[(H�M(PZU¾­�ßÖ­(¹d­jVYEyX³P¾_WPRT�F]UdF]VYEy[(H·FIH6°ÈF¥_WVYUY[(H�MIPRU�UWPRxGFÓVdELgIP8­�ßÖ­»FIX³T�xLELVd¶6°�PÀ >/EyM(_Z¼3Û ¢ FualÛ ¢ ¯�a3Û ¢ ` ÃÖ¼³ä9[K°�PRxL_�m�ELVdvÅFIHÅEyHrm@FIUY°·°�ELT�T�ELH�MjM(PR[IX8P±VdUWhÏ_WVdELxyx/T�UY[K°�¶�`ZP³_WEyX³T�xyPm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX8_AFIH�°»Fµ_YX8FIxyxLPRU"xyEyH6P�FIUWxLh8EyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6MµVYUdF�g(PZx�VdELX8P�°6PRxGF�h À >3EyM6¼,Û ¢ °�ñ¼

buP±g(PRUYFIx?`Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_³¯cPZM(EyHBVd[ÅPRX³PRUWM(PtEyHBVdv�P»_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_³\´[(UµX8[K°�PRxL_Om�ELVYv�F_WVYUY[(H6M»H6PRMrF]VYELgIP¸_Yv�PRFIU�g(PZxy[K`RELVihÇM(UdF]°�EyPZH*V;[]\@Þ â F]V�VYv�Pµ¯c[]VYVd[IX-[I\�VYv�PµXÄFIHrVYxyP À >3EyM6¼3Û Ù ÃÖ¼Û�Ã;½�v�P¥T�UWPR°�EL`ZVdPZ°0xyELH�P�F]UYxLh·ELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M»VdUYF gIPRxpVdEyX³P³°�PRxyF hQFIT6T�UY[rF]`Ív�PR_¸F]¯c[(¶uV Ø _WPR`R[IH�°�_À >/EyM(_Z¼5Û Ù F6a5Û Ù ¯�a5Û Ù `�à ûc¢ Ã@Vdv�PZUYP¾FIT�T¿P�FIUW_F]HÏFI°�°6ELVdEL[(H�FIx/­�ßÖ­¥T�v�F]_YP;\´[(U�X8[K°�PRxL_�m�ELVdv»_WVYPRPZT�xLh°�ELT�T�EyH6M¥PR°�MIPR_ À T�v�FI_YPZ_fxyFI¯¿PRxyPZ° ¢ a�>3ELM�¼$Û Ù ` Ã û$Ù Ã?Vdv6PR_YPµXO¶6xLVdELT�xyPµ­�ßÖ­»T�v�FI_WPR_;v�F�g(P³FIxLX8[I_WVVdv6P2_dF]X8PfX8[ gIPR[(¶6VY_�FI_�Vdv6P2°�ELUYPR`±V�F]UYUYEwg]FIxy_ û Ý*Ã�_%hKH*VYv�PZVYEy`2m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_�FIUWP¾_WPRH�_WELVYELg(PfVd[8_YX8FIxyxFIH�MIxyPOg]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(HÏ[I\"PR°6M(Pµ°�EyT À >/EyM(_Z¼lÛ Ù ¯�a3Û Ù ` ÃÖ¼ ¬ xyx$Vdv�PZ_YP³`Ív�FIUYFI`ZVYPRUYEL_WVYEy`R_;UWPR_YPZXO¯�xLPµm�v�F]V

Page 15: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

ÛÓ�FIUWPO[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°·EyH9Vdv�PO_WPREL_YX³Ey`2°�F]VÍFÄ_YFIX³T�xyELH�M³VYv�Pµbu[I¶6Vdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`2[K`RPRFIH À >/EyM(_Z¼,Þ(Fua,ÞI¯�ñ¼ ¬xGF]UYM(P�xLEyH�PRFIUYxwh8ELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M¸VYUdF�g(PZx�VYEyX³P�°�PZxGF�hjEy_�MIPRH�PZUdF]VYPR°�a�¯¿PR`�F]¶�_YP;Vdv�P;°�ELUYPZ`ZV?_YPZEy_YX³Ey`�m@F�g(PZ_°�EwÂ,UYFI`ZV�FIxy[(H6M¾Vdv6PVd[(TÄ[I\5Vdv�Pxy[ m�g(PZxy[K`RELVih³xyF hIPRU�°6¶�PVd[¾Vdv�P�T6UYPR_WPRH�`ZP�[I\5Vdv6P�_WVYUY[(H�M¸H6PRMrF]VYELgIPg(PZxy[K`REwVihµM(UdFI°6EyPRHrVR¼l½�v�P�F]°�°�ELVYEy[(H�FIx,­�ßÖ­OT6v�FI_YPAEy_pFfVYUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYEy[(HO[]\�Vdv�P?UYP�@�PR`±VdPZ°jT�v�FI_WP[IÂtVdv6P`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥[(¶6Vd_WEy°�P�VYv�P;¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%hjxGF�h(PZU À _WPRPfT�F]Vdv6_?ELHjVdv�P;¯¿[IVYVY[(X [I\m>3ELM�¼,Û Ù ` Ã±¼s@[IVYvÏVdv�P¾VdUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYPR°9T�v�FI_WPR_fFIH�°ÏVYv�POm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX _YPZH�_YEwVdEwguEwVih9VY[¥Vdv�P¸_WXÄF]xyx$FIH�M(xLP2g]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H[I\pVdv�PµPZ°�M(P³°�EyTÅFIUWPOVdv�Pµ`R[IH�_YPZåK¶6PRH�`ZPR_¸[I\pVdv�Pµ_%VdUY[IH�M9H6PRMrF]VYELgIPOg(PRxL[u`ZELVihÈMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV�¼¸½�v6PZhEyH6°�PRT¿PRH�°6PRHrVdxwhÇT�xyFI`RP2Fį¿[(¶�H�°Ï[IHÇVdv�P¾X8ELH�EyX8FIx�H6PRMrF]VYELgIP2g(PZxy[K`RELVih»M(UYFI°�ELPRHrV�FÓVVdv6PO¯�FI_WP2[I\Vdv6PfX8FIHrVdxLPI¼

¬ xwVdv�[I¶�M(v²FÈH�PRMrFÓVdELgIPjg(PRxL[u`ZELVih MIUdFI°�ELPRHrVµ[I\¾Û ¢(â T�UY[K°�¶�`ZPR_³åK¶�FIxyEwVÍF]VYELg(PZxLhQ_YELX8ELxGFIUm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX `Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_fFI_fFtH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP¸g(PRxL[u`ZELVihÈMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV;[I\�Þ â À >/EyM�¼/Û�Ý*ña5VYv�P8°6PZVÍF]Eyxy_[I\�VYv�PRELU�m�F�g(P±\´[(UYX \´P�FÓVd¶�UWPR_2X8FIq]P8Vdv6PR_YP³Vim@[9VihuT¿PR_¾[I\�X³[u°6PRxy_;UWPR_Y[IxLg]FI¯�xLPI¼j½�v�PZUYPÄPÖJuEy_WVVdUYFI°�PÖ¹i[IÂc_�¯cP±Vim@PZPRHÇVYv�P¾X8FIM(H6ELVd¶6°�P�[I\3VYv�PfH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP�g(PRxL[u`ZELVihjMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVAFIH�°»Vdv�PfFIH�MIxyP;[I\$Vdv�PPR°6M(P¾°6EyTtEyHtT�UWPR°�EL`ZVdELH�M¸Vdv�P�VYEyX³P�_YPRT�FIUdF]VYEy[(Ht¯¿PZVim"PRPZHÇVdv�P¸­�ßÖ­ÄT�v�FI_WP2FIH6°»VYv�P;°�EyUWPR`ZVAFIUWUYEwgIF]xÀ P]¼æM6¼Lam>3EyM�¼3Û Ù F»FIH�°w>/EyM�¼�Û�ÝI¯�ñ¼js"¶6V2°6ELÂcPRUYPZHrV¾gIPRxy[K`REwVih·M(UdF]°�EyPZH*VY_2F]xy_Y[tT�UWPR°�EL`ZV¾°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVUYPZxGF]VYELgIP8­�ßÖ­»FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6PR_ À PI¼ËM�¼wa�>3ELM�¼�Û Ù F¥F]H�° >3ELM�¼�Û�Ý(¯�ÃÖ¼�½�v�POPÖJ6EL_WVYPRH�`ZP¸[I\�Vdv�P¾VdUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYPR°T�v�F]_YP³FIH�°ÈVdv6P³UWPRxyF]VdEwg(P2VYEyX³EyH�MjF]H�°ÅFIX8T6xyELVY¶�°�P2FIX8[IH�Mj°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVfT�v�FI_WPR_fFIUWP¸_YPRH6_YELVYELgIPµVY[¯¿[IVdvÇVYv�POX8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°6P¾[I\�VYv�P2H6PRMrF]VYELgIP2g(PZxy[K`RELVih»M(UYFI°�ELPRHrV�FIH6°ÇVdv�P2M(PR[(X³PZVYUWh»[I\�VYv�PO_YPZEy_WX8EL`_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_ À `]¼Ë\�¼wa�>3EyM6¼,Û Ù ` û >3EyM6¼,Û�Ý(`�ña

½�v�Pfm�F�g(P±\´[(UYXÑ\´PRF]Vd¶�UWPR_FIH�°9VYv�PRELU�UdFIT�EL°»g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_�[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°ÈEyHtVdv6P2FI¯¿[ g(P¾_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`Z_FIUWPf¶6H�Eyå*¶�P;`R[IH�_YPZåK¶6PRH�`ZPR_�[I\/_WVYUY[(H6M8H�PZMrF]VYELg(P�gIPRxy[K`REwVihjM(UYFI°�EyPZHrVd_�F]V�Vdv6Pf¯�FI_YP;[I\$Vdv�PfX8FIHrVdxyP]¼ä9[K°�PRxL_pm�EwVdv³¶�xLVYUdFÓ¹'xy[ m²g(PRxL[u`ZELVihµºZ[(H�PR_"PRXO¯¿PR°6°�PR°Äm�EwVdv�ELHÄFf_YX8FIxyx�H6PRMrF]VYELgIP?gIPRxy[K`REwVih¸M(UYFI°�EyPZHrVÀ Û â ¹ Ùrâ Ã�T�UY[K°�¶�`ZP¾_WPREy_WX8EL`�UYPZ_YT¿[(H�_YPZ_°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*V?\´UY[IX Vdv�[I_YPf[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°Ç\´[(U�VYv�P;_YEyX³T�xLP�X8[K°�PRxL_m�ELVYvÇ_%VdUY[IH�M¥H�PZMrF]VdEwg(Pfg(PRxL[u`ZELVih»M(UYFI°�EyPZHrVd_ À PI¼ËM�¼wa¦>3ELM(_R¼�Û Ù a/Û�ÝrÃ�ELHÇ_YP±g(PZUdFIx3FI_YT¿PR`±Vd_ À >3EyM�¼�ÛÓ�IñzÛ�ÃAVYv�PZh·`RFIHQ[IH�xLhÇT�UY[K°�¶�`ZP8FjxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhÇELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�MjVdUYF�g(PRxlVYEyX³PO°�PZxGF�hÈ[I\@FI¯¿[(¶6Vð�j_YPR`Z[(H�°�_ û¢ ÃAVYv�PZhÈT6UY[K°�¶�`RPj­�ßÖ­9T�v�FI_WPR_�m�ELVYvÅFt°6ELÂcPRUYPZHrV¾_Wxy[ m�H�PZ_Y_;\´UY[(XáVdv�P¸°�ELUYPZ`ZV�m@F gIPR_ û�Ù ÃAVdv6PZh`�F]H�H�[IVAT�UY[K°�¶�`ZPOFµVdUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYPR°tT�v�F]_YP û Ý*Ã�Vdv�P±h9MIPRH�PZUdF]VYP¾g(PZUWh9`R[(X³T�xLEy`�FÓVdPR°tm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX8_?m�ELVYv

Page 16: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

ÛT"X8FIHrh8X2¶�xLVYEyT�xLPR_�EyH6_YEy°6P?VYv�PxyF hIPRU@FIH�°ÄT6¶�xy_WP±¹ixLEyq]PA°�ELUYPZ`ZV@FIUYUWELg]FIxy_ À >3EyM�¼�ÛT�(ña*°�EwÂ,PZUYPRHrV"\´UY[(X×Vdv6Pm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX-`Ív�FIUdFI`±VdPZUYEy_%VdEL`R_?[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°ÈEyHtVdv6P2_YPZEy_WX8EL`f°�F]VÍF À >3ELM(_R¼�ÞIF6a¿ÞI¯�Ã�FIH�°9VYv�Pf_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`Z_`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR°¥¶�_WEyH�M2X8[K°�PRxL_"m�EwVdvj_WVYUY[(H6MOH�PRM(F]VdEwg(PgIPRxy[K`REwVihÄMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVd_ À PI¼ËM�¼wa�>3ELM(_R¼¿Û Ù FuacÛ Ù ¯�a,Û Ù `FIH�°#>3ELM(_R¼cÛ�ÝrF6a�ÛRÝ(¯�a5Û�Ý(`�ñ¼

½�v�PjXO¶6xLVdE ¹iT�FÓVdv�PZ°²­�ßÖ­·T�v�FI_YPZ_³[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°BEyH0_W[(X8PÄ_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`Z_ À P]¼æM�¼wa�xGF]¯cPZxyPR°0FI_ ¢ a>3ELM�¼�Û�Ý(` Ã?FIxy_W[¥EyH6°�PRT¿PRH�°6PRHrVdxwhÇUWPRå*¶�EyUWP¸FÄ`ZPRUWVdFIEyH9Vdv�EL`ÍqKH6PR_Y_;[I\�VYv�POH�PZMrF]VYELg(Pfg(PZxy[K`RELVih9xGF�hIPRUR¼ô'V;Ey_�`ZxyPRFIU\´UY[IX-Vdv6PREyUUdF�hÈT�F]VYv�_ À P]¼æM6¼LaX>3ELM�¼3ÛRÝ(` ÃAVYv�F]VfFÄVdv6EyH·xGF�h(PZU�m@[I¶�xy°·H�[IV�FIxyxL[�m4VYv�PXO¶�xwVdE ¹iT�F]VYv�PR°Q­�ßÖ­ÇT�v�FI_YP¸Vd[»_YPZT�FIUYF]VdP¸\´UY[IX-Vdv6P³°6EyUYPZ`ZV�m@F�g(PR_Z¼¥b*huHrVYv�PZVYEy`R_;VdPZ_WVY_fELH�°�EL`�F]VYPVdv�F]V�a�FÓV?VYv�Ey_�T�FIUWVYEy`R¶6xGFIU"°�Ey_%VÍFIH�`ZP;UdFIH�MIPIa�FOVdv�EL`Íq*H�PR_W_A[I\3F]V�xLP�FI_%V ¢ �IÜOq*XÆEy_�UWPRå*¶�EyUWPR°»_Y[µVdv�FÓVVdv6POVdUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYPR°Å­�ßÖ­9T6v�FI_YPZ_�T�UY[K°�¶�`ZPR°·¯rhÏVdv6PO_WVYUY[(H�MtH�PZMrF]VYELg(P¾g(PRxL[u`ZELVih9M(UdF]°�EyPZH*V�FIH�°ÏVdv6P_WVYPRPZT�xLht°�ELT�T�ELH�M¸PR°�MIPR_?`R[(¶�xL°t_Y¶Ê°³`RELPRHrVdxwht_YPZT�FIUdFÓVdP;\´UY[(X Vdv�P;°�ELUYPR`±VAFIUYUWELg]FIxy_ À >3ELM�¼,ÛT"(ñ¼pkA[IVYPFIxL_Y[8VYv�F]VAVdv�P¾T�UYPZ°�Ey`±VdPR°9VdUdF�gIPRx/VYEyX³P¾°6PRxGF�h»Ey_AFIxL_Y[Ä_WXÄF]xyxyPZU�Vdv�FIH9Vdv�[(_WP2T�UWPR°�EL`ZVYPR°Ïm�ELVYv Ù ÜIÜq*X Vdv6Ey`Íq¥xyF hIPRUW_ À `I¼ë\�¼La�>/EyM�¼cÛ�Ý*ñ¼

¬ V8FÅ`Zxy[(_WPRUµ°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPtUdF]H�M(Pt[I\ Ø(Ù Ú ¹iÞ�� Ú a@v�[ m"PZgIPRURa�VYUdFI°6P±¹i[]Â,_¸PÖJ6EL_WV³¯¿PZVim"PRPRH~Vdv�PX8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�P³[I\�_WPREy_WX8EL`³gIPRxL[u`ZELVihÅUYPZ°�¶�`ZVYEy[(HBF]H�°ÕVdv6P¥M(PR[IX8P±VdUWhÅ[I\�_WPREL_YX³Ey`³_WVdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYP¥\´[IUT�UWPR°�EL`ZVdELH�Mt_Y[(X³P¸\´P�F]VY¶�UYPZ_;[I\@_WPREL_YX³Ey`¸UYPZ_YT¿[(H�_WPR_Ra/PR_WTcPZ`REGF]xyxLh9Vdv�Pµ°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*VYEGFIx/VdUdF�gIPRx�VdELX8PZ_¯¿PZVim"PRPRH~­ÏFIH6°²­�ßÖ­»T�v�F]_YPR_Z¼ ¬ X³[u°6PRx3m�EwVdvÅFj_WVdUW[(H�M»H�PRM(F]VdEwg(POg(PZxy[K`REwVihÈM(UdF]°�EyPZH*VfF]H�°ÅF_WVYPRPZT�xLhÅ°�ELT�T�EyH6MÇPR°6M(PÄ`Z[(¶�xy°QT�UY[K°�¶�`ZP8VYv�PÄ_YFIX8P8°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVdEyFIx�­�ßÖ­z�f­ÇVdUdF�gIPRx"VYEyX³PR_fFI_2FX³[u°�PZx¿m�EwVdvÄF2_YX8FIxyxLPRU�H�PZMrF]VdEwg(PgIPRxL[u`ZELVih³M(UdF]°�EyPZH*V@FIH�°tF¾X8[(UWPA_Wv�FIxLxy[ m�xLhµ°�ELT�T�ELH�M2PZ°�M(P À PI¼ËM�¼La>3ELM�¼�ÛÓ (ñ¼?½�v�POUWPRxyF]VdEwg(Pµ­�ßÖ­»FIX8T6xyELVY¶�°�PZ_AF]`RUY[I_Y_VYv�P2°�EL_WVdFIH�`RP2UdFIH�MIP2X³EyM(vrV?_WVYEyxyx�¯¿P2¶�_WPR°ÏVY[UYPZ_Y[(xwg(PfVdv�PfXÄF]M(H�ELVY¶�°�P;[I\/Vdv�P¾H�PRMrFÓVdELgIPfgIPRxL[u`ZELVihtM(UYFI°�EyPZHrV�a¿FI_AF8_WVYUY[(H6M(PRU?H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P;g(PRxL[u`ZELVihT�UWPR°�EL`ZVd_AFµX8[(UWP;UdFIT�EL°tEyH�`ZUYP�F]_YPf[I\lUWPRxGFÓVdELgIP¸­�ßÖ­jFIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6P\´UY[(X ØIÙIÚ Vd[8Þ�� Ú À P]¼æM�¼wa >3EyM6¼�ÛÓ (ÃÖ¼NQPf_Wv�[(¶�xL°�a�v�[ m"PZg(PZURacTc[(ELHrV�[(¶6V�Vdv�F]V?`�FI¶6VYEy[(HtEL_�UYPRå*¶�ELUYPZ°9Vd[µ¶�_WP¾UWPRxyF]VdEwg(Pfbu`�b9FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6P�FI_FIHjF]°�°�ELVYEy[(H�FIx�`R[(H6_WVdUYFIEyHrV"Vd[2VYv�Pg(PZxy[K`REwVih8_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_Ra�FI_"Vdv�PAUYPRxyF]VdEwg(P�bu` b¥FIX³T�xLELVd¶6°�PR_pF]V"Vdv�EL_°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP¾UdFIH�MIP¾m"[(¶�xy°ÇFIxy_W[į¿POF]ÂcPR`±VdPZ°Ï¯rhǶ�H6`RPRU%VÍFIELHrVdEyPZ_AELHÇPRFIUWVYv�å*¶�FIqIP2UdFI°�EyF]VdEL[(H»T�F]VYVYPRUWHFIH�°»_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_PZxy_WPZm�v�PZUYP À >3ELM�¼��(ÃÖ¼

Page 17: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

ÛÓ ��è =?�$ ���� %& , �����$#��! %�-����� � �/.Õ�$�����p�K�t, ���@��#��1¾�/�����3���-�����

.Õ�/�@�6����#879��&� �:;&<����� =?�"+A��� �B��#%���@�� %& ò~&5�$�����½�v�P¸[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°ÅVYUdF�g(PZx3VdELX8P¾°�PRxyF hK_;FIH6°Ïm�F�g(P±\´[(UYX-\´P�F]VY¶�UYPZ_�`�FIHȯ¿PO¶�_WPR°·Vd[j`R[IH�_WVYUdFIELH

_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_�¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv»Vdv�P;`RPZHrVdUdF]x3Ô/FI`RE Á `fFIH�°ÈbK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`f[K`RPRFIH�_AF]V�Vdv�Pf¯¿[IVYVY[(X[I\"Vdv�PµX8FIHrVdxyP]¼µ½�v�P8UYFIT�EL°Åg]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H�_[I\@m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX�`R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVihÈFI`RUW[(_Y_f_YX8FIxyx3PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPZ_¾[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ° EyH·Vdv�Pµ_Y[I¶6Vdv�PZUYH ¬ \´UYEL`�FIHÅ_YPZEy_YX³Ey`µF]UYUdF�hÅFIxL_Y[»T�UY[ gKEy°6P8F]H0FI°�°6ELVdEL[(H�FIx`R[IH�_WVYUdFIELH*V�VY[³VYv�P;_YPZEy_YX³Ey`X8[K°�PRxL_�¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvtVdv�P¾bu[(¶uVdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`�[K`RPRFIH�¼

½�v�P¸[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°ÅVYUdF�g(PZxlVdEyX³PR_FIH�°Ïm@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX³_;\´[IUAVdv6P¥­�®àm@F gIPR_f_dFIX³T�xLEyH�M³Vdv�PO`ZPRHrVdUYFIxÔ3F]`RE Á ` À >3EyMI_R¼ Ø ¯,a Ø ` Ã@_W¶�M(M(PZ_WVAX8[K°�PRxL_�m�ELVYv9Fµ_YX8FIxLx,H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`REwVihjM(UdF]°�EyPZH*V?FÓV�Vdv�Pf¯�FI_WP[I\$Vdv�PfX8FIHrVdxyP]¼�ôiH�°�PZPR°�a�Vdv6Pf[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°Ï_YxL[ m�H�PR_W_[I\$Vdv�P¸­�ßÖ­8T�v�FI_WPR_FIH�°jVdv�PZEyU�°�EL_dFIT�T¿P�F]UdFIH�`ZPF]V"xGFIUWM(P�°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP À >3ELM�¼ Ø ¯�Ã�`�FIHįcP?P±JuT�xyFIEyH�PZ°Ä¯rh8F¾X³[u°6PRx�m�ELVYv¥FfH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP?gIPRxL[u`ZELVihµM(UYFI°�EyPZHrV[I\ Ùrâ F]VfVdv�P³¯c[]VYVd[IX Ù Ü(ÜtqKX [I\"Vdv�P8XÄF]H*VYxyP À >3EyM�¼ Ø P Ã±¼ ¬ H�PZMrF]VdEwg(Pµg(PZxy[K`RELVihÏM(UdFI°6EyPRHrV[I\ Ùrâ FIxL_Y[tP±JuT�xyFIEyH6_�Vdv�Pµ[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_;_dFIX³T�xyELH�M¥Vdv6P³`ZPRHrVdUYFIxpÔ3FI`ZE Á `³F]V;`Zxy[(_WPRU;°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPZ_À >/EyM(_Z¼ Ø `]a Ø \dñ¼2Ò�¶6U�UYPZ_Y¶�xwVd_fFIUYP2`R[(H�_WEy_%VdPRHrV;m�ELVYvÈT�UYP±gKEy[(¶�_�_%Vd¶�°6EyPR_8êÆ��ý ð É ï±ÿ³íÈï±ðAíIñwòya3Û ÞIÞ� û� îÓÉ ïfÉfɱý�úÓù~ï±ð�íIñwòyalÛ Þ(ÞIÞ]ó�¼³½�v�P³[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°Bb��×m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_2_YFIX8T6xyEyH6MÄVdv�P³H�[(U%Vdv�PZUYHÕÔ3FI`ZE Á `À >/EyM�¼ Ø FrÃ@`�F]H9¯¿P;UYP�F]_Y[(H�F]¯�xLhÄP±JuT�xGF]EyH�PZ°9¯rhtÔ�ã?É"ä À >/EyM�¼ Ø °�ñ¼

½�v�P¸`Ív�F]UdFI`±VdPRUWEy_%VdEy`Z_�[I\�Vdv�P¸[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°ÅVdFIH�M(PZHrVdEGF]x3°�EL_YT�xyFI`RPZX8PZH*VY_�_dFIX³T�xLEyH�M³Vdv�P³bu[I¶6Vdv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`8[K`RPRFIH�a�[(HÕVYv�P¥[IVYv�PRU¾v�FIH�°,a�_Y¶�M(MIPR_WVOP±JuEy_%VdPRH6`RPj[I\?FÇ_%VdUW[(H�MÏH�PZMrF]VYELg(P8g(PRxL[u`ZELVihM(UYFI°�EyPZHrV À�� Þ â ÃF]VVYv�PO¯¿[IVYVY[(X Ù Ü(ÜÄq*X-[I\�Vdv�P2XÄFIHrVYxyPI¼A½�v�PRUWPµFIUYP2_YPZgIPRUYFIxlEyH6°�PRT¿PRH�°6PRHrVxyELH�PR_µ[I\APZgKEL°�PRH�`ZPÇELH�°�Ey`RF]VdELH�M·F·`Ív�FIH�M(P9[I\?g(PRxL[u`ZELVihB_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYP9F]V Ù Ü(Ü·qKX F]¯c[ g(PtVdv6P`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP¾¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%hÈFIH�°ÏVYv�P¸P±JuEL_WVdPZH�`RPµ[I\"F¥_%VdUY[IH�MtH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP2g(PZxy[K`REwVihÇM(UYFI°�ELPRHrV;F]V�VYv�P¯�FI_WP;[I\/VYv�P;XÄF]H*VYxyP�¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvtVdv6P2bK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH�z

Û(¼�½�v�PZUYP¾Ey_?F8`Ív�F]H�M(P2[]\3VdUYF�g(PRx�VdELX8P;¯¿PRv�F�gKEy[IU?\´[(U�VYv�P¾_WPREL_YX³Ey`�m�F�gIPR_�[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°ÈELH9P±g(PZH*VÞ� KÛ(Û ¢IØ a�m�EwVdvÏxLELVYVYxyP�VYUdF�g(PZx3VdELX8P;°�PZxGF�hK_\´[(U?_YPREL_YX³Ey`fm�F�g(PZ_�¯c[]VYVd[IX8ELH�M Ù Ü(Ü8q*X-FI¯c[ gIPVYv�PO`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyPf¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h9FIH�°·FÄxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhjEyH�`ZUYPRFI_YELH�MÄVdUYF�g(PRx$VdELX8Pf°�PRxyF�h»\´[IU_YPZEy_WX8EL`m@F�g(PR_;Vd¶6UYH�ELH�Mjm�ELVdv6EyHÏVdv6P³¯¿[IVWVd[(X Ù Ü(Üjq*X)[I\�Vdv6P³X8FIHrVdxLP À >/EyM�¼,ÞI` ÃÖ¼O½�v�PµP±J6FI`±VdxLh

Page 18: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Û Ø

_YFIX8P¸`Ív�FIH�M(Pµ[I\pVdUYF gIPRxlVYEyX³PO¯cPZv�F�gKEy[(UW_fEL_;FIxy_W[j[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°Å\´UY[(X-[IVdv�PZU;PZg(PZHrVW¹i_%VÍF]VYEy[(HT�F]EyUY_?_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M¸VYv�P2_YFIX8PfUYPZM(Ey[IH�_A[]\lVdv�P¾`R[(UWP±¹'XÄFIHrVYxyP;¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h(a¿¯�¶6V°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV�T�F]UWVd_[I\$Vdv6PfX³Ey°K¹ixy[ m"PRU�X8FIHrVdxLPµê � ï±ùÕï±ð@íIñwòya ¢ Ü(ÜuÛRó�¼

¢ ¼�½�v�P2[(H�xLhtT6xGFI¶�_WEy¯�xLP¾X³[K°�PRx5Vd[ÄP±JuT�xGF]EyHÏF8xyEyH6P�FIUWxLhjELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M³VdUdF�gIPRx/VYEyX³P¾°6PRxGF�h»[I\�Û Ü_WPR`R[IH�°�_?[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°ÈFI`ZUY[(_W_?VYv�P;°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP;UdFIH6M(P;[I\lÞ ØIÚ ¹dÛ Ü ØIÚ À >3EyM�¼6ÞI¯�Ã�Ey_�F Ù ÜIܵq*XÆVYv�Ey`Íq¯¿[IVYVY[(X ¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥xGF�h(PZU�m�EwVdvt_WVYUY[(H6M8H�PZMrF]VYELg(P�gIPRxL[u`ZELVihjUWPR°�¶�`±VdEL[(H�_ À P]¼æM�¼wa�>3ELM�¼,Û Ü(ñ¼

Ù ¼�½�v�P¾[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°ÏPÖJuEy_WVYPRH�`ZPO[I\/Vdv�P;VdUWEyT�xLEy`�FÓVdPR°tT�v�FI_YPZ_ À xyFI¯¿PRxyPZ°ÇF]_ ¢ a >3ELM�¼�Þ(F(Ã�UWPRå*¶�EyUWPR_AF¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhjxyF�h(PRU�m�EwVdvt_WVYUY[(H�M¸gIPRxy[K`REwVihjM(UYFI°�EyPZHrVd_�FIH�°9FOVdv�EL`Íq*H�PR_W_[I\3F]V�xyPRFI_WV ¢ �IܸqKX»¼

Ý�¼�½�v�Pf[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°ÈEL°�PRHrVYEy`�F]x5X8[ g(PÖ¹i[(¶uVd_?[I\3VYv�P¾X2¶�xLVYEyT�xLP2­�ßÖ­¥T�v�FI_YPZ_AVd[µVdv�F]V?[I\3VYv�P¾°6EyUYPZ`ZVFIUWUYEwgIF]xy_�_W¶�M(M(PZ_WVAF¸xGFIUWM(P�H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`RELVihÄM(UdF]°�EyPZH*VR¼

�u¼�½�v�Pj[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°~UYFIT�EL°Õg]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H�_f[I\�m�F�g(P±\´[(UYX FI`RUW[(_Y_¸_WXÄF]xyxpPRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx"°�Ey_%VÍFIH�`ZPR_À >3EyM(_Z¼¿Þ(F6a¿ÞI¯�Ã�UYPRå*¶�ELUYP¾X8[K°�PRxL_AT6UY[K°�¶�`RELH�MÄ_%hKH*VYv�PZVYEy`Z_�_YPZH�_YEwVdELgIP2Vd[ÄFÄ_YX8FIxLx5`Ív�FIH�M(P2[I\X³[u°6PRx�T�FIUYFIX8P±VdPZUY_R¼?½�v�EL_A_WPRH�_WELVdEwgKELVih»`�FIHǯcP¾P�FI_WEyxLh»F]`R`R[IX8T�xLEy_Wv�PR°tm�v�PRHÏVYv�P2¯¿[IVWVd[(X¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhjxyF�h(PRU�v�F]_AF¸_%VdUY[IH�MµH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP�g(PRxL[u`ZELVihjMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV À P]¼æM6¼La�>3ELM�¼,ÛRÝ*ñ¼

"6¼ ¬ xLVdv6[(¶�M(v0VYv�PRUWP»PÖJuEy_WV¸VYUdFI°6P±¹i[]Â,_¸¯¿PZVim"PRPZH�X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�PÄ[I\AVYv�PjH�PZMrF]VdEwg(P¥gIPRxy[K`REwVihM(UYFI°�ELPRHrV�FIH6°ÈX8[K°�PRx$M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%h9ELHÏP±JuT�xyFIEyH6EyH�M³Vdv�PO°6ELÂcPRUYPZHrVdEGF]x�VYUdF�g(PZx3VdELX8PZ_¯¿PZVim"PRPZH­�ßÖ­9FIH�° ­»T�v�F]_YPR_¾F]V�VYv�P¸°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP¸UYFIH�M(P¸[I\ Ø(Ù Ú ¹�Þ�� Ú À >/EyM�¼$ÛÓ (ÃÖa�Vdv�P¸UYFIT�Ey°ÈELH�`RUWP�FI_WP[I\A­�ßÖ­ÇUWPRxyF]VdEwg(P³FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°�PZ_�[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR° ELHÈVdv�P³_YPZEy_YX³Ey`¸°�F]VÍF»F]V;Vdv�EL_�°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP³UdFIH�MIPÀ >3EyM�¼,ÞI` ÃEL_�X8[IUYP¸`R[IH�_YEL_WVdPZHrVfm�EwVdv·X³[u°�PZxy_m�EwVdv·xGF]UYM(POH6PRMrF]VYELgIPµgIPRxL[u`ZELVihÏMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVd_À >3EyM�¼cÛÓ (ÃÖ¼

½�v�P;`Ív�FIUYFI`ZVYPRUWEy_WVYEy`Z_�[I\�Vdv�PO­�®�m@F�g(PZ_A[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°ÏF]V�VYv�P�°�EwÂ,UYFI`ZVYPR°t°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP�UdF]H�M(P À FOxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�MÏVdUYF�g(PRx"VdEyX³P¥°�PZxGF�hQ[I\fÛ ÜÈ_YPR`Z[(H�°�_³FI`ZUY[(_W_OVdv�Pj_WPREL_YX³Ey`jFIUWUdF�h û VYv�PjP±JuEy_%VdPZH�`RP[I\�FtVdUWEyT�xLEy`�FÓVdPR°ÅT�v�F]_YP û VYv�PÄEL°�PRHrVdEL`�FIx�_Wxy[ m�H�PR_W_O[I\�X2¶�xLVYEyT�xLP¥­�ßÖ­ÈT�v�FI_WPR_2VY[ÇVdv�F]V2[]\�Vdv�P°�ELUYPR`±Vm@F�g(PR_ û Vdv�P¾UYPZxGF]VYELg(P;VdELX8ELH�M³FIH�°ÈF]X8T�xLELVY¶�°�PfFIX³[(H�M³°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV�T�v�FI_YPZ_ û FIH6°ÇVdv�P¾UdFIT6Ey°g]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H�_�[]\/m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX FI`ZUY[(_W_?VYv�P;_YX8FIxyxcPRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx5°�EL_WVdFIH�`RPZ_ û >3ELM(_R¼6Þ(F6a�ÞI¯�Ã�F]H�°»VYv�P;UdFIT6Ey°

Page 19: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Û Þ

EyH6`RUYPRFI_YP�[]\�UYPRxyF]VdEwg(P2­�ßÖ­³F]X8T�xLELVY¶�°�PA\´UW[(X Ør¢]Ú ¹�Þ�� Ú `�FIHj¯¿P�¯cPZ_WV�PÖJuT�xGFIELH�PR°j¯rh¥F Ù Ü(ÜOq*X|VYv�Ey`ÍqxGF�hIPRUm�EwVdvÈFÄ_%VdUW[(H�M¥H�PZMrF]VYELg(P¾g(PRxL[u`ZELVih»M(UYFI°�EyPZHrV\´UY[IX ¢Iâ À Vd[(T�Ã�Vd[ÏÛ�ÜÓ¹ÍÛ ¢Iâ À ¯¿[IVYVY[(X¥Ã�FIH�°_WVYPRPZT�xLh»°�ELT�T�EyH6M8¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUYELPR_�FÓVAVYv�P¾¯�FI_YPO[]\lVdv�PfX8FIHrVdxyP À >/EyM(_Z¼�ÞI°�acÞIPIa¿Þ]\dñ¼�½�v�Pf\´UYPRå*¶�PZH�`Zh`R[IH*VYPRHrV�[I\5VYv�P�°�ELUYPZ`ZV�F]UYUYEwg]FIxy_�[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°tELH8Vdv6P�_Y[(¶uVdv�PZUYHjT�FIU%V�[I\,Vdv�P�_WPREL_YX³Ey`AFIUYUYF h À >3EyM�¼KÞI¯�ÃEy_A`R[(H6_YEy_%VdPZH*Vm�ELVdvÏFÄ_Yv�F]UYTÈ°�PZ`RUYPRFI_YP¸[]\�_Yv�PRFIUg(PZxy[K`REwVihÇFÓVVdv6P2Vd[(TÇ[I\�Vdv�P2¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%h9xyF�h(PRUZ¼½�v�P¾xyEyH6P�FIUWxLh¥ELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�MµVdUYF�g(PRx�VdELX8P�°6PRxGF�ht[I\@Û Ü8_WPR`Z[(H�°�_AEy_AFIxy_W[8PÖJ�F]`ZVdxwhtT�UYPZ°�Ey`±VdPZ°Ç¯rhtVdv�EL__Yv�FIUYT·°�PZ`RUYPRFI_YP¸[]\"_Wv�P�F]U�g(PRxL[u`ZELVihÇF]V Ù Ü(Ü¥q*X)FI¯¿[ g(P2VYv�P¸`R[(UWP±¹'XÄFIHrVYxyP2¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh À >/EyM�¼cÞI°�a>3ELM�¼KÞ(Frñ¼/NÕP�_Wv�[(¶�xL°�a6v6[�m"PZgIPRUZa�FI°�°tF2`RFI¶6VdEL[(H�FIU%h³H�[IVdPAVdv�F]V@H�[IV�FIxyx�Vdv�P[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°jm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX\´P�FÓVd¶�UWPR_�FIUWP¾PÖJuT�xGFIELH�PR°Ç¯*h»[(¶6UAVim"[]¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx5X³[K°�PRxL_FIH6°ÇVdv�UWPRP¾°�EyX³PRH�_WEy[(H�FIx�PZÂcPR`ZVY_�[I\m@F gIP¾T6UY[(T�F]MrF]VdEL[(Hj`R[I¶�xy°»¯cP�ELX8T¿[(U%VÍFIHrV�¼

��èÅé �@�6�$��ô������6�3�� ��"���½�v�P Ùrâ H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P2gIPRxy[K`REwVihÇMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV�¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÈVYv�P¸`RPZH*VYUdFIxlÔ3FI`ZE Á `µF]VVdv�P¸¯�F]_YP¸[I\�VYv�P

X8FIHrVdxyP;X8F�hjUYPRFI_Y[(H�FI¯�xLht¯¿PfP±JuT�xGF]EyH�PZ°Ç¯rh»T�¶�UYP;Vdv6PRUYX8FIx�PZÂcPR`±Vd_A[I\�FµVdPRX³T¿PRUdFÓVd¶�UWP¾M(UYFI°�ELPRHrVFI`ZUY[(_W_�F³VYv�PRUWXÄFIx$¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh»xGF�h(PZUR¼ � ï±ù ï±ð?íIñwòlê ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛRó/v�F�g(P2P±JKVdPZH�_YEwg(PRxwhÇ°6Ey_Y`Z¶�_Y_WPR°Èg]FIUYEL[(¶�_T�UW[(Tc[I_dFIxL_\´[(U�PÖJ6T6xGFIELH�EyH�M³Vdv�P¸_WPREL_YX³Ey`2`Ív�FIUdFI`±VdPZUYEy_%VdEL`R_�[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°ÅEyHÏVYv�P¸¯¿[IVYVY[(X-¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWhxGF�hIPRU�¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvtVdv�P2bu[(¶6VYv ¬ VYxGFIHrVYEy`�[K`RPRFIHÇF]H�°»VYv�PRELU�°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZPfm�EwVdvjVdv6[(_YPfEyH6\´PZUYUWPR°t¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvVdv6P�`RPZH*VYUdFIx,Ô3FI`ZE Á `]¼�½�v�P�X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�P?[I\5VYv�P�H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P?g(PRxL[u`ZELVih8M(UdF]°�EyPZH*VRaKVYv�P�_%VdPRPZT�xLh8°�ELT�T�EyH6MPR°6M(PR_ZacF]H�°»VYv�P;¶�H�ELåK¶6PfT6UYPR_WPRH�`ZP2[I\$Vdv6Pf¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥xGF�h(PZU?¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv»VYv�PObK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH`�F]Hǯ¿Pf¯¿PR_%VPÖJuT�xGFIELH�PR°»¯rhtT�FIU%VdEGF]x5X8PZxLV�°�UWELgIPRHǯrh9Fµ`R[(X³Tc[I_YELVYEy[(H�FIxc`Ív�FIH�M(P¾T�UY[K°�¶�`ZPR°ÇPRFIUYxwhEyH9Vdv�PµÉ�FIU%Vdv�ÊË_�v�Ey_%Vd[(U%h9FIH�°ÅF8Vdv6PRUYX8FIx/M(UdFI°6EyPRHrVAm�ELVdv6EyHÇVYv�P¸¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%hÇxyF�h(PRU³ê � ï±ù²ï±ð?íIñwòya¢ Ü(ÜuÛRó�¼�NQP¾\´[K`R¶�_Av�PRUWPO[(HÏv�[ m4T�F]UWVdEyFIx�X8PZxLV?`R[I¶�xy°ÏPÖJuT�xGFIELH9VYv�P2H�PZMrF]VYELg(Pfg(PZxy[K`RELVih»M(UYFI°�ELPRHrV[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°·m�ELVYv�EyH9Vdv�P2VYv�PRUWX8[Ó¹i`Ív�PZX8EL`�FIx$¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%hÏxyF hIPRU�F]H�°ÈTc[I_Y_YEL¯�xyPfVdv�PZUYX8FIx3`Z[(H�°�EwVdEL[(H�_m�v�EL`Ív9m"[(¶�xy°»`R[IH�_YEL_WVdPZHrVdxLhtPÖJuT�xGFIELH»VYv�P;_YPZEy_YX³Ey`;_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_A¯cPZH�P�FÓVdv9VYv�Pf`RPRHrVYUdFIx$Ô3F]`RE Á `2FIH6°bu[(¶uVdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`�[K`RPRFIH�_Z¼

ôiHQVYv�PÄT�FIUWVYEGFIx ¹iX³PRxLV_Y`ZPRH�FIUWEy[»m�ELVdv6EyHQFtVYv�PRUWX8[]¹'`Ív�PRX³Ey`RFIx�¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·xGF�hIPRURa/X8PZxLVYEyH�MF]V;Fj`Ív�PZX8EL`�FIx/¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%hÈ[(U�FÓV�Vdv�PµPZ¶6VdPZ`ZVdEL`OVdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶�UWP¸UYPZ_Y¶�xwVd_�EyH·F]HQF]¯�UY¶�TuV�°�PR`ZUYPRFI_YP

Page 20: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢ Ü

[I\�g(PZxy[K`REwVihÈF]V Ù Ü(Ü¥q*X�FI¯¿[�gIPOVdv�P¸`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLPO¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h(a�FIH6°QF]HÅELH�`RUWP�FI_WP¸[I\p¯c[]Vdv·X8PZxLV\´UdF]`ZVdEL[(H0F]H�°0VdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶�UWPÄT�UW[u°6¶�`RPZ_µFÇ_WVYUY[(H�MÇH�PRMrFÓVdELgIPÄg(PZxy[K`REwVihQMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV2VY[ m�FIUW°0Vdv�P`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP¸¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhI¼ÄNÕP³_Yv6[�m F]HQPÖJ�F]X8T�xLP¸\´[(UfF9vrhKTc[IVYv�PZVYEy`RFIx�¯�EyH�FIUWh·`Z[(X8T¿[(_WELVdEL[(H_WhK_%VdPRX \´[IU2Vdv�Pt`RFI_YPj[I\APR¶uVdPR`±VdEL`jT�FIUWVYEGFIx"X8PZxLVYEyH�M À >3ELM�¼@Û Ø Ã±¼ ä9FIHrVdxyPj`Z[(X³Tc[(_WELVYEy[(H0äEyHrVYPRUY_WPR`±Vd_?PR¶6VYPR`ZVYEy`fX8PZxLVYEyH�MOVYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYP;F]V Ù ÜIܵq*X FI¯¿[ g(P;Vdv�P;`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh»F]H�°_WVdFIUWVY_?VY[8T�FIUWVYEGFIxLxLh³X8PZxLV�m�EwVdv9F³X³PRxwV�\´UdFI`±VdEy[IH ¸  �� À ¸   q   Ã�FIH6°ÇFµX8PZxLV�`Z[(X8T¿[(_WELVdEL[(HtÉ�¼ ¬ _FµUYPR_W¶�xLVRa�_Yv�PRFIU?gIPRxL[u`ZELVihjPÖJ6T¿PRUWEyPZH�`RPZ_�F Á UY_%VW¹i[IUY°�PZUAH�PZMrF]VYELg(Pf°�EL_Y`R[IH*VYEyH*¶�EwVihtF]V Ù Ü(ܸq*XáFI¯c[ gIPVdv6P2`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP;¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh(¼ ¬ Tc[(_WELVYELg(P;VdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶6UYPfM(UdFI°6EyPRHrV?m�ELVYv�EyHtVdv�P¾¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h»xGF�h(PZUM(PZH�PRUYF]VdPZ_;FIH·EyH�`ZUYP�F]_YPO[I\�\´UYFI`ZVYEy[(HÏ[]\pVYv�P¸X³PRxLVA\´UY[(X ¸  �� À ¸   q�   Ã?VY[ ¸ � � À ¸ � q� � ÃF]H�°ÅF`Ív�FIH6M(P;[I\lX³PRxwV�`R[(X³T¿[(_YEwVdEy[IHÄ\´UY[(X É~Vd[�>@¼�½�v6P¾ELH�`RUWP�FI_WPf[]\3X³PRxwV�\´UdFI`±VdEL[(HtFIH�°tVdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶�UWPUYPZ_Y¶�xwVd_"EyH8F¾_WVYUY[(H6M2H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`RELVihµMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVpVd[ m�F]UY°ÄVYv�PA`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLP?¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh À >3EyM�¼6Û Ø Ã±¼ôiH»UYP�F]xyELVihIa�EL\$Vdv6P¾`Z[(X8T¿[(_WELVdEL[(HjFIH6[(XÄF]xLh¥v�FI_?F³xL[�moT�FIU%VdEGF]x,X³PRxLVYEyH�MOVYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYP]a�Vdv�Pf°�PZT6VdvFIH�°jgIPRxy[K`REwVih¥[I\�VYv�P�Vd[(Tt[I\�Vdv6P;VYv�PRUWX8[Ó¹i`Ív�PZX8EL`�FIx¿xGF�h(PZU�m@[I¶�xy°t¯¿Pf`Z[(HrVdUW[(xyxLPR°¥¯rh¥VYv�P;[(H�_YP±V�[I\Vdv6Pf`Ív6PRX³Ey`�F]x5FIH�[(X8FIxwhÄUYF]Vdv�PZU�Vdv�FIHtVdv6PfPZ¶6VdPZ`ZVYEy`;X8PZxLVYEyH�M�¼

>3ELM�¼�Û Þ9ELxyxy¶6_WVdUYF]VdPZ_fVim"[ÈPRH6°u¹iX³PRXO¯¿PRUW_2[I\�T¿[(_W_YEy¯6xyP³_Y`RPZH�FIUWEy[(_2m�v6Ey`Ív0`Z[(¶�xy°ÕP±JuT�xGF]EyHVdv6P³°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RP³¯¿PZVim"PRPRHQVdv�P³_YPZEy_YX³Ey`¸_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_2F]V;VYv�Pµ¯�FI_YP³[I\"Vdv�PµX8FIHrVdxyP¸¯¿PRH6P�F]VYvQVdv6P`RPZHrVdUdF]xlÔ3F]`RE Á `OFIH�°Èbu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`f[K`RP�F]H�_R¼ ¬ _ � ï±ùBï±ð�íIñwò�ê ¢ ÜIÜ6ÛRó$_Y¶�MIM(PR_%V�a,VYv�P¾\´[(xLxy[ m�EyH6MVim"[È`Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_¾[I\�FÇT�UWEyX³[(UY°6EGFIxl`Ív6PRX³Ey`�F]x@FIH6[(XÄF]xLhÈ_Wv�[(¶�xL°0_YELM(H�E Á `�FIHrVdxwhÅF]ÂcPR`ZV2ELVY_X³PRxLVYEyH�M³¯¿PRv�F�gKEy[(UZz�Û�Ã?EwVX8F�h»¯cP¾PRH�UWEy`Ív�PZ°ÅELHÇxLPR_Y_A`R[(X³T�F]VYEy¯�xLP¾PZxyPZX8PZH*VY_ À PI¼ËM�¼La ¬ x a¦>�PIa�ø�FrÃFIH�°ÕTcPZUYv�FIT6_2_Y[IX8Pµg([(xyF]VdELxyP¸`Z[(X8T¿[(H�PZHrVd_R¼»½�v�PZ_YP¥PZxyPRX³PRHrVY_2`R[I¶�xy°Q_YEyMIH�E Á `RFIHrVdxwhÈ°�PRT6UYPR_W_Vdv6P³X³PRxwVdELH�MÄVdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶6UYP û/¢ ÃEwV;XÄF�hÏFIxy_W[j¯cP¸PZH�UYEL`Ív�PR°QEyHÈv�PRF]VW¹'T�UY[K°�¶�`ZEyH�MtEyH6`R[(X³T�F]VYEy¯�xLPPRxLPRX³PRHrVd_Za�_Y¶�`ÍvÈF]_Aefa�½�v�a¿Îµ¼�ôiHrVYPRUYH�FIx$VYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYP;X8F�hj¯cPf_Y[³PRxLPZg]F]VYPR°Ç°6¶�PfVY[8UYFI°�EL[(M(PRH6Ey`v�PRF]VdELH�M»VYv�F]V¾ELVf_Y¶6_WVÍF]EyH�_;Vdv�P8T�FIU%VdEGF]xlX8PZxLVYEyH�Mt[(U;UYPÖ¹iX³PRxwVd_;xy[K`�FIxLxLhI¼8ôiHQ`�FI_WPÇÛ(a$¯c[]VdvQVYv�P`RPZHrVdUdF]x�Ô3FI`ZE Á `fFIH�°Çbu[(¶uVdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`�[K`RPRFIH�_�v�F�g(PfFIH»Ey°6PRHrVdEL`�FIxcM(PR[IVYv�PRUWX9aum�ELVdv»FIH9FI°�EyFI¯�F]VYEy`VdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶6UYP;M(UdF]°�EyPZH*V?ELH»VYv�P;XÄFIHrVYxyP�\´[(xLxy[ m@PZ°9¯rh»Fµ_WVYPRPRT»Vdv�PZUYX8FIx5M(UYFI°�EyPZHrVAELH»VYv�P;¯c[]VYVd[IX[I\lVYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLPI¼AäÇFIHrVYxyP2X8F]VYPRUYEyFIxy_�FÓVVdv6P2¯�FI_WP2[I\3Vdv�POX8FIHrVdxLP;¯cPZH�P�F]VYvÏVdv�PObu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`[K`RP�F]HÅv�F gIP³F¥xy[ m@PZU�T�FIU%VdEGF]x/X³PRxwVdEyH6MÄVdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶�UWPO¯¿PR`�F]¶�_YPµ[I\�Vdv6P¸`R[(X³Tc[I_YELVYEy[(H�FIx�`Ív�FIH�M(P

Page 21: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢ Û

À xLPZ\ VT�FIH�PZx�a�>/EyM�¼�Û ÞrÃÖ¼�ôiHÈ`�F]_YP ¢ acXÄFIHrVYxyP2v�FI_�FÄ_YFIX8P¾_Y[(xLEy°�¶6_A\´[(U�X8F]VYPRUYEyFIxy_�¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdvȯ¿[IVYvVdv6Pf`ZPRHrVdUYFIx$Ô3FI`ZE Á `fFIH6°ÇbK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH�_Za�¯�¶6V�Vdv6P;VYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYPZ_?FIUYP;xy[K`�F]xyxLh³PZxyPZg]F]VYPR°F]V�VYv�Pµ¯�FI_YP³[I\pVdv�PµX8FIHrVdxLPO¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvQVYv�P8bu[(¶6VYv ¬ VYxGFIHrVYEy`O[K`RPRFIHQ°6¶�P¸Vd[tX8[IUYP¸UdF]°�Ey[(MIPRH�EL`v�PRF]VdELH�M À UYELM(vrV�T�FIH�PZx�a�>3ELM�¼�Û Þ(ñ¼�ôiH9¯¿[IVYv9`RFI_YPZ_Ra�Vdv�P;VdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶6UYP;F]V�Vdv6Pf¯�FI_YPf[I\3VYv�P;XÄF]H*VYxyPEy_¯cPZxy[ m VYv�P¸_Y[IxyEy°6¶�_¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv·Vdv6P¸`RPRHrVYUdFIx�Ô/FI`RE Á `µFIH�°·EL_�FI¯¿[�gIPOVdv�P¸_W[(xyEL°�¶�_�¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv·VYv�Pbu[(¶uVdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`A[K`RPRFIH¥°�¶6PAVd[OF¾°�PZT�UYPZ_Y_YPZ°tT�FIUWVYEGFIx�X³PRxwVdEyH6M;VYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYPFIH�°� Ó[(U@F]H¥PRxLPZg]F]VdPZ°EyHrVYPRUYH�FIx�VdPRX³T¿PRUdFÓVd¶�UWP8Vdv6PRUYP]¼9½�v6P¥¯c[]VYVd[IX)Vdv�PZUYX8FIx�M(UdFI°6EyPRHrVY_¾T�UW[u°6¶�`RPÄF Ùrâ H�PZMrF]VdEwg(Pg(PZxy[K`REwVihÈM(UdF]°�EyPZH*Vf¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÅVdv�Pµ`ZPRHrVdUYFIxpÔ3FI`ZE Á `³¯rh·T�¶�UYPµVdv6PRUYX8FIx�P±Â,PZ`ZVd_¾FIH�°ÕF ¢Iâ ¹dÛ Ü âH�PZMrF]VdEwg(PÄgIPRxL[u`ZELVihÅM(UdF]°�EyPZH*V2¯cPZH�P�FÓVdv0Vdv6Ptbu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`8[u`ZP�FIH0FI_¸FÇUWPR_Y¶6xLV¸[I\�T�FIUWVYEGFIxX³PRxLVYEyH�M6¼

��è .Õ�@��&�#%+��� ��"�¬ H·­�®�vrhK¯�UYEL°ÇX³PZVdv6[u°tEy_�°6PZg(PZxy[(T¿PR°»\´[(U�`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYEyH�M¸_%huHrVYv�PZVYEy`f_YPREL_YX³[(M(UYFIX8_�ELHrg([(xwguELH�M

Vim"[]¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx$xy[K`�F]xyEyºZPR°9v�PZVYPRUY[IM(PRH�PZ[(¶�_�_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_Z¼G��hu¯6UYEy°ÈX³PZVYv�[K°ÈEy_�F¥`Z[(XO¯�ELH�F]VYEy[(H[I\pFIH�FIxLh*VdEL`2F]H�°ÈH*¶�X8PZUYEL`�FIx$X8P±Vdv�[K°�_Zacm�ELVYvÇVdv6P Á H�EwVdP2°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RP¾VdPR`Ív6H�Eyå*¶�PµFIT6T�xyELPR°ÇELHÇVdv6Pv�P±VdPRUW[(M(PZH�PR[(¶6_fUWPRM(EL[(HÈ[(H�xwh9FIH�°ÅFIH�FIxwh*VdEy`¾X8P±Vdv�[K°�_�[I¶6Vd_WEy°�P]¼2½�v�P¸M(PZH�PRUYFIxyELºRPZ°ÈUdF�hÇVYv�PR[(U%h_Y[Ixy¶6VYEy[(H�_�\´UY[IX F8_YPZEy_WX8EL`¾_W[(¶�UY`ZP¸FIUWP¾¶�_WPR°ÈELH9Vdv6P Á H�EwVdPf°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZPOEyH6ELVdEyF]VdEL[(H¥T�UW[u`ZPR_W_R¼½�v6P_YPZEy_WX8EL`@X³[IVdEL[(H�_Ra]F]\ VYPRU3ELHrVdPRUYFI`ZVYEyH�M?m�ELVYvOVdv�P"v�PZVYPRUY[IM(PRH�PZ[(¶�_�_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_ZaKFIUYP�T6UY[(T�F]MrF]VdPZ°O¯�FI`ÍqVd[³Vdv�P2É�FIUWVYv�Êæ_A_Y¶�U%\ÌFI`RP2FIH�FIxwh*VdEy`RFIxyxwh8m�EwVdv»Vdv�P2FIEy°»[I\lVYv�P2Î�ELUY`Ív�v�[]ÂQX³PZVYv�[K°�¼{ø@[(X³T�FIUYEL_Y[(H6_[I\p_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_;`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR°È¯rhÇVYv�P¸vrhu¯6UYEy°·X³PZVYv�[u°·F]H�°ÏVdv�P¸MIPRH�PZUdFIxlUYF�hÇVdv6PR[(U%hÇhKEyPZxy°ÈM([K[u°FIM(UWPRPZX8PZH*VY_R¼

NQP¾`Z[(xyxLPR`ZVAFIH6°9T�UWPR_WPRHrVO­�®�[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_FÓV?VYv�Pf°�Ey_%VÍFIH�`ZP¾UYFIH�M(Pf[I\ Ø(Ù Ú ¹ÍÛ Ü Ø Ú \´[IU�VYv�[(_WP_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M¥VYv�Pµ¯�FI_WP³[]\@Vdv6P³X8FIHrVdxLP¸¯cPZH�P�FÓVdv·Vdv�Pµ`RPZHrVdUdF]x"Ô/FI`RE Á `³FIH�°·Vdv�P8bu[I¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`[K`RP�F]H�_R¼�½�v�P?[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°9­�®Bm�F�g(PZ_�_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M�VYv�PR_WP?Vim"[2UWPRM(EL[(H�_�[I\cVdv�P?`R[(UWP±¹'XÄFIHrVYxyP�¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh(av�[ m"PZg(PZURa�_Yv6[�m�gIPRUWhQ°�EwÂ,PZUYPRHrV2`Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_2FI`RUW[(_Y_fVdv�P8PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIxp°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPÄUYFIH�M(P8[I\Ø(ÙIÚ ¹ÍÛ Ü ØIÚ ¼·½�v�PÈ­�®1m�F�g(PZ_8_YFIX³T�xyELH�M9VYv�P¥`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP8¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%h0¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv Vdv6Pj`RPRHrVYUdFIxÔ3F]`RE Á `O_Yv�[ m FÄxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhtEyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6MÄ°�PZxGF�hÇ[]\�Ý¥_YPZ`R[(H�°6_�\´UY[(XáÞ Ø Ú Vd[ÏÛ�Ü Ø Ú a5FIH�°Ï°6Ey_Y`ZPRUWH�Ey¯�xLP

Page 22: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢(¢

­�ßÖ­»T�v�FI_WPR_;¶�TÏVY[tFIH·PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIxl°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPO[I\?Û Ü ¢]Ú ¼¾½�v6P¥­�®<m�F�gIPR_;T�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEyH�M8Vdv�UW[(¶�M(vVdv6P¾¯�F]_YP2[]\lVdv�PfX8FIHrVdxyP;¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv9Vdv�PObu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`f[K`RPRFIH�a¿[(H9VYv�Pf[IVdv�PZUAv�FIH�°�a¿P±Juv�EL¯�ELVAFxyELH�P�F]UYxLh8EyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�Mµ°�PRxyF�h¥[I\@ܸ۠_YPR`Z[(H�°�_�\´UY[IXÑÞ Ø Ú VY[»Û�Ü Ø Ú a�°6Ey_Y`ZPRUWH�Ey¯�xLP�XO¶�xwVdEyT6xyP¾­�ßÖ­8T�v�F]_YPR_m�ELVYvj_dFIX³P�_Wxy[ m�H�PR_W_?FI_�Vdv�P°�EyUWPR`ZV�­�®�m�F�gIPR_?¶�TjVd[jÛ Ü Ø]Ú a�F]H�°jUdFIT6Ey°¥g]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H�_p[I\�m�F�gIPZ\´[(UWXFI`ZUY[(_W__YX8FIxLx5PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx$°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPR_Z¼A½�v6P2[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�__YFIX8T6xyEyH6MµVYv�P¸bK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`f[K`RP�F]HF]V¾Fj`RxL[(_YPZUf°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP³UYFIH�M(Pµ[I\ Ø(ÙIÚ ¹�Þ�� Ú _Yv�[ m×xyFIUYM(P¥­�ßÖ­��'­»VdELX8P¸_WPRT�F]UdF]VYEy[(H�_fFIH6°ÕFjUdF]T�Ey°EyH6`RUYPRFI_YP;[I\p­�ßÖ­ÄFIX8T6xyELVY¶�°�P\´UW[(X ØIÙIÚ Vd[8Þ�� Ú ¼

NQP¥FIT�T6xLh·Vdv�P8vrhu¯6UYEy°ÕX8P±Vdv�[K° FIH�°Õ_WVd¶6°6hQVYv�PÄ_Wv�P�F]U2g(PZxy[K`RELVih·_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_µFIH�°ÕVYv�PEyHrVYPRUdF]`ZVdEL[(HÈ[I\�­�®<m@F�g(PR_fm�ELVYvÏVdv�PZ_YP¸g(PZxy[K`RELVihÇ_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_¾F]V�Vdv6P³¯�FI_YP¸[I\pVdv6P¸XÄFIHrVYxyPI¼2Ò\T�FIU%VdEL`R¶�xyFIUPZX8T�v�FI_YPZ_¾F]UYPOVdv6P³P±Â,PZ`ZVY_f[]\�F¥H�PZMrF]VYELg(P¸gIPRxy[K`REwVihÇMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVfF]V�VYv�P¸¯�FI_WP³[]\pVYv�PX8FIHrVdxyP8FIH�°QELVY_2M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%h·[(HÕVdv6PÄ_YPZEy_WX8EL`³VYUdF�g(PZx"VdELX8PZ_Ra$m�F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_RalFIH�°Õg]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H�_;[I\_YPZEy_WX8EL`;m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_`ZUY[(_W__YX8FIxLx5PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx$°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPR_Z¼AbKhKH*VYv�PZVYEy`fVdPR_%Vd_AEyH�°�EL`�F]VYP�Vdv�F]VRa�m�v�EyxLPVdv6PÄ[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_¾_YFIX³T�xyELH�MjVdv�P³`RPZH*VYUdFIx"Ô3F]`RE Á `Ä`�F]HÕ¯¿PÄP±JuT�xyFIEyH6PR°Õ¯rhQF9H6PRMrF]VYELgIP8_Wv�P�FIUg(PZxy[K`REwVihjM(UdF]°�EyPZH*V?[I\ Ùrâ À UWPRxyF]VdEwg(P�Vd[8Ô�ãAÉpäÏÃ�F]V?Vdv�Pf¯c[]VYVd[IX Ù Ü(ܵq*XÑ[I\3VYv�P¾X8FIHrVdxLPIa�VYv�[(_YP_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M�VYv�P�bK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`�[K`RP�F]HÄUYPZå*¶�EyUWPF Ù Ü(Ü;qKX×VYv�Ey`Íq¸¯¿[IVYVY[(Xׯ¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWhµxGF�hIPRU"m�EwVdv8FxGF]UYM(PZU@H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P�gIPRxy[K`REwVihÄMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV�\´UW[(X ¢Iâ À Vd[(T�Ã�Vd[tÛ ÜÓ¹dÛ ¢(â À ¯¿[IVYVY[(XÄÃ"FIH�°j_%VdPZPRT�xwh¥°�ELT�T�EyH6MPR°6M(PR_Z¼A½�v�P¾[(¯�_WPRUWg]F]VYEy[(H6__dF]X8T�xLEyH�M¸VYv�P2`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP;¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWh»UYPZM(Ey[IH9¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv9Vdv�PObu[(¶6VYv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH»`�FIH6H�[IV?EyH�_%VdPRFI°9¯¿P;P±JuT�xyFIEyH�PZ°9¯rhjX³[K°�PRxL_�m�ELVdv9F¸H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P;g(PRxL[u`ZELVihÄM(UdFI°6EyPRHrV[I\ Ùrâ PRXO¯¿PR°�°6PR°Èm�ELVYvȶ�xLVYUdFÓ¹'xy[ m<g(PZxy[K`RELVih9ºR[IH�PR_�m�ELVYvÏVdv�EL`Íq*H�PR_W_YPR_f[I\�VdPZH�_;[I\pq*Eyxy[IX8P±VdPRUW_R¼½�v�P¾H�PRMrFÓVdELgIPfgIPRxL[u`ZELVihjM(UYFI°�ELPRHrV�FÓV?VYv�Pf¯�FI_YP¾[I\lX8FIHrVdxLP;¯cPZH�P�F]VYv9VYv�P¸bu[I¶6Vdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`�[K`RPRFIH`�F]H»¯¿P�¯¿PR_WV�PÖJuT�xGFIELH�PR°t¯rh¥T�FIUWVYEGFIxcX8PZxLV�°6UYELgIPRHt¯rhtFO`R[IX8T¿[(_YEwVdEL[(H�FIx�`Ív�FIH6M(P;T�UY[K°�¶�`ZPR°»EyH¥Vdv6PP�F]UYxLhÇÉ�FIUWVYv�ÊË_fv6Ey_WVY[(UWhÇFIH�°ÅF¥g(PZUWVYEy`�F]x3Vdv�PZUYX8FIx3MIUdFI°�ELPRHrV�a�m�v6EyxyPfVdv�FÓV;¯cPZH�P�F]VYvÈVdv�Pµ`RPZHrVdUdF]xÔ3F]`RE Á `�XÄF�h8UYP�F]_Y[(H�F]¯�xLhįcP�FÓVYVdUWEy¯�¶uVdPR°¥VY[¸T�¶�UWP�Vdv�PZUYX8FIx,P±Â,PZ`ZVd_�m�EwVdv�ELHjFOVdv�PZUYX8FIx,¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhxGF�hIPRUR¼

Page 23: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢IÙ

�yô�ô2�$���; ��-��� 9t W�� '�6� :o 3<2�����/��&5� 9��p���1+�#��3�� ��"���� W�-����� é �@�������Ö��&5������#%Õ�����$� :Ð��:f�����-4��X0" %�"���

NQP;\´[Ixyxy[ m�Vdv6PfH6[IVÍF]VYEy[(Hj[]\ � ý øÖý�ï�YBê Û Þ Ø Ý]ó�¼�>�[(U@VYv�P;UYPZM(Ey[(Hjm�v�PZUYP ± n Ù FIH�°~¨ � Ù

g����  �� �§� � n g�� ²  �� �§

� � q� §� � ê À � �§ �  �� � � � u � �§ ²  �� � � � Ãq ÀWÀ ` �§ � � �  �� � uw` _ � �§

� � Ãmuw` �§ � � ²  �� � Ãió�d� �!�  §�  �� � � � n � �§ �  �� � � � q � §

�  �� � � � À�g"���  �� �§�   � � u g��!�  �� �§

� � Ã` ���  §

� � �  �� � n ` �§ � � �  �� � q � §� � �  �� � ê À�g ���  �� �§

� � �   u À�g ���  �� �§� � q g _ � ���  �� �§

� � Ã�ó

m�v�PZUYP$#ÈEL_�Vdv�PµELH�°�P±JÈ[I\"VYEyX³PO_WVYPRT�_Za&%�FIH6°('ÏF]UYPO\´[(U ¸ FÓJuEy_;FIH�° ¹ FÓJuEy_;°�Ey_W`RUWPZVdELº�F]VYEy[(H6_R¼À � då`�Ã�n À h\ifj d h�i k ña)� n  *$+-,/. ì10,2.

i0FIH6° � nõ¶ +3,/. ì10,2.

i0¼ ­ ¸ FIH6° ­ � FIUWP³_WT�FI`ZP¥FIH�°ÅVdELX8P

°�EL_Y`RUWPZVYEyº�FÓVdEy[IH�_F]H�°B¶0EL_A_Wv�P�FIUX8[K°�¶�xL¶�_R¼ À�g _ de` _ ÃAF]UYP2_W[(xy¶uVdEy[IH�_?\´[IUA°�ELUYPZ`ZV�ELH�`REL°�PRHrVAm�F�g(PÀ ]\_Öñ¼8�?PRUYP�VYv�P;UYPRxyF]VdEL[(H�_Wv�EyTI`tnp]R_Ñq}aCEy_�¶�_WPR°�¼

>�[(U�Vdv6PfxLPZ\ V�¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhIa�¨ n Ù

g����  �� �§� � n g4� ²  �� �§

� � q5� §� � ê ÀWÀ � �§ �  �� � � � u � _ � �§

�  �� � � � Ãu � �§ ²  �� � � � Ã�q À ` �§ � � �  �� � uw` �§ � � ²  �� � Ã�ó�d� ���  §�  �� � � � n � �§ �  �� � � � q � §

�  �� � � � ê g4���  �� �§�   � � u À�g"�!�  �� �§

� � q g _ � ���  �� �§� � Ãió

` ���  §� � �  �� � n ` �§ � � �  �� � q � §

� � �  �� � À�g"���  �� �§� � �   u g"�!�  �� �§

� � Ã

m�v�PZUYP À�g _ d � _ Ã?FIUWP;_Y[(xL¶6VdEL[(H�_�\´[(U�m�v�[(xLP;m@F�g(P Á PRxL° À `�_ÖÃ�°�¶�PfVd[³[(H�PÖ¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx�_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYP\´[(U�MIUYEy°6_ ± � Ù FIH6°ÅUWP\@�PZ`ZVYPR°Qm@F�g(P Á PRxL° À a�_±ÃA\´[IU�M(UYEL°�_ ±�6 Ù ¼Í�?PRUYPOVYv�PµUYPZxGF]VYEy[(H�_Wv�EyT6_cùno`vuw`�_FIH6°?cùnpapuwa�_F]UYP;¶�_YPZ°�¼

798;:�<>=@?"ACBEDGFIHJBK<MLONQP �3�SRUTQVXW2�SRXY[Z\TQT^]@_`TQTQa5{@Ycb ��d4bfe@�gYcTQdihkjQl�YcT^l�anmoTQe�e!YÖ���p��j¾�SRXY���Ycb ��d4bfep T��STqTQV p �rT ��e�RUT8�>jrafYÍ�\hkjQlsT ���Sb ���STQVUe!Y�bfVte!jra1anYced�SbfVr�¸�SRXY2�glubfVXYÍ� p T��STKv2�wTQaw��jµ�SRUTQVXWt�qT��i�SRXY�x�Xj��UeuR��yTQVqTQVXjrVEmKdzj��*�{l�Y�_@bnY�x&Y�l|TQV p TQVqT ����jKe�bfT���Y}Y p b ��jQl�hCjQl~e!jrV*����l%�Ued�Sbn_QY}lSY�_@bfY�xp��v��{RUb �{x)jQlSW�bw����X]�]MjQl%��Y po� moTQVµ��{(�Ç�Ql�TQVÓ�@�$�@�w��� � �r¡Ö�Q� �@v

Page 24: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢ Ý

4�����$���$��&5����w�cbnY�x&jrV*��WKb �K�}v �ITQV p �}v6��vK�wV p Y�lW��jrV��*��l�Ycafbfd4bfV�T^lSm�lSY�hCY�lSYcVUe!YA��T^l��SRqdzj p Yca �M�&�E�;���g�{�Q���C�o���/�Q�M�����

� ����� �g�E���6�Q���c�@�Q�Q�I��¡c�Q�(¡^v�Xj��UeuR����tvu�Uv �u�Gv6{Kb1an_QY�lÖ�UTQV p �}v6�{vu��TQdzYÖ�Í�6��lSj � b1Vr��hkjQl@�SRXYcT^l�x�Tc_QY�TQVUb �Sj ��lSjQ]Em bfVµ�SRXY[anj;x)Y�l�d4j��i�

d4TQVÓ�SafY � YcVUYcT��SR¥�SRXY;�l�SafTQV]�Sbfe4TQV p �¡V p bfTQVt�|e!YcTQVK�Í�G�{¢^�¤£U���^�X�!�)¥z¦s§¨�)©Uª;«r«M�/�w�)¬E­����^�Q�I�¡c�Q�Q�@v

�|T^l�VUY�lSjr���{v��Xv �¿{Mv��>v��wl�TQV p ��TQV p �sv��sv6}~Ycafd � Y�l%�QY�lÖ�6�gjOx���®�x&TO_QYz_QYcanj@e�b �¯m¤T����SRXY � T ��YsjQh$�SRXYd4TQVÓ�SafY ��¦{�S¢u«��E�;���G°����!�>±g���²���w����³c�M��� �c�@�Q���(�5¡c�Q�Q�@v

}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�l±�/�sv5�}v �l�{RXY�jQl�mJTQV p T^]U]Iafbfe�T��SbnjrV(jQh���m@V]�SRXYÍ�Sbfe¸�SYcb �Sdzj �Ql�TQdf�Í�)bfV´���^���C�Kµ�ªU�`¶Q�!�!·¸�¹ �����uº^�Q�¼»²¢^�X½�£g�K��¢^���¾�^�M¿ � �I�¯�!�¯«I���c���Q�¼»²¢^�c�ÀY p b ��Y p¾� m¥}}vgZ\TQVUTQdzjQlub ��]U]�v5¡±�^�O�I� � �I�/{@jKe^v� �STQafb1TQVUT p b��¨b �Sbfe�T(�*�&jranj �rV�T(�*� �STQafm �¿¡c�Q�Q�@v

}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�l±�K�svK�sv �u��v�ÁÂYcV��ITQV p�à v6�wb1Vr�r�6{@Ycb ��d4bfewY�_@b p YcVUe!Y��SRUT��"�SRXY?��j��Ul�e!Y\jQh5�¡e!YcafTQV p RXj ���S]Mj �afbnYÖ��T����SRXY\e!jQl�Y!®¯d4TQVÓ�SafY � j��UV p T^l�mu��Ä}�Q�¼ªK���Ó�g³�ÅEÆ����Q�(¡u�I�Q�Q�I��¡c�Q�Q�@v

}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�l±�¿�sv��}v �5{Mv��~b �c��v�ÁÂYcV��gTQV p �Xv���b ����Ycd4T(�,{@Ycbw�Sd4bfesY�_Kb p YcVUe!Y�hCjQl?�Ua ��l�T`®¯afjOxÇ_QYcanjKe�b �¯m��jrVXYÖ� � YcVXYcT��SRµ�~hCl�bfe�TzTQV p �)T �i��Y�l�V³�l�Sa1TQVÓ�Sbfe��gÈK��¦{��¢u«����`�!�¨°{�!�!�w�>É�­Q�¿�6�Q�Q�Q�Q�O�I�Q�Q���^�I�c��� � �Kv

�gTOm �c�Êv �¨ËsvyÁÌbfa1afbfTQd;�Í��TQV p ��v¿�Xvc�|T^l�VUY�lSjr�¿�{RXYze!jQlSY!®¯d�TQVÓ�SanY � j���V p T^lSm�afTOmQY�l[TQV pÂp Y�Y�]9��T^l��SRp m@V�TQd4bfeÍ�Í��Ä}�Q�¼ªK���Ó�g³�ÅQ�c�IÍ��(¡u��Í��Q�I��¡c�Q�Q�@v

�¤jQl�b �,�Uv �GTQV p �sv��}v,}�Yca1d � Y�l��QY�lÖ�,��jKe�TQafbn��Y pÂ� j��UV p T^lSmqa1TcmQY�l � Ycanj;x��SRXY"d4b p ®Ì�¨TQe�bnÎ�e�_QYcafj@e�b ��mTQVXjrd4TQanmob p YcV]�SbnÎUY p hClSjrd4��eÍ�Ï]UlSYceÍ�Ul%��jQlÖ�yÈX��¦{�S¢u«��E�;���G°����!�w�>É�­�­������(�Ð�Q�Q�O�I���(�Ð�Q�Q�I�$¡c�Q�Q�@v

�wb ���r�&v ��TQV p ��vXÁÂYcV���{I��l�jrVr�;��Ycb �Sd�bfe��Se�T��i��Y�lSY�l%�~VXYcT^l��SRXY[e!jQl�Y!®¯d4TQVÓ�SafY � j��UV p T^lSm"x)YÖ����jQh5�¤Y!ÑXbfe!jr�¦{�S¢u«��E�;���>°{�!�!�g±>���²���w��»C��«M���!��� �6��� �r¡^v

�{Y�_QYcV�T �r�rR��¿�Xv ��TQV p �\v��¤Y�mQY�lÖ�c{@Ycb ��d4bfe\Y�_Kb p YcV�e!Y}jQh�]IT^l��SbfTQaGdzYca �wx�b �SRUbfVqT�]yj�����b � anm¸� � b1Ò]�Ub ��j��*�anjOx�®�_QYcafj@e�b ��m afTcmQY�lwT����SRXY � T ��Y[jQhc�SRXY}d4TQVÓ�SafY ��©IÓ�»��!�MÓu�Ó����ÔrÔu�M���R�;�@���^�I�5¡c�Q���Ev

��b1e�T^l p �*��v ���tv6�[v6��bfeuRUT^l p �Í���wvu�>b �SRr�Qj;x�®Ì�&Y�l���YcafanjrVUb´��TQV p �sv6��YZ{I���UVXÕ,�6�!�QY�j p mKVUTQd4b1e\dzj p Yca�jQhd4TQVÓ�SafY p YcV*�Sb ��m9RUYÍ��Y�lSj �QYcVXYcb ��m �gÈX�{¦{�S¢u«I���`�!�>°����!�w�>ÅQ¬c�6�(¡c�Q�Q�O�I�(¡c���r�I�/¡c�Q�Q�@v

��b ����Ycd4T(���Xv ���{v��|T^l�VXY�lSjr�yTQV p �Êvu�>Tcm �����i��l�jrVr�ranm�VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY��SRXYcT^lw_QYcanjKe�b �¯m³�Ql�T p bnYcV]�~TQV p afT���Y�l�TQa

Page 25: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢ �_`T^l�b1T � bfafb ��mtbfVÇ�SRXY�anj;x)Y�l�d4j��i�4d4TQV]�SanY � YcVUYcT��SRÏ�SRXYµ�¨TQe�bnÎ�e���ÈX�s¦{�S¢u«��E�;����°{�!�!�w�|É�­^�c����(�Ð�Q�Q�O�I���(�ÖÍ*¡ ¡��$¡c�Q���Ev

{I��YcT p ���\v��Xv �MTQV p �svu�}v6}�Ycafd � Y�l��QY�lÖ�6�"�Ud4Y�l�bfe�TQa/®¯TQVUTQafm]�Sbfe�TQa>bfV]��Y�lShCTQe�b1Vr��bfV³�¯x&j p b1dzYcV*�SbnjrVK��x�b �SRT^]U]�afbfe�T��SbfjrV*�3��j�dzj p YcafbfVr���@�"{2��Ycb ��dzj �Ql�TQd;�Í�y��ªK���|¥�«r«I�n�{¦{�S¢�«����`�!�w�¨ÉQ��¬¿�,¡c�Q�O�u¡±�;Ír�5¡c�Q�Q�@v

�|b p TQanY �u�UvK�{v �MTQV p �×vu}~Y p afb1V��*��_Kb p YcVUe!Y[hkjQl~]�T^l��SbfTQa�d4Yca �~T��"�SRXY}e!jQlSY!®¯d�TQVÓ�SanY � j��UV p T^lSmoVXjQl��SR¤jQh�gjrVr�rT4hklSjrd4�SRXY��i��lSjrVr�¾�Se�T��i��Y�l�bfVr��jQh,��Ycbw�Sd4bfe|x�Tc_QYÖ�Í��Ä[�r�¼ª@�S�Ó�g³�ÅrÉ¿�M�Q� �O�@�Q�`Ír�5¡c�Q�Q�@v

�|bnl�bnYÖ�KÑ��c�Uv ��{(}�®�x&TO_QY"]�lSjQ]�T��rT��SbnjrVtb1VtRXYÍ��Y�lSj �QYcVXY�j��K�}dzY p bfTKØ��ÀYcanjKe�b �¯mE®Ì�i��lSYÖ�%�[Î�V�b ��Y!® p b/ÕyY�lSYcVUe!YdzYÍ�SRXj p ��¦{�S¢u«I���`�u»²Ó!� �MÙIÅ��,¡��Ð�Q�Q�O�u¡��Ð�Q���]��¡c�Q�`ÍXv

ÁÂYcV��$��v �5� V]��YcV*��YO��Ycb ��d4bfef��e�T��i��Y�l�bfVr�ÂVXYcT^l�SRXY¸��T^l��SR�Úë�}e!jQlSY!®¯d�TQVÓ�SanY � j��UV p T^lSm � YcVXYcT��SR»�SRUY�&jrdzjQlSj��{RUj ����]yj �Í�)¦{�S¢u«I���`�!�>°����!�G±g�c�²��� ���IÔK�I�Q� ���c�@�Q�Q���(�¿��� � �Kv

ÁÂYcV��,��v �gTQV p �}v���v��~V p Y�l%��jrV�����RXYzhCT���YzjQhl�SRXY;��afT � �|bfVXhCY�lSlSY p hClSjrd ¡c���³�qTµ��� ��p ��ed�SbnjrVqTQV p��Ycb �Sd4b1e"��jrd4j �Ql�T^]�REm �y�{�Q���C�"���n�^�M�c���¨©IÓc»¼�g±>���²���w�>ÉQ³r³c�c¡c�Q�O�u¡c�Q�I�5¡c�Q�Q�@v

ÁÂYcV�����v �{TQV p �sv$�sv/}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�lÖ�����;®Ì���À®�{(�ÛR�m � l�b p d4YÍ�SRXj p TQV p b ����T^]U]�a1bfe�T��SbnjrVÈ��jdzj p YcafbfVr��afj@e�TQafbf��Y p �i��lW�Ued���XlSYÖ�|VXYcT^l��SRXY�e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY � j��UV p T^l�mu�>ÈK�w¦{�S¢u«I���`�!��°{�!�!�w��É�­^³c�¡±�]�Ð���r¡u�u¡±�]�Ð�(¡c�I�$¡c�Q�Q�@v

ÁÂYcV��6��v ��TQV p �}vK�}vK}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�lÖ��Üwa ��l�Tzanj;x5_QYcanjKe�b ��m9��jrVUYÖ��VXYcT^l"�SRXY[e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY � j���V p T^lSm4hClSjrd� lSjrT pX� TQV p ��Z��Ý]�lSYceÍ�Xl%��jQlW�Í��©IÓ�»��!�MÓu�Ó����ÔOÅ¿�c¡±�R�r¡u�u¡±�R�r�I��¡c�Q�Q� � v

ÁÂYcV��¿��v �gTQV p �&v��wb ���¿{@Ycb �Sd�bfe[_QYcafj@e�b ��m$TQV p T��i��YcVI�UT��SbnjrV9�i��l%�Ued���UlSYÖ�|bfVÄ�SRXY���jQ]tjQh$�SRUY;��T^l��SR�Úë�bfVUVXY�l�e!jQlSY �>ÈK��¦{��¢u«����`�!�G°{����� �g�uª ¹!Þ »¼�²�¯�S¿6����� �r¡^v

ÁÂYcV��$��v �$�Gv${Kbfan_QY�lÖ�5�sv$�rTQd4YÖ�Í��TQV p �\vÀZ��XYcR�VXYca �${@Ycb �Sd�bfe4Y�_Kb p YcVUe!Y9hCjQl�TÄ�SRXY�ludzj^®¯e�RXYcd�bfe�TQa� j���V p T^lSmÂafTOmQY�l4T���SRUY � T �SY"jQh"�SRXY2�)T^l��SR�Úë��d4TQV]�SanY �&���^���C�Â���n�^�M�����~©IÓc»¼�&±g�c�²��� �~Ér¬�Å��¡!Í*¡u�u¡c�Q�I����� �r¡^v

ÁÌmI��YÖ�%�SbnjrV��c�×v¿��v �c�}v¿�gTQVr�QYcV�RXjQl%�i�Í�c�×v¿�&vgTQd p Zzv�Ávc�Gbw�SRXY�lÖ�,��v��uv��wa/®Ì�)ÒET � b´���>v,�Xvc{KRXjQl�Y �TQV p �Êv��Xv6��a1T^lSWu�*�>T���Y�l�TQa>_`T^l�b1T��SbnjrV*�{bfV¤e!jrdz]UlSYÖ����bnjrVUTQakßR�SRUYcT^l�_QYcanjKe�b �SbnYÖ�{T��"�SRXY � T ��Y\jQh5�SRXYd4TQVÓ�SafY ��©IÓ�»��!�IÓ��Ó����¬cÙ/�c¡Ö���;�u¡Ö�Q�I�5¡c�Q�Q�@v

Page 26: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢ "D�¼�NÕPZH�a�S�PZT�FIU%VdX³PRHrV�[I\"^�PR[I_Y`RELPRH�`ZPR_Za�bKVÍFÓVdP¸e?H�ELgIPRUY_WELVih9[I\�k?PZm<np[(UYq9F]V�bKVd[(HrhÇs@UY[K[(q�a

bKVY[(Hrhts@UY[K[(q�a�k�n|Û(ÛT IÞIÝ À É�X8FIEyx zlD5EGF]HuJuEyH�M�¼ëNQPRH�à�_Y¶6H*hK_W¯�¼æPZ°�¶�Ã�{Yce!Ycbf_QY p

�@�r���*�i�"�]�u��� �r¡

½�v�Ey_;X8FIH*¶�_Y`ZUYELT6V;m�FI_;T�UWPRT�F]UYPR°Åm�ELVYv ¬ ^;e¾ÊË_¾DnáY½ ÉIâ X8FI`RUW[(_�gKÝ�a5m�ELVdv·Vdv6P³PÖJKVdPRH6_YEy[IHT�FI`ÍqÓFIMIP�ã ¬ ^;e ��� Ê�¯rhtÔ$¼�N4¼�S�FIxLhIaug(PZUY_WEy[(HÅÛ(¼Æ�]`�\´UY[(X-Û Þ(Þ� K ]Ü Ù uÛ�Ý6¼

Page 27: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢ 9t 30@+����ó.Õ��ôA�� ��@���

ä�å FIæ>ç`B´èUP T�é"{Xe�RXYcd4T��Sb1esb1afa �*�i��luT��SbnjrV jQh�bfV]��Y�lSh¼TQe�bfVr���~jQh��SRXY�R�m � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p v��{RXY�RXYÍ��Y�lSj �QYcVXY�j��K�lSYÍ�rbnjrVK�wT^l�Y�T �%���UdzY p ��j � Yse!jrVXÎIVXY p bfV*�Sb p Y��SRXY��Sd4TQafa � jcÑ��yx�RXY�lSY�SRXY�Î�VUb ��Y!® p b/ÕMY�l�YcVUe!Y?��YceuRUVUbfÒI�XYb �&T^]U]�afbfY p v5�|YcVXY�l�TQafbn��Y p l�TOm;�SRXY�jQlSm�bw�/�*�SY p ��j�e�TQafeÍ�UafT���Y|x�Tc_QY|]UlSjQ]IT��rT��SbnjrV9hklSjrdÐ�SRXY���j��Xl�e!Y@��j��SRXYÎ�VUb ��Y!® p b/ÕyY�lSYcVUe!Y4lSYÍ�rbfjrV×TQV p ��mKVÓ�SRXYÍ�Sb1ef��Ycb ��dzj �Ql�TQd;�sT��?�SRXYO��T^l%�SR�Úë�?���UlShCTQe!Y9b �\j � �STQbfVXY pJ� mtbfV]��Y!®�Ql�T��SbfV*��e!jrV�_Qjraw�r�SbnjrV*��jQh��SRXY[j��r��]K�r��hClSjrd<�SRXYA��j��Xl�e!Y!®Ì�Sb p Y\TQanjrVr�;�SRUY[afbfVXY|lSY�]�lSYÖ��YcV]��Y p � mO��l�b1TQVr�ranYÖ�TQV p �SRUYO�wlSY�YcV�Úë�\hG�UVUed�SbnjrVÂhClSjrd×�SRUY�lSYce!Ycbn_QY�lA��j³�SRXY¾�STQdzY�]yj��Sb �SbnjrV*��v;�{RUYf��j��Xl�e!Y!®Ì��b p Y4j��r��]u�r�\bfV]yj��Sb �SbnjrVK�>l�Y�]UlSYÖ��YcV]��Y p4� m}ÎIafanY p ��l�bfTQVr�rafYÖ��b �Àe�TQafeÍ�Ua1T���Y p4� mA�SRXYp�QYcVXY�l�TQafbn��Y p l�Tcm�SRXY�jQlSmMê]�SR�T���bfV�]yj��Sb/®�SbnjrV*��l�Y�]UlSYÖ��YcV]��Y po� m9Ycdz]*��m¾��lubfTQVr�ranYÖ��b �&j � �STQb1VXY p hkl�jrdà�SRXYÊÎ�VUb ��Y!® p b/ÕMY�l�YcVUe!Ywe�TQa1eÍ�UafT��SbnjrV�v � éuv��{RXYp bn_Kb �SbfjrV�jQh$�SRUYsÎIVUb ��Y!® p b/ÕyY�lSYcVUe!YslSYÍ�rbnjrV�v?�{RXYsÎ�VUb ��Y!® p b/ÕMY�l�YcVUe!Y}l�YÍ�rbnjrVÂb � p bn_Kb p Y p bfVÓ��jO�SRXl�Y�Ys]IT^l����Í�x�RXY�l�Y p b/ÕyY�lSYcVÓ��x�Tc_QY}ÎUYca p ��T^l�Y[e�TQafeÍ�UafT���Y pJë ��Y�Y���Y!Ñ(��hCjQl p YÍ�STQbfanY p Y!ÑK]�afTQV�T��SbnjrV*�uéuvä�å FIæ>ç`BìyP �&jrdz]�T^l�bw��jrVÝjQh��STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQa p b ��]�afTQe!Ycd4YcVÓ���zj � �STQbfVXY p´� mÏ�SRXYµ�QYcVXY�luTQafbn��Y p luTcmÈ�SRXY�jQlSmë RXYcTO_Em afbfVUYÖ�ué�TQV p �SRXYÊR�m � l�b p dzYÍ�SRUj ptë afb �rRÓ��afbfVUYÖ�uéÀhCjQl{T���j��Xlue!Y p Y�]*�SRojQhG��� �4W@d v���RXY|Y�]�bfe!YcV]��l�TQap b ���STQVUe!Y"jQhp�SRXY"_QY�l%�Sbfe�TQa�e!lSj�������Yced�SbnjrVíb �2¡Í� � �¾W@d-TQV p �SRXY¸��Y�]�T^l�T��SbfjrV×jQh{_QY�l%�Sbfe�TQa&lSYce!Ycbn_QY�l%�zb ���WKd v��{RXY���Y�]�T^l�T��SbfjrV"jQh>RXjQl�bn��jrV]�STQaMlSYce!Ycbn_QY�l%��b ���Q�}W@d�v��$�p�3�îb �3�*��Y p hCjQl3�SRUY|e�TQa1eÍ�UafT��SbnjrV9TQV p �SRXY��T^l%�SR ï�T��i��YcVUbfV*�4T^]U]UlSjOÑKbfd�T��SbnjrV b �{T^]U]IafbnY p v��~a1a���Ycb �Sdzj �QluTQd;�{T^lSY\]Ianj �i��Y p ��j;�SRXYA�STQdzY?�Se�TQafYQvä�å FIæ>ç`B(ð�P {KVUT^]u�SRXj ���|jQhw©@ñ�x�Tc_QY4]�lSjQ]�T��rT��SbnjrVÂhCjQl��$�"�/�òYcd � Y pUp Y p x~b �SR¾Tol�b p �QY!®Ì�SR�T^]MY p anj;x_QYcanjKe�b �¯m8�i��l%�Ued���Xl�Y�ó��*�i�~T � j;_QY�SRUY}e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY � j��UV p T^l�mQvp�{RXY}l�b p �QY[R�T �~TQV¥�SRXYcT^lwx�Tc_QY�_QYcanjKe�b �¯mjQh��sW@d9ßR��Yce^v)T`® � é�dzj p Yca���YÍ���X]�êUe�®�huéW�6�SVUT^]K�SRUj ����jQh,�SRUYÊx&TO_QY�ÎUYca p ��vä�å FIæ>ç`BqôgP {KTQdzY\T �p�¨b ���UlSY[�I�UY!ÑXe!Y�]*���SRUT����SRUY[anjOx5_QYcanj@e�b �¯molSYÍ�rbnjrV�bw��T � jcÑXe�T^lcvä�å FIæ>ç`BöõyP ��TcmÂ]IT��SR*�\jQh|©@ñʽ�©IÓc©*�>TQV p ©I¿^» ÷]�R�T ��YÖ� � T �SY p jrV»�/�p�3�òhCjQl[Y�]Ibfe!YcVÓ��luTQa p b ���STQVUe!YÖ�hClSjrd���� Ú ��j³¡ ¡Í� Ú vä�å FIæ>ç`B5ø�P �&jrdz]�T^l�bw��jrVÝjQh�©@ñ\ù�©IÓc©@ñC��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ��j � �STQbfVXY pö� mÏ�SRXY³�QYcVXY�l�TQafbn��Y p l�TcmÈ�SRUY�jQlSm´TQV p�SRXY|R�m � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p4� T �SY p jrVO�$�"�/�×v]�{RUY~REm � lub p dzYÍ�SRXj p ��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�&T^lSY��SRUbnhy��Y p TOx&TOm�hClSjrdÐ�SRXYcbnlY�]�bfe!YcV]��l�TQa p bw�i�STQVUe!YÖ�ÀhCjQl p b �S]�afTcmKbfVr�~]K�XlS]yj���YQv,�Q�Sj��Xl�e!Y p Y�]*�SR4jQhy��� �ÊWKdúb �5�K��Y p bfV�SRXY{e�TQafeÍ�Ua1T��SbnjrV�v

Page 28: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢IØ

ä�å FIæ>ç`BüûMP �wlSYcT��¡®¯e�bnlue�anY¾]�T��SR*�ohCjQl Y�_QYcVÓ� ë �i�ST^l!é�®����ST��SbnjrV ë ��l�bfTQVr�rafY;é4]ITQbnl%�2�*��Y p bfVÕ�SRUb �O�i��� p më ��Y�Y��GT � anY�¡Oéuv/��RXY}©Kñýx�Tc_QYÖ��lSYce!jQl p Y p bfVO�~jQl��SR¸�wdzY�l�bfe�T�hCjQl�Y�_QYcVÓ���~bfV2�SRXY��¨b óSb6�%� ��p �Ued�SbnjrV���jrVXY�STQdz]IanY��SRXY&e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY � j��UV p T^lSmwlSYÍ�rbnjrV � YcVXYcT��SRA�SRXY3�GTQe�bfÎ�e�jKe!YcTQV ë �SY�Y3�¨b ����v^�^T(�^� � �;�^e�hCjQl p T��ST�éW�x�RXY�l�YcT �"�SRUj���Y�j � ��Y�lS_QY p bfVÄ��j��r�SRXY�luV8�~hklubfe�T�]�lSjQ]�T��rT���Y��SRXlSj��r�rRÄ�SRXY � T ��YsjQh$�SRUYsd4TQV]�SanY � YcVXYcT��SR�SRXY@{Kj��r�SR��l�SafTQV]�Sbfe�jKe!YcTQV ë ��Y�Y"�Gb ����v��^T(�@� � �@�^e�hkjQl p T��ST�éuvÀÁÂY p bf_@b p Y/�SRXY"��Ycb �Sd4b1e)j � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*��bfV]��j�¯x&j;�QlSj��U]K��hkjQl�Y�_QYcVÓ�~���R�r�����I�Mx�b �SR2�QlSj��U]K�l�&TQV p ���)e!jQlSl�YÖ��]yjrV p bfVr���j��SRXY\VXjQl%�SRXY�l�V TQV p ��j��*�SRXY�l�V]�T^l����4jQh"�SRXYµ�SYcb �Sd4bfeoT^lSluTcm ��lSYÖ��]yYced�Sbn_QYcanmQvÈ�{RUY j � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*�zjQh@�SRXYÖ��Y¸��x)j9�QlSj��X]K�zT^l�Y³�SRXj;x�VÝbfV�¨b �XvG�^T ë �QlSj��X]9��é|TQV p �¨b �XvG� �þë �QlSj��X]9����éuvc�{RXY p T ��RXY p T^lSYcTqbfV p bfe�T���YÖ�?�SRXY;��l�TQVK�Sb �SbnjrV*�\hklSjrd �SRXYVXjQl�d�TQa�d4TQV]�SanY³��jíTí��� �×WKdá�SR�bfeSW´afTOmQY�l ëC� afTQeSWöT^l�YcT�ézx�b �SRÅ�SRXYcT^l9_QYcanjKe�b �¯mÝl�Y p �Ued�SbnjrV*�"afbfVXYcT^luanmp Yce!lSYcT ��bfVr�zhClSjrdC�rÿ ë ��jQ]yé3��j³¡Í�`®%¡Ö�rÿ ëC� j �i��jrd9éuv

ä�å FIæ>ç`B���P � � ��Y�lS_QY p �STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQa p b ��]�a1TQe!YcdzYcVÓ���,�STQdz]IafbfVr���SRXYl�¨TQe�bnÎ�e ë T(� � �QeOéW�rTQV p � ��mKV]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�¨TQV p��Ycb ��d4bfe[d4j p Ycaw�{hCjQlwY!ÑK]�afTQb1VUbfVr���SRXYÖ�SYsj � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*� ë¼p �yY �MhÀhCjQlÊT(� � �Me��ylSYÖ�S]MYced�Sbf_QYcanmXéuv��{RXY�e!YcV]��l�TQa�¨TQe�bnÎ�e{bw���STQdz]�afY p�� m��SRXYp�SYcb �Sd4bfe p T��ST\lSYce!jQl p Y p bfV���jQl%�SRf�wdzY�l�bfe�TÊhCjQl�Y�_QYcV]����jKe�eÍ�XlSl�Y p bfV��SRXYp�¨b óSb��� ��p ��ed�SbnjrV|��jrVXY ë �¨b �Xv �Eê��>T � anY�¡Oéuv5�GTQVUYca �gT�é�TQV p\� é�T^lSY�hCjQl¿�SRXY$�STQVr�QYcVÓ�Sb1TQa p bw��]�afTQe!YcdzYcV]����lSYce!jQl p Y phCjQl}Y�_QYcV]���4�Q���r� �Q�¾TQV p �Q�(¡Í� �r� ë �Gb �Xv5�QéW�ÀlSYÖ�S]MYced�Sbf_QYcanmQv8�¨TQVXYca&e"bw�[T$e!jrafanYced�SbnjrVJjQh��SRXY2�STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQap b �S]�afTQe!YcdzYcV]����hCjQl>Y�_QYcV]�������R�r���^Í\TQV p ���R�r���r�@v��{RXY)j � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*�,�STQdz]�a1bfVr���SRXY�VXjQl��SRXY�luV?�¨TQe�bnÎ�e ë T�éT^lSYwY!Ñ@]IafTQbfVXY pz� m;�$�"�/� ë¼p éuv���RXY�j � �SY�lS_`T��SbfjrV*�/��TQdz]�afbfV*���SRXYwe!YcV]��l�TQa��¨TQe�bnÎ�e ëC� �@eOé�T^lSYwY!Ñ@]IafTQbfVXY p� m"T�dzj p Yca�x~b �SR"T�VXYÍ�rT��Sbf_QYÊ_QYcanj@e�b �¯mf�QluT p bnYcV]�&jQh¨�rÿ T����SRXY � j �i��jrd ��� ��WKd jQh¿�SRXY|d4TQV]�SanY|x�b �SRoT�SRUTQa1anjOx�afm p bn]�]�bfVr���QY�jrdzYÍ��lSm ë Y ��huéuvp{@Y�_QY�l�TQa>]�RUT ��YÖ�~T^lSY[afT � YcanY p bfV¸�SRXY p T��ST�TQV p T^lSY[Y!ÑK]�afTQb1VXY p bfV��mKVÓ�SRUYÍ�SbfeÍ�Í�Mx�b �SR8�SRXYcbnlwl�Tcm�]IT��SR*�"��e�RXYcd4T��Sb1e�TQafanm�]�afj �i��Y p T����SRXY � j �i��jrdijQh�]�TQVXYca�YQv��)TQe�RÄ��l�TQe!Yzb ���Ycanhk®¯VXjQl�d�TQafbn��Y p TQV p TQafb �rVXY p TQe�e!jQl p bfVr���j��SRXY"�SRUY�jQlSYÍ�Sbfe�TQaM]UlSY p b1ed��Y p"p bflSYced�)T^lSlubn_`TQaw� ë ���~��éW� � T ��Y pjrV¸�'��{r�Ï�(¡\dzj p Yca²v

Page 29: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

¢ Þ

ä�å FIæ>ç`B���P � � ��Y�lS_QY p �STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQa p b ��]�afTQe!Ycd4YcVÓ�����STQd4]�afbfVr�Ä�SRXY8{@j��*�SRÈ�l�SafTQVÓ�Sb1eoj@e!YcTQV ë T(� � �&eOéW�TQV p ��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�}TQV p �SYcb �Sd4bfezd4j p Ycaw�ÊhkjQlsY!ÑK]�afTQbfVUb1Vr�¾�SRUYÖ��Y�j � �SY�lS_QY pJp b ��]�afTQe!Ycd4YcVÓ��� ë¼p �>Y �¨h�hkjQlsT(�� ��e��)lSYÖ��]yYced�Sbn_QYcanmUéuv9��RXY¸��j��r�SRÈ�l�SafTQV]�Sbfe9j@e!YcTQVöb ���STQdz]�anY p(� m»�SRXY l�Yce!jQl p bfVr����bfVÇ�SRXY Z\TQT^]@_^TQTQa��Ycb ��d4bfezT^lSl�TOmtbfV»�Sj��r�SRXY�l�V9��hCl�bfe�T hCjQl[Y�_QYcV]���sj@e�eÍ�UlSlSY p b1Vj�SRXYO{Kj��r�SR»�wdzY�l�bfe�TQV9��� ��p �Ued�SbfjrV¾��jrVXYë �¨b �XvK�Eêr�>T � afY¡Oéuv��¨TQVXYcayT�é)TQV p9� é5��RXjOx0�SRXY��STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQa p b ��]IafTQe!YcdzYcV]����lSYce!jQl p Y p hkjQl�Y�_QYcV]�����R�r�����ë �¨b �Xv��Qé\bfVj�SRXY"VXjQl��SRXY�l�V ë ]�T��SR*�[a1T � YcafY p �ÊbfVt�¨b �Xv,�Qé\TQV p ��j��*�SRXY�l�V ë ]�T��SRK�[afT � YcanY p �%�wbfV»�Gb �Xv,�Qé]�T^l����\jQh3�SRUY�Z\TQT^]@_`TQTQa3��Ycb �Sd�bfe�T^lSl�Tcm �GlSYÖ��]yYced�Sbn_QYcafmQv¾�¨TQVXYca�eOé��SRXjOx"���SRXY p bw��]�afTQe!YcdzYcV]���ÊlSYce!jQl p Y phCjQl)Y�_QYcV]�����I¡ ¡Ö�Q�@v3�{RXYÖ��Y~j � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*�)T^lSY�Y!ÑK]�afTQb1VXY p4� mzdzj p Yca ��x�b �SR4T}VUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY~_QYcafj@e�b ��m��Ql�T p bnYcV]�afbfVUYcT^l�anm|_`T^l�m@bfV*��hClSjrd��rÿ ë ��jQ]Mé¿��j�¡Ö�rÿ ëC� j �i��jrd"é>T����SRXY � j �i��jrdÇ��� �|W@d�jQhK�SRUY&d4TQV]�SanY�TQV p �i��Y�Y�]�anmp bn]�]�bfVr��Y p �QYÖ� ë¼p �MY �Ihuéuv�{@Y�_QY�l�TQa>]�RUT ��YÖ�wT^lSYsafT � YcanY p bfV³�SRXY p T��ST"TQV p T^lSYsY!Ñ@]IafTQbfVXY p b1V³��mKVÓ�SRUYÍ�SbfeÍ�ë¼p �UY ��hué&x�b �SRO�SRXYÖ�SY\l�Tcmo]�T��SRK���Se�RUYcd4T��Sbfe�TQafanmo]�afj �i��Y p T����SRXY � j �i��jrd�jQhGYcTQeuR�]�TQVUYca²v$��TQeuRµ��l�TQe!Ysb ���Ycanhk®¯VXjQl�d�TQafbn��Y p TQV p TQafb �rVXY p TQe�e!jQl p bfVr���j��SRXY"�SRUY�jQlSYÍ�Sbfe�TQaM]UlSY p b1ed��Y p"p bflSYced�)T^lSlubn_`TQaw� ë ���~��éW� � T ��Y pjrV¸�'��{r�Ï�(¡\dzj p Yca²vä�å FIæ>ç`B(è���P {@m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�~e�TQafeÍ�UafT���Y p �*�SbfV*�4dzj p Yca ��x�b �SRµ�SRUbfeSWKVXYÖ���SYÖ�{jQh�¡Í� ��WKd ë T(� � é�TQV p ��� �4WKdë e�� p éÊTQV p VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QYO�SRXYcT^ls_QYcanjKe�b �¯mj�QluT p bnYcV]���[jQh�¡Í��ÿ ë T(�ÀeOé\TQV p ����ÿ ëC� � p é|T��A�SRUY � T ��Y"jQh��SRXYd4TQV]�SanYQv5�{RXY p T �SRUY p afbfVXYÖ�¨bfV p bfe�T���Y/�SRUY�]UlSY p bfed��Y p T^l�l�bn_^TQa � � T ��Y p jrVzdzj p Yca(�'��{(�J�(¡�TQV p �SRXY{RXYcTO_EmafbfVUYÖ��bfV p bfe�T���Y"�SRUY~ÎUlW�i�)T^lSlubn_`TQaw��j � �SY�lS_QY p bfV�Y�_QYcV]�{���R�r�����@v3�~j ��Y��SRUT��3�SRXY��STQdzY@��l�Tc_QYca��Sb1dzY p YcafTcm(�T^lSY9]UlSY p b1ed��Y p hCjQlzdzj p Yca �[x~b �SRJTÄ�STQdzYO�SRUb1eSWKVXYÖ���Í�¨lSYÍ�rT^l p anYÖ���sjQh��SRXYod4T��rVUb ��� p Y�jQh��SRUYoVUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY_QYcanjKe�b �¯m8�Ql�T p bnYcV]��v��{RXY�QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bnYÖ�|jQh��SRUY � j��UV p T^lSm afTcmQY�l\T^lSY�bfafaw�*�i��l�T���Y p T��@�SRUY � j �i��jrd jQh�YcTQeuR]�TQVXYca�vp�{RXY�lSYsT^lSY�VXj"afT���Y�luTQag_QYcanjKe�b ��mµ�Ql�T p bnYcV]���~x�b �SRUbfVµ�SRXYsd4j p Ycagx)Y p �QYÖ��v@��RXY[]�R�T ��Y}afT � YcanY p T ��4b ��T;��l%�UVUe�T��SbnjrV�]�RUT ��YÊjQh,�SRXY[REm � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p e�TQafeÍ�Ua1T��SbnjrV�vä�å FIæ>ç`B´è�è�P ��ÑKTQdz]IanYÖ��jQh/��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�|e�TQafeÍ��afT���Y p �K�SbfVr�o��� �"WKd1�SRUbfe�W¤dzj p Yca �{x~b �SRqT � TQe�W]�QlSj���V pVXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY"_QYcanjKe�b �¯mj�Ql�T p bnYcVÓ�[jQh��rÿîx�b �SRÂ_^T^l�bnj��K���QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bnYÖ�cvO��RXY p T �SRXY p afbfVXYÖ�Êb1V p bfe�T���Y��SRXY�]UlSY!®p bfed��Y p T^lSl�bf_`TQa � � T ��Y p jrV�dzj p YcaÓ�'��{(�Â�(¡&TQV p �SRXY�RXYcTO_EmsafbfVXYÖ�>bfV p bfe�T���Y/�SRXY&ÎUl%�i�GT^lSl�bn_^TQa ��j � ��Y�lS_QY p bfVY�_QYcV]�&���R�r�����@v$�{RUY��QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bnYÖ��jQhu�SRXY � j��UV p T^lSm[afTOmQY�l)T^lSY~bfafa �*����l�T���Y p T��5�SRXY � j �i��jrdÇjQhMYcTQe�R"]�TQVXYca²v�~j ��YA�SRUT��}©IÓ�©"]�RUT ��YÖ�~T^lSY\_Kb �Sb � anY��X]³��j9TQV�Y�]�bfe!YcV]��l�TQa p b �i�STQVUe!Y[jQhl¡Í��� Ú x�b �SR�T p b/ÕyY�lSYcVÓ�"�SanjOx~VXYÖ���hClSjrd �SR�T��[jQh��SRXY p bnlSYced�}T^lSl�bn_^TQa � ë ]�TQVUYca)T�éuv³��RXY�lSY"T^l�Y"VXj$afT���Y�l�TQa)_QYcanj@e�b �¯mj�Ql�T p bfYcVÓ���}x�b �SRUb1Vj�SRXYdzj p Ycayx&Y p �QYÖ��v/��RXY|]�RUT ��Y[a1T � YcafY p T �"�zb �{T���lW�UVUe�T��SbnjrVo]�R�T ��YÊjQh��SRXY\R�m � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p e�TQafeÍ�UafT��SbnjrV�v

Page 30: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Ù Ü

ä�å FIæ>ç`B´è@ì�P {KTQdzY�T ���¨b ���XlSY2¡ ¡���Y!ÑKe!Y�]*���SRUT��@�SRXY � TQeSWI�QlSj��UV p VUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY�_QYcanj@e�b �¯mµ�Ql�T p bnYcVÓ�|b �|�rÿ9v�~j ��Yt�SRUT��¸�i��lSjrVr�ý©MÓ�©Ý]�RUT �SYÖ� T^lSY¾j � ��Y�lS_QY p �wx�b �SRþTÈ�SafjOx�VXYÖ�%�9T^]�]UlSjrTQe�R�bfVr�Ï�SRUT�� jQh?�SRUY p bnlSYced�T^lSl�bf_`TQa �Ö�Kb1VO�SRXY\x�RXjrafY p b �i�STQVUe!YÊl�TQV*�QY\jQh¨�Q� Ú ®%¡Í�r� Ú vä�å FIæ>ç`B´èEð�P {KTQdzY�T ���¨b ���XlSY2¡ ¡���Y!ÑKe!Y�]*���SRUT��@�SRXY � TQeSWI�QlSj��UV p VUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY�_QYcanj@e�b �¯mµ�Ql�T p bnYcVÓ�|b �|�rÿ9v�~j ��Y��SRUT���TQV�T p�p b �SbnjrVUTQaG©IÓc©�]�R�T ��Y��i�ST^l�������j�YcdzY�l��QY\hCjQl�dzj p Yca ��x�b �SR T��i��Y�Y�]�anm p bn]U]IbfVr�[Y p �QY ëC� �eOéuvl�{RXYÊl�TOmE]�T��SRK�{jQh��SRXlSY�Y}]�RUT ��YÖ�{a1T � YcafY p bfV¸�SRXY?�Sm@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�~bfVo]�TQVXYca�e[T^lSYA�SeuRXYcd4T��Sbfe�TQa1anm"]Ianj �i��Y pbfVO�SRXY � j �i��jrd jQh,�SRXYÊ]�TQVUYca²v���j ��Y}TQa ��j��SRXY���l�TO_QYca��Sbfd4Y p YcafTcm(��]UlSY p bfed��Y po� m2�SRXY\dzj p Yca �&x�b �SRO�SRUb �afT^l��QY\VUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY[_QYcanjKe�b ��m2�QluT p bnYcV]��vä�å FIæ>ç`BJèEô�P {KTQdzY\T �"�Gb ���XlSY�¡c�I�UY!ÑXe!Y�]*���SRUT����SRUY � TQeSWI�QlSj��UV p VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY\_QYcanjKe�b ��m¾�Ql�T p bnYcVÓ�{bw��¡Ö�rÿ9v�~j ��Y p b/ÕyY�lSYcVÓ�wlSYcafT��Sbf_QYA�Sbfd�bfVr���wTQV p TQdz]�afb ��� p YÖ��TQdzjrV*�2�SRUlSY�Y}]IRUT ��YÖ�|e!jrdz]�T^lSY p ��jO�SRXj��SYshCjQl��SRXYdzj p Yca ��x�b �SR T4VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY\_QYcafj@e�b ��mO�Ql�T p bnYcV]�{jQhÀ�rÿ ë e^vÖh v �K�¨b ����v¿¡c�^e��,¡!ÍreOéuvä�å FIæ>ç`B´è@õ�P ��ÑKTQdz]IanYÖ��jQh/��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�|e�TQafeÍ��afT���Y p �K�SbfVr�o��� �"WKd1�SRUbfe�W¤dzj p Yca �{x~b �SRqT � TQe�W]�QlSj���V pVXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY¤_QYcanj@e�b �¯mÇ�Ql�T p bnYcV]�zjQh|�rÿ Ycd � Y pUp Y p x�b �SRÈ�Ua ��l�T`®¯anj;x _QYcanjKe�b �¯m(��jrVXYÖ�4T��;�SRUY�e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY� j��UV p T^l�m x�b �SR¾T�é|T2�SRUbfe�W@VXYÖ�%�|jQh)Í��9WKdîTQV p TO�SRXYcT^l\_QYcafj@e�b ��m¤lSY p �Ued�SbnjrV¾jQh"¡Í��ÿoê � éwT2�SRUbfe�W@VUYÖ���jQh�Í��9WKd TQV p T¸�SRXYcT^l|_QYcanjKe�b �¯m$lSY p ��ed�SbnjrV¤jQh@¡c�rÿ9ê>eOé~TO�SRUb1eSWKVXYÖ���wjQh&���oWKd TQV p TO�SRXYcT^l|_QYcanjKe�b �¯mlSY p ��ed�SbnjrVtjQh�¡c�rÿ9ê&TQV p � p éÊT8�SRUbfe�W@VUYÖ���[jQh����qWKd3TQV p T8��RXYcT^l}_QYcafj@e�b ��mÂlSY p �Ued�SbfjrVtjQh"����ÿ9v8�{RXYp T �SRUY p afb1VXYÖ�gbfV p bfe�T���Y$�SRUY&]�lSY p bfed��Y p T^lSl�bn_^TQa � � T ��Y p jrVsd4j p Yca]�'��{(�t�(¡&TQV p �SRXY�RXYcTc_@m}a1bfVXYÖ�gb1V p bfe�T���Y�SRXY{Î�l%�i��T^lSlubn_`TQaw�¨j � ��Y�lS_QY p bfVzY�_QYcV]�&���R�r�����@v/��RXY��QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bfYÖ��jQh��SRXY � j��UV p T^lSm}a1TcmQY�l�T^lSY�bfafaw�*�i��l�T���Y pT����SRXY � j �i��jrd jQhGYcTQeuR�]�TQVUYca²vä�å FIæ>ç`BÂèEø�P ��ÑKTQdz]IanYÖ��jQhc��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ��e�TQafeÍ��afT���Y p �K�SbfVr���Q���}WKdÐ�SRUbfeSW"dzj p Yca ��x�b �SR¾�i��l�jrVr�sVUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY_QYcanjKe�b �¯m?�Ql�T p bnYcV]���>TQV p _^T^l�bnj��*�¿�QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bnYÖ��v5�{RUY p T �SRUY p afbfVUYÖ��bfV p b1e�T���Y��SRXY&]UlSY p bfed��Y p T^lSl�bn_^TQa � � T ��Y pjrVodzj p YcaK�'��{(�Ý�(¡wTQV p �SRXY|RXYcTO_Em9afbfVXYÖ�)bfV p bfe�T���Y"�SRXYwÎUl%�i�&T^lSl�bn_^TQa �)j � ��Y�lS_QY p bfV�Y�_QYcVÓ�����R�r�����@v3�{RXY�QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bfYÖ�zjQhp�SRXY � j��UV p T^l�mtafTcmQY�l�T^l�Yob1afa �*�i��luT���Y p T����SRXY � j �i��jrd jQh�YcTQeuRÝ]�TQVXYca²vj�{RUYoVUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY_QYcanjKe�b �¯m?�Ql�T p bnYcV]���¨T^lSY)hClSjrd��rÿ ë ��jQ]Mé¿��j¡Ö�rÿ ëC� j �i��jrd"é ë T(� � égTQV p hkl�jrd���ÿ ë ��jQ]Mé¿��j�¡Í��ÿ ëC� j �i��jrd"éë e�� p éuvc�~j ��Y3�SRUT����SRXY�d�Ua �Sbn®�]�T��SRXY p ]�R�T ��YÖ� ë afT � YcanY p T �,�ré�T^lSY � T^lSYcanmwlSYce!j �rVUbf�cT � anY�bfV��SRXY$��mKVÓ�SRUYÍ�SbfeÍ��v

Page 31: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Ù Û

ä�å FIæ>ç`BýèXûIP {@mKV]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�sT��}T p b �i�STQVUe!Y"l�TQVr�QY�jQh��Q� Ú ®��Q� Ú e�TQa1eÍ�UafT���Y p �*�SbfVr�¤��� �qWKd �SRUb1eSWÂdzj p Yca �x�b �SR[_`T^lubnj��*� � TQeSWI�QlSj��UV p VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY&_QYcanjKe�b �¯m?�Ql�T p bnYcV]���>TQV p �QY�jrdzYÍ��lubnYÖ��v5�{RXYÖ��Y&dzj p Yca ��]�lSY p bfed�,�STQdzYp b/ÕyY�lSYcV]�SbfTQa6��l�Tc_QYca��SbfdzYÖ� � YÍ�¯x&Y�YcV©4TQV p ©IÓ�©z]IRUT ��YÖ�Í�UbfV p bfe�T��SbfVr�A�SRUT��l��l�T p Y!®�j^Õ���Y!ÑXb �i� � YÍ�¯x&Y�YcV¸�SRXY�QY�jrdzYÍ��lSmÏTQV p �SRXY$d4T��rVUb ��� p Y�jQh��SRXYq_QYcanj@e�b �¯mÈ�Ql�T p bfYcVÓ��b1V´]UlSY p bfed�SbfVr�j�SRXYשIÓ�©Uù ©Ï��Y�]�T^l�T��SbnjrVÏT���SRUb � p b �i�STQVUe!Yzl�TQV*�QYQvf��j ��Y �¨RXj;x)Y�_QY�lÖ�ÀafT^l%�QY4VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY�_QYcafj@e�b ��m8�QluT p bnYcV]���\]UlSY p bfed�ÊT l�T^]�b p bfV�e!lSYcT ��YjQh&lSYcafT��Sbn_QY ©IÓc©¤TQdz]�a1b ��� p Yshkl�jrdÛ�Q� Ú ��j¤�Q� Ú v;��RXY�lSYzT^lSY�VXj afT���Y�luTQaÀ_QYcanjKe�b �¯m¥�Ql�T p bfYcVÓ���|x�b �SRUbfVÄ�SRXYdzj p Ycayx&Y p �QYÖ��v/��RXY|]�RUT ��Y\afT � YcanY p T �"�zb �{T���l%��VUe�T��SbnjrV ]�R�T ��Y\bfVO�SRXY[REm � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p e�TQafeÍ�Ua1T��SbnjrV�vä�å FIæ>ç`B¤è���P �Q�SeuRXYcd4T��Sbfe�]�RUT ��Y p bfT��Ql�TQd���j[b1afa �*�i��luT���Y�T\]�T^l��SbfTQaXdzYca �$�Se!YcVUT^l�bfj\TQV p b ����e!jQl�lSYÖ��]yjrV p ®bfVr�¾�SRXYcT^lw_QYcanj@e�b �SbnYÖ��T �wT�hG�UVUed�SbfjrV jQh p Y�]*�SR�vl��RXY}e!jrdz]yj��Sb �SbnjrV�b �~T �����UdzY p ��j � Y[T2�Sbfd4]�anY � bfV�T^lSm��m(�i��YcdÇe!jrV*�Sbw�i�SbfVr�wjQhIT|d4T;ó�jQl�e!jrdz]yjrVXYcV]� ë YQvö�Xv �I�³�^®�]yY�lSjO_(��WKb ��Y;éGTQV p TÊd4bfVXjQl¨e!jrdz]yjrVXYcV]��� ë YQvö�Xv ��XY ����T��~a´�XjQl{_QjrafT��SbfanY[YcanYcdzYcV]����YcVXl�bfeuRXY p éuvä�å FIæ>ç`B"è���P �{x)j~YcV p ®¯dzYcd � Y�l%��jQh(��Ycdz]yY�l�T����Xl�Y)TQV p ��jrafb p �K�y]UlSjQÎ�anYÖ�>T��¿�SRXY � T ��Y)jQhUd4TQVÓ�SafY � YcVXYcT��SR�SRXY[e!YcV]��l�TQa,�¨TQe�bnÎ�e[TQV p {@j��r�SR8�l�SafTQVÓ�Sb1e\jKe!YcTQV*��vl� V¤e�T ��Y2¡��u�SRXY{@j��*�SR³�l�SafTQV]�Sbfe\jKe!YcTQV$RUT ��T¾�STQdzY�QY�j �SRXY�l�d T ���SRUY�e!YcVÓ��luTQaK�¨TQe�bnÎ�e�� � �r��b ��R�T ��T p Y�]Ul�YÖ����Y p ��jra1b p �*�ÀT����SRUY � T ��Y{jQh��SRXY~d4TQVÓ�SafY � Yce�T �*��YjQh¿�SRUYwe!jrdz]yj��Sb �SbnjrVUTQaMe�RUTQVr�QYQv/� V9e�T ��Y?�I�Xd4T���Y�l�b1TQa ��RUTc_QY\T��STQdzY���jra1b p �*� � YcVUYcT��SR � j �SR2�SRXYÊe!YcV]��l�TQa�¨TQe�bnÎ�e~TQV p {@j��r�SR¾�l�SafTQV]�Sbfe{jKe!YcTQV*�Í� � �r���SRUY���Ycdz]yY�l�T����XlSYÖ�)T^lSY~afj@e�TQafafm}YcanY�_^T���Y p"� YcVUYcT��SR;�SRXY�{@j��r�SR�l�SafTQV]�SbfeÊjKe!YcTQV p �UY���j�dzjQlSYÊl�T p bnj �QYcVUbfeÊRXYcT��Sb1Vr�Xv

Page 32: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Ùr¢

%8���#����

Page 33: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Ù(Ù

���� AkB(èUP ��_QYcVÓ�@�gb �i��~jXv jQlub �rbfV afT�� afjrV p Y�]*�SR ë WKd"é

�Q���r� �Q� �Q�rßR�r�rß��Q�2�Ó�EØë�r�@Øë�r� ¡c�@vÐ�Q� ¡!Í��@v ¡c� �Q�Q����R�r���r� ���QßR�r�rßR�r�Ä¡c�@ØÖÍ��@Øë��� ®��(¡^væ�^� ®%¡±�^�@vÐ�Q� ¡Í�r����R�r����� ���QßR�r�rßR���Ä¡Ö�@Ø ¡c�@ØË�Q� �@vÐ�Q� ®��^�@væ�^� ¡c�Q����R�r���^Í ���QßR�r�rßR�^͸�^ÍXØÐ�`ÍXØë�r� ® �Q�@vÐ��� ¡±�^�@vÐ�`Í � �Q����I¡ ¡Ö�Q� ���QßI¡ ¡Oß��Q�O� �@ØÐ�Q�@ØÖÍÓ� ®%¡c�@væ�;Í ®��Q�@væ�^� �Q�Q��Q�(¡Í� �r� �Q�rßI¡Í��ßR�r�Ä¡ ¡^ØÐ�Q�@ØÐ�Q� ® ���Kvë��� ®%¡±�^�@vÐ� � ���r�

Page 34: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Surface

a)

FDG

RT G

RT

Kirchhoff

CMB

Finite Difference Regionb)

vτzy τxy

Reflected

Total

Scattered

n=1

n=3

n=N

m=1

m=3

m=M

Guest
Figure 1
Page 35: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

Surface

CMB

SH

SH

SH

SH

PREM500 km

315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325

GRT

HY

ScSS

Velocity

t - 5 * ∆ (seconds)

315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325

GRT

HY

Velocity

t - 5 * ∆ (seconds)

Guest
Figure 2
Page 36: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

500 km

Surfacea)

GRT

CMBFD

GRT GRT

WKB

Kir

chh

off

25 km

Vs = 5 km/s

PREM

b)

c) t=387.75 sec d) t=389.75 sec

e) t=391.75 sec f) t=393.75 sec

Guest
Figure 3
Page 37: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

500 km

Surfacea)

GRT

CMBFD

GRT GRT

WKB

Kir

chh

off

25 km

Vs = 5 km/s

PREM

b)

c) t=387.75 sec d) t=389.75 sec

e) t=391.75 sec f) t=393.75 sec

Guest
Figure 4
Page 38: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

core

man

tle

S

ScS

Sd

iff

80

110

core

man

tle

S

ScS

Sd

iff

80

110

Guest
Figure 5
Page 39: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

GRT

98

100

102

104

106

108

580 600

Sdiff

a)

dis

tan

ce (

deg

ree)

t-9*∆ (sec)

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

Sdiff

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

GRT

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

Sdiff

76

78

80

82

84

86

88580 600

b)

t-9*∆ (sec)

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

HY

Sdiff

Guest
Figure 6
Page 40: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

970503970904970904

951006

950823

971128971128

970902

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII

970902

IIIIIIIII

Guest
Figure 7
Page 41: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

ESK

MM18

MM17

MM16

MM15

MM14

MM13

MM12

MM11

MM09

MM08

MM07

MM06

MM05 MM04

MM03

MM02

100

102

104

106

108

110

0 20

Sdiff

a)

dis

tan

ce (

deg

ree)

CCM

MM17

MM16

MM15

MM14

MM13

MM12

MM09

MM08

MM07

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

1100 20

Sdiff

12

b)

ANMO

ANMO

BAR

BKR

COR

COR

CPP

FPC

FUR

GSC HEC MLAC

MTP

MWC

NEE

PAS

PFO

SBC

SNCC

SOT

SVD

TUC

TUC

VTV

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

0 20

Sdiff

c)

100

102

104

106

108

110

0 20

Sdiff

d)

dis

tan

ce (

deg

ree)

t (sec)

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

1100 20

Sdiff

1 2

1

2

e)

t (sec)

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

0 20

Sdiff

f)

t (sec)

Guest
Figure 8
Page 42: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

sa61

sa59

sa60

sa63 sa45 sa64 sa70 sa66

sa46 sa71 sa65 sa67

sa47 sa51 sa68 sa55

sa72

sa56

sa76

sa75

sa80

sa63

100

102

104

106

108

0 20

Sdiff

12

3

a)

dis

tan

ce (

deg

ree)

sa24 sa18

sa31 sa25 bosa

sa39 sa32

sa11

sa81

sa22 sa16

sa13

sa23

sa12

sa13

sa31

sa37

sa38

sa40

sa39

96

98

100

102

104

0 20

Sdiff

1 2

b)

sa61 sa59

sa60

sa63 sa45

sa64

sa70 sa66

sa65 sa67 sa47

sa68

sa76

sa75

sa80

sa24 sa18

sa31 sa25 bosa

sa39 sa32

sa11 sa81

sa16

sa23

sa12

sa31

sa37

sa38

sa40

sa39

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

0 20

Sdiff

1 2

c)

100

102

104

106

108

0 20

Sdiff

12

3

123

d)

dis

tan

ce (

deg

ree)

t (sec)

96

98

100

102

104

0 20

Sdiff

1 2

1

2

e)

t (sec)

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

0 20

Sdiff

1 2

1

2

f)

t (sec)

Guest
Figure 9
Page 43: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

0

098 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600300 km

0%10

%

0% -

10%

a)distance (degree)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%20

%

0% -

20%

b)

t-9*

∆ (s

ec)58

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

0

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%10

%

0% -

10%

c)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%20

%

0% -

20%

d)

Guest
Figure 10
Page 44: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

0

098 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600300 km

0%

3%

0% -

3%

a)distance (degree)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%

3%

0% -

3%

b)

t-9*

∆ (s

ec)58

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

0

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%

3%

0% -

3%

c)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%

3%

0% -

3%

d)

Guest
Figure 11
Page 45: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

0

098 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600300 km

0%

6%

0% -

6%

a)distance (degree)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%

6%

0% -

6%

b)

t-9*

∆ (s

ec)58

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

0

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%

6%

0% -

6%

c)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%

6%

0% -

6%

d)

Guest
Figure 12
Page 46: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

0

0

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600300 km

0%

9%

0% -

9%

a)distance (degree)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%

9%

0% -

9%

b)

t-9*

∆ (s

ec)58

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

0

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

580

590

600

0

0

11

22

33

580

590

600300 km

0%

9%

0% -

9%

1 2 3

c)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%

9%

0% -

9%

d)

Guest
Figure 13
Page 47: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600300 km

0%

12%

0% -

12%

a)distance (degree)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

00

580

590

600300 km

0%

12%

0% -

12%

b)

t-9*

∆ (s

ec)58

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

0

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

11

22

33

580

590

600300 km

0%

12%

0% -

12%

1 2 3

c)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%

12%

0% -

12%

d)

Guest
Figure 14
Page 48: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600300 km

0%

3%

0% -

3%

+ U

LV

Z (

45km

,-10

%)

a)distance (degree)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600300 km

0%

3%

0% -

3%

+ U

LV

Z (

45km

,-15

%)

b)

t-9*

∆ (s

ec)58

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

0

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600300 km

0%

3%

0% -

3%

+ U

LV

Z (

30km

,-15

%)

c)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600300 km

0%

3%

0% -

3%

+ U

LV

Z (

30km

,-20

%)

d)

Guest
Figure 15
Page 49: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600

0

0

98 100

102

104

106

108

580

590

600300 km

2%12

%

2% -

12%

a)distance (degree)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

00

11

22

33

580

590

600300 km

2%12

%

2% -

12%

b)

t-9*

∆ (s

ec)58

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

058

059

060

0

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

11

22

33

580

590

600300 km

0%10

%

0% -

10%

c)

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

580

590

600

Sd

iff

IAS

P91

Dat

a

580

590

600

0

0

580

590

600300 km

0%10

%

0% -

10%

d)

Guest
Figure 16
Page 50: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

0

0

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

020

300 km

2%

8%

2% -

8%

a)distance (degree)

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

0

0

020

300 km

0%

7%

0% -

7%

b)

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

0

0

020

300 km

0%

6%

0% -

6%

c)

(sec

)

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

020

0

0

020

300 km

0%

5%

0% -

5%

d)

Guest
Figure 17
Page 51: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

(e.g., F e,Al,C a-P v) (e.g., Mg-P v)

C MB

300 km

De

pth

(te

mp

era

ture

) in

cre

ase

s

y1 x1

y2 x2

E

liqudusliqudus

solid

αβ (km/s)

S hear V elocityP hase Diagram

0

F

M

Guest
Figure 18
Page 52: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Case 1

CMBTemperature, K

Dep

th (

km)

geotherm

Solidus (South Atlantic)

So

lidu

s (C

entr

al P

acif

ic)

geotherm (Central Pacific)

geotherm (South Atlantic)

Case 2

CMBTemperature, K

So

lidu

s

Guest
Figure 19