PGS. TS. NGUYEN XUAN TRUONG

BOi tQp nOng coo ,

HOAHOC •

(T ai bdn ld'n tlur chin)

' J ? ~ -

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO Dl)C VIeTNAM

    

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Lil'l NOI DAU Ngh~ quyet cua Quae h(>i (khoa X, kl hQp thu 8) ve d6i m6'i chuong trlnh giao

d~;~c ph6 thong v6'i m~;~c tieu la xay dl!Jlg n(>i dung chuong trlnh, phuong phap giao d~;~c, sach giao khoa ph6 thong mm, nM.m nang cao cha:t luqng giao d~;~c to~m di~n the h~ tre, dap Ung yeu cau phat tri~n nguon nhan llJC phi;IC Vl;l cong nghi~p hoa, hi~n d~i hoa dat nu6'c, phu hqp v6'i thl;fc ti~n va truyen thong Vi~t Nam, tiep c~n trlnh d(> giao di;IC ph6 thong i:J cac nu6'c phat tri~n trong khu Vl;fC va the gi6'i.

D~ ph~;~c Vl;l cho vi~c d6i mm phuong phap d~y hQC (J truemg ph6 thong nh~m d~t duqc m~;~c tieu tren, chung toi bien so<;tn b¢ sach Bai t~p boa hQc nang cao g6m 5 cuon, tir l6'p 8 den 16'p 12, theo chuong trlnh va SGK m6'i.

N¢i dung m6i cuon g6m hai phan :

PHAN THtJ NHAT

A - Tom tat kien thuc co bim theo tirng chuong, tirng bai cua sach giao khoa m6'i va c6 b6 sung m(>t so kien thuc rna r(>ng, dao sau cac kien thuc trong sach giao khoa.

B - Bai t~p co ban va nang cao phong phu, da d~ng va d~c bi~t c6 bai t~p tr~c nghi~m khach quan giup tl;l' kiem tra nhanh vi~c n~m kien thuc.

PHAN THtJ HAl

Giai bai t~p - Hu6ng d~n giai - Dap so

Chung toi hi VQng b(> sach Se giup fch cho CaC em hQC sinh hQC tot hon Va la tai li~u tham khao d~ cac thay, co giao d~y tot hon mon Hoa hQC.

· M~c du da rat co g~ng nhung b¢ sach ch~c ch~n khong tranh khoi sai s6t, Chung toi mong nh~n duqc Sl;f gop y cua b~n dQC, nhat la CUa cac thay, CO giao va CaC em hQC sinh.

PGS. TS. NGUYEN XUAN TRUONG

3

CAC CHU' VIET TAT H04C Ki HI~U

Viet tat Ki hieu

pbucmg trinh boa h<;>c PTHH nguyen til kh6i NTK A

pban til kb6i PTK M

pban tu kh6i trung blnh -M

(hay kb6i luang mol trung blnh)

nhi¢t d¢ to

nhi¢t d¢ n6ng cbay 0 tnc

nhi¢t d¢ s6i 0 ts

long I

ran r

khi k

hai h

dung dich dd

xuc tac xt

ti kb6i cua khi A so v6i khi B dA/8

n6ng d6 pban tram C%

n6ng d¢mol eM kh6i Iucmg m

s6mol n

c6ng thuc cau tao crcr c6ng tht!c pban tu CTPf

4

    

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Phon thu nhat

TOM TAT KIEN THUC co BAN aA1 TAP co BAN vA NANG CAO •

sai 1

CAC LO(ll HIJP CHAT Vii CO'

TlNH CHAT HOA HQC CUA OXIT KHAt QUAT VE 51/ PHAN LO~I OXIT

A - Kien' thCtc co ban

Phan lo<;ti oxit va tinh chat hoa hQC cua oxit.

1. Oxit. bazo : Thi d1,1 K20 , CaO, MgO . ..

I Oxit bazo + axit ~ muoi + nu6'c

MgO + H2S04 ~ MgS04 + H20

- M(>t s6 oxit baza tac dt,mg voi oxit axit t<;to th1mh mu6i. Thf d1,1 : Li20 , K20, CaO . . .

CaO + C02 ~ CaC03

- M(>t s6 oxit baza tac dl,lng voi nuoc t<;tO thimh dung d!ch baza (kiem).

Thf d1,1 : K20 , CaO, BaO ....

CaO + H20 ~ Ca(OHh

2. Oxit axit: Thi d1,1 C02 , S02 , P20 5 . .. ~~--~~~-----------------. I Oxit axit + dd bazo ~ muoi + nu6'c

S02 + 2NaOH ~ Na2S03 + H20

- M(>t s6 ox it axit tac d1,1ng voi ox it baza t<;to thanh mu6i.

Thf ct~,~ : co2, so2 .. . . - Da s6 oxit ax it tac dt,mg voi nuoc t<;to thanh dung dtch ax it.

Thi d~1 : S03, N20 s .. .

. 5

3. Oxit Iu<mg tinh : Thi d1,1 : ZnO, Al20 3, .Cr20 3 .. .

Oxit Iuong tinh + dd bazo ~ muoi + nuoc

Oxit lu<mg tinh + dd axit ~ muoi + nuoc

Al20 3 + 2NaOH ~ 2NaAI02 + H20 natri aluminar

Al20 3 + 6HCI ~ 2AIC13 + 3H20

ZnO + 2NaOH ~ Na2Zn02 + H20 natri zincaf

ZnO + 2HCI ~ ZnC12 + H20

4. Oxit trung tinh (con gQi la oxit khong t~o muoi): Thi d1,1: NO, N20 ...

{

- kh6ng tac dl,lng vai dd ax it

Oxit trung tinh - khong tac d1,1ng vai dd baza

- kh6ng tac dt,mg vai nuac

B- Bai"J¢p 1.1 Oxit la gi? Nuac c6 phai la oxit khong?

1.2 C6 cac ox~t sau : K20, MgO, S02, CaO, CuO, C02, N20, N20 5, Fe20 3, P20 5,

S03. Hay pharr lo~i cac oxit tren va viet PTHH minh ho~. 1.3 So sanh nhiing tinh chA't hoa hQC cua oxit baza va oxit axit. V6i moi tinh

chat hay lay m¢t thi d~;~ pharr t!ng d~ minh ho~. 1.4 Vietcong thuc hoa hQC cua nhfrng axit ho~c baza tuang t!ng vai nhfrng oxit

sau day : Si02, BaO, S03, S02, N20 5, MgO, P20 5, Al20 3, Fe20 3_

1.5 C6 nhfrng oxit sau : Na20, BaO, P20 5, S03, CaO, MgO, Fe20 3, Al20 3, Si02.

Hay cho biet nhfrng oxit nao tac d1,1ng duqc vai : a) nuac b) axit sunfuric c) dd NaOH. Viet cac PTHH.

1.6 a) Pharr tfug cua oxit vai nuac thu¢c lo~i phan ung gl ? Lay 3 thi d1,1 minh ho;;t cho oxh baza va 3 thi d~;~ minh ho;;t cho oxit axit.

b) Cho cac oxit : S03, K20, CuO, S02, Fe20 3, Al20 3. Oxit nao tac d~;~ng duqc vai : 1) dd KOH?; 2) dd H2S04 ?; 3) ca hai dd tren? Viet cac PTHH. c) Phcin ung nao d~c trung cho ox it baza n6i chung va phan t!ng nao d~c trung cho ox it baza ki~m n6i rieng ?

1.7 a) Cho cac oxit : CaO, MgO, Na20, S02, S03, H20, CO, C02. Oxit nfw tac . d1,1ng duqc vai nhau ttrng d6i m¢t ? Viet cac PTHH.

b) Lam the nao d~ bien sat (III) oxit thanh sat (III) hidroxit ?

6

1.8 C6 h6n hqp chat dm gam Al20 3 va Fe20 3. Hay tach rieng Fe20 3 ra khoi h6n hqp bang phuong phap hoa h9c. Viet cac PTHH.

1.9 a) C6 3 chat rftn la BaO, Si02, MgO. Dung phuang phap hoa h9c d~ nh~n biet chung. Viet cac PTHH.

b) Phan bi~t Ca.O va P20 5 bang phuong phap hoa h9c. Vi€t cac PTHH.

1.10 Hoa tan hoan toan 1,6 g CuO tronglOO g dd H2S04 20%.

a) Viet PTHH ph<in tffig xay ra. b) Tfnh nong d¢. % cua cac chat trong dd thu duqc.

1.11 De hoa tan hoan toan 2,4 g m¢t oxit kim lo<;ti hoa tr! II can dung 10 g dd HCl 21,9%. Hoi d6la oxit cua kim lo<;1i nao? .

Bai 2 MQT SO OXIT QUAN TRQNG

1. Canxi oxit CaO a) Tinh chat hod h9c : CaO la oxit baza tac dl;lng v6i nu6c, axit, oxit axit.

b) Dil u che': Nhi~t phan da voi ( c6 thanh phfin chfnh la CaC03).

> 900"C CaO + C02

c) Ong d~ng: Dung trong cong nghi~p luy~n kim, cong nghi~p hoa h9c, xay diJilg, khttchua dat, sat trung, di~t nam, khii d¢c moi truang.

2. Luu huynh dioxit S02

a) Tinh chat hod h9c : S02 la oxit axit tac dl;lng v6i nu6c, dd baza, oxit baza.

b) Die'u chl - Trong phong thf nghi~m :

Na2S03(r) + H2S04 (ctct) ~ Na2S04 cctct) + S02(k) + H20 0)

ho~c:

- Trong cong nghi~p :

• Dot S trong khong khf :

• Dot qu~ng pirit s~t Fe~ :

c) Ong d~tng • San xuat H2S04.

t" S+02 -)- so2

to 4Fe~ + 1102 -)- 2Fe20 3 + 8S02

• Tay tr~ng b¢t g6 trong cong nghi~p giay.

• Di~t nam moe.

7

s ; '~~at t¢p :,

2.1 C6 nhilng oxit : Fe20 3, CaO, Al20 3, CuO, S02, S03, CO, C02. Nhilng oxit nao tac dt,mg duqc voi: a) H20; b) H2S04 ; c) dd NaOH?

2.2 C6 hai nh6m chat :

Nh6m A : CaO, C02, CuO, CO, S02, Fe20 3

Nh6m B : HCl, NaOH, H20

Hay cho biet nhilng chat nao trong nh6m A tac dt,mg duqc vai chat nao trong nh6m B? Viet cac PTHH phim ling xay ra.

2.3 Viet PTHH cua cac phan ung:

a) Tu CaO di~u che CaC12 va Ca(N03)2.

b) Tu S02 di~u che NaHS03 va Na2S03.

2.4 M(>t so oxit duqc dung lam chat hut lim (chat lam kho) trong phong thf nghi~m. Hay cho biet nhilng oxit nao sau day c6 th~ dung lam chat hut lim : CuO, BaO, CaO, P20 5, Al20 3, Fe30 4 ? Gi<li thfch va viet PTHH d~ minh hoC;l.

2.5 Cho cac khf sau day bi lftn hai nu6'c (khf lim) : N2, 0 2, C02, S02, NH3. Biet NH3 c6 tfnh chat hoa h<;>c cua baza tan.

Khf am nao c6 the lam kh6 btmg: a) H2S04 d~c ; b) CaO?

2.6 Neu phuang phap hoa h<;>c de tach rieng Fe20 3 ra khoi hon hqp gom CaO va Fe20 3. Viet cac PTHH.

2.7 De phan bi~t khf C02 va khf S02 c6 the dung chat nao sau day?

A - Dd Ca(OH)2 ; B- Dd Br2 ; C- Dd NaOH ; D- Dd KN03

2.8 Oxi hoa hoan toan 8 lit khf S02 (dktc). san phlim thu duqc hoa tan vao 57,2 rnl

dd H2S04 60% (D = 1 ,5g/ml). Tfnh nong d¢ phan tram cua dd axit thu duqc.

2.9 Cho 3,92 g CaO tac dt,mg het voi nuoc duqc 700 ml dd. Dftn 1,12 lft khf C02 (dktc) di qua 700 ml dd tren. Hay xac dtnh khoi luqng cac chat sau phan ung . .

2.10 Nguai ta dung khf S02 de tay ue. Tfnh luqng luu huynh can dung de dieu che Iuqng khf S02 du dy ue m(>t can phong dai 6 m, r(>ng 4 m, cao 3m neu trung blnh m6i m3 can dung 1,6 g S02.

2.11 Nung m(>t tan da v6i (gia thiet CaC03 chiem 100%) thl c6 the thu duqc bao nhieu kg v6i song (neu hi~u suat phan ung la 90%) ?

2.12 C6 m(>t lo(;li da voi chua 80% CaC03. Nung 1 tan da voi lol;li nay c6 the thu duqc bao nhieu kg v6i song (neu hi~u suat phan ung Ia 90%) ?

2.13 Nung m(>t tan da v6i thl thu duqc 478,8 kg v6i song. Tfnh ti I~ % khoi luqng tC;lp chat trong da voi biet ding hi~u suat qua trlnh nung v6i Ia 90%.

8

· 2.14 M(>t lo<:ti da voi chua 85% CaC03 va 15% t<:tp chat khong bi phan huy a nhi~t d(> cao. Khi nung m(>t hrqng da voi d6 thu duqc m(>t chat rAn c6 khoi Iuqng bang 70% khoi luqng da trttac khi nung.

a) Tinh hi~u suat phan huy CaC03.

b) Tinh th~mh phan % khoi luqng CaO trong chat rAn sau khi nung.

Bai3 ·'/ , , . '! ..,

A -:-::- Kien thuc co· ban

1. D'nh nghia axit Axit Ut hqp chat, phan tir g6m c6 m(>t hay nhieu nguyen tir hidro lien ket vai g6c axit.

2. Phan loai axit

a) D~ra vao thanh plzd'n nguyen to', phan tbanh hai lo<:ti :

- Axit kh6ng c6 oxi. Thi dl;l : HCl, HBr, H2S.

- Axit c6 oxi. Thi dl;l: H2S04, HN03, H3P04.

b) D~ta vao tinh chat hoa h9C, phan thanh hai lo<:ti :

- Axit m<:tnh. Thi dl;l : HCl, HN03, H2S04

- Axit yeu. Thf dl;l : H2S, H2C03, H2S03.

· 3. Tinh chat hoa h«?c ciia axit

• Axit + quy tim ~ quy tim chuy~n mau do

• Axit + kim lo<:ti ~ muoi + H2

• Axit + baza ~ muoi + nttac (phan t.Ing trung boa)

• Axit + oxit baza ~ muoi + nttac

• · Axit + muoi ~ muoi mai + axit mai

a) Axit Ia gi ? Hay viet cong thuc hoa h9c va g9i ten 4 axit kh6ng c6 oxi va 4 axit c6 oxi.

b) Hay viet c6ng thuc oxit tuong ung vai cac axit sau : HN03, H2S03,

H2S04, H2C03, H3P04.

c) Hay neu tinh chat boa h9c cua axit, vai m6i tinh chat hay viet hai PTHH d~ minh hoa.

3.2 Hay tlm cong thuc boa h9c cua nhfrng axit c6 thanh philn nguyen to nhu sau : a) H: 2,12%; N: 29,8% ; 0 : 68,08 % b) H : 3.7%: P : 37,8% ; 0: 58,5%

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3.3 C6 th~ phan bi~t cac dd : NaCI, H2S04, BaCl2, KOH bang each n~w trong so cac each cho du6'i day ?

A- Khong dn dung them hoa chat B - Chi dung them phenolphtalein C- Chi dung them kim loi;li Zn D - Chi dung them kim loi;li AI

3.4 Ngam 21,6 g h6n hqp ba kim loi;li Zn, Fe, Cu trong dd H2S04 loang du. Phan ting xong thu duqc 3 g chat ran khong tan va 6, 72 lft khf a dktc. Xac dinh phan tram khoi luqng m6i kim lo~i trong h6n hqp.

3.5 Bang du6'i day cho biet ket qua cua 6 thf nghi~m xay ra gifra Zn va dd HCL Trong m6i thf nghi~m nguai ta dung 0,2g Zn tac dl;lng v6'i th~ tfch bang nhau cua axit, nhung c6 n6ng d¢ khac nhau :

STI Nong d¢ Nhi~t d(> Tr~ng thai Thai gian phan ung holm tolm cua axit axit (0C) cua kern (giay)

I IM 25 manh 190 2 2M 25 b(>t 85 3 2M 35 manh 62 4 2M 50 b(>t 15 5 2M 35 b(>t 45 6 3M 50 b(>t II

Nhfrng thf nghi~m nao chting to rang : a) Toe d¢ cua phan ung tang theo nhi~t d¢ ? b) Toed¢ cua phan ting tang khi di~n tfch tiep xuc tang?

3.6 an dling .bao nhieu gam dd axit HO 3,65% d~ trung hoa 200g dd NaOH 10%?

3.7 Trung hoa 200 ml dd H2S04 1M bang dd NaOH 20%.

a) Tfnh so gam dd NaOH can dung. b) Neu thay dd NaOH bang dd KOH thl phai dung bao nhieu ml dd KOH 5,6% (D = 1,045 g/ml) d~ trung hoa dd axit da cho?

3.8 C6 200 ml dd HCl 0,2 M.

a) D~ trung hoa dd axit nay can bao nhieu ml dd NaOH 0,1 M ? Tfnh n6ng d¢ mol cua dd muoi sinh ra.

b) Trung hoa dd axit tren bang dd Ca(OH)2 5%. Hay tfnh khoi Iuqng dd

Ca(OHh ciln dung va n6ng d¢ philn tram cua dd muoi sau phan ting (gia thiet khoi luqng rieng cua dd HClla 1 g/ml).

3.9 Tr¢n 10 ml dd H2S04 v6'i 10 ml dd HCl r6i chia dd thu duqc thanh hai philn bang nhau.

10

- Phan thu nhat cho tac dt,mg v6'i dd BaC12 du duqc 6,99 g ket tua.

- Phan thtr hai cho tac dl;lng v6'i Na2C03 du t;,to ra 896 ml khf b dktc.

Xac dinh nong d(> cua m6i axit tru6'c khi tr(>n.

3.10 Lay 100 ml dd h6n hqp HCl va HN03 cho tac dl;lng v6'i dd AgN03 lay vua du. Sau phan trng thu duqc 4,305 g ket tua. LQc bo ket tua, nu6'c lQc tac dt,mg duqc v6'i 40 ml dd NaOH 2M (vua du).

a) Viet cac PTHH.

b) Xac d!nh nong d(> mol cua cac ax it trong h6n hqp dau.

Bai4 MQT SO AXIT QUAN TRQNG

- Axit clohidric la dd cua khf hidro clorua trong nu6'c. Dung d!ch bao hoa khf HCl c6 nong d¢ khming 37%.

- Axit clohidric c6 day du nhiing tfnh chat cua axit :

Tac dl;lng v6'i kim lo;,ti ho;,tt d(>ng ~ giai ph6ng khf hidro

• Tac dl;lng v6'i oxit bazo ~ mu6i + nu6'c

• Tac dl;lng v6'i bazo ~ mu6i + nu6'c

• Tac dl;lng v6'i mu6i ~ mu6i m6'i + axit m6'i

II. AXIT SUNFURIC

1. Tinh chat v~t li cua axit sunfuric d~c

- Axit sunfuric d~c c6 nong d(> 98% (D = l,83g/cm\ soi b 330 °C, khong bay hai.

- Axit sunfuric d~c c6 tfnh hut Am nen duqc dung de lam kh6 m(>t so chat

2. Tinh chat hoa h<,>c

- Axit sunfuric loang c6 day du nhiing tinh chat cua axit n6i chung.

- Axit sunfuric d~c c6 nhiing tfnh chat hoa hQc rieng : • Tfnh hao nu6'c : Axit sunfuric d~c c6 the chiem oxi va hidro cua chat hiiu

ca giai ph6ng ra cacbon :

duO'ng saccarozo

• Axit sunfuric d~c, n6ng tac dl;lng v6'i hau het cac kim lo~i t;,to thfmh mu6i

sunfat va giai ph6ng khf so2 : 2H2S04 + Cu ~- CuS04 + S02 + 2H20

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Clni y : Axit sunfuric d~c, ngu(>i kh6ng tac dl;lng v6'i m(>t so kim lot;ti nhu Fe, Al, Cr . ..

3. San xuat axit sunfuric

Trong cong nghi~p, axit sunfuric duqc san xuat being phucmg phap tiep xuc. Cac phan t!ng hoa hQC xay ra theo sa do sau:

s . so 2

+0? + H?O

4. Nh~n biet axit sunfuric va muoi sunfat

Nh~n biet axit sunfuric va muoi sunfat thong qua vi~c nh~n biet goc sunfat

(= S04) .

Thuoc thii de nh~m biet g6c sunfat la muoi bari (BaC12, Ba (N03)2 ... ) ho~c dd

bari hidroxit Ba(OHh. Phan ung tt;to thanh ket tua tning BaS04, khong tan trong nhfrng axit khac.

H2S04 + BaCl2

Na2S04 + Ba(OHh --?

BaS04 J, + 2HCI

BaS04 J, + 2NaOH

B- Bai t¢p .

4.1 a) Hay trinh bay tinh chat hoa hQC cua axit sunfuric, v6'i moi tinh chat hay dan ra m(>t PTHH de minh hot;t.

b) C6 the dieu che khf S02 being each cho H2S04 d~c tac dl;lng v6'i luu huynh a nhi~t d(> cao. Hay viet PTHH.

4.2 Viet cac PTHH cua sa do chuyen d6i hoa hQc sau :

s~ 3 4 ..-l--*so2~Na2so3 ~so2 ~so3~H2S04

FeS2 2 · ~NaHS04 ~Na2S04 4.3 Kim lot;ti nao trong so cac kim lot;ti cho du6'i day khi tac dl;lng v6'i 1 mol

H2S04 d~c, n6ng thl thu duqc 11,2lft S02 a dktc?

A - Cu B - Zn C- Ag D - ca 3 kim lot;ti da cho

4.4 Can dieu che m(>t luqng dong sunfat. Phucmg ph<ip nao sau day tiet ki~m duqc axit sunfuric nhat ? A) Axit sunfuric tac d1,mg v6'i dong kim lot;ti .

B) Axit sunfuric tac dl;lng vai dong (II) oxit. C) Axit sunfuric tac dl;lng v6'i dong (II) hidroxit.

D) Phuong phap B va C.

4.5 C6 m(>t dd axit sunfuric, trong d6 so mol H2S04 being so mol H20 . Nong d(>

% cua H2S04 la:

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A) 48,84% B) 84,48% C) 80,48% D) ket qua kh<ic

Hay ch<;>n dap an dung.

4.6 C6 nhiing eMit : Cu, CuO, MgC03, Mg, MgO. Chat nao n6i tren tac d~:~ng vai

dd H2S04 loang sinh ra:

a) Chat khl chay duqc trong khOng khf? c) Dung d!ch c6 mfm xanh?

b) Chat khf lam d~:tc nuac vOi trong ? d) Dung d!ch khOng mau ? Viet cac PTIIH.

4. 7 Bang phuang phap hoa h<;>c hay nh~n biet 3 1<;> di!J1g dd khOng mau I a HO,

H2S04 va Na2S04•

4.8 C6 the ch<;>n nhiing chat nao de khi cho tac d~:~ng het v6'i 1 mol H2S04 thl thu

duqc khi S02 a dktc la :

a) 5,6 lft b) 11,2 1ft c) 22,4 lft d) 33,6 1ft

4.9 Hay si'r d~:~ng nhiing hoa chat : Cu, MgO, NaOH, CuC03, CuS04.5H20,

dd H2S04 loang, dd H2S04 d~c d~ lam thf nghi~m chllng minh rang:

a) Dd H2S04 loang c6 day du nhilng tinh chat hoa h<;>c cua axit.

b) Dd H2S04 d~c c6 nhilng tinh chat hoa hQC rieng.

4.10 a) Can bao nhieu ml dd H2S04 98% (D = 1,84 g/ml) d~ dieu che 5 lit

ddH2S04 4M.

b) Dot chay hoantoan a (g) photpho duqc chat X. Hoa tan hoan toan X vao

500 ml H20 duqc dd axit c6 n6ng d¢ 24,5%. Tinh a (cho biet khoi luqng

rieng cua H20 laD = 1 g/ml).

4.11 Cho m¢t luqng bqt s~t du vao 500 ml dd H2S04, thu duqc 33,6 lit H2 a dktc. a) Tinh khoi luqng bqt s~t da tham gia phan ling.

b) Lam bay ho'i dd sau phan ling thu duqc muoi ng~m nu&c FeS04.7H20. Tinh khoi luqng muoi thu duqc.

c) Xac d!nh n6ng dq mol cua dd H2S04 da dung.

4.12 Cho 10 g h6n hqp Cu vaCuO tac d~:tng v&i dd H2S04 l~ang, l<;>c lay chat r~

khOng tan, cho vao dd H2S04 d~c. n6ng th1 thu duqc 1,12lit khi A (dktc). a) Viet PTIIH cac phan ling xay ra va cho biet ten khf A. b) Tfnh phan tram khoi luqng cac chat trong h6n hqp.

4.13 Tl:r 1 tan qu~ng pirit sM chua 80% FeS2 c6 th~ dieu che duqc bao nhieu tan

dd H2S04 c6 n6ng dq 60%. Biet dmg sv hao hl;lt trong san xuat la 5%.

4.14 Tl:r 320 tan qu~ng pirit s~t FeSz c6 chua 45% luu huynh da san xuat duqc 405 tan axit sunfuric. Hay xac d!nh hi~u suat cua qua trlnh san xuat. ·

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Bai 5 LUY~N T~P : TiNH CHAT HOA HQC CUA OXIT VA AXIT

:A-::. Ki~n 'tnuC::co ban 11 .. ~ -_;.

I. TINH CHAT HOA HOC CUA OXIT

Mu6i

Oxit lutmg tfnh

Mu6i+mt6c

II. TINH CHAT HOA HOC CUA AXIT

1-----+~q~ey_tim ________ __.~jM __ au __ do ________ ~

1 _____ +_kim_· _1--'0lp'-. b_oat..:..· _dO-=-..n..::.s __ _.j Mu6i + ~

+oxitbaza I 1----------------- Mu6i + nu6c

_____ +_baza ___________ l Mu6i + nu6c

'----'--'-~

+mu6i I ----------------- ~u6i mm + axit mm

8- sat t¢p

5.1 Viet cac PTHH de thl!c hi~n cac chuyen d6i trong cac so do sau :

a) Ca ~ CaO ~ Ca(OH)z ~ CaC03 ~ CaO ~ CaCl2

b) S ~ S02 ~ H2S03 ~ K2S03

5.2 C6 hon hqp 2 oxit la Fe30 4 va Al20 3. Trlnh bay phuang phap hoa hQc de xac ­d!nh thanh philn philn tram theo khoi lUQ'Ilg cua moi oxit trong hon hqp.

5.3 Khu hoan toan 4 g hon hqp hai oxit la CuO va PbO bang khf CO a nhi~t d(>

cao. Khf sinh ra sau phan t1ng duqc dAn vao blnh dl!llg dd Ca(QH)z thu duqc 10 g ket tua. Khoi luQ'Ilg hon hqp Cu va Pb thu duqc la :

A - 2,3g B- 2,4 g C- 3,2g D - 2,5g Hay chQn dap so dung.

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5.4 Cho 15;5 g natri oxit Na20 tac dt,mg v6'i mr6'c thu duqc 0,5 lit dd baza. a) Viet PTHH va tinh nong d(> mol cua dd baza.

b) Tinh th~ tich dd H2S04 nong d(> 20% (D = 1,14 g/ml) can dung d~ trung hoa dd baza thu duqc. c) Tfnh nong d(> mol chat c6 trong dd sau phan ung trung hoa.

5.5 D~ trung hoa dd c6 chua 189 g HN03, l:ln thu nhat nguai ta dung dd c6 chua 112 g KOH, l:ln thu hai nguai ta dung them dd Ba(OHh c6 nong d(> 25%. a) Viet PTHH cac phan t!ng xay ra .

• b) Tfnh kh6i luqng dd Ba(OHh phai dung.

5.6 Nguai ta dung m(>t dd chua 20 g NaOH d~ hap th1;1 hoan toan 22 g C02.

Mu6i nao duqc t~o thanh va v6'i khoi luqng bao nhieu?

5.7 Cho 4,48 lit C02 (dktc) tac d1;1ng hoan toan v6'i 50 g dd NaOH 20%. Tinh khoi luqng mu6i t~o ra trong dd.

5.8 Cho dd NaOH 25% c6 kh6i luqng rieng D = 1,28 g/ml. Hoi 150 ml dd kiem d6 c6 kha nang hap th1;1 duqc t6i da bao nhieu lit C02 a dktc ?

5.9 Cho 0,1 mol C02 hap th1;1 vao 400 ml dd NaOH a% (D = 1,18 g/ml) sau d6 them luqng du BaC12 vao thay t~o thanh 18,715 g ket tua. Tinh a.

5.10 Cho 1,12 Ht khi C02 (dktc) tac d1;1ng vua du v6'i 100 ml dd NaOH t~o ra mu6i trung hoa. a) Viet PTHH cua phan t!ng xay ra. b) Tinh nong d(> mol cua dd NaOH da dung. c) Tinh nong d(> ph:ln tram cua dd mu6i sau phan t!ng. Biet dd sau phan t!ng c6 khoi luqng la 105 g.

5.11 Biet 2,24 lft C02 (dktc) tac d1;1ng vua du v6'i 200 ml dd Ba(OHh sinh ra chat ket tua mau trang. a) Viet PTHH cua phan t!ng xay ra.

b) Tfnh nong d(> mol cua dd Ba(OHh da dung. c) Tfnh kh6i luqng chat ket tua thu duqc.

5.12 Cho 8 g S03 tac d1;1ng v6'i nu6'c t~o th~mh 500 ml dd.

a) Viet PTHH cua phan ung xay ra. b) Xac dinh nong d(> mol cua dd thu duqc. c) Cho 10 g CuO vao dd thu duqc a tren. Tinh luqng chat con du sau phan t!ng.

5.13 Hoa tan 8,1 g ZnO trong 580 ml dd H2S04 4 M. a) Tfnh khoi luqng axit da tharn gia phan t!ng va khoi luqng mu6i t~o thanh. b) Tfnh nong d(> mol cua cac chat trong dd sau phan t!ng, gia Slr tM tich dd khong thay d6i.

15

5.14 Cho 8 g hon hqp K20 va MgO vao dd H2S04 du.

a) Viet PTHH cua cac phim Un.g xay ra.

b) Xac d!nh thanh pMn % kh6i hiqng cac oxit trong hon hqp dau, biet rAng dd thu duqc cho tac dt,mg v6i NaOH du thu duqc 2,9 g chat ket tua.

5.15 Hoa tan 20 g hon hqp 2 oxit la CuO va Fe20 3 can vtra du 200 ml dd HCI 3,5 M.

a) Viet PTHH cua phan Un.g xay ra.

b) Tfnh kh6i luqng cua moi oxit trong hon hqp.

c) Tfnh kh6i luqng cua nhilng mu6i sinh ra sau phan Un.g.

5.16 Hoa tan hoan toan m(>t luqng oxit cua kim lot,li hoa tr~ II vlw m(>t luqng vua du dd H2S04 20% thl duqc m(>t dd mu6i c6 nong d¢ 22,6 %. Xac d!nh oxit kim lo~L

5.17 Hoa tan hoan toan m(>t luqng oxit kim lo~i hoa tr! II vao m(>t luqng vua du dd H2S04 a% t(,lo thanh dd mu6i sunfat c6 nong d¢ b %.

a) Xac d~nh nguyen ttr kh6i cua kim lot,li theo a va b.

b) Cho a%= 10% va b% = 11,76%. Hay xac d!nh oxit kim lo(,li.

5.18 Khu hoan toan 10,23 g hon hqp 2 oxit la CuO va PbO bAng khf CO a nhi~t d¢ cao. Toan b¢ luqng khi C02 sinh ra duqc dan qua blnh dlJilg dd Ca (OHh du, phan 11ng xong thu duqc 11 g ket tua.

a) Viet PTHH cua cac phan Un.g xay ra.

b) Tfnh th~ tfch khf CO ( dktc) tham gia phan Un.g.

c) Tfnh thanh pMn % theo kh6i luqng cua moi ox it trong hon hqp.

Bai7

2.Phanlo~ibazo

Dt!a vao tfnh tan cua bazo trong nu6c, nguoi ta chia hai lot,li :

- Bazo tan duqc trong nu6c (g9i la ki~m) : KOH, NaOH, Ba(OHh. Ca(OH)2.

- Bazo khong tan trong nu6c : Cu(OH)2, Mg(OHh. Fe(OHh. Al(OHh ...

3. Tinh chat hoa hQC cua bazo a) T de difng v{Ji clzdt clzl thj mau

• Dung d!ch bazo + quy tfm ------)- quy tim chuy~n thanh m~m xanh.

16

• Dung d~ch bazo + phenolphtalein khong mau ~ phenolphtalein chuy~n thanh mau hong.

b) T ac d~tng v6'i oxit axit va axit

• Dung d!ch bazo + oxit axit ~ muoi + mroc.

2KOH + S02 ~ K2S03 + H20

• Baw + axit ~ muoi + nuoc (phan llng trung hoa).

Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl ~ CuCl2 + 2H20

c) Tac d~tng vifi mu6'i

• Dung dich bazo + dung dich muoi ~ muoi moi + baw moi.

2NaOH + CuS04 ~ Na2S04 + Cu(OHh...l-

d) BazO' kh6ng tan b! nhi¢t plzdnlzuy to

• Baw khong tan oxit baw + mroc.

t" Thf dl;l : Cu(OHh ~ CuO + H20

1i'~\':'~86i':if(:J'p

7.1 a) Bazo Ut gl ? C6 may lo<;ti baw? Tinh chat hmi h<;>c cua baw? Viet cac PTHH de minh ho<;l .

b) Phan U"ng nao d~c trung cho tat ca cac bazo ? Phan U"ng nao chi d~c trung cho kiem?

7.2 C6 hai ong nghi~m. m¢t ong dlJilg kiem, m¢t ong dlJilg bazo khong tan (deu a tn;mg thai ran, khan). Lam the nao de phan bi~t hai chat d6 theo tfnh chat v~t li ? Theo tfnh chat hoa h<;>c ?

7.3 C6 nhiing bazo : Cu(OHh, KOH, Fe(OH)3, NaOH, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2,

Ba(OHh, Zn(OH)2. Hay cho biet nhil'ng bazo nao :

a) Tac dl;lng duqc voi dd HCl ? d) Tac dt,mg duqc voi dd FeCl3 ? b) Bi phan huy a nhi~t d¢ cao? e) D6i mau quy tfm th~mh xanh?

c) Tac dyng duqc voi khf C02 ?

Viet PTHH cac phan U"ng xay ra.

7.4 C6 5 IQ khong nhan, m6i lQ dlJilg m¢t dd khong mau : KOH, Ba(OH)2,

K2S04, H2S04, KCl, HCL BAng phuoog phap hoa h<;>c hay nh~i1 biet chat

di!Jlg trong m6i IQ.

7.5 Cho h6n hqp khf C02 va S02 di qua dd NaOH. san phftm cua phan U"ng

thu¢c lo<;ti hqp chat n~o ? Viet cac PTHH c6 th~ xay ra.

2.BTNCHH9-A 17

7.6 Cho 3,04 g h6n hqp NaOH va KOH tac dt,mg v6i dd HO, thu duqc 4,15 g cac muoi clorua. Tfnh so gam cua m6i hidroxit trong h6n hqp.

7.7 De trung hoa dd chua 109,5g HO, d~u tien nguai ta dung dd chua 112g

KOH. Sau d6 1~i d6 them dd Ba(OHh 25% de trung hoa het axit. Hoi khoi

luqng dd Ba(OHh da dung la bao nhieu?

Bai 8 MQT SO BAZO QUAN TRQNG

A - Kie'n thuc co ban

I. NATRI HIDROXIT {NaOH)

1. Tinh chat hoa hQc

• Dd NaOH + quy tfm ~ quy tfm chuyen mau do.

• Dd NaOH + phenolphtalein khong mau ~ phenolphtalein chuyen mau hong

• NaOH + axit ~ muoi + nu6'c

• NaOH + oxit axit ~ muoi (ho~c muoi + nu6c)

NaOH + C02 ~ NaHC03

2NaOH + C02 ~ Na2C03 + H20

• NaOH + muoi ~ muoi m6i + baza m6i

3NaOH + FeCl3 -)> 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3J..

2. Sim xuat NaOH

2NaCl + 2H20 __ d--=i¢_n-'-ph_an_-t 2NaOH + H

2 t + 0 2 t c6 mang ngan

II. CANXI HIDROXIT Ca(OHh

Tinh chat hoa hQc :

Dd Ca(OHh + quy tim ~ quy tfm chuyen mau do.

• Dd Ca(OHh + phenolphtalein khong m~m ~

~ phenolphtalein chuyen mau hong.

• Ca(OHh + axit ~ muoi + nu6c.

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Ca(OHh + 2HN03 ~ Ca(N03)z + 2H20

• Ca(OHh + oxit axit ~ muoi + nu6c.

Ca(OHh + C02 ~ CaC03J.. + H20

2.BTNCHH9·B

• Dd Ca(OHh + mu6i ~ mu6i mcri + baza mcri.

Ca(OH)2 + K2C03 ~ CaC03..!- + 2KOH lli.THANGpH

Thang pH dung de bieu th! d¢ axit ho~c d¢ baza cua dung d!ch. - Dung d!ch trung tinh c6 pH = 7. -. Dung d!ch baza c6 pH > 7 . Gia tr! cua pH dmg lao thl tinh baza cua dung

d!ch cang m<;1nh. - Dung d!ch axit c6 pH < 7. Gia tr! cua pH dmg nho thl tinh axit cua dung

d!ch dmg m<;1nh. I I I 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

l tfnh axit tang

trung _______ _ tfnh tfnh bazo tang

B- Bal t¢p 8.1 a) Trlnh bay nhfrng tinh chat hoa hQc cua natri hidroxit va viet cac PTHH d~

minh ho<;1.

b) C6 th~ dieu che NaOH bang each cho Na2C03 tac d~:~ng vcri nucrc voi. Viet PTHH cua phan llng xay ra.

8.2 Nucrc tinh khiet c6 pH= 7, v~ sao nucrc c6 hoa tan khi C02 c6 pH< 7?

8.3 Tu dd Ca(OHh va dd H3P04 hay viet PTHH cac ph<in llng dieu che nhilng mu6i photphat c6 thanh phan photpho khac nhau.

8.4 Cho 6,2 g Na20 tan vao nucrc. Tinh the tfch khf S02 a dktc can thiet s~:~c vao dd trend~ thu duqc: a) mu6i trung hoa; b) mu6i axit; c) hon hqp mu6i axit va mu6i trung hoa c6 ti 1~ s6 mol la 2 : 1.

8.5 Cho dd c;6 chua 10 g NaOH tac d~:~ng vcri dd c6 chua 10 g HN03.

a) Dung d!ch sau phan llng c6 tinh axit, tinh kiem hay trung tinh ? b) Tinh kh6i lUQllg cac chat c6 trong dd sau phan ung.

8.6 Cho 1,568 lft C02 (dktc) l<?i ch~m qua dd chua 3,2 g NaOH. Hay xac d!nh thanh phan d!nh tfnh va d!nh luQllg chat duqc sinh ra sau phan llng.

8. 7 Dan khf C02 dieu che duqc bang each cho 100 g CaC03 tac d~:~ng voi dd HCl du, di qua dd c6 chua 60 g NaOH. Tfnh kh6i luQllg mu6i natri dieu che duqc.

8.8 Cho 50 ml dd H2S04 1M tac d~:~ng voi 50 ml dd NaOH. Dung d!ch sau phan llng lam d6i mau quy tfm thanh do. D~ dd kh6ng lam d6i mau quy tfm ngucri ta phai cho them vao dd tren 20 ml dd KOH 0,5 M. Tfnh nong.d¢ mol cua dd NaOH da dung.

, I Q'

8.9 Trung hoa 20 ml dd H2S04 I M bang dd NaOH 20 %.

a) Tfnh so gam dd NaOH phai dung.

b) Thay dd NaOH bang dd KOH 5,6 % (D = 1,045 g/ml). Tfnh the tfch dd

KOH ccin dung de trung hoa dd H2S04 da cho.

8.10 De trung hoa dd c6 chua 196 g H2S04, lcin thu nhat nguoi ta cho dd nay tac d~:~ng v6'i dd.c6 chua 60 g NaOH va lcin thu hai cho them dd KOH.

a) Viet cac PTHH cua phan U'ng xay ra.

b) Tfnh kh6i Iuqng dd KOH 40% phai dung.

Bai9 TiNH CHAT HOA HQC CUA MUOI

Mu6i la hqp chat, phan tu gom c6 nguyen tu kim loc:ti lien ket v6'i g6c axit.

H o(Jc: Muoi Ht san pMm khi thay the nguyen tu hidro cua axit bang nguyen tu kim loc:ti.

II. PHAN LOA{ MUOI

D!!a vao thanh phcin phan tu cua mu6i, c6 th~ chia mu6i thanh 2loc:ti :

1. Muoi trung hoa : Ia muoi khong c6 nguyen tu H trong goc axit (ho~c tuy c6 nguyen tu H nhung kh6ng thay the duqc bang nguyen tu kim lo<;ti, nghia Ia kh6ng phcii Ia nguyen tir hidro axit).

Thf d~:~: NaCl, K2S04, Ca(N03) 2, Na2HP03 ...

2. Muoi axit : Ia mu6i c6 nguyen tu H trong g6c axit c6 th~ thay the bai nguyen tir kim lo<;ti.

Thf d~:~ : NaHS04 , Ca(HC03h , Na2HP04 . ..

III. TINH TAN CUA MUOI

- Tat cii cac mu6i nitrat va axetat d6u tan.

- Hciu het cac mu6i clorua deu tan (tru AgCl khorig tan va PbC12 it tan).

- Hciu het cac mu6i sunfat cteu tan (tru BaS04 kh6ng tan va CaS04, PbS04 ft tan).

- Hciu het cac mu6i cacbonat deu khong tan (tru Na2C03, K2C03, (NH4)2C03) .

- Hciu het cac mu6i photphat d6u khong tan (tru Na3P04, K3P04, (NH4)]"P04).

- Hau het cac mu6i sunfua deu khong tan (tru Na2S, K2S, (NH4) 2S).

- Hau het cac mu6i sunfit d6u khong tan (tru Na2S03, K2S03, (NH4)2S03).

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