1

Avj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdK&wnq¨vn

2

Avj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdK&wnq¨vn

(Bmjvgx wdK&n wek¦‡Kvl)

Bmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBb PZz_© LÊ

evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›Uvi

Avj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdK&wnq¨vn (Bmjvgx wdK&n wek¦‡Kvl) Bmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBb PZz_© LÊ

we AvB Gj Avi Gj G wm- 26

ISBN : 978-984-93710-1-4

cÖ_g cÖKvk : †g-2019

MÖš’ Z¡ : evsjv‡ k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM vj GBW †m›Uvi

cÖKvkK evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›Uvi-Gi c‡¶ GW‡fv‡KU †gvnv¤§` bRi“j Bmjvg 55/we, cyivbv cëb, †bvqvLvjx UvIqvi my U-13/we, wjd&U-12, XvKv-1000 †dvb : 02-9576762 †gvevBj : 01761-855357 e-mail: islamiclaw_bd@yahoo.com www.ilrcbd.org K‡¤úvR jÕ wimvP© Kw¤úDUvm© gy ªY Avj-dvjvn wcÖw›Us †cÖm

`vg : 650 UvKv US $ 25

Islamer Bebsay o Banijjo Aeen [vol-4] (Al-Mawsuatul Fiqhiyah), Published by Advocate Muhammad Nazrul Islam, General Secretary on behalf of Bangladesh Islamic Law Research and Legal Aid Centre, 55/B Purana Paltan, Noakhali Tower, Suite-13/B, Lift-12, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Printed at Al-Falah Printing Press, Maghbazar, Dhaka, Price Tk. 650 US $ 25

3

Dc‡`óv cwil` * kvn Ave`yj nvbœvb * Gg Avhxhyj nK * W. wgqv gynv¤§` AvBDe

c„ô‡cvlK gÊjx * cÖ‡dmi †gvt bvRgyj nvmvb * G †K Gg byi“j dRj eyjeyj * Avjnv¾ Avãym mvgv` jvey

m¤úv`bv cwil`

gy. dix` DÏxb Avngv` mfvcwZ

gvIjvbv gynv¤§` hyev‡qi m`m¨

W. gynv¤§` Avãyi ikx` m`m¨

Devq`yi ingvb Lvb b`fx m`m¨

gynv¤§` kvgmy‡Ïvnv m`m¨

W. gynv¤§` i“ûj Avwgb m`m¨

gydZx gywnDÏxb Kv‡mgx m`m¨

gydZx gynv¤§v` mvAv` nvmvb m`m¨

knx`yj Bmjvg m`m¨ mwPe

Bmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBb

PZz_© LÊ huviv Abyev` K‡i‡QbÑ

gynv¤§` hyev‡qi gynvwÏm, †jLK, Abyev`K

dqmj Avng` Rvjvjx gynvwÏm, †jLK, Abyev`K

gywnDÏxb Kv‡mgx gydZx, gynvwÏm, Abyev`K gywnDÏxb dvi“Kx wk¶vK, M‡elK, Abyev`K Ave`ym mvËvi AvBbx M‡elK, †jLK, Abyev`K

Rmxg DÏxb Lvb cvVvb wk¶K, M‡elK, Abyev`K

gynv¤§` iv‡k` M‡elK, Abyev`K

gynv¤§v` nvexeyi ingvb M‡elK, Abyev`K

AvgRv` †nvmvBb nvgRv gynvwÏm, Abyev`K

Avey Zvwje †gvnv¤§` †gvbvIqvi M‡elK, Abyev`K

Dgi dvi“K gynvwÏm, Abyev`K

gynv¤§v` mvAv` nvmvb M‡elK, Abyev`K

Avãyj­vn Avj-gvmD` gynvwÏm, Abyev`K

mvjgvb †gvnv¤§` †jLK, Abyev`K

gvneyeyyj nvmvb Avwidx †jLK, Abyev`K

bvwR` mvjgvb gynvwÏm, Abyev`K

4

بسم اهللا الرحمن الرحيم

cÖKvk‡Ki K_v ÔAvj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdKwnq¨vnÕ Kz‡qZ miKv‡ii IqvK&d I Bmjvg welqK gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ cuqZvwj­k L‡Êi ÔBmjvgx wdKn wek¦‡KvlÕ| GB wek¦‡Kv‡l Bmjvgx AvB‡bi cÖwZwU cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© Aviex Av`¨v¶i Abyhvqx we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| mviv we‡k¦ GwU wdK&‡ni Ici GKwU me©RbMÖvh¨ e„nr KvR| Ôevsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›UviÕ GB wek¦‡KvlwU ch©vqµ‡g evsjv fvlvq cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q| G Kv‡Ri cÖ_g c`‡¶c wQj ÔBmjv‡gi cvwievwiK AvBbÕ cÖ_g I wØZxq LÊ| Gi wØZxq c`‡¶cÓ Bmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBb| B‡Zvg‡a¨ ÒBmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBbÓ m¤ú‡K© 3wU LÊ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| GwU GB wmwi‡Ri 4_© LÊ, †hwU‡Z 29wU welq Aš—fy©³ n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Avkv Kwi, G MÖš’wUI c~e©eZ©x MÖš’ ‡jvi b¨vq wek¦we`¨vjq, K‡jR, I gv`ivmvi QvÎ, wk¶K, Bmjvgx AvB‡bi M‡elK, e¨emvqx, e¨vsK I evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡bi KY©avi I Kg©KZ©ve„›` Ges AvBb †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡`i Bmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBb Rvbv I M‡elYvq mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡e| we‡kl K‡i Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Ges e¨emv‡q RwoZ e¨w³eM©, AvB‡bi PP©v I AvBb †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³eM© Bmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ welqK Bmjvgx AvB‡bi `vwjwjK cÖgvY I cÖavb gvhnve¸‡jvi weï× fvl¨ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb| d‡j evsjvfvlx mvaviY gvbyl we‡kl K‡i Bmjvgx e¨vswKs, wk¶KZv, mvsevw`KZv Ges AvBbPP©v I †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³e‡M©i A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ Bmjvgx AvBb m¤ú‡K© †hme fyj aviYv i‡q‡Q Zv `~ixf~Z n‡e; †mB mv‡_ wk¶KgÊjx I `vIqvZ-Kgx©‡`i Ávb Av‡iv mg„× n‡e| d‡j mgv‡R Bmjvgx kixAvi PP©v mnRZi n‡e| wek¦e¨vcx Bmjv‡gi beRvMiY‡K mvg‡b †i‡L †`kevmx‡K Bmjvgx AvBb m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv †`Iqvi D‡Ï‡k¨B G MÖ‡š’i cÖKvk| G MÖ‡š’i cieZx© Lʸ‡jv h_vm¤¢e ª“Z cÖKv‡ki †Póv Kiv n‡”Q| c~‡e© cÖKvwkZ Lʸ‡jvi g‡Zv G LÊwUI myax gn‡j Av`„Z n‡e e‡j Avgv‡`i wek¦vm| Avj­vn Avgv‡`i mevB‡K Bmjv‡gi mwVK weavb Rvbv Ges Zv cvjb Kivi ZvIdxK w`b| Avgxb|

evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›Uvi-Gi c‡¶ GW‡fv‡KU †gvnv¤§` bRi“j Bmjvg †Rbv‡ij †m‡µUvwi

بسم اهللا الرحمن الرحيمgyLeÜ

ÔAvB‡bi kvmbÕ AvR wek¦e¨vcx cig Kvw•¶Z| mywePvi eZ©gv‡b gvbeRvwZi cÖavb Kvg¨ welq| AvB‡bi kvmb-Gi A_© AvBb _vK‡e mevi E‡aŸ©| AvBb Pj‡e Zvi wbR¯ MwZ‡Z| AvB‡bi †Pv‡L †QvU eo mevB _vK‡e mgvb| ¶gZv, AvwfRvZ¨, A_© ev Ab¨ wKQzi cÖfve AvB‡bi MwZ †iva Ki‡e bv| mywePvi-Gi A_© n‡jv, ye©jZg e¨w³i AwaKvi cvB‡q †`qvi `vq Kuv‡a †bqv Ges me‡ji Ab¨vq cÖwZnZ Kiv| Ryjyg I Aciva `gb Kiv, mvaviY bvMwi‡Ki mvgwMÖK wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv|

mywePvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †Kej wePvie¨e¯’vB h‡_ó bq| ïay AvBb, AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ K‡i bv| AvBb I wePvi _vK‡jI A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq mgv‡R kvwš—-k„•Ljv, mybxwZ I m™¢v‡ei weKvk nq bv| G †¶‡Î AvBb I wePvie¨e¯’v GKwU Ri“wi e¨e¯’vcÎ gvÎ| g~j KvRwU n‡”Q, mKj bvMwi‡Ki gv‡S AvBb gvbvi gvbwmKZv ˆZwi Kiv|

b¨vqcivqYZv, †`k‡cÖg, kvwš—wcÖqZv, gvbweK †PZbv I we‡ePbv‡eva BZ¨vw` gvbyl‡K mr _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G †¶‡Î eo mnvqK n‡”Q ag©xq wek¦vm| G wek¦vmB gvbyl‡K †Lv`vfxwZi gva¨‡g wbR‡K wbqš¿‡Yi wk¶v w`‡q _v‡K Ges Av‡Liv‡Z Revew`wnZvi wPš—v GKRb gvby‡li g‡a¨ gReyZ `vqe×Zv m„wó K‡i| G QvovI Av‡iv A‡bK †cÖiYv`vqx welqI gvby‡li we‡ePbvi †¶‡Î ˆbwZKZvi k³ wfZ M‡o w`‡Z cv‡i| ZLbB †Kej G gvbylwU †_‡K Ab¨ gvbyl wbivc` _vK‡Z cv‡i| wePvi I kvmbKv‡h©I b¨vqcivqYZv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ ˆbwZKZvi †cÖiYv Acwinvh©| Ôevsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›UviÕ MYgvby‡li g‡a¨ GB ˆbwZK †cÖiYv RvMÖZ Kivi R‡b¨ wbijmfv‡e KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|

Bmjvgx AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q, GwU ˆbwZKZv wfwËK AvBb (Law Based on Moral Values)| MYgvby‡li g‡a¨ ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ n‡j Zviv AvBb gvbvi R‡b¨ cÖ ‘Z _v‡K| d‡j AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM mnR nq| ¯cÖe„Ë n‡q gvbyl AvBb cvjb K‡i Ges Ab¨‡KI AvBb gvb‡Z D¾xweZ K‡i| AvBbf‡½i cÖeYZv wbæZg gvÎvq P‡j Av‡m|

B`vwbs evsjv‡`‡k c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gZ Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î bZzb bZzb gvÎv †hvM n‡q‡Q| Aciva e„w×i Ab¨Zg KviY ˆbwZK Ae¶q I Gi we¯—vi|

5

ˆbwZK Ae¶‡qi Kvi‡Y bvix I wkï wbh©vZ‡bi fqsKi iƒc cÖwZfvZ n‡”Q| Aciva e„w×i Kvi‡Y evo‡Q gvgjv, evo‡Q wePvicÖv_x©i msL¨v| wePv‡ii `xN©m~ÎZv Ges cÖwZw`b bZzb bZzb gvgjv m„wó nIqvi Kvi‡Y gvgjvi RU µgk †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| Aciw`‡K wePvi m¤ú‡K© †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q bvbv ai‡bi mskq I nZvkv| †RjLvbvq K‡q`x I nvRZx‡`i msL¨v eZ©gv‡b aviY ¶gZvi evB‡i| †mLv‡b Zv‡`i _vKv LvIqvi e¨e¯’v Ach©vß| DcwiD³ hveZxq mgm¨v wbimbK‡í Avgiv g‡b Kwi, Bmjvgx wePvie¨e¯’v Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv wek¦vm Kwi, Avj­vni wKZve Ges ivm~jyj­vn m.-Gi mybœvn-Gi Av‡jv‡K kvmK, wePviK, AvBbRxex, ev`x, weev`x I mv¶xmn me© —‡ii bvMwiK‡`i gvbwmK I ˆbwZKe„wˇK D¾xweZ I kw³kvjx Kivi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g DcwiD³ cvnvomg mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e|

Avj­vni weavb mKj gymwj‡gi Rb¨ Aek¨ cvjbxq| ag©-eY©, RvwZ-†Mvwô wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gvby‡li AwaKvi i¶v Kiv mKj gymwj‡gi KZ©e¨| Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© †`‡ki RbMY‡K AewnZ Kiv Ges Bmjvgx AvBb I wePv‡ii Av‡jv‡K RbM‡Yi b¨vq I mywePvi cvIqvi AwaKvi mnRZi Kivi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ wb‡q 1995 mv‡j Ôevsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›UviÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| ms¯’vi Kg©m~wPi Ab¨Zg Ask n‡”Q, Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvie¨e¯’vi Dc‡hvwMZv I mvgwóK Kj¨vY wb‡q M‡elYv I cÖKvkbv| ms¯’v ÔBmjvgx AvBb I wePviÕ bv‡g GKwU ˆÎgvwmK M‡elYv cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡i Avm‡Q| †mB mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jK AvBbwelqK cy —K cÖKv‡ki KvRI Ki‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ G ms¯’v Bmjvgx AvBb msµvš— 25wU cy —K cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|

45 L‡Êi ÔAvj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdKwnq¨vnÕ GKwU wekvj Kg©| GwUB m¤¢eZ we‡k¦i me©v‡c¶v mg„× wdKnx cÖKvkbv| Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© GB wekvj mvMi †_‡K ÒBmjv‡gi cvwievwiK AvBbÓ kxl©K 2wU LÊ cÖKvk K‡iwQ| G¸‡jv †ev×v gn‡j e¨vcK mvov RvMv‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| Avj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdKwnq¨vn-cÖK‡íi wØZxq c`‡¶c ÒBmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBbÓ 1g, 2q I 3q LÊ B‡Zvg‡a¨ e¨vswKs I GKv‡WwgK †m±‡i e¨vcKfv‡e Av`„Z n‡q‡Q| GB wmwi‡Ri PZz_© L‡Êi KvR mgvß Ki‡Z cvivq gnvb Avj­vn ZvAvjvi ïKwiqv Av`vq KiwQ| GwU‡Z 29wU fyw³ Aš—fy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjvfvlvq `vwjwjK cÖgvYmn Bmjvgx AvBb welqK cÖKvkbv

AcÖZzj| †h¸‡jv Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi AwaKvskB wdK&‡ni cvV¨ MÖš’vw`i Abyev`| †m¸‡jv mvaviY cvV‡Ki Rb¨ mnR‡eva¨I bq| G cy —KwU‡Z Aš—fy©³ e¨emvq I evwYR¨ m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU wel‡qi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Ges cÖwm× gvhnve¸‡jvi e³e¨ `wjj-cÖgvYmn Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j m¤§vwbZ cvVKMY GLv‡b me gvhnv‡ei fvl¨ GKmv‡_ cv‡eb|

Bmjvgx wk¶v I Áv‡bi RM‡Z ÔAvj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdKwnq¨vnÕ †hgb Abb¨ AR©b, Gi evsjv fvl¨ ÔBmjvgx wdK&n wek¦‡KvlÕI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GK AmvaviY I Ac~e© ms‡hvRb| Avgv‡`i Ávbmvabvi RMr G ai‡bi Abe`¨ Ae`v‡b F× †nvK| Av‡jvK A‡šlx wkw¶Z cÖRb¥ Lyu‡R cvK mvd‡j¨i wVKvbv| Bmjv‡gi Kj¨vYgq Rxebe¨e ’vi w`K-`k©b AvaywbK mgv‡R cÖPv‡ii Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Ôevsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›UviÕ Zvi j¶¨-D‡Ï‡k¨i c‡_ mvd‡j¨i kxl©we› y ¯úk© Ki“K- ¸i“Z¡c~Y© G cÖKvkbvi ïf gyn~‡Z© gnvb iveŸyj ÔAvjvgx‡bi `iev‡i GB Avgv‡`i cÖv_©bv| D‡j­L¨ †h, Avj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdKwnq¨v‡Z †Kej cÖvPxb wdKnwe`‡`i gZvgZ wee„Z n‡q‡Q| we‡klfv‡e AvaywbKKv‡ji hviv wdK‡ni †¶‡Î KvR K‡i‡Qb †hgb gynv¤§` Avj-MvRvjx, W. BDmyd Avj-Kvihvfx, W. Invevn Avh-hynvBjx, W. Avey hvniv, Avãyj­vn web evh, gynv¤§` web mv‡jn Avj-DmvBgxb, wePvicwZ ZvKx Dmgvbx, gyRvwn`yj Bmjvg Kv‡mgx, nvmvb Zzivex cÖgy‡Li wdKnx gZvgZ Zv‡`i MÖš’mg~‡n cvIqv hv‡e| m¤úv`bv cwil‡`i c‡¶ knx`yj Bmjvg m`m¨ mwPe Avj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdK&wnq¨vn Abyev` I m¤úv`bv cÖKí

I Gw·wKDwUf wW‡i±i evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›Uvi

6

m~wPcÎ

زارعة eM©vPvl: Sharecropping : مcwiwPwZ................................................................................29

زارعةا لم (Avj-gyRvivAvn) eM©vPvl-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.........29

mswk­ó cwifvlv.......................................................................30 eM©vPv‡li kiqx weavb...............................................................31 eM©vPv‡li cÖK…wZ.....................................................................35 eM©vPzw³i ˆewkó¨.................................................................... 37 eM©vPvl ˆea nIqvi kZ©vewj.......................................................39 bM` fvovq eM©vPvl.................................................................47 eM©vPzw³ webóKvix kZ©mg~n .......................................................51 weï× eM©vPv‡li wKQy iƒc...........................................................58 Aï× eM©vPv‡li wewfbœ iƒc ........................................................62 weï× eM©vPv‡li djvdj .........................................................66 dvwm` eM©vPv‡li djvdj..........................................................70

eM©vPv‡l RvgvbZ.....................................................................76

†h mKj Kvi‡Y eM©vPzw³ iwnZ n‡q hvq.........................................78 eM©vPvlxi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ IRi AvcwË..............................................79 eM©vPvl iwnZ Kivi djvdj ......................................................82 †Kv‡bv GKc‡¶i g„Zz i cÖwZwµqv ...............................................84 eM©vPv‡l cÖwZwbwaZ¡ .................................................................89

eM©vPzw³‡Z Rvwgb nIqv............................................................93

Dkix Rwg‡Z eM©vPvl................................................................95 eÜKx Rwg‡Z eM©vPvl ..............................................................95 eM©vPyw³‡Z Kv‡iv cÖvc¨ Ask wewµ bv Kiv ev `v‡bi kZ©v‡ivc..............97

K…wl‡mP: Share-tenancy : مساقاةcwiwPwZ................................................................................99

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©..................99-(Avj-gymvKvZ) المساقاة

mswk­ó cwifvlv ......................................................................99 gymvKv‡Zi kiqx weavb ..........................................................100 gymvKv‡Zi †gŠwjK Dcv`vbmg~n ...............................................105 gymvKv‡Z Kg©xi KiYxq Ges Zvi cÖwZ kZ© ...................................115 gymvKv‡Zi †gqv` .................................................................121 weï× gymvKv‡Zi weavbvewj..................................................... 127 weï× gymvKv‡Zi mgvwß m¤úwK©Z weavbvewj.................................131 †hmKj kZ© gymvKvZ evwZj K‡i †`q ........................................135 dvwm` gymvKv‡Zi weavb..........................................................141 gymvKvZ iwnZ nIqv...............................................................143 DR‡ii Kvi‡Y Pzw³ iwnZ Kiv ev evwZj Kiv................................152 DRi `yB cÖKvi ....................................................................153 Gme Ae¯’vq gymvKvZ iwnZ Kivi weavb.....................................159 gymvKv‡Zi †gqv‡` y‡h©vM I ¶q-¶wZi weavb ...............................160

AMÖµqvwaKvi: Pre-emption : شفعةcwiwPwZ .............................................................................163

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.........................163-(ïd&Avn) (شفعة)

mswk­ó cwifvlv .....................................................................163 ïdAv m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb ....................................................164 ïdAv ˆea nIqvi Zvrch© .......................................................165 ïdAvi KviYmg~n ................................................................166 we¯—…Z As‡k Askx`v‡ii Rb¨ ïdAv ..........................................166 †h Askx`vwi‡Z¡ ïdAvi weavb cÖ‡hvR¨ nq ...................................166

†Z‡iv †PŠÏ

7

myweavi †¶‡Î Askx`v‡ii Rb¨ ïdAv.........................................168 cÖwZ‡ekx Rwgi gvwjK Ges weµxZ Rwgi myweav mg~‡n Askx v‡ii Rb ïdAv.........168 cÖwZ‡ekxi Rb¨ ïdAvi AwaKvi jv‡fi kZ©mg~n ...........................172 eûZj fe‡bi gvwjK‡`i gv‡S ïdAv ........................................173 ïdAvi i“K&b (†gŠwjK Ask) mg~n ............................................174 kdxÕi gv‡S †h kZ© ‡jv _vK‡Z n‡e .........................................174

IqvK‡di Rwg Øviv ïdAv ......................................................175 hvi †_‡K ïdAvi gva¨‡g Rwg MÖnY Kiv nq ................................176 †hmKj †jb‡`‡b ïdAv Rvwqh ................................................176 wewbg‡qi k‡Z© wnev ..............................................................177 weµq wba©vi‡Yi ¯vaxbZvi k‡Z© µq-weµ‡q ïdAv .......................178 weµ‡qi wKQz cÖKv‡i ïdAv .....................................................179 †hmKj m¤ú‡` ïdAvi weavb mve¨¯— nq ....................................180 ïdAv `vwei wewfbœ avc .........................................................183 Zvr¶wYK Kvgbv ..................................................................183 Zvr¶wYK ïdAv Kvgbvq mv¶x ivLv ..........................................188 `„pxKiY I mv¶x cÖ ‘Zg~jK Kvgbv ...........................................189 Awf‡hvM `v‡qi I gvwjKvbv Kvgbv ...........................................192 gymwj‡gi wec‡¶ wR¤§xi ïdAv ................................................193 kdxÕi msL¨v GKvwaK n‡j KiYxq ............................................195 ïdAvi gva¨‡g gvwjKvbv jv‡fi c×wZ ......................................200 ïdAvK…Z Rwg‡Z Ni wbgv©Y ev e„¶ †ivcY...................................206

hw` ïdAvK…Z Rwgi †Kv‡bv `vwe`vi †ei nq ...............................209 ïdAvK…Z cY¨ bó n‡j Gi cwiYwZ ...........................................211 ïdAvq DËivwaKvi ..............................................................213 †h mKj Kvi‡Y ïdAvi AwaKvi evwZj n‡q hvq ..........................214 weµ‡qi c~‡e©B ïdAv Kvgbv †_‡K m‡i Avmv ...............................216

wewbgq ev mwÜi Kvi‡Y ïdAvi `vwe †_‡K m‡i Avmv ....................218 Kvgbv Kivi ci ïdAvi `vwe †_‡K m‡i Avmv .............................219 †µZvi mv‡_ kdxÕi `iv`wi.....................................................219

DwjqvZ¡: Bankruptcy`† : اإلفالسcwiwPwZ..............................................................................221

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©........................221-(Bdjvm) اإلفالس

mswkó cwifvlv.....................................................................221

Gi weavb..................................................222-(¡DwjqvZ`†) اإلفالس

†`Dwjqv †NvlYv Kiv-Gi kiqx weavb.........................................223

†`Dwjqvi Ici wb‡lavÁv Av‡iv‡ci kZ©vewj................................226 Abycw¯’Z FYMÖ‡¯—i Ici wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc................................. 229

†`Dwjqvi Ici †K wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Ki‡eb? .............................231

† Dwjqv‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y Av‡ivwcZ wb‡lavÁvi cÖPvi Ges Zvi Ici mv¶ cÖwZôv......232

†`Dwjqvi Ici wb‡lavÁv Av‡iv‡ci djvdj................................233 Aby‡gv`b I ¯xK…wZ...............................................................235

m¤ú‡` †`Dwjqv e¨w³i n¯—‡¶c................................................235

†`Dwjqv‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y wb‡lavÁvcÖvß e¨w³i wR¤§vq _vKv m¤ú‡` KZ„©Z¡.......237

wb‡lavÁv Av‡iv‡ci c~‡e© K…Z †jb‡`b envj ivLv ev evwZj Kiv........238 wb‡lavÁvi mgqmxgvq †`Dwjqvi Ici Avewk¨K nKmg~‡ni weavb......238

cÖ Ë m¤ú` †diZ †bqvi kZ©mg~n ............................................245

cÖ Ë g~j¨ wdwi‡q Avbv cÖm½....................................................253

weµxZ cY¨ cÖZ¨vnvi Kivi Rb¨ wK wePvi‡Ki wb‡`©k cÖ‡qvRb?.........254 cÖZ¨vnv‡ii Dcvq .................................................................255

†`Dwjqvi m¤ú‡` `vwe`v‡ii `vwe cÖwZwôZ nIqv...........................256

f~wg‡Z evwo wbg©vY ev Pviv †ivc‡Yi ci Zv wdwi‡q †bIqv................256

fvovq MÖnYKvix (BRviv`vi) †`Dwjqv nIqv.................................257

c‡b‡iv †lvj †lvj

8

fvovq cÖ vbKvixi †`Dwjqv nIqv..............................................258 †`Dwjqvi m¤ú` †_‡K Zvi Rb¨ Kx Kx wRwbm †i‡L †`Iqv n‡e........262

†`Dwjqvi m¤ú` cvIbv`vi‡`i g‡a¨ eȇb wej¤ bv Kiv.................266

eȇbi c~‡e© mKj cvIbv`v‡ii msL¨v AeMZ nIqv wK Ri“wi............266

m¤ú` eȇbi ci bZzb cvIbv`v‡ii AvZ¥cÖKvk............................267 †`Dwjqvi m¤ú` cvIbv`vi‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi c×wZ........................268

†`Dwjqvi m¤ú` eÈb K‡i †`Iqvi ci Zvi cÖwZ Kx `vwe Kiv n‡e........270

†`Dwjqvi cÖwZ Av‡ivwcZ wb‡lavÁv Kxfv‡e mgvß n‡e....................272

wb‡lavÁv DwV‡q †bIqvi ci †`Dwjqvi Ici bZzb K‡i FY Avek¨K nIqv.....273 †`Dwjqv _vKv Ae¯’vq g„Zz eiY Kivi weavb.................................274

†`Dwjqv †NvlYvi ci Rvix nIqv Av‡iv wKQz weavb.........................274

حوالة : `vq n —vš—i: Debt Transfer cwiwPwZ..............................................................................275

حوالة ا ل (nvIqvjvn)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© ....................275

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................276 nvIqvjv I Kvdvjvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨..............................................276 nvIqvjv m¤úwK©Z kixq‡Zi weavb ............................................277 nvIqvjvi wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii weeiY................................................280 cÖ_gZ : nvIqvjvi †gŠwjK `ywU cÖKvi ........................................281 wØZxqZ : nvIqvjvi kvLv cÖKvimg~n ..........................................282 kZ©gy³ nvIqvjvi cÖKvimg~n ...................................................284 nvIqvjvi i“Kb I kZ©vewj......................................................286 wbw`©ó kã Øviv nvIqvjv cwieZ©b..............................................288 Pzw³i ˆeVK ........................................................................294 wewfbœ c‡¶i Av‡ivwcZ kZ©vewj................................................295 nvIqvjvi c¶mg~n................................................................297

`vqMÖnxZvi m”QjZv...............................................................302 wePvi‡Ki Av`vj‡Z `vqMÖnxZv‡K nvwRi Kivi m¤¢ve¨Zv. .................305 `vqMÖnxZv `vq n¯—vš—iKvixi Kv‡Q FYx nIqv................................305 nvIqvjvi †¶Î m¤úwK©Z kZ©vewj..............................................305 nvIqvjvK…Z m¤ú` Ges nvIqvjvi wewbgq m¤ú‡`i kZ©vewj.............308 nvIqvjvq wewbgq MÖnY...........................................................315 nvIqvjvq hv kZ© bq..............................................................317 Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv kZ© Agvb¨ Ki‡j nvIqvjv evwZj..............317 nvIqvjvi Kvh©Ki nIqvi kZ©vewj..............................................318 nvIqvjvi weavbmg~n..............................................................321 nvIqvjvi cÖwZwµqv..............................................................328 cvIbv`v‡ii FY Ges Zvi `vwe †_‡K `vq n —vš—iKvixi `vqgyw³........329 nvIqvjv FY I `vwe DfqwUi ’vbvš—iKvix nIqv ...........................329 `vq n¯—vš—iKvix nvIqvjvi F‡Yi Rvwgb......................................330 nvIqvjvi mgvwß...................................................................343 nvbvdx dKxn‡`i `jxjmg~n.....................................................357 kv‡dqx dKxn Ges Zv‡`i Abymvix‡`i `jxjmg~n .........................358 gv‡jKx dKxn Ges Zv‡`i Abymvix‡`i `jxjmg~n..........................359 cvIbv`v‡ii nK b‡ói KviYmg~n ..............................................360 nK b‡ói cÖwZwµqvmg~n .........................................................364

صناعة : wkí: Industry cwiwPwZ..............................................................................367

الصناعة (Avm wmbvAvn)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© ..............367

mswk­ó cwifvlv ....................................................................367 wmbvAvn mswk­ó kiqx weavb ....................................................368 gmwR‡` e‡m wkíKg© Kiv.......................................................368 weev‡ni mgZvweav‡b wkíK‡g©i we‡ePbv Kiv................................369

m‡Z‡iv m‡Z‡iv AvVv‡iv AvVv‡iv

9

استصناع

: AW©vi, digv‡qk: Manufacturing Contract cwiwPwZ..............................................................................371

استصناع (BmwZmbvÕ)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©...................371

mswk­ó cwifvlv ....................................................................372

◌جارة اإل ع ( ا )لصن : †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ fvov cÖ vb...........................372

السلم الصناعات(

( : wkíK‡g© evqÕ mvjvg ................................372

)عستصنا ) c‡Y¨i AW©vi †ePv‡Kbv bv BRviv? ...........................374

ستصناع -Gi kiqx weavb ...................................................375

ستصناع kixqZm¤§Z Kivi M~p inm¨ ......................................376

ستصناع -Gi g~j Dcv`vb ...................................................376

ستصناع -Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wbw`©ó kZ©vewj .................................377

ستصناع -Gi mvaviY cÖfve I Ae¯’vb .....................................379

ستصناع ev digv‡qwk K‡g©i mgvwß.........................................380

ثمار اس : wewb‡qvM: Investment cwiwPwZ..............................................................................381

ثمار االس (Avj BmwZQgvi)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©............381

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................381 jv‡fi gvwjKvbv...................................................................383

أقيتت : †gqv` wbw ©óKiY: Time fixation cwiwPwZ.............................................................................385 أقيتالت (AvZ-ZvwKZ)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©..................385

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................386 wewaweav‡b mgq wba©vi‡Yi cÖfve...............................................387

†hme †jb‡`‡b mgq wba©viY Avek¨K ........................................388 †hme †jb‡`‡b mgq wba©viY Kiv hvq bv ....................................389 Igiv I i“Kev...................................................391 : العمرى والرقبى

†hme wel‡q mgq wba©viY Kiv ev bv Kiv DfqwUi AeKvk i‡q‡Q.....393

avi-cÖ : العارية vb, Mw”QZ ivLv.................................................393

vqMÖnY....................................................................393` : الكفالة

gy : المضاربة vivev .................................................................394

ذرالن : gvbZ Kiv...................................................................395

قفالو : IqvKd Kiv...............................................................396

ةالوكال : Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ cÖ vb, DwKj wbhy³KiY..............................396

Kmg ev kc_..............................................................397 :اليمني

e¨e : مؤنة ’vcbv e¨q: Management exppenses cwiwPwZ..............................................................................399

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.....................399-(Avj-gyÕbvn) المؤنة

fiY‡cvl‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavbmg~n ......................................399 hvKv‡Zi LiPvw` ..................................................................399 fvovi LiP .........................................................................401 cÖ_g : fvovK…Z e¯‘ †diZ eve` LiP .......................................401 wØZxq : fvov Pjv Kv‡j fvovK…Z e ‘i LiP ................................402 wQbZvBK…Z e¯‘ †di‡Zi LiP ..................................................407 IqvKd-m¤úwËi LiP ............................................................410 aviK…Z e¯‘i LiP .................................................................412

: c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb: High Quality ةدوج cwiwPwZ..............................................................................413

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.................413-(Avj-RvI`vn) الجودة

Dwbk Kzwo

10

RvI`vn (¸YMZ gvb) msµvš— weavb...........................................413 gvbnxb cY¨ gvbm¤§Ziƒ‡c cÖKvk...............................................414 mvjvg weµ‡q c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb eY©bv........................................414 nvIqvjvi †¶‡Î ¸YMZ gv‡bi eY©bv...........................................415

اءةرد : c‡Y¨i wbgœgvb: Low Quality cwiwPwZ..............................................................................417

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©..........................417-(iv`vAvn) رداءة

iv`vAvn m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb..................................................417 gvbm¤úbœ e¯‘ gvbnxb e¯‘i wewbg‡q weµq...................................418 mvjvg wewµi c‡Y¨i †¶‡Î wbgœgv‡bi eY©bv.................................419 F‡Yi †¶‡Î gvbm¤úbœ e¯‘i cwie‡Z© gvbnxb e¯‘ MÖnY.....................420

ايدةمز : wbjvg: Auction Sale

cwiwPwZ..............................................................................421

زايدةا لم (gyhvqv`vn)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.....................421

mswk­ó cwifvlv ....................................................................421

ع الغري ع ا بي ي ل : A‡b¨i weµ‡qi Ici wewµ Kiv.............................422

سوم الغري السوم : A‡b¨i `v‡gi Ici `vg ejv...............................422

wbjv‡gi kiqx weavb Ges kixqZm¤§Z nIqvi Zvrch© ...................423

wbjv‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡`i gRwj‡m g~j¨ †e‡o †M‡jI cY¨ µ‡q eva¨evaKZv....425 wbjv‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡`i gRwjm †k‡lI eva¨evaKZv.....................426

wbjvgwewµ‡Z BRve cÖZ¨vnvi Kivi GLwZqvi...............................427

wbjvg wewµ‡Z wLqvi“j gRwjm ................................................427

GKB mv‡_ `yRb mgvb g~j¨ ejv ...............................................429 wbjvg wewµ‡Z wLqvi“j Av‡qe .................................................429

wLqvi“j Av‡qe wnmv‡e ¶wZc~iY Kvi KvQ †_‡K †b‡e? ..................429

wbjv‡g cÖZviYvi Awf‡hvM ......................................................430 wbjvgwewµ‡Z `vjvwj ............................................................431 we‡µZv‡K bv Rvwb‡q wbjvgKvixi wbjv‡g AskMÖnY........................432 wbw`©ó GK g~‡j¨i ci Avi g~j¨ bv evov‡bv‡Z GK‡RvU nIqv............433

AÁZv: Ignorance : جهالةcwiwPwZ..............................................................................435

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© .....................435-(RvnvjvZzb) جهالة

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................435

AÁZvi cÖKvi‡f`................................................................438

AÁZvi wewa-weavb ..............................................................439 µq-weµ‡q AÁZv ...............................................................439 K¼i wb‡¶‡ci Øviv µq-weµq ................................................441 ¯úk© Kiv I wb‡¶‡ci Øviv µq-weµq .......................................441 gvwUi wb‡P jyKvwqZ `ª‡e¨i µq-weµq ........................................442 Wyeywii weµq.......................................................................443 Ijv‡b _vKv y‡ai µq-weµq...................................................443 cvwb‡Z fvmgvb gv‡Qi µq-weµq .............................................444 Aw¯—Z¡nxb e¯‘ µq-weµq ........................................................444 Abygvb wfwËK weµq..............................................................444 mvjvg Pzw³‡Z AÁZv.............................................................445 gy`vivevi g~ja‡b AÁZv.........................................................445 BRviv (fvov) Pzw³‡Z AÁZv....................................................445 †gqv‡` AÁZv......................................................................446 AÁvZ e¨w³‡K Ae¨vnwZ cÖ vb.................................................446 AÁvZ e¯‘i wel‡q mwÜ..........................................................446 Pzw³i gRwj‡m AÁZv `~i nIqv................................................447

GKzk evBk

11

wKmv‡mi cwie‡Z© †Kvb wKQz Øviv mwÜ Kiv ..................................449 cvIbv`vi m¤ú‡K© AÁZv........................................................449 AÁvZ AwaKv‡ii RvgvbZ.......................................................450 eÜK I eÜKx e ‘ m¤ú‡K© AÁZv..............................................450 IqvKvjv‡Zi †¶‡Î AÁZv ......................................................451 cvwikÖwg‡K AÁZv ................................................................451

بيع وشرط : kZ©hy³ µq-weµq: Conditional Sale

cÖ_gZ: nvbvdx gvhnve...........................................................453

wØZxqZ : gv‡jKx gvhnve........................................................460

Z…ZxqZ: kv‡dqx gvhnve ........................................................466

PZz_©Z : nv¤jx gvhnve ..........................................................473 GK weµqPzw³i Aax‡b `yB weµqPzw³.........................................480

تولية

: †Kbv `v‡g weµq: Sale at actual price

cwiwPwZ..............................................................................481

تولية

(ZvIwjqv)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© ........................481

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................482

ZvIwjqv m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb..................................................482 †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î ZvIwjqv ˆea.................................................483

ZvIwjqv †ePv‡Kbvi kZ©.........................................................484

ZvIwjqv‡Z †Lqvb‡Zi weavb....................................................485

i`vg Kiv: Bargaining` : مساومة

cwiwPwZ..............................................................................491

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© ....................491-(gymvIqvgv) مساومة

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................491

m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb.........................................492 (i`vg`) مساومة

Gi cÖfve.......................................................492-(i`vg`)مساومة

اج ور : cÖPwjZ wewbgq gva¨g: Circulation

cwiwPwZ..............................................................................493

اج ور (ivIqvR)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©..........................493

kiqx weavb.........................................................................493

ربون ع ا لع evqbv weµq: Down Payment : بيcwiwPwZ..............................................................................495

ربون ا لع (Avj-Aviveyb)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©................495 msw&¶ß weavb.......................................................................495

ربون ا لع evqbv wewµ m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© weavb................................497

ع األ◌مانة بي : wek¦ —Zvi wfwˇZ µq-weµq: Trust Sale cwiwPwZ..............................................................................499

األ◌مانة (Avj-Avgvbvn)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.................499

wek¦ —Zvi wfwˇZ µq-weµ‡qi cÖKvimg~n ..................................499

الوفاء بيع : kZ© c~i‡Yi µq-weµq...............................................500

املرابحة بيع : jv‡f µq-weµq......................................................501

التولية بيع : †Kbv `‡i µq-weµq.............................................. 501

شراك بيع : Askx`vwiZ¡g~jK µq-weµq......................................501

الوضيعة بيع

: †jvKmv‡b µq-weµq ............................................501

سل املس بيع : evRvi`‡i µq-weµq............................................ 501

wek¦ —Zvi wfwˇZ µq-weµ‡q †Lqvb‡Zi weavb............................ 502

†ZBk PweŸk

12

رار ع االست ج بي : avivevwnK evwK‡Z µq weµq : Supply Sale

cwiwPwZ..............................................................................507

ستجرار بيع

(evqDj BmwZRivi)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©...507

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................507

ستجرار) بيع

) evqDj BmwZRivi m¤úwK©Z weavbmg~n.....................508

nvbvdx gvhnve.....................................................................508 gv‡jKx gvhnve.....................................................................510 kv‡dqx gvhnve: ...................................................................510 nv¤jx gvhnve ......................................................................511

عاطي : evK¨wewbgq Qvov µq-weµq: Hand to Hand Sale

cwiwPwZ..............................................................................515

عاطي (ZvAvZx)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© ........................515

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................515 ZvAvZx m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb...................................................516 BRve-Keyj Qvov cY¨ †diZ I wewµ evwZj Kiv...........................518 BRve-Keyj Qvov BRviv Pzw³ evwZj Kiv .....................................519

الوفاء بيع : †di‡Zi k‡Z© weµq: Sale with the Right of

Redemption cwiwPwZ..............................................................................521

الوفاء بيع ◌ (evqDj Iqvdv)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©...........521

evqDj Iqvdv m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb...........................................522 ˆeaZvi `jxj......................................................................522 Be‡b Avwe`xb in. e‡jb, G e¨vcv‡i ywU gZ i‡q‡Q .....................523 evqDj Iqvdv-Gi kZ©vewj......................................................524 evqDj Iqvdv-Gi Ici Av‡ivwcZ cÖfve ....................................525

وضيعة

: †jvKmv‡b weµq: Sale at loss

cwiwPwZ..............................................................................529

وضيعة

(IqvhxAv)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© .......................529

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................529 IqvwhAv m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb..................................................531

بيع العينة : evqDj Cbvn : Sale and Repurchase

cwiwPwZ..............................................................................533

العينة

(Avj-Cbvn)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.....................533

D³ weµ‡qi c×wZ I aib......................................................534 evqDj Cbvn m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb............................................534

Pzw³ iwnZKiY: Cancellation : اإلقالةcwiwPwZ..............................................................................537

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©...........................537-(BKvjv) اإلقالة

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................537 BKvjv m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb....................................................538 BKvjvi i“Kb......................................................................539 †hme kã Øviv BKvjv msNwUZ nq ............................................539 BKvjvi kZ©mg~n ..................................................................540 kixq‡Z BKvjvi ¯iƒc........................................................... 541 BKvjvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© dKxn‡`i gZcv_©‡K¨i djvdj....................542

DwKj ev cÖwZwbwai BKvjv.......................................................544 BKvjvi †¶Î ......................................................................545 BKvjvi g‡a¨ dv‡m` k‡Z©i cÖwZwµqv ........................................546 evqÕ mi‡d BKvjv ................................................................547 BKvjvi BKvjv ....................................................................547

cuwPk QvweŸk

13

†hme Kvi‡Y BKvjv evwZj n‡q hvq ..........................................548 BKvjvKvix `yc‡¶i gv‡S gZv‰bK¨ n‡j KiYxq ...........................549

Awš—g e¨vwa: The Last Illness : مرض الموتcwiwPwZ..............................................................................551

Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©..........551-(ivgvRyj gvDZ) مرض الموت

Awš—g e¨vwai weav‡b hy³ Av‡iv wKQy Ae¯’v ..................................553 g„Zz c~e©eZx© †jb‡`b m¤ú‡K© gZwe‡iva .....................................555 Awš—g e¨vwaMÖ — Ae¯’vq †nev-`vb ..............................................557 Amy ’ e¨w³i m¤ú` n‡Z Avj­vni nK Av`vq ................................562 Amy ’ †nevMÖnxZv †_‡K †nev †diZMÖnY.......................................563 Awš—g e¨vwaMÖ — Ae¯’vq gv‡ji RvgvbZ MÖnY.................................563 Awš—g e¨vwaMÖ — e¨w³i IqvKd .................................................566 Awš—g e¨vwaMÖ — Ae¯’vq m¤ú‡` n¯—‡¶c ......................................568 c¶cvZg~jK g~‡j¨ weµ‡qi weavb ............................................568 Iqvwi‡mi Kv‡Q FYgy³ Amy ’ e¨w³i m¤ú` weµq.........................572 Iqvwi‡mi wbKU FYx Amy ’ e¨w³i m¤ú` weµq............................575 Awš—g e¨vwa‡Z IqvK‡di ¯xKv‡ivw³..........................................585 Awš—g e¨vwa‡Z Zvjv‡Ki ¯xKv‡ivw³...........................................586

ادة e„w×, AvwaK¨: Augmentation : ز

cwiwPwZ..............................................................................591

زيادةا Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©........................591-(whqv`vn) ل

mswk­ó cwifvlv.....................................................................591 Avwa‡K¨i cÖKvi‡f`...............................................................592 AwZwi³ e¯‘i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ weavbmg~n .......................................594 ewa©Z g~‡j¨i cÖwZwµqv ...........................................................596

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