Asim Thesis

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The general set of corruption issues are helpful source in defining education

corruption. Like other fields, material gain is the main reason for abuse of authority. As

education is the most significant segment, its specialized principles consist of more than

material goods; as a result education corruption can be defined as the abuse of authority for

individual as well as material gain (eyneman, !""#$.

%orruption is &the use of official assets and property for personal use by an official or

by an officer of high rank.& e ' she often uses it all by wrong way or by way of fraud

(yint, !"""$

There are many forms of corruption and they vary from low to high level. )ut in thecase of providing corruption, the inistry of *ducation sells bribe in the form of commission

in funds and institutions buy. *+amination, the entrance of the library services, housing

services, test scores, the late approval of thesis, class notes and book sales are the main areas

of corruption. hile many people -oin educational institutions to provide educational

services, but after some time, they involve corruption. n this case the buyer is a student and

the seller is either a faculty member or a member of the administrative staff of the nstitute

(eyneman et al., !""/$.

0overnment has allocated a very small amount of funds to funds for education. These

are prepared by the government through ta+ collection in different sectors. Then, these funds

are distributed to the department of education. The result is obtained from royalties is also a

part of less valued proportion of sales of the nstitute. 1o the lack of funding is the main

cause of the low 2uality of education (o-a, !"""$.

As the policy of higher education has no control over changes in fee structures in an

educational institution, if this policy can also be seen as promoting corruption in educational

institutions. t re2uires the nstitute to produce a competition between students not based on

merit but on their ability to pay increased fees. t is therefore of great concern that the

national economy will ultimately reduce that students are attracted to more advantageous

than the e+pansive courses like medical and engineering courses (3oskettet al., !""4$.

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f the fight against corruption and private agencies to work effectively, they can make

better policies to fight against corruption. Thus, full and public governess is the need to stop

the corruption. Thus, each sector departments and the whole society should have to play their

role effectively against corruption. The public must be given the value to make an

atmosphere where corruption could be presented (Lawal, !""/$

6akistan as the 7igerian society is undergoing the reform process as a finding of

confusion in governance, moral lu+ury, bribery and corruption on the part of stakeholders in

education. These decisions have affected the delivery and 2uality of education. 1hould the

educational comple+ has lost its standards and the community is not -ust something. t raises

some basic 2uestions about the reason for the degradation of the most important values that

have been violated in the education sector and the community (8dunayoet al., !"5"$.

*ducation provided the basis for reducing poverty and improving social

improvement. A lower 2uality education can be a very important reasons why poor nations

do not develop. n 6akistan, the management of the 2uality of education is changing down. t

was noted that the system of science education in particular has reached the lowest ebb and

needs to be improved immediately. There is acute lack of instructor. The laboratories are

poorly e2uipped and poor and the method has modest interest for current daily needs.

1chools are not usually successful. Tracing pathogens responsible aspects of the current

nation is an important necessity. These include faulty programs, poor 2uality of teachers,

dual language education at the secondary level, overcrowded classrooms and cheating in

e+aminations. n the state of 6akistan9s efforts were prepared to mold the process according

to our ideology, agriculture and engineering, cultural and moral values and our state

re2uirements in the areas of science , medicine, technology, etc. The increase in the supply of

education or less the resistance of the infrastructure offers can play a role in increasing

literacy rates mega and community education (emon, !""/$.

t is interesting that there was no educational policies. 1uccessive five:year economic

plans were available alongside the educational strategies. The table does not bear the general

problems of education in the broad spectrum and higher education meticulously. These

challenges include issues related to industrialization, education on the industry, globalization,

ongoing and continuous training, skills and 2uality of education. n accumulation of these,

lack of motivation on the part of teachers, non:availability of 2uality teachers, irrelevant

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content with the labor market, dry matter content and less interesting, non:compliance with

social physical needs, financial and economical education. )est teachers are not attract to the

education system due to lower salaries, lack of incentives and promotions sluggish. All

contact to enhance teachers, learning and teaching environment and. There are other

2uestions that are contributory to the 7 satisfactory teaching students, less concern for

conceptual learning, teacher student ratio high political interference in educational

institutions, transfer of teachers, incentives and internships. These issues give rise to a

generation of business graduates with less control capacity needs (6arveen et al., !"55$.

The anti corruption systems e+plain corruption widely as


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The dishonesty scandals of the past decade ethics in accounting education has become

greater important topic in the academic occupation. n !"">, the 7ational Association of

1tate )oards of Accountancy addressed the ethics issue and initially forword that two stand:

alone college courses should be included in the education re2uirements to sit for the certified

public accountant e+am. The 7ational Association of 1tate )oards of Accountancy proposal

met with large number of criticism from accounting educators and the accounting

occupation. As of today, however, the most ma-ority of 1tate )oards of 6ublic Accountancy

do not re2uire stand alone ethics courses in their educational re2uirements, but much more

value has been placed on teaching ethics in numerous college activities. This increased focus

on teaching ethics in academic programs can create challenges for education professionals,

especially when wrong behavior like easy payments to foreign officials are allowed under

nited 1tates law ()unker and %asey !"5!$.

%orruption has affected all sectors of the education system, namely the construction

of the school, appointments, supply and distribution of laboratory instruments and books, etc.

%orruption in education is a sensitive issue. *ducation would be unable to raise the ethical

and moral values in a corrupt environment. t is clear that the provision of integrity and

limitation contrary to the ethical behavior in education can lead to optimal working

environment for teaching. The main consideration to eradicate corruption in the education

sector is to limit opportunities for corruption (allak and 6oisson, !""?$.

8bservation of teachers and students on the reasons for lower school effectiveness

among college students degree in 8gun 1tate, 7igeria. @esponse speakers mentioned the

2ualification and status speaker that students do not force students. 6oor efficiency, but the

methods of education lecturer pressure poor academic performance. 1tudents in response to

the other side mentioned that while teachers 2ualification and poor performance of the

influence of environment students students, technical education teachers and education

materials do not. The implications of these e+ploration college degree counselors attracted

adolescent tips for better academic presentation were discussed. The degree of difference

academic achievement of students in the state of 7igeria has been and still is a resource

concern and interest of research for teachers, administration and parents. This is due to the

enormous importance that education has on the development of the state of nations.

0overnments are in full agreement that their vast savings on education does not yield the

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desired fracture. Lecturer also complained about the poor performance of students in e+ternal

and internal e+amination (Asikhia !"5"$.

6eople related to the body of the education profession over the top right to the college

tackle corruption activities in a few steps. The phenomenon is not modern, it is up to ten

years e+ploring rarely paying attention to it. 8ne issue of corruption occurs only currently on

the global agenda. 1econd, those related to education reform have been reluctant to address

the issue of the issue of corruption, because they fear that it could damage the board of

education sectors and thus reduce the assets that are allocated . owever, the number of

research has been conducted on corruption in the education sector during the end of the

decade, Transparency nternational, the orld )ank, the orld 8rganization for *ducational

6lanning, several universities and 1oros 3oundation. 7umerous studies have applied

measurement techni2ues general corruption in the sector and tend to use the most common

e+planation of corruption as &the use of those resources for private Achieve (6oission !"5"$.

Importance of Study

*ducation is ma-or aspects of community which increase the options of improvement

but corruption in education department is a highly dangerous communal diseases. %orruption

in other organization is not as dangerous as in case of education sector which deteriorate a

nations morality. %orruption in education is at various levels of government and

administration e.g. acceptance of bribe for accreditation and procurement by *ducation

inistry; demand of corrupt for admission, grades, book rental, housing, e+ams and

transcripts by administrator, grades, e+ams and books purchases by the teacher. %ities of

central and upper 6un-ab may have low level of educational corruption due to presence of

offices of departmental authorities that may have strong check and balance of the system. As

B. 0. Chan is located far from the center of governance, so corruption in education such as

teachers absenteeism, financial corruption and ghost employees could be of ma-or concern.

3or e+ample during the year in !"5! seven cases of financial corruption in education

department such as allegations of misuse of powers, embezzlement, fraud taking illegal

salary, fake certificates and accepting of bribes and which have been reported in anti:

corruption branch B. 0. Chan.

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The present study has the following ob-ectivesD

To assess the level of corruption in educational institutions.

To find out the some factors responsible for corruption especially promoting the

bribery.

To suggest logical solutions for the problem of corruption on the basis of study

findings

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERTURE

A statement of the 0overnment. of ndia, !""5 is the -udgment that there is no logical

e+planation for the corrupt attitude, corrupt activities. %orruption and differ from state to

state across the country. The orld )ank and other more parties submit that the misuse of

office for private communal Achieve. t includes finding or delete promise or a recipe gift or

any other benefit by a local government of the importance of the performance or control

action in violation of the duties of the 8ffice needs. Chan et al. (!"5!$, including e+pressed

that corruption defined as the abuse of power by mandating private benefits is an unfortunate

condition in 6akistan. 7o structure, no level and no office of public sector penalty him. t

reached all the organization of the state, beyond e+ecutive, he put his scratch on the -udiciary

and the legislature 6ark. t would be better to say that the whole body of the 1tate of 6akistan

suffers from this disease and a groan under its dead weight. ts incidence is very important

that 6akistan is ranked 5>E in the group of nations to scale so free of corruption of

government. This classification is not at all acceptable.

n spite of many efforts taken by 0overnment of 6akistan, corruption still persists

across the govt. departments and same is the case with education sector in 6akistan. The most

severe impact on this sector is due to corruption and political interference. Aly (!""/$

e+plained that political influence in the appointment and transfer of teachers give way to

corruption in education sector. e also reported that political interference had further

complicated the issues in education sector.

7ational *ducation anagement nformation 1ystem collects annual data from

education sector of 6akistan. owever, this institution collects data only from public

education sector, and usually ignores the private sectors which occupy considerable

proportion of education sector. n 6akistan nearly >5F of college students are enrolled in the

non government colleges. Lynd (!""/$ revealed thatit is very important that data from these

private sectors should be available so that it could be ensured that policy has promoted entire

education system of country.

The clues of corruption obtained from sub-ect review process are mostly used to

consider the relative ranking of a country along with its strengths and weaknesses.

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3urthermore, these clues also e+plain an e+perimentally verified pattern of corruption which

needs to be checked for the sake of national educational and economic promotions. eidman

(!""/$ indicated that sub-ect review is basically necessary to identify the clues for corruption

and is vital for controlling corruption especially in an environment where corruption have

become a tradition.

%ritical analysis of corruption as a clear phenomenon that emerged as a result of

unlawful actions of those involved in the formation of laws and responsible for implementing

legal controls on corruption. The presence of these people fulfill their interests at the e+pense

of collective social losses have e+acerbated the problem of corruption. 8buah (!"5"$ stated

that -oint venture corrupt public officials and policy makers have deteriorated the education

sector already struggling

Absenteeism des enseignants est reconnue comme un problGme ma-eur de gestion de

l9Hducation dans de nombreu+ pays. Lors2ue les enseignants restent absents sans motif

lHgitime, ils dHtournent les ressources publi2ues pour leurs propres fins, touchant l9Hducation

de leurs HlGves. Au:delI des interventions de suivi participatif 2ui se concentrent

gHnHralement sur la prHsence de la surveillance des enseignants dans les Hcoles, les

organisations de la sociHtH civile ont mis I l9essai une sHrie d9initiatives destinHes I freiner

absence. atsheza et al. (!"55$ ont conclu 2ue ces initiatives ont soulignH le rJle des

incitations directes pour les enseignants. ls ont Hgalement e+plorH le rJle des incitations en

comparant les approches et conclu 2ue les meilleurs rHsultats de frH2uentation sont obtenus

grKce I des systGmes mis en uvre mHcani2uement et systHmati2uement plutJt 2ue des

systGmes impli2uant des chefs d9Htablissement, 2ui peut, pour diverses raisons, de manipuler

les registres de prHsence des enseignants.

1tudent cheating on test is the most similar type of mismanagement in education. The

most common method is to illegally material into the e+amination room. 1tudents hide notes

in their socks, pockets, and write them on their arms the lowest technical method. *ckstein

(!"">$ analyzed that now however, technology makes its capable to import information in

very small electronic instruments and even to passes the e+amination 2uestion and answers

within few seconds to students in an e+amination rooms and halls, as well as to other location

with in and even outside the country. 1o simple particular person cheating becomes changed

to fraud on a more methodological and large scale.

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The most available to increase primary school enrollment and student learning,

@einikka and 1vensson (!"5"$ have argued that means ideas in the governance of social

services may produce the best performance. 1ince social service provision in developing

countries is often plagued by default to make use of the beast time and corruption. e have

provided this using data from a uni2ue political e+perience. A press campaign in ganda

aimed at reducing the misuse of public funds by providing schools with information and

follow local authorities to manage a large subsidy program of education. The campaign was

very successful and reducing the capture had a positive impact on enrollment and learning

candidates.

The education system is disposed substantially in order. ndividuals must learn the

basics before you can study modern knowledge. Accordingly, in the generally perceive the

system in three primary secondary and tertiary phases. ndividuals must provide lower levels

successfully before entering the more advanced levels and their academic achievements in

lower case their preparations and 2ualifications for higher levels levels. 1u (!"">$ concluded

that, at any level of education, 2uality of education depends on the availability of assets and

at the same time affected by the decisions of individual participation. e focus on public

education funds, the main part of the total educational e+penditure of funds for almost all

countries. The hierarchical nature of the education system, different stages of education are

not fully substitutable. Thus, a change in the 2uality of education at one stage may not be

immediately e+amined by an opposite change to another stage. Therefore, the policy of

distributing resources can have a big impact on the final results.

This is a resource for education is determined by the level of education and type of

education must be provided. The level of resources for all types of education and levels are

authorized by the federal government. These include professionally trained teachers and

2ualified teachers in all areas staff. 0overnment approved curriculum, teaching materials,

school buildings, furniture and good 2uality administrators to ensure effective management

of the school. Agabi (!"5"$ argued that resources primarily to the provision of primary and

secondary education in 7igeria are allowed by national policy on education. At the tertiary

level, the federal government is working with the 7igerian niversities %ommission. The

7ational %ouncil for Technical *ducation and the 7ational %ommission for %olleges of

*ducation to ensure the provision and maintenance of standard term resources. *ducational

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resources were four groups and categories include physical resources such as school plants,

classrooms, offices, recreational facilities and the entire floor of the school. aterial

resources, including management, stationery, education plans and ob-ectives prescribed

methods. uman both teachers and non:teaching resources. The funds consist of all monetary

entries in the education system oriented towards achieving the educational ob-ectives set.

The worst result of corruption revealed the financial waste and after a state gets

failed. e often see cases in college students that cannot afford the bribes and they can not

go to university to study. n this way, talent is destroyed and the other students get input on

the basis of corruption is not on merit. %hapman (!""!$ e+plained that corruption not change

the wisdom of youth. As a result, the younger generation begins to think reference and

corruption as the basis for success deserved.

n many developing countries, the privatization of education has in fact increased the

share of private funding, sometimes at the level of basic education, but more often at the post

basic education. )elfield and Levin (!""!$ studied the number of private schools and private

universities has increased at the same time. This trend emerged largely due to the inability of

the state to meet the growing demand for education at all levels.

The standerd of human capital can be increased by reducing political corruption. The

convenience of the student is positively related to the 2uality of student and funds raised by

students has a positive effect on educational standerd once the economic motivation and

other variables are taken into account. Bipietro and 3lint (!"5!$ indicate that the assets are

positively related to academic conse2uences. Therefore, the increase in student performance

may depend on the efficient use of resources to initiatives that are e+actly the conse2uences

of improving students. f political corruption causes money to spent and resources only in

response to land lord political forces, then it is likely that more money will have a much more

positive effect on student achievement

%orruption and the growth of economic output inverse relationship to each other. f

governments do not take strong measures against corruption, the country will go to the

disaster. 8bayelu (!""/$ has argued that corruption has made countries rich in natural

resources like 7igeria to be converted in poor countries. Although bribes offered to make

people not easy but the overall effect of corruption is that economic development is

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compromised. %orruption destroys the good name of the country and results in a slow growth

due to lower investment.

1tudent achievement is a product of social and economic factors, attitudes and

environmental factors. *ducation plays an important role in the political, economic and social

development field. 6lacement of secondary education and the number of admission depends

on the realization in the review of Cenya %ertificate of primary education in the eight

standard. @eche et al. (!"5!$ stated that the development of education has long been a target

position of the 0overnment of Cenya. *ducation is seen by the different actors and

stakeholders as a basic need and a fundamental right. ranks high performance on the national

agenda with educators and policy makers focusing on control, accountability, curriculum

reform and teacher 2uality, school choice and related concerns. %onspicuously absent was an

e+amination of how the conditions of schooling impact on teaching and learning. Although

abundant literature linking school facilities to the 2uality of education and teacher morale and

2uality of teachers.

any psychoanalysts argue that current enrollment problems are caused as much by

the pressure of the teacher by the failure to attract new teachers. n fact, research has shown

that about one person all beginners leave teaching within four years teachers. n general,

teachers list family or personal reasons, such as pregnancy, child:rearing needs and health

problems as reasons for leaving the profession. )uckley et al. (!""#$ argued that -ob

dissatisfaction, mainly due to a bad packet, poor administrative support, and student

discipline problems, is also among the reasons and the most common for teachers to leave the

profession. any factors clearly affect teacher retention, but most teaching takes place in a

specific physical location and 2uality of this place can affect the ability of teachers to teach,

teacher morale, and health and safety of teachers

Abdullah (!""M$ stated that corruption is one of the most damaging conse2uences of

poor governance. t insidiously investment and economic growth, reduces the assets available

to human development goals, deepens the field of poverty, subverts the -udicial system, and

undermines the validity of the state. n fact, when corruption becomes fortified positions, it

can destroy the entire economic, political and social fabric of a country. %orruption

%orruption products and an inability to fight effectively can lead to an era of rampant

corruption.

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The relationship between physical secondary school participation and achievement is

one of the most discussed, debated and research in all sports scholarship sub-ects, especially

when we look at the social science research focused on sport and society interactions and

their conse2uences. ost importantly, this research has repeatedly demonstrated a strong

positive correlation between high school sports participation and academic achievement. The

relationship between physical engagement and academic success is not, for the most part, a

direct causality. artmaan (!""M$ argued that it can not, in fact, vary considerably depending

on the type of sport, level of participation, the substance of the student:athletes involved, the

characteristics of the school, and the relationship between the program sports and academic

curriculum.

0ood governance grow in a situation necessarily corruption free. 6akistan is

inappropriate way down the ladder on this account. %orruption of all measure very large

2uantity and parochialism all levels of government and all segments of the population of

society, religions, political, legal, commercial and even private. Nualities corruption acts as

the mechanism of balancing market here in a largely unregulated administrative

configuration. There are economic reasons for this surreal give and take at the individual

level but the economic cost of the company is e+tremely impressive. Oavid (!"5"$ suggested

that corruption severely affects the lives of citizens in less returns on the use of various

resources and adds to their cost of living. The origin of corruption in 6akistan can be

attributed to ma-or events from 5E#" to 5EE". 1erious attempts needed from the mid:5EE"s to

encourage the turn of the century ridicule into tools of political support. 3or the past two

years, there is an almost significant legal thing at the national level.

mportance of teachers in schools in some countries, especially in developed

countries, is often cited as a feature of the school deprives boys of appropriate models. The

initiatives discussed here provide no definitive level in this regard. Oha and Celleher (!""4$

e+plained that the Australian school is co:educational, with the largest number of teachers are

women. This does not seem to be creating problems for boys. owever, there is a primary

school and it could be argued that the gender of the teacher did not matter so much at this

age. The large number of teachers in distance education institutions in Lesotho are also

women. Bespite it is a primary set, a number of students belonging to the age group less

important, and they have not provided any negative feedback on teachers.

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f we think a little more corruption and its effects on the economy, we soon convinced

that it is two:edged sword, and seriously affects the economy. 1arkar and asan (!""5$

stated that the massy economic performance of a state is directly related to corruption. any

thinkers and sociologists to measure their capabilities and settings.

There are different types of data to the literature of education sector. e highlight of

enrollment at primary, secondary and tertiary level. There are several active secondary

education in a period for which Asia and Africa. Pelde (!""?$ e+plained that higher

education is very low in Africa. t seems stronger in Latin America than in *ast Asia, it does

not want known for the 2uality, type and relevance of education. 1tudy abroad will be

considered later as an important feature of globalization affects education. 8ther directors of

education are e2ually important, such as the type of access to education to education and

2uality of education.

The impact of different teachers and the characteristics of the class of third graders

conse2uences uses a feature of the 3rench system in which some new teachers start their -obs

before receiving training. )ressou+ et al. (!""M$ reported that the four teacher characteristics

are included in the sample 2ualified teachers, trained new untrained teachers and new

teachers. To identify the effects, we use administrative errors of the estimate of the number

of teachers. e find that trained and untrained teachers allocate new to similar classes.

here the 2ualified teachers have better students located in better surroundings. Therefore,

in order to match students and similar classes, we focus on students with new teachers and

those with desirable e+perienced teachers. n addition, we show that the same sample can be

used to estimate the causal effect of class size on student conse2uences. 8ur results are as

followsD 3irst, teacher training significantly improves test scores in mathematics. 1econd, the

ripple effect does not rely entirely on the different teaching practices, but also on the 2uality

of the material, untrained teachers who ma-ored in science at the niversity improve the

performance of their students as far as teachers are trained. Third, the effect of class size is

important and useful, the class size does not appear to be correlated with management

practices. 3ourth, teacher training does not improve scores first poor performance of students

and classes.

e study the effects of different types of education and training on the ability of

teachers to promote student success. 6revious studies on the sub-ect have been made by the

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lack of training measures for teachers and difficulties dealing with non:random selection of

teachers to students and teachers in training. e address these issues by bringing together

models that include detailed measures before the service and training on the -ob. A rich set of

time:varying changes correlated, student, teacher, and school fi+ed effects. arris and 1ass

(!""M$ suggest that only two forms of teacher training we study state influence. 3irst, the

professional development of teachers satisfied is positively associated with productivity in

mathematics and secondary school. 1econd, the most 2ualified teachers be more effective in

teaching math and reading and math elementary school. There is no evidence that either the

initial training (undergraduate$ or academic ability of teachers affects their ability to increase

student achievement.

n the late 5E4"s, due to the progressive racial discrimination remove barriers to

higher education, most African American and other minorities began attending colleges and

universities traditionally white, although some progress was definitely smooth . hile

demand action programs have been launched in order to achieve social -ustice in higher

education with an increase in the availability of financial aid scholarships, friendliness and

grants. Catz et al. (!"55$ concluded that there were display gains in enrollment of blacks and

other minority students in higher education. owever, in recent years the recruitment and

retention of African American students has become a matter of national concern in the wake

of the process of programs to increase enrollment in higher education, especially higher

education. )lack and ispanic students were seriously underrepresented among graduate

students and doctoral recipients in the nited 1tates. The participation of black students in

higher education decreased in the early 5EM"s, after decades of increases.

Today9s students are less prepared for college work than their predecessors level.

8nce they arrive at university, they tend to spend less time studying. hile spending more

hours, some time yet. 7onis and udson (!""4$ e+plain that the effect of both the time spent

studying and time spent working on school performance. The authors also evaluated the

interaction of motivation and ability with the study and its effect on academic performance

over time. The results suggest that variables such as motivation and notability study time

significantly interact with the talent to influence academic performance. %ontrary to popular

belief, the amount of time spent studying or at work had no direct influence on academic

performance. n this study, the authors e+amined the effect of both the time spent studying

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and time spent working on school performance. The authors also evaluated the interaction of

motivation and ability with the study and its effect on academic performance over time. The

results suggest that variables such as motivation and notability study time interact

significantly with the ability to influence academic performance. %ontrary to popular belief,

the amount of time spent studying or at work had no direct influence on the negative impact

on the academic performance of college students academic performance and use the results

of these studies to improve our programs studies.

The demand for college education is also high, which reinforces the changes in

supply. 0raduated from college is increasingly seen as the most important for employment in

professional -obs, managers and other technically oriented criteria. As such, the return to a

college degree is high, about !>.5 percent. Although there is a perception that getting a -ob

after graduating from college is difficult, in fact, almost all students find a -ob within a year,

and the slope of the earnings growth is steep. ang et al. (!"55$ reported that college

education is also important because it is so closely linked to productivity, creating benefits

for the community of students in both %hina and the world. 0rowth was in countries with

higher levels of higher education. As nations, including %hina become richer, growth will

depend on the industry and services that are more sophisticated and comple+, which means

more and more careers re2uire higher education. n addition, college education in 1outh:*ast

Asia ' 6acific and 1outh Asia not only significantly benefits people who pursue higher

through the high returns to education studies, it can also have an impact strong and

transformative for communities whose graduates came.

%orruption has a large impact on the economy of a country. According thinkers

corrupt system creates in-ustice and social ills that directly affect the economy of the state. n

developing countries, corrupt courts play the main role to destroy the economy. )uscaglia

(!""5$ argued that when the courts have failed to make an impartial decision, it becomes the

main root of corruption. The courts are mainly pillar of any state, then when it reports

distortion directly affected his overall bad decision makes the whole corrupt system.

e evaluate the contributions of teachers and students to student success in high

school economics class. uch of the voluminous literature on educational outcomes focuses

on pupils in primary school. The 2uantitative contribution of teacher 2uality to student

performance is great, but the relationship between teacher 2uality and measurable

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characteristics such as education and e+perience is limited and ambiguous. La Palette et al.

(!"5!$ indicates that the characteristics of students, including own 06A 06A and peers have

the greatest impact on student achievement. The estimated effects of teacher characteristics

such as e+perience had taught economics and formal education in economics also raise

student achievement in statistically significant 2uantities that are almost as important as the

effects of student characteristics. owever, the impact of formal education in economics

teachers varies according to different test modes, with an emphasis in economics university

leading to higher scores multiple choice but scores lower dissertation. The 2uality of teachers

has been identified in several studies as an important factor in determining student

achievement. owever, the identification and measurement of the 2uality of teachers has

proven to be a challenge because the observable characteristics such as the attainment of

advanced degrees, years of teaching e+perience, 2ualifications and continuous professional

development n have not always e+plained variation in contributions of specific teachers for

student success.

A history of failure may perpetuate the lack of success leads children to make

e+cuses, do not try in class, to avoid homework and when they are older, skipping classes or

lie on what they have done. 0oldfud (!"5!$ stated that the underlying attitude which prevails

isD &f put a lot of effort and hard work and am unable to answer a 2uestion in class, or

can not finish a pro-ect or am doing wrong in a review, then will feel inade2uate and

unhappy. 1o why botherQ &This negative attitude leads 2uickly to self:-ustification& f do

not prepare for a test or 9m not listening in class or apply to me in any way, then am

avenged. have not tried could not be bothered, and that9s why did not succeed. &This type

of behavior can lead a child to drop out of school or become a habitual truant. 8ther negative

characteristics that may arise in this kind of teen are loneliness, inability to make friends and

a lack of social skills. Rears of failure have instilled in them a perceived failure and an

apparent lack of skills compared to their contemporaries achieve the academic teenagers can

lower self:esteem to the point where they 9*rase9 their 9me9.

The impact of various factors on the construction status of student achievement in

order to monitor the socio:economic status of students. when socio:economic factors were

constant, the condition of the facilities had a significant correlation with student achievement.

1pecifically, he found that the air conditioning, the lack of graffiti, the state of science

54


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laboratories, accommodation changing rooms, the state of classroom furniture, wall color and

sound levels correlated with student performance at a significant level when the socio:

economic status of students. cgowen (!""/$ concluded that student achievement based on

the condition of the building focused on many factors of institutional 2uality. ith the

construction of the average American school term to #? years, the age of the installation is a

common abnormality of the condition of the building is studied in correlation with student

achievement.

@eview of school counselors and the role they play in the university entrance process

could not be faster or vital to undertake action. n schools, no professional is more important

to improve college enrollment advisers. %urrently, the general state of the board is not an

important point on any ma-or political program. cBonough (!""?$ e+ Slained that access to

college is an important issue of education and economic policy imperative for advocates of

improved affordability, and essential for policy makers seeking to reduce barriers to college

admission. The key 2uestion is marked by progress and unmet goals and what follows is a

summary of the ma-or college access issues. 0enerations of minority students of the working

class, immigrant and underrepresented improved their individual economic conditions

through college, while policymakers and employers have spurred economic growth and

created an informed citizenry by more adult college.

n poor countries like 6akistan some organizations are considered very e+treme. n

these organizations often children from poor families are enrolled. 6eople send their children

to these organizations for education, food and clothing. These organizations get the

advantage of their poverty and e+ploit. Cronstadt (!""#$ concluded that for our long:term

interest, we should have to promote moderation and democratic values in 6akistan. ereby,

the socio:economic status of people can be improved. 1ome analysts think that donor

countries like the nited 1tates can do so by supporting the education sector.

n our society, some people are rich and some are very poor. 1o poor people are of

the opinion that the rich and powerful must be corrupt. Therefore, they can -ustify their own

corrupt behavior. t is difficult to find rich and powerful people are involved in corrupt

practices. Oong 1ong and Chagram (!""?$ analyzed that in some situations the rich and non:

rich are convicted. t was concluded that corruption has become a norm due to repeated

practice of corrupt activities. The standard of corruption is socialized by the following

5/


18/43

generations.

%u (!""/$ investigated corruption in the education system is generally seen as an

acceptance of bribe during school admissions, corruption in the provision of books and

stationery, accepting bribe toll concession and marking , dishonesty in the building

construction and use of low:grade or insufficient materials, etc. corruption in the purchase of

school e2uipment and other pro-ects are often observed

%arter (!""!$ argued that the results of interviews with !! teachers, parents and

students from two urban middle schools and two urban high schools that are members of the

7ational 7etwork of 6artnership 1chools. @espondents emphasized the importance of family

involvement in the education of students. Although they recognize that teenagers need more

independence than the primary age children, they also e+pressed the view that adolescents

need guidance and support from adults care at home, school and the community. Those who

responded agreed that high school is a difficult time in school career and students that

support significant adults can help students to &successfully navigate this period.&

@espondents also agreed that communication and cooperation between home, school and the

community have increased opportunities for students successfully transition to college or

work. n addition, the study pointed out that professional educators and parents believe that

their time building relationships has been limited. ith the &right support, a framework for

commitment and a team approach,& however, these respondents believe that parents,

educators and community members could build effective partnerships

)ecause of the uneven distribution of resources at the time of partition, 6akistan had

no elaborate system of training in economics and business at the beginning that this country

had received a very low system *nterprise, Trade and industry. Chan et al (!"55$ concluded

that the current concept of business education in 6akistan has really emerged as a result of 4#

years of progressive development in trade, industry and global businesses, who made the

need for development of business education system in the country. To promote trade and

business education in the country, the 0overnment of 6akistan %ommittee on Trade and

*ducation published its report in 5E?!, and stressed the need to introduce trade schools.

3urther government training institutes were established on the recommendation of the same

committee on trade and education in 5E4" (aheer, 5E4M$. 3rom that time until now at the

intermediate level, there are two broad categories of institutions imparting education in

5M


19/43

commerce colleges %ountry * )usiness and 0overnment secondary colleges. n addition,

the commercial training institutes also work for government business education forward in

the country. The lack of government involvement in the education sector was visible in the

fact that, after independence in 5E#/, there was no organized system for technical education

in 6akistan, and the students would directly industry after the completion of their school or

college. n 5E#/, 6akistan had only one university, namely the niversity of 6un-ab, who

was both the teaching and the niversity of 1indh review body later Oamshoro was built in

5E#/ and thereafter the niversity of 6eshawar was established in 5E?" and the niversity of

Carachi in 5"?5.

The 6hilippine higher education system is one of the largest in the world. t consists

of one hundred ten (55"$ public colleges and universities chartered and 5!M" (5!M"$ of

private colleges and universities that serve the university age population of Littlemore two

million students. 6adua (!"">$ argued that private higher education institutions are classified

as sectarian (religious$ or non:sectarian, the latter often in the category of family businesses.

igher education is mainly dominated by private schools, which account for more than

eighty percent (M"F$ of the entire sector. The higher education system operates in a capitalist

environment, free economy and as such, is sub-ect to factors that influence the market

economy in the country. 6rivate schools are in competition with each other and colleges

funded by the will and universities for registration as well government subsidy. deally, the

presence of a large number of economic actors in higher education have been sufficient to

ensure that colleges and universities compete individual 2uality. The interaction of market

forces have resulted in the 2uality of products and services in higher balance acTable

acceptable and market education.

1AB (!""!$ stated that most developing countries spend a large part of their

national budget to education .! domestic ta+ revenue base are often supplemented by

additional funds from donors and, in many cases, by fees charged to parents. Teachers,

principals and other staff of the ministries of education generally are an important part of

public employment. nfortunately, in many countries, human and financial resources

contribute much less to help children ac2uire the knowledge and skills that could be

reasonably e+pected useful. n some cases, the problems take the form of outright corruption,

among others. Teacher absenteeism, which appears to be widespread in all regions,

5E


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especially in rural areas. To cite a few e+amplesD 5EEE 6ublic @eport of ndia on )asic

*ducation (6@8)*$ found teachers working days four hours, much less than the legal

re2uirement. ichael Cremer (5EEE$ reports that it has found #5 percent of teachers absent

from their classes during random visits to Cenyan schools. 7icholas )ennett (!""5$

estimated that absenteeism in 7epal about /" percent before the recent reforms. 6etty

corruption at the school, including setting a variety of ad hoc fees for attendance and salary

trim by teachers who provide after school tutoring paid, a practice that night clearly the effort

put into such teachers their classrooms. 0ross financial corruption, usually upstream of the

line, where officials have access to larger flow of funds. The resulting funds for schools

diversion aggravated problems of rare books, workbooks and other purchased inputs in the

learning process, and thus affect the 2uality of education.n some cases, financial corruption

is concentrated in the inistry of *ducation, in the form of contracts &of convenience& for

te+tbooks and school construction. n other cases, the funds transferred by the central

government to local schools are prone to leaking at intermediate levels of the system.

nderstand how policy can affect the (school$ university participation is important to

understand how governments can promote the accumulation of human capital. Bearden et al

(!"55$. The 2uestion of how to fund higher education (*$ has been high on the agenda of

successive )ritish governments since the 5E4"s. The C has moved from a situation where

the ta+payer foot the bill for all of higher education, a system where higher education

contributes to the cost involved. 1ince its inception, the so:called &cost:sharing& has been

plagued by controversy, with the fear that this would reduce the participation of universities,

especially among people from less affluent backgrounds. The C has e+perienced two ma-or

changes in the financing of higher education in recent years. The first stems from teaching in

5EEM and the law on higher education, where the initial tuition fees of U 5,!"" per year were

introduced to the program for the first time in its history, and scholarships, which are as grant

aid, have been removed and replaced by higher maintenance loans.

Treisman (!"""$ suggested that the difficulty of measuring the relative levels of

corruption in different countries presented a ma-or obstacle. @ecently, however, economists

and political scientists have begun to analyze the evidence of corruption &perceived&

prepared by analysts of business risks and offices 5 organizations, based on survey responses

of businessmen and local residents . Although these notes are by definition &sub-ective& there

!"


21/43

are compelling reasons to be interested in the trends they reveal. 3irst, these transnational

evaluations tend to be highly correlated and highly correlated in time. Bifferent organizations

use different techni2ues derive valuations that are similar and do not change much from year

to year. n addition, corruption indices constructed on the basis of surveys of business people

working in specific countries are found to be highly correlated with at least one transnational

survey of the inhabitants of these countries. This reduces the risk that we are analyzing non:

perception of corruption, but the 2uirks or bias of a special monitoring body. 1econd, as

empirical work confirms, whatever the ob-ective characteristics of the political and social

system of a country, sub-ective assessments of corruption are themselves seem to affect

investment decisions, growth and the political behavior of citizens

3aizi et al, !"5"$ stated that the cause of this survey was to identify the main reasons

for refusing the educational standards at secondary level in Carachi, 6akistan. t was

conducted by poll. The study population was both &the government and private& school

students and teachers. The views of students and male and female teachers were investigated.

8ne hundred respondents were randomly selected. The 2uestionnaire was used as a research

instrument was composed of !? items. The data collected on two 2uestionnaire point scale

and was analyzed using the percentage method. The ma-ority of respondents felt that the

e+isting inefficient program and evaluation system are the main reasons for the decline in the

level of education at secondary level in Carachi, 6akistan. ost respondents said that the

imperfect administration with poor inspection system became his reasons. 1hort number of

respondent suggested that inade2uate sanitation, lack of e+tracurricular activities and

outdated teaching methods caused the sub standard education.

@esponsibility for primary education in )otswana is shared between the inistry of

*ducation, professional and political body, the formulation and the inistry of Local

0overnment, Lands and ousing, which is responsible for the infrastructure and general

management of the schools, including the provision of books and e2uipment. 0ood (!"55$

suggested that the contract for the provision of teaching materials for primary schools in the

country in iEE" was awarded to managers of international pro-ects (5> hours$ without any

review of the company9s employees or their 2ualifications. 7o competition tender was made,

and no ade2uate studies e+perienced organizations in the field of public procurement

education has been made. The contract has not been approved by the %entral Tender )oard,

!5


22/43


23/43

mran (!""M$ concluded that education plays a very important role in society. hile

education plays a less important role in society, the country will not be developed. 7ow the

slogan of the population is about the 2uality of education is lower and failing. Then they ask

the higher authorities to compare the performance of schools with private colleges. t is

necessary to improve the 2uality of the university. *ducation is needed to maintain

development and peace. ithout improvement and the low 2uality of education, we can not

develop the country. t is very difficult to describe the 2uality of education. The concept of

2uality in all areas is a comple+ concept. t is comple+ in nature, elements, components, and

all respects. Nuality is the most honorable, but the term slipperisest in the field of education.

1ometimes it is used in the sense of evaluation, such as the scale of goodness. 1ometimes it

is understood to seek some distinctive features. The 2uality of education refers to the

standard management of educational institutions, programs, teaching methods, students,

e+animation system, teachers, etc. t is a fact that the fate of the nation is shaped in the

classrooms. This implies that education is the main source of progress and development. e

can say without hesitation that education is primarily responsible for the future of 6akistan.

Through education, the process of nation:building for the future citizens of the country is

held. *arly molds education students, the country will be molded. 3rom this point of view, a

lot of responsibility rests with the teacher and the 2uality of education.

n college level students are not willing to work that their -ob is being processed.

hen they get admission in college they never spent much time studying as much time is

needed to study. hen they have not spent much time studying while academic performance

is very poor. 7onis et al (!""4$ suggested that further evaluated the interaction of ability and

motivation over the study and its effect on academic activities time. %ontrary to popular

belief, the amount of time spent studying or at work had no direct influence on academic

performance. 7otability variables such as motivation and time studying law significantly

between with the ability to influence academic performance. %ollege students spend very

little time costs outside the college. n the survey thirty:four percent of students entering

fresh men and spent time in si+ and especially to study. (3or e+ample, the preparation of

homework and studying$ compared to their last year of college.

Li et al (!"""$ stated that corruption from the work for the traditional sector which

needs low:skilled workers demand for unskilled workers relative to skilled workers

!>


24/43

increases. As are the salt, the population growth in the most corrupt countries will be higher.

The modern sector is likely to be concentrated in cities, and corruption discourages the

modern sector, countries with more corruption are likely to be less urbanized. %orruption

affects the use of banks and other financial intermediaries for business transaction. An

important variable related to corruption on the part of government spending. alarger share of

public spending, financed by higher ta+es on the modern sector, reduced the rate of

investment, discourages talented people to become entrepreneurs, and reduces the growth

rate

Chan (!"5"$ stated that the importance of education plays a very important role. All

people keep e2ual rights to ac2uire training. *ach child wins the competition irrespective of

education, gender, area and belief. f the right to education is uneven problems will be

created. *ducation plays a very important role in the personality development of the child.

e plays a dangerous role in accelerating economic growth through knowledge and human

capacity, skills and the creative force of the company. t is also believed that education is

very important for the development of the nation and there is a strong relationship between

education and economic development of a country. Cnowledgeable people are vital to the

construction of the nation, than ever in today9s globalized world. *ach state in the world did

his best to educate the larger people through all the likely modes of teaching. communication

technologies and information are used to reach people. ho live in a remote area of the

country access to primary education is taken as a basic right of every resident.

The goal of universal primary education is a high level and also the goal of

international development. That all countries have achieved the goal of this organization,

becose its goal is the level of international development. orld conference is held since 5EE"

with the aim of all countries focus on education for all. n this lecture, the values of basic

education was introduced and a new thought of the basic education needs of the nation, not

incomplete school was planned. According to Article 5 of the orld Beclaration on

*ducation for All agreed at the meeting. *very peoples children, youth and adults should be

able to take advantage of educational opportunities provided to meet their basic learning

needs, special effects education for people of importance and focus on value. (1awamura et

al, !""M$.

!#


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C!"TER#$

RESULTS ND DISCUSSION

The purpose of this chapter is to present analysis and interpretation of data relating to

the research problems under investigation. This chapter has been divided into two parts, 6art

A and 6art ).

6art:A (ni:variate analysis$ deals with the analysis of the socio:economic

characteristics of the respondents and community perception regarding socio:economic

impact causes and conse2uences of corruption.

6art:) deals with bivariate analysis showing relationship among various socio:

economic characteristics with respondents perception regarding social impact V economic

impact of causes and conse2uences of corruption in college Tehsil B. 0. Chan.

"RT#I

%UNI#VRITE NL&SIS'

Soc(o#Econom(c and Demo)raph(c Informat(on of the Re*pondent*

1ocio:*conomic and Bemographic characteristics of the respondents like age,

education, income, family type and marital status play an important role in awareness

regarding use of unsafe drinking water. The data relating to these aspects presented and

discussed as underD

)e

Age is an important factor in determining the behavior of human being. t indicates

the ability to do work and attitude of person towards various social and economic aspect oflife. Age refers to the number of years completed by an individual since his birth. Age factor

is very important to influence ones behavior; it widens the vision of an individual through

e+perience. The respondents were asked about their age and data in this regard is presented in

Table 5.

!?


26/43

Bata summarized in Table 5 clearly indicates that !" percent respondents belong to

age group up to !" years, ?!.? percent respondent belong to age group !5:!? years, and

remaining !/.? percent of the respondent belong to !4 and above year age group. @utayuga

and Amiri (!""#$ reported that the ob-ective of training and education is to communicate is

mainly in young people.

*ducation is an important socio:economic characteristic, which determine and

influence the status, attitude and knowledge level of any individual. 3or the present study

different levels of education were categorized in table ! mostly M4./ percent respondents

were belonged to aters, 4./ percent respondents were belonged to 0raduate and remaining

4./ percent students belonged to nter. %orpus (!"">$ in his research found that the

graduates students become more competitive nowadays. As is the case in most countries, the

6hilippines is e+periencing the phenomenon of mass higher education with the concomitant

rise of universities and colleges (public and private$offering a greater diversity of programs,

and with varying capacity to deliver teaching and learning services.

There is a ma-or distance between boarder and non boarder but ma-ority respondents

belong to the non boarder. t was also noted that in the area of Bera 0hazi Chan, ma-ority of

the students lives as non boarder. (%hauhdary !""#$ the findings indicates that the correlation

of respondents with different status in colleges. Bata revels that M?." percent belong to non

boarder, 5?." percent belong to boarder and the total respondents has 5!".

n college level different categories of students are present. Bifferent students havedifferent views about the satisfaction of his study. n table #, ??.M percent students answer

that to some e+tent, >!,? percent students answer that to great e+tent and 55./ percent

students answer that not at all. 0oldfud (!"5!$ said that the underlying and prevailing

attitude is


27/43

feel inade2uate and unhappy.

There are different types of corruption in college level. The college students is our

respondents. 1o we asked the students how much corruption in college level. There answer is

corruption in merit list is very sensitive issue. n table ?, #"." percent respondents answer is

to great e+tent, >4./ percent respondent answer is to some e+tent and !>.> percent respondent

answer is not at all. The total respondents are 5!". Asikhia (!"5"$ said that corruption in

merit list is very dangerous phenomenon.

%lerical staff is also the cause of corruption in colleges level, because college and

admission record have save the clerical staff. According to their table #/.? percent

respondents reply is to great e+tent, #".M percent respondent reply is to some e+tent and 55./

percent respondents reply is not at all. The total respondent is 5!". Palletta et al. (!"5!$ tells

that clerical corruption is badly effect on the college level.

@eference plays a very important role for the admission in colleges. 1uch students

which they are not on the basis of merit, and then they use the references. n table /, ##.!

percent respondent answer is to great e+tent, >"." percent respondents answer is to some

e+tent and !?.M percent respondent answer is not at all. The total respondents are 5!". yint

(!"""$ references and bribery are on the bases of success not on the basis of merit.

6olitical influnce is the main cause of the corruption. 1ometimes political influence is

badly effect on the college students. n table E, >E.! percent respondents choose the option

not at all, >?." percent respondents were choosing the option to great e+tend and !?.M percent

respondent was choose the option to some e+tent. The total respondent is 5!". Aly (!""/$

e+plained that political influence in the appointment and transfer of teachers give way to

corruption in education sector.

There are several factors which are reduces the 2uality of education. n table E, #!.?

percent respondents give answer to some e+tent, >M.> percent respondents give answer to not

at all, and 5E.! percent respondents give answer to great e+tent. The total respondents are

5!". allak and 6oisson (!""?$ concluded that corruption in education is a sensitive issue.

*ducation would be unable to uplift ethical and moral values in a corrupt environment. t is

!/


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evident that provision of integrity and limitation of unethical behaviors in educational sector

can lead towards optimal working environment for teaching.

, n college level different teacher have different behavior. n above table #" percent

students tells that teachers behavior is cooperative, >" percent students tells that teacher

behavior is on cooperative and !E percent respondents tells that uncertain. The total

respondent is 5!". Chagram (!""?$ in our society some people are very rich and some are

very poor. 1o the poor people are view that rich and powerful people must be corrupt. ence,

they are likely to -ustify their own corrupt behavior. t is difficult to find the rich and

powerful people being engaged in corrupt practices.

3aculty punctuality is necessary for college discipline. f the punctuality is not in

colleges then the college discipline will be disturbed. n table 5!, #".M percent respondent

agree the option not at all, >?." percent respondent agree the option to some e+tent and !#.!

percent respondent agree the option to great e+tent. The total respondent is 5!". n many

developing countries the new generation needed the punctuality in class but now days the

strength of ghost employers are increased. Tht is why the conflict is created between student

and teacher. )elfield and Levin (!""!$.

Administration is very important role in the colleges. 1ome time they demand the

students to give bribery. )ut some students are not affording the bribery, because in

financially level they were weak. According to this table, #E.! percent respondent answer

that to some e+tent, >>.> percent respondent answers that to great e+tent and 5/.? percent

respondent answer that not at all. The total respondent is 5!". f the anti:corruption and

particular agencies work efficiently they can make better policies against corruption. (Lawal,

!""/$

!M


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According to my research some teachers like the such students which are provided

the gifts to teachers. 8n the other hand those students which are not afford the providing

gifts. The teachers are not like the students. n table 5>, !E.! percent respondent agreed that

teacher stress the students to give gifts, !M.> percent students answer that disagree, !?."

percent students answer that uncertain and 54./ percent students answer that strongly agree.

The bad result of corruption revealed the financial wastage and as a result a state gets failed.

e often see the cases in colleges that students cannot afford the bribes and they can not

enter in college for study. n this way talent is destroyed and other students get entrance on

the basis of bribery not on merit. %hapman (!""!$

1ome teachers are not fair in e+ams. They favor the such students in e+ams which are

nearly to the teachers. n this table, ?!.? percent respondents choose the option to great e+tent

that means teachers are not fair in e+ams, #"." percent respondents choose the option to some

e+tent and /.? percent respondents choose the option not at all. The total respondent is 5!".

0ood teacher are not attracted towards education because of lesser emoluments, sluggish

promotions and lack of incentives. All this calls for 2uality teachers, teaching and learning

environment as well. There are other factors which are contributive towards unsatisfactory

students learning are; high teacher student ratio, least concern for conceptual learning,

political interference in the educational institutions, transfers teaching staff, placements and

provision of incentives (6arveen et al, !"55$.

n colleges level are not available for the students. )ut in according to research >"."

percent respondents are agreed that teachers are available and approachable and they can

consult them regarding lecture issue, !M.> percent respondents answer is disagree that mean

they are not available, 5E.! percent respondent answer is uncertain and 5".M percent

respondent answer is strongly agree. The total respondent is 5!". n addition to these, non

availability of 2uality teachers, lack of motivation on the part of teacher, dry and interest free

content, no relevance of content with the -ob market, non fulfillment of socio:physical,

economic, and financial needs through education, gender and class disparities, student

discipline, insufficient financial input to education, and none+istence of research culture.

(6arveen et al, !"55$.

!E


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Buring admission time college official stress the students to accept bribe then they

gets the admission. 1o such students which are not on the basis of merit they can get the

admission easily. n table 5/, ?".> percent respondents tells that not at all, !4.> percent

respondent to great e+tent and !>.> percent respondent to some e+tent. The total respondent

is 5!". f the governments do not take the solid steps against corruption, the country will go

into disaster.(8bayelu !""/$.

1uch actual needy students cannot approach the scholarships. f they approach the

scholarships but the college official stresses the students to give him bribery. n table 5/, ?5.4

percent respondents answer is to great e+tent, >?.M percent respondent answer is not at all and

5!,? percent respondent answer is to some e+tent, the total respondent is 5!". f the anti:

corruption and particular agencies work efficiently they can make better policies against

corruption. 1o, comprehensive governess and public are necessity to stop the corruption. 1o

every sector, departments and whole society should have to play their role effectively against

corruption (Lawal, !""/$.

1uch students which they are never daily go to home. Then they prefer the college

hostel for residency. )ut the college hostel never allots the hostel rooms on a merit. They

demand the bribery for the allotment of college hostel. According to this table #5./ percent

respondent choose the option to great e+tent, >?.M percent respondent choose the option not

at all and !!.? percent respondent choose the option to some e+tent. The total respondent is

5!". The bad result of corruption revealed the financial wastage and as a result a state gets

failed. e often see the cases in colleges that students cannot afford the bribes and they

cannot enter in college for study. n this way talent is destroyed and other students get

entrance on the basis of bribery not on merit (%hapman !""!$.

Lecture is the main thing for students to understand the topics of the studies. The

above table shows that the percentage of the respondents who were strongly agreed with the

statement was ??."F. The percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement

was 5#.!F. The percentage of the respondents who were uncertain about the statement was

5"."F. The percentage of the respondents who were disagreed with the statement was

!"."F. The percentage of the respondents who were strongly disagreed with the statement

was ".MF. 1omeone has said +* you ,ecture- you .eep /atch(n) the face*- and

(nformat(on .eep* com(n) 0ac. to you a,, the t(me. %eor)e'

>"


31/43


32/43

percentage of the respondents who were strongly disagreed with the statement was >.>F.

Bodie 1mith has said +I on,y /ant to /r(te3 nd there9* no co,,e)e for that e:cept ,(fe34

Time is the most precious thing for the students. The percentage of the respondents

who were strongly agreed with the statement was !#.!F. The percentage of the respondents

who were agreed with the statement was >#.!F. The percentage of the respondents who were

uncertain about the statement was 5>.>F. The percentage of the respondents who were

disagreed with the statement was !5./F. The percentage of the respondents who were

strongly disagreed with the statement was 4./F. un(er*(ty (* 8u*t a )roup of 0u(,d(n)*

)athered around a ,(0rary34

The percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to great e+tent ws

>!.?F. The percentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was >?."F. The

percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to some e+tent was

>!.?F. If you /ou,d thorou)h,y .no/ anyth(n)- teach (t to other*34

The percentage of the respondents who thought that the absence of the teachers was

very high was >5./F. The percentage of the respondents who thought that the absence of the

teachers was high was >"."F. The percentage of the respondents who thought that the

absence of the teachers was low was >>.>F. The percentage of the respondents who thought

that the absence of the teachers was very low was !.?F. The percentage of the respondents

who did not give any answer was !.?F. 1omeone has said +* you ,ecture- you .eep

/atch(n) the face*- and (nformat(on .eep* com(n) 0ac. to you a,, the t(me. %eor)e'

1uch teachers have no sense how to teach the students. They have poor piece of

knowledge. The percentage of the respondents who thought that the teachers had very high

poor knowledge was 5!.?F. The percentage of the respondents who thought that the

teachers had high poor knowledge was #!.?F. The percentage of the respondents who

thought that the teachers had low poor knowledge was !!.?F. The percentage of the

respondents who thought that the teachers had very low poor knowledge was 5./F. Thepercentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was !".MF. Taylor has said +If

you /ou,d thorou)h,y .no/ anyth(n)- teach (t to other*34

The main thing of a teacher is to impart education. The percentage of the respondents

who thought that the teachers were very high ghost employees was ??."F. The percentage of

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The percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to great e+tent

was >5./F. The percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to some

e+tent was #?."F. The percentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was

!>.>F. eather has said +5ecau*e teacher*- no matter ho/ .(nd- no matter ho/ fr(end,y-

are *ad(*t(c and e(, to the core34

The percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to great e+tent

was >M.>F. The percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to some

e+tent was #".MF. The percentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was

!".MF. Teacher should treat like father. As we know that in slam +Teacher ha* an

(mportance of a father4

According to my research clerical staff involve in documentary corruption. The

percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to great e+tent was ?"."F.

The percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to some e+tent was

>?.MF. The percentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was 5#.!F. As we

know that +Corrupt(on (* re*u,ted due to the (nc,u*(on of corrupt per*on*34

%nonymou*'

f the corruption in education is more, then the threats to country solidarity will be

more. Then the government wants to make a ma+imum policies against corruption in

education. n these table shows that /M.> percent respondent answer is yes that mean threats

to country solidarity is more, !5./ percent respondent answer is no mean no threats to

country solidarity. The total respondent is 5!". The countries biggest issue is presence of non

uniform educational system.8n one hand there are institutions modeled on western

educational system. (Oohn !"55$

f the corruption is more then country solidarity is more. Then the government wants

to make a anti:corruption department on a college level. Then the chances of corruption will

be reduced. n these table shows that #?." percent respondents answer is to great e+tent, !E.!

percent respondent answer is to some e+tent and !?.M percent respondent answer is not at all.The total respondent is 5!". The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending

on the country or -urisdiction. 3or instance, some political funding practices that are legal in

one place may be illegal in another. (3lorida !"5!$

f government take some serious action, then corruption will be eradicate in every

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types of sector. )ut the government not takes on solid actions against corruption. n these

table show that #M.> percent respondent to some e+tent, !4./ percent respondents tells that

not at all and !?." percent respondents tell that to great e+tent. The total respondent is 5!".

The corruption and growth of economic output have inverse relationship to each other. f the

governments do not take the solid steps against corruption, the country will go into disaster.

(8bayelu !""/$

n government colleges merit of selections is a big problem. f the teacher

appointments is on merit selection. Then the corruption will be reduced. any political

influences and other factors are caused by the without merit selection. n this these table

shows that 4!.? percent respondents choose the option to great e+tent, !?.M percent

respondents choose the option not at all and 55./ percent respondents choose the option to

some e+tent. The total respondent is 5!". n spite of many efforts taken by 0overnment of

6akistan, corruption still persists across the govt. departments and same is the case with

education sector in 6akistan. The most severe impact on this sector is due to corruption and

political interference. (Aly !""/$

)eyond participatory monitoring interventions which usually focus on monitoring

teachers presence in schools, civil society organizations have piloted a range of initiatives

designed to curb absence Teacher absenteeism is also included in a corruption, because some

teachers without permission leave. According to these table ?5./ percent respondents answer

is to great e+tent, !4./ percent respondents answer is to some e+tent and !5./ percent

respondents answer is not at all. The total respondent is 5!". Teacher absence is

acknowledged to be a ma-or management concern for education in many countries. hen

teachers remain absent without legitimate reason they divert public resources to their own

purposes affecting the education of their pupils.( atsheza et al.!"55$f the government making a some serious planning for providing the incentives to

teachers. Then the corruption will be easily eradicated. Teacher is a model role for the

students. f they have corrupt behavior, then the bad impact on the students. This table shows

that 4>.> percent respondents reply that to great e+tent, !#.! percent respondents reply that

not at all and 5!.? percent respondents reply that to some e+tent. The total respondents are

5!". atsheza et al.(!"55$ concluded that these initiatives emphasized the role of direct

incentives for teachers. They further e+plored the role of incentives by comparing approaches

and concluded that better attendance results are obtained through mechanically and

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systematically implemented systems rather than systems involving headmasters, who may,

for a variety of reasons, manipulate teacher attendance records.

According to the research if the government preference the local station for teachers.

Then corruption will be minimized. 1o teaching staff which they have never near station thenthey will be doing corruption in other station. n this table show that the #!.? percent

respondents is answer that to some e+tent, >"." percent respondents is answer that not at all

and !/.? percents respondents answer is to great e+tent. The total respondent s 5!". n spite

of many efforts taken by 0overnment of 6akistan, corruption still persists across the govt.

departments and same is the case with education sector in 6akistan. The most severe impact

on this sector is due to corruption and political interference. 6olitical influence in the

appointment and transfer of teachers give way to corruption in education sector. e also

reported that political interference had further complicated the issues in education sector.

(Aly !""/$

%lerical staff plays a very important role for doing corruption. All college and dents

record have save in clerical staff. n these table shows that 44.4 percent respondents choose

the option to great e+tent, !>.> percent respondents choose the option not at all and 5"."

percent respondents choose the option to some e+tent. The total respondent is 5!". The bad

result of corruption revealed the financial wastage and as a result a state gets failed. e often

see the cases in colleges that students can not afford the bribes and they can not enter in

college for study. n this way talent is destroyed and other students get entrance on the basis

of bribery not on merit. (%hapman !""!$

n colleges level, there are large level teacher corruption will be generated. 1ome

teachers favor the students which are near to the teachers and provide the some gifts. They

favor in the form of marks and grading etc. n this way we cannot determine the brilliant and

poor knowledge students. According to this table, ?"." percent respondents tells that to great

e+tent, >E.! percent respondents tells that not at all and 5".M percent respondents to great

e+tent. The total respondent is 5!". ode of corruption in education is varied from low to

high level. There are many modes of corruption. *ntrance e+amination, library services,

housing services, e+am grades, delayed approval of thesis, class grades and books sales are

the main areas of corruption. Although many people -oin the educational institutes for giving

educational services but after some time they involve in corruption. n this case the buyer is

student and the seller is either a faculty member or an administrative person of institute

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(eyneman et al, !""/$.

Anti:corruption department plays a very important role for stop the corruption.

According my respondents if we eradicate the corruption in college level, then we anti:

corruption department will must be build. n table #M, 4!.? percent respondents is answer that

to great e+tent, !M.> not att all and E.! percent to some e+tent. The total respondents are 5!".

f the anti:corruption and particular agencies work efficiently they can make better policies

against corruption. 1o, comprehensive governess and public are necessity to stop the

corruption. 1o every sector, departments and whole society should have to play their role

effectively against corruption. (Lawal !""/$

%hi:s2uare value shows the significant association between political interference and

reduces the 2uality of education. 0amma value shows weak association between politicalinterference and reduces the 2uality of education, so our null hypothesis is accepted

%hi:s2uare value shows the significant association between political interference andemphasize the student. 0amma value shows weak association between political interferenceand emphasize the student, so our null hypothesis is accepted

%hi:s2uare value shows the significant association between teacher absenteeism and

reduces the 2uality of education. 0amma value shows weak association between teacherabsenteeism and reduces the 2uality of education, so our null hypothesis is accepted

%hi:s2uare value shows the significant association between punctual in class arrive and -oin the

private academies. 0amma value shows weak association between 6unctual n class arrive

and -oin the private academies, so our null hypothesis is accepted

Chapter /


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Summary

%orruption is the use of official assets and goods for personal use by an official

person or by a high ranked officer. ode of corruption in education is varied from low to

high level. There are many modes of corruption like acceptance of bribes'gifts for entrance

e+amination, library services, housing services, e+am grades, class grades and books sales

and delayed approval of thesis are the main areas of corruption.

The cause of this investigation was to identify the students perception regarding

causes and conse2uences of corruption in government colleges of Tehsil B.0.Chan with the

following ob-ectives

To assess the level of corruption in educational institutions.

To find out the factors responsible for corruption especially promoting the bribery.

To suggest logical solutions for the problem of corruption on the basis of study

findings.

1tudy was carried out through survey. The populat

Asim Thesis

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