APL9 Collection of Papers

7/22/2019 APL9 Collection of Papers

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl9-collection-of-papers 1/108



HBHKAF_H \THA@JV_NTJFH KAJOABVJH

JP



HBHKAF_H \THA@JV_NTJFH

KAJOABVJH

JP

\QDKJFH_JNBV NG _@A JBV_J_Q_A NG \TA@JV_NTZ

QBJWATVJ_Z NG KAJOAB

MN_N>

KAJOAB QBJWATVJ_Z \TAVV

8:=7



JVDB :<.7<48.?<0.<

Bn phrt ng t`js dnnc ehy da raprno ufao jb hby gnre, dy prjbt, p`n tnp rjb t, ejfrngjke

nr hby eahbs, wjt`nut wrjttab parejssjnb grne t`a pudkjs`ar



FNB_AB_V

E.A._`, oa Mrnnt`, Wareutkjf` ejttakphkïnkjt`jsfà Guboa hus @jabàje, Kocr.

Cakàje, Dhyarb =

F.]. Vthhk-Kumtab, Oja varzjarta _TD-Carhejc oas @ûbabdattas O8: jb Ornuwab,

\rnv. Orabtà 8:

\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh, Baoarzattjbmsspnrab ujt Ejooab-Bankjt`jfue (_TD), Khta Drnbstjio ab Ejooakaauwab jb àt Daacùjzar Yhbo nboar

@hroarwjic , prnv. Makoar khbo, eat djiorhmab vhb F.F. Dhcaks ab I. Zpay 6:

Vueehry =8

I. Vfùyg ab M.I. Warwars, Qrbabvakoab ta Vtajb, prnv. Kje durm =1

].T .C. \arjznbjus, Ajardafàr jb Baoar khbo 01

Yusheeabghssubm :=



WAT EQ_ KJ F@ EJ__ AK\HK HANKJ _@JVF @A GQBOA HQV @JA B@AJ E,

KOCT. CAK@AJE, DHZATB

E.A._`. OA MTNN_@

Ajba Mruppa bjf`t-bankjt`jsfàr Vjkaxhrtaghcta hus @jabàje wjro hbhkysjart3 ajba

ejttakphkïnkjt`jsfà Ohtjarubm wjro vnrmasf`khmab.

Ajbkajtubm

]ï`rabo oar Mrhdubmab hug oae bankjt`j-sfàb Vjaokubmspkhtz 'he ]ajbdarm' daj@jabàje (Enooarehb 8:7:, 8:=8 ubo jeOrufc) wuroab huf` Vjkaxhrtaghcta maguboab, oja sjfàrkjf` bjf`t dhbocarhejsf`sjbo. He eajstab gjakab Vtûfca ejt ajbarjbtabsjvab, ehbfèhk 6-? ee ojfcab \htjbhhug, oja jb oar Ghrda zwjsfàb makdkjf` drhububo wajÞ sf`whbct. Vpïtar wuroab huf`bjf`t phtjbjarta Hrtaghcta hus oae dhbocarhejsfàb Jbvabthr husmasf`jaoab, zue _ajkhugmrubo j`ras hdwajfàboab Tnèhtarjhks,zue _ajk hugmrubo j`rar taf`bnknmjsfàb

Earcehka. As `hboakt sjf` ue Hdsf`kïma,Buckaj ubo ajbjma eajst djghzjakk dahrdajtataMarïta.

Yjak ojasas Hugshtzas jst as, ohs Ehtarjhkvnrzukamab, sajba Ajbàjtkjf`cajt zu ûdarprûgab ubo zu ajbar, wabb huf` bjf`t v÷kkjmsjfàrab Hktarsdastjeeubm zu cneeab. Qeoja Guboa e÷mkjf`st mabhu, ubo bjf`t burjeprassjnbjstjsf` arghssab zu c÷bbab, wuroabj`ra Ajbzakearcehka ejttaks ajbar Earc-

ehkkjsta hugmabneeab. Ojas ehm vjakkajf`tûdartrjadab arsfàjbab, whr hdar hbmadrhf`t,arstabs wajk ehb oja varsf`jaoabab Mruppabje Ehtarjhk sn he kajf`tastab ejt ajbhboarvarmkajfàb chbb, ubo sn Grhmab oar Yusheeabma`÷rjmcajt usw. ûdar`hupt arst dahbtwnrtab chbb3 zwajtabs staàb oja Ohtab sn

iaoarzajt zur Wargûmubm, wabb jrmabowakfàbauab Warmkajf`sdajspjaka zuthma cneeab3

orjttabs (ohs jb prhctjsfàr @jbsjf`t daoautabosta Hrmueabt) wjro oar jbbar`hkdoas @jabàjear Ehtarjhks mapkhbta Warmkajf` dhbocarhejsfàr ubo bjf`t dhbocarhejsfàr Vjkjfas sn wasabtkjf` arkajf`tart.

Gubouestïboa ubo Grhma oar Ohtjarubm

MawjssarehÞab ajba Vnboarstakkubm bjeetajba Mruppa Hdsf`kïma ubo Hdspkjssa ajb,oja je Ih `r a 8:=? mhbz bh` he Vtajk`hbmzue Onbhuthk maguboab wuroa. Vja khmabojf`t dajsheeab hug oar hktab Ndargkïfàajbas GkuÞkaèas, oar zur vnrwûrezajt-kjfàb 81 e _arrhssa ma`÷rt, ubo whrab vnb

ajbar atwh 1< fe eïf`tjmab Cnkkuvjueoac-ca (varsf`waeetar K÷Þkaè) ûdaroafct(graubokjfà Ejttajkubm @._.I. vhb oa ]atarjbm, Qtraf`t). Oja mrnÞa Hbzh`k ckajbar ubockajbstar Hdspkjssa, ubo ohs Yusheeabkjamabhbajbhboarphssaboar Vtûfca ehfàb ajbaprjeïra Khma wh`rsfàjbkjf`.

Oja Mruppa wuroa daje Husàdab oarGkïfà vne Dhmmar hbmasf`bjttab. Ndwn`koja Vtûfca e÷mkjf`st snrmgïktjm hugma`ndab

ubo ourf` Vjadab huf` oja ckajbarab Hdspkjssa masheeakt wnroab sjbo, jst oja Cnbzabtrhtjnb sjfàrkjf` bjf`t vnkkstïbojm ar`hktab, wja z.D. hus oae Ga`kab vnb _ajkab hktmadrnfàbar Hdsf`kïma àrvnrma`t. Huf`kjaÞab sjf` bur var`ïktbjseïÞjm wabjmaVtûfca zusheeabsatzab.

Oja hboarab Guboa stheeab hus dhbocarhejsfàb ubo spïtarab Mrudabgûkkubmab



0 Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

ubo hus oar Hfcarcruea. Vja `ïugab sjfàjbjmarehÞab jb @hbmbïà. Vja kjamab sjfàrkjf` bjf`t ea`r hkka jb prjeïrar Khma9 HuÞarajbjmab Mruppab zusheeabmaguboabar hb-ajbhboarphssaboar Hdsf`kïma, mjdt as z.D.huf` Hdsf`kïma vnb ajbar Cbnkka oja atwh6< e husajbhboar khmab, ubo ajbab Carbstajb, oar atwh 1< e vnb ajbae phssaboabHdsf`khm abtgarbt maguboab wuroa. _rntzojasar bhf`mawjasabab Warkhmarubm sjbooja Vtûfca hug j`rab hrtjgjzjakkab Gkïfàbwabjm vnb Hdrnkkubm dasf`ïojmt wnroab.Oja eajstab Chbtab ubo Mrhta sjbo bnf`sf`hrg. Dasf`ïojmubmab sjbo `ïugjm arst abt

sthboab hks oja Vtûfca sf`nb sthrc phtjbjartwhrab (sja wajsab ohbb wajÞa Druf`gkïfàbhug). Huf` Grnsthussprûbma mjdt as bur atwhgûbgehk.

Hus oab Gubouestïboab wjro oautkjf`,ohÞ oja Hrtaghcta mkajf`hktrjm ejt oar Dhbocarhejc noar ïktar sajb eûssab. Daj ajbaemkajfàb Hktar wïra ohbb oja ubtarsf`jaokjfà \htjbjarubm daj mkajfàb War`ïktbjssabhug Ojggarabzab je Husmhbmsehtarjhk zu

rûfczugû`rab. Mamab ojasa @ypntàsasprjf`t, ohÞ ejboastabs zwaj oar hus dhbocarhejsfàb Mrudab stheeaboab Vtûfca(ajb mrnÞar Hdsf`khm ubo ajb _rûeearstûfc) bhfòae sja darajts jbtabsjv phtjbjartwhrab, sacuboïr hks Carbstûfc dabûtztwnroab sjbo3 oja iûbmarab Vphktgkïfàbtrhmab cajba \htjbh.

Ajba Ohtjarubm 'ïktar hks dhbocarhejsf`'jst hksn wh`rsfàjbkjfàr. Vajt oae @jb

sfàjoab oas mrndmarïtjmab Easnkjt`jcues(Tajsf` 8:=?) oabct ehb ohbb daj snkfàbHrtaghctab ea`r noar wabjm zwhbmskïugjmhb ohs Ejttakphkïnkjt`jcue.

Husmhbmsehtarjhk

Hks Husmhbmsehtarjhk gjboat ehb ûdarwjamabo mrhua noar drïubkjfà Vjkaxcbnkkab3daj vjakab Vtûfcab jst oja ursprûbmkjfà Ghrda

wamab oar \htjbh bjf`t ea`r zu arcabbab.Oja Vtructur vhrjjart aràdkjf`. Ajbarsajtsmjdt as gajbc÷rbjma Vtûfca ejt mkhttab Vphktgkïfàb, hboarsajts zjaekjf` mrndc÷rbjma,ghst quhrzjtjsfà Vtûfca, rhu` ubo ehtt hugoab Vphktgkïfàb. Dajoa Axtraea cneeabngt jb ajbar ajbzjmab Cbnkka vnr.

Oja Tjboab sjbo tajks rhu`, ûdarwjamabodaj oab mrndc÷rbjmarab Vtûfcab, tajks mkhttdjs sa`r mkhtt (_hdakka 4). Atwh ?<% oarHrtaghcta ejt Cnrtax `hdab ea`r noar wabjmar sthrc hdmarnkkta Tjboab ubo bhtûrkjfà Vprubmgkïfàb. Atwh 7< Vtûfca, oja zujbtabsjv hdmarnkktab Cbnkkab ejt sa`r mkhttabTjboab ubo tajks mkïbzabo phtjbjartab bhtûrkjfàb Vprubmgkïfàb ma`÷rab, wuroab hks'Marnkka' hdmasnboart. Ojasas Husmhbmsehtarjhk gjboat ehb jb Qemadubm oar Gubostakka je Warwjttarubmskaè oar Hkdûdaroafcubm (Vfèjot-Ch`kar 8:70, V. ??, 7=).

Ajba Vnboarmruppa djkoab ohs Grhmeabtajbas Carbmarïtas (Gjm. 69 48<) ubo gûbgohzuma`÷rjma hdar bjf`t phssaboa Hdsf`kïma, oja hus ajbae ojf`tab Xuhrzjt àr

mastakkt wnroab sjbo.

Oja Guboa oar Cnbzabtrhtjnb

Je gnkmaboab wjro oja Cnbzabtrhtjnb matrabbt da`hboakt oh sja ajbarsajts ourf` ojamasjfàrtab Gubouestïboa ajba Husbhèadjkoat ubo sjf` hboarsajts trntz Ûdarajbstjeeubmab jb Tnèhtarjhk ubo \htjbh jbvjakab Earcehkab vnb oab ûdrjmab Guboabubtarsfàjoat. Oja Cnbzabtrhtjnb dasta`t

hus9841 Hdsf`kïma ûdar 4 fe mr÷Þtar Husoa`

bubm3 ohvnb sjbo1? vnkkstïbojm 5 ?6 ,4 %40 \rnxjehkgrhmeab ta 5 44,?%87 Eaojhkgrhmeabta 5 84,0%4= Ojsthkg rhmeabta 5 48 ,7%

8<= Hdspkjssa ûdar 8, hdar ubtar 4 femr÷Þtar Husoa`bubm



E.A._`, oa Mrnnt` - Wareutkjf` ejttakphkïnkjt`jsfà Guboa hus @jabàje !t

81< Hdspkjssa ubtar 8 fe mr÷Þtar Husoa`bubm

7 _rûeearstûfca

600Ohzu cneet ajb sjfàr spïtaras Ckjbmabdruf`stûfc hus \khttabsjkax, vareutkjf` ourf`_jfrhctjvjtïtab zwjsfàb oja phtjbjartab Hrtaghcta makhbmt.

Hkka Vtûfca wajsab ajba jbtabsjva wajÞa djsmakdkjf`drhuba \htjbh hug. Ghst oja @ïkgta(?6%) oar Hdsf`kïma trïmt ajbab Tjboabrast hug Onrshkgkïfà ubo/noar Vf`khm-gkïfàbrast.

Ourf`sf`bjttkjfà EhÞa oar vnkkstïbojmabHdsf`kïma, ejt mr÷Þtar Husoa`bubm ûdar4 fe9Kïbma jb 66,< ee (V 5 84,:) B 5 1?Vf`khmrjf`tubmDrajta sabc- 4:,< ee (V 5 88,4) B 5 1?raf`t ohzuOjfca 7,6 ee (V 5 6,6) B 5 1?Kïbma oas 88,7 ee (V 5 0,?) B 5 1?

Vf`khmgkïfàb-k fskr s

Drajta oas ?,= ee (V 5 4,=) B 5 67Vf`khmgkïfàb-rastas

(huÞar mrhtg÷rejmab Vtûfcab ejt Drajta5 <)Vf`khmwjbcfk 88<¼ (V 5 8<,1) B 5 67Oja Ndargkïfàb oar Vf`khmgkïfàbrasta sjbognkmaboarehÞab vartajkt9 (daj vnkkstïbojmabVtûfcab ubo \rnxjehkgrhmeabtab)mkht t 40 6? %

gh/.attjart 48 47%mrht-noar pubctg÷rejm 48 47 %Cnrtfx ubo bhtûrkj fà Vprubm- : 88 %gkïfàsnbstjma 6 6 %

04 8<<%Onrshkgkïfàbraouctjnb sfàjbt wajtmaàbo

zu ga`kab. Oja Hdsf`kïma sjbo jb wajfàrVf`khmtaf`bjc àrmastakkt wnroab9 Oar Dukdus jst bur sf`whf` husmaprïmt, Vf`khmcamak

ga`kab. Daj 61% `ht sjf` zwjsfàb Vf`khmgkïfàbrast ubo Wabtrhkgkïfà ajba oaut kjfàsfèhka ûdar`ïbmaboa Kjppa madjkoat, j`raVf`khmgkïfàbrasta sjbo eajst mrhtg÷rejmnoar ghzattjart. Atwh 7<% oar Hdsf`kïma`hdab hug oar Onrshkgkïfà hus varsf`jaoababTjf`tubmab masf`khmaba Bamhtjva.

Oja Hrtaghcta ojasar Cnbzabtrhtjnb wïrababtwaoar hks Hdsf`kïma vnb prïphrjartabCarbstajbab noar hks @arstakkubmshdgïkkaajbas dajosajtjm gkïfàbratusf`jartab Marïtashugzughssab. Oja katzta Jbtarprathtjnb wjro`jar davnrzumt9 arstabs wajk prïphrjartaCarbstajba hb sjf` ga`kab, zwajtabs wajk ohsEhtarjhk wh`rsfàjbkjf` vnb ajbar Cbnkkastheet ubo jb ajbae Hrdajtsmhbm abtsthboab sajb wjro. Bawfnear (8:=8) `ht mazajmt,ohÞ huf` daj oar @arstakkubm ajbas Ghustcajksvjaka Hdsf`kïma ejt varsf`jaoab marjf`tatabBamhtjvab ubo ghzattjartab noar mrhtg÷rejmab Vf`khmgkïfàbrastab abtstaàb. Qbsara

Hdsf`kïma abtsprafàb oab vnb jè dasf`rjadabab Vtûfcab sa`r mut (vmk. Gjm. 8984?8 ejt Bawfnear 8:=8, gkm. 0-84). Hufòja rakhtjv abnrea Ehssa zue _ajk wjbzjmarHdspkjssa kïÞt sjf` mut ejt ojasar Jbtarprathtjnb arckïrab (vmk. Bawfnear 8:=8, \J. 7).

Oja ûdrjmab Guboa

Hugmabneeab wuroab 606 Vtûfca. Ohvnbsjbo 87 ratusf`jarta ]arczauma noar ]arc

zaumvnrgnreab. Bhf` Mrubognreab wjroohs Ehtarj hk gnkmaboarehÞab hugmamkjaoart9

Ckjbmab 4? 5 7,6%Hdsf`kïma 461 5 78,?%Buckaj 40 55 =,6%hrtjgjzjakka _rûeear 11 55 8?,?%bhtûrkjfà _rûeear ?8 55 8<,=%

606 8<<,8%



Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

=76

;YY42

71

Gjm. 8. Vjk axhrtaghcta. ?=, 71, 06 (4 x ), =76 Hdsf `kïma3 6: Vf`hdar3 84?8 (= x ) Hdsf`kïm a oar Cnbz abtr htjn b.

894.



E.A._`, oa Mrnnt` - Wareutkjf` ejttakgthkïnkjt`jsfà Guboa hus @jabàje J J

Gûr oja Grhma oar Yusheeabma`÷rjmcajtoar husmasnboartab Vtûfca jst zuarst ohsWar`ïktbjs vnb phtjbjartab ubo bjf`tphtj-bjartab Vtûfcab wjf`tjm. Hus oar _hdakka 8

_hdakka 8. \htj bh oa r bjf`t ratusf`j artab Vtûfca,huf` Tnèhtarjhk ubtartajkt.

\htjbh Tnèhtarjhkgajbc÷rbjm mrndc÷rbjm Marnkka B

mkïbzabo 8 6 ?makd drhu b 00 68 40 8?=wajÞ 46 84 ? 6:n`ba 8< 1= 84 =:

844 8<6 ?? 47:

ubdastjeedhr9 :0.

armjdt sjf`, ohÞ gajbc÷rbjma Vtûfca ubo'Marnkka' `ïugjmar phtjbjart sjbo hks mrndc÷rbjma. Oh hdar gajb- ubo mrndc÷rbjmaVtructurab `ïugjm jb oarsakdab Cbnkka hug-

tratab, sprjf`t ohs bjf`t mamab oja Yushe-eabma`÷rjmcajt, ubo ehb chbb oja ubtarsf`jaokjfà \htjbh hks Gnkma oar ubtarsf`jaokjfàb Dasf`hggabàjt oas Tnèhtarjhks da

trhf`tab. Ywjsfàb dajoab Mruppab mjdt as

cajba Ojggarabzab jb wajtarab quhkjthtjvab(Mrubognre, Hrt oar Tjboab, Jbtabsjtït oarHdrnkkubm usw.) ubo eatrjsfàb Earcehkab.

Huf` zwjsfàb gajb- ubo mrndc÷rbjmabHdsf`kïmab mjdt as, huÞar jb \htjbjarubm uboHrt oar Tjboab, cajba wasabtkjfàb Qbtarsf`jaoa, wja oja _hdakkab 8-1 armadab. Buroja Mar÷kkhdsf`kïma zajmab makamabtkjf` ajbhdwajfàboas Djko, ohs hdar wamab oar marjbmab Hbzh`k wabjm husshmacrïgtjm jst. Ojamrndc÷rbjmab Hdsf`kïma stheeab atwhs `ïugjmar hus rjboabhàb _ajkab oar Cbnkkab(_hdakka 4)9 1= (60%) oar gajbc÷rbjmabVtûfca sjbo n`ba Tjboa, mamab bur 6: (4=%)

oar mrndc÷rbjmab3 vnb oab vnkkstïbojmab

_hdakka 4. Wartajkubm oar Tjboab daj oab bjf`t ratusf`jartab Vtûfcab.

Tnèhtarjhk

gajbc÷rbjmmrndc÷rbjmMarnkkasnbstjmas

rhu`Tjboa

mkhtt n`ba

6?

78

4<

7<?68<

1=6:

4(.

B

881 J J', 8<?

8188?674

7

674

_hdakka 6. Qbtartajkubm oar bjf`tratusf`jartab Vtûfca bhf` Mrubognre ubo Tnèhtarjhk.

Mrubognre

CkjbmabHdsf`kïmaBuckaj

gajbc÷rbjmTnèhtarjhkmrndc÷rbjm Marnkka snbstjmas

868<<

764

0,7%77,4%

?,<%48,4%

0048<??

1,7%17,:%7,:%

6<,7%

461

78:

6.4³,,

17,1%:,=%

6<,=%

8<<,<¼,

[

46

444

44

:1

818 8<<,<% 888 8<<,<% 74 8<<,8%

78,6%

7,8%47,4%

8<<, <% 674 8<<, <%

_hdakka ?, Hdrnkkub m hug bhtûrk jfàb Gkïfàb.

Hdrnkkubm

vnr`hboabbjf`t vnr-kjhboab

gajbc÷rbjmTnèhtarjhkmrndc÷rbjm Marnkka B

48887

81,6%0?,=%

6::4

4:,0%=<,4%

1=6

:1,<%1,<%

88=488

86= 8<<,<% 868 8<<,<% 7< 8<<,<% 640




Gjm. 4. Vjkaxhrtaghcta. 06, 48<, ?14 Carbmarïta 3 4<? Vf`hdar3 4?, 641, =:= Carbstajba. 894.



E.A._`, oa Mrnnt` - Wareutkjf` ejttakphkïnkjk`jsfà Guboa hus @jabàje S6

_hdakka 1. Ourf`sf`bjttkjfà EhÞa oar vnkkstïbojmab Hdsf`kïma.

Tnèhtarjhkgajbc. mrndc. Marnkka P

Kïbma je ckajbstab uesf`rajdaboab Taf`tafc (ee)Drajta joae (ee)Kïbma jb Vf`khmrjf`tubm (ee)Drajta sabcraf`t ohzu (ee)Ojfca (ee)Mawjf`t (mr)

Kïbma oas Vf`khmgkïfàb rastasDrajta joae (ee)Vf`khmwjbcak (Mrho)

?7,: ?=,8 14,: ?0,4

61,6 66,< 60,0 61,81=,6 14,< ?0,: 14,8?0,? ?=,= ?6,0 ?7,=88,? 88,= 8?,< 84,<87,4 4<,4 41,6 8:,187,< 8:,4 8:,< 80,47,1 =,6 7,0 7,:

8<?,1 8<=,1 8<0,4 8<7,8

_hdakka 7. Ndargkïfà oas Vf`khmgkïfàbrastas.

Ndargkïfà Tn`j bhtarjhkgajbc÷ rbjm mrnd c÷rbj m Mar÷kk a B

mkhtt 4< 44,1% 81 4<,6% 86 6=,8% ?0 4?,4%Cnrtax 86 87,7% 80 4?,6% 7 8=,8% 6= 80,=%bhtûrkjfà 87 80,<% 48 40,?% = 4<,<% ?? 44,4%Vprubmgkïfàprjeïr gh- JJ 84,?% = :,1% ? 88,?% 44 88,8%zattjartsacuboïr gh- 4< 44,1% 8< 86,1% 8 4,:% 68 81,=%zat tjartmrht- noar : 8<,8% 6 ?,8% ? 88,?% 87 0,8%pubctg÷rejm

0: 8<<,8% =? 8<<,8% 61 ::,:% 8:0 8<<,<%

gajbc÷rbjmab Hdsf`kïmab `hdab 47 (61%)ajbab hus Cnrtax noar bhtûrkjfàb Vprubmgkïfàb dastaàboab Vf`khmgkïfàbrast, dajoab mrndc÷rbjmab sjbo as 6: (16%) (_hdakka

Ohzu cneet ajb Ûdarwjamab vnb Vf`khmhumab daj mrndc÷rbjmab Vtûfcab (40% mamab0%), ndwn`k oja ûdrjmab mawjssarehÞab

hb oja Vf`khmtaf`bjc maduboabab Earcehka(Vf`khmcamak, ea`rghfàr Dukdus, Vf`khmwjbcak) zwjsfàb dajoab bjf`t ojggarjarab.Je mrnÞab ubo mhbzab sfàjbt as hksnhbmadrhf`t mrnd- ubo gajbc÷rbjma Hdsf`kïma bjf`t matrabbt zu datrhf`tab. As`hboakt sjf` daj oab Hdsf`kïmab eajst uezjaekjf` maorubmaba Vtûfca. Ckjbmab (Oagjbjtjnb9 wabb vnkkstïbojm Kïbma 2 4 P

Drajta, hbbïàrbo phrhkkaka Chbtab, mkajf`marjf`tata Bamhtjva hug oar Onrshkgkïfà)sjbo saktab (4? ehk) ubo hks Yughkksgnreabzu datrhf`tab. Vja waroab je gnkmaboab dajoab Hdsf`kïmab ejtajbdamrjggab.

Wnb oab Hdsf`kïmab (jbckusjv ratusf`jarta]arczauma) sjbo984? (?0%) vnkkstïbojm

1= (44%) \rnxjehkgrhmeabta1 ( 4%) Eaojhkgrhmeabta48 ( 0%) Ojsthkgrhmeabta14 (4<%) snbstjma Druf`stûfca

Bhf` oar Gnre oar Chbtab chbb ehb Vjajb gûbg Mrup pab mkjaoarb, oja hda r gkjaÞabojb ajbhboar ûdarmaàb ubo sjf` jb j`rabeatrjsfàb Earcehkab wajtmaàbo ûdarkhppab.




701

4<4

77<

Gjm. 6. Vjkaxhrtaghcta. 701 Dkhttsp jtza3 4<4 Ca rb mar ït 3 77, 77< Vf`hd ar. 701 8983 snbst 894.



E.A._`, oa Mrnnt` - Wareutkjf` ejttakphkïnkjt`jsfà Guboa hus @jabàje 81

Oar je Mruboa ajbàjtkjfà F`hrhctar oarmhbzab Mruppa wjro huf` vnb oab sa`r`nàb Cnrrakhtjnbscnaggjzjabtab zwjsfàbajbzakbab Earcehkab datnbt9 \ahrsnb's r

jst z.D. gûr Kïbma jb Vf`khmrjf`tubm/Drajtasabcraf`t zur Vf`khmrjf`tubm <.0:?0 (vmk.@hys 8:=6, V. 744 gg).

Bur wabjma Hdsf`kïma wajsab ajboautjmaEarcehka ajbas `hrtab ojractab Vf`khmashug9 ?4 dasjtzab ajbab Vf`khmcamak (8? `hdabohzu ajbab onppaktab Dukdus)3 67 ehk gjboatehb Vf`khmhumab hug oae Vf`khmgkïfàbrast (Vf`khmhumab ubo Vf`khmcamak cneeabbur 8? ehk zusheeab vnr). Ndargkïfà ubo

Gnre oas Vf`khmgkïfàbrastas snwja Vf`khmwjbcak wajfàb daj ojasab Vtûfcab hdarbjf`t hd. Oja ajbzjmab Hdsf`kïma ejt wasabtkjf` mr÷Þara Vf`khmwjbcak sjbo ojaiabjmab

(bur 0 ehk) ejt datnbt orajafcjmae Vf`khm-(kïfàbrast.

Hdsf`kïma ejt prjeïr ghzattjartae Vf`khmgkïfàbrast mjdt as bur 4< ehk. Maeajbsheejt oab Vtûfcab ejt sacuboïr ghzattjartaeubo mrhtg÷rejmae Vf`khmgkïfàbrast trhmabsja var`ïktbjseïÞjm `ïugjmar hks oja hboarabHdsf`kïma varsf`jaoab marjf`tata Bamhtjvahug oar Onrshkgkïfà (_hdakka =). As datrjggt

_hdakka =. Tjf`tubm oar Bamhtjva hug oar Onrshkkkïfà ubo Ndargkïfà oas Vf`khmgkïfàbrastas.

Ndargkïfà Tjf` tubm oar Bamhtjvaphrhkkak (phrhkkak (phrhkkak (phrhkkak,)

ubo) mamab- ubo ) quar mamabkïugjmkïugjm ubo qua r

P

mkhtt 44 ? 88 6 ?<Cnrtax 84 8 84 6 40bhtûrkjfà 8: 7 1 ? 6?Vprubmgkïfàprjeïr gh- : 8 1 ? 8:zattjart

sacuboïr gh- 88 4 8< 4 41zattjartmrht- noar ") < 1 4 84pubctg÷rejm

=0 J J kj', J³ 810

`jar ûdarwjamabo Hdsf`kïma ejt nvhkab noarojvarmjaraboab Chbtab, wh`rsfàjbkjf` Tatusf`jarhdgïkka.

Oja 44 Buckaj chbb ehb zue _ajk dassar

hks Carbhrtjma dazajf`bab. Oja dassarabAxaepkhra sjbo cumakjm noar `hdab ajbjmaVf`khmgkïfàb ejt maeajbsheab Hddhugkïfàb (Gjm. 49 4?, 641, =:=). \rïphr jar taCarbstûfca ga`kab3 avabtuakk sjbo hdar ojadajoab djs iatzt hks ]arczaumgrhmeabtadatrhf`tatab Vtûfca (Gjm. 49 48<, ?14) zuojasae _ypus zu raf`bab. Ourf`sf`bjttkjfàEhÞa oar Buckaj9

Kïbma =6,: eeDrajta 11.0 eeOjfca ?8,6 eeMawjf`t 804,6 mr

( V 5 =,8)(V 5 6,7)(V5 4,:)(V 5 ?4,=)

Ourf`sf`bjttkjf` trhmab sja 7 Hdsf`khmbamhtjva ûdar 8 fe mr÷Þtar Husoa`bubm (ejb.8, ehx. 84), ohvnb 4 vnkkstïbojma Bamhtjvamr÷Þar hks 4 fe (ejb. <, ehx. 1). Oja Bamhtjva dagjboab sjf` hug 8 djs 6 Hddhugkïfàb.Oja Yh`k oar Vf`khmgkïfàb vhrjjart zwjsfàb8 ubo 1 (ourf`sf`bjttkjf` 4). Jb =<% oarGïkka `hdab zwaj Vf`khmgkïfàb ejboastabsajba maeajbshea Hddhugkïfà.




Warmkajf`t ehb oja Vf`khmgkïfàb oarCarbstajba ubo oar Hdsf`kïma sn sja`t ehbajba muta Ûdarajbstjeeubm. Oja rakhtjva Hdbhèa oar ejt Cnrtax daoafctab Vf`khm

gkïfàb zumubstab oar ejt Hdsf`khmbamhtjvab daoafctab daj oab Carbstûfcab kïÞt sjfòhourf` arckïrab, ohÞ oja Hdsf`kïma ajbgrûàras Vthojue oas Carbhddhuas raprïsabtjarab, jb oae bnf` wabjmar 'sacuboïra'Vf`khmgkïfàb madjkoat wnroab whrab.

Ï`bkjf` wja oja Vf`khmgkïfàb var`hktabsjf` oja Hddhugkïfàb oar Carbstajba ubooja Onrshkgkïfàb oar Hdsf`kïma9 Daj oabHdsf`kïmab sjbo oja Vpurab ajbas varsf`ja

oab marjf`tatab Hddhus, oja hug oab Carbstûfcab zu ajbae mrnÞab _ajk sf`nb hdmadhut wnroab sjbo, bnf` sjf`tdhr. Ohzucneet bhtûrkjf`, ohÞ ajb _ajk oar Hdsf`kïma ejt varsf`jaoab marjf`tatab Bamhtjvab hks Tatusf`jarhdgïkka sn wja sn bjf`t zuoab Carbstûfcab ma`÷rt. Vja sjbo jb ojasar@jbsjf`t daj oab Hrtaghctab oar Cnbzabtrhtjnb hbzusf`kjaÞab.

Ajba cukturakka Ajbnrobubm oar wabjmab

ratusf`jartab Marïta jst sf`wjarjm, zuehk ojaeajstab Vtûfca bjf`t vnkkstïbojm sjbo. Burohs Grhmeabt ajbar Dkhttspjtza (Gjm. 69 701)phÞt mut zu oab Gnreab oar Hkteû`kmruppa(vmk. z.D. Dnsjbscj 8:7=. _hg. 84<9 ?, 73 846 9 8).

_hdakka 0. Ndargkïfà oar Vf`khmgkïfàb.

Buckaj

bur ajb Bamhtj v 88 4: ,=%Cnrta x/bht ûrkjf à Vprubmgkïfà 84 64 ,1%ea` r hks ajb Bamhtjv 8? 6= ,0%

6= 8<<,<%

_hdakka :. Tjf`tubm oar Bamhtjva

hug Carbhddhugkïfàb

phrhkkakmamabkïugjm(phrhkkak ubo) quar(phrhkkak,) mamabkïugjm

4?616

70,7%0,7%

8?,4%0,7%

ubo quar

61 8<<,<%

Ywaj hboara Grhmeabta kjaÞab sjf` aàr jbohs Ejfnqujab je Vjbba Dnsjbscj's (8:7=)ajbnrobab. Ohs ajba Vtûfc, ghustcajkdkhtthr-tjm, jst waf`saksajtjm mkajf`marjf`tat dahrdaj

tat (Gjm. 49 06), ohs hboara (Gjm. 69 4<4),ohs kajoar sajba Vpjtza varknrab `ht, chbbehb ejt ajbjmae mutab ]jkkab varmkajfàbejt oae ckajbab Ejfnquacajk hus oar Tïudar`÷`ka daj Vjbzjbm, Cr. Tamabsdurm-Bnro(Dnsjbscj 8:7=, _hg. 88=9 8).

Oja ûdrjmab Vtûfca, zwaj grhmeabthrjsfàCarbmarïta (Gjm. 49 48<, ?14) ubo ajbjmaVf`hdargnreab (oja dastab Vtûfca sjbohdmadjkoat hug Gjm. 89 6:3 Gjm. 49 4<?3 Gjm.

69 77, 77<) zajmab zwhr hkkmaeajba Ûdarajbstjeeubmab ejt ejttakphkïnkjt`jsfàb Gnreab, khssab sjf` hdar bjf`t jb dastjeetabMruppab ubtardrjbmab.

Vf`kuÞdaearcubmab

Daj oar enrp`nknmjsfàb ubo typnknmjsfàbHuswartubm wuroa oar vareutata ajbàjtkjfà F`hrhctar oar Hrtaghcta bhf`mawjasab.Oja hugmrubo oar Gubouestïboa pnstukjarta

ejttakphkïnkjt`jsfà Ohtjarubm cnbbta burtajkwajsa dastïtjmt waroab. As mjdt hdar huf`cajba abtsfàjoaboab Mrûboa ue sja hdzuwajsab, vnr hkkae wajk daj ajbar ajb- noarzwajehk mhbz curz dasjaoaktab Grajkhbosth-

Hdsf`kïma

mkhtt ?1 40 ,1 %Cnrta x/bht ûrkjf à Vprubmgkïfà 74 6:, 4%sac uboï r ghzattjart 64 4<, 4%mrhtg÷r ejm/pr jeïr ghzattjart 8: 84 ,8 %

810 8<<,<%

hug Onrshkgkïfàb

=0 ?:,?%8? 0,:%?0 6<,?%80 88,?%

810 8<<,8%



E.A._`, oa Mrnnt` - Wareutkjf` ejttakphkïnkjt`jsfà Guboa hus @jabàje 8=

kjnb ohs Ga`kab vnb typjsfàb Marïtab mawjssarehÞab zu arwhrtab jst.

@arrI.\. Dnnmaro (J\K) gartjmta oja Yajf`bubmab hb. Oja @arrab H. Yjeearehbb ubo

88. K÷`r (C÷kb) `hdab graubokjfàrwajsa

Dnsjbscj, M. (8:7=), Oja ejttakphkïnkjt`jsfàb Guboa je

wastkjfàb Ejttakaurnph (Guboheabth H?), C÷kb-Mrhz.

@hys, ].K. (8:=6), Vthtjstjfs gnr tà Vnfjhk Vfjabfas, 4bo

Aojtjnb Knbonb-Baw Znrc-Vjobay-_nrnbtn.Enooarehb, \.I.T. (8:7:), Husmrhdubmab jb @jab

àje, Kocr. Cakàje, Ywajtar Wnrdarjf`t, Ih`ras-

dar. o. Dhyar. Dnoaboabcehkpgkama 8<, V. =-47.Enooarehb, \.I.T. (8:=8), Bankjt`jsfà ubo grû`-drnbzazajtkjfà Vjaokubmsspurab hus @ajbàje,Kocr. Cakàje, Hbhk. \rha`. Kajo. JW, V. 8-41.

Enooarehb, \.I.T. (je Orufc), Oar bankjt`jsfàVjaokubmspkhtz 'He ]ajbdarm' daj @jabàje,

oab _axt sprhf`kjf` ûdarprûgt. J`bab, ubooab @arrab F.I. Nvarwaak (J\K) ubo @._.I.vhb oa ]atarjbm (Qtraf`t) djb jf` sa`r zuOhbc varpgkjf`tat.

Kocr. Cakàje, Oja Husmrhdubmab 8:71-8:=<, Hbhk. \rha`. Kajo. P, Joae jb9 Ehtarjhkàgka zur

Dhyarjsfàb Wnrmasf`jf`ta.

Bawfnear, E.@. (8:=8), Vnea quhbtjthtjva axparjeabts jb `hbohxa ehbughftura, ]nrko Hrf`hanknmy

6, V. 01-:?.Tajsf`, K. (8:=?), Oar Wnrmasf`jf`tkjfà @nrbstajb-

hddhu daj Kabmgako, Kocr. Cakàje, Ehtarjhkàgta zur Dhyarjsfàb Wnrmasf`jf`ta 4:.

Vfèjot-Chkar, @. (8:70), Arkïutarubmab zur mankn

mjsfàb Chrta vnb Dhyarb 8941<<<, Dkhtt Er. =867

Bausthot h.o. Onbhu, Eûbfàb.

K J _ A T H _ Q T



OJA WATYJAT_A _TD-CATHEJC OAV @ÛBABDA__AV O8:JB OTNQ]AB, \TNW. OTAB_@A

F.]. V_HHK-KQM_AB

/3/ ojasar Hrdajt wjro varsuf`t, ejttaks ajbar Hbhkysa oar Warzjarubmsentjva ubo j`ras

Yusheeab`hbms ejt oab Gnreakaeabtab oar _nbwhra oja varzjarta Carhejc zu nrobab,

ojt je Ih`ra 8:84 vnb I.@. @nkwaroh je @ûbabmrhd O8: daj Ornuwab maguboab

wuroa. As waroab 0 oautkjf` hdmamrabzta _ypab vnbajbhboar ubtarsf`jaoab, zwjsfàb

oabab as vjaka Ejsf`gnreab mjdt.

Ajbkajtubm

Ohs Guboehtarjhk oar dajoab @ûbabdattab

vnb Ornuwab (O8: ubo 4<) wuroa je Ih`rak'Cjtj. bhfòae as ih`rakhbm je Tajf`seusaue gûr Hktartûear jb Kajoab makhmart mawasab whr, àrvnrma`nkt ubo hks Vtuojabehtarjhk varwaboat gûr ajb Vfàrdabprhctjcue ejt Vtuoabtab oas \rï`jstnrjsfàb Jbstjtuts. Ajba mrnÞa Hbzh`k vnb mackadtab MagïÞab ubo Vfàrdab whrab husajbhboarmf-ghkkab ubo ourfàjbhboar marhtab, sn ohÞhkkas bau snrtjart waroab euÞta. Ohrhugcnbzabtrjarta sjf` oja Hrdajt zubïf`st, hdar

as stakkta sjf` ohbb onf` dhko àrhus, ohÞfjba Vystaehtjsjarubm, vnb ajbar \arsnbvnrmabneeab, argnroarkjf` whr. Oja Warghssarjb `ht oja Hugmhda, ojasa _nbwhrazu dahrdajtab, hks Vthhtsaxheabshrdajtmarba ûdarbneeab. Oja Hrdajt wuroa 8:=<hdmasf`knssab ubo dasf`rïbct sjf` hug ajbaDasf`rajdubm oar varzjartab _nbwhra oaswastkjfàb @ûbabdattas (O8:), vne Husmrïda r I .@. @nkwaroh ejt Ornuwab J da

zajf`bat (@nkwaroh 8:86). Oar _axt wuroagûr oja War÷ggabtkjfùbm ourf`masaàb vnb\.I.T. Enooarehb. Bur hb ajbjmab Vtakkabwhr as bntwabojm mawnroab, oja bhf` 8:=<arsf`jababa Kjtarhtur ajbzuhrdajtab.

Oja dajoab @ûbabdattab (Ok: ubo 4<),wastkjf` vnb Ornuwab makamab, sjbo jeIh `r a 8:84 vnb I .@. @nkwaroh systaehtjsf`husmamrhdab wnroab (@nkwaroh 8:86). Daj

oar Argnrsfùbm oas wastkjfàb @ûbabdattaswhr jb oar 6< fe ojfcab Cuktursf`jf`t cajbaVtrhtjmrhp`ja zu ubtarsfàjoab. Je Mamabtajk, @nkwaroh darjf`tat (8:86, V. 67), ohÞwajt husajbhboar kjamaboa Vfàrdab sjf` hkszusheeabma`÷rjm arwjasab, wï`rabo vnbmrnÞab MagïÞgrhmeabtab cajba ohzuma`÷rjmab Vfàrdab hugmaguboab wuroab. OjaMrhdubm sakdar varsf`hggta hksn cajba E÷mkjf`cajtab zur Ajbtajkubm oas Guboehtarjhks.HuÞar oar _TD-Carhejc wuroab Mknfcabdafàr- ubo Tjasabdafàrsfàrdab maguboab,snwja Mamabstïboa hus Gauarstajb ubo ajbjma

\kïttfàb hus 'Drnbza'. Ûdar oja Dafàr-Carhejc jst ajba ajmaba War÷ggabtkjfùbm arsf`jabab (Enooarehb 8:=8).

H.A. vhb Mjggab (8:4= JJ , V. ?:4) `ht jbsajbar Ajbtajkubm oas bjaoarkïbojsfàb _TD-Ehtarjhks oja _nbwhra hus Ornuwab J jbajbar \arjnoa ubtarmadrhf`t, wnejt ojasas@ûbabdatt zue \rntntyp oar Ornuwab-\`hsa jb oar _TD-Cuktur mawnroab jst.

Yije Wargh`rabWne varzjartab Ehtarjhk sjbo hkka zusheeabma`÷rjmab Vfàrdab zusheeabmasuf`twnroab, ue vnb iaoae MagïÞ ajb e÷mkjf`stvnkkstïbojmas Djko zu ar`hktab. @arr ][email protected] \`ntnmrhp` J\K) `hk ojasa MaghÞgrhmeabta ubo oja ajbzakbab Thbosfàrdab jb wh`rar ubo jb `hkdar Mr÷Þa \`ntnmrhp`jab gûr oja Hrf`jva oas Tajf`seu-



4< Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

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Gjm. 8. Ornuwab O8:. Warzjarubmseustar hug Thbo (T), @hks (@), @hksguÞ (@G), Vf`uktar ubo Dhuf` (VD).



F.]. Vthhk-Kumtab - Oja varzjarta _TD-Carhejc vnb O8: jb Ornuwab 48

sfues gûr Hktartûear dzw. oas Jbstjtuts gûr\rï`jstnrja jb Kajoab. Ajbzakba varzjarta]hbosfàrdab wuroab waoar p`ntnmrhp`jartbnf` jb ojasa Qbtarsuf ùbm hugmabneeab.

Oja \`ntns jb wh`rar Mr÷Þa sjbo gûr ojasaQbtarsufùbm hussf`kjaÞkjf` bhf` oar Gnremanrobat ubo buearjart. Ajba systaehtjsfàTajàbgnkma jst bjf`t e÷mkjf`, wajk as snvjakaYwjsfàbgnreab mjdt. Jb ajbar _hdakka jstvarzajf`bat wnroab, wakfà Warzjarubms-entjva ubo wakfà hboarab oascrjptjvabEarcehka hug oab varsf`jaoabab MagïÞgrhmeabtab damambab (Gjm. 8).

Oja Hbzh`k vnb MagïÞab, oja gûr ajba

sthtjstjsfà Arghssubm jb Grhma cïeab, jst zuckajb. Ûdarojas chbb as ajbjma Ywajgak ohrûdar madab, nd ajba sthtjstjsfà Qbtarsufùbmdaj ojasae zjaekjf` `nenmabab Ehtarjhkbaua Hspacta hbs Kjf`t madrhf`t `ïtta.

Oja _nbwhra

Oar _nb oar eajstab varzjartab MagïÞa jstbur wabjm maehmart. Hks Ehmarubm wuroaïuÞarst gajbar Vtajbmrus, gajbar Vhbo noar

ehbfèhk Chkcmrus varwaboat. Oja _nbwhra jst hus Tnkkab hugmadhut , oûbbw hbo jm(6-7 ee), snwn`k jbbab wja huÞab mut pnkjart ubo zueajst jb shuarstngghreae Ejkjaumadhfcab. Oja @abcak sjbo ehbfèhk adabghkks hus Tnkkab madjkoat wnroab. Vja sjbo jboar Tamak ejt ajbar Knf`-Y hpgab-Wardjboubmhe MagïÞ dagastjmt wnroab.

Oar Mrubostngg sfàjbt gajbar zu sajb, iabhfòae oja Warzjarubm oas MagïÞas vhrjjar

tar ubo ramakeïÞjmar jst. Ajb _ajk oar varzjartab Carhejc jst jb iaoar @jbsjf`t mrn d3ojfcwhbojm, mrnd maehmart, sf`kaf`t pnkjart,ejt ubramakeïÞjmar Gnre ubo ubmabhu noarubmasf`jfct varzjart.

Carhejcgnreab

Je hkkmaeajbab waroab jb oar bjaoarkïbojsfàb varzjartab _rjf`tardafàr-Carhejc

hf`t Gnreab vnbajbhboar ubtarsf`jaoab.Ojas sjbo Crhmabgkhsfàb, _rjf` tardafàr ,Ajear, Vf`hkab, Cûepga, _arrjbab, Chrhg

gab ubo Hep`nrab. Oja Mrabza zwjsfàb

ojasab Gnreab jst bjf`t jeear mkajf` oautkjf`, wja sjf` ubtab zajmab wjro.

CrhmfbgkhsfàbOjasa ma`÷rab zu oab typnknmjsf` ïktastabGnreab jb oab Eamhkjtàb. Dafcar (8:?=)raf`bat sja zue AB/F. K.K. Chakhs (8:11,V. 1<) ubtarsfàjoat daj oab B]-aurnpïjsfàb Crhmabgkhsfàb rubodhuf`jma ubo macbjfct dhuf`jma, wndaj oja katztara Mruppa

wjaoarue jb onppakcnbjsfà ubo djrbabg÷rejma Gkhsfàb ubtartajkt wjro. Ndsf`nboja ruboab typnknmjsf` he ïktastab sjbo,sfàjbab daj oab oïbjsfàb Guboab oja Gnreab ramjnbhk dastjeet zu sajb, noar sjbo ojamacbjfctab Gkhsfàb snmhr oja ïktarab. Cb÷kk(8:1:, V. 08) sja`t ajba Abtwjfckubmsrajà,oja ejt cumakruboab Gkhsfàb ejt khbmae@hks ajbsatzt3 ohbhf` cneeab Gkhsfàb ejtcurzae cnbjsfàe @hks, Gkhsfàb ejt ma

cbjfctae Dhuf` ubo curzae @hks ubosf`kjaÞkjf` onppfkcnbjsfà Gkhsfàb.

Hus oab bjaoarkïbojsfàb Gkhf`mrïdarbsjbo ghst cajba Crhmabgkhsfàb dachbbt. Jboae Guboehtarjhk oas Mrïdargakoas vnb@hroabdarm, ohs Cb÷kk hks Vpït-Ornuwab-Jhbsja`t (8:1:, V. :1, _hg. ?4), dagjboab sjf`zwaj onppakcnbjsfà Crhmabgkhsfàb. AjbaCrhmabgkhsfà, oja v÷kkjm ubvarsa`rt ndab jboar Cuktursf`jf`t oas @ûbabdattas Ornuwab

J khm, whr onppakcnbjsf` ubo `htta ajbaspïta (EB J) Warzjarubm. Ojas jst oar ajbzjmaGubo hus oae @ûbabdatt, oar strhtjmrhp`jsf`dastjeet sajb c÷bbta.

_rjf`tardafàrOja _rjf`tardafàr sjbo sf`war jb ajba Abtwjfckubmsrajà ajbzunrobab. As kïÞt sjf` ajbakhbma Tajà vnb Gnreab ubtarsfàjoab,




Gjm. 4. Orn uwa b Ok : . Warzj arta ]hr a vne _ypu s H9 Ajear 8:1, _a rrj ba 861 ub o Vf`hka 8, ub o vne _yp us D9_arrjba 8<1. 894.




vnb husmasprnfàb sf`whf` prngjkjartab djshusmasprnfàb sthrc prngjkjartab. Ojasa Gnreab c÷bbab ruboa noar macbjfcta Dïufà,`nà noar bjaorjma ubo zykjborjsfà noar

kj jj `targ÷rejma @ïksa dasjtzab. Warz jart aGnreab damambab badab ubvarzjartab.

K.K. Chakhs (8:11, V. 1:) tajkt oja _rjf`tardafàr thtsïf`kjf` bur bhf` sf`whf` ubosthrc prngjkjartab Gnreab ajb, wndaj sja hkkaruboab Gnreab hks sf`whf` dazajf`bat ubohkka macbjfctab hks sthrc. Vja stakkt gast, ohÞsakjhrk macbjfcta Dafàr ghst jeear zusheeab ejt sf`whf` maw÷kdtab Dafàrb hug

tratab, snwn`k jb Eamhkjtàb wja jb Gkhf`

mrïdarb, ndsf`nb as jb Gkhf`mrïdarb ngthuf` hussf`kjaÞkjf` sf`whfà Gnreab mjdt.

Cb÷kk (8:1:, V. =0) sja`t ajba Abtwjfckubmvnb rubodhuf`jmab Dafàrb ûdar snkfà ejtsf`ïrgarar ]÷kdubm oas Dhufàs djs zu oabDafàrb ejt macbjfctae Dhuf` ubo sf`kjaÞkjf` ajbab Ûdarmhbm zu hkkab sf`whfàb Gnreab, snwn`k oabab ejt sfèhkar Vfùktarwja oabab, wndaj oar @hks ubearckjf` jb oab@huf` ûdarma`t.

Huf` 'masf`knssaba' Gkhf`mrïdarguboa armadab ajb varwjrraboas Djko jb dazum hug oja_rjf`tardafàr, Ehb varmkajfà bur ojaGkhf`mrïdar vnb Yayab (Whb Mjggab 8:6<,_hg. =), wn oja dajoab Vf`hkab 86d dzw. 4?ojasakda \arjnoa summarjarab, ubo ehb sja`tajba Gûkka vnb _rjf`tardafàrgnreab.

Cje aj-Jb Ornuwab sjbo hkka Ajear vnkkcneeabstajkwhbojm ejt gkhfàe Dnoab, wï`rabo jb

B]-Oautsf`khbo huf` wn`k maw÷kdt-whbojma Cjear dachbbt sjbo (Cb÷kk 8:1:). CjbjmaCxfepkhra dasjtzab ajbab atwhs husmadnmababThbo noar ajbab husmacbatatab GuÞ. Vja `hdabvjar ea`r noar wabjmar tubbakg÷rejma @abcak,oja ngt phhrwajsa hbmadrhf` t sjbo. Daj ehbfàb Cjearb sjbo oja @abcak sfèhk ubo ruboubo daj hboarab mjdt as mhr cajba @abcak.

Vf`hkab ubo CûepgaOjas jst oja mr÷Þta Mruppa daj oab _TD-Gnr-eab. Vnwn`k jb dazum hug oja Gnre wja hugoja Warzjarubm sjbo oja Mrabzab zwjsfàb

dajoab gkjaÞabo. Oja Cbtwjfckubm vnb stajkwhbojmab bjaorjmab Vf`hkab ûdar atwhs ea`rmasf`wubmaba ubo atwhs `÷àra Gnreab zuruboab `nàb Cûepgab varkïugt zjaekjfàjboautjm. Oja u.h. vnb Cb÷kk (8:1:, V. =<)hks ïktasta Gnre hugmaghÞta stajkwhbojma`nà Vf`hka ejt Kajtarvarzjarubm damambatjb Ornuwab bjf`t.

Oja D÷oab c÷bbab vhrjjarab vnb gkhf` ubosfèhk djs zjaekjf` drajt ejt Vthborjbm ubo

huf` mjdt as jb GûÞab ubtardrnfàba Vthborjbma. Oja Cbuddab sjbo bjf`t noar whhmaraf`t ourf`k÷fàrt. Cjb Cxaepkhr dasjtztsabcraf`t ourf`k÷fàrta Cbuddab. Ngt `hdab Cûepga mhr cajba Cbuddab.

_arrjbab, Chrhggab. Hep`nrabOja Daoautubm ojasar Damrjgga wjro vnb varsf`jaoabab Hutnrab varsf`jaoab jbtarpratjart. Whb Mjggab atwh (8:4=, V. 67:) eajbt

ejt oae Damrjgg '_arrjba' oja sf`hrg prngjkjarta Gnre ejt sf`hrgae Vfùktfrcbjfc ubomrnÞae @abcak, wï`rabo Cb÷kk (8:1:, V. 84)ohmamab marhoa oja bjaorjma drajta, eajst shbgtmasf`wubmaba Gnre ejt ckajbae @abcakeajbt. Cs jst wn`k he ajbghf`stab, oja ajbàbcakjmab VfùktarmagïÞa hks '_arrjbab' zudazajf`bab ubo oja ea`r-àbcakjmab hks'Hep`nrab'.

Oja _arrjbab zajmab mrnÞa Qbtarsf`jaoajb oar Gnre, jb dazum hug ohs War`ïktbjsvnb @÷à ubo mr÷Þtae Ourfèassar, oja@hksgnre, ohs wn`k noar bjf`t Wnr`hboabsajb ajbas @hkscbjfcs, oja Vfùktardrajta, oabsf`hrgab djs shbgtab Ûdarmhbm vnb oar Vfùktar zue Dhuf` ubo oja Mr÷Þa oas @abcaks.Oja grûàsta Gnre je Ornuwab J-Vtjkcneet jb oae @ûbabmrhd bjf`t vnr (Cb÷kk8:1:, V. 84, _hg. 89 8-=). As jst ajba Gnre, oja



4? Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

Gjm. 6. Ornuwab O8:. Warzjarta ]hra vne _ypus D9 Ajear 4<8, 4<=, Vf`hkab ?6 ubo 87. 894.



F.]. Vthhk-Kumtfb - Oja varzjarta _TD-Carhejc vnb O8: jb Ornuwab 41

jf` hks Chrhgga dazajf`bab e÷f`ta, rakhtjv`nf` ubo sfèhk, cumfkdhuf`jm ejt atwhstrjf`targ÷rejmae @hks ubo mrnÞae macbjfctae @abcak. @jarhus c÷bbab sjf` oja sthrc

macbjfctab strabmab Gnreab armadab, ojakhbmshe zu oab shbgt maruboatab Gnreab oasgrûàb @hvfkta-Vtjks hdmasf`wïf`t waroab.Oja Gnre oas @abcaks `ïbmt jb oar Tamak ejtoar Gnre oas MagïÞas zusheeab. Ojasf`hrg macbjfctab _arrjbab dasjtzab ajbabmrnÞab nggabab @abcak ejt gkhf`-raf`tafcjmae Xuarsf`bjtt, wï`rabo oja shbgt masf`wubmabab MagïÞa ajbab ckajbab ojfcab@abcak je @hkscbjfc `hdab.

Hep`nrab cneeab je Ornuwab O8:-Ehtarjhk var`ïktbjseïÞjm wabjm vnr ubowabb, ohbb bur ejt spïtarar Warzjarubm uboejt ckajbab @abcakb je @hkscbjfc. Ajb ub-varzjartas Axaepkhr ejt vjar mrnÞab @abcakbjst wh`rsfàjbkjf` ajba sa`r grûà (GB)Gnre (K.K. Chakhs 8:11, V. 71).

Jbtar oajb varzjartab Ehtarjhk dagjboabsjf` wajtar ajba Hbzh`k vnb dasnboars ckajbab MagïÞab varsf`jaoabstar Gnre. Oja

ckajbab Cûepgf wajsab jb atwh ojasakdaGnre ubo Warzjarubm hug wja oja mrnÞab.Oja tarrjbabhrtjmab Gnreab wajfàb sthrcvnb oab mrnÞab _arrjbab hd, jb oar Gnre wjajb oar Warzjarubm. As mjdt zjaekjf` vjakasfèhka, `nà Crûma ubtar j`bab, ejt noarn`ba @abcak. Huf` cneeab sja vnr ejt zwajK÷fàrb je @hks.

Warzjartaf`bjc

Oja _TD-Carhejc zajf`bat sjf` u.h. ourfòja ejt ajbae Vphtak ajbmastnfàba Warzjarubm hus. Oja eajstab MagïÞa wuroab ejtzwaj noar oraj Vphtakb dahrdajtat. Husbhèswajsa sjbo hkka Entjva hug oae MagïÞ ejtajbae Vphtak maehf`t wnroab noar wuroamarhoa gûr iaoas Entjv ajb hboarar Vphtakvarwaboat.

Ndsf`nb hboara Hutnrab (u.h. Cb÷kk 8:1:,

V. 4:) ohs Mamabtajk da`huptab, sjbo ojawhhmaraf`tab Warzjarubmsentjva vnb kjbcsbhf` raf`ts mastnfàb wnroab. Daj ajbaevnb hf`t MagïÞab varkïugt oja Warzjarubm

vnb raf`ts bhf` kjbcs ubo ehbfèhk tratabdajoa Tjf`tubmab hug oaesakdab MagïÞ noarsnmhr je sakdab Entjv hug.

VphtakgnreabOja Vphtak c÷bbab snrmgïktjm zumaspjtzta ubomasf`kjggaba Vtûfcfàb @nkz noar Dajb mawasab sajb, ndwn`k ehb huf` hdmadrnfàbaYwajma, Vtrn``hkea u.h. jb oab Hdorûfcabarcabbab chbb. Oja avabtuakka Warwaboubm

vnb Gaoarcjakab ubo Wnmakcbnfàb jstsf`war bhf`wajsdhr. Daearcabswart jst, ohÞYwajma u.h., badab mkhttab Vphtakb hug oaesakdab MagïÞ varwaboat waroab. Oar spjtzaVphtak jst ohs wajthus he `ïugjmstab varwaboata Jbstrueabt - ar ajmbat sjf` huf` hedastab zue Yjaàb vnb Tjkkabkjbjab uboGjmurab. ]ajtar mjdt as hkkar`hbo Gnr eab 3gkhf` rubo, gkhf` orajafcjm, raf`tafcjm,stuepg rubo, maruboat raf`tafcjm, usw. Huf`

onppakt zumaspjtzta Vphtak cneeab vnr. OjaVphtfkgnreab staàb chue je Yusheeab`hbm ejt oab Warzjarubmsentjvab.

Vtjf`taf`bjcabHe `ïugjmstab wjro daj oar _TD-Wfrzjarubmoar Gurfàbstjf` hbmawhbot, o.`. zusheeabmasf`knssaba, badabajbhboar kjamaboaAjbstjfà. Oja _jaga oas Gurfàbstjf`s chbbzwjsfàb j ubo ? ee vhrjjarab, wï`rabo oja

_nbwhra sakdar bjf`t vjak ojfcar jst.Oja adabghkks `ïugjm hugtrataboa \sauon-

sthfàkorh`tkjbja dasta`t hus ajbar Tjtzkjbja, wndaj ejt ajbae drajtarab Vphtak ubojb mr÷Þarar Abtgarbubm vnbajbhboar stajkstaàboa Ajbstjfà vnrmabneeab wnroabsjbo. Bjf`t bur oja Gnre oas Vphtaks, huf`sajba @hktubm daje Ajbstjf` dastjeet oabAggact. Ojas wuroa ngt rhggjbjart husmabutz t.




Ptr

Gjm. ?. Ornu wab O k: . Warzjarta ]h ra vne _yp us F9 _arrj ba 8<8, Ajea r 4<6 ub o Vf`hka ??. 894.



F.]. Vthhk-Kumtab - Oja varzjarta _TD-Carhejc vnb O8: jb Ornuwab •88

Hks Kjbjabvarzjarubm damambab wajtar oja\ubctkjbja, oja maznmaba Kjbja noar 'Tjtz-kjbja' ubo oja Yjfczhfckjbjab. Daj oar zukatztmabhbbtab Whrjhbta chbb ehb zwaj _af`bjcab ubtarsfàjoab, bïekjf` oab Yjfczhfc-Gurfàbstjf` ubo oab ejt drajtae Vphtakajbmastnfàbab Yjfczhfc.

War&trubmsentjvt

Oja _TD-Warzjarubm dasta`t `huptsïf`kjf`hus whhmaraf`tab ubo sabcraf`tab Akaeabtab, oja jb oab varsf`jaoabab ndabarwï`b tabKjbjabtaf`bjcab husmagû`rt sjbo.

Hukk'ïkkjm jst, ohÞ oja Entjva hb dastjeeta

whhmaraf`ta Ynbab maduboab sjbo, bïekjfòab Thbo, oab @hks, oab @hksguÞ, ojaVfùktar ubo oab Dhuf` (vmk. Addasab 8:=1,V. 48). Ojasa Ynbab sjbo bjf`t bur hug oabVfùktarmagïÞab, snboarb huf` hug oabbjf`t mamkjaoartab MagïÞab oautkjf` arcabbdhr3 ejt Husbhèa oar _rjf`tardafàr ubooar Crhmabgkhsfàb. Oja katztarab Gnreab,ejt ajbar Mruppa vnb ckajbab MagïÞab,abtzjaàb sjf` je ûdrjmab hkkab hkkmaeajbab

Datrhf`tubmab ubo khssab sjf` chue noarmhr bjf`t cnrrakjarab ejt oab Carhejctypab,oja daj Ajearb, Vf`hkab ubo _arrjbab zuubtarsfàjoab sjbo.

Oar Thbo jst daj oae Ornuwabar Ehtarjhkjeear varzjart, ubo zwhr ejt whhmaraf`tabKjbjab, wnzu huf` Yjfczhfckjbjab maraf`bat waroab. Oja Yh`k oar Kjbjab vhrjjart,datrïmt hdar jb oar Tamak oraj. Oja Thbokjbjab sjbo hkka jb oarsakdab _af`bjc husma

gû`rt, kaojmkjf` daj oab spïtarab MagïÞabwaroab z.D. oja Gurfàbstjf`kjbjab ehbfèhk ourf` ajba Yjfczhfckjbja hdmawaf`sakt.Oja sn abtsthboabab whhmaraf`tab Dïboarc÷bbab wjaoar hug varsf`jaoaba ]ajsa ubtardrnfàb sajb9 ourf` ubvarzjarta Ywjsfàbrïuea noar `ïugjm ourf` jbajbhboar staàboa noar `ïbmaboa W-Gjmurab (Gjm. 89Br. J).

Oja @hksznba jst hug Ajearb ubo Vf`hkabjb oar Tamak ojf`tar varzjart hks hug oab _arrjbab. Ngt gjboat ehb sabcraf`ta Gurfàbkjbjab, ruboue noar ubtardrnfàb jb Mruppab, Gkïfàb vnb whhmaraf`tab Kjbjab jboarsakdab Husgû`rubm wja hug oae Thbo,hdar huf` D÷mab, Orajafca, macrauzta Yjfczhfckjbjab, usw. (Gjm. 89 JJ-WJ). Oar @hksubo oja Vfùktarznba sjbo ejt ea`r \`hbthsja varzjart hks oja ûdrjmab Ynbab.

Oar @hksguÞ wjro jb oab ajbghf`stab Gïkkabourf` ajba uekhugaboa, bur vnb oab @abcakbubtardrnfàba, drajta Gurfàbkjbjf hczabtujart. Wnb mr÷Þarar Dasnboaràjt sjbo oja

hugmakamtab Gkaf`tentjva ubo Kajtarb, sabcraf`ta Xuarstrjfà noar ajba ]jaoar`nkubmoar Thbokjbjf (Gjm. 89 WJJ-WJJJ).

Oja Vfùktarentjva hug oab _arrjbab hczabtujarab ngt husmazajf`bat oja Vfùktargnre ejt `ïbmaboab hugmarhu`tab Orajafcabubo datnbt curzab drajtab Thojhk-Gurfàb-kjbjab. Ojasa Entjva cneeab bjf`t hugAjearb ubo Vf`hkab vnr (Gjm. 89 JP, p djs s).]hhmaraf`ta uekhugaboa Kjbjab noar Kj

bjabgakoar mjdt as daj hkkab Gnreab, adabsnwja oja sabcraf`tab Entjva, oja ngt daje@hksguÞ hbsatzab ubo ûdar Vfùktar uboDhuf` `ïbmab. As mjdt bur ajbjma wabjmaEntjva, oja hussf`kjaÞkjf` hug oae Dhuf`damambab (Gjm. 89 PJJ). Ojasa djkoab ajbaHrt Hdsf`kuÞ oar ohrûdar staàboab Warzjarubm. Oja _TD-Warzjarubm aboat hug oaeDhuf` jeear jb sabcraf`tab Kjbjab, mkajf`she ue oja cnbjsfà Gnre zu datnbab. Daj

oar Dasf`rajdubm oar Carhejctypab waroabVfùktar ubo Dhuf` eajstabs zusheeabda`hboakt. Oja whhmaraf`tab Entjva ma`÷rab zur Vfùktarznba, oja sabcraf`tab zurVfùktar- ubo Dhuf`znba. ]hhmaraf`ta Kjbjabgkïfàb sjbo jeear adabsn husmagû`rt wjaoja Kjbjab hug oae MagïÞrhbo. Ohourf` chbbehb daj MagïÞgrhmeabtab n`ba Thbo oabohzuma`÷rjmab Thbo `ïugjm racnbstrujarab.




• • • ³ ; • « * • ³ ,

Gt>. 1. Ornuwab O8:. Warzjarta ]hra vne _ypus O9 _arrjbab :4, 881 ubo Cuepg 6<. 894.



F.]. Vthhk-Kumtab - Oja varzjarta _TD-Carhejc vnb O8: jb Ornuwab 4;2

Oja @abcak sjbo bhàzu jeear varzjartubo saàb eajstabs sn hus, hks wïra j`babdasnboara Hugearcshecajt mawjoeat wnroab. Oja mrnÞab @abcak sjbo varzjart ejtsabcraf`tab ojf`tab Gjsf`mrïtab, whhmaraf`tab noar sabcraf`tab \sauonsthfàkorh`t-kjbjab noar ejt sabcraf`tab Gurfàbstjf`-kjbjab. Ehbfèhk sjbo ojasa Entjva ejtajbhboar cnedjbjart. Oja ckajbab ojfcab Cbuddab dasjtzab ngt ajba sfèhkara ubo drajtaraGjsf`mrïta noar ajba macrauzta Yjfczhfckjbja. Oja Qemadubm oas @abcaks (o.`. hugoab _arrjbab ohbadab ubo ohrubtar3 hug oabAjearb ubo Vf`hkab ohrûdar ubo ohrubtar)

jst stats axtrh varzjart. _ub bakcbuddab sjbo jeear ejt sabcraf`tab Gurfàbkjbjab varsaàb.

VthbogûÞa ubo Vthbor jbma s jbo huf`ngt varzjart. Oja arstarab zueajst ejt sabcraf`tab maznmabab Kjbjab3 oja katztarab ejtmacrauztab Yjfc-zhfc- noar ejt whhmaraf`tab \sauonsthaàkorh`tkjbjab.

Ndsf`nb huf` hug oab _rjf`tardafàrb ajbaThbo-, @hks-, @hkscbjfc- ubo Dhuf`znba

vnbajbhboar zu ubtarsfàjoab sjbo, maktab`jar jb dazum hug oja Warzjarubm v÷kkjm hboara Tamakb. Husbhèswajsa jst oar Thbovarzjart, ubo zwhr ejt ajbar noar ea`rarabYjfczhfckjbjab. Jb oar Ejtta oas @hksasc÷bbab Yjfczhfcentjva hugtratab noar Mruppab vnb sabcraf`tab Kjbjab. Oar @hkscbjfcwjro ehbfèhk datnbt ejt \ubct-, Tjtz-,Gurfàbstjf`- noar \sauonsthaàkorh`tkjbjabjb ubo/noar marhoa ûdar noar ubtar iabae

Cbjfc. Hb oar @hksdhsjs mjdt as ehbfèhkhuf` uekhugaboa Yjfczhfckjbjab noar ajbzakba staàboa ]jbcak. Bjaehks sjbo hugajbae _rjf`tardafàr hkk ojasa Ynbab mkajf`zajtjm varzjart. Ajb Ornuwabar _rjf`tardafàr dasjtzt je @hkscbjfc ajb Gkaf`tdhbo,wja as wn`k huf` hug oab hboarab Gnreabvnrcneet. Ojasar Dafàr jst oabb huf` ajbehkjm. Oar Dhuf` jst jeear ejt sabcraf`tab

Kjbjab varzjart, ruboue noar jb Mruppab.Vja c÷bbab hks Tjtz-, Vtjf`-, Gurfàbstjf`-ubo varajbzakt hks \sauonsthfàkorh`tkjbjahusmagû`rt sajb. Oja @hksvarzjarubm jst ghstjeear hks Gurfàbstjf`kjbja husmagû`rt, huf`wabb oar Dhuf` marjtzt jst.

C r h m a b g k h s f ` a b mjdt as bur sn wabjma, ohÞchue hkkmaeajba Tamakb zu arstakkab sjbo.Oar Thbo ubo oar @hks sjbo daj hkkab Gkhsfàb ubvarzjart, wï`rabo oja Crhmab ngtThojhkstrjfà dasjtzab. Oja Vfùktarb vnbehbfàb Gkhsfàb `hdab whhmaraf`ta uekhugaboa Kjbjab. Ajba Gkhsfà `ht jbajbhb-

oarstaàboa ]jbcak hug oae Vfùktarcbjfc,ubo wajtar jst bnf` ajba zjaekjf` ajbehkjmaGkhsfà maguboab wnroab, oja ajbzakba whhmaraf`ta Kjbjab ue oab @hks `ht, Mruppab vnbsabcraf`tab Kjbjab ohbadab ubo Yjfczhfcgakoar ohzwjsfàb.

Oja ckajbab MagïÞa dasjtzab husbhèsknscajbab varzjartab Thbo. Oja Warzjarubm dasta`t ghst hussf`kjaÞkjf` hus whhmaraf`tab

ubo sabcraf`tab Kjbjab. Ajbjma Vfàrdab jbojasar Mruppa ma`÷rab vjakkajf`t zu oabCrhmabgkhsfàb.

_ypab vnb varzjartar _nbwhra

Bhf` jbtabsjvae Vtuojue oar _TD-_nb-whra chbb ehb oar Bajmubm bjf`t wjoarstaàb, jb ojasae rakhtjv `nenmabab Ehtarjhkajba gajbara Qbtartajkubm vnrzubaèab.Cb÷kk (8:1:) cneet zu oar f`rnbnknmjsfàb

ubo typnknmjsfàb Ajbtajkubm jb oraj Vtugab.A. Vf`kjf`t (8:70), oja ohs ueghbmrajfàOrnuwab J-Ehtarjhk hus oae @ûbabmrhd jbAeeakb dahrdajtata, ubtarsfàjoat oraj Vtjka,oja ohbb wajtar jb ajba mrnÞa Hbzh`k vnbMruppab ubtartajkt waroab. \ars÷bkjf` e÷f`ta jf` je Ornuwabar Ehtarjhk ajbjma oautkjf` hdmamrabzta _ypab ubtarsfàjoab, zwjsfàb oabab as vjaka Ejsf`gnreab mjdt.




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GRg. 7'. Ornuwab Ok:. Warzjarta ]hra vne _ypus A9 _arr jba 84= ubo Cuepg ?<, ubo vne _ypus G9 _arrjbak11uboCuepg 07. 894.



F.]. Vthhk-Kumtab - Oja varzjarta _TD-Carhejc vnb O8: jb Ornuwab 93j

_ypus H9 oja afcjmab Gnreab (Gjm. 4 ejtoab Bueearb 861 (8?4)8), 8:1 (:1) ubo 8(64)).

Gnreab9Vf`hkab9 bjaorjm ubo wajt cnbjsf` ejtwhhmaraf`tab _ubbakcbuddfb ubo sfèhkae @noab.Ajear9 stajk cnbjsf` ejt whhmaraf`tab_ubbakcbuddab._arrjbab9 zjaekjf` `nf`, zjaekjf` `nàr@hks, drajta marhoa Vfùktar, sf`hrgar @hjsubo Vfùktarcbjfc, cnbjsfàr Dhuf` ubomrnÞa drajta @abcak, oja vnb atwhs ubtaroae Thbo djs hug oab Vfùktarcbjfc rajfàb.

Warzjarubm9 marhoa Kjbjab9Thbo9 8-6 Yjfczhfckjbjab (_raenkjarstjf`).@ h k s 9 curza drajta Gurfàbstjfà rubouenoar jb Mruppab.@hkscbjfc9 drajtar whhmaraf`tar Gurfàbstjf` noar _raenkjarstjf` ruboue (ubtardrnfàb ourf` oja Cbuddab).Vfùktar ubo Dhuf`9 Yjfczhfcgakoar, hdwaf`sakbo ejt Gurfàbstjfàb (sabcraf`t).Ajear ubo Vf`hkab `hdab ohdaj zueajst

Kajtarentjva hug oae Dhuf`.Daj oae Ehtarjhk hus Ornuwab sjbo bur

ajbjma ubo bjf`t sa`r ûdarzaumaboa _arrjbabojasas _yps vnr`hboab. Va`r wn`k phssab

iao nf` jb ojasa Mruppa atwh oja _a rrj babvnb _jbhhrkn ubo Drnbbamfr `jbajb (Cb÷kk8:1:, _hg. 8988 ubo 4986).

_ypus D9 sthrc prngjkjart, atwhs wabjmar afcjm(Gjm. 4 ubo 6 ejt oab Bueearb 8<1 (864),

4<8 (:6), 4<= (:4), ?6 (=?) ubo 87 (??)).Gnreab9

Vf`hkab9 `÷àr hks H, atwhs maw÷kdt,j`b J bt Dnoab, ejt noar n`ba Cbuddab.Ajear9 stajk cnbjsf`, ehbfèhk ejt husmacbatatae GuÞ ubo _ubbakcbuddab hug oar@hkscbjfcznba._arrjbab9 zjaekjf` bjaorjm ubo drajt,

bjaorjmarar cnbjsfàr @hks, zjaekjf` drajta

Vfùktar, maruboatar Vfùktarcbjfc ubomrnÞa, drajta @abcak.

Warzjarubm9 ramakeïÞjm ejt sfèhkabVphtakb9Thbo9 4-? \sauonsthfàkorh`tkjbjab, ubtardrnfàb noar uekhugabo.@ h k s 9 sabcraf`ta ckajba Gurfàbstjf`kjbjabjb Mruppab noar ruboue.@hkscbjfc9 drajta whhmaraf`ta Gurfàbstjf`- noar \sauonsthfàkorh`tkjbja.Vfùktar ubo Dhuf`9 whhmaraf`ta \sau-onsthfàkorh`tgkïfàb, hdwaf`sakbo ejtsabcraf`tab Gurfàbstjf`kjbjab ubo sabcraf`tab Gjsf`mrïtabeustarb. _arrjbab c÷b

bab hugmarhu`ta `ïbmaboa Orajafca noarYjfczhfcentjva hug oar Vfùktar dasjtzab.

Ghrda oar _nbwhra9 makdmrhu djs mrhudrhub.

_ypus F9 Gkaf`tdhbotypus (Gjm. ? ejt oabBueearb ?? (?:), 4<6 (8<1) ubo 8<8 (847)).

Gnreab9Vf`hkab9 `hdab ajba stajkar maw÷kdta ]hbo(Bhpggnre), cajba @abcak noar Cbuddab

ubo ajbab gkhfàb Dnoab noar ajbab Vthbor jbm .Ajear9 stajk cnbjsf` ejt ehbfèhk ojfcabsfèhkab Cbuddab.

_arrjbab9 `hdab ajbab zjaekjf` `nàb zykjborjsfàb @hks, cajbab @hkscbjfc, `ïbmaboa Vfùktar, ajbab sf`hrgab djs maruboatabVfùktarcbjfc, cnbjsfàb Dhuf` ubo ajbabmrnÞab drajtab @abcak, oar vnb `hkdwams hugoae @hks djs zu oae Vfùktarcbjfc rajf`t.

Warzjarubm9 ramakeïÞjm ejt drajtae Vphtak9

Thbo9 6-1 drajta \sauonsthfàkorh`tkjbjabruboue noar ubtardrnfàb ourf` ajb staàboas noar `ïbmaboas W.@hksznba9 abtwaoar zue _ajk ejt oardrajtab Thbovarzjarubm daoafct, noar ejtMruppab vnb sabcraf`tab Gurfàbstjf`kjbjabvarsaàb.@hkscbjfc9 atwhs hugkjamaboas, whhmaraf`tuekhugaboas Gkaf`tdhbo, ehbfèhk huf`



64 F.]. Vthhk-Kumtab - Oja varzjarta _TD-Carhejc vnb O8: jb Ornuwab

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GR. =. Ornuwab Ok: . Warzjarta ]hra vne _ypus M9 _arrjba 81= ubo Cuepg =?, ubo vnb oar mrndab Mruppa

8?=, 7< ubo 1:. 894.




ajba whhmaraf`ta drajta Gurfàbstjf`kjbjanoar \sauonsthfàkorh`tkjbja.Vfùktar ubo Dhuf`9 whhmaraf`t uekhugaboa \sauonsthf`fkorh`tkjbjab, sabcraf`ta

\sauonsthfàkorh`tkjbjfb jb ckajbab Mruppab(ejt Yjfczhfcentjv ohrûdar noar ohrubtar,aboabo jb Gurfàbstjf`kjbja), sabcraf`taGjsf`mrïtab ubo/noar sabcraf`ta Gurfàbstjfà. Oja _arrjbab c÷bbab hug oar Vf`kûtarhugmarhu`ta `ïbmaboa Orajfca dasjtzab.

Ghrda oar _nbwhra9 makdmrhua djs rntdrhuba _÷ba.

_ypus O9 oar macrauzta Yjfczhfctypus (Gjm.

1 ejt oab Bueearb :4 (887), 881 (880) ubo6<(?4)).Gnreab9

Cûepga9 `nf`, n`ba Cbuddab, hug Vthborjbm.Ajear9 mjdt as jb ojasae _ypus bjf`t._arrjbab9 `hdab zykjborjsfàb @hks, oaut-kjf`fb @hkscbjfc, sa`r sfèhka Vfùktar ubomaruboatab Dhuf`cbjfc. Oja Cbudda jstckajb, je Xuarsf`bjtt nvhk ubo dagjboat sjf`je @hkscbjfc.

Warzjarubm9 zjaekjf` ubramakeïÞjm, ejtdrajtae Vphtak9Thbo9 4-? bjf`t ubtardrnfàba \sauonsthf`fkorh`tkjbjab.@ h k s 9 crauzaboar Yjfczhfc, ehbfèhk hdmawaf`sakt ejt \`hbthsjaentjvab, wja z.D.staàboa ubo `ïbmaboa D÷mab.@hkscbjfc9 hug Cûepgab bjf`t ea`r ourf`drajta Gurfàbstjf`kjbja hbmaoautat3 hug oab_arrjbab jst oja uekhugaboa Gurfàbstjf`

kjbja ourf` ckajba Gurfàbstjf`quarkjbjabhczabtujart.Vfùktar ubo Dhuf`9 whhmaraf`ta ubosabcraf`ta \sauonsthf`fkorh`tkjbjab jb raf`tafcjmab Gakoarb, crauzaboar Yjfczhfc ubohug oar _arrjbabsfùktar ehbfèhk curzadrajta Gurfàbstjf`kjbjab sthtt oar hugmarhu`tab Orajafca.

Ghrda oar _nbwhra9 makddrhub djs rntdrhub.

_ypus A9 oar he eajstab vargajbarta _ypus

(Gjm. 7 ejt oab Bueearb 84= (-) ubo ?<(78)).

Gnreab9Cûepga9 `nf` ejt Cbuddab ubo hugVthborjbm.Ajear9 stajk cnbjsf`._arrjbab9 `hdab zykjborjsfàb noar atwhscnbjsfàb @hks, oautkjfàb @hkscbjfc,sfèhka Vfùktar, ruboab Vfùktar-Dhuf`-Ûdarmhbm.

Warzjarubm9 ïuÞarst ramakeïÞjm, vargajbart ubo p`hbthsjarajf`9T h b o 9 6 sfèhka \sauonsthf`fkorh`tkjbjab.@ h k s 9 sabcraf`ta Gurfàbkjbjab, whhmaraf`ta \sauonsthf`fkorh`tkjbjab, whhmaraf`taubo sabcraf`ta macrauzta Yjfczhfckjbjab, `ïbmaboa noar staàboa D÷mab noar Afcab, usw.@hkscbjfc9 hug oab _arrjbab ejt sabcraf`tab ckajbab Gurfàbstjf`kjbjab hczabtujart.Vfùktar ubo Dhuf`9 macrauzta Yjfczhfckjbjab, sabcraf`ta Gjsf`mrïtab, sabcraf`taGurfàbstjf`kjbjab, staàboa D÷mab. Oja_arrjba `ht zueajst drajta curza Gurfàbstjf`kjbjab ubo ehbfèhk hugmarhu`ta Orajafca.

Ghrda oar _nbwhra9 mrhudrhub djs rntdrhub.

_ypus G9 ajbghf` varzjarta Carhejc (Gjm. 7ejt oab Bueearb 811 (8:6) ubo 07 (-)).

Gnreab9

Cûepga9 rubo ubo `nf` n`ba Cbuddab.Ajear9 bjf`t vartratab._arrjbab9 sjbo zu ckajbab 'Hep`nrab' mawnroab3 zjaekjf` ckajb, `÷àr hks drajt,curzar @hks, oautkjfàr @hkscbjfc, drajta,`ïbmaboa Vfùktar, ruboar djs macbjfctarVfùktar-Dhuf`-Ûdarmhbm ubo 4-? ckajbaCbuddab je @hkscbjfc.




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Gjm. 0. Ornuwab Ok:. @hupttypab oar varzjartab ]hra ubo j`ra Warzjarubmseustar. Tïboar ejt Tjkkabkjbja(TK), Yjfczhfckjbja (YY) noar \sfuonsthf`akorh`tkjbja (\V). Wmk. zu J-PJJ Gjm. 8.



F.]. Vthhk-Kumtab - Oja varzjarta _TD-Carhejc vnb O8: jb Ornuwab 9r2

Warzjarubm9 whhmaraf`ta ubo sabcraf`taKjbjab9T h b o 9 6-? uekhugaboa \sauonsthfàkorh`t-noar Gurfàbstjf`kjbjab.

88 h Js9 ubtardrnf àba whhmaraf` ta Kjbjab.@hkscbjfc9 bur hug oab Hep`nrab ajbauekhugaboa Kjbja.

Vfùktar ubo Dhuf`9 whhmaraf`ta ubosabcraf`ta Kjbjabgakoar, ehbfèhk ajb var-ajbzaktar ckajbar Dnmab.

Hkka Kjbjab hug ajbae MagïÞ sjbo jb oarsakdab _af`bjc husmagû`rt wnroab.

Khjda oar _nbwhra9 makdmrhu.

_ypus M9 Grûàr @hvakta-_ypus (Gjm. = ejtoab Bueearb =? (-) ubo 81= (884)).Gnreab9

Tûepga9 atwhs wabjmar `nf`, hug VthboguÞ.Hep`nrab9 zjaekjf` `nàr @hks, oautkjfàr @hkscbjfc, ruboa Vfùktar ubo ckajbaTbuddab je @hkscbjfc.

Warzjarubm9 sa`r gajb9Thbo9 uekhugaboa Tjtz- noar Gurfàbstjf`kjbjab.@hks9 uekhugaboar Yjfczhfc noar _raen-kjarstjf`.@ h k s c b j f c 9 hug Hep`nrab hczabtujart ejtsabcraf`tab Gurfàbstjf`kjbjab hug uekhugaboar Kjbja. Oja Tûepga dasjtzab cajba uekhugaboa Kjbja.Vfùktar ubo Dhuf`9 Yjfczhfcgakoar, hdmawaf`sakt vnb Mruppab ejt sabcraf`tabGurfàbstjf`- noar Tjtzkjbjab.

Ghrda9 makdmrhu djs drhubmrhu. Oja _nb-whra jst huÞarnroabtkjf` oûbbwhbojm.

Mrnda Mruppa (Gjm. = ejt oab Bueearb 8?=(84<), 7< (=7) ubo 1: (-)).

]ja sf`nb arwï`bt wuroa, mjdt as huÞarojasab Tarhejctypab ajba Mruppa vnb MagïÞab, oja ejtajbhboar maeajbshe `hdab,ohÞ sja mrnd sjbo jb Ehtarjhk ubo Husgû`rubm ubo ajba dasnboars ubmasf`jfct hbma

drhf`ta Warzjarubm dasjtzab. Oja Gnreabubo Warzjarubmsentjva arjbbarb iaonf` hbvarsf`jaoaba oar ndabmabhbbtab _ypab.

Vf`kuÞdatrhf`tubmOja ubtarsf`jaokjfàb _ypab, oja hug Mrubooar Warwhbotsf`hgt ajbjmar MagïÞa jb Gnreubo Warzjarubm hus oae ûdrjmab Ehtarjhkàrhusma`ndab wnroab sjbo, khssab sjf` bjf`tn`ba wajtaras jb ajba f`rnbnknmjsfà noartypnknmjsfà Tajà ajbnrobab. Jst ojasa Warwhbotsf`hgt prn _ypus hus oar Avnkutjnb arwhf`sab noar dasta`t sja hks Gnkma oas prjvhtab Masfèhfcs ajbas _÷pgars>

OhÞ as _÷pgarwarcstïttab mamadab `ht, jstbhàzu sjfàr (Tb÷kk 8:1:, Thakhs 8:11,Vf`kjf`t 8:70). Oja gnkmaboab oraj \ubctasprafàb ohgûr.8. Oja \argactjnb oar Tarhejc.Oar MrnÞtajk oar varzjartab _nbwhra jst snoûbbwhbojm ubo sn ramakeïÞjm varzjart, ohÞas sjf` ue Vpazjhkjstabhrdajt `hboakb euÞ.Ohvnb àdab sjf` oja mrndab varzjartab MagïÞa jb sthrcae EhÞa hd, oja zwhr jb atwhoja Gnre ubo oja Warzjarubm oar varsf`jaoabab _ypab hugwajsab, hdar sa`r ubramakeïÞjm magnret ubo varzjart sjbo. Ojasa MagïÞa sjbo ajboautjm \rnoucta vnb @ajehrdajt, vjakkajf`t wajk oja @arstakkar sjf` cajba'machugta' _nbwhra kajstab cnbbtab. Ejtojasar _ànrja kïÞt sjf` ohs \rndkae k÷sab,wn ojasa 'oamabarjartab' MagïÞa jb oja f`rnbnknmjsfà Tajà ajbmanrobat waroab snkkab.4. Oja mrnÞa Ï`bkjf`cajt vnb zwaj MagïÞab.Huggïkkjm jst ehbfèhk oja Arsfàjbubm, ohÞ

zwaj noar ea`r MagïÞa jb Ehtarjhk ubo Warzjarubm joabtjsf` sjbo. Vnmhr oja dabutztabea`rzjbcjmab Marïta c÷bbab ojasakdab sajb.Ajb Dajspjak gûr oja Vf`wjarjmcajtab, ojaohourf` abtstaàb c÷bbab daje Nrobab oarTarhejc jst Ajear Br. 4<6 (8<1)[ wndajVfàrdab vnb oraj varsf`jaoabab Axaepkhrab zu ajbae Ajear zusheeabmackadt wnr-




oab sjbo. Huf` mjdt as mrnÞa MagïÞgrhmeabta, vnb oabab bjf`t ckhr jst, nd sja zusheeabma`÷rab noar nd as sjf` ue zwaj varsf`jaoaba MagïÞa `hboakt (oja Bueearb 4== (-)

ubo 818/80< (88=/-)). Jb sthrcae EhÞaûdarajbstjeeaboa MagïÞa sjbo9 64 (6:),?? (?:) ubo 4<6 (8<1)3 =< (-) ubo :8 (8?0)3?< (78), :: (8?7) ubo 84= (- )i 88: (-) ubo480 (-)3 808 (-) ubo ajba _arrjba hus Drnb-bamar (Cb÷kk 8:1:, _hg. ?91). Qbtar oaeEhtarjhk hus Aeeakb dagjboab sjf` adabghkkssa`r ï`bkjfà MagïÞa, z.D. Vf`kjf`t (8:70)Br. 6?? ubo Ornuwab ?6 (=?) ubo 4<8 (:6).6. Tamjnbhk dastjeeta Warzjarubmsentjva.

Cb÷kk, oar oja eajstab Ohtab ûdar oja MagïÞa zu Vtrauubmschrtab varhrdajtata, daearcta, ohÞ ehbfà Warzjarubmsentjva burjb ajbae dasf`rïbctab Madjat hugtratab(Cb÷kk 8:1:, V. 87). Ajb Dajspjak ohgûr jst ohsGkaf`tdhbo (WJ JJ p), ohs `huptsïf`kjf`jb Orabtà hugmaguboab wjro.

As c÷bbab hug iaoab Ghkk jbbar`hkd hkkaroar ndabmabhbbtab _ypab varsf`jaoaba _÷pgar tïtjm mawasab sajb.

Ohs @ûbabmrhd Drnbbamar J, jb oae ojaGuboa jb zwaj Vf`jf`tab matrabbt sjbo, abt`jakt jb oar ubtarab Vf`jf`t sf`hrg prngjkjarta _nbwhra, ûdarajbstjeeabo ejt ubsarae _ypus H, ubo oja grûàra _nbwhra.Jb oar ohrûdar kjamaboab Vf`jf`t ghbo ehbvjak sf`wïfàr prngjkjarta Gnreab (u.h. oja_ypab O ubo A). Ojasar Vtrhtjmrhp`ja abtsprafàbo c÷bbab oja _ypab H djs M jb ajbaTajà ajbmanrobat waroab, oja wja gnkmt

hussja`t9D - A B

HV VG-M

PF - O '

noar

£"OBH - D - A - G - M

_ypus H sta`t gûr sjf` ubo abtsprjbmt husoab wn`k jb hboarab Eamhkjtàb hugtrataboab grûàb Ornuwab J-Gnreab ejt Kajtar-Warzjarubm. Oja Yjfczhfcvarzjarubm hug oae

Thbo, hdmawhboakt zu \sauonsthfàkorh`t-varzjarubm, armjdt oja _ypab D ubo F. Oautkjfà Ûdarmhbmsgnreab zwjsfàb D ubo Fmjdt as bjf`t, sn ohÞ oja zwajta Tajà bjf`thug oar @hbo kjamt. Oar Qbtarsf`jao zwjsfàboab _ypab D ubo M c÷bbta oja Gnkma sajbvnb oae Axjstjarab zwajar varsf`jaoabar,hdar zur mkajfàb Yajt nparjaraboar ]arcstïttab. Oja Gnreab ojasar dajoab _ypab varsf`wjeeab ubo oja uekhugaboa drajta

whhmaraf`ta Gurfàbkjbja hug Vf`hkab varsf`wjboat. D ma`t ûdar jb A ubo F jb O,wndaj oja _ypab O ubo A ajbhboar sthrcï`bakb whs oja Warz jarubmsentjva datrjggt.Oja Warajbghfùbm vnb Warzjarubmsentjvabzu rajb whhmaraf`tab ubo sabcraf`tab Kjbjab gû`rt zu oae _ypus G, wnbhf` _ypus Mejt sajbar ïuÞars t oûbb whbojma b Carhejcoab Grûàb @hvakta Vtjk ar÷ggbat. Hbmawaboat hug oja Ajbtajkubm vnb Cb÷kk ma`÷raboja _ypab H djs F zu Vtuga 8 /4 ubo O djs Mzu Vtuga 4. Vtuga 8 jst oja jb Ornuwab ga`kaboagrûàsta Carhejc4.

Oja djsàr hugmaguboabab Gkhf`mrïdar`hdab kajoar bur wabjm Hugsf`kuÞ mamadabjb dazum hug oja F`rnbnknmja je OrnuwabJ-Ehtarjhk. Eajstabs waroab sf`war zucnrrakjaraboa _rjf`tardafàr, ubvarzjartasEhtarjhk noar spïta Ornuwab J-_nbwhrahugmaguboab (Cb÷kk 8:1:, _hg. 60-?4).

Je Warmkajf` ejt oar v÷kkjm varsf`jaoababGrûàb @hvakta- ubo Vpïtab @hvakta-Carh-ejc `ht ohs Ehtarjhk hus oae @ûbabmrhdOrnuwab J mabum @nenmabjtït, ue hks_ypasjta gubctjnbjarab zu c÷bbab6.



F.]. Vthhk-Kumtab - Oja varzjarta _TD-Carhejc vnb O8: jb Ornuwab 6=

H B E A T C Q B M A B

8 Oja arsta Yh` k wuroa vne Hutn r mama dab 3 oja /w ajk a, ajbm ackh eea rt a, mj dt oja Jbvabthrbueear oasTajf`seusaues gûr Hktartûear jb Kajoab hb, ghkks

ohs MagïÞ ajba ajmaba Bueear trïmt.4 ]a bb ehb oja vnb Vthhk hugmastakkta Ajbtajku bmejt oariabjmab vnb I. H. Dhccar (8:=6) varmkajf`t,

Dhccar. ,).H. (8:1:), Wfabvnbo stab vh b oa _raf `tar -dacarfuktuur, @nboaro Aauwab Baoarkhbo, Hbtj

qujty hbo Vurvjvhk, Wnk. JJ Bn. 1-7, V. :6-8<<.Dhccar, I. H. (8: 74), Takht jnbs wjt` tà _ T D Fu ktu ra,

Jkkjbjue JJ , V. 48=-44?.@hccar, I. H. (8:77), Aab baoa rzat tjbm vhb oa _ra f`-

tardacarauktuur ta Khrab (B.@.), Jb àt vnatspnnrvhb H.A. vhb Mjggab, twaaoa oruc, Mrnbjbmab, V. 4=-64.

@hccar, I.H. (8:=6), Oa ]astmrnap vhb oa traf`tardacar-

fuktuur9 Vtuojas nvar f`rnbnknmja ab manmrhgja vhb oa

ehcars vhb ùbadaooab ab ojapstaacfarhejac, tab ]astab

vhb oa Akda, ojss. Hestarohe.Dafcar, F.I. (8:?=), Ensaguboa karchr grh Zbmra

Vtabhkoar, Hhrdhmar gnr Bnrojsc Nkocybojmào nm

@jstnrja 8:?=, V. 8-680.Drnbstao, I. (8:1=), Ohbehrcs Nkotjo, J. Cndab`hvb.Addasab, C. (8:=1), Oja iûbm ara _rjf`tar dafàr

cuktur hug oab Oïbjsfàb Jbsakb, Hrchanknmjsca

Vtuojar JJ , Fnpab`hmab.Mjggab, H.A. vhb (8:41/8:4=), Oa ùbadaooab jb Baoar

khbo, Qtraf`t.Mjggab, H.A. vhb (8:6<), Oja Dhuhrt oar Ajbzakmrïdar,

Ehbbus-Djdkjntàc, Kajpzjm.Mjggab, H.A. vhb (8:78), Aab vkhcmrhg vhb oa _raf`-

tardacarfuktuur, masbaoab onnr aab sthbocujk vhbùbadao O64 ta ×onnrb (Or.), @akjbjue J, V. 6:-?6.

Mjggab, H.A. vhb & ]. Mkhsdarmab (8:7?), Oa vrnam-

armjdt ojas gnkmaboa Cnrrakhtjnbab. Dhccar H ga`kt jbO8 :3 Vthhk H 5 Dhcca r D3 Vth hk D ub o F R Dhcca rF3 Vthhk O ub o A 5 Dhccar Ok 3 Vthhk G 5 Dhccar

O4 ub o Vth hk M Dhcc ar A.6 Ûdarsatzt vnb I. ]. Nboaro akjb oab.

sta ghsa vhb oa _TD-Fuktuur jb Baoarkhbo, @akjbjue JW, V. ?8-?0.

@nkwaroh, I.@. (8:86), Npmrhvjbm vhb twaa @ubadaooab ta Ornuwab, Nuoàjocubojma Eaoaoaakjbmab

WJJ, V. 4:-1<.Chakhs, K. Kûûojc- (8:11), ]hbb sjbo oja arstab

Eamhkjt`mrïdar jb @nkkhbo abtsthboab> \hkhan`js-tnrjh JW, V. ?=-=:.

Cht- vhb @uktab, I .F . (8:?=), @at ùbad aooab hhr-oawarc ab zjib stjikab, Aab cwhrt aauw nuoàjocubojm

dnoaenboarznac jb Baoarkhbo, Maoabcdnac H.A. vhbMjggab, Eappak, V. 4<6-448.

Cb÷kk, @. (8:1:), Oja bnrowastoautsfà _jagstjf`carhejc

ubo j`ra Vtakkubm je bnro- ubo ejttakaurnpïjsfàb Bankj

t`jcue, Eûbstar.Enooarehb, \.I.T. (8:=8), Dahcar \nttary grne

@ubadao O8: bahr Ornuwab, \rnv. Orabtà, Hbhk.

\rha`.Kajo.], V. ?=-18.Vf`kjf`t, A. (8:70), Oja Guboa hus oae Eamhkjt`mrhd 4

vnb Aeeakb, Crajs Eappab, Baueûbstar.]hhks, I. O. vhb oar (8:7?), \ra`jstnrja ojsf wàaks jb tà

Batàrkhbos, ojss. Mrnbjbmab.]htardnkc, @._. (8:10), Bankjt`jsf`f vkhcmrhvab jb

Orabtà, Bjauwa Orabtsa Wnkcshkehbhc KPPWJ, V.6-8=.

]htardnkc, @._. (8:7<), \rakjejbhry Tapnrt nb tàAxfhvhtjnbs ht Hbkn jb 8:1= hbo 8:10, \hkhan`js-

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Aab jb 8:(2k ujtmavnaroa npmrhvjbm drhf`t aab maskntab fnepkax vnbostab vhb oa Wrnam- @hvakta ghsa oar _raf`tardacarfuktuur hhb àt kjf`t. @at ehtarjhhk js `nngozhcakjichgcnestjm ujt oa vukkjbm vhb aab daacia. Vfàrvab ujt oa Khta Drnbstjio ab 8 ng 4 puttabwjizab np hftjvjtajtab jb oja parjnoa. _a vareakoab zjib abcaka sfàrvab ujt oa Tneajbsa

tjio. Ejooakaauwsa vnbostab tnbab hhb, oht ar vhb oa 0a tnt jb oa 84a aauw dawnbjbmjs mawaast.

Jbkajojbm (\.I.T.E.)Oa nbtoaccjbm vhb oa vjbopkhhts ohbcab wahhb oa àar I. vhb Nnrt ujt Vnast, oja jb 8:7<sfàrvab ab vuurstaab varzheakoa np ab bhdji àt crujspubt vhb oa jb hhbkam zjiboahutnsbakwam @navakhcab-Ywnkka ab aab nuozhbo wammatia. Oa vnbostab waroab tar oa

tarejbhtja vnnrmakamo hhb \.I.T. Enooarehb, tnabtartjio fnbsarvhtnr dji oa Tjicsojabst vnnr Nuoàjocubojm Dnoaenboarznac ta Hearsgnnrt, oja bh aab daznac tarpkhhtsa eaaboa eat aab baoarzattjbm vhb oa_raf`tardacarfuktuur vhb onab ta àddab(Bjauwsdukk. C.B.N.D. 86, 8:7<, 471). Oavnnrmabneab hhbkam vhb aab hhromhskajojbm mhg' oa stnnt tnt àt onab vhb aab npmrhvjbm oja ujtmavnaro js onnr àt Jbstjtuut vnnr

\ra`jstnrja ta Kajoab, vhb 4= hprjk tnt 84 iubj 8:7?. Oa ohmakjicsa kajojbm vhb ojt nboarznac darustta dji M.I. Warwars, mahssjstaaro onnr I.\. Dnnmaro, tacabhhr. Hhb oanpmrhvjbm àddab 6 hrdajoars ab 0 stuoabtaboaakmabneab. Aêb vhb àb, F. @nnmabonnrb,àakt kjat vnbostabehtarjhhk dawarct, whhrvhb jb àt bhvnkmaboa ohbcdhhr madrujc jsmaehhct. Oa pudkjfhtja vhb àt traf`tar-

dacarhhroawarc js vnnrdarajo onnr I.H.Dhccar vhb àt H.A. vhb Mjggab Jbs tjtuutvnnr \rha- ab \rntn`jstnrja vhb oa Maeaabtakjica Qbjvarsjtajt ta Hestarohe. Oa nvarjmaprha`jstnrjfh zjib da`hboako onnr \.I.T.Enooarehb. @.H. @ajojbmh whs zn vrjaboakjic àt ejooakaauwsa hhroawarc ta dawar

cab. F.F. Dhcaks daspraact jb aab djiorhma oajboruccab vhb zhoab. Oa gjmurab zjib matacabo onnr D.F. Oaccar ab I.\. Dnnmaro, oagntn's waroab npmabneab onnr E.@. @jkka.

Dji àt nboarznac àddab wa vaak eaoawarcjbm nboarvnboab vhb oa zjioa vhb oamhrbjznabsfneehbohbt vhb @hroarwjic, kujtabhbt-cnknbak _jeearehbs, whhronnr nbmastnnro mawarct cnb wnroab np ejkjthjrnagabtarrajb. Oa ajmabhrassa vhb oa mrnbo, oa

maeaabta @hroarwjic, mhg maraoakjic `hhrtnastaeejbm tnt oa npmrhvjbm. Oa Cnbjbckjica Baoarkhbosa @fjoaehhtsf`hppji varkaaboa taf`bjsfà hssjstabtja.

Oa npmrhvjbm js maàak eat oa `hbo varrjf`t, neoht oa varwhf`tjbm dastnbo, oht oabfoarzattjbmsspnrab zjf` np marjbma ojaptaznuoab davjboab. _jioabs àt nboarznacdkaac oaza vnnr-nboarstakkjbm nbiujst ta zjib.



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\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo JJ

Jb oa ejooakaauwab zjib spnrab ujtmawjstonnroht oa dnoae madrujct js hks hccarkhbo.Ohhrnboar js aab ojf`tmaspnako daacia tavnnrsf`jib macneab, whhrjb àt nvarmrntaoaak vhb àt traf`tardacarsfàrvabehtarjhhkmavnboab js. Ojt àagt datacabo oht vaakojapar mamrhvab enast wnroab ohb nnrsprnbcakjic varwhf`t waro.

Ohbc zji oa npmrhvjbm àddab wa nbs aabdaako cubbab vnreab vhb oa dawnbjbms-masf`jaoabjs, oja ar hks vnkmt ujtzjat. _jioabsoa Wrnam-@hvakta ghsa vhb oa _raf`tar-dacarfuktuur àagt aab ckajba baoarzattjbmhhb aab daacia makamab. Jb oa Khta Drnbstjio,tnab àt whtartia mrntaboaaks whs vnkmfrhhct,js ar npbjauw dawnbjbm mawaast. Ohhrvhbmatujmab n.h. twaa cujkab jb oa nuoa daoojbm,oja zaaj' whhrsf`jibkjic hks whtarputtab ojabstàddab maohhb. Abcaka sfàrvab wjizab npabjma hftjvjtajt jb oa aarsta aauwab vhb nbza ihhrtakk jbm. _abskntta js ar aab fh. 6< feojcca drujba khhm, oja hks aab nuo dnuwkhbooac js maîbtarprataaro. Oa ohhrjb mavnboab sfàrvab vhb ejooakaauws hhroa

warc mavab varenaoakjic aab ohtarjbm pnstquae vnnr ojt gabneaab. Oa bhdjimakamabbaoarzattjbm, whhrvhb ojt hhroawarc hgcnestjm js, wnrot onnr @ajojbmh vhb oa twaaoaàkgt vhb oa 0a tnt jb oa 84a aauw maohtaaro(zja `jarbh).

@at /hbosf`hp ab oa dawnbjbm (\.I.T.E.)@at nboarznac varsf`hgta nbs twaa snnrtabjbgnrehtja. _nt oa aarsta snnrt racabab wji

oa khbosf`hppakjica mamavabs, whhrtna oanbtoaccjbm vhb aab ojf`tmaspnakoa daac-daoojbm da`nnrt ab oa eabsakjica hftjvjtajtabznhks oa jb oa daacvukkjbm mamrhvab puttab,àt nuoa dnuwkhbo ab tabskntta oa varstuj-vjbmsvarsf`jibsakfb. Aab twaaoa mrnap mf-mavabs kavart nbs ohtarjbmsenmakjicàoabnp3 ojt zjib oa vnnrwarpab vhb hhroawarc,vuurstaab ab staab, hkseaoa `nutscnnk. Jb

àt bhvnkmaboa zukkab wa tnakjf`tab ujtwakca akaeabtab nbza jbgnrehtja dasthht ab`na oaza eat akchhr jb vardhbo zjib ta drabmab.

Np enoarba dnoaecubojma ab manenrgn-knmjsfà chhrtab sthht mabntaaro, oht àttarrajb da`nnrt tnt oa `nma, ùeus-hrea,bjat kaejma, snes zwhc kaejma zhbomrnboab,oja maehccakjic varstujvab. Oa nuoàjocubojma nboarznacars cubbab oaza cwhkjgjfhtja vnkenbojm daheab. Dujtab oa daacdaoojbm tnnboa oa nboarmrnbo aab zaarramakehtjm `nrjznbthhk makhhmo phccat, whhrjb np aab ojapta vhb fh. 0< fe nboar oa nuo

dnuwkhbokhhm aab mrjbokhhmia oa nboarchbtvnreoa vhb aab zwhc kaae`nuoaboa zhbokhhm, oja bhhr dnvab tna jb gkuvjhtjak hgmazatzhbo nvarmjbm. Maàak jb tamabstakkjbm ohhreaa stnbo oa whrrjma makhhmoàjo jb oa daacdaoojbm. Crjscrhs makhhmoàjo, whhrhhboaakmabneab wnrot onnr mrng zhbo ab gjibmrjbo, cwhkjgjfaart oaza hks aab gkuvjhtjaksaojeabt (gjm. 4). Jb oa dnnr js àt varsf`jktussab dajoa dasf`ravab hgzattjbmab maehc

cakjic ta àrcabbab, whhronnr àt enmakjicwhs àt varknnp vhb oa daac nvar abjma hgsthbo ta varvnkmab (gjm. 8).

Aab eaar maoathjkkaaroa varckhrjbm vhb oawhhrmabneab varsf`jibsakab varsf`hgtab nbsM.F. Ehhrkavako ab I. F. \hpa vhb oa Vtjf`tjbm vnnr Dnoaechrtfrjbm. @at npmrhvjbmstarrajb kjmt np aab pujbwhhjar vhb oa pnst-mkhfjhka Kauvabuesa Daac, whhrvhb wa wakkjf`t aab vnnrkhhtsta strnnemauk àddab nbt

oact. Oa `nnmtakjibab tnbab hhb oht oabhtuurkjica knnp vhb oaza daac armabs onnrnbs tarrajb maknpab chb àddab (gjm. 8=). Oaùjojma daacknnp znu ohb npmavht enatabwnroab hks aab mamrhvab enkabdaac, whhrvhb np oa Wakuwa thkrjica vnnrdaakoab tavjboab zjib (Enarehb 8:6?).

Aab prngjak jb àt ujtarsta bnnrowastabvhb oa npmrhvjbm kjat aab typjsf` maoamrh-



84 Hbhkafth \rha`jsknrjfh Kajoab.sjh JP

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Gjm. 4. Dffcùjzfr Yhbo. N-] prngjak eat gjuvjhtjaka hgzattjbm nvaroact eat nuo dnuwkhbokhhm, whhrnp stujg-zhbo rust.

(kabo kjueuspnoznk zjab, oht jb aab bhtejkjau enat zjib nbtsthhb, dji vnnrcaur bhdji`nrjznbthhk strneabo whtar. Oa àrcnest

vhb ojt whtar js ta vjboab jb oa cwak, oja hgcnestjm js vhb oa Wakuwa`nnmtab. Oa ujtmasprncab ornnmta vhb oa dnoae np àt tarrajbchb phs nbtsthhb zjib bh eabsakjic jbmrjipabjb oa khhtsta aauwab.

Jb oa vukkjbm vhb oa daac js oa nvarmrntaeaaroaràjo vhb oa sfàrvab mavnboab ojahks traf`tardacarhhroawarc zjib maoatarejbaaro. ]ji àddab oa vnbostab ujt oa daachks aab aabàjo dasf`nuwo. Hhb akchhr phs

saboa sfàrvab vhb sneejma pnttab zjibohhrjb bnmhk varsprajo hhbmatrnggab. Jb àteaast axtraea mavhk khmab za 47 e ujtaab.Djbbab àt onnr nbs npmamrhvab stuc vhb oadaac davnbo zjf` af`tar oujoakjic aab fnbfabtrhtja. Oa eaasta sfàrvab zjib mavnboabjb oa bnnroakjica navarznba vhb oa daac. Jbàt ejooab vhb oa mauk cwhe hk vaak ejboarta vnnrsf`jib. Oa vnbostojf`tàjo ohhrjb

bhe bhhr wast ab nnst dnvabojab zaar sbakhg, wht vnnr nbs eaoa aab raoab whs oa npmrhvjbm bjat vnnrt ta zattab. Oa sfàrvab

ehcab bjat oa jboruc varskaapt ta zjib jb oastrnne. _ab ajboa oaza varnboarstakkjbm tafnbtrnkarab zjib puttab mamrhvab np 4< estrnnenp- ab strnnehgwhhrts vhb oa fnbfabtrhtja (zja gjm. 8). Ohhrujt cwheab maabtraf`tardacarvnbostab. ]ak davhtta oa ]Y]makamab put abjm `nutscnnk, wht arnp chbwjizab, oht wa nbs ohhr dabaoabstrnnesvhb oa wnnbpkhhts davnboab.

Makat np oa varsprajojbm vhb oa hhroa-

warcvnbostfb enat oa traf`tardacarbaoar-zattjbm makamab àddab hhb oa bnnrozjioa,tavabs oa dujtabdnf`t vhb aab eahboar vhbàt daacia. Oa varsprajojbm vhb àt traf`tar-dacarvuurstaab tnnbt af`tar hhb oht wa oabaoarzattjbm bjat hk ta ojraft enatab rakhtarab hhb oa 6< e daacvukkjbm, whhrjb wji oaeaasta hhroawarcvnbostab oaoab, ehhr ohtoa nffuphtja zjf` tnt dujtab oa onnr nbs



\..I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh Daacùjzar Rhbo k9j

nboarznf`ta vhccab jb oa bnnroakjica àkgtvhb àt tarrajb àagt ujtmastract ( varm. gjm. 8).Ohhreaa cneab wa tnt aab ejbjehka mrnnttajb N-] rjf`tjbm vhb 0< e ab jb B-Y rjf`tjbm vhb 6< e. ]ji eabab, oht oa traf`tar-dacarbaoarzattjbm hhb aab bnm gubftjnbaraboa daac whs makamab, neoht sneejmasfàrvab np vrji mrnta ojapta jb oa npvukkjbmab vhb oa daoojbm khmab, znboar oht zjispnrab vhb varspnakjbm khtab zjab.

Dhccar vnamt `jarhhb tna, oht oa mrnbosnnrt vhb oa vjbopkhhts, mrjboab kaaehre(ofc)zhbo, zaar masf`jct whs vnnr oa hccardnuw. Wrjiwak hkka traf`tardacarbaoarzat-

tjbmab jb nbs khbo sf`jibab np zukca mrnboabta kjmmab, jb àt vnf`tjma Orabtà np oaornnmst dasf`jcdhra mrnboab (mrnbowhtar-trhp WJJ, twaaoa caus WJ, vhb oa dnoae-chhrt 891<.<<<)k, jb àt Mnnj ab np oa Wakuwawhhrsf`jibkjic avabaabs np WJJ ehhr ohb,djbbab oa mrabzab vhb oaza mrnbowhtar-trhp, eat bnm datraccakjic `nma mrnbowhtarsthboab. Oa baoarzattjbmab np oa stuwwhkkab kjmmab np oa khma gkhbcab ohhrvhb, whhr

mrjbohrea zhboab dasf`jcdhhr zjib, nbmavaar tar `nnmta vhb oa carbab oar ejooakaauwsa onrpab. Wnkmabs oa ùjojma ehhtsthvab zjib oa mrnboab vhb mrnbowhtartrhpWJJ zaar nbmasf`jct vnnroa khbodnuw wamabsùb ornnmtamavnakjmàjo. Ehhr jboartjiowhrab bjat hkkaab oa hmrhrjsfà taf`bjacabab oa sthbo vhb oa dnsnbtmjbbjbm maàakhboars, ehhr nnc enatab oa `nma zhbomrnboab jb àt hkmaeaab vnf`tjmar mawaast

zjib (Wjssar, mafjtaaro onnr Tnakavako 8:=?).Akoars zhk `jarnp ujtvnarjmar wnroab jbmamhhb.

Aab vnkmabo varsf`jibsak oht nbza hhbohf`t vrhhmt, zjib oa dajoa whtarcujkab ojajb oa npmavukoa daacdaoojbm zjib mamrhvab(kjm. 8). Qjt oa eaast nnstakjica cnet àtpntia (gjm. 8798) oht jb oa Khta Drnbstjio maohtaaro wnrot. Oa whtarcujkab dasthhb ujt aab

ojapsta oaak, oht ejb ng eaar rnbo js, whhrbhhr tna aab hgohkabo pho js hhbmakamo. Qjtoa vukkjbm vhb oa eaast wastakjica whtarcujkzjib ujtskujtabo traf`tardacarsfàrvab macneab3 `nutscnnk ohhrujt zhk onnr ejooakvhb aab rhojnfhrdnnb daphkjbm cubbab davastjmab ng ohtarjbm jb àt Ejooab-Bankjt`j-fue iujst js*. Wnnrhksbnm zjib oa npmrhvarsmabajmo oa dajoa whtarcujkab tnt oa KhtaDrnbstjio nffuphtja vhb àt tarrajb ta racabab.

Oa vnbostab, oja jb oa Khta Drnbstjio maohtaaro zjib, zjib vrjiwak hkka hgcnestjm ujtoa dnvabmrnbo, jb àt djiznboar ujt oa drujba

khhm, àt ejooakaauws dnuwkhbo. Qjtznboarjbmab ohhrnp vnreab àt pntia ab oadajoa sfàrvab (gjm. 879 8,4 ab 6) ujt oa nnstakjica whtarcujk. Oa varsprajojbm js vaak daparctar ohb oja vhb àt traf`tardacareh-tarjhhk. Da`hkva tar pkhhtsa vhb oa npmavukoadafcdaoojbm zjib hkkaab jb aab 8< e draoastrnnc, mrabzabo hhb oa bnnrozjioa vhb oaeahboar, Khta Drnbstjio vnbostab maohhb.

Abcaka sfàrvab wjizab np abjma eabsa

kjica hftjvjtajt jb oa Tneajbsa tjio.Waak jbmrjipaboar js stakkjm oa nffuphtja jb

oa ejooakaauwab mawaast. Hhroawarc wjistnp aab ouur vhb oa 0 s t a tnt jb oa 84(ka aauw.]a àddab eat zacaràjo nuo hccarkhbocubbab vhststakkab. Jb abcaka prngjakab whsta zjab oht àt dnuw khbo bh ta zjib mapknamo,js nvarstnvab. \hpa waas nbs ar dnvabojab npoht oa ùeusoaaktias kns tussab oa zhbocnrraks ta zjab whrab, wht hkkaab dji nuoa

hccars àt mavhk js. Jb àt bnnrowastakjic oaakvhb oa npmrhvjbm zjib hhbwjizjbmab mavnboab vnnr aab mrappak, oja zaar whhrsf`jibkjiceat àt nuoa hccarkhbo sheab`hbmt, neohtoa drujba khhm makjicehtjm nvarmhht jb oavukkjbm vhb oa mrappak.

@at traf`tardacarhhroawarc (I.H.D.)@at dakhbm vhb àt traf`tardacarhhroawarc



?? Hbhkafth \rha`uknrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

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Gjm. 6. Dafc`ujzar Yhb o. Warsjaro hhr oawa rc ujt oa Wrna m-@hv akta ghsa vhb oa _ T D fuk tuu r. 894.



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo •r2

vhb oaza vjbopkhhts vnnr typnf`rnbnknmjsf`nboarznac js mrnnt, ne oa vnkmaboa raoabab9ar js bjats madkacab vhb djieabmjbm vhbhboara bankjt`jsfà hhroawarctypab, znhks

sfàrvab vhb khht-bankjt`jsfà sthbovnat-dacars, mnktdhbopnttfb, HNN dacars, 'af`ta'ckncdacars, pntdacars ng nnc wjccakorhho-dacars ujt àt Khht-Bankjt`jfue ab oa Wrnama Drnbstjio. Nnc @jkvarsue ng Orhcastajbpnttab ujt oa Wrnama Drnbstjio zjib bhoruccakjic hgwazjm. Ojt jepkjfaart oht oa twaaorja`nacjma pjikpubtab (gjm. 8?9 4, 6) àtzjihhb oa traf`tardacardawnbjbm, àtzji hhb oaKhta Drnbstjio dawnbjbm Jar pkhhtsa tnama

wazab znuoab enatab wnroab, jbojab eabbjat hhb aab tussabtjios daznac vhb ihmars hhbojt daacia wjk oabcab.

Dnvabojab raprasabtaart kjat traf`tarda-carhhroawarc ujtskujtabo êêb typnknmjsfàghsa, A, oa Wrnam-@hvakta ghsa. @at da`nnrttnt oa Qooakar ghfjas ohhrvhb (A4), bat hksoa rast vhb àt A-hhroawarc ujt ]ast-Baoarkhbo (varmakjic vnnr oa typnf`rnbnknmja vhbkjat traj `tardacarhhroawarc Dhccar 8:=6 ab

Dhccar j.W.). Hhroawarc vhb oa vnnrhgmhhboaghsab (Ornuwab H-O) nbtdraact np oaza vjbopkhhts. Oa ghsa O js skaf`ts zaar spnrhojsf`vartamabwnnrojmo np oa Wakuwa ab jbQtraf`t. Oa ghsab D-F zjib af`tar np abjmapubtab hhbmatrnggab jb àtzakgoa madjao, n.h.jb oa baoarzattjbmab vhb Akspaat ab Kauva-bue, np =,1 ab 1,1 ce hgsthbo (twaa ab êêbuur mhhbs) jb àtzakgoa ohk. @at vnnrcneabvhb zujvara A-farhejac jb àt DaacùjzarYhbo, znboar djieabmjbm vhb D- ng F-hhroa-warc, oht tnf` ojf`tdji varvhhrojmo js, js aabennj dawjis oht A ab D-F bjat makjictjiojmmawaast zjib. Dakhbmrjicar bnm js oh t Khht -@h- [ aà (M) onnr maab abcak àr ca bdh hr hrtaghftvartamabwnnrojmo js. Af`t Ejooab-@hvakta(G) js avabejb vart amabwnnro jmo , oa stjikghsaous eat jbtareaojhjra traccab tussab Wrnam abKhht-@hvaktf. Np ojt pubt cne jc bnm tarum.

Oa traf`tardacarhrtaghftab zjib ous ta dasf`nuwab hks aab typnf`rnbnknmjsf` maskntabvnbostmrnap vhb oa ghfjas A4. Whb ujtskujtabo oaza ghfjas zjib tnt ousvar avabaabs th

eakjic mrnta maskntab vnbostmrnapab madnrmab ujt baoarzattjbmab hhb àt Qooakareaarab ta Qfàkab np oa Wakuwa ab ta Hbkn jbOrabtà. Oja vhb Qooakareaar js mapudkjfaaro onnr @nkwfroh (8:<:, 8:88, 8:84) abejizakg (8:=6), oja vhb Hbkn onnr ]htardnkc(8:7<) ab Whb oar ]hhks (8:7?)3 oja vhbQfàkab js bnm bjat dawarct. Whb Qooakareaar ab Qfàkab cabt eab dnvabojab fnepkata farhejac ujt vkhcmrhvab (Dhccar 8:=6),

whhronnr aab mnao jbzjf`t varcramab js jb oavnreabwarako vhb oa farhejac oja jboartjiomnao mabnam mahf`t waro ne jb aab mrhg mapkhhtst ta wnroab. Oa vnbostab ujt oa baoarzattjbmab datraggab ohhrabtamab hgvhk vhb hkàt mhbmdhra hhroawarc. Hhb àt Qooakareaar ab ta Hbkn js àt hhroawarc onnr oa dawnbars arm chpnt maknpab. Oa phhr mrntaragrhmeabtab vhb Hbkn cneab ujt abjma cujkab._a Daacùjzar Yhbo àagt oa hhbwazjmàjovhb oa daac (whhrjb eab nnc tnab mrhhm zjibhgvhk wjarp) arvnnr maznrmo oht wji nvar aabdatraccakjic mrfnt hhbthk mrntara grhmeabtabdasf`jccab. Dnvabojab js àt traf`tardacar-ehtarjhhk ujt Hbkn ab Qooakareaar starcmaeabmo eat hboar pra`jstnrjsf` ehtarjhhk,ab marjbmar jb nevhbm. Yn vartamabwnnrojmab oa vnbostab ujt Daacùjzar Yhbo t`hbsoa mrnntsta ab dastdfwhhrof maskntab vnbost-mrnap ujt aab A4 baoarzattjbm. Bhhst oa varsjaroa farhejac zhk àt nbvarsjaroa hhroa

warc nbza hhbohf`t vrhmab, whbt, bu wanvar aab mnaoa maskntab vnbostmrnap dasf`jccab, vhkt eaar ohb tavnrab np wht vnnr aabdakhbmrjica rnk ojt maspaako àagt jb oa baoarzattjbm.

_ab hhbzjab vhb oa ghftuur vhb oa pnttabchb wnroab npmaearct oht oaza vrjiwak znboar ujtznboarjbm zaar mnao hgmawarct zjib




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Gk³, ?. Dffc`ujz ar Yhbo . Warsjaro hhroa warc ujt oa Wrna m-@h vakt a ghsa vhb oa _T D fukt uur . 894.



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo 8=

àt js vhb oazakgoa `nma cwhkjtajt hks àthhroawarc ujt oa mrhvab. @at js znrmvukojmmapnkjist. D. Oaccar àrcaboa orja knears, ojtzjib djimasbaoab sfàrvab oja oa pnttabdhc

car vnnr àt hgsf`rhpab vhb oa djbbabchbtvhb oa bhtta ckajwhbo madrujct (gjm. 86). @athhroawarc js eaasthk maehmaro eat staabmrujs, snes oaaks nnc eat gjib mrjbo, aababcaka ehhk (gjm. 796) eat zhbo. Ojt datragtoa pnttab - oa dhcpkhtab zjib jb eaar mavhkkab eat zhbo maehmaro ab da`hkva otv.aab staabmrujsehmarjbm tragt eab ar nnc aabehmarjbm jb hhb vhb ma`hct pkhbthhrojmehtarjhhk. @at staabmrujs js snes vrji mrnnt

ab `nacjm. Cwhrts nvarwaamt, ehhr 'dnbtmastaabta' js nnc varwarct. ]hhrsf`jibkjicspaakoa `jar oa sheabstakkjbm vhb pkhhtsakjicvnnr`hboab mrjbo ab zwargstabab aab rnk.Jb oa ojrafta nemavjbm vhb oa vjbopkhhtskjmmab vrjiwak ujtskujtabo seaktwhtarvkhcta-hg/.attjbmab, whhrjb dnbta fnepnbabtab zakozhhe zjib. Akoars js àt traf`tardacarhhrof-warc dji vnnrcaur maehmaro eat gjib varmrujso mrhbjat, oht jb kjat onnj' oa traf`tar-

dacarpnpukhtja dawnnboa oaak vhb Baoarkhbo ruje vnnr`hboab whs jb mrnboenraba-vkhctab ab stuwwhkkab. (Dkjicdhhr js kjatejooakaauwsa cnmakpnthhroawarc vhb oazavjbopkhhts bjat jb oa nbejooakkjica nemavjbmmaehhct, whbt àt js maehmaro eat gjib mrjboab staabdrncias, eat vaak eaar dnbta staabtias).

Oa pra`jstnrjsfà sfàrvab àddab oa vnkmaboa mawjf`tsvar`nuojbmab (KD_ js KhtaDrnbstjio farhejac)9

tnthhk 40,4 cm 8<<,<%varsjaro, _TD 8,4 ?,6%dhcpkhtab , _TD 4,< =, 8%nbvarsjaroa sfàrvab eat 8,1 1, 6%

nrab, cbnddaks, 8CDvarsjaro, KD_ <,0 4, 0%nbvarsjaro , KD_ <,6 8,8%rast nbvarsjaro, _TD/KD_ 44,? =:,?%

@at whs bjat enajkjic ne oa cnmakpntsfàrvab nnc hks zji vrji zhf`tmadhccab zjib,vhb oa zhf`tmadhccab pra`jstnrjsfà sfàrvab ta nboarsfàjoab. Oa cnmakpntsfàrvab

daparcab zjf` `nngozhcakjic tnt oa vnbost-bueears datraggaboa oa dnvabsta khmab abza zjib dujtab dnvabsthhboa sne ma`nuoab.]ak js ar aab ckajba chbs oht nbvarsjaroazhf`tmadhccab sfàrvab ujt oa Tneajbsa tjioeaamaracabo zjib, ehhr zji zjib avabaabsskaf`ts npmaearct jb oa `nmara khmab ab ohbjb zaar marjbma hhbthkkab vhb ckajba sfàrvab(zji àddab maab zjf`tdhra ehmarjbm, aabzwhrta carb ab varoar ojcwjiks aab nrhbia

ckaur). Hboars js àt eat àt hhroawarc ujtoa Khta Drnbstjio, oht jb oa jb oa dafckhmabujtmamrhvab whtarcujkab js hhbmatrnggab, wakca nnc traf`tardacarfarhejfc jb safubohjrapnsjtja cubbab davhttab ab oa jb`nuo whhrvhb dji oa vnbostabdarmjbm bjat hktjio vhboa daackhmab eat ujtskujtabo traf`tardacar-hhroawarc masfàjoab cnb wnroab ma`nuoab.]akjswhhr js oa varsjaroa ab mnao àrcabdhra Khta Drnbstjio farhejac eaasthk eatzhbo maehmaro, ng zjib jb tamabstakkjbm tntoa _TD-farhejac oa staabtias vhb oa ehmarjbm jb àt pntnpparvkhc zjf`tdhhr, onf` nncdji _TD-hhroawarc cnet snes aab zhboeh-marjbm vnnr. Nvarjmabs maagt àt marjbma hhbthk varsjaroa KD_-sfàrvab ab oa varoara`hdjtus vhb àt nbvarsjaroa hhroawarc maabhhbkajojbm ne hhb ta baeab oht àt parfabthma nbvarsjaroa KD_-sfàrvab oa 6-1 nvarsf`rjiot. @at KD_-tnthhk znu ohb np 4cm cneab ab àt _TD-tnthhk np 47 cm. @at

`nma hhbthk nbvarsjaroa _TD-sfàrvab wnroteaoa varnnrzhhct onnroht nnc oa varsjaroapnttab jb oa A4 ghsa skaf`ts np oa dnvabàkgtvhb oa whbo varsjaro zjib, znoht oa eaastaab oa zwhhrsta sfàrvab (vhb dnoae ab da-baoabàkgt vhb oa whbo) dji varsfàrvjbm jboa fhtamnrja 'nbvarsjaro' taraf`tcneab.

Oa gjm. 6-88 prasabtarab jb prjbfjpa oja



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\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar mhbo ?:

grhmeabtab oja aab jboruc vhb oa pntvnremavab. W hb oa dnoaes js aab sakaftja maehhct .Gjm. 69 8, 4 datragt twaa ehhk oazakgoa pnt -eab zjat oht zukca pnttab aab nvhka enbojbm

ma`ho cubbab àddab, znoht oa rafnbstruftjas np mrnbo vhb ckajbara grhmeabtab `jaronnr bhoakjm daîbvknao znuoab cubbab zjib.@at ojcwjiks mnkvab vhb oa rhbo àagt bjatejboar bhoakjma mavnkmab ma`ho. Hkka onnrvarsjaroa sfàrvab vartamabwnnrojmoa pnttabzjib hgmadaako. Gjm. 1 maagt aab zn vnkkaojmenmakjica sthhkchhrt vhb oa mrnapab vhbckajbara varsjaroa sfàrvab. ]ammakhtab zjibsnes oja sfàrvab vhb aab pnt wakca maab jb

gnrehtja datraggaboa vnre ng varsjarjbm znuoab tnavnamab hhb oa wak hgmadaakoa grhmeabtab.

@at hhbthk _TD-pnttfb whhrvhb sfàrvabmavnboab zjib, js enajkjic ta sf`httab. F.@nnmabonnrb thxaaroa àt hhbthk varsf`jkkaboa dnoaes jboartjio np 8<?. @at hhbthkpnttab whhrvhb dji àt tacabab oa ojheatarab oa vnre vhb `hks ab/ng sf`nuoar masf`htcnb wnroab (kjm. 6-88), js fh. 1<. Abarzjios

cubbab ohhrdji eaaroara grhmeabtab vhbaabzakgoa pnt hgmadaako zjib, hboarzjiosmavab oa varsjaroa sfàrgias oa jboruc ohtvhb zaar vaak pnttab zn wajbjm nvarmadkavabjs, oht oa vnre nbàrcabdhhr waro.

Oa fh. 44 àrcabdhra pntvnreab eat varsjarjbm dasthhb vnnr àt mrnntsta oaak ujtsf`nuoarpnttab. Wnnrhk datragt àt hegnnr-vnreab oja eaasthk aab fykjborjsfà `hks, absnes wakkjf`t aab cakcvnrejma `hks (gjm. ?963 19 8) àddab. Aêb hegnnr (gjm. ?9 8) àagtzn wajbjm sj `nuoarrnbojbm oht zjib prngjak oaaeearvnre bhoart - aab taboabs, oja zjf`jb Ejooab-@hvakta zhk vnnrtzattab (Dhccarab Whb oar ]hhks 8:=6, gjm. 19 ?, Hbmakskn).Eaar bnm ohb dji aab oarmakjica pnt vhb oa]astrupar @ajoa dji @hktarb (Cb÷kk 8:1:,_hg. ?89 81) wjizab varsjarjbmstaf`bjac abvkhcvaroakjbm arnp oht jb nbs mavhk bnm bjat

vhb Ejooab-@hvakta masprncab chb wnroab.Vkaf`ts twaa varsjaroa cneeatias waroab àrcabo (gjm. 69 03 ?9 86). Ng sneejma varsjaroasf`nuoarpnttab mêêb nrab ng cbnddaks ma`ho

àddab, js bjat bh ta mhhb, ehhr vhb akoarswatab wa oht ojt zakoab vnnrcnet. Oaeaasta hegnrab zukkab twaa phhr nnrtiasma`ho àddab, znhks gjm. 69 8-4 (js oazakgoapnt) ab gjm. ?9 8 Hboara zukkab ar twaa ma`hoàddab. Vnes `hooab zji cbnddaks (gjm. 19 47,akoars tnt vjig tna). Oa varsjaroa cneeatiasvhb oaza vjbopkhhts zukkab bjeear nnrtiasehhr bjat zakoab cbnddaks ma`ho àddab(gjm. 690). Oa traf`tardacar eat dujcgrhbia,

oja zn cabearcabo js vnnr oa Ornuwabarstjikghsfb nbtdraact, nvaraabcnestjm oa varwhf`tjbm, fnepkaat.

Dji oa nbvarsjaroa farhejac cneab avabhksta Qooakareaar (Dhccar 8:=6, gjm. D8:9 4h,kd) wak traf`tardacars vnnr. Oaza zjib vhbaab hkkaab ujt Wrnam-@hvakta dacaboa vnre,n.e. eat aab ojcca dnoae eat sthbovnat ngaab dnoae eat sthborjbm (gjm. 79 63 79 1).Jb oa dnoae vhb oa khhtstmabnaeoa js eab

damnbbab aab mht ta dnrab (wakkjf`t vnnr àtgjktrarab vhb orhddjm orj bcwhta r> Warmakjicnnc gjm. 889 :-8<). ]ja eat nvartracphpjar oavarsf`jkkaboa `hkg hgmadaakoa pntvnreab rafnbstruaart, zhk npearcab oht ar dji àt nbvarsjaroa hhroawarc aab theakjic vknajaboanvarmhbm vhb ojt snnrt A-traf`tardacarvnr-eab bhhr hegnrab ab traf`tarsf`hhkhf`tjmahegnrab sf`jibt mawaast ta zjib. Thbosfàr-vab vhb nbvarsjaroa cneeab zjib waoarnewajbjm àrcabo (gjm. 79 ? ab 79 7). Cneeatias eat `nrjznbthhk nnr (gjm. 79 7) zjib zakozhhe dji oa _raf`tardacarfuktuur. Jc cab arskaf`ts aab vhb oa Cr÷sabdarm, Cr. Dabtàje(\atars 8:=<, Hdd. 8) ab aab hboara vhb oa@ûeekjbm (onfueabthtja A. Vf`kjf`t). Dakhbmrjic js oa vnbost vhb oa tujt vhb aabcrhhmgkas (gjm. 8<9 0), oja tnt ousvar maejstwaro jb oa maskntab vnbostmrnapab vhb oa A4



1< Hbhkafth \rha`jsknrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

Gjm. 7. Daac`ujzar Yhb o. Nbvars jaro hhr oaw arc ujt oa Wrna m-@h vak ta ghsa vhb oa _ T D fuk tuu r. 894.



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar Rhbo 18

ghfjas. Wraaeo onat jb ojt mazaksf`hp oa hgma-cbntta paarvnre hhb (gjm. 8<9 4). Eab chbzjf` hgvrhmab ng àt maab nboarmasf`nvabKD_-pnt datragt, ng oht oa vnre, djivnnrdaakowamabs aab mnkvaboa rhbo, varcaaro marafnbstruaaro js, ehhr àt aarsta wnrot bjat onnroa ghftuur vhb oa pnt davastjmo, ab dajoavarnboarstakkjbmab wnroab tamabmasprncabonnr àt bnm aabs nptraoab vhb oaza vnre,ehhr ohb eat pargnrhtjas nboar oa rhbo(gjm. :9 8<). Yukca pargnrhtjas nboar oa rhbozjib np oaza vjbopkhhts = ehhk vhstmastako(gjm. :9 =-84). Vnes js oa rhbo maàak, snes`hkg onnrmaprjct. Aêb ehhk cneab za np aab

pntsf`nuoar vnnr (gjm. :9 86). (Oa mhhtias jboa jb gjm. 8<9 8-= hgmadaakoa pnttab zjib khtararaphrhtjfmhtab vnnr àt crheeab vhb draucab.) Thbopargnrhtjas whrab bnm bjat aaroarnpmaearct jb A-ejkjau. Eab chb `jardji oabcab hhb aab nrbheabtaka raejbjsfabtja nghhb aab taf`bnknmjsf` ruojeabt vhb oa rhbopargnrhtjas, oja ojcwjiks nptraoab np oa mrntavnnrrhhostraf`tardacars jb oa baoarzattjbmabvhb oa Ornuwabar stjikmrnap (djivnnrdaako ta

Khrab B.@. ab ta Akspaat). @aagt eab arsnes aab nvar oa pnt masphbbab eaedr hhbeaa vhstmaehhct>

@jar ojabt aab ojsfussja jbmakhst ta wnroabnvar àt hk ng bjat hhbwazjm zjib vhb hhroawarc vhb oa Wkhhrojbmabfuktuur, wakca da`hkva crhhmgkasifs ab dhcpkhtab vnnrhk nbvarsjaroa pnttab eat pargnrhtjas nboar oarhbo ma`ho àagt. Oa Wkhhrojbmabfuktuur jsonnr abcaka knssa vnbostab np oa Wakuwa var

tamabwnnrojmo (Cnntwjicarzhbo, npmrhvjbm@ajojbmh) ab `ji js makjictjiojm eat oa Wrnam-@hvakta stjikghsa. Aab pnt hks gjm. 8<9 86 znuznwak quh vnre hks onnr zjib ehmarjbm eatbnmhk mrnnt ujtmavhkkab cwhrtsdrncias àakmnao vhb aab Wkhhrojbmar pnt cubbab zjib!Oaza cwastja kjict hhb oa `hbo vhb àt Daacùjzar ehtarjhhk bnm bjat oagjbjtjag ta dahbtwnnroab ta zjib3 eab znu nnc cubbab nvar

wamab, ng ar np oa Wakuwa jboarohho wak aabstrjct hhroawfrctypnknmjsf` (ab hkmaeaabfukturaak>>) fnbtrhst tussab Wrnam-@hvaktaab Wkhhrojbmab varnboarstako ehm wnroab,jb hhbearcjbm baeaboa oht oa Wkhhrojbmabfuktuur jb jaoar mavhk oa dhcpkhht ab crhhm-gkas vhb oa _raf`tardacarfuktuur nvarmabneab àagt. _nf` `nuo jc àt ar vnnrknpjmkjavar np oht oa hhb Wkhhrojbmab àrjbbaraboa pnttab vhb Daacùjzar Yhbo tnt àtbnrehka Wrnam-@hvakta baoarzattjbmsrapartnjra da`nnro àddab. Jbojab ar vhb af`taWkhhrojbmab-jepuksab sprhca mawaast znuzjib, znu jc vaak eaar cbnddaks hks gjm. 79 ?,

vaak eaar sfàrvab eat rhbopargnrhtjas, abaab npvhkkabo mrntar hhbthk sfàrvab eatmrnva cwhrtsdrnciasehmarjbm varwhf`tab.

Np gjm. 0 ab : zjib hkka nbvarsjaroa sfàrvab eat nnrtias hgmadaako. Oaza nnrtias zjibonnr twaa pkummab jb mhtab jb oa pnt-whbo davastjmo3 nnrtias, dasthhboa ujt aab,eat êêb pkum vhstmazatta, `nrjznbthhk mapargnraaroa ckajcknbt, kjicab `jar bjat vnnrta cneab. Nbvarsjaroa hegnrab cubbab

twaa nnrtias (gjm. 79 8), orja ng vjar nnrtiasàddab, znoht ar ejbstabs 1-8< hegnrab eatnrab mawaast zjib, ehhr varenaoakjic vaakeaar. Ohhrnp wjist djivnnrdaako àt gajt, ohtar ehhr twaa cbnddaks, akc vhb varsf`jkkabotypa, hgmadaako zjib, tarwjik êêb pnt ar 8-1, abeaasthk 4-? ma`ho chb àddab. Aab ouddakacbnddak hks gjm. :9 ? js akoars nnc aab abcakaehhk hhbmatrnggab. Datraggaboa oa dnoae-vnreab vhb àt varsjaroa ab nbvarsjaroa

hhroawarc nbtkaab jc hhb F. @nnmabonnrbssfrjptja, oht `ji vhb oa 8<? varsf`jkkaboadnoaes ar =4 typnknmjsf` dasf`rjigdhhr hf`t ta. @jarvhb `hooab ar 8? aab vkhcca dnoaeab 44 aab vkhcca dnoae eat 'sthbovnat'(vnre hks gjm. 889 84), = aab `nkka dnoae eatsthbovnat, ? aab dnoae eat 'sthborjbm' (hksgjm. 79 8), ab 41 aab dnoae eat sthborjbm absthbovnat. Oa dnoaeojheatars vhrjaaroab



]k Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

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Gjm. =. Daac`ujzar Yhbo. Nbvarsjaro hhroawarc ujt oa Wrnam-@hvakta ghsa vhb oa _TD fuktuur. 8 94.



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo E

tussab 6 ab 81 fe, eat aab vnnrcaur vnnr0-88 fe.

Vkaf`ts wajbjma dnoaes àddab oa npvhkkaboa onnr npabjbmab nboardrncab sthborjbm

oja eab vnnrhk dji Wrnam- ab Ejooab-@hvakta hhbtragt (gjm. :9 8?-87). Aab straap

iasvarsjarjbm jb oa sthbovnat hks dji gjm. 88988 cnet vhb Khht-Ornuwab tnt ab eat Khht-@hvakta vnnr. \hrhkkakkab vnnr oa varsjaroadnoae-whbosfàrg vhb gjm. 79 4 àd jc bjatmavnboab.

Aab systaehtjsfà maoathjkkaaroa dasf`rjivjbm' vhb oa varsjarjbmsakaeabtab np àttraf`tardacarhhroawarc vhb Daacùjzar

Yhbo zhk jc `jar bjat mavab3 zjbvnk kjict ojavnnrhk jb hboar vardhbo, ne nvaraabcnestab ab varsf`jkkab np ta spnrab dji ojhf`rnbang jbtarramjnbhka varmakjicjbm vhb àt hhroawarc. Oa raprnouftjas tnbab oujoakjic oaspaaksa hgwjssakjbm tussab oa datraccakjicwajbjm varsjarjbmsakaeabtab whhrtna oaWrnam-@hvakta stjik zjf` daparcta. Neoht ojtbjat ojraft npvhkt, wjis jc arnp oht nnc oasfùjb mapkhhtsta YYY-varsjarjbm np oa `hks-

sf`nuoarmrabs (gjm. 19 ?), oja djivnnrdaakonnc ta Qooakareaar vnnrcnet (Dhccar 8:=6,gjm. D8:9 ko), maraprasabtaaro js, oht dknccab vhb `nrjznbthka aabstaacs zjmzhmkjibabvartjfhka nboardracjbmab cnboab àddab(gjm. 19 7, varmakjic jdjo. D8:9 4o), oht dknccab vhb rnboa pubtias vnnrcwheab (gjm. 196) ab oht oa owhrsstfepakkjib ab àt `hrt-staepak nbtdracab (znhks djibh nvarhk jb]ast-Orabt`f ab np oa Wakuwa). Ar js aabmrnta nvaraabcnest eat àt hhroawarc vhbQooakareaar ab vhb Qfàkab 8 ab 4 (Dhccar8:=6, gjm. D8:-4<). Oa vhrjhtja sf`jibt jatsmrntar ohb ta Qooakareaar, ab varoar sf`jibtnp oja pkhhts àt nrbheabt khbms oa rhbo djivnnrcaur ta dasthhb ujt aab orja- tnt vjarthkbjat nboardrncab `nrjznbthka pubtstaackjibabdnvab akchhr, tarwjik jb Daacùjzar Yhbo oarhbovarsjarjbm kjavar ujt aab hhbthk mrnta

zjmzhmkjibab dnvab akchhr ng ujt dknccab vhbpubtias ng `nrjznbthka kjibab mavnreo sf`jibtta zjib.

Oa wajbjma sfàrvab ujt oa baoarzattjbm

Hbkn sf`jibab hhb ta oujoab, oht ohhr 'maskntab' rhbovarsjarjbmab hks ta Qooakareaarnvarwamab. Jb àt ùbadao O16 ta @hvakta(onfueabthtja Cht-vhb @uktab) cneab znwak maskntab hks npab rhbovarsjarjbmab vnnr.Ng ojt hkkas vaak datacabt, js vnnrknpjm nbzacar, eaoa vhbwama oa ckajba hhbthkkab, ng

- dji O16 - vhbwama àt gajt oht bjat prafjasdacabo js wht makjictjiojm mawaast js.

Jbstruftjag js aab varmakjicjbm eat àt ne

vhbmrjica Wrnam-@hvakta ehtarjhhk ujt ùbadao Aeeakb 4, Cr. Eappab, hhb oa Aes(Vf`kjf`t 8:70). Vf`kjf`t drhf`t oa varsjaroaWrnam-@hvakta, ng ohhreaa varwhbta farhejac, mrntaboaaks nboar jb oa stjikmrnapabFk-?, whhrdji F? vnnrhk znu kjicab np àtBaoarkhbosa ehtarjhhk, oht jc khtar tnt oaQooakar ghfjas (A4) racaboa. Hhbmazjab jboruccab eat àt `hrtstfepak {Ckaadkhtk-stjfàk vnkmabs Vf`kjf`t) ab ohhre aa varwhbta

warctujmias jb oa Qooakar ghfjas nbtdracab,cneab oa stjikmrnapab Fk-4, oja mrntaboaaksohhreaa varsjaro zjib, jboarohho eaasthkbjat vnnr ojrafta varmakjicjbm jb hhbearcjbm.Ehhr jc zja bjat mnao jb, whhrne oa mrnapF6 znvaak znu varsf`jkkab vhb àt Baoarkhbosa ehtarjhhk. Bhhr ejib jboruc chb eabjb F6 ab F? vhb Aeeakb akc avabvaak pubtab vhb nvaraabcnest vjboab eat àt Baoarkhbosa ehtarjhhk vhb oa A4 ghfjas, ab ajmabkjic `hooab F6 ab F? datar bjat vhb akchhrnboarsfàjoab cubbab wnroab. Ojt wjk bjatzammab oht ar - nvar aab hgsthbo vhb 84< ce

- maab ramjnbhka varsf`jkkab np ta earcabznuoab zjib9 vnnrhk jb oa varsjarjbmsentjavabtussab oa dkncvakoab jb zjat eab varsf`jkkab._amabnvar oa dasfàjoab zjmzhmias ab pubt

ias vhb oa Wa kuwa sthhb oa gnrsa zakgdawustanemacaaroa jb akchhr masthpakoa W's nboar




Gjm. 0. Dffc`ujza r Yh bo . Nbvarsja ro hhroa war c ujt oa Wrna m-@h vak tf ghsa vhb oa _T D fuk tuu r. 894.



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo 11

oa nnrtias (hk ohb bjat eat 'ohcmnnt' vhbne`nnmstacabo owhrsstraapia, djiv. Vf`kjf`t(8:70), Hdd. 111, 100, 714). Nnc zhk eab npoa Wakuwa bjat kjf`t oa crujzab hhbtraggabhks Vf`kjf`t (8:70) Hdd. 7=<-7=4 (dji mrnapF4 maracabo, ehhr varoar starc np oa Qooa-kar ghfjas makjicabo), ng spaaksa vhrjhtjas np oamrnta zjmzhm rhbovarsjarjbm hks Vf`kjf`t(8:70) Hdd. 11:, 7=8 ng 7:=, ng sfùjba jb-orucias tamab oa dujtabsta kjibab vhb aabdknc vhb `hbmaboa vartjfhkab (Vf`kjf`t8:70, _hg. 869 :, 88, 86). Maurk jibab hks npVf`kjf`t (8:70) Hdd. =<0-=<: cneab jb nbzabaoarzattjbm bjat vnnr, ehhr wak, ejboar

onejbarabo ab eat raf`t`nacjm owhrsprngjak,ta Qooakareaar (Dhccar 8:=6, gjm. D8:9 kf).Oa `hktarha`tjma vartjfhka pubtstaackjibtifseat varojcta ajboab vhb gjm. ?9 4 vjboab wannc ta Aeefkb tarum, oaaks sheab eat `hrt-stfepakvarsjarjbm (Vf`kjf`t 8:70, _hg. 819=-:. 88), oaaks eat pubtstaack jibab (Vf`kjf`t8:70 _hg. 819 84-8? ng Hdd. =0, 1:?, 7??) .Warenaoakjic datragt àt aab zakozhhe ehhrwjiovardrajo nrbheabt. _a Aeeakb 4 zjib

ar vaak eaar maskntab ohb npab rhbovarsjarjbmab.

Aab varmakjicjbm eat hboara ùbadao-jbvabthrjssab js ejboar vruf`tdhhr ohhr zjingwak bnm bjat mapudkjfaaro zjib, ng skaf`tswajbjm A4 farhejac davhttab (O14h-]hpsa,O7f/g _jbhhrkn, ]af`ta 8-4). Eab crjimt wakoa jboruc oht oa dasprncab, vnnr aab oaakvhb oa Aeeakbsa A4 farhejac typaraboa,varsjarjbmsakaeabtab jb Orabtà spnrhojsf`

vnnrcneab (Cb÷kk 8:?:, _hg. 849 8 5 Cht-vhb @uktab 8:?=, \J. 619 4=3 vnnrts Cht, \J.619 47 (dajoa ujt @hvakta-O16) ab ]htardnkc8:7<, Gjm. 6=, ejooab9 crujsia jb Hbkn). ]akkjf`t skujt oa A4 farhejac ujt àt wastakjicaEûbstarkhbo zjf` eaar hhb dji oa Wakuwa.

Bu wa oa nbvarsjaroa sf`nuoarpnttab vhbDaacùjzar Yhbo àddab karab cabbab,cubbab wa znboar hhrzakab oa eaasta nbvar

sjaroa sf`nuoarpnttab, oja Vf`kjf`t (8:70)vhb Hdd. 000 tnt ab eat Hdd. :14 hgdaakot,hhb Wrnam-@hvakta tnawjizab. Ejboar mrjgaf`tar zukca hks Hdd. :11-:1:, oja nnc znuoabcubbab `nrab dji Ejooab- ng Khht-@hvakta,whhrvhb jb Aeeakb 4 avabaabs abjma mjos-vnreab zjib hhbmatrnggab (rasp. Hdd. 88<ab 881 ab Hdd. 88?). Ejoofb-@hvakta js bnmzaar skaf`t dacabo, af`tar cnet jb vakanpzjf`tab nvaraabcnestjma nbvarsjaroa Khht-@hvakta farhejac ujt oa dacaboa baoarzattjbm hhb oa bnnrochbt vhb oa Oûeear(Dhccar ab Whb oar ]hhks 8:=6, Gjm. 8?).

Oa twaa cjkn dhcpkhhtsfàrvab fnrraspnboarab eat àt mawjf`t vhb aab vjigthk fnepkatadhcpkhtab, ehhr oa nestraacs 8<< grhmeabtab zjib vhb àak wht eaar axaepkhrab hgcnestjm. Ejib dasf`rjivjbm js hgmastaeo npOhvjosfb's nvarzjf`t vhb oa Oaabsa dhcpkhtab vhb oa _raf`tardacfrfuktuur (8:=6).Eab zja nnc ejib npearcjbmab nvar oa dhcpkhtab vhb oa ]astmrnap vhb oa _raf`tar-dacarfuktuur ab vhb oa Wkhhrojbmabfuk-

tuur (Dhccar j.W.).Whb orja axaepkhrab js eaar ohb aab vjigoa

oaak vhb oa rhbo dawhhro, znoht oa ojheatarmnao ta daphkab js. Oaza js twaa ehhk 80 feab aab ehhk 8= fe. :6 sfàrvab àddab aabehxjehka ojcta vhb 0-80 ee (maejooakoa84, 11 ee, sthbohhrooavjhtja 8, 06). Wjbmar-ojcca mhtab zjib np 1 sfàrvab zjf`tdhhr. Npêêb (gjm. 8494) zjt êêb mht jb àt ejooab vhboa sf`jig. Whb oa nvarjma mhtab js oa hgsthbo

tnt oa rhbo bjat vhststakdhhr - wht summaraartoht nnc zji zjf` jb (oa duurt vhb) àt fabtruedavnboab àddab, whbt hboars znu aab oaakvhb oa rhbo hhb oaza sfàrvab mazatab àddab.

\argnrhtjas (ojheatar 6-7 ee) zjib np 1grhmeabtab zjf`tdhhr. _waa pargnrhtjas zjttabbhdji àt ejooab (gjm. 849 8)3 oa hboarapargnrhtjas, oja snes bjat maàak onnr oa dhc-




8

f

RE.

•i y 'E

81 87

Gjm. :. Daac`ujzar Yhbo . Nbvarsja ro hhroaw arc ujt oa Wrna m-@h vak ta ghsa vhb oa _T D fukt uur. 894.



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo 1=

pkhht àabmhhb, zjttab np 8, 4, 6 ng 6,1 fehgsthbo vhb oa rhbo, whhrkhbms zji mapkhhtstzjib. Oa nboarkjbma hgsthbo js jb twaa mavhkkab 4,1 ab 6 fe (gjm. 8496,1).

Oa rhbo vhb oa dhcpkhtab js mkho ab raf`t`nacjm ng rnbo, snes jats varojct (gjm. 849 ?,1). Vf`ntfkhf`tjma vnreab ab hboara varsjarjbmab ohb oa pargnrhtjas nbtdracab. \argnrhtjas rnbone oa mhtab zjib bjat hhbmatrnggab - eab cabt za vhb oa Wkhhrojbmab-Fuktuur. Dji oa _rff`tar dfc arfukt uur sf`jibabza hgwazjm ta zjib, hk js pnjbtjkkêvarsjarjbm npaab Khht-@hvfkta dhcpkhht ujt Hbmaksknoujoakjic varwhbt (Dhccar ab Whb oar

]hhks 8:=6, Gjm. 7).Eat oa Oaabsa dhcpkhtab (Ohvjosab 8:=6)

cneab oja vhb àt Daacùjzar Yhbo mnaonvaraab. Ohvjosab vnbo aab maejooakoa,ab eaast vnnrcneaboa, ojheatar vhb 8=-80fe (vhrjhtjas vhb 6 tnt 6< fe, 61< eatjbmab).Jb oa suffassjavakjica stjikghsab traoab maabvarsf`jkkab np jb ojheatar. ]ak ohhrabtamabjb sf`jigojcta ab jb àt hhbthk mhtab. JbOabaehrcab wnroab oa dhcpkhtab maejo

oako staaos ojccar (Ohvjosab 8:=6 gjm. 8<,8:0= eatjbmab) - àt maejooakoa vhb àtDaacùjzar Yhbo js 6 ee khmar ohb oht vhboa fnbtaepnrhjba sf`jivab jb Oabaehrcab(EB JJJ-JW9 81 ee) ab cnet nvaraab eatoht vhb oa sf`jivab ujt àt EB JJ. Oht arabjm varsf`jk nptraaot, vardhhst bhtuurkjicbjat. @at gajt oht jb àt EB J J J- JW djibh4<% vhb oa dhcpkhhtsfàrvab vhb oa Oaabsaajkhboab mhtab àagt, cknpt eat oa hhbthkkab

jb àt Daacùjzar Yhbo. Jb Oabaehrcabàddab varenaoakjic hkka dhcpkhtab vhb àtEB JJJ-JW êêb mht ma`ho, oht af`tar bjatfabtrhhk mapkhhtst whs (jb tamabstakkjbm tntàt Daacùjzar Yhbo). \argnrhtjas cabt eabjb Oabaehrcab skaf`ts ujt àt EB J-JJ. Ohtoa dhcpkhtab jboarohho vnnr àt dhccab vhbsa `jigvnrejma drnoab maojabo àddab, wnrott`hbs bjat eaar datwjigako. Eab varnboar

stakt oht oa mhtab `hbojm whrab vnnr àtvarpkhhtsab vhb oa àta sf`jivab (Ohvjosab8:=6). Ng oa drnoab ohb nnc aab mht ma`hoàddab, watab wa bjat. Jc varwjis bhhr Dhcaks'

djiorhma eat oata rejbhtjas vhb oa (rakhtjagthkrjica) mrhhbhgoruccab jb oa sfàrvab.

@at vuurstabab ab stabab maraaosf`hp

(\. I.T.E.)

@at vnbostabehtarjhhk vhb vuurstfab ehhctaab pnvara jboruc, wht vrjiwak maàak hhb oacwhkjtajt vhb oa mrnbostng mawatab chb wnroab. Wuurstaabejibab khmab var wam. Eabàagt zjf` da`nkpab eat àt knfhhk hhbwazjma

vuurstfab. Hhb fh. 7<< stuccab js bjat ta zjabng oa draucvkhccab jbtabtjnbaak onnr oa eabszjib varnnrzhhct, ohb wak aab bhtuurkjicannrsprnbm àddab. Ar zjib skaf`ts : ckjbmabmavnboab, whhrvhb oa kabmta vhrjaart tussab?? ab 81 ee. Ohhrbhhst takoab wa 88: hgskhmab ab 80 hks carbstfbab hhb ta earcabhrtaghftab. Warrawam àt eaast vnnrcneaboamaraaosf`hp js oa crhddar. Eab znu ohhrdjizjicrhddars, cbnnpcrhddars abz. cubbab nb

oarsfàjoab, whra àt bjat, oht vnnr oazavnnrwarpab oa sf`jibdhhr eaast nbenmakjicastucias vuurstfab zjib madrujct, znoht aabbhoara jboakjbm nbs zaar hrdjtrhjr vnnrcnet.Jb tnthhk zjib =1 crhddars matako, jbfkusjagoamaba oja hks knssa vnbost ta dnac sthhb. Oavnkmaboa ehtab jkkustrarab oa ckajba hgeatjbmab vhb oa crhddars.

Mrnntsta 'draaota'88-81 87-4< 48-41 47-6< 68-61 ee

8< 6? 46 7 4 stucs

Ckajbsta 'draaota'7-8< 88-81 87-4< 48-41 ee8< 6= 4< 0 stucs

Mrnntsta ojcta8-6 ?-7 =-: 8<-84 86-81 ee8< 6: 4? 8 8 stucs



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo WJ

Whb skaf`ts 8? crhddars js àt zacar oht zji jboa vukkjbm vhb oa daac zjib mavnboab. Oaeaasta ohhrvhb khmab jb aab snnrt navarznba,tarwjik 4 axaepkhrab np aab ojapta vhb fh.

0< fe nboar àt ejooakaauwsa ehhjvako zjibhhbmatrnggab, Jb oa mrnbo dnvab oa daacvukkjbm zjib 8< crhddars mavnboab. Oa nvarjma6? crhddars khmab vrjiwak makjicakjic varsprajonvar oa npmamrhvab vhccab jb oa bnnroakjicaàkgt vhb àt tarrajb (gjm. 8).

Jb vnkkaojma nvaraabstaeejbm eat nbzawhhrbaejbm, oht crhddars starc onejbarabdji oa hrtaghftab, oja eab jb aab traf`tar-dacarbaoarzattjbm hhbtragt, zjib oa arvhrjb

mab jb Khrab (Dhccar 8:77, p. 4:), QooakarEaar (@nkwaroh 8:<: ab ajmab hhbsf`nuwjbm4), Hbkn (]htardnkc 8:7<, p. 0:) abHbmakskn (Dhccar ab Whb oar ]hhks 8:=6,gjm. 7 ab =). ]ji àrjbbarab jb oaza fnbtaxthhb àt rakhtjag mrnta hhbthk rnboa crhddars,oht mafnbsthtaaro js dji oa dastuoarjbm vhbàt vuurstaab vhb oa ejooab-bankjt`jsfàvjbopkhhts dji Cnbjbmsdnsf` (K.) (Whb@hhrab ab Enooarehb 8:=81). Ohhr da

sf`jcta eab nvar datara mrnbostnggab, whhronnr oa mrnntta vhb oa crhddars oja vhb àtDaacùjzar /hbo nvartragt. Oashkbjattaejbsprjbmt np dajoa wnnbpkhhtsab àt mrnta parfabthma crhddars, oja ckajbar zjib ohb 41 ee,jb àt nnm.

Bhhst oa crhddars zjib bnm twaa dnnrtiashhbwazjm3 aab marjbm hhbthk (gjm. 8?9 8). Aabprndkaae kavarab tabskntta oa dajoa madrncabpjikspjtsab (gjm. 8?9 4, 6). Qjt oa vnbostne-

sthbojmàoab vhkt bjats hg ta kajoab nvar aabohtarjbm. Oa abjma vnbostmrnap vhb àt tarrajb, whhreaa za raoakjicarwjiza mafnrrakaaro cubbab wnroab, js oja vhb àt traf`tar-dacarhhroawarc3 zacaràjo ohhrnvar dasthht af`tar bjat. Wöör aab sheab`hbm chbpkajtab oht êêb axaepkhhr onnr vuur mafrh-quakaaro js, aab varsf`jibsak oht np 77 stucsvuurstaab js whhrmabneab, whhrnboar abcaka

crhddartias. Oaza pjikspjts js vhb àt orja`nacjma typa eat aab raf`ta dhsjs, oht nnc ujtCnbjbmsdnsf` dacabo js. Oa twaaoa pjikspjtsàagt aab wht `nkka dhsjs, whhrdji oa maohf`

tab vnnr aab ohtarjbm hkkaraarst ujtmhhb bhhroa Wrnama Drnbstjio. Hboara vnbostab ojaeabsakjica hftjvjtajtab jb oja parjnoa tarpkhhtsa hhbtnbab, àddab wa bjat.

Aab hhb hkka chbtab dawarct stuc vuurstaab, oht wakkjf`t aab gubftja àagt ma`ho, jshgmadaako np gjm. 8?9?.

Aab vjigthk cknpstabab js eat zacaràjo ujtàt traf`tardacarejkjau hgcnestjm. _waazjib vhb vuurstaab (6< ab 8<6 mr.), êêb js

ujt aab djik vhb cwhrtsjat maehhct (8?< mr.3gjm. 819 6) ab oa dajoa nvarjma zjib vhb cwhrt-sjatjsfà rnkstabab varvhhrojmo (0< ab 676mr.3 gjm. 819 ?). Ar rastaart bnm aab bjat taohtarab jbfnepkata cknpstaab vhb mbajs ( 24=< mr.).

Whb aab djikgrhmeabt vhb ojhdhhs (gjm. 8197) chb waar eat zacaràjo vareako wnroaboht àt ujt àt traf`tardacarejkjau sthet.Nbzacaràjo ta ojab hhbzjab dasthht nvar àt

grhmeabt vhb aab `heardjik (gjm. 819 4) vhbojhdhhs eat rjbmvnrejma varojccjbmab rnbooa dajoa ujtajboab vhb àt staakmht ab tarwaarszjioab vhb àt staakmht vkhcca, fjrcak-rnboa 'whb mab ' /varojccjbmab. Oa sbaoa jsarm stnep. Oa nnrsprnbcakjica dujtabchbt jsmaàak daoact eat oa cknpspnrab, oja dji àtpraphrarab zjib nbtsthhb ab oja bnm bjat zjibwammaskapab. @at staakmht js hgmarnbo zhbo-knparvnrejm ab vartnnbt bnm oa `nrjznbthka

orhhjrjbmab vhb àt dnrab. Ojt grhmeabt, ohtar 'vars' ujtzjat, js mavnboab jb oa rhbo vhbaab vhb dajoa orjbcwhtarcujkab, oja jb oaKhta Drnbstjio ujtmamrhvab js jb oa vukkjbmvhb oa daacdaoojbm. Oaza cujk wnrot maohtaaro onnr aab fnepkaat pntia (gjm. 879 8) abvarsjaroa sfàrvab (gjm. 879 4, 6) ujt oja parjnoa (zja p. 78) jb oa vukkjbm. Dhccar (8:=6),1.7.6) àagt ojt grhmeabt maîbtarprataaro hks




\J 0

8? 81

8: gY.

Gjm. 88. Daac` ujzar Yhbo . Nbvarsja ro hhroa warc ujt oa Wrnam -@hva kta ghsa vhb oa _T D fukt uur. 894.



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar Rhbo 78

aab tjioabs oa varvhhrojmjbm madrncab `hkg

ghdrjchht vhb aab cbnp`heardjik, aab vnreoja `ji avabhks oa eaasta nboarznacars vnnràe hhb oa _rff`tardacarfuk tuur tnasf`rjigt.

Oa jb Baoarkhbo ab àt Oujtsa mrabsmadjaonptraoaboa fnbfabtrhtja vhb ojt 'Baoarkhbosa typa' cbnp`hefrdjikab znu np mrnbo vhbàt abjma ehkab vnnrcneab jb baoarzattjbmab vhb oa Wrnam-@hvakta ghsa (whhrnboar oja jb àt Daacùjzar Yhbo) vnnrhktjioabs oja ghsa mhbmdhhr mawaast zjib.Drhbot's tnawjizjbm (8:7=) vhb oaza mrnapvhb cbnp`hefrdjikab hhb oa dacarfukturab(oa Ajbzakmrhdcuktur) kjict bjat `nuodhhr ohhr

`ji àe bjat onnr nvartujmaboa vnbosthssnfjhtjas cnb sthvab. _a Daacùjzar Yhbonbtdraact jaoar spnnr vhb oa dfcarfukturab!Ohhrabtamab àagt _hfcabdarm (8:=?) npk[ |)nJn³js( kjf ³•rnboab oa whhrsf`jibkjicàjovaroaojmo, oht ojt snnrt cbnp`hefrdjikab jboa Drnbstjio tùjs `nnrt. Ojt kjict bu mastaubota wnroab onnr àt vnnrcneab vhb àt Daacùjzar grhmeabt jb aab orjbcwhtarcujk ujt oaKhta Drnbstjio. Avabejb chb af`tar ujtma

skntab wnroab oht oa `heardjik hk saoart oatraf`tardacartjio jb oa mrnbo mazatab àagtab khtar tnavhkkjm jb oa cujk js taraf`tmacneab. @akhhs khht oa tar pkhhtsa mavnkmoavnbostabhoejbjstrhtja par vhc bjat tna bh tamhhb ng ar eat zacaràjo traf`tardacarsfàr-vab jb oa vukkjbm vhb oa orjbcwhtarcujk mazatab àddab3 àt js af`tar wak zaar whhrsf`jibkjic. Nbtamabzammakjic vartnnbt àtstjj io`hearg rhmeabt , avabhks oa eaasta nvarjma 'Baoarkhbosa' cbnp`heardjikab abjmanpvhkkaboa pubtab vhb nvaraabcnest eat oajb Baoarkhbo ab nemavjbm onnr V.@. Hf`tarnp maîbvabthrjsaaroa stabab strjio`hearsujt oa Drnbs- ab Jizartj io (eat bhea oawhbmab ab oa rjbmvnrejma varojccjbmab rnboàt staakmht). Ehhr oa cbnp`heardjikab zjibbjeear macbjct jb oa kabmtarjf`tjbm, znhksvaak vhb oa strjio`hears ujt oa Drnbs- ab

Jizartjio. Dnvabojab wjis jc arnp, oht oastrjio`hears ujt oa khhtstmabnaeoa parjnoavnkmabs eaoaoakjbm vhb oa àar Hf`tarnpprhftjsf` hktjio aab fnbjsfà onnrdnrjbm

àddab, jb tamabstakkjbm tnt àt Daacùjzaraxaepkhhr.

Aab grhmeabt vhb aab ehhkstaab (gjm. 8191) vhb mrngcnrrakjma zhbostaab js eat zacaràjo hkcnestjm ujt àt traf`tardacarejkjau.

Nbzacaràjo dasthht nvar oa ohtarjbm vhbaab earcwhhrojm hgmacbnt, nbmakjic pyrhej-ohhk vnnrwarp vhb cwhrtsjat eat twaa phrab'oa uca b' np oa dajoa mrnta zjivkhccab (gjm.819 8). @at cnet ujt oa dnvabmrnbo vhb aab

vhc, whhrjb bhhst vuurstaab (n.h. ckajbacrhddartias) nnc Khta Drnbstjio sfàrvab zjibmavnboab. Aab traf`tardacar ohtarjbm js ousbjat ujtmaskntab. Abjmszjbs varmakjicdhhr zjibstabab eat snnrtmakjica ujt`nkkjbmab ujtCnbjbmsdnsf` (Whb @hhrab ab Enooarehb 8:=6, p. 6=).

Hhroawarc ujt oa Khta Drnbstjio (\. I.T.E. I

Oujoakjic ta nboarsfàjoab vhb àt npmamrh

vab _TD-hhroawarc zjib sfàrvab, oja tnt oaKhta Drnbstjio maracabo enatab wnroab. @ateaast npvhkkaboa varsf`jk kjmt jb àt npparvkhc vhb àt bankjt`jsfà hhroawarc, oht eatvaak znrm js mkho maehhct. Ohhrbhhst spakabvarsf`jkkab jb varsf`rhkjbm ab varsjarjbmstaf`bjacab aab rnk.

Dji àt hhroawarc ujt oa Khta Drnbstjio,oht earaboaaks varsjaro js, cubbab mkndhhktwaa mrnapab wnroab nboarsfàjoab, whhrvhb oa êêb eat mrngcnrrakjmar ehtarjhhk jsvarsf`rhhko ohb oa hboar. _nt oa mrnap eatmrnva varsf`rhkjbm da`nrab oa sfàrvab,oja hgmadaako zjib jb gjm. 879 8, 4, 6, = ab 86.Warsjarjbm js hks ramak hhbmadrhf`t eat vjbmartnp ng bhmak. Matrnccab kjibab vjbot eabdji ujtznboarjbm (zja gjm. 879 4, 87 ab 8=).@at npparvkhc js snes daseatab. @at mrntagrhmeabt vhb aab pnt eat dujccbjc (gjm. 879




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v.

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OF

• OGîm. 84. Dfacùjzar Yhbo. Dhcpkhtab ujt oa Wrnam-@hvakta ghsa vhb oa _TD fuktuur. 8 94.

80) js nbejscabdhhr ujt dhboab npmadnuwo.Bjat hkka sfàrvab zjib hgmadaako.

Np mrnbo vhb aab hhbthk typnknmjsfàcabearcab chb àt hhroawarc varmakacabwnroab eat vnbostab vhb akoars, oja aabohtarjbm jb oa Khta Drnbstjio àddab macramab. Hkkaraarst zji mawazab np oa pnt eat

dujccbjc ab àt oujoakjic ujtsthhboa rhboia(gjm. 879 80). Whb makjicvnrejma pnttab zjibwhhrsf`jibkjic oa sfàrvab brs. 7, 87 ab 8= jbgjm. 87 hgcnestjm. Wnnrts vhkt àt grhmeabtvhb aab Khppabsf`hka np (gjm. 879 8?). Hksphrhkkak vnnr oa dnoaesfàrg (gjm. 8794) eatvjbmfrjboruccabvarsjarjbm np oa dnoae waas



7? Hbhkafth \rha`jsknrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

- vrnam-Ehyab (vrji mrng maehmaro mrjis-,ncar- ng nrhbiackaurjm hhroawarc, vaakhkwjioenbojma pnttab eat pkhtta dnoae),

tnthhk =

Ohtarjbm9 ojt hhroawarc cnet vhbhg oa khtaTneajbsa Cajzartjio tnt jb oa 0a aauw vnnr.Oa `jar dasprncab sfàrvab khtab maabbhuwcaurjmar ohtarjbm tna (np mrnbo vhbàt nvarjma hhroawarc js aab ohtarjbm jb oa0a aauw àt eaast whhrsf`jibkjic).

- khht-Ehyab (zaar `hro madhccab dnkvnrejma pnttab eat kabsdnoae), tnthhk 48

Ohtarjbm9 twaaoa àkgt 0a - aarsta àkgt 8<aaauw.- Dhonrg, tnthhk 84Ohtarjbm9 twaaoa àkgt 0a - aarsta àkgt 8<a

aauw.- Dh on rg ng \ jbmsonr g , tnthhk ?- Bjat bhoar nboar ta drabmab jepnrthhroawarc (varenaoakjic chrnkjbmjsf`),

tnthhk 8- \ jb m s o n r g ( 5 dasf`jkoaro), tnthhk 87

Ohtarjbm9 8<a - 84a aauw.- \h gg rh t` , tnthhk 8

Gjm. 86. Daacùjzar Yhbo. Knears ab ùb madrujc ujt oa Wrnam-@hvakta ghsa vhb oa _TD fuktuur. 8 94.



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo (,"2

Gjm. 8?. Daacùjzar Yh bo . Wuur stab ab maraa osf`h p. 898

Ohtarjbm9 twaaoa àkgt 88a - aarsta àkgt 86aaauw.- H b o a b b a , tnthhk 8Ohtarjbm9 twaaoa àkgt 88a - aarsta àkgt 86a

aauw.- Vt a ab mn a o, tnthhk 8Oh ta rj bm 9 twaaoa àkgt 8?a - 81a aauw.

@at drnbzab vnnrwarpOa abjma bjat-carhejsfà vnbost (gjm. 80)datragt aab hhb êêb zjioa hgmadrncab sf`jko-vnrejm drnbzab pkhhtia, whhrnvar I. Zpayjb aab djiorhma darjf`t.

Oa ohtarjbm vhb oa vnbostabOa ohtarjbm vhb àt `jardnvab dasf`ravabhhroawarc js djbbab vrji rujea mrabzab mamavab. @at ehtarjhhk - vnnr àt earaboaakckajba whbogrhmeabtab ‟ kaabt zjf` bjat vnnrbhuwcaurjmar tjiosdaphkjbmab. Dnvabojab dasthht bnm mrnta nbzacaràjo nvar oa ohtarjbmvhb àt ejooakaauws hhroawarc jb àt hkmaeaab, zacar wht oa parjnoa 8<a - 86a aauwdatragt. Bjattaejb chb wnroab vhstmastakooht àt nvarmrnta oaak vhb àt hhroawarcvhb oaza vjbopkhhts jb oa parjnoa twaaoaàkgt 0a - aarsta àkgt 8<a aauw mapkhhtstenat wnroab. Hhroawarc oht cabearcabojs vnnr oa 84a aauw (Hboabba, khht \jbms-onrg, \hggrht`) js wak hhbwazjm, ehh r vn retaab zaar ckajba ejboaràjo. Oa enajkjic àrcabdhra parjnoa twaaoa àkgt 8<a - 88a aauwjs whhrsf`jibkjic vartamabwnnrojmo jb oaeaaroaràjo vhb àt \jbmsonrgehtarjhhk abaab maoaakta vhb oa cnmakpntsfàrvab. Qjt

maznboaro oa staabmnaosfàrg ujt oa 8?a ng81a aauw ab oa rafabta sfàrg nbtdracabkhtara vnbostab. Hhroawarc oht eat zacaràjo hhb oa earnvjbmjsfà parjnoa, ous vööroa twaaoa àkgt vhb oa 0a aauw, tnamasf`ravab chb wnroab, nbtdraact avabaabs. Oaabcaka jbàaesa sfàrvab, oja aab 'vrnama'jboruc ehcab, mavab `jarvnnr ta wajbjm ujt-



8,8, Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

Gjm. 81. Daac`ujzfr Yhbo. Vtabab maraaosf`hp. 894.



\..I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daac`ujzar /(hbo 7=

/•Wj,'. JF). Daac`ujzar /hbo. Warsjaro hhroawarc ujk oa Khja Drnbstjio. 8 94.




àagt makamab. Aab hboara enmakjicàjo jsoht vöör oa hccarghsa wjboarnsja àagtpkhhtsmavnboab (oa prngjakab mavab abjmahhbwjizjbm jb oaza rjf`tjbm). Jb ojt mavhk

znuoab af`tar nnc oa sfàrvab tacabab vhbarnsja enatab tnbab, àtmaab bjat ng bhuwakjics àt mavhk js. Hhb oa hboara chbt js oavarckhrjbm, oht oaza mrnta fnbfabtrhtjasfàrvab hks rasjou vhb daeastjbm dasf`nuwoenat wnroab bnm ejboar whhrsf`jibkjic. Jbàt Cnntwjicarzhbo, whhr avabaabs aabejooakaauwsa hccarkhhm js hhbmatrnggab, nbtdracab vrjiwak vnbostab jb oaza hccar, da`hkva ohhr whhr baoarzattjbmsspnrab nboar

oaza hccar waroab vhstmastako. @at js oar`hkva àt eaast whhrsf`jibkjic, oht jb oa nbejooakkjica nemavjbm aab baoarzattjbm àagtmakamab, oja jb oa 0a aauw js mastjf`t, jb oa

Gjm. 8=. V jtuht ja vhb oa npm rhvj bm jb àt Daacùjzar Y hb o t.n.v. oa `nnmtakjibab ab oa 0a - 84a aauwsa ba oarzattjbmab. 891< <<<.

skujtsak, avabhks àt hks vrnam-Ehyab dasf`ravab ehtarjhhk, oht avabtuaak zakgs tnt oakhta Tneajbsa Cajzartjio chb da`nrab (B.D.ar zjib sfàrvab ujt oaza parjnoa mavnboab -

zja dnvab).

Oa datacabjs vhb oa vnbostab@at ejooakaauwsa ehtarjhhk chb np twaaehbjarab jb oa hccar zjib dakhbo9 h) eatùjsvujk hks daeastjbm vhb akoars hhbmavnaro,d) onnroht aab `jar tar pkhhtsa hhbwazjmabaoarzattjbm js /arpknamo. _amab àt khhtstapkajt oht maab baoarzattjbmsspnrab zjib hhbmatrnggab. Eab znu oar`hkva enatab hhb

baeab oht oarehta ojap js mapknamo, oht hkkaspnrab varknrab zjib mamhhb, ng oht oa baoarzattjbm bat bjat js hhbmasbaoab ab jb oa zaarojf`ta bhdjiàjo vhb oa npmrhvjbmsputtab



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo 7:

:a aauw `hhr mrnntsta axphbsja àagt macabo,ohhrbh js masknbcab ng jats varpkhhtst ab jb oaknnp vhb oa 84a aauw js npmamavab. Oa hccarjs ngwak bh oa baoarzatt jbm n bts thhb ng js ma

kjictjiojm hhb oa khhtsta - zaar sf`hhrs hhbwazjma - dawnbjbmsspnrab ujt oa 88 a - 84a aauw.

Oaza vjbopkhhts sthht bjat np zjf`zakg (gjm.8=). @at Daacùjzar Yhbo ab nemavjbm jsrjic hhb ejooakaauwsa vnbostab. Avab tab Yab tab YN zjib twaa vjbopkhhtsab eat hhroawarc ujt oazakgoa parjnoa dacabo (fn÷rojbhtab9 8=1.4<-?06.=0 ab 8=1.6<-?06.4<)6.Wnbostab ujt oa 8<a - 84a aauw zjib vnnrtsvhb zas hboara pkhhtsab ujt oa nemavjbm da

cabo?. Mazjab àt gajt oht oa eaasta vnbostab zjib maohhb jb ab khbms àt trhfaa vhb oa

sbakwam bhhr Ywnkka ab jb npab stujgzhbo-madjao, enmab wa hhbbaeab oht ojt bnmehhr àt tnpia vhb oa jisdarm js.

Oa sjtuhtja jb àt Daacùjzar Yhbo onat

oabcab hhb oja jb àt Cnntwjicar Yhbo(@ajojbmh z .i. )9 nbtmjbb jbm jb oa 0a - :aaauw, ajboa vhb oa dawnbjbm jb oa 84a aauwtab mavnkma vhb nvarstujvjbmab. Oa `jar dasprncab baoarzattjbm àagt dkjicdhhr aarstbnm pkhhtsmaehhct vnnr hccarkhbo vnnrohtojt madjao oagjbjtjag js nvarstnvab. Mazjabàt vrjiwak nbtdracab vhb vnbostab bï oa84a aauw jb oa wjioa nemavjbm enmab wahhbbaeab, oht nnc oa hccar jb cwastja bnm

vnnr fh. 84<< enat zjib prjismamavab.

DJIOTHMA WHB F.F. DHCAKV

Mrhhbjboruccab jb àt _TD-hhroawarcDji àt dasf`rjivab vhb oa _TD-vnbostab ujtàt Daacùjzar Yhbo bntaaroa Or. I.H. Dhc

car systaehtjsf` oa hhbwazjmàjo vhb ckajba`nktab jb àt sfàrvabehtarjhhk. @ji vnbo jbtnthhk 47 `nktab jb 86 sfàrvab. Oaza `nktabwaroab onnr eji np oa madrujcakjica wjizaonnr ejooak vhb hgmjatsaks nboarznf`t. Oaeaasta mhtab dkacab varnnrzhhct ta zjib onnrstaabtias ab bjat bhoar ta joabtjgjfarab ndiaftab. Bamab jboruccab zjib avabwak hgcnestjmvhb mrhhbcnrraks.

vnbostbr 61 @nroaue vukmhra vhr. buoue

(bhhcta marst) 7,8 x 6,6 P 4,1 eevnbostbr 1< @nroaue vukmhra vhr. buoue(bhhcta marst) =,1 P 6,: P 4,0 eevnbostbr 1? @nroaue vukmhra vhr. buoue(bhhcta marst) 2 7,? P 6,0 P 4,= eevnbostbr 7: @nroaue vukmhra vhr. buoue(bhhcta marst) 7,< P 6,4 P 2 8,1 eevnbostbr 7: fg @nroaue, grhmeabt (enmakjicmarst)

vnbostbr =4 _rjtjfue enbnfnffue (aab-cnnrb) 7,? P 4,= P 4,: eevnbostbr =? _r jtj fue enbnfnffue (aab-

cnnrb) 7,= P 4,4 P 6,6 eevnbostbr =? _rjt jfue fg ojfnffue (enmakjicaeear) 1,0 x 4,8 P 8,0 eevnbostbr =? @nroaue vukmhra vhr. buoue(bhhcta marst) 2 ? , : x 4,1 x ~ 8,0 eeOa jboruccab ujt vnbostbueear =? davjboab zjf` np êêb ab oazakgoa sfàrg. Ar waroabmaab hboara snnrtab zhoab jb àt hhbmadnoabehtarjhhk mazjab. Aeear ab aabcnnrb wnroab nnc vhb àt _TD-hhroawarc ujt Ornu-

wab vareako (oatarejbhtja vhb C. Iassab,mabnaeo jb Whb Yajst 8:=< p. 811 ab 810).Eji zjib maab hboara npmhvab vhb _TD-vnbostab ujt Baoarkhbo dacabo. Oa mafnbsthtaaroa mrhbab zjib oa jb àt bankjt`jfuemadrujcakjica snnrtab.



=8) Hbhkafth \rha`j.stnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

DJIOTHMA WHB I. Z\A_

Ejooakaauws drnbzab daskhmstuc@at tjioabs oa npmrhvjbm jb àt Daacùjzar

Yhbo mavnboab drnbzab daskhmstuc js nbvnkkaojm. @at dasthht bnm ujt aab sf`jkovnrejmoaak eat aab sehkkara varkabmjbm, oja dji aabonnrdnrjbm (ckjbcbhmakmht>) hgmadrncab js.Oa mrnntsta kabmta daorhhmt t`hbs 4,7=, oamrnntsta draaota 8,: fe. Hhb oa hf`tarzjioadavjboab zjf` twaa kjpias, whhrvhb aab np oadrauc bnm oa rhbo vhb aab onnrdnrjbmtnnbt. Oa twaa kjpias ojaboab ne àt daskhmnp aab kaoarab rjae ta davastjmab. Ohhrtna

waroab oa kjpias onnr jbsbjiojbmab jb oarjae mastncab. Onnr oa onnrdnrjbmab waroohb aab oub raapia kaoar mavnaro.

Oa eaasta daskhmstuccfb vhb ojt typa vartnbab bh oa varsehkkjbm waar aab _-vnrejmavardraojbm (@jbz 8:7:, _hg. 4=9 ?, 883 _hg.649 0, : (Mrhd 8=6)3 Ïdarm 8:46, Hdd. 4?7,4?= (Mhstak _rnsjbn), varoar 4??, 4?1, 4?0)ab da`nrab tnt oa z.m. vaakoakjma mnroakmhrbjturab ujt àt ejooab ab oa twaaoa àkgt vhb

oa =a aauw. Jb Baoarkhbo waroab oazan.h. bnm nbkhbms jb Wako`nvab hhbmatrnggabjb aab vrnamejooakaauws mrhgvako. Waakhkcneab ar ujtaabknpaboa vnreab vhb rjfe-tnbmab ab daskhmab dji vnnr. Aab varsehkomaoaakta eat aab onnrdnrjbm js eji skaf`tsdacabo ujt mrhg 7? ta Ajfc (@jbz 8:7:, _hg.8<9 64 (Mrhd 7?)). Enmakjic aab hboara npknssjbm znu cubbab zjib, oht oa onnrdnrjbmoa npabjbm js, whhrjb oa tnbm vhb aab masporhhjt3 aab oarmakjica masp js eji af`tar bjatdacabo. Oa dji oaza mrnap jb hhbearcjbmcneaboa maspab eat vhsta daumak zjib wakzaar mavhrjaaro (Ïdarm 8:46, Hdd. 4<<-481)3zji zjib vaakhk vnnrzjab vhb aab phkeattab-varsjarjbm. Oa varsjarjbm vhb àt stuc ujt àtDaacùjzar Yhbo kjict eji vhb oa varsjarjbm

vhb oaza Dyzhbtjibsa maspab ta zjib hgmakajo,jb àt djiznboar vhb àt typa, oht ]arbar

àt typa Vyrhcus bnaet (]arbar 8:11, _hg.19 0-87, V. 6=, Hdd. 43 Hdarm 8:46, Hdd. 4<?,4<7). Oaza maspab dazjttab avabaabs aabonnrbvnrejm ujtstaacsak, oht eab nnc hhbtragt dji aab hhbthk daskhmab ta Ajfc. Ohhrzjib af`tar hkka stuccab nbvarsjaro.

Gjm. 80. Daacùjzar Yhbo. Aab 0a aauws drnbzab sjarhho. 898.

Oa varsprajojbm vhb oa Dyzhbtjibsa maspabvhb àt typa Vyrhcus kjmt jb `nngozhhc jb àtEjooakkhbosa-Yaamadjao, onf` abcaka axaepkhrab zjib jb Dakmjã ab zakgs jb Yujo-Abmf-khbo hhbmatrnggab (]arbar 8:11, V. ?7,Chrta 8).

@at kjict eji ohb nnc bjat nbhhbbaeakjicta varnboarstakkab oht àt daskhmstuc ujt àtDaacùjzar Yhbo jb aab warcpkhhts jb nbzanemavjbm js varvhhrojmo jb oa twaaoa àkgtvhb oa =a aauw ab varsjaro bhhr àt vnnrdaako vhb aab Dyzhbtjibsa masp vhb àt typaVyrhcus, whhrvhb àt phkeattabentjag wakkjf`t raaos bjat hk ta oujoakjic whs ab dji oabhvnkmjbm bnm eaar varvhhmoa.



\. I. T. Eno oa reh b, I. H Dhccar ab @.H. @fjojbmh - Daacùjzar £hbo =8

VQEEHTZ

Vattkaeabt trhfas grne Ejooka Bankjt`jf tjeas (_TD), Khta Drnbza Hmahbo Eaojavhk tjeas jb tà Daacùjzar Yhbo bahr @hroarwjic, \rnv. Makoar

khbo.

Hb axfhvhtjnb fhrrjao nut jb 8:7? drnum`t tnkjm`t h fknsao fnepkax ng gjbos, ehjbky pnttary, daknbmjbm axfkusjvaky tn tà Ahrky@hvakta \`hsa ng tà Gubbak Dahcar Fuktura(_TD). _`js ehtarjhk whs gnubo jb tàJ jkkjfk-jb dao ng h drnncka t (gjm. 8). Bn trhfasng pnst`nkas hbo ntàr pjts wara gnubo, h ghft

w`jf` fnuko da hffnubtao gnr dy khtar nffuphtjnb ng tà sjta. _à ojstrjdutjnb ng gkjbt hrtaghfts s`nws t`ht tà axtabsjnb ng tà owakkjbm-pkhfa nb tà bnrtàrb dhbc ng tà rjvukateahsurao ht kahst 6< x 0< e. _à pnttarydaknbms typnknmjfhkky tn tà Qoofk Ghfjas,A4 (Dhccar 8:=6). Jt js wakk-ehoa hbo ng hquhkjty, aquhk tn tà sàros grne tà mrhvas._`raa 'rjds' ehoa grne sàros wara rafnmbjzao (gjm. 86). Hffnrojbm tn tà wajm`t nbky

snea ?% ng tà bahrky 4= cm ng _TD sàroshra oafnrhtao. Fkhy ojsfs henubt tn enrat`hb =% (gjm. 84). Nba fnkkhrao gkhsc whs ra-fnmbjsao (gjm. 8<9 0). Enst ng tà oafnrhtaosàros hra raprasabtao jb gjmuras 6-1 (gjm. 698-4 raprasabt tà shea pnt). Gjmuras 7-88 raprasabt enst uboafnrhtao sàros s`nwjbmtà ojggarabt pnt gnres. Ng tà nba ùboraodhsa grhmeabts nbky h sehkk sakaftjnb jsmjvab. _`js js tà khrmast henubt `jtàrtnpudkjsào ng A4 pnttary grne h sattkaeabthbo jt abhdkas h oathjkao fnephrjsnb tn daehoa wjt` A4 pnttary gjbos aksawàra jb tàBatàrkhbos hbo bnrt`wastarb Marehby(pp. 16). F.F. Dhcaks rafnmbjsao jeprjbts ngbhcao djrkay (1 x), ajbcnrb (4 x) hbopnssjdky aeear (8 P) jb tà _TD pnttary(Hppabojx). Enst ng tà aqujpeabt grnegkjbt hbo stnba whs bnt gnubo jb tà gjkkao-jb

dao ng tà drnnckat dut jb tà axfhvhtjnbpjts jb tà bnrtàrb `hkg ng tà ehppao sjta3saa gjm. 8. _à pnnr, knfhk gkjbt whs ehjbkyusao tn ehca sehkk sfrhpars3 eahsuras hramjvab nb p. 1=. H tnthk ng =1 sfrhpars js rafnmbjshdka. Jb hoojtjnb nbky : dkhoas, 88:gkhcas hbo 80 bufkaj hra fnubtao. _wn hrrnw

àhos (gjm. 8?9 4, 6) daknbm enst kjcaky tn tà_TD tnnkcjt. Gjva `heearstnbas hbo tàgrhmeabt ng hb hxa (gjm. 819 6, ?, 7) hra farthjbky _TD hffnrojbm tn tà fjrfuesthbfasng tà gjbo. Kass farthjbty jb t`js raspaftaxjsts hdnut tà rnum`nut ng h dhttka-hxa(gjm. 819 4) w`jf` whs gnubo jb h wakk-pjt ngtà Khta Drnbza Hma oum jbtn tà gjkkjbmng tà drnnckat (saa daknw). Nb typnknmjfhkmrnubos jt fhb da hssjmbao tn tà _TD satt

kaeabt, dajbm h 'Outf`' typa ng _TD cbnd-duttao dhttka-hxa, furrabt jb Ahrky @hvaktatjeas (Dhccar 8:=6). _à ohtjbm ng tà stnbahrtaghft ng ubcbnwb purpnsa (gjm. 8198) jsubfarthjb.

Jb tà Khta Drnbza Hma tà sjta whs ra-nffupjao. _wn wakks wara oum jb tà gjkkao-jbdao ng tà rjvukat3 tà sàros ng gjm. 879 8, 4hbo 6 fhea nut ng nba ng tàe. _à ntàrgrhmeabts (gjm. 879 ?-80) wara gnubo jb h tnpkhyar ng hrhdka khbo (saa gjm. 4), w`jf` whseaojavhk. Dast ng hkk tà mrnup fhb da fnephrao tn ehtarjhk grne Ohkgsab, w`jf` `hs hrhojnfhrdnb oh ta ng 4=01 ¸ 61 D.\. (MrB-76683 Whb Daac ab Warkjboa 8:=7). _àgjbos hra fkahrky rakhtao tn gjbos jb ]ast-Grjaskhbo, w`jf` `hva tà shea ohtjbm.

H gaw sàros jbojfhta ùehb hftjvjty jbtà gjrst fabturjas H.O. Nba js ng Tnehb je-



=4 Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

pnrt ohtao tn tà gjrst `hkg ng tà t`jro fabtury.Bn kass t`hb 6=: eaojavhk sàros wara

gnubo. _ày s`nw t`ht jb tà jeeaojhtavjfjbjty h sattkaeabt whs gnuboao jb tà 0t`

fabtury, axphboao jb tà :t` fabtury, hbosudsaquabtky ojejbjsào jb sjza, nr whs ra-

8 Nbo arz nac I. H. Dhccar, I. Vtnkp (Vtjf`tjbm vnnrDnoaechrtarjbm) ab I. A. Eusf` (DHJ), nbmapudkj faaro.4 @at vuursta abeht arjhhk vhb oa @ubba sf`h bs nevht crhddars, oja maejooako mrntar zjib ohb oja vhbàt Daacùjzar Yhbo3 zakozhhe zjib oamaba ckajbarohb 41 ee. Nnc oa ckjbmab zjib gnrsar. Oa mrnbostngkjict hhbsprhcakjic ta zjib vnnr oaza varsf`jkkab.6 Onfueabthtja T.N.D .

Ïdarm, B. (8:46), Oja Mntab ubo Khbmndhroab jb Jthkjab,Qppshkh.

Dhccar, I.H. (8:71), Akspaat, Dukkatjb C.B.N.D.,p. 861-867.

Dhccar, I. H. (8 :77), Aab baoar zat tjbm vhb oa traf`

tardacar fuktuur ta Khrab (B.@.), Jb àt vnatspnnrvhb H.A. vhb Mjggab, twaaoa oruc, Mrnbjbmab, p. 4=-64, 8=<-8=8.

Dhccar, I. H. (8:=6), Oa ]astmrnap vhb oa traf`tardacar-fuktuur9 Vtuojas nvar f`rnbnknmja ab manmrhgja vhb oaehcars vhb ùbadaooab ab ojapstaacfarhejac, tab ]astabvhb oa Akda, ojss. Hestarohe.

Dhccar, i.H. (jb vnnrdarajojbm), Abmaksa aojtja vhbDhccar (8:=6).

Dhccar, I.H. & T.] . Drhbo t (8:77), Npmr hvjb mab ta@nnmchrspak JJJ, Mrhgàuvaks ab aab tarp ujt oaKhta Drnbstjio tab Y] vhb àt Eaoaedkjccar tnkùjs, ]astgrjasa Nuoàoab JP, p. 8=7-44?.

Dhccar, I.H . & I. O. vhb oar ]hhks (8:=6), Oab a-chep-Hbmakskn, E'amhkjt`jf Mrhvas hbo Tjtuhk, p. 8=-1<.

Daac, T. vhb (8:77), Aab vrnama jizartji obaoarz attjbmjb ]aksue, mae. Ohkgsab, ]astaràae PW, p. :?-:=.

Daac, T. vhb (8:=?), Wh b dnoa e tnt rhb o. Jizart jiovnbostab ujt Ohkgsab ab Neeab, ]astaràaePPJJ J , p . 8:-?8.

Daac, T. vhb & H.O . Warkj boa (8:=7), Khta DrnbzaHma Vattkaeabt Gjbos grne Kabtà, eubjfjphkjty ngOhkgsab, prnv. Nvarjissak, Darjf`tab T.N.D. 47, tarparsa.

Drhbot, C.@. (8:7=), Vtuojab ûdar stajbarba Ïxta ubo

envao, tn da abtjraky hdhbonbao jb tà 84t`fabtury. _à nko hrhdka khbo, onfueabtaohkk nvar tà pkhfa, fnuko daknbm tn tà khtastp`hsa ng tà sattkaeabt (88t` - 84t` fabtury)

nr wnuko `hva jts damjbbjbm hgtar tà `hdjthtjnb ng t`js hrah.

? Onfue abtht ja T.N. D. Oa fn÷rojbht ab vhb oazavjbopkhhtsab zjib9 8=6.<6-?06.16, 8=6.=1-?06.71,8=?.41-?06.=1, 8=?.01-?06.48, 8==-?0?.81, 8=6.06-?01.<1. Jb oa duurt vhb oa khhtsta vjbopkhhts js nnc'vrnam-ejooakaauws' ehtarjhhk mavnboab (fn÷ro.8=6.=6-?0?.:<). Oaza mamavabs zjib nbkhbms varzheakojb àt choar vhb aab prniaft vhb stuoabtab jb oaejooakaauwsa masf`jaoabjs ab ejooakaauwsa hrfànknmja hhb oa ubjvarsjtajt vhb Hestarohe.

Dajka oar iûbmarab Vtajbzajt ubo oar Vtajb-Cupgarzajt Bnrowastoautsf`khbos, @jkoasàje.

Drubstjbm, @. (8:6=), @at mrhgvako nboar @aas dji Bjieamab, Hestarohe.

Ohvjosab, C. (8:=6), Bankjtjsca karscjvar dakyst hg

ohbsca gubo. Hhrdamar 8:=6, p. 1-=4.Gaabstrh, A.I. & G. Tjae (8:=?), Warskhm vhb aab

nboarznac bhhr dawnbjbmsrastab jb àt dastaeejbm spkhb ]ast 8 ta Area kn, ]astaràae P P J J J ,p. 6?8-67<.

@hhrab, @.E.A. vhb & \.I.T. Enooarehb (8:=6),Ajb ejttakbankjt`jsfàr Gubonrt ubtar Cnbjbms-dnsf`, \rnv. Kjedurm, Hbhk. \rha`. Kajo. WJ, p.8-?:.

@fjojbmh, @.H. (z.i.), Warowabab onrpab jb àt Cnntwji-carzhbo, Vf`hggakhhrraacs 6, Dhrbavako.

@jbz, @. (8:7:), Ohs grïbcjsfà Mrïdargako vnb Ajfc,Mae. Tàjbchep, Crajs Enars. Mare. Oabceïkaroar W÷kcarwhboarubmszajt, Varja D, Oja grïbcjsfàbHktartûear oas Tàjbkhboas, Do. ?, Darkjb.

@nkwaro h, I. @. (8:<:), @ubba sf`h bs dji àt Qooaka r-eaar, Nuoàjoc. Eaoaoaakjbmab JJJ, p. ?7-14.

@nkwar oh, I. @. (8:88), \rha`jstnrjsfà baoarzatt jbmab hhb àt Qooakareaar, Nuoàjoc. EaoaoaakjbmabW, p. 1-8=.

@nkwar oh, I. @. (8:84), Npmr hvj bm hhb àt Qooak areaar, Nuoàjoc. Eaoaoaakjbmab WJ, p. 4:-1<.

Cht-vhb @uktab, I . F. (8:?=), @at ` ubad aooa bhhro a-warc ab zjib stjikab, Aab cwhrt aauw nuoàjocubojmdnoaenboarznac jb Baoarkhbo, Maoabcdnac H.A. v.

BN_AB

K J _ A T H _ Q Q T



\.I.T. Enooarehb, I.H. Dhccar ab @.H. @ajojbmh - Daacùjzar Yieo =6

Mjggab, Eappak, p. 4<6-448.Cb÷kk, @. (8:1:), Oja bnrowastoautsfà _jagstjf`carhejc

ubo j`ra Vtakkubm je bnro- ubo ejttakaurnpïjsfàb Bankjt`jcue, Eûbstar.

Enarehb, I.O. (8:6?), Dacab, sprabmab ab whtar

enkabs np oa Wakuwa, _jiosf`r. Cnb. Bao. Hhror.Mab. 4* raacs KJ, p. 87=-4<7.

\atars, @.M. (8:=<), MagïÞa oar _rjf`tardafàrcukturhus Matakn, Cr. Mrhgsf`hgt Dabtàje, Bhf`rjf`tabhus Bjaoarshf`sabs Qrmasf`jf`ta 6:, p. 441-447.

Thhg, @.C. oa (8:77), Kjf`tgkjtsab nvar àt Khbmavako.Jats nvar nbza prha`jstnrjsfà vnbostab np àtKhbmavako, nboar Bnnrowjicfr`nut JJJ, ]astaràaePW, p. 6<-?:.

Cj@'kj'vako, ]. (8:=?), _à Mrnbjbmab fnhsthk hrah. Hstuoy nb @nknfaba manknmy hbo knw-khbo p`ysjfhk manmrhp`y,Hestarohe.

*B.D. Bh hgskujtjbm vhb àt ehbsusfrjpt zjib twaa F8?-ohtarjbmab dacabo maehhct onnr Or. ].M. Ennc vhb oahgoakjbm Jsntnpabgysjch vhb àt Bhtuurcubojm Khdnrhtnrjue oar T.Q. ta Mrnbjbmab. Jb dajoa mavhkkab àddab waeat `nutscnnk ta ehcab. @hroarwjic 70 js hgcnestjm ujtoa vukkjbm vhb oa daoojbm vhb àt strnnepia ujt aabbjvahu oht ujtskujtabo _TD-hhroawarc davhtta3 oa ohtarjbm kujo t9 ?14< ' =< D\ (MrB-==?7). @hroarwjic ?= jshgcnestjm ujt oa eaast wastakjic makamab whtarcujk3 oaohtarjbm js ?871 | 61 D\ (MrB-==?1).

Vf`kjf`t, A. (8:70), Oja Guboa hus oae Eamhkjt`mrhd 4vnb Aeeakb, Crajs Eappab, Baueûbstar.

_hfcabdarm, C. (8:=?), Oja iûbmara Drnbzazajt jb Bnrowastoautsf k̀hbo, _ajk JJ. Oja Gaksmastajbmarïta,@jkoasàje.

]hhks, I. O. vhb oa r (8:7?), \ra`jstnrja ojsf wàaks jb _à Batàrkhbos, ojss. Mrnbjbmab.

]htardnkc, @._. (8:7<), \rakjejbhry Tapnrt nb tàAxfhvhtjnbs ht Hbkn jb 8:1= hbo 8:10, \hkhan`jstnrjhWJJJ, p. 1:-:<.

]arba r, I. (8:11), Dyzhbtjbjsfà Mûrtaksf`bhkkab oas7. ubo =. Ih` rù bo art s hus oar Vhee kub m Ojar-mhrot, C÷kbar Ih`rd. gûr Wnr- ubo Grû`masf`. 8. 67-?0.

Yajst, ]. vhb (8:=<), \ra`jstnrja hbo ahrky `jstnrjfgnno pkhbts jb tà Batàrkhbos, \hkhan`jstnrjh PJW,p. ?8-8=6.



J TPGHWA KOAB JJ . V_A JB. \TNW. J.JEJQ T(,

I. VF@QZG AB M.I. WAT]ATV

Jb oa knnp vhb oa ihrab waroab djbbab oa maeaabta Vtajb vaak vnbostab ujt oa Khta Drnbstjio ab oa Jizartjio maohhb. Ojt hrtjcak da`hboakt ̀ at ehtarjhhk oht ujt varsf`jkkaboa

urbabvakoab tavnnrsf`jib cwhe. Oa vnbostnesthbojmàoab zjib àkhhs vhhc bjat dacabo.

Jbkajojbm (I-V.)

_nab, cnrt bh 8:4=, oa Kjedurmsa onctar

@.I. Dafcars eat zjib systaehtjsfà npmrh

vjbm vhb dhbocarhejsfà cujkab hhb oa

Caajaboarcarcwam jb Vtajb damnb, cwheab

ar nnc spnrab ujt khtar tjio tavnnrsf`jib9 7mrhvab ab aab ùt. Wjig vhb oaza mrhvab da

`nnroab, mazjab ùb vnbostab, tnt oa 'Kh

_àb a parjnoa ng twaaoa JIzartjioparc' ab

waroab hks znohbjm jb àt jb 8:?< varsfàbab

dnac 'Wnnrmasf`jaoabjs vhb Yujo-Kjedurm'

dasf`ravab (Dafcars ab Dafcars 8:?<, p.

864). Wjig-ab-oartjm ihhr khtar, dji oa T.N.D.

npmrhvjbm vhb oa dhbocarhejsfà baoarzat

tjbm hhb oa Caarabofrcarcwam cwheab np

bjauw mrhvab ab baoarzattjbmsspnrab ujt oaKhta Drnbstjio ab oa Jizartjio hhb àt kjf`t.

Oaza waroab bjat npmabneab jb oa npmrh

vjbmspudkjfhtja8. _azheab mabneab ehcab

oa vnbostab àt whhrsf`jibkjic oht zjf` rnbo

oa Caarabofrcarcwam aab urbabvako ab aab

baoarzattjbm àddab davnboab.

Nnc np hboara pkhhtsab jb oa maeaabta

waro Khta Drnbstjio ab Jizartjio ehtarjhh k

mavnboab. Dafcars ab Dafcars bnaeoab

baoarzattjbmsehtarjhhk ujt oa Dnbmaro aboa `hvab ab orja mrhvab jb oa duurt vhb oa

Ehurjtswam (Dafcars ab Dafcars 8:?<, p.

8:1-8:7). Khtar, jb oa zastjmar ihrab, tnab

àt tarrajb tussab oa Veaatsstrhht ab oa

Ehurjtswam dadnuwo waro, waroab vaak

urbab onnr phrtjfukjarab mavnboab dji àt

hhbkammab vhb ùjzab, vjivars, djicaucabs ab

akaftrjfjtajt skajojbmab. Aab mrnnt hhbth k khm

khbms oa Vhboardnutkhhb. Ya cwheab hkka

nboar oa `naoa vhb phtar H. Eubstars EVF

ta Vtajb, oja zjf` hftjag eat àt nuoàjo

cubojm dnoaenboarznac dazjm`nuot. @ji

vastjmoa oa hhbohf`t np àt gajt oht zjf`

aab mnaoa enmakjicàjo znu vnnronab aab maoaakta vhb ojt urbabvako ta nboarznacab jb

vardhbo eat oa nbtajmabjbm vhb aab parfaak

hhb oa Drnubs Enas`ngstrhht. Wh b 8 t/ e 0

hprjk 8:70 varrjf`tta àt Jbstjtuut vnnr \ra

`jstnrja ta Kajoab aab npmrhvjbm np ojt tar

rajb4. Jb orja puttab eat fh. 1?< e 4 nppar

vkhc waro skaf`ts êêb urb znboar varoar abjm

mrnbospnnr mavnboab. Dji àt varoar da

dnuwab vhb àt madjao bh 8:70 waro bnm

skaf`ts êêb urb mavnboab. Nnc np ojt tarrajbwaroab da`hkva oa djizattjbmab knssa sfàr

vab hhbmatrnggab, znoht `jar da`hkva aab

urbabvako enmakjic nnc aab baoarzattjbm

àagt makamab.

Dujtab oaza twaa urbabvakoab waroab bnm

twaa maîsnkaaroa vnbostab maohhb. Np nbda

caboa ohtue waroab hhb oa Adurnbabwam

aab urb ab aab cneeatia mavnboab, oja jb oa

fnkkaftja Dafcars marhhctab6. Jb 8:74 waro jb

àt Yujoab vhb oa maeaabta, hhb oa ùjojmaOab @nacstrhht, bnm oa nboarsta àkgt vhb

aab urb eat fraehtja nbtoact.

@akhhs js àt jb ojt hrtjcak hkkaab enmakjic

aab fhthknmus vhb àt mrhgehtarjhhk ta

mavab. @npakjic zhk àt baoarzattjbmsehtf-

rjhhk vhb oa Caarfboarcarcwam, oa Dnbmaro,

oa `hvab ab àt Vtajbardns, whhrvhb oa on

fueabthtja zjf` np àt J\K davjbot, aab



=7 Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

hboara caar mapudkjfaaro cubbab wnroab.

Oa vnbostab davjboab zjf` eaast jb àt

daàar vhb phtar H. Eubstars EVF ta Vtajb,

àtzji jb àt Ejssjaùjs, àtzji jb àt Hrfàn

knmjsf` Tasarvhht. Oa Fnkkaftja Dafcars da

vjbot zjf` jb àt Maeaabtaùj s vhb Vtajb.

]ji zjib phtar Eubstars zaar ohbcdhhr vnnr

oa ùkp oja `ji nbs varkaabo àagt. Oa vnbo

stab vhb oa T.N.D.-npmrhvjbm davjboab zjf`

jb àt Tjicseusaue vhb Nuoàoab ta

Kajoab, oht wji ohbcab vnnr oa tnastaeejbm

tnt pudkjfhtja. Oa tacabjbmab dji ojt hrtjcak

zjib vhb M.T. _hc (bhhr npeatjbmab vhb

H.A. Cruygg, oja tavabs eat oa onfueabthtja

`jakp, D.F. Oaccar ab I. Vfùyg) 3 oa gntn'szjib vhb ].@. I. Eauza khhr ab I . Vfùyg

(hkkab J\K).

Gjm. J. Vjtuarjb m vhb oa urb fbvak oab Vtajb, Cafrab oarca rcwam (C) ab Vtajb, Vhb oar dnu tkh hb (V). 8 94<.<<<.

Oa khbosf`hppakjica sjtuhtja (ig.V.)

Jb Enooarehb's pudkjfhtja nvar oa Dhbo-

carhejac vhb Vtajb waro raaos hhbohf`t

dastaao hhb oa khbosf`hppakjica sjtuhtja vhb

àt tarrajb hhb oa Caaraboarcarcwam (Eno

oarehb 8:=<, p. =:). Qjt oa `nnmtakjibab

(gjm. 8) dkjict oht oa vjbopkhhtsab np àt

ejooabtarrhs vhb oa Ehhs kjmmab, ab wak

jb bhuwa rakhtja tnt oa 7< e `nnmtakjib. Ar js

aab gkhuw ohk zjf`tdhhr tussab oa urbabvak-

oab hhb oa Vhboardnutkhhb ab oa Caarab

oarcarcwam3 ng ojt jb oa Khta Drnbstjio ab oa

Jizartjio aab whtarvnaraboa daac js mawaast,

vhkt bjat ta zammab. Waak oujoakjicar js àt ohk

eat varthccjbmab oht tab Yujoab vhb àttarrajb rnbo oa Caaraboarcarcwam knnpt. Oa

urbabvakoab kjmmab ous np aab wht `nmar ma-



I. Vfùyg ab M.I. Warwars - Qrbabvakoab ta Vtajb ==

kamab tarrajb, eat whtar jb oa duurt. Oa

mrnbosnnrt js knss.

Enooarehb (8:=<, p. 0<) àagt mawazab

np àt gajt oht àt kaasdhra vkhc tjioabs oa

npmrhvjbm jb Vtajb zja` 7<-71 fe dabaoab

àt ùjojma ehhjvako davnbo3 hks enmakjica

varckhrjbm vnnr oaza ojcta vhb oa dnvab-

mrnbo bnaeoa `ji àt np`nmab eat pkhmmab-

east jb khtar tjio.

@at js earcwhhrojm, oht dji dajoa urbab-

vakoab vrjiwak maab whhrbaejbmab vhb abjma

mrhgstruftuur zjib maohhb. Maoaaktakjic cnet

ojt onnroht vhb àt urbabvako hhb oa Vhb-

oardnutkhhb vaak vnbostab tnavhkkjm maohhb

zjib (oa varsprajojbm vhb oa vnbostab, oja

prafjas àt ùjojma strhtabphtrnnb vnkmt, js

ohhr aab hhrojm vnnrdaako vhb), ehhr nnc

whhr oa vnbostab tjioabs aab npmrhvjbm ma

ohhb zjib, js ar ehhr vjar ehhk sprhca vhb

aab snnrt cujk, ab jb jaoar mavhk bnnjt vhb aab

crjbmmrappak.

@at urbabvako hhb oa Caaraboarcarcwam (I.V.)

_jioabs oa npmrhvjbmab oja @.I. ab M.H.I.

Dafcars vhbhg 8:4= np ojvarsa parfakab hhboa Caaraboarcarcwam (tnab bnm Carcwam) jb

Vtajb varrjf`ttab, cwheab bhhst oa dhbo-

carhejsfà cujkab ab aab ejooab-bankjt`jsf`

mrhg (àt zm. Tndab`husjabmrhg ) bnm vjig

mrhvab ujt oa Khta Drnbstjio ab oa Jizart jio

tavnnrsf`jib (zja Dafcars ab Dafcars 8:?<,

hgd. 4<, p. 10). @nawak oa parfakarjbm jb oa

maeaabta sjbosojab varhboaro js, khtab oa

vnbostab zjf` bnm mnao knfhkjsarab. Oa mrh

vab 7 ab = (C ? ab 1) enatab avab tab Nnstabvhb àt ùjojma Dhrdhrjbjpkajb mavnboab

zjib, jb oa duurt vhb oa WMKN-sf`nnk, whhr

khtar nnc oa urb CJ6 waro mavnboab. Oa

mrhvab 4 ab 6 (C4 ab 6) cneab nbmavaar

vhb oa crujsjbm tussab oa tamabwnnrojma

Kaooarcabstrhht ab oa Mhvhrakkastrhht, avab

tab Nnstab vhb oa twaa khbma nnstakjica put

tab vhb oa T.N.D.-npmrhvjbm, whhr oa

baoarzattjbmsrastab (jb oa bnnroakjica put)

ab mrhvab (jb oa zujoakjica put) mavnboab

waroab. Mrhg 8 (CJ) tabskntta cwhe tab

Nnstab vhb oa Carcwam ab tab Bnnroab vhb

àt ùjojma Vfàparmhts tavnnrsf`jib, vkhc

dji àt 'Tndab`husjabmrhg', aab parfaak whh r

khtar bjat eaar mamrhvab js. Oa mrhvab war

oab hkkaehhk ejb ng eaar jb oa duurt vhb

dhbocarhejsfà cujkab mavnboab, ohhr oa

Dafcarsab ehhr ckajba putias mrnavab. Enma

kjic zjib ar ous bnm eaar mawaast, oja bjat

tarummavnboab zjib.

Oa T.N.D, mrnag jb 8:74/76 aab vjigthk

puttab np tussab Dhrdhrjbjpkajb, Caaraboar

carcwam ab Vfàparmhts. Oa mrhgvnbostab

cwheab ujt oa dajoa puttab tussab oa ùj

ojma Kaooarcabstrhht ab oa Caaraboarcarc

wam tavnnrsf`jib3 oa nvarjma puttab kavaroab

aab oubba strnnjjbm vhb baoarzattjbmsehta

rjhhk eat djida`nraboa cujkab ab aab abcak

phhkmht np.

Jb tnthhk waroab 86 djizattjbmab mavnboab ,

whhrvhb = jb aab urb. Ar js maab bhoar nb

oarznac bhhr oa fraehtjas maohhb, vnnrhk

neoht zji eaasthk bjat eaar jb ùb maàakvnnr`hboab whrab. Jb twaa, ejssf`jab orja,

mavhkkab waro aab cujk whhrmabneab9 aab

zwhrtdrujba rnboa cujk np =< fe ojapta eat

sfàrvab, hs ab daabgrhmeabtab (CJ) ab aab

zwhrtmrjiza cujk fh. ?1 fe dabaoab àt ehhj

vako (C4). C6 khm jb starc varvujkoa mrnbo np

11 fe ojapta . Dji C0 (T.N.D.-npmrhvjbm)

kjict ar np oa npmrhvjbmspkh ttamrnbo sprhca

ta zjib vhb aab ckajba cujk. Dji oa nvarjma

vnbostbueears vhb oaza npmrhvjbm whsar maab cujk hhbwazjm. Aab mrappak js bnnjt

mafnbsthtaaro.

Oa eaasta mrhvab waroab ejb ng eaar var

bjako hhbmatrnggab, znoht àt vhhc bjat eaar

enmakjic whs ta zammab ng oa fraehtja nnr

sprnbcakjic jb, ng nnc rnbone oa urb whs da

mrhvab. Yas ehhk waro aab fraehtja znboar

urb, hk ohb bjat eat djimjgt(ab) mavnboab. C1



=0 Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh kRjoabsjh JP

Gjm. 4. Wnbostab Vtajb, Vhboardnutkhhb. 8 9?.



I. Vfùyg ab M.I. Warwars - Qrbabvakoab ta Vtajb =:

khm fh. 8<-81 e varoarnp np aab ojapta vhb

11 fe ab `ho hks jb`nuo da`hkva oa fraehtja,

aab zmb. @abcakthssa, whh rhhb àt nnr nbtdrhc.

C.7 khm np aab ojapta vhb fh. 7<-71 fe. @a

khhs zjib oa drnbzab hredhboab ab oa sfàrg,

oja hks djimjgt dji oa fraehtja whrab eaama

mavab, t`hbs varowabab. Oa vnbostab C: ab

C.8< (whhrsf`jibkjic nnc 7<-71 fe ojap)

`hooab maab djimjgtab. C.6 davhtta hks djimjgt

aab ckajb pntia3 dji C= ab C84 waroab grhm

eabtab vhb drnbs ng cnpar mavnboab.

@at urbabvako hhb oa Vhboardnutkhhb (I.V.)

Dafcars ab Dafcars caboab orja urbvnbostab

vhb oa Ehurjtswam jb Vtajb 'aab cwhrtjar

mhhbs vhb oa vnrjma mrhvab' (p. 8:1)3 êêb

ohhrvhb whs hk cnrt bh oa vnbost, jb 8:47,

waar 'varvraaeo'. Hkkaab vhb V7 js oa ojapta

tab npzjf`t vhb àt ehhjvako dacabo9 1< fe.

Jb oa knnp vhb oa ih ra b cwheab ujk ojt tar

rajb staaos eaar urbab tnavhkkjm ab nboar vnk

cneab nbfnbtrnkaardhra nesthbojmàoab ta

vnnrsf`jib3 za zjib ohbczji oa npkattaboàjo

vhb phtar Eubstars dawhhro madkavab. Oa

maeaabta Vtajb bnaeoa êêb vhb oa strhtabjb àt ujtdrajojbmspkhb tussab Ehurjtswam

ab Vbjaatssjrhht 'Qrbabvakostrhht', ehhr

`jar zjib àkhhs bnnjt urbab mavnboab. V= ab

V0 cwheab np 8= bnvaedar 8:1: tavnnr

sf`jib dji àt pkhbtab vhb dneab hhb oa

Ehurjtswam?. _nab phtar Eubstars oa vjbo

pkhhts twaa ohmab khtar daznf`t whs oaza hk

maoaaktakjic varbjatjmo. @at aarsta mrhg (V=)

whs fh. 7< fe ojap, ehhr hk maàak 'marnnjo' ,

znoht ar varoar bjats eaar ta zjab whs. Hhb

oa rhbo vhb oa cujk khmab oa sfàrvab (hkkas

vnkcneab vardrjizako) vhb twaa urbab, var

oar vardrhboa daaboarab ab aab drnbzab

spako. @at twaaoa mrhg (V0) khm fh. 4< eatar

varoarnp. @jar `ho eab oa aba àkgt vhb oa

mrnta urb jb oa cujk khtab zjttab, oa rast khm jb

mrujzaks np oa chbt. _nt hhb oa dnvabchbt

maeatab whs oa ojapta ?< fe dabaoab àt

ehhjvako. Oa nboarchbt vhb oa urb khm 10

fe dabaoab àt ehhjvako3 oa nboarchbt vhb

oa cujk 71 fe. Oa cujk `ho vnnr znvar oht jb

oa mrnbo bnm ta zjab whs aab rnboa vnre,

oja np oa `nnmta vhb oa dnvabrhbo vhb oa

pnt aab onnrsbaoa `ho vhb 7< fe. @at mrhg

davhtta aab urb, mavuko eat fraehtjarastab,

oja ar hks aab cknep waroab ujtma`hhko, ab

aab ckajb djipntia, oht eat mrnbo mavuko whs.

Oa urb Vjk waro tjioabs oa J\K-npmrhvjbm

vhb hprjk 8:70 mavnboab, ab whs ohhreaa

tavabs oa abjma vnbost vhb oaza npmrhvjbm.

Ar waroab 6 puttab phrhkkak hhb oa Drnubs

Enas`ngstrhht mamrhvab, ehhr oaza kavar

oab, da`hkva aab jbmaraoab wamtrhfê, oht oanboarznacars vrji vaak khst mhg, varoar maab

vnbostab ng mrnbospnrab np. Nnc dji oa urb

oja oa vnnrkhh tsta ohm bnm tavnnrsf`jib cwhe,

whs bjats vhb aab jbstaac ng cujk ta zjab.

Jb tnthhk kavaroa àt urbabvako 8? urbab

np . Fraehtjas znboar urb zjib bjat mavnboab,

ehhr oht kjmt hhb oa wjiza whhrnp àt urbab

vako nbtoact js. Jb twaa mavhkkab (V= ab V0)

zjib rastab vhb aab cujk mazjab, jb twaa hboara

mavhkkab (V: ab Vjk) js oagjbjtjag maab cujkwhhrmabneab. Whb oa nvarjma vnbostab js

netrabt oa vnbostnesthbojm`foab bjat vaak

eaar dacabo ohb oa pkhhts ab oa ohtue3 jb

abcaka mavhkkab js zakgs hkkaab ehh r dacabo

oht ar nnjt aabs aab urb mavnboab js, oja t`hbs

js varowabab. Waak urbab davhttab aab dji

mjgt ng zjib mavnboab eat sfàrvab vhb êêb

ng eaar hboara pnttab. V1 dastnbo ujt aab

ckajb urbtia eat fraehtja eat hks oacsak aab

zm. Khppabsf`hka. _avabs waro `jar bnm aab

ckajb pntia eat twaa nrab dji mavnboab. Nvar

oa vnbostab V= (urb eat djipntia ab drnbzab

spako) ab V0 (urb eat djipntia) js raaos ma

sprncab. V8? davhtta da`hkva oa urb nnc aab

Ajardafàr.

Ohtarjbm (M.I.W.)

@at dnvabsthhboa nvarzjaboa, cnet eab tnt




[

[

'. '/ V 4

Gjm. 6, Wnbostab Vtajb, Vhboardnutkhhb. 89?3 Br. V=f 894.



I. Vfùyg ab M.I. Warwars - Qrbabvakoab ta Vtajb Dk

oa fnbfkusja oht eat àt dasf`ravab ehta

rjhhk bjat vaak eaar ta onab vhkt ohb àt ta

ohtarab. Dajoa mabnaeoa urbabvakoab zjib

bjat ng bhuwakjics nboarznf`t, oa vnbostab

zjib vaakhk skaf`ts grhmeabthrjsf` dawhhro.Nvar oa nevhbm vhb oa urbabvakoab ab àt

hhbthk djimazatta onoab js bjats dacabo.

Jb àt urbabvako Vtajb, Vhbofrdnutkhhb

vhkt oa djizattjbm V= np. Oa Cardsf`bjtt-var-

sjf rjbm np àt pntia V=d ohtaart oaza djizat

tjbm jb oa Khta Drnbstjio, znhks twaa rafabta

kjic mapudkjfaaroa F8?-ohtarjbmfb bnm aabs

oujoakjic nboarstrapab (Khbtjbm 8:=7)1. Ohhr

àt dnvabsta oaak vhb ojt pntia nbtdraact, js

bjat ujt ta ehcab ng àt varmakacab chb wnroab buk dv. àt vhhsia br. ?4 ujt àt Khta

Drnbstjio oaak vhb àt urbabvako jb Dast

(]jkkaes 8:61). Oht vhhsia waro mavnboab

tazheab eat aab drnbzab spako eat ouddak-

cnbjsf`f cnp. Aab snnrtmakjica spako khm dji

àt Cardsf`bjtt-pntia V=d ujt Vtajb. @at eaa

mavab vhb drnbzab spakoab, vaakhk eat oud-

dakcnbjsfà cnp, madauroa vnnrhk jb oa Khta

Drnbstjio (Oasjttara 8:70, p. 64). Oa dji oaza

djizattjbm da`nraboa urb V=h sthht wht vnre

datragt tussab oa mrnap traf`tar-camak-fykjb-

oar`hksurbab ujt oa Khta Drnbstjio ab oa

mrnap Baoarrjibsa Vf`rïmrhbo-uefb ujt oa

Wrnama Jizartjio. Nnc oa varsjarjbm eat

`nrjznbthka mrnavab np oa sf`nuoar wjist

bhhr oaza nvarmhbmstjio. Wnnr aab varmakjic

dhra urb ujt mrhg 8: jb Wnaroa Cr. Ojbs

khcab, wakca waro mavnboab tazheab eat

twaa @abcakthssab, wnrot onnr Oasjttara (8:70,

p. 881) aab ohtarjbm 'ajboa @h D/F' mamavab.

Oa djizattjbm V8? dasthht ujt aab Baoar

rjibsa Vf`rïmrhbo-ue wakca jb oa Wrnama

Jizartjio mapkhhtst chb wnroab. Ohhrdji

da`nnrt oa zm. Ajardafàr VJ?d . Oaza vnnr

warpab cneab Jb oa Wrnama ab kjat damjb vhb

or Ejooab-Jizartjio vnnr, znhks ].T.C.

\arjznbjus akoars jb ojt tjiosf`rjgt ujtaabzat.

Oa twaa mabnaeoa djizattjbmab kjicab àt

madrujc vhb àt urbabvako Vtajb, Vhbofr

dnutkhhb jb oa tjio ta damrabzab. Wartamab

wnnrojmars vhb oa mrnap traf`tar-camak-fykjb-

oar`hksurbab nbtdracab, avabhks hboara ouj

oakjica Khta Drnbstjio vnreab. Hboarzjioskavaroa ojt urbabvako skaf`ts êêb oujoakjica

Vf`rïmrhbo-ue np, tarwjik àt varoar npvhkt

oht hhroawarc eat daseatab npparvkhc ma

àak nbtdraact. Oa zm. Khppabsf`hka V1d chb

znwak jb oa Khta Drnbstjio hks jb oa (Wrnama>)

Jizartjio wnroab maohtaaro3 àtzakgoa makot

vnnr oa dajoa mannroa pnttab VJ ab V1f. Qrb

V0h tabskntta js varmakjicdhhr eat urb 7< ujt

Mnjrka, whhrdji aab drnbzab spako eat oud-

dakcnbjsfà cnp waro mavnboab (Warwars8:77, Gjm. 0).

@nawak wajbjm mnao ohtaardhhr ehtarjhhk

vnnr`hboab js, kjicab oa vnbostab vhb àt

urbabvako Vtajb, Vhbofrdnutkhhb aab ohta

rjbm jb àt ajboa vhb oa Khta Drnbstjio ab jb

àt damjb vhb oa Wrnama Jizartjio hhb bae a

kjic ta ehcab.

Bnm enajkjicar vhkt aab ohtarjbm ta mavab

vnnr àt urbabvako Vtajb, Caarfboarcarcwam.

Hkkaab urb C84 chb maohtaaro wnroab np oanvarmhbm Khta Drnbstjio - Jizartj io (vm. urb

V0h). Oa urbab CJ ab C6h àddab aab da

seatab npparvkhc. Oa djizattjbm C1 davhtta

aab zm. @abcakthssa, oja vnnrhk jb oa Khta

Drnbstjio wnroab maohtaaro (Oasjttara 8:70,

p. 6=-60). @at kjict ous hhbbaeakjic oht ojt

urbabvako jb jaoar mavhk hhb àt ajboa vhb oa

Khta Drnbstjio ab/ng àt damjb vhb oa JIzar-

tjio jb madrujc whs. Wareako waro raaos oht

bhhst oa = djizattjbmab eat urbab ar bnm 7

djizattjbmab waroab mavnboab oja hkkaab ujt

aab fraehtja, jb êêb mavhk tazheab eat aab

@abcakthssa dastnboab. Ynhks akoars waro da

sf`ravab, js ujt oa Khta Drnbstjio aab mrnnt

hhbthk djizattjbmab znboar urb dacabo (War

wars 8:7:). @at urbabvako Vtajb, Caaraboar-

carcwam js af`tar ta grhmeabthrjsf` dacabo

mawnroab ne `jar hhb oa var`nuojbm tussab




CJ ZsVîjjjj*** =

Gjm. ?. Wnbostab Vtajb, Cfaraboarcarcwam ab knssa vnbostab. 89?.



I. Vfùyg ab M.I. Warwars - Qrbabvakoab ta Vtajb 06

oa djizattjbmab eat ab znboar urb vaak hhb

ohf`t ta sfàbcab.

J Sjardnvab waro vareako oht np dajoa ` jar

dasprncab tarrajbab aab `navaakàjo hhroa-

warcsfàrvab waro mavnboab. Khbms oa

Caaraboarcarcwam cwheab dnvabojab (bjat-

dhbocarhejsfà) phhkmhtab vnnr oab ohm.

@nawak ojt hhroawarc bnm bjat js dastuoaaro

kjict ar bhhst hhroawarc ujt oa Khta Drnbstjio,

vnnrhk ehtarjhhk ujt oa Jizartjio mavnboab ta

zjib (n.e. chevarsjarjbm). Jb `navarra oa

Vtajb, Vhboardnutkhhb9

18. (kji3. 4) urb eat hhbzattab vnnr 4 nrab. dnvabkhbo ab nrab nbtdracab, varsf`rhhko eat pntmrujs ab

staabtias, npp. mkho, raoojs` yakknw, (javnboab 8:71.

14 . (gjm. 6) urb, dnoae nbtdraact, varsf`rhhko eat

pntmr ujs ab gjib cwhrt smru js. np p. mapnkjist, d jbb ab

zjioa mkho. np sf`nuoar nbojapa mrnag, drnwb. Mavnb

oab 8:71.

16 . (gjm. 4) urb eat fraehtja, rhbo nbtdraact, var

sf`rhhko eat staabtias, npp. mapnkjist, kjm`t drnwb, (ja

vnboab 8:7=.

1? . (gjm. 6) urb, rhbo nbtdraact, varsf`rhhko eat

pntmrujs ab staabtias, npp. mkho, kjm`t drnwb.

V1h. (gjm. 6) urb eat fraehtja, varsf`rhhko eat pnt

mrujs, npp. mapnkjist, ohrc raoojs` drnwb/raoojs` drnwb.

V1d. (gjm. 6) grhmeabt vhb Khgj/jabsfkjhka, mavnboabhks oacsak np V1h, varsf`rhhko eat pntmrujs, jats

cwhrts, jats nrmhbjsf` ehtarjhhk, varsjarjbm eat jbma-

crhsta kjibab jb sf`hhcdnrophtrnnb, kjm`t rao eat

vkaccab raoojs` yakknw / 'mrhyjs` drnwb.

V1f. (gjm. 6) grhmeabt vhb pntia eat 4 nrab, oja eat

pab-mht vardjbojbm davastjmo zjib, varsf`rhhko eat

pntmrujs, npp. mkho, rao/yakknwjs` rao. Djizattjbm V1

waro jb 8:7= mavnboab.

V7. (gjm. 6) urb eat fraehtja, varsf`rhhko eat pnt

mrujs, npp. mkho (mapnkjist>), kjm`t drnwb/kjm`t mrhy.

Mavn bo ab 8:4:, Dafcars ab Dafcars 8:?<, hk d. 7?.

V=h. (gjm. 6) grhmeabtab vhb urb eat fraehtja,

varsf`rhhko eat pntmrujs ab staabtias, npp. mkho, nb

ojapa draoa mrnavab Np oa sf`nuoar, raoojs` drnwb,

mavkact dkhfc.V=d. (gjm. 6) pntia znboar rhbo, varsf`rhhko eat

pntmrujs ab staabtias, npp. mapnkjist, varsjaro eat

ouddaka rji np oa pubt sthhboa orja`nacias, ohrc

drnwb dkhfc.

V=f. (gjm. 6) drnbzab spako, oa pubt js hgmadrncab,

ùjojma kabmta 0,4 fe, oa cnp js eat : `nrjznbthka

mrnavab varsjaro, tarwjik nboar oa cnp sfùjb knpaboa

kjibab zjib hhbmadrhf`t. Djizattjbm V= waro jb 8:1:

mavnboab.

baoarzattjbmab, whhrtna ojt hhroawarc da

`nnrt, jb rujeta ab tjio oa dajoa urbabvakoab

nvarkhppab, js àkhhs bjat eaar ta hf`tar

`hkab. Wareakoab wa tabskntta bnm oht àt

earaboaak vhb oa onnr Dafcars mapudkjfaaroa

Tneajbsa vnbostab ujt Vtajb, avabhks oa

onnr ùb nboarznf`ta baoarzattjbm tussab

Vtajb ab Aksknn (whhrjb bhhst jbàaesa vnbo

stab avabaabs Tneajbs hhroawarc waro hhb

matrnggab) ojf`tar dji oa Ehhs np khmara

tarrajbab kjmmab.

V0h. (gjm. 4) grhmeabtab vhb urb eat fraehtja, var

sf`rhhko eat zhbo, npp. mapnkjist, kjm`t drnwb, djbbabzjioa dkhfc.

V0d. (gjm. 4) mavnboab jb V0h, varsf`rhhko eat zhbo,

npp. mapnkjist, dkhfc/kjm`t drnwb. Djizattjbm V0 waro jb

8:1: mavnboab.

V:. (gjm. 4) grhmeabt vhb urb eat fraehtja, rhbo

nbtdraact, varsf`rhhko bjat staabtias, npp. nnrsprnb

cakjic mapnkjist, mrhy. Mavn bo ab tussab 8:16 ab 8:11.

V8<. (gjm. 4) urb eat fraehtja, varsf`rhhko eat pnt

mrujs, npp. mkho, vary ohrc mrhyjs` drnwb. Mavnboab

vnnr 8:?< Dafcars ab Dafcars, mrhg ?.

Vjk. (gjm. 6) urb eat fraehtja, varsf`rhhko eat pnt

mrujs, npp. mkho (nnrsprnbcakjic mapnkjist), mrhyjs`

drnwb/drnwb. Mavnboab tjioabs J\K-npmrhvjbm jb

8:70.184. (gjm. 4) grhmeabtab vhb urb (>), jb phrtjfukjar

dazjt, tacabjbm bhhr sfàts vhb \htar Eubstars,

dnoae nbtdraact, ohrc drnwb, mavkact dkhfc. Mavnboab

8:=8.

186. (gjm. 4) grhmeabtab vhb urb eat fraehtja,

dnvabsta oaak nbtdraact, varsf`rhhko eat pntmrujs,

npp. mkho, kjm`t drnwbjs` mrhy/phka drnwb. Mavnboab

8:70.

VJ?h. (gjm. 4) urb. varsf`rhhko eat staabtias, npp.

mkho, vary phka drnwb/mrhyjs` drnwb/drnwb.

VJ?d. (gjm. 4) Ajardafàr, npp. mkho, dkhfc. Djizattjbm

V8 ?wf ro jb 8:?= mavnboab.

_ussab 8:1< ab 8:71 waroab bnm ? djizattjbmab ma

vnb oab 3 6 oh hrv hb dast nboab ujt aab ur b eat fra

eh tj a3 8 dav htt a 4 pn tta b ngwak 8 ur b ab aab oacsak.

Oaza vnbostab zjib t`hbs znac. Nnc àt onnr Dafcars

ab Dafcars dasf`rav ab mr hg 0 ujt 8:47 js t`h bs nbv jbo

dhhr.

Vtajb, Caaraboarcarcwam9

C J . (gjm. ?) dnoae-, whbo- ab rhbogrhmeabkab vhb

urb eat fraehtja, varsf`rhhko eat staabtias, npp. da

seatab, kjm`t drnwb. Dafcars ab Dafcars mrhg 8.

C4. grhmeabtab vhb urb eat fraehtja, bjat ta ra-




fnbstruarab, varsf`rhhko eat pntmrujs ab zhbo, npp.

mkho, yakknw, djbbabzjioa dkhfc. Dafcars ab Dafcars

mrhg4.C6h. (gjm. ?) grhmeabt vhb urb eat fraehtja, rhbo

nbtdraact, varsf`rhhko eat pntmrujs ab cwhrts, npp.

daseatab, raoojs` drnwb.C6d. (gjm. ?) mavnboab jb C6h, varsf`rhhko eat pnt

mrujs, npp. mkho, rao. Djizattjbm C 6 9 Dafcars ab Dafcars

mrhg 6.

C?. knssa fraehtja znboar urb. Dafcars ab Dafcars

mrhg 7.

C.1. (gjm. ?) knssa fraehtja znboar urb, tazheab eat

@abcakthssa, nnr nbtdraact, varsf`rhhko eat pntmrujs

ab staabtias, npp. mkho, raoojs` yakknw/kjm`t raoojs`

drnwb. Dafcars ab Dafcars mrhg =.

C7. knssa fraeh tja znboa r urb , tazhea b eat 'dr nb

zab hredhboab', wakca bjat vnnr nboarznac dasf`jc

dhhr whrab. TND-npmrhvjbm br. 7:.

C=. grhmeabtab vhb urb eat fraehtja, varsf`rhhko

eat mrnva pntmrujs ab cwhrts, sfàrgojcta 4<-47 ee(Orhcabstajb>), npp. ruw, raoojs` yakknw, djbbabzjioa

kjm`t drnwb. TND-npmrhvjbm br. =8.

C0 . knssa fraeht ja znboa r urb . TND -np mrh vjb m

br. =<.

8 En oo ar eh b 8:=<, J p. =:-0<. Yja vnnr oa npmrh

vjbm varoar àt tnthka warc. Oa JIzartjiospnrab sthhb

bjat np oa nvarzjf`tstacabjbm.4

@at nboarzn ac stnbo nbo ar kajojbm vhb prng. or\.I.T. Enooarehb eat hks tacabhhr oa àar I.\.

Dnnmaro. Wnnrts varkaaboab oa stuoabtab E.Z. oa

Wrji, F. I. Nnsfbdrum, I. \. Onats, ]. E. Ihfnds ,

A.@. I. Dnarstrh ab A. Iuk jhb h ùb eaoawarcjbm.6 Oa iujsta pkhhts js bjat maàak dac abo 9 jb oa jbvab

thrjskjist vhb oa fnkkaftja Dafcars whhr oa vnbostab

hks br. JWd 61 ab JWd 67 jbmasf`ravab sthhb, sthht

Dafcars, I. ab M. H.I . Dafcars (8:?<), Wnnrmasf`jaoabjs

vhb Yujo-Kjedurm, Ehhstrjf`t.

Ofsjttara, E. (8:70), Oa urbabvakoabcuktuur jb àt madjao

tussab Baoar-Tjib ab Bnnrozaa3 parjnoas @hH ab D, Mabt

(Ojssarthtjnbas Hrf`hanknmjfha Mhboabsas PJ).

Khbtjbm , I. B. (8:=7), Ywaj F8?-ohtjarta G ubo a vnb

spïtdrnbzazajtkjfàr Carhejc ejt Cardsf`bjttvar

zjarubm, @akjbjue PWJ, p. 11-78.

Eno oar ehb , \.I.T. (8:=<), Kjbah rdhbo carhej c hus

Aksknn ubo Vtajb, Hbhk. \rha`. Kajo. JJJ .

C:. knssa fraeht ja znbo ar urb . TND- npm rhv jbm

br. 06.

C8<. knssa fraehtja znboar urb . TND-np mrhvj bm

br. 0?.

C j k . (gjm. ?) grhmeabt vhb urb eat fraeht ja, r hbo

nbtdraact, varsf`rhhko eat pntmrujs ab zaar mrnvacwhrts, npp. ruw, kjm`t drnwb. TND-npmrhvjbm br. 07.

C J 4 . (gjm. ?) urb eat fraehtja, dnoae nbtdraact,

varsf`rhhko eat pntmrujs ab cwhrts, npp. mkho, kjm`t

drnwb. TND-npmrhvjbm br. :8.

Knssa vnbostab9

Kk h. (gjm. ?) urb , skaf`t marast huraar o, djbbab zjioa

vhb mjps, varsf`rhhko eat chkc (>), npp. mkho, drnw

bjs` yakknw /vary phka drnwb.

Kjd. (gjm. ?) tazheab eat Kkh mavnboab, npp. mkho,

raoojs` yakknw. Djizattjbm KJ js np nbd acab oa oh tu e

dji oa Adurnbabwam mavnboab.

K4. (gjm. ?) grhmeabt vhb urb eat fraehtja, dnvabsta oaak nbtd raact , 8 rhbosfàrg, var sf`rhhk o eat

pntmrujs, npp. daseatab, ohrc drnwb. Mavnboab jb

8:74 bhdji Oab @nacstrhht.

Adurnbabwam, (oja tnab bnm bjat dastnbo), :8 e vhb

àt Vejoswamif ( 5 Veaats strhht ). Ojt chb jb jaoar

mavhk bjat, ohhr dajoa strhtab bjat hhb akchhr mrabzab.?

Drjag vhb phtar H. Eubs tars hhb Or. \. Mkhza eh,tnabehkjm ojraftaur vhb oa T.N.D., oo. 8: bnvaedar

8:1:.1 Oa varsjar jbm np àt pntia V=d dast hht ujt twaa

rjiab orja`nacias, wakca eat oa pubt bhhr dabaoab

zjib mapkhhtst (ous bjat hktarbarabo znoht oa vnnr vaak

vhb oa Cardsf`bjtt-varsjarjbm cabe arca boa zjmzhm-

dhbo nbtsthht).

Warwars, M.I. (8:77), H Khta Drnbza Hma/Ahrky Jrnb

Hma Qrbgjako ht Mnjrka, \rnv. Bnnro-Drhdhbt,

Hbhk. \rha`. Kajo. JJ, p. 66-?0.

Warwars, M.I. (8:7:), _à damjbbjbm ng tà Khta

Drnbza Hma jb tà Knwar T`jba Hrah, Darjf`tab

T.N.D. 8:,'p. 8=-41.

]jkkaes, ].I.H. (8:61), Aab djiorhma tnt oa cabbjs ojr

Wöörrneajbsfà urbabvakoab jb Baoarkhbo. Ojss. Hestar

ohe.

BN_AB

K J _ A T H _ Q Q T



AJATDAF@AT JB BAOATKHBO

]. T. C. \ATJYNBJQV

Ajardafàr wnroab ramakehtjm znwak jb oa Bnnro- hks jb oa Yiujobaoarkhbosa urbab-

vakoab ujt oa Jizartjio hhbmatrnggab. %ji cubbab np mrnbo vhb hssnfjhtjas eat Vf`rïm-

rhbo-urbab, @hrpstaot-urbab, nboardrncab crjbmmrappaks, Ehrba-hhroawarc ab

Tujbab-]neeaks hhroawarc jb @hFiO ab jb àt damjb vhb oa Khtàba-tjio maohtaaro

wnroab. _arwjik nboardrncab crjbmmrappaks, Ehrba-hhroawarc ab Tujbab-] neeaks

hhroawarc zjf` `nngozhcakjic tnt Bnnro- ng Rujo-Baoarkhbo daparcab, js iujst eat

datraccjbm tnt oa Vf`rï'mrhbo-urbab, oa @hrpstaot-urbab ab oa Ajardafàr zakg vhb

abjm varsf̀ jk tussab Bnnro ab jRujo maab sprhca.

Jbkajojbm@at gajt oht ar jb oa Jizartjio jb Baoarkhboehhr zn wajbjm mnao ohtaardhra endjkjhvnnrcneab, ehhct àt oa enajta whhro tanboarznacab jb `navarra Ajardafàr nbs jbojt npzjf`t vhb ojabst cubbab zjib. M.I.Warwars (8:=4, `gost. WJ, H 6) varnboarstakoa raaos np mrnbo vhb àt tnab dacaboaehtarjhhk oht oa Ajardafàr jb àt Baoar-rjibmadjao rnbo àt ajbo vhb oa Wrnama ab

kjat damjb vhb oa Ejooab-Jizar tjio nptraoab.Eat bhea zjib nvartujmjbm oht 'ajba mabhuaJbvabthrjsjarubm vnb Eusfueshee`jbmabmawjÞ bnf` wajtara Dajspjaka ardrjbmabwûroa' (Warwars 8:=4, p. 840) vnreoa oahhbzat tnt oa ùjojma systaehtjsfà jbvabthrjshtja oja jboarohho bnm =< 'bjauwa'axaepkhrab npkavaroa. Bhhst oa varsf`jkkaboa Baoarkhbosa eusah zjib nnc abcakaDakmjsfà eusah daznf`t8. Onnr daejooa

kjbm vhb oa prnvjbfjhh k hrfànknmab (T.N.D. )ab vjh aab nprnap tnt oa hehtaur hrfànknmab4 (\arjznbjus ab Warwars 8:=1) cnboabnnc Ajardafàr ujt phrtjfukjar dazjt wnroabhf`tar`hhko6.

Oa tare Ajardafàr

@at whs whhrsf`jibkjic C. _hfcabdarm(8:6?) oja hks aarsta oa tare Ajardafàr

`hbtaaroa. @ji madrujcta àe vnnr êêb vhboa orja typab Cakf`dafàr oja `ji jb Ejooab-ab ]ast-@hbbnvar nboarsfàjooa. @at datrng jboarohho aab vnre joabtjac hhb ojavhb aab ajoaronp. @nawak ojt typa jb nbzastracab bjat vnnrcnet, spracab wf saoart]. Carstab (8:?0) nnc jb Baoarkhbo vhbAjardafàr. Oa hhroawarcvnre oja wji ohhreaa hhboujoab kjict af`tar bhuwakjics npaab ajoaronp9 àt sf`hhktia js ohhrvnnr

eaasthk ta wjio. Jb àt varkaoab waro jb nbskhbo oa bhhe vhb ojt hhroawarcprnouftohb nnc hhb àak hboara zhcab nbtkaabo. Ynchb eab oa vnkmaboa nesf`rjivjbmab tamabcneab9 'cneeatia jb oab vnre vhb aabznutvhhtia' (@arehbs 8071, p. 77 ab 8<8),'wjarnncvhhsia' ng 'raucvhhsia' (\kfyta 80==-8:<4), 'sf`hhktia vhb oudjauzab vnre' (@nk-waroh 8:<0, Djk 10<), 'oacsak eat cbnp'(Tjicseusaue vhb Nuoàoab, jbvabthrjs-

chhrt c 8:46/88.44), 'ajb onppakcnbjsfàsMagïÞfàb' (Taenuf`heps 8:4?), 'ma`hvabo trhbabgkasfìa' (\rnvjbfjhhk Eusauevhb Orabtà, jbvabthrjschhrt 8:41/PJ.4),'nbmakjic-zhboknparvnrejmvnatdacartia' (WhbMjggab 8:?1) ng 'khepia, ojhdnknvnrejm'(Maeaabta Eusaue Hrbàe, jbvabthrjschhrtM.E. 4===). @nawak ous jboarohho oa tareAjardafàr 'bjf`t marhoa hks dasnboars mkûfc-




kja` zu dazajf`bab jst' (Inhf`je 8:70, p. 4?,bnnt 1=), js `ji af`tar zn jbmadurmaro oht àtnbmawabst js ne àe, znboar aab mrnbojmaraoab, ta wjizjmab.

]ak chb, hhb oa `hbo vhb àt bu varzheakoa ehtarjhhk, ojt damrjp Ajardafàr whtbhoar wnroab nesf`ravab. Jb àt varkaoabzjib ehhr abcaka pnmjbmab ohhrtna nboarbneab. ]. Carstab (8:?0, p. 64), oja hksaarsta aab hhbthk Baoarkhbosa Ajardafàrnpsnet, oagjbjaart za hks 'Vf`ïkfàb hug

`nàb ehssjvab VthbogûÞfb'. Wraaeo mabnam dazjttab af`tar 7 vhb oa : Ajardafàrujt Baoarkhbo oja `ji bnaet aab `nkka vnat ?!_araf`t hf`tta \.I.T. Enooarehb (8:7</78)

àt bhhr hhbkajojbm vhb oaza npearcjbmvhb ]. Carstab oabcdhhr 'eat varsf`jkkaboatypab vhb ajaronppab' ta onab ta àddab,tnab `ji aab Ajardafàr eat `nkka vnat ujt]jifàb dasf`raag. @at dkjict af`tar ohthkkarkaj varsf`jkkaboa vnreab vhb Ajardafàr(gjm. 8), avabhks bhuw hhb Ajardafàr var-

Gjm. 8. Aab ehssjava ng `nkka vnat js bjat hhb aab daphhkoa Ajardafàrvnre madnboab. 8 94.

whbta dhcias (kjm. 4), znwak eat aab `nkkahks eat aab ehssjava vnat cubbab vnnrcneab. M.I. Warwars (8:=4, p. 840) nesf`rjigt Ajardafàr hks 'ckajba Vf`ïkfàb ejt

ajbae Ourfèassar vnb jb oar Tamak 7-0 fe,wakfà hug ajbab ckajbab GuÞ mastakkt sjbo.Vja sjbo bjf`t prngjkjart ubo saktab snrmgïktjm mahrdajtat'. Nnc oaza nesf`rjivjbmdkjict bjat ta vnkonab. Jb oa aarsta pkhhtscneab ar thk vhb sf`hhktias eat aab ckajbavnat vnnr oja eab tnf` bjat hks Ajardafàrznu wjkkab typarab, ab jb oa twaaoa pkhhts

zjib vaka Ajardafàr wak oamakjic sfàrp maprngjkaaro ng znrmvukojm mapnkjist.

Dji oa t`hbs vnkmaboa pnmjbm ne, ujtmhhboa vhb àt bu vnnr`hboab zjiboa

Baoarkhbosa ehtarjhhk, aab nesf`rjivjbmvhb oa tare Ajardafàr ta mavab, enat vnnrnpmastako wnroab oht àt `jar jb gajta skaf`tsmhht ne aab abjmszjbs npvhkkaboa vnre-vhrjhbt djbbab aab zaar mrnta mrnap vhbhkka enmakjica `hbomavnreoa dhcias ujtnbza urbabvakofb. @at js vnnrbheakjic àtabjmszjbs zhboknparvnrejma prngjak oht oa



WW.T.C. \arjznbjus

Gjm. 4. Hhb Ajardafàr varwhbta dhcias avabaabs eatehssjava ng `nkka vnat. H Aeeab (Dursf` 8:6=,hgd. 61, 6), D 5 Aoa (Kajoab, a 8:6</88.4<). 894.

Ajardafàr vhb àt hboara hhroawarc djbbab

oaza mrnap nboarsfàjot , ab ohhrne cubbab

zji nnc àt dast nesf`ravab wnroab hks

h h r o a w a r c v n r e a b s h e a b m a s t a k o u jtaab sf`hh k t i a ab aab vna t i a (`nnm ? -0

fe, draao 1R-88 fe)3 oa draaota js tar

` n n m t a v h b o a n v a r m h b m v h b ` a t s f ` h h k -

J i a jb oa vn at ` a t c k a j bs t , ab e n a t v h b

o h h r h g z n wa k j b o a r j f ` t j b m v h b o a

d n v a b r h b o , h k s j b o a r j f ` t j b m v h b ` a t

m r n b o v k h c m a k a j o a k j i c t n a b a e a b . N g

oa vnat ohhrdji `nk ng ehssjag js, onat bjat

tar zhca.

Oht àt, neoht oa vnreab zaar makajoakjic jb akchhr cubbab nvarknpab (gjm. 6), jb

abcaka mavhkkab nbzacar js ng wa eat aab

Ajardafàr vnkmabs dnvabsthhboa nesf`rj i

vjbm ta onab àddab, js bjat ta vnnrcneab.

Hhroawarcvnreab oja wak vnkkaojm hhb oa

dnvabsthhboa nesf`rj ivjbm vnkonab ehhr

ujt aab àak hboar tjiovhc stheeab (ar zjib

n.h. vnnrdaakoab ujt oa _raf`tardacarfuk-

Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo 0=

Gjm. 6. Oa makajoakjica nvarmhbm tussab Ajardafàr abvnatknza dhcias. H - Aarsak (Kajoab, c 8:86/4.8<),D 5 Hkpàb ab Tjak (Dursf` 8:?4, p. 17), F 5 Baoar-waart (Kajoab, M.K. 846.h), O 5 Wako`nvab (Kajoab,c 8:<0/8.4). 894.




Gjm. ?. Warsf`jkkaboa Ajardafàr ujt Baoarkhbo. 8 94.

tuur), zjib dujtab dasf`nuwjbm makhtab. Warsf`jkkab jb vnre djbbab oa mrnap vhb Ajardafàr zjib ta zjab jb `m. ?. Oa var`nuojbmtussab oa `nnmta ab oa draaota, hkseaoa oaehta vhb syeeatrja tussab oa vnat ab àt

sf`hhktia zjib hspaftab oja avabtuaak vnnraab bhoara hh bouj ojbm vhb oa vnre drujcdhhr zjib.

Gubftja

@nawak vhb ?1 Ajardafàr dacabo js oht zjiujt mrhgvakoab hgcnestjm zjib, wnroab zji aababcaka ehhk tnf` nnc jb baoarzattjbmab hhb

matrnggab (br. 80, ?0, =0). Nnc tussab oabaoarzattjbmsvnbostab ta ]neeakmae,Dakmjã (Graehukt, 8:7:) davnbo zjf` aabAjardafàr. @jardji enat eab daoabcaboht ujt oa Wrnama Jizartjio bhuwakjics baoar

zattjbmab dacabo zjib (Warwars, 8:=4, p.866). @at js ous dast enmakjic oht oa Ajardafàr, hkvnrabs jb oa mrhgvakoab ta dakhboab, tnt àt mawnba madrujcshhroawarc vhboa kavaboab àddab da`nnro. Ar chb ohbaab nvaraabcnest wnroab varnboarstako tussab oa gubftja vhb oa Ajardafàr jb àt ohmakjics kavab ab oja dji àt mrhgrjtuaak. Dji oht



WW.T.C. \frjznbjus - Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo 0:

khhtsta js znwak aab gubftja tjioabs oa fraehtja zakg, hks aab varnboarstako madrujc ohhrbhonnr oa nvarkaoaba enmakjic.

Tamakehtjm nptraoaboa hssnfjhtjas eat

daphhkoa endjkjh, znohbjm oht wa ohhrujtjats tab hhbzjab vhb oa gubftja znuoab cubbab hgkajoab, cneab bjat vnnr. Ya wnroabznwak eat urb (61 x), snes ar jb (0 x),snes ar bhhst (= P), hks nnc wak znboar urb(br. 40, 60) hhbmatrnggab. ]ak js ta Vt.Mjkkas-]hhs, Dakmjã' (Oa Khat, Babqujb abVpjthaks, 8:10) aab Ajardafàr eat twaamhhtias onnr oa rhbo mavnboab, sheab eataab pntia whhrnp `ji hks oacsak znu cubbab

wnroab vhstmadnboab. Nemacaaro af`tarwhs vnkmabs ]. \kayta (80==-8:<4) aabAjardafàr ujt Aoa (br. 4?) zakg vhb aaboacsaktia vnnrzjab.

Nnc ujt oa vnre vhb oa Ajardafàr chbehhr wajbjm nvar oa gubftja wnroab hgmakajo. Oa vnat chb hks `hbomraap maojaboàddab, ehhr whhrne zn'b `hbomraap bnojmwhs, dkjigt vhhm. _waa Ajardafàr (br. 10,07) àddab jb àt fabtrue vhb àt sf`hhktiaaab axtrh cnevnrejma varojapjbm. Npvhkkabo js nnc oa draoa hgmapkhtta ab snes nvar-wakvaboa rhbo dji rab hhb thk Ajardafàr.Ojt js enmakjic àt mavnkm vhb àt tarumstu-wab vhb oa ckaj whbbaar oa rhbo ta var whsujtmacbapab.

Oa mrnta varsf`jkkab jb cwhkjtajt, hksmavnkm vhb snes ejboar mnaoa ckaj, skaf`tavnremavjbm ng nbiujsta dhctaf`bjac, wjizab

Gjm. 1. Ajardafàr eat varsjarjbm. 8 .4.

ar np oht àt ar bjat ne mjbm cubojm hgmawarcta axaepkhrab hhb oa onoa eaa tamavab. Cabbakjic whs oa cwhkjtajt vhbejboar datacabjs ohb oa gubftja. @at gajt oht

aab hhbthk axaepkhrab wak grhhj mapnkjist js(dv. br. 84, 47, 67, =8, =?) ab abcaka Ajardafàr zakgs varsjaro zjib (br. ?1, 1?, =07, 06)spraact ojt bjat tamab (gjm. 1). Nnc nvar nbzakhbosmrabzab cneab abcaka, staaos waar nphboara wjiza varsjaroa Ajardafàr vnnr=.

Aab Ajardafàr ujt Dhrbavako (gjm. 79 br.84) àagt aab draoa hg`hbmaboa rhbo eattwaa mhhtias ar jb ab znu àt dasta hksoacsak maîbtarprataaro cubbab wnroab, bat

hks àt dnvabmabnaeoa vnnrdaako ujt Vt.Mjkkas-]hhs. _nf` dkjivab ojt npzjf`zakgsthhboa mavhkkab. Wnreab hks gjm. ?9 br. 76cubbab daskjst bjat hks oacsak maojabo àddab. Aab dhcia ujt Yujo-@assab (Vfùehfàr 8:=4, _hg. 4<9 D4), eat znwak twaamhhtias hks orja pnntias, tnnbt oht mhhtias bjathktjio np aab oacsak `navab ta wjizab. Ynàagt aab Ajardafàr ujt ]jifàb djivnnrdaako aab mhhtia onnr oa vnat (gjm. 79 br. 08).

Oa vrhhm ng Ajardafàr (nkja) 8 h e pi a s zjib

;é2£K" " - R

y ê fW ÎW , R R O JW

Gjm. 7. Ajardafàr eat mhhtias. 894.



:< Hbhkafkh \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

(\arjznbjus ab Warwars 8:=1) enat nbdahbtwnnro dkjivab. Drhbospnrab hhb oa djbbabrhbo vhb àt sf`hhktia, znhks eab dji aabkhepia znu varwhf`tab, zjib bjat whhrma

bneab. Aab avabtuaak jb àt fabtrue orjivaboa knbt (Bhborjs 8:=6) js ohhreaa bnmbjat dawazab. ]ak vartnnbt aab oartjmthkAjardafàr oa mavnkmab vhb nvarvar`jttjbm.@at kjict ar np oht wf `jar ta ehcab àddabeaj dhcgnutfb. Ng waroab oa Ajardafàrejssf`jab eaamafraeaaro>

Hssnfjhtjas ab ohtarjbm

Whb oa varsf`jkkaboa vnnrcneaboa hssnfjh

tjas vhb Ajardafàr eat endjkjh ab jeen-djkjh js bhmamhhb wakca datacabjs ohhrujttab hhbzjab vhb oa ohtarjbm js hg ta kajoab.Neoht oaza endjkjh ab jeendjkjh tab oakawaar np mrnbo vhb nboarkjbma hssnfjhtjas maohtaaro zjib, varsf`hggab zji af`tar bjat hktjionbhg`hbcakjica jbgnrehtja. Wnnr oa Jizartjiojb Yujo-Baoarkhbo js ujtmamhhb vhb oaparjnojsarjbm vhb M.I. Warwars (8:=4, `gost.WJ) ab vnnr oa Jizartjio jb Bnnro-Baoarkhbovhb oa jboakjbm onnr @._. ]htardnkc (8:74).

Jb : mavhkkab zjib Ajardafàr eat crjbmmrappaks mahssnfjaaro, ohhrvhb whrab ar 6nboardrncab (br. 6=, 60, =1) ab 6 maskntab(br. =, 47, 7?). Whb oa 6 rastaraboa crjbmmrappaks (br. 81, 4<, 78) js àt nbdacabo ngzji nboardrncab ng maskntab whrab. Oaojheatar khm dji = crjbmmrappaks tussab oa 1ab oa = e. Ohhrbhhst cwheab nnc ojheatars vhb 84 e (br. 78) ab vhb 6 e (br. 7?)vnnr.

Oa n b o a rd rn c a b c r j b m m ra p p a k s daparcab zjf` tnt oa Jizar tjio (Daax 8:7<)._ab hhbzjab vhb oa ma sk nt ab cr jb mm ra ppaks chb, nnc whbbaar eab oa ojheatar arjb datract maab nboarsfàjo tussab oa KhtaDrnbstjio ab oa Jizartjio maehhct wnroab(Warwars 8:=4, p. 64)3 nnc jb Bnnro-Baoarkhbo cneab zji znwak jb oa Khta Drnbstjio

hks jb oa Jizartjio vnnr (]htardnkc 8:74).Oa maskntab crjbmmrappak ta Mhstarab (br. =)onnrsbjiot aab orjathk hboara crjbmmrappaksab aab khbmdao eat `nutdnuw, àtmaab jb

jaoar mavhk np aab khta ghsa vhb ojt mrhgvakowjist.

Abcaka Ajardafàr jb Bnnro-Baoarkhbozjib eat vjar`nacjma mrappaks mahssnfjaaro3 êêb ta Dhkknn (br. 10) vhb 6,1 dji6,1 e ab êêb ta @nksknnt (br. 1:) vhb 4,1 dji1 e. @._. ]htardnkc (8:74) racabt oazavjar`nacjma mrappaks tnt oa Yajiabar fuktuur,rnbo 1<< v. F`r., aab ohtarjbm oja raoakjicjb nvaraabstaeejbm js eat oa onnr J.E. Vtaho

(8:78) mabnaeoa rakhtja tussab àt nptraoabvhb vjar`nacjma mrappaks ab jbvknaoab vhb oaEhrba-fuktuur. Nnc oa ohtarjbm vhb àtmrhgvako ta Bjibsak eat 0 vjar`nacjma mrappaks, 'jb oa aarsta àkgt vhb oa Khtàba-tjio',skujt `jardji hhb (@ukst 8:7?).

Whb oa djizattjbmab eat Ajardafàr cnb1 P (br. 4<, 6=, 60, 1:, 78) wnroab vhstmastako oht zji f a b t r h h k , ab ? x (br. =, 47,10, =1) oht zji axfabtrjsf` djbbab oa

mrappaks khmab. Dji oa khhtsta mrnap js oahssnfjhtja eat oa mrappak ejboar zacar neoht àt enmakjic bh-d jiza ttjbmab datragt.

_waa Ajardafàr (br. 40, 68) datrnggab djizattjbmab znboar mrappak, jats wht dji

vnnrdaako ta @hps (Wrnama ab Ejooab-Jizartjio) dji eaar ohb 1<% vhb oa djizattjbmab vnnrcnet (Warwars 8:=4, p. ?0).

Jb tnthhk 61 Ajardafàr zjib eat urbabmahssnfjaaro. @at datragt vnnrbheakjicVf`rïmrhbo-ueab (br. 86, 44, ?<, 1:, 7<, 00,::), @hrpstaot-urbab0 (br . 0, 4<, =:, 0<, :6)ab sf`hhkvnrejma ujt Vf`rïmrhbo-ueab nbtwjccakoa vnreab (br. 6=, 11, 7?). @at kjictar ous np oht, bhhst oa raaos onnr M.I.Warwars (8:=4, `gost. WJ, H 6) mabnaeoaramakehtjm nptraoaboa hssnfjhtjas eat @hrpstaot-urbab nnc hssnfjhtjas eat Vf`rïmrhbo

urbab vaakvukojm vnnrcneab. Aab vkuf`tjma



].T.C. \arjznbjus - Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo :8

dkjc jb oa kjtar htuur kavaroa nnc vnnr oa @hrpst aot -u rb : ab 87 hssnfjhtjas eat Vf`rïm-

Ajardafàr ujt àt hhbmrabzaboa Dakmjsfà rhbo-ueab np8<.ab Oujtsa madjao 6 hssnfjhtjas eat aab Vf`rïmrhbo-ueab (dv. gjm. =9 br. ?<,

Gjm. =. Wnnrdaakoab vhb hssnfjhtjas vhb Ajardafàr eat Vf`rïmrhbo-uefb (br. 44, ?<), wjioa sf`hh kvnre jmaurbab (br. 6=, 11) ab aab Tujbab-]neeaks J urb (br. 68). 89?.



:4 Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

Ã-<RRR ‟r- k

[j *-"-[ '«'•«, .. "2"}'³

AE

t>H

[Êv 'y ' I I

Ij i

9I iv [

VJ-I • 6 Ig• w- 'I'ig

8 [ .W

.RujyjKIIk

- Ie

Gjm. 0. Wnnrdaakoab vhb hssnfjhtjas vhb Ajardaf`ar eat @hrpstaot-urbab (br. =:, 0<, :6), ng ohh rhhb varwhbta vnreab (br. 81, 0=). 8 9?. =:h 898.



].T.C. \arjznbjus Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo :6

44) zjib abjmszjbs dnkka vnreab eat aab whtsfùjba rhbo, oja zjf` nbtwjccako àddab ujtoa camak-, traf`tarab fykjboar`hksurbabvhb oa Khta Drnbstjio. Yji wnroab jb Yujo-

Baoarkhbo maohtaaro jb oa Wrnama ab àtdamjb vhb oa Ejooab-Jiz artji o (Warwars8:=4, `gost. WJ, H 8). Jb Bnnro-Baoarkhbownroab oa Vf`rïmrhbo-uefb tnt @hF maracabo (]htardnkc 8:74), wht nvaraabcneteat oa aarsta àkgt vhb oa Wrnama Jizart jiojb Yujo-Baoarkhbo. G. Eaax (8:=4) pkhhtstoa Dakmjsfà Vf`rïmrhbo-uefb, eaoa hhb oa`hbo vhb twaa F8? ohtarjbmab jb @hF/O.

@ h r p s t a o t - u r b a b (dv. gjm. 09 br. =:, 0<,

:6), feearvnrejma daseatab urbab eataab mkhooa `hks ab aab chrtakrhbo, wnroabavabaabs jb @hF maohtaaro (]htardnkc8:74). M.I. Warwars (8:=4, `gost. WJ, H 1)oja, np mrnbo vhb àt gajt oht oa Yujobaoar-khbosa @hrpstaot-urbab enmakjic tnt àtaf`ta @hrpstfotar hhroawarc jb maab abcakarakhtja sthhb, kjavar spraact vhb urbab jb'@hrpstfotar Vtjk8, racabt za ohhr tnt oaWrnama ab àt damjb vhb oa Ejooab-Jizar

tjio. Da`hkva oa 1 mabnaeoa Ajardafàr jsar bnm aab axaepkhhr oht, zji àt jb marjbmaraehta, avabaabs eat aab @hrpstaot-urb mahssnfjaaro js. @at datragt oa Ajardafàr ujtMhstarab (br. =), da`nraboa dji aab axfabtrjsf` djbbab aab crjbmmrappak makamab djizattjbm, tarwjik oa fabtrhka djizattjbm jb aab@hrpstaot-urb mapkhhtst whs. Oa urb djiAjardafàr br. 81 (gjm. 0), oja oa vnnr @hrpstaot-urbab chrhctarjstjaca chrtakrhbo ejst,chb avabaabs hhb oa Wrnama ng oa Ejooab-

Jizartjio wnroab tnamasf`ravab (Warwars8:=4, p. 868).

]jioa sf `h hk vn r ej mf ur ba b (dv. gjm.=9 br. 6=, 11) oja hks aab varoara nbtwjccakjbm vhb oa Vf`rïmrhbo-ueab zjib ta dasf`nuwab, pkhhtst M.I. Warwars (8:=4, p. 847)jb oa Ejooab-Jizartjio. Nnc àt baoarzattjbmsehtarjhhk whhrtna Ajardafàr br. =0

da`nnrt, davht aab wjioa sf`hhkvnrejma urb,tarwjik oa hhbwazjmàjo vhb Ehrba-hhroa-warc `jar avabaabs np oa Ejooa b-Ji zart jiowjist.

Oa Tu j ba b- ]n ee ak s J ur b dji Ajardafàr br. 68 (gjm. =9 br. 68) wnrot maohtaarojb @hO ng àt damjb vhb oa Khtàba-tjio, znhks twaa F8? ohtarjbmab (]htardnkc 8:=<,p. 8<) davastjmab. Ajardafàr br. 10 js da`hkva eat aab vjar`nacjma mrappak avabaabseat Tujbab-]neeaks (J ng JJ) hhroawarcmahssnfjaaro. @at datragt aab rhbosfàrg.

Whb oa 87 rastaraboa Ajardafàr oja eaturbab mahssnfjaaro whrab, datragt àt jb 84

mavhkkab ng urbg rhmeabtab ög skaf`ts sf`rjgtakjica vareakojbmab oht ar aab urb dji whs.Oa 1 nvarjma urbab (dji br. 1, 48, 41, ==, 0=)zjib npzjf`zakgsthhboa mavhkkab vhb varsf`jkkaboa vnre oja zjf` snes ejboar ehccakjickhtab ohtarab. Oa urb dji br. 1 àagt aab zaarwjioa npabjbm, tarwjik àt `nacjma prngjak npEhrba-jbvknaoab wjist. Oa urb dji br. 48cnet nvaraab eat aab @hrpstaot-urb ehhrohb eat aab sfàag bhhr djbbab sthhboa

rhbo. Ajardafàr br. 41 js enmakjic àt abjmaaxaepkhhr oht eat Khta Drnbstjio hhroawarc88 js mahssnfjaaro. @at datragt af`tarehtarjhhk oht onnr daejooakjbm vhb I.B.H.\hbcfb waro hhbmacnf`t vnnr àt Tjicseusaue vhb Nuoàoab ab abjma twjigakhhbmhhboa oa iujstàjo vhb oaza hssnfjhtja jsmadnoab neoht nvar oa vnbostnesthbojm-àoab bjats eat zacaràjo dacabo js. Oaurb dji br. == àagt aab zaar wjioa npabjbm abdkjict, jb hhbvukkjbm np vrnamara pudkjfhtjas,

aab `nrjznbthhk kjmmabo nnr ta àddab dazatab. Oa urb dji Ajardafàr br. 0= tabsknttacnet nvaraab eat aab nbdaseatab @hrpstaot-urb (gjm. 0).

Orjaehhk whrab oa eat Ajardafàr mahssnfjaaroa urbab vhb aab oacsak vnnrzjab(br. 6=, ?4, 7?). M.I. Warwars (8:=4, p. ?4)stakt oht, jb jaoar mavhk jb Yujo-Baoarkhbo,



:? Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

oacsaks np urbab wakjswhhr nnc jb oa KhtaDrnbstjio, ehhr tnf` vnnrhk jb oa Jizartjiovaak vnnrcneab. Nnc jb àt Oujtsa Baoar-rjibmadjao zjib 6 Ajardafàr eat vhb oac

saks vnnrzjaba urbab mahssnfjaaro84. @atdatragt jb oaza Oujtsa vnnrdaakoab staaosVfcrh'mrhbo-urbab.

Oa Vf`rjjmrhbo-ueab dji oa Ajardafàrbr. 86, ?<, 1: ab oa sf`hhkvnrejma urb djibr. 6= zjib eat Oakkab varsjaro. Oaza vnrevhb varsjarjbm wnrot vnnr Bnnro-Baoarkhbojb @hF (]htardnkc 8:74) ab vnnr Yujo-Baoarkhbo, hbhknnm hhb ohtarjbmab ujt àtEjooabrjibmfdjao, jb oa Wrnama ab àt

damjb vhb oa Ejooab-Ji zart jio mapkhhtst(Warwars 8:=4, p. 860).

Oa sf`hhkvnrejma urbab dji br. 6= ab 11`hooab chevarsjarjbm. Ojt snnrt vhb varsjarjbm kjict, jb jaoar mavhk ta @hps, bjataaroar ohb np àt ajbo vhb oa Wrnama ng jbàt damjb vhb oa Ejooab-Jizartjio np tatraoab (Warwars 8:=4, p. 14).

Orja Ajardafàr (br. 40, 60, 1?) zjib djidjizattjbmab znboar urb hhbmatrnggab. Jb

Yujo-Baoarkhbo (br. 60, 1?) cneab djizattjbmab znboar urb oa maàka Drnbs- abJIzartjio vnnr. ]ak kjict np mrnbo vhb parfabthmas oaza mawnnbta jb oa Ejooab-Ji zart jiotna ta baeab (Warwars 8:=4, p. ?4-?7).

_abejbsta 4 Ajardafàr (br. 4, 1?) zjibeat Ehrba-hhroawarc mahssnfjaaro. Jbàt mavhk vhb br. 1? kjict nnc oa Ajardafàrzakg (gjm. 1) Ehrba-jbvknaoab ta àddab nboarmhhb. Dji Ajardafàr br. 4 ujt àt mrhg-

vako np oa Enkabàjoa ta Hkpàb (B. Dr.)davnbo zjf` aab pntia eat àt chrhctarjstjaca sfàrp macbjcta Ehrbf-prngjak. Hhbmazjab ojt mrhgvako hks maàak aab oujoakjicEhrba-staepak orhhmt, cubbab ajmabkjic nncoa 7 nvarjma jb ojt mrhgvako hhbmatrnggabAjardafàr (br. 8, 6, ?, 1, 8<, 88) eat Ehrba-hhroawarc jb vardhbo wnroab madrhf`t.Nboar àt baoarzattjbmsehtarjhhk ujt @hrab

(B. Dr.), whhrtna br. ?0 da`nnrt, davjbotzjf` êêb vhb oa npvhkkabosta Ehrba-hhroa-warcfnkkfftjas ujt nbs khbo86 . Nnc àt baoarzattjbmsehtarjhhk ta ]jifàb (br. =0) tnnbt

Ehrba-jbvknaoab. Jb Dakmjã cneab jb oamrhgvakoab ta Kneeaj (Oa Khat ab Ehrjab8:1<) ab ta Tjicavnrsak (Ehrjab 8:14, p.611) avabaabs znwak Ehrba-hhroawarc hksAjardafàr vnnr. M.I. Warwars (8:=4, `gost.WJ, D 8) ohtaart àt Ehrba-hhroawarc hhboa `hbo vhb oa vnbostab jb àt mrhgvako vhbKas Inmhssas (Grhbcrjic) ab ta @h ra b (B. Dr.)jb oa Ejooab-Jizartjio. @at aarsta nptraoabvhb sfàrp macbjcta Ehrba-prngjakab tussab

11< ab ?1< v. F`r. dasf`nuwt `ji hks cabearcabo vnnr àt damjb vhb oa Ejooab-Jizartjio jb Yujo-Baoarkhbo.

Aab ubjaca hssnfjhtja js oja eat twaam a s a m e a b t a a ro a m k h z a b c rh k a b u j t]jifàb (gjm. 09 =:). Yji khmab sheab eat aabAjardafàr ab wht stucias drnbs jb aab@hrpstaot-urb. Oa crhkab wnroab jb @hOmaohtaaro, ous rnbo àt ajboa vhb oaWrnama ab àt damjb vhb oa Ejooab-Jizar

tjio (\aooaenrs 8:=1, p. :0).Oujoakjica hssnfjhtjas eat drnbzab cn

eab jb nbs khbo bjat vnnr3 tnf` zjib ar aaborjathk drnbzab sjarhoab oja eat Ajardafàrjb vardhbo cubbab wnroab madrhf`t.

_a Hfàk, Dakmjã (Daax ab Tnnsabs 8:7=,p. 4?, 60h) js aab Ajardafàr mahssnfjaaroeat cam a kv n re jma , vhb dauma k s vnnr zjaba, drnbzab `hbmars. M.I. Warwars(8:=4, `gost. WJ, O) ohtaart oaza drnbzab

`hbmars rnbo oa nvarmhbm vhb oa Wrnamabhhr oa Ejooab-Jizartjio. Yjib nboarstaubjbm vhb oaza ohtarjbm onnr ejooak vhb oamabnaeoa hssnfjhtja eat aab Ajardafàrujt Hfàk vhkt `jar, whhr àt ar ne mhht oaAjardafàr zakg ta ohtarab, avabwak hg. Jbnbs khbo js np àt mrhgvako np oa Nnstarabmta Dabbacne, zji àt bjat eat akchhr mahssnfjaaro, znwak aab camakvnrejma ab vhb aab



].T.C. \arjznbjus - Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo :1

daumak vnnrzjaba drnbzab `hbmar (Dursf`8:66, hgd. 6?), hks aab Ajardafàr (br. 4<)hhbmatrnggab. Ohhreaa js ohb tamakjic aabbjauwa camakvnrejma drnbzab `hbmar tnama

vnamo hhb oa onnr M.I. Warwars npmasneoaaxaepkhrab. Nnc jb àt mrhgvfko 'oa Tnnsab'ta Baarpakt, Dakmjã (Tnnsabs ab Daax 8:78)ab jb oht ta Chkdffc (VthepguÞ 8:?6)cneab, `nawak bjat eat akchhr mahssnfjaaro,camakvnrejma drnbzab `hbmars ab Ajardafàrvnnr. Ng oa camakvnrejma drnbzab `hbmarsujt Kuycsmastak (Oa Knã 8:68, gjm. 44) ab ujtKneeaj, Dakmjã (Daax 8:7<) vhb oazakgoatarrajbab hkcnestjm zjib hks oa avabaabs jb

oja pkhhtsab mavnboab Ajardafàr (Kuycsmastak, br. ?<3 Kneeaj, Oa Khat ab Ehrjab8:1)<, p. 61<, gjm. ?<) js bjat maàak zacar.

Qjt àt mrhgvako ta @hps zjib 4 Ajardafàr(br. 6=, 60) ab aab sf`hrgkhppjma ]aboak

rjbm dacabo (Warwars 8:=4). Nnc ta Aoa(@nbosknm) zjib 4 Ajardafàr (br. 44, 46)ab aab ]aboakrjbm (Tjicseusaue vhb Nuoàoab, a. 8:67/8.:?) mavnboab. Af`ta hssn-fjhtjas vhb Ajardafàr eat ]aboakrjbmab zjib

bjat dacabo. M.I. Warwars (8:=4, p. 11)ohtaart oaza sf`hrgkhppjma ]aboakrjbmab vnnrnbza stracab jb @hO.

H r e d h b o a b e a t p n n t v n re j m u jt ajboa cneab jb àt Oujtsa Baoarrjibma-djao ejbstabs twaaehhk eat Ajardafàrmahssnfjaaro vnnr 3 ta Chkdffc VthepguÞ8:?6, _hg. 489 1-0) ab ta Tàjbdarm (VthepguÞ 8:6:, _hg. 8:9 6-1). Ya wnroab maohtaarojb @hF (VthepguÞ 8:1:, p. 8:).

Vheabvhttabo chb nbmavaar aab oaroa

vhb oa 8<< Ajardafàr np mrnbo vhb oazahssnfjhtjas maohtaaro wnroab, ab wak jb oaWrnama ng Ejooab-Ji zartj io (@ hF /O ab àtdamjb vhb oa Khtàba-tjio). @at zwhhrtapubtkjmt rnbo oa nvarmhbm vhb oa Wrnama bhhroa Ejooab-Jizartjio. Ohhrdji wnrot àtdamjb vhb oa Yujobaoarkhbosa Ejooab-Jizartjio armabs tussab 11< ab ?1< v. F`r.

mapkhhtst (Warwars 8:=4, p. 861). Hssnfjhtjasoja oaza ohtarjbm tamabspracab cabbab wa,np êêb twjigakmavhk bh, jb nbs khbo bjat. Nncnemacaaro cneab jb oa vnbostfnepkaxab

ujt oaza parjnoa djibh staaos Ajardafàr vnnr.Oht zji jb oa urbabvakoab ta Eaarkn, Bjibsak,Vnearab, Vtrjidaac ab _ntargnut varstackhtab mhhb, chb àak mnao aab mavnkm zjibvhb àt marjbma hhbthk vnbostab oht ujt oazaurbabvakoab dacabo js.

Ojsfussja

Ne nnc jb aab mrntar vardhbo jats nvar oaAjardafàr ujt Baoarkhbo ta cubbab zammab,

enatab np z'b ejbst bhhst àt Dakmjsfà abOujtsa Baoarrjibmadjao nnc oa Ejooabrjib-strafc ab àt Bnnrooujtsa Baoarshcsab jb àtnboarznac wnroab datrnccab. Ohhr aabsystaehtjsfà jbvabthrjshtja vhb Ajardafàrab ùb hssnfjhtjas ujt oaza stracab nbtdraact,enatab wji nbs ar vhb dawust zjib oht àtvarcramab daako nbvnkkaojm js.

Onnr F. Thoaehfàr (8:84) waroab jboartjio vnnr àt Oujtsa Baoarrjibmadjao 6

akchhr f`rnbnknmjsf` npvnkmaboa typab Ajardafàr nboarsfàjoab9 aarst aab nuosta bnmjb @hD nptraoabo typa (typa 8) np aab `nmafykjborjsfà vnat, varvnkmabs wnrot oazavnat bnm maouraboa @hD staaos khmar (typa4), ne ohb jb @hF jb draaota tna ta baeab,znoht àt sthbovkhc vaak mrntar wnrot ab oavnat djibh zakg np aab nemacaaro sf`hhk tiakjict (typa 6). ]. Carstab (8:?0, p. 64) js vhbeabjbm oht oaza pnmjbm 'ajbab Abtwjfckubmsmhbm, hksn ajba typnknmjsfà Tajà hug

zustakkab, jst ga`kmamhbmab'. Wnkmabs @.-A.Inhf`je (8:70, p. 4?), spracabo nvar Ajardafàr jb oa Khugakoar Mruppa (Ejoofbrjib -madjao), 'sfàjbt ajba Qbtartajkubm oar Gnrejb _ypab noar Whrjhbtab bjf`t rhtshe, ohsjf` oja ajbzakbab Crjtarjab zu sa`r ûdarsf`bajoab', ehhr `ji varvnkmt ohb 'arcabbdhrjst grajkjf` oja _aboabz, GuÞsf`ïkfàb jb




zajtkjf` bnf` @hD bhàstaàboab Yusheeab` ïbmab mastrafctar, jb iûb mar ab gkhfàrzu masthktab'. Aab snnrtmakjica taboabs chbdji oa Baoarkhbosa Ajardafàr bjat wnroab

vhstmastako. Npvhkkabo js wak oht oa abjmaBaoarkhbosa Ajardafàr eat aab `nma fykjb-orjsfà vnat tamakjic nnc oa eaast zujoakjicajs (br. 7<). Ojt znu, whbbaar Ajardafàrjboarohho 'hks \rnouct oas Ajbgkussas, oar jeKhuga oar ejttkarab @hkksthttzajt kïbms oasTàjbas bhf` Bnroab makhbmt' (Carstab8:?0, p. 64) ta dasf`nuwab zjib, ar np cubbabwjizab oht oa Ajardafàr np aab `nma fykjb-orjsfà vnat enmakjic tnf` aab vrnam typa

vartamabwnnrojmab, oht bjat eaar jb zwhbmwhs tnab oa Ajardafàr tnt jb àt ùjojmaBaoarkhbosa madjao onnrornbmab. @at gajtoht ar jb nbs khbo maouraboa @hD bnm maabAjardafàr vnnrcneab, js `jareaa jb nvaraabstaeejbm.

Jb Baoarshcsab nboarsfàjooa C. _hfcab-darm (8:6?, p. 8<8 ab _hg. 4=) avabaabs 6typab, ta watab9 Cakf`dafàr, pnchkhrtjma Dajma

gïÞa ab DajmagïÞa jb Ajardafàrgnre. Oa khhtsta

4 typab cneab jb oa Tjibstraac ab jb nbskhbo bjat vnnr. Oa Cakf`dafàr ohhrabtamab,àt jb Bnnro-Oujtskhbo eaast vnnrcneaboatypa, varsf`jkkab bjat vhb oa Ajardafàr ojadji nbs madrujcakjic zjib. Ajardafàr znhks ojaujt Bjabdurm (Vf`whbtas 8:88, p. 7, Hdd. 6ab 1) ng ujt Ouoab`husab (_hfcabdarm 8:6?,_hg. 4=9 8:) nboarsfàjoab zjf` bjat vhb whtwji ujt Baoarkhbo cabbab. Eaoa np mrnbovhb àt gajt oht jb àt ]astab vhb Baoar

shcsab oa varsprajojbm vhb oaza Ajardafàràt mrnntst js, js vnkmabs C. _hfcabdarm(8:6?) oa nnrsprnbm vhb oa Ajardafàr jbBaoarshcsab np jbvknaoab vhbujt àt Baoar-rjibmadjao tarum ta vnarab, aab eabjbm oja@. Crûmar (8:78, p. 04) znboar eaar nvarbaaet. Oaza npvhttjbm waro af`tar onnr]. Carstab (8:?0, p. 64, bnnt 8<) dastraoab.Vpracabo nvar oa Ajardafàr jb àt Baoar-

rjibmadjao zamt `ji9 'ajba Wardjboubm zue`hbbnvarsfàb Wnrcneeab ûdar ]astghkabmjdt as bjf`t. Oab `hbbnvarsfàb Gnreabmkajfàb huf` bur mhbz varajbzakta he

Bjaoarràjb. Vja sjbo oas`hkd he aàstabejt oab bjaoaràssjsfàb jb Yusheeab`hbm zu drjbmab ubo oûrgab je Ehjbeûboubmsmadjat j`ra Wnrgnreab `hdab'.Taaos aaroar js af`tar madkacab oht ].Carstab oa vnreab vhb oa Ajardafàr bjatzn bhuwcaurjm àagt dastuoaaro3 jeears zjibnesf`rjivjbm vhb Ajardafàr hks 'Vf`ïkfàbhug `nàb ehssjvab VthbogûÞab' oacta oakhojbm bjat (zja dnvab). Bhhr ejib joaa

àagt C. _hfcabdarm jboarohho makjic hks `jistakt oht zjib Cakf`dafàr vhb oazakgoa vnrezjib hks oa Ajardafàr ujt àt Baoarrjibma-djao. Nnc oa varsprajojbm vhb oa Ajardafàr djbbab Baoarkhbo (gjm. :) wjist ar npoht àt àak mnao enmakjic js oht zji znboarnboardracjbm vhb àt Baoarrjibmadjao tntjb Bnnro-Baoarkhbo ab Bnnro-Oujtskhbovnnrcneab.

Ohhreaa zjib wa ohb jboarohho dakhbo

dji àt gajt oht hkt`hbs t.h.v. oa Ajardafàrar bhuwakjics abjm varsf`jk kjict ta dasthhbtussab Bnnro- ab Yujo-Baoarkhbo. Ab oht jsbjat hkkaab madhsaaro np oa vnre ab oa varsprajojbm3 jb dajoa madjaoab cneab hssnfjhtjas eat Vf`rïmrhbo-urbab, eat @hrpstaot-urbab ab eat wjioa sf`hhkvnrejma urbabvnnr. Nnc eat Oakkab varsjaro hhroawarc jsznwak jb Bnnro- hks jb Yujo-Baoarkhbo eatAjardafàr mahssnfjaaro. Dnvabojab wnroab

oa Ajardafàr ujt dajoa madjaoab jb oazakgoaparjnoa maohtaaro. Hssnfjhtjas eat raf`t`nacjma mrappaks daparcab zjf` tnt Bnnro-Baoarkhbo ehhr nnc jb Yujo-Baoarkhbocneab jb oa Wrnama ab Ejooab-J izar tjioraf`t`nacjma mrappaks, zji àt ohb bjat eatAjardafàr mahssnfjaaro, vnnr (Warwars 8:=4,p. 6=). ]ht datragt oa varsjarjbm eat Oakkab

wjist M.I. Warwars (8:=4, p. 860) np oa



].T.C.. \arjznbjus -

enmakjicàjo oht oaza vnre vhb varsjarjbmvhbujt Bnnro-Oujtskhbo jb Bnnro-Baoarkhbo js taraf`t macneab ab bjat bnnozhcakjicarwjis np fnbthftab tussab Bnnro-Baoar

khbo ab àt Baoarrjibmadjao `nagt ta wjizab.Npearcakjic js af`tar oht oa Oakkab znwak jbBnnro- hks jb Yujo-Baoarkhbo spafjhhk npVf`rïmrhbo-xxefb vnnrcneab, ojt jb tamabstakkjbm tnt Bnnro-Oujtskhbo (zja n.h. _hfcab-darm 8:6?, p. 08 a.W.). Wnkmabs @._. ]htardnkc (8:74, p. 6<) wjizab oa Bnnrobfoar-khbosa Vf`rïmrhbo-ueab eat Oakkab ohb nncnp oa enmakjicàjo vhb aab jbvknao ujt àtBaoarrjibmadjao. Wnnr oa @hrpstaot-urbab

ujt Yujo-Baoarkhbo js àt oabcdhhr oht zjizjf` ujt oa knfhka ruwwhbojma carhejac vhboa Khta Drnbstjio àddab nbtwjccako, phrhkkakhhb oa nbtwjccakjbm vhb Vf`rïmrhbo-ueab

ujt oa knfhka camak-, traf`tarab fykjboar`hks-urbab (Warwars 8:=4, p. 864). Oa Baoar-rjibsa @hrpstaot-urbab `navab ohb nnc bjatpar sa eat àt af`ta @hrpstaotar hhroawarcjb vardhbo madrhf`t ta wnroab. @at hrmueabt af`tar oht, np varsjarjbm eat Oakkab bh,

'hboara @jbwajsa hug Cnbthcta ejt oaebnrooautsfàb Madjat jb ojasar \arjnoa ghstv÷kkjm ga`kab' (Warwars 8:=4, p. 866), mhhtbjat eaar np bu nnc Ajardafàr oarmakjicafnbthftab bjat ujtskujtab. Oht jb Yujo-Baoarkhbo nnc nbajmabkjica @hrpstaot-urbab -znboar chrta krhbo vnnrcneab, oja jb

Bnnro-Oujtskhbo nbtdracab (Warwars 8:=4,`gost. WJ, H 1), `nagt maab hrmueabt tazjib tamab aab avabtuaka rakhtja eat Bnnro-

Oujtskhbo vnnr oa @hrpstaot-urbab zakg.Bjat hkkaab oa mrabzab vhb àt Baoarrjib-

Ajbs oar \rndkaea, vnr oja oja bjaoarkïbojsfà Ajsabzajt ubs stakkt, djkoat oja Vaktabàjt oar !3bk ohtjardhrab Guboa. Oja Grhma,

- Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo :=

madjao eat àt Bnnroab, ehhr nnc oja eatàt Yujoab kjicab, hkt`hbs vnnr znvar àt oaAjardafàr datragt, wht ta varvhmab. OaAjardafàr ujt àt Ejooabrjibmadjao nboarsfàjoab zjf` vnkmabs M.I. Warwars (8:=4,`gost. WJ, H 6) 'vnb oabiabjmab hus ubsarabDrajtab, wajk ojasa jb oar Tamak prngjkjartsjbo ubo ajb vjak mapgkamtaras ÏuÞaras`hdab'. Ohhrdji mjbm `ji ar vhb ujt 'ohÞ heBjaoarràjb zh`krajfà Carhejcgnreab rnàCnpjab vnb u.h. Khugakoar MagïÞab sjbo'.]a zhmab af`tar raaos (zja dnvab) oht nnc jbnbza stracab ramakehtjm joabtjac maprngjkaaroa ab nnc grhhj hgmawarcta axaepkhrab

vnnrcneab. Oa eat aab camfk`hksurb mahssnfjaaroa Ajardafàr ujt C÷kb-Oakkdrûfcdjivnnrdaako (Wnb Qskhr 8:1<, Hdd. 80984), oja 'ourf` sajba sf`nba \rngjkjarubmvne bjaoarràjbjsfàb Ajardafàr hdwajf`tubo aàr ajb Jepnrtaxfepkhr hus oaeKhugakoar Madjat zu sajb sfàjbt' (Warwars8:=4, `gost. WJ, H 6) nboarsfàjot zjf` jbmaab abcak npzjf`t vhb oa Ajardafàr ujt àtBaoarkhbosa Baoarrjibmadjao whhr zakgs vnk

stract aaboara axaepkhrab vnnrcneab (br.78 , 7:). Cabbakjic varsf`jkkab vaka Baoarkhbosa Ajardafàr bjat vhb oja ujt àt Ejooabrjibmadjao. @at gajt oht 'he Bjaoarràjbzh`krajfà Carhejcgnreab rnà Cnpjab vnbu.h. Khugakoar MagïÞa sjbo' (Warwars 8:=4,p. 840) chb hhb oa `hbo vhb Ajardafàrbjat maîkkustraaro wnroab.

Hks mavnkm vhb oaza jbvabthrjshtja vhb oaAjardafàr ujt Baoarkhbo wnroab varsf`jk

kaboa Jizartjioprndkaeab ous tnf` waar jatshboars dakjf`t.

jbwjawajt Ajardafàr ubs jb ojasar @jbsjf`tda`jkgkjf` sajb c÷bbtab, gû`rta zu ojasar Dasthboshugbhèa oar Ajardafàr jb oab Bja-

YQVHEEABGHVVQBM




oarkhboab. Ohdaj cheab =< djsàr ubvar÷ggabtkjf`ta Axaepkhra hbs Kjf`t. Jbsmashetsjbo iatzt atwh 8<< Ajardafàr hus oabBjaoarkhboab dachbbt.

Yuarst wuroa varsuf`t, ajba bïàra, ojasae bjaoarkïbojsfàb Ehtarjhk hbmaeassaba,Qesf`rajdubm oas Husorufcs 'Ajardafàr'zu madab. _htsïf`kjf` djkoab oja Ajardafàrbur ajba sf`war hdmrabzdhra Gnrevhrjhbtfjbbar`hkd oar mrnÞab Mruppa ckajbar DajmagïÞa. As sjbo Carhejcgnreab, oja husajbae Vf`ïkfàb ubo ajbae ckajbab GuÞzusheeabmasatzt sjbo (?-0 fe `nf` ubo1R-88 fe drajt). Oja Drajta jst hb oar Vtakka,

wn ohs Vf`ïkfàb jb oab GuÞ ûdarma`t, hemarjbmstab ubo snkk vnb ojasar Vtakka hd snwn`k hug oab Ndarrhbo hks huf` hug ojaMrubogkïfà zu hkkeï`kjm zubaèab. OarGuÞ chbb snwn`k `n`k hks huf` ehssjv sajb.

Ûdar oja Gubouestïboa wuroa e÷mkjf`stvjak Jbgnrehtjnb masheeakt4< . Hus oab snar`hktabab Ohtab ma`t àrvnr, ohÞ jbbar`hkd oas bjaoarkïbojsfàb Ehtarjhks Dazjaùbmab zwjsfàb Gnre, Xuhkjtït, Warma

sakksf`hgtubm, Ohtjarubm noar Wardrajtubmchue axjstjarab. Bur oja Hssnzjhtjnbab ejtubtardrnfàbab Crajsmrïdab, ejt Ehrba-Carhejc ubo ejt ajbar Tujbab-]neeaks JQrba dasf`rïbcab sjf` hug oja sûokjfàbnoar oja b÷rokjfàb Bjaoarkhboa. @jbsjf`tkjf` oar e÷mkjfàb Gubctjnb oar AjardafàrkïÞt sjf` daearcab, ohÞ sja bjf`t bur hksDajmhda jb Mrïdargakoarb, snboarb ehbfèhk huf` hks Madrhuf`scarhejc jb Vjaokubmab damambab. @jbwajsa, ohÞ as sjf` ueajba Khepa `hboka (Bhborjs 8:=6), armhdabsjf` bjf`t.

]hs oja Ohtjarubm datrjggt, sn cnbbta hb`hbo vnb Hssnzjhtjnbab gastmastakkt waroab,ohÞ oja bjaoarkïbojsfàb Ajardafàr jb@hF/O ubo jb oab Hbghbm oar Khtàbazajtma`÷rab (gûr oja sûokjfàb Bjaoarkhboa ojaGrûà Ajsabzajt ubo oar Hbghbm oar Ejtt

karab Ajsabzajt, Warwars 8:=4, Chp. WJ).Oja Ohtjarubm vnb M.I. Warwars (8:=4,Chp. WJ, H 6), oja sjf` hug vjak wabjmarAjardafàr stûtzt, jst ohourf` dastïtjmt wnr

oab. HuÞar ajbar ajbehkjmab Hssnzjhtjnb ejtsameabtjartab Mkhsparkab (Gjm. 09 Br. =:)mrûb-oat sjf` ojasa Ohtjarubm vnr hkkae hug Hssnzjhtjnbab ejt Vf`rïmrhbourbab, @hrpstfot-Qrbab, drajtab sf`hkabg÷rejmab, hus Vf`rïmrhbourbab abtsthboabab Gnreab, Ehrba-Carhejc, Carhejc ejt Oakkabvarzjarubmubo hug Hssnzjhtjnbab ejt ubtardrnfàbabCrajsmrïdab ubo vjarafcjmab Mrïdab.

]abb ehb huf` ohs Ejttakràjbmadjat,

ohs dakmjsfà ubo oautsfà Bjaoarr`fjbma-djat ubo Bjaoarshf`sab datrhf`tat, zajmt assjf`, jbsngarb as oja Ajardafàr datrjggt, oh Þoja Mrabzab zwjsfàb oae Bjaoarràjbmadjat ajbarsajts ubo oab b÷rokjfàb Bjaoarkhboab ubo Bjaoarshf`sab hboararsajts varsf`wjeeab. Ojasar Dagubo stjeet ejt oabHbsjf`tab vnb C. _hfcabdarm (8:6?) ubo@. Crûmar (8:78, V. 04) ûdarajb, hdar djkoatajbab Mamabshtz zu ]. Carstabs Hugghssubm

(8:?0, V. 64, Hbe. 8<). Bheabtkjf` dasta`t`jbsjf`tkjf` oar Ajardafàr ubo oar wjf`tjmstab ohejt varmasakksf`hgtatab Guboa (Vf`rïmrhbourbab, ejt noar n`ba Oakkabvarzjarubmubo @hrpstaot-Qrbab) cajb Qbtarsf`jaozwjsfàb oab b÷rokjfàb ubo oab sûokjfàbBjaoarkhboab. Ajbgkûssa vne Ejttakràjbmadjat hus ûdar ohs Bjaoarràjbmadjat djs jboja b÷rokjfàb Bjaoarkhboa ubo Bnrooautsf`khbo sjbo bjf`t huszusf`kjaÞab. Qbtarsf`jaoa jb \rngjkjarubm noar Husgû`rubmzwjsfàb oab Ajardafàrb hus oae Ejttakràjbmadjat ubo oab bjaoarkïbojsfàb Ajardafàrb (Warwars 8:=4, V. 840) mjdt asbjf`t. Hkkarojbms cneet ajba e÷mkjfàrwajsa grûà Gnre oas Ajardafàrs, ejt`nàe, zykjborjsfàe GuÞ (Thoaehf`fr8:843 In hf `j e 8:70, V. 4?), djs hug ohssûokjf`sta bjaoarkïbojsfà Axaepkhr (Br.



].T.C. JWrjznbjus Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo ::

7<), je bjaoarkïbojsfàb Madjat bjf`t ea`r sjf` bnf` je oautsfàb Bjaoarràjbmadja tvnr. Huf` jb @hD oht jar ta Ajardafàr, oja gjboab, sjbo jb oab Bjaoar khboab ubd achbbt .

Gjm. :. Warsprajojbmschhrt vhb Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo. Oa bueears cneab nvaraab eat oa fhthknmus.



8<< Hbhkafth \rha`jstnrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

Fhthknmus vhb Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo 8*

8. Hkp` ab ab Tjak, Enk ab` ajo a3 Fuypar s 80?6,gjm, ?.

4. Hkp` ab ab Tjak, Enk ab` ajo a3 Fuypa rs 80?6,gjm. :.6. Hkpà b ab Tjak, Enk ab` ajo a3 Fuypar s 80?6,

gjm. 87.?. Hkp àb ab Tjak, Enk ab` ajo a3 Fuypa rs 80?6,

gjm. 4<.1. Hkp` ab ab Tjak, Enk ab` ajo a3 Fuypar s 80?6,

gjm. 6?.7. Hkp à b ab Tja k3 Kaj oab , c 8:47/84 .? (gjm. ?).=. Hbknn, Mhstarab3 Whb Mjggab 8:?13 Hssab,

8:6:/WJJ.86h.0. Hbknn, Aax t3 Hssab, 8:40/8. kh (gjm. 6).:. Hpakonnrb, Qmfà kab3 Kajoab, a'8:4?/84.76.8<. Dhhrka-Bhsshu, Enkabàjoa3 @nkwaroh ab Vejt

8:8=, \J. 6 br. 8 663 Ajbo `nv ab ('s-@artnma bdnsf`,866) (gjm. ?).88. Dhhrka-Bhsshu, Enkabàjoa3 @nkwaroh ab

Vejt 8:8=, \J. 6 br. 8 61h3 's-@ar tnm abd nsf `, 861h.84. Dhrbavako, Dnasf`nt ab3 Kajoab , a 8:?</8.:<

(gjm. 7).86. Dhrbavako, Mhro arab 3 H. vhb Vprhbm , Wnnrt-

ùjzab, Mhr. 6.8?. Daars, Kjboab, oa Crhh yab dfr m3 I. Cnakjbm,

Fujic h/o Ehhs.81. Darmab (K), ]akk, oa @h ea rt 3 @nkwaro h

8:8?3 Kajoab, 8 8:8?/4.:4 (gjm. 0).87. Darmayc3 Kajoa b, c 8:<=/0.86.8=. Dr ue ea b3 \kayta 80==-8:<4.

80. Ohkgsab, Kabt à 3 Wh b Daac 8:=?3 T. vhbDaac, @httue.

8:. Oa ur ba 3 Kajoab , B. O. 7, 8076/7.4<. Aoa, Dabba cne, Nnst arab m3 Dursf` 8:663

Kajoab, a 8:6</:.40 (gjm. 6).48. Aoa, Oaakab3 \kayta 80==-8:<481 3 Kajoab,

Oakk, 80=:/84.44. Aoa, @nbosknm3 Hmaboh vhb @.I. Dakkab

68-0-8:4080 3 Kajoab, a 8:67/8.87= (gjm. =).46 . Aoa, @nbosknm3 Hmaboh vhb @.I. Dakkab

8?-88-8:4:87 3 Kajoab, a 8:67/8.80: (gjm. 6).4?. Aoa, Tnacaksa Dns3 \kayta 80==-8:<43 Kajoa b,

A.J. ?, 8011/= (gjm. ?).41 . Aarsak, Vtaabsak, oa @aj dkn ae >3 Kajoab, c

8:<=/0.6< (gjm. 8).47. Ajdarmab, Nuo a @hhcsda rmarwam3 Vtao. Eus.

Yutpàb (Kajoab, a 8:6:/4.88).4=. Ae ea b3 Kajoab, f 8:41/:.4.40 . Ae ea b3 Dursf` 8:6=3 Kajoa b, f 8:6=/7.6<

(gjm. 6).4: . Aeeab, 'urbabvako tab Nnstab vhb oa

Aeear Oabbab'3 Kajoab, f 8:60/?.1 (gjm. 8).6<. Ae ea b3 Hssab, 8:8 1/JJ J.8.68. Aee ab, Bnnr odh rma 3 pudkjfhtja jb vnnrda

rajojbm3 Hssab (gjm. =).

64. Areakn, Mrnavabdaacsf @ajoa3 Kajoab, a8:?</8.8<<.

66. Areakn, Mrnavabdfacsa @ajoa3 Kajoab, a8:?</8.8<4.

6?. Areakn8 = 3 dasf`rjivjbm fnkkaftja I. Dazhh b87 ,

gntn 68.61. Areakn, Kau vab ue3 Kajoab, a 8:40/:.40.67. Mruddabv nrst, Knt tue 3 Kajoab, 8 8:86/88.8

(gjm- ³).6=. @hp s, Ch ep s Wak o3 Warwars 8:=4, 81?.63

's-@artnmabdnsf` (gjm. =).60. @hps, Cheps Wako3 Warwars 8:=4, 6673

's-@artnmabdnsf`.6:. @hroarwj ic3 Kajoab.?<. @ako ab, Cnbj bmsk ust> 3 Kajoa b, 8 8:6=/84.8<

(gjm-=).?8 . @arta b, Eussab darm3 _`. Dnuts, @artab .?4 . Cassak3 I. Kayssab, Tn are nb o.?6. Knf` arb3 Ihb ssa b 80?<, f 8=<3 Kajoab .??. Kuycsmastak3 Eus. _hxhborjh, _urb`nut,

Dakmjã.?1 . Kuycs masta k3 Kaj oab , D. JJ . 10<o (gjm. 8).?7 . Kuycsmastak80 , Dnsfàjbo3 Vtrnndhbt 8:<6.?= . Ehrcakn, Ajsab, Wrjazf bdarm 3 oapnt T.N. D.?0 . Eamab @hr ab ab Ehf` hra b, @hra b, Vphhbsa

Vtaam3 Kajoab, c 8:7:/=.6=.?: . Baoar waart , Kava rny3 Qdh m`s 80:<, \. JJ

gjm. =3 Kajoab, ].Q. 41, 800:/8<.1<. Baoarwaart, Kavarny3 Kajoab, 8 8:60/7.77.18 . Bfa oa3 jb dazjt vhb oa maea abta Baaoa.14. Buaba b Marwab ab Baoar watta b3 @are hbs

8071, @nkwaroh ab Vejt 8:8=3 's-@artnmabdnsf`, 8<<.

16. No nn rb 3 Hssab, 8:41 /PJ.4 (gjm. ?).1?. Nvarhssakt, Yhb oda rm3 pudkjfhtja jb vnnrdarajojbm3 ].B. _uyb, Bjieamab (gjm. 1).

11 . \nstar`nkt, Hbbabohhk3 Dnbbaghbtab Eus.Ehhstrjf`t, 174. JJ (gjm. =).

17. Tà oa b, Oja rab 3 \kayta 80==-8:<43 Kajoa b,Oj 4, 800=/7.

1=. Tjat`nvab, oa @aarsenrtak3 Ajf`h Eus.,[email protected]. Djaehbs, Darmayc.

10 . Tnko a, Dhkknnãrv ako3 Wh b Mjggab 8:613 Hssab.1:. Vkaab, @nksk nnt 3 Wh b Mjggab 8:? 83 Hssab,

8:6:/JW. 6h.7< . Vtajb, Vhbo ardn utkh hb3 Vfùyg ab Warwars

8:=73 maeaabtaùjs Vtajb (gjm. ?).

78. Qo ab 3 Tae nuf `he ps 8:4?3 Kajoab, c 8:46/88.44 (gjm. ?).

74 . Whkc absw hhro >3 Drubstjbm ab Warwars 8:=13Kajoab (gjm. ?).

76 . Wabk n, Dkarjfc, oa T÷ ea r3 Kajoab, D.N. 46,800</= (gjm. ?).

7? . Wka ooa r3 Wh b Mjggab 8:603 Hssab.71 . ]hma bjbm ab3 Kajoab, a 8:8:/:.4.77 . ]aarsakn, Vhhsva ko3 Absfà oa, 8:=6-8<6.7= . ]aarsakn, Mheeakca3 \kayta 80==-8:<48: 3

\r. Nv. Eus. Ywnkka, 74.



WW.T.C. \arjznbjus - Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo SNk

70 . ]aart , Dns`nvar @a joa 3 Kajoa b, ].V ._. 16,80:< 3!.

7: . ]aart , Dns`nvar @aj oa 3 Kajoa b, ].V ._. 11,80:</6 (gjm. 8).

=<. ]aart3 Ajbo`nv ab (Kajoab, ].V ._. 1<).

=8. ]aa rt3 Kaj oab , ]. V. _. 84<, 80:</7 (gjm. 8).=4. ]aa rt3 Kajoab, ].V ._ . 844, 80:</7 (gjm. ?).=6. ]a ab 3 Kajoab. 8 80:8/84.884.=?. ]aa rt3 \arjznbjus ab Warwars 8:=13 Kajoab,

8 80:4/0.6<.=1. ]jbtarswjic, Th tu e3 Kajoab , a 8:?4/88.?.=7. ]jif` ab3 Kajoa b, a 8:4:/?.8?.==. ]jifàb3 Eno oa re hb 8:183 ]jifàb (Kaj

oab, a 8:6?/88.41).=0. ]jifàb, @aueab sa wam3 Eno oar ehb 8:16.=:. ]jifàb, oa Whkaborjas3 Eno oa reh b 8:7</

78 3 ]jifàb, A 48 d(gjm.0).0<. ]jifàb, @auea bsa wam Yuj o9 Kajoab, a

8:6?/88.8?4 (gjm. 0).08 . ]ji fà b>3 ]jifàb (gjm. 7).04 . ]jifàb, @au eab sa wam Yu jo 3 ]jifàb M.7.06 . ]jifàb, @aueabsa wam Yujo3 ]jifàb

Kajoab, a 8:6?/88.8:=) (gjm. 1).0? . ]jifàb, Crujsda rm3 ]jifàb, C.?.

8 ]ji ohb cab oa varsf`jkkaboa eusa uefnb sarvhtnrab vnnr ùb darajowjkkjma eaoawarc jbm tjioabsàt jbvabthrjsarab ab dawarcab vhb oa Ajardafàr jbùb eusah.- Nnc oa varsf`jkkaboa prnvjbfjhhk hrfànknmab,abcaka eaoawarcars vhb àt J.\.\. ab àt D.H.J., hkseaoa aab hhbthk hehtaur hrfànknmab àddab nbshkka eaoawarcjbm madnoab. Whb oa rahftjas np nbzanprnap zjib oja vhb oa àar _.@. @aborjcx ta Tnarenbo aab axtrh vareakojbm whhro.6 Oa tacabjbma b vnnr oaza pudkj fhtj a zjib varv hhrojmo onnr I. \. Dnnmaro (J.\ .K. ). ]ji ohb cab ].B ._uyb (gjm. 19 br. 1?), H.O. Warkjboa (gjm. 09 br. :6) ab\.D. Cnnj (gjm. =9 br. :6) vnnr àt dasf`jcdhhr-stakkab vhb ehtarjhhk oht nnc onnr àbzakg zhk wnroabmapudkjfaaro. Oa varthkjbm vhb oa sheabvhttjbm js

vhb oa `hbo vhb O.]. Chptayb oab Dnueaastar.? @at zjib oa Ajard af` ar br. 87, 8:, 47, ?1, 74, 76 .1 Ajarda fàr br. ? `ho aab draoa dnvab rhb o oja eatzavab mrnapab vhb vjar owhrsstraapias varsjaro whs.• Ajarda fàr br. =0 àagt aab machrta koa dnv abrh bo.' Knej bak (Oa Kha t ab Eh rj ab 8:1<, gjm. ?<) .A`jbmab (Ehrsf`hkk, Bhrr ab Wnb Qskhr 8:1?, Hdd.40). C÷k b-O okd rûf c (Wnb Qskhr 8:1<, Hd d. 809 8).0 Oa tare @hrp ska ot- urb wnrot `jar ab jb àt varvnkm skaf`ts vnr ehh bouj oab o ma`hbtaar o (aeear-vnrejma urbab eat aab mkhooa `hks ab vnnr àtnvarjma daseatab ab eat aab machrtakoa rhbo).: Hfà k-\h stnn rdns (Daax ab Tnnsab s 8:7=, br. 60d).

01 . ]ji fà b>3 ]jifà b, <.84<.07 . ]jifàb, Kaaew am3 ]jifàb, K.4.0= . ]ji f` ab3 Kaj oab , a 8:6?/88. 8=< (gjm. 0).00 . ]jifàb, oa \hs 3 ]jifàb .0:. ]jifàb, Hkva rbh> 3 ]jifàb, <.0.

:<. ]jifà b, ]azaksfà Darm3 ]jifàb, ]. 84.:8 . ]jifà b, Vfà jwhk 3 ]jifàb, V.6.:4 . ]jifà b, Hkv arb h3 ]jifàb , G.4=.:6 . Yakàe, ]nkvarsvaab3 Warkjboa 8:=?3 ]._ .I .

Duooabonrg, Yakàe (gjm. 0).

Whb oa bueears :? t/e :: js oa vjbopkhhts nbdacabo9

:?. >3 Hrb` ae, M.E. 4===.:1 . >3 Hrb à e, M.H.V . ??< (vnnràab jb Vtraac-

eus. Wakuwa Ynne, Wakp).:7 . >3G nkc k. Eus . Hssakt.:=. >3 Absf` aoa.:0 . >3 Mnktzjus Eus. , Wabkn, 8=/810/8?8?.:: . Y.]. Wakuwa>, 'Duurtdnsf` dji oa Waaba b'

Hmaboh vhb @.I. Dakkab 47-4-8:6<87 .8<<. Knppa rsue, ]jaroa Absfkabs3 Mrnbjbma r

Eusaue vnnr Vtho ab Khboa, 80:0/WJ.4.

Bhmacneab (nbtdraact jb gjm. :).

@at datragt aab hboara djizattjbm djbbab oazakgoamrappak. Nvarpfkt-Crujscjazak (Eaax 8:=4, gjm. ?9

? ab 1). Areca, Het Fknppabdurm, Baoarshcsab(_hfcabdarm 8:6?, p. 8<4).8< Hfà k-\hs tnnrs dns (Daax ab Tnnsab s 8:7=, br.14d). @at datragt aab hboara djizattjbm djbbab oazakgoa mrappak. Mrnta-Drnmak, oa Cjavakoab (Tnnsabs,Daax ab Dnbabg hbt 8:76, hgd. :9 6 ab ?). Ojarsgnro t,6 x (Vth epgu Þ 8:40, _hg. P W 9 8 ab 43 _hg. P J J 9 8<,@ a b 843 _hg. P J J 9 86, 8? ab 81). A`jbma b ( Ehrsf` hkk,Bh rr ab Wn b Qskhr 8:1?, Hd d. 40). Chkd afc , ? x(VthepguÞ 8:?6, _hg. 4891-03 _hg. 449 7, = ab 03 _hg.409 4, 6 ab ?3 _hg. 409 0 ab :). C÷kb-Oakkdrûfc, 4 P(Wnb Qskh r 8:1<, Hdd . 8 09 8 ab 7). Earc ab (WnbQskhr 8:1<, Hdd . 69 48 ). Tàjb darm , 4 x (VthepguÞ8:6:, _hg. 849 7, = ab 03 _hg. :9 6 ab ?). ]a oh u

(Ehrsf`hkk, Bhrr ab Wnb Qskhr 8:1?, Hdd. 479 88 ab84).88 @a t datragt twaa man nro a djipntias ab aab abjmszjbs djcnbjsfà urb oja np oa dujc, jb oa `hks ab np oarhb o eat vjbmar jboru ccab js varsjaro. Oa nboarstaàkgt vhb oaza urb js eat daùkp vhb vjbmarvamab ruwmaehhct. E. Oasjttara (8:7=) racabt ojt snnrt ruw-whbojma carhejac tnt @hD.84 Ojarsgnro t (Vthe pguÞ 8:40, _hg. P J J 9 86, 8? ab81). Chkd afc (Vthe pguÞ 8:?6, _hg. 40 9 4, 6 ab ?).]aohu (Ehrsf`hkk, Bhrr ab Wnb Qskhr 8:1?, Hdd.479 88 ab 84).86 Npm rhv jbm J.\. K. 8:=4.

BN_AB



8<4 Hbhkafth \rha`jsknrjfh Kajoabsjh JP

8? Wnnr znvar hhbwaz jm wnroa b hf`taraa bvnkmab seaj joabtjaca jbtarpubftja vareako9 oa maeaabtabhhe vhb oa vjbopkhhts, bhoara vjbopkhhtshhboujojbmab3 kjtarhtuur3 ùjojma vardkjigpkhhts ab jbvabthrjsbueear (drujckabab) (gjmuurbueear jb ojt

hrtjcak). Aab hhbthk eusah js onnr ejooak vhb oa maeaabtabhhe hhbmaoujo9 Hrbàe - MaeaabtaEusaue Hrbàe. Hssab - \rnvjbfjhhk Eusaue vhbOrabtà. Ajbo`nvab - Eusaue Caepabkhbo. Absfàoa Nuo àj och ear _wa bta. 's-@frtnmabdnsf` -Bnnrodrhdhbts Eusaue. Kajoab - Tjicseusauevhb Nuoàoab. WWjifàb - Nuoàjocubojm EusaueGrhbs Dknaeab.

Daac, T. vhb (8:=?), Wh b dnoae tnt rhbo 3 Jizartjiovnbostab ujt Ohkgsab ab Neeab, ]astaràae

PPJ J J , p . 8:-?8.Daax, M. (8:7<), Oa Wrbabvakoabfuktuur jb oa Caepab,

_nbmarab.Daax, M. ab @. Tnnsfbs (8:7=), Aab urbabvako ta

Hfàk-\hstnnrsdns, Hrf`hanknmjh Dakmjfh :7.Drubstjbm, @. ab M.I. Warwars (8:=1), @at urbabvako

dji Whkcabswhhro, prnv. Bnnro-Drhdhbt, Hbhk.

\rha`. Kajo. WJ JJ , p. 16-==.Dubf`, G.F. (8:66), @at urbabvako np àt khbomnao

Nnstarabm nboar Dabbacne, Nuoàjoc. Eaoao.

T.E.v.<., B.T . PJ W, p. 47-6:.Dursf`, G.F. (8:6=), Mrhgvnreab vhb àt Bnnroab,

Nuoàjoc. Eaoao. T.E.v.<., B.T . PW JJ J, p. ?8-77.Dursf`, G.F. (8:?4), Nbza urbabvakoab, Nuoàjoc.

Eaoao. T.E.v.<., B.T. PP JJ J , p. ?0-==.Fuypars, \. (80?6), Darjmt netrabt nuoa mrhgàuvaks,

nboar Hkpàb jb Bnnro Drhdhbt, manpabo ab nboarznf`t9 onnr \rnspar Fuypars, Bji`nggs Djiorhmab

vnnr oa Who. Masf`jaoab Nuoàjoc. JW, p. 808-8:?.Ofsjttara, E. (8:7=), Oja Mrndcarhejc oar Qrbab-

gakoarcuktur jb Dakmjab ubo oab Bjaoarkhboab ubooar snmabhbbta @hrpstaotfr Vtjk, @akjbjue WJJ, p.47<-4=8.

Grauehukt, Z. (8:7:), Baoarzattjbmsspnrab ujt oa JIzar-

tjio jb àt Hbtwarpsa, Drussak (Nuoàjoc. rapartnrjhD, JW).

Mjggab, H.A. vhb (8:61), @at Dhkknnãr Wako, Bok. vhbDhkknn, Mae. Tnkoa, Bjauwa Orabtsfà Wnkcshkehbhc

16 , p. 7=-887.Mjggab, H.A. vhb (8:60), Ohs Crajsmrhdab-Qrbab-

gako daj Wkaooar, \rnvjbz Orabta, Bjaoarkhboa, Ehbbus PPP, p. 668-610.

Mjggab, H.A. vhb (8:?8), Crjbmmrapurbabvako dji@nksknnt, Mae. Vkaab, Bjauwa Orabtsfà Wnkcshk-

ehbhc1:,p. 88:-848.Mjggab, H.A. vhb (8:?1), @at crjbmmrapurbabvako ab

oa mrhkàuvaks N.Y.N. vhb Mhstarab, Mae. Hbknn,

81 Wnkmabs oa jbvabth rjsdnac ab vhb àt T. E. v. N. taKajoab js oaza Ajardafàr bjat mahssnfjaaro eat oaurb \kayta 80==-8:<4, \J. PWJJ9 : ehhr eat oa urb\J. PWJJ9 8.87 Davjbot zjf` jb oa djdkjntàac vhb oa T. N.D , ta

Hearsgnnrt.8= Oaza Aja rda fà r js enmakjic oazakgoa hks br. 64.80 Oaza Ajar daf àr js enmakjic oazakgoa hks br. ?? ng?1.8: @jar af`tar bjat hks Ajar dafà r àr cab dhh r hgmadaako (\kayta 80==-8:<4, Nvarjissak, \J. WJJ9 :).4< Husgû`rkjfà Oncu eab tht jnb jst je 'Jbstjt uutvnnr \ra`jstnrja' jb Kajoab vnr`hboab.

Bjauwa Orabtsfà Wnkcshkehbhc 76, p. 7:-86?.@arehbs, FT. (8071), Bnnrodrhdhbts Nuoàoab, 's-8 kfr-tnmabdnsf`.

@nkwaroh, I.@. (8:<0), Fhthknmus vhb àt Tjicseusaue

vhb Nuoàoab ta Kajoab, hgoaakjbm prha`jstnrja ab

Baoarkhbosa nuoàoab, Kajoab.@nkwaroh, I. @. (8:8?), Ohs Mrïdargako vnb 'oa @heart'

daj Wabkn, Kajoab.@nkwaro h, I. @. ab I.\ .]. H. Vejt (8:8=), Fhthknmus

oar Hrfànknmjsfà varzheakjbm vhb àt \rnvjbfjhhk

Mabnntsf`hp vhb Cubstab ab ]atabsf`hppab jb Bnnro

Drhdhbt, 's-@frtnmabdnsf`.@ukst, T.V. (8:7?), Aab mrhgvako ujt oa vnnr-Tneajb

sa Jizartjio ta Bjibsak, mae. Vt. Naoabrnof, prnv.

Bnnro-Drhdhbt, Darjf`tab T.N.D. 8?, p. =?-06.Ihbssab, K.I.G. (80?<), Oa Marehhbsfà ab Bnnrosfà

Enbueabtab vhb àt Eusaue ta Kay oab, Kayoab.Inhf`je, @.-A. (8:70), Oja @ubsrûfc-Ajgak-Cukkur he

Ejttakràjb, C÷kb-M rhz (Daj`. o. Dnbb. Ih `r d. 4:).Carstab, ]. (8:?0), Oja bjaoarràjbjsfà Mrhd-

`ûmakcuktur, Dnbbar Ih`rdûfàr 8?0, p. 1-08.Crûmar, @. (8:78), Oja Ihstnrgcukkur jb oab Crajsab

Kûf`nw-Ohbbabdarm, Kûbadurm, Qakzab ubo Vnkthu,

Baueûbstar.Khat, V.I. oa ab E.A. Ehrjab (8:1<), Kh bêfrnpnka oa

Kneeak-Chttabdnsf`, Hrf`hanknmjh Dakmjfh 4.Khat, V.I. oa, I. H. A. Ba bqu jb ab \. Vpjthaks (8:10),

Fnbtrjdutjnbs ï k'êtuoa oa kh Fjvjkjshtjnb oas F`hepso'Qrbas ab Gkhbora, Drumma (Ojssarthtjnbfs Hrf`ha-nknmjfha Mhboabsas JW).

Knã, H. Dhrnb oa (8:68), Dakmjqua Hbfjabba, JJ, Kas

Hmas ou Eêthk, Druxakkas.Ehrjab, E.A. (8:14), Nuo Dakmjã, Hbtwarpab.Ehrsf`hkk, H., C.I. Bhrr ab T. Wnb Qskhr (8:1?),

Oja vnr- ubo grû`masf`jf`tkjfà Dasjaokubm oas Darmjsfàb

Khboas, Bausthot h.o. Hjsf` (Daj`. 6 o. Dnbb.Ih`rd . ) .

Eaax, G. (8:=4), Oa urbabvakoabcuktuur jb àt madjao

K J _ A T H _ Q Q T



WW.T.C. \frjznbjus - Ajardafàr jb Baoarkhbo 8<6

tussab dabaoab-Ehhs ab Vfàkoa jb oa Jizartjio, Kjfab-tjhhts var`hboakjbm. Kauvab.

Enooarehb, \..I.T. (8:18), @at nuoàjocubojm nboarznac vhb oa nuoa wnnbmrnboab jb àt Khbo vhbEhhs ab ]hhk, Nuoàjoc'. Eaoao. T.E.v.N., B.T.

PPPJJ, p. 41-tjk .Enooarehb, \..I.T. (8:16), Npmrhvjbmab jb oa ma

eaabta ]jifàb, Makoarkhbo, Darjf`tab T.N.D.

?/8. p. 1-0. 'Enooarehb, \.I.T. (8:7</78), @hrpstaotar urbab

vhb oa Whkaborjas nboar ]jifàb, Makoarkhbo, Darjf`tab T.N.D. 8<-88, p. 118-116.

Bhb orj s, I. M. (8:=6), Vnea kjm`t nb pra`jst nrjaAurnpa, Hrf`hanknmjfhk _ànry hbo \rhftjfa (ao. O.Vtrnbm), Knbonb, p. 818-878.

\aooaenrs, H. (8:=1), Khtàbamkhshrerjbma jb oabBjaoarkhboab, Hbhk. \rha`. Kajo. WJJJ, p. :6-8?1.

\arjznbjus, ].T.C. ab M.I. Warwars (8:=1), Ajardafàrs mavrhhmo!. ]askaràae PP JW , p. 68-64.

\kayta, ]. (80==-8:<4), Baoarkhbosfà Nuoàoab vhb oa

vrnamsta tjioab knk ³/' chrak oab (Jrnnta, Kajoab.Thoaehfàr, F. (8:84), F`rnbnknmja oar bjaoar-

r`fjbjsaàb @hkksthtkzajk jb oajb Madjata zwjsfàbVjam- ubo WWuppar-Eûboubm, Ehbbus JW, p. 80=-48D.

Taenuf`heps, H.A. (8:4?), Npmrhvjbm vhb aaburbabvako ta Qoab (B.Dr.), Nuoàjoc. Eaoao.

T.E.v.<., B. T. W«, p. 7:-=7.Tnnsabs, @. ab M. Daax (8:78), Oa npmrhvjbmab jb

àt urbabvako 'oa Tnnsab' ta Baarpakt jb 8:7<, Hrf`hanknmjh Dakmjfh 10.

Tnnsabs, @., M. Daax ab \. Dnbabghbt (8:76), Aab

urbabvako ta Mrnta-Drnmak, Hrf`hanknmjh Dakmjfh 7=.Vfùehfàr, H. (8:=4), Oja @hkksthttzajt je sûokjfàb J kassab J. _aj k, Dnbbar @agta zur Wnrmasf`jf`ta 1.

Vfùyg, I. ab M.I. Warwar s (8:=7), Qrba bva koa b taVjajb, prnv. Kjedurm, Hbhk. \rha`. Kajo. JP, p. =1-0?.

Vf`whbtas, M. (8:88), Oja ïktastab Qrbabgrjao`÷ga daj

Qakzab ubo Kûbadurm, @hbbnvar (Oja Qrbabgrjao`÷ga jb Bjaoar shf`sa b, Dhbo 89 @agt 8,4).

VthepguÞ, T. (8:40), Ohs Marehbjsfà @ûmakmrïdargako

Ojarsgnrot, Humsdurm, (Gû`rar zur Qrmasf`jf`ta 4).VthepguÞ, T. (8:6:), Ohs @ûmakmrïdargako vnb Tàjb

darm, Cr. Enrs, Kajpzjm (Xuakkabsf`rjgtab zur ]astoautsfàb Wnr- ubo Grû`masf`jf`ta 4).

VthepguÞ, T. (8:?6), Ohs @ûmakmrïdargako Chkdafc, Cr.

Ckava, Kajpzjm (Xuakkabsf`rjgtab zur wastoautsfàbWnr- ubo Grû`masf`jf`ta 1).

VthepguÞ, T. (8:1:), Vjaokubmsguboa oar iûbmarab Drnbza-

ubo ïktarab Ajsabzajt je wastkjfàb Tu`rmadjat, Dnbb(Xuakkabsf`rjgtab zur wastoautsfàb Wnr- uboGrû`masf`jf`ta =).

Vtaho, KE. (8:78), H ojstjbftjva gnre ng kh _àbadhrrnw jb Ahstarb Znrcs`jra hbo nb tà fnbtjbabt, Hbt. Inurbhk PKJ, p. ??-74.

Vtrnndhbt, K. (8:<6), Bnta sur kh bêfrnpnka Hbtê-rnehjba oa Kujcs-Mastak, Dukk, oa î'Hfhoaeja Tnyhka

o'hrtÌnk. oa Dakmjqua, p. 860-8?7._hfcabdarm, C. (8:6?), Oja Cuktur oar grûàb Ajsabzajt

jb Ejttak- ubo ]ast`hbbnvar, @jkoasàje-Kajpzjm.Qdhm`s, F. (80:<), Oa vnnrrneajbsfà damrhhgpkhhtsab

tussfàb ]aart, Duoak, Baoarwaart ab Kavarny, Hestarohe.

Qskhr, T. vnb (8:1<), Baua `hkkskhttzajt`f`f Qrbabmrïdar he Bjaoarràjb, Dnbbar Ih`rdûfàr 81<, p.4=-74.

Warkj boa, H.O. (8:=?), Ajb Mrïdargak o hus oar grûàbubo ejttkarab Ajsabzajt jb Yakàe-]nkgarsvaab(Mko.), Darjf`tab T.N.D. 4? (jb oru c).

Warwars, M.I. (8:=4), Ohs Cheps Wako jb @hps jb

Bankjt`jcue, Drnbzazajt ubo Ajsabzajt, Hbhk.\rha`. Kajo. W.

]htardnkc, @._. (8:74), @huptzûma oar ajsabzajtkjfàb Dasjaokubm oar b÷rokjfàb Bjaoarkhboa,Nggh 8:, p. :-?=.

]htardnkc, @._. (8:=<), F8? ab oa hrfànknmja,Vpjamak @jstnrjhak 1, br. 7, p. 641-666.

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