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ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm o; d'n'sdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cefj geP klgo;sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]usf] ljlw / 1ffgsf]cefjn] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of;df cf3ft k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}s[lifpTkfbg a9fpg] :yfgLo ljlwsf] lj:tf/df ;d]t k|lts"n k|efjkl//x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljZjJofkL k|efjsf] ;fdgf lxGbs'zlxdfno If]qn] ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ljZjsf b'O{ ;o d'n'sdWo]5}6f}F :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 d'n'sdf cltj[li6, cgfj[li6,v8]/Lsf] k|sf]kn] cem k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf Jofks aGb} uPsf]5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|sf]k 1ffgdfnfsf] of] z[ª\vnf ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{kIfsf nflu nfebfoL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

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vfB;'/Iff o:tf] zAb xf], h;nfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf u|x0f u/L nf]slk|o agfP/k|rngdf NofOPsf] 5 . ljZjsf ;/sf/L lgsfob]lv u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Dd,cGt/f{li6«o bft[;+:yfb]lv u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Dd, ax'/fli6«o ;xof]u lgof]ub]lvljsl;t, wgL / cg'bfg ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd d'n's;Dd ;a}n] vfB;'/Iffsf]ljifonfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf] kfOG5 .

ljZjdf tLj| ¿kdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf nflu b}lgs cfjZostf k"lt{ug{ vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg To;} cg'kftdf a9fpFb} n}hfg' cfjZos x'G5 . clxn]s}cj:yfdf sltko d'n's vfBfGgsf] cefjsf sf/0f cfkm\gf gful/ssf] hLjgarfpg c;kmn eO/x]sf] ;dfrf/ klg ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .k|To]s jif{ ef]sd/Laf6 xhf/f}F dflg; d[To'sf] d'vdf kl//x]sf] tLtf] oyfy{jt{dfg ljZjn] ef]lu/x]sf] 5 .

vfB;'/Iff eg]sf] s] xf] t < o; ljifodf leGgfleGg} k|sf/n] JofVof ePsf]kfOG5 . oyfy{df, k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ldnfP/s;}n] klg vfgfsf] cefjaf6 ef]sd/Lsf] rk]6fdf k/]/ Hofg u'dfpg' gkg]{cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{ g} vfB;'/Iff xf] . kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« / cGt/f{li6«o;ª\3;+:yf, bft[lgsfo tyf ;d'bfosf x/]s txdf o:tf] ;'/Iffk|0ffnL ckgfpg;lsG5 . Go"gtd cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu lglZrt ;do;Dd wfGg;Sg] cGgtyf vfBfGg ;'/lIft /fVg' tyf Jojl:yt ug'{ g} vfB;'/Iffsf] d'ne"t kIf xf] .ljsl;t / wgL /fi6«n] vfBfGgaf6 k|fKt x'g] Sofnf]/L, To;sf] u'0f:t/sfljifodf klg Wofg lbG5g\ t/ cljsl;t, ul/a / ;fwg;|f]t Go"g ePsf tyfhg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] rfkdf k/]sf d'n'sdf vfBfGgsf] u'0f:t/df eGbf To;sf]


pknAw kl/df0fdf lrQ a'emfpg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

v8]/Lsf] hf]lvdhnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] k|sf]khGo hf]lvd jf ;ª\s6df h'g;'s} If]q jf To;If]qsf k|f0fLx¿ k|efljt x'g] cj:yf;Fu v8]/LnfO{ hf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . k|sf]ksf]hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLltn] kl/eflift u/]cg';f/;ª\s6fled'vtf eg]sf] ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo tŒj jfk|lqmofaf6 lgwf{/0f x'g] o:tf] cj:yf xf] h;n] ;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]ksf] k|efjsfcuf8L lg/Lx agfpF5 . To;}n] v8]/L kg]{ If]qsf g]tf jf of]hgfljb\n] v8]/Lsf]hf]lvdaf/] a'em\g tyf v8]/Ldf sf] jf s] Hofbf hf]lvddf 5 < s] sf/0fn]To:tf] ePsf] xf] < hf]lvd pTkGg ug{ s]–s:tf sf/s tŒj / k|lqmofsf] xft 5< h:tf ljifo klxrfg ug{ hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ . v8]/L If]qut tyf;dout ¿kdf km/s x'G5 / o;sf] k|j[lQnfO{ a'‰g klg lgs} sl7g x'G5 .tyflk lj1x¿n] o;af/] a'‰g / ;d'bfonfO{ o;sf] ;Defljt :t/ / ;dofjlwaf/]a'emfpg' Hofb} h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu jiff{sf] k|j[lQ, tfkqmdsf]ptf/r9fj, hnjfo'sf] cj:yf / o;sf] kl/jt{gsf] :t/h:tf k|d'v k|lqmofsfaf/]df 1fg x'g'k5{ . oL tŒjx¿sf] ljZn]if0faf6 g} eljiodf kg{;Sg] v8]/Lsf36gfx¿sf] k|j[lQ / k|efjsf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u u5{g\ .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo cGt/;/sf/L ;d"xn] k|sflzt u/]sf] …hnjfo' kl/jt{g@))& k|efj, ;dfof]hg, / ;ª\s6fled'vtfÚ gfds k|ltj]bgdf klgjfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd al9/x]sf] / o;n] v8]/Lnufotsf k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQnfO{qm'/ / ljgfzsf/L agfpg e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . ljZjJofkL tfkqmdj[l4n] st} cltj[li6, st} cgfj[li6 / st} nfdf] ;do;Dd rNg] ;'Vvfkgn]vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] ofd / o;sf] j[l4:t/df k|lts"n k|efj kg]{5 . nfdf];do;Ddsf] ;'Vvf df};d / clglZrt jiff{n] ;d'bfonfO{ kl/jt{gsf] af6f]ckgfpg afWo agfpF5 .

v8]/L cfkm} Fdf ;ª\s6 xf]Og . o;sf] k|efjsf] bafan] ;d'bfonfO{;ª\s6fled'vtftkm{ ws]n]/ hf]lvd pTkGg u5{ . ;d'bfosf] v8]/Lsf] ;fdgfug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; lgs} hl6n ljifo ePsf]n] ubf{ klg v8]/Ln] ;d'bfonfO{cGo w]/} k|sf/sf ;ª\s6tkm{ pGd'v u/fpF5 . ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn b'j}/fi6«df v8]/Ln] k|efj kf5{ t/ k|efjsf] :t/ / k|efljt If]q, ;fdgf ug]{Ifdtfdf eg] oL b'j} k|sf/sf /fi6«df j[xt\ dfqfdf km/s k5{ . To;}n];ª\s6fled'vtf pTkGg ug]{ tŒjsf] ljZn]if0f ;lxt hf]lvdsf ljleGgcjojx¿sf] cWoog u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfodf kg]{ hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{


h?/L x'G5 . v8]/Lsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgf agfpg ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf]¿k/]vf tof/ ug{' klg hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] lgldQ cfjZos x'G5 . k"0f{;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0fdf ;'Id tyf j[xt\ kIfsf] ljZn]if0f / o; kIfdf;d'bfosf] k|ltsf/ ug]{ jt{dfg Ifdtf s:tf] 5 eGg] ljifodf klg ulx/f]cWoog ug'{ cfjZos k5{ . nfdf] ;do;Dd v8]/L rn]sf] cj:yfdf pTkGgx'g;Sg] ;fdflhs åGå jf lx+;fTds ultljlw, clxn] g} ;d:ofsf ¿kdfb]lvPsf PrcfOeL÷P8\;h:tf /f]usf] dxfdf/Laf6 x'g] :jf:Yo ;ª\s6,lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] a9\bf] ul/aL:t/ cflbn] klg hf]lvd a9fO/x]sf] 5 .o:tf ;d:of pTkGg ug]{ d"n sf/0fsf] klxrfg gu/L ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdfvf;} pknlAw x'g;Sb}g .

;ª\s6fled'v ;d'bfosf] nflu vfB;'/Iff /0fgLltnfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpgg;s]df /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ;+rfng x'g] /fxt k|lqmofdf ;':ttfcfpg ;S5 . j[xt\ kIfsf] cWoog cg'?k ;d'bfodf bz jif{cl3sf] t'ngfdfclxn] v8]/Lsf] ;ª\s6fled'vtf a9]sf] ljZn]if0f ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ul/Psf]5 . o; ;Gbe{df cNkljsl;t d'n'ssf ;fy} ljsl;t d'n'sdf ;d]t v8]/Ln]j[xt\ / s7f]/ k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf al9/x]sf] 5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿dfv8]/Lsf cg'udg / k|efjsf] ;fdgfsf] tof/L tyf o;k|lt hjfkmb]xL /xgkof{Kt ;fwg tyf ;|f]t pknAw x'G5g\ . tfklg kfl/jfl/s hLljsf]kfh{g,:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{k|lqmofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ lgs} sl7gfO eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;'Id :t/df s]eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] hfGgsf nflu :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{g, ablnFbf]jftfj/0fdf ;fd~h:o x'g;Sg] /0fgLlt tyf Ifdtfaf/] ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/Lx'G5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf s:tf] ljljwtf 5 / o;n]v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf ug{ s:tf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 < ;DklQ tyf vfBfGgsf]:t/af6 ltgLx¿ bL3{sfnLg v8]/Laf6 slxn];Dd aRg ;S5g\ < ;ª\s6dfg/x]sf JolQmn] ;ª\s6fled'v ;d'bfok|lt s:tf] lhDd]jf/L af]w u5{g\ < cflbljifodf x'g] ljZn]if0f g} v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf ug]{ k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g\ eGg]dfGotf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 .

;d'bfosf] ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] klxrfg ug{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] :yfgLo ljlwsf]ljZn]if0f cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts /ef}lts tŒjx¿nfO{ aLrdf /fv]/ hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{dfu{ k|z:t ug{ ;S5 . hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu hldg / k|fs[lts ;|f]taLrdfgjLo ultljlwsf] ;fd~h:o sfod u/L ef}lts ;DklQ, dfgjLo k'FhL,;fdflhs k'FhLnufotsf ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{kg]{


x'G5 . pknAw ;DklQdf hlt w]/} ljljwtf x'G5 Tolt g} w]/} hf]lvdsf] ;fdgfug]{ af6f] km/flsnf] x'G5 . hLljsf]kfh{gdf x'g] ljljwtfn] g} hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0fjf ;fdgf ug]{ /0fgLltsf] klxrfg / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

;du|df v8]/Lsf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0fn] k|sf]ksf] ;xL tyf cfw'lgs a'emfOnfO{:ki6 kfg'{k5{ . o;af6 dflg;df kg]{ c;/sf ;fy} v8]/Lk|lt ;d'bfosf];ª\s6fled'vtfsf] j[xt\ / ;"Id cWoog ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o:tf sfo{n] v8]/Laf6kg]{ k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfjZos k"j{tof/L ug]{ af6f]nfO{ km/flsnf] kf5{ .

v8]/Lsf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0fv8]/Lsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;fdgf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu v8]/Lsf] ;Defljt c;/, k|efljt x'g];d'bfodf cfOkg]{ ;ª\s6\ / ltgLx¿sf] jt{dfg ;dosf] lqmofsnfksf] hfgsf/Llng' h?/L x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} ;d'bfodf pTkGg x'g;Sg] k|fs[lts, ef}lts,/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] cWoogu/]/ ltgLx¿sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{k5{ . v8]/Laf6 x'g]plNnlvt ;ª\s6fled'vtf clwsf+z ;dfhn] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ / o;df k|sf]k /;ª\s6fled'vtf cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf kl/jt{g eO/xg] ePsfn]klg cWoog / ljZn]if0f cfjZos k5{ . v8]/Lsf] k|s[ltsf] hfgsf/L / o;sf]k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f u/L vt/fsf] k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;Daf]wg ug'{ cfjZosx'G5 . v8]/Lsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f tyf k"j{tof/Lsf pkfosf] ljsf;sf] nflulgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg'k5{ M

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1010101010÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

v8]/Lsf] k|efj ljZn]if0fv8]/Laf6 jt{dfg ;dodf k/]sf] k|efjsf] ;dof]lrt hfgsf/Ln] efjL k|efjsf]eljiojf0fL ug{ tyf kl/jt{gLo ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;xof]u ldN5 .ef}uf]lns agf]6 / pknAw x'g;Sg] ;|f]tsf] :j?kcg';f/ v8]/Lsf] k|efj klgkm/s–km/s x'g;S5 . v8]/Lsf] cjlw / km}ng] :t/df dfq geP/ kl/jt{gLo;fdflhs cj:yfdf klg o;sf] k|efjsf] :j?k leGg x'g] u5{ . oBlk v8]/Lsf]k|efj Ps eGbf a9L If]qdf km}nG5, t/klg v8]/Lsf] k|efjnfO{ ljz]ifu/Lcfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf ¿kdf juL{s/0f ug{;lsG5 . oL k|efj g} ;dfhdf ;ª\s6 pTkGg ug]{ k|d'v sf/s x'g\ . To;}n]v8]/Lsf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu v8]/Lsf] ;dodf ckgfpg ;lsg] nlIotk|ltsf/sf pkfonfO{ g} hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ljlw lgwf{/0f ug]{ /fd|f] k|f/De–laGb' dflgG5 .

v8]/Lsf] k|efj ljZn]if0faf6 o;sf] ;ª\s6fled'v If]q, hg;ª\Vof jflqmofsnfknfO{ k|sfz kfg{ ;lsG5 . v8]/Lsf] k|efj ljZn]if0f To;sfsf/0faf6 x'g] vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] sdL, hLjg lgjf{xsf k|f0fLsf] Iflt tyfkfgLsf] e08f/df x«f; x'g]h:tf k|ToIf k|efjsf] klxrfgaf6 k|f/De x'G5 .o:tf k|efjaf6 3/–hldg a]Rg'kg]{ afWotf jf lj:yfkg x'g}kg]{ cj:yf, ef}ltsIflt tyf dfgl;s tgfjh:tf k|ToIf tyf k/f]If k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ug{;xof]u ldN5 .

k|fljlws, cfly{s /fhgLlts tyf cGo tŒjx¿n] v8]/Lsf] k|efjsf] tYofª\s;ª\sng ljlw b]z / :yfgcg';f/ km/s kg{ uPtfklg k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{/ clen]v tof/ ug]{ sfo{ Ps}k|sf/sf] / ;xL x'g'k5{ . ;xL tYofª\sn] of]hgfsf]lgdf{0f ug{ Jojxfl/s hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpF5 . v8]/Laf6 kg]{ k|ToIf tyfk/f]If k|efjsf] tYofª\s k|If]k0fn] d"No k|efjsf/L ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltdf dxŒjk"0f{of]ubfg lbG5 . o;/L ul/g] k|sf]ksf] ;Daf]wgn] ;Lldt ;||f]tsf] ;xL pkof]udf;3fp k'¥ofpF5 / k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{ j[xt\ k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0fn] v8]/Lsf] k|efjaf6 kg]{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts,ef}lts tyf jftfj/0fLo sf/0fsf] klxrfg ug{;Sg] vfsf pknAw u/fpF5 .o;n] ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] kl/0ffddf geP/ ;ª\s6fled'vtfdf kg{;Sg]sf/sx¿df Wofg lvR5 . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf v8]/Lsf] cj:yfdf jiff{sf] cefjn]

1111111111÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

k|ToIf k|efjsf] ¿kdf vfBfGg pTkfbg 36fpF5 . oBlk o; k|efjsf] vf;sf/0fsf ¿kdf ;f+:s[lts dfGotf / ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 lbOg]cg'bfg b]lvPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut dfGotfsf sf/0f dfq v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf ug]{;fd'bflos k|of; cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5}g, :yfgLo k|hfltsf afnLsf] lapmx¿nf]k x'g] vt/f klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k ls;fgn] cTolws d"Nolt/]/ cfoltt\ lapmsf] v/Lb ug'{kg]{ afWotf a9]sf] 5 . v8]/Laf6 pTkGghf]lvd / ;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; ljifodf klg Wofg lbg' h?/Lb]lvG5 . hLljsf]kfh{gdf k|efj kfg]{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / jftfj/0fLotŒjsf ;fy} cg'bfgsf] jf:tljstf / To;n] kfg]{ bL3{sfnLg k|efjsf af/]dfklg Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf cfGtl/s sf/0f cf]em]ndf kbf{;d'bfosf] hf]lvd ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf ljsf; x'g d'lZsn x'G5 .ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 :yfgLo ;d'bfodf kg]{ vfBfGg cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of / v8]/Lsf]k|efj yfxf kfpg' lgs} sl7g x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] cWoog ;'Id¿kdf x'g'h?/L 5 eg] ;d'bfo jf ;Defljt hf]lvddf kg]{ ;d'bfosf] cfGtl/sultljlwnfO{ ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g'{k5{ . cg';GwfgfTds cWoog tyfv8]/Lsf] kl/b[io lgdf{0f klg v8]/Lsf] ;ª\s6fled'vtf a'em\g ;xh ljlw xf] .;ª\s6fled'v ;d'bfosf] hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug]{ cGo ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf, vf;u/]/clgsfnsf] ;dodf vfB c;'/Iff / ;ª\s6fled'vtfaf/] hfgsf/L tyf dfkgk|0ffnL, ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] ;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f tyf dfkg k|0ffnL/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7gsf] vfB ;'/Iff k|0ffnL klgx'g;S5 .

v8]/Lsf] cg'udg tyf k"j{r]tfjgLv8]/L ;':tpTyfg k|sf]k ePsfn] o;sf] k"j{r]tfjgL lbg' sl7g x'G5 . v8]/Lsf];'? / cGt lgwf{/0f ug{' c;Dejh:t} x'G5 . oBlk df};dL tYofª\ssf cfwf/dfk|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug]{ / ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . hnjfo'kl/jt{g klg v8]/Lsf] k|d'v sf/s ePsfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf];fdgf ug]{ k|lqmofn] o;sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf klg ;xof]u ldN5 . v8]/Lsf]k"j{r]tfjgL cGo hnjfo'hGo k|sf]ksf]eGbf w]/} hl6n 5 / ;fk]lIfs ¿kdfo;sf] ljZjJofkL ljsf; sd 5 . o;sf] k"j{r]tfjgL d'Vo ¿kdf df};dLjiff{, gbLsf] axfj, e"ldut kfgLsf] ;xt, lxpFsf] df]6fO tyf cGo P]ltxfl;stYofª\sLo clen]vdf e/ k5{ .

1212121212÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

k"j{r]tfjgL Ifdtfsf] ljsf;of]hgfljb\ tyf j}1flgsn] ;d;fdlos, plrt, a'em\g ;lsg], vr{ ug{ ;lsg],hgs]lGb|t k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/]df v8]/Lsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;Dej x'g] ck]Ifful/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu plrt ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws Ifdtfsf]ljsf; u/L v8]/Lsf] cfj[lQ / c;/af/] hfgsf/L lng] / lbg] ug'{k5{ .;/sf/L / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, vf]h, lg/LIf0f,ljZn]if0f tyf dfkg ug{ / v8]/Lsf] k|sf]ksf] ;Defljt k|efjsf] k"jf{g'dfgug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/, j}1flgs, k|fljlws, ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / lbuf]kgsf]nflu ;xof]usf] k|a4{g ug'{k5{ .

v8]/Llj?4 r]tgf clej[l4gofF l;h{gfsf nflu 1fgsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;sf nflulzIffnfO{ Jojxfl/s k4ltdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ablnFbf] kl/l:yltcg'?ksf] lzIff ePdf k|sf]ksf cGo 36gfsf ;fy} v8]/Laf/] ;d'bfon]hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{;S5g\ / To;sf] ;fdgf ug]{ :yfgLo ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{;S5g\ . Jojxfl/s lzIffk|0ffnLn] ;dfhdf k|sf]khGo 36gfsf] ;fdgf ug]{;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ x'Fbf klg efjL ;dfh ;'/lIft /xg ;S5 .o;sf nflu cWoog–cg';Gwfgstf{, vf]hstf{ / ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;+jfb tyf;~hfnsf] ljsf; u/L ;"rgf / 1fgsf] k|jfxdf k|fyldstf /xg'k5{ . :yfgLob[li6sf]0f tyf cfjZostfsf] :ki6 cWoog u/L To;sf cfwf/df r]tgfclej[l4sf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsPdf ;d'bfosf]k|sf]k ;fdgf Ifdtf clej[l4 x'G5 . o:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ lg0f{ok|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf] ;zQm pkl:ylt jf ;xeflutf x'g] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;ug'{k5{ .

v8]/Lsf] ;fdgfv8]/Lsf] Joj:yfkgdf w]/} r'gf}tL /xG5g\ . v8]/LnfO{ k|sf]ksf ¿kdf :jLsf/ub}{ ljz]if1 / gLltlgdf{tfaLr ;dGjo sfod x'g' / ;f]xL cg';f/ /0fgLltth'{df u/L Go"gLs/0f tyf ;fdgfsf gLlt lgdf{0f ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . v8]/L ;':tpTyfg k|sf]ksf] sf/s ePsfn] o;sf] k|efjsf Go"gLs/0fsf ljsNkx¿sf]ljsf; g} o;sf] ;fdgf ug]{ pQd pkfo xf] . xfn;Dd d'n'sdf v8]/LnfO{k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf glnOPsfn] klg o;af6 kg]{ k|efjsf] ckTsfnLg ;fdgfsf/0fgLlt aGg ;s]sf] 5}g / hgr]tgf clej[l4df klg 7f]; sfo{qmd ;~rfngx'g ;s]sf] 5}g . nfdf] v8]/Lsf] cj:yfdf vfBfGg / ;fdfGo :t/df lapm

1313131313÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

cg'bfg lbg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ePklg Tof] g} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] bL3{sfnLg;dfwfgsf] pkfo eg] xf]Og .

v8]/Lsf] :j¿ksf] klxrfg, cg'udg, Go"gLs/0f / k"j{tof/Ldf hnjfo' kl/jt{gg} d'Vo rrf{sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . v8]/Lsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ef}uf]lns agf]6sfcfwf/df km/s–km/s x'g] ePsf]n] klg o;nfO{ ;xL ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n] :yfgcg';f/ ljsf; ePsf ;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/df dfqo;af/] jf:tljs r]tgf clej[l4 x'g ;S5 . To:t} v8]/Lsf] hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f u/L k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljz]if1 / ;d'bfoaLr /x]sf] Ifdtfsf]b"/L x6fpg' klg Psk|sf/sf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

v8]/LnfO{ ljz'4 k|fs[lts tyf ef}lts 36gfsf ¿kdf lng] k/Dk/f klg 5 . olbof] ljz'4 k|fs[lts 36gf xf] eg] o;sf] cfj[lQ / k|efjdfly s:tf] lgoGq0fug]{ eGg] k|Zg cufl8 cfpF5 . jiff{sf] bL3{sfnLg cefjn] v8]/L pTkGg x'g] /ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] o;sf] cfj[lQ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsfn] klg ;d:of b]vf k/]sf]kfOG5 . o;nfO{ k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf lnPdf o;df /x]sf] ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s,;f+:s[lts, gLltut, jftfj/0fLonufotsf kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ;xLgLlt, k"j{tof/L of]hgf / Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmdn] j[xt\dfqfdf v8]/Lsf] ;ª\s6fled'vtf36fpg ;lsg]df s'g} cfzª\sf /xFb}g . csf]{ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf gLlt tyf cGolg0f{o ug]{x¿df k|sf]kkl5eGbf Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{df ul/g] nufgL d"Nok|efjsf/Lx'G5 eg]/ ljZj:t lbnfpg' /x]sf] b]lvG5 . clzIff, c1fgtf, k/Dk/fut d"No–dfGotfsf sf/0f / bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] ljsf; gePsfn] klg gLltlgdf{tfx¿/ge'Nndf k/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] v8]/Lsf] ;fdgfsf nflu k"j{tof/L of]hgfsf];Defljt nfek|lt ;+j]bgzLn eP/ ;/sf/n] gLltlgdf{0f u/L of]hgf agfpgkxn ug'{k5{ .

;"rgf k|jfx;d'bfonfO{ plrt hfgsf/L / 1fg lbg ljleGg d'n'sdf ul/Psf v8]/LJoj:yfkgsf ljlw / tf}/tl/sfaf/] cg'ej cfbfgk|bfgsf] sfo{qmd lgoldt?kdf ul/g'k5{ . o:tf cg'ejnfO{ ;d'bfon] a'‰g] vfsfdf ljsf; u/L r]tgfclej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;"rgfsf] k|jfx lgoldt ?kdf ug'{ cfhsf]cfjZostf klg xf] . ;"rgfsf] k|jfxn] ;d'bfodf v8]/Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug]{1fg k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsfn] o;nfO{ gLlt / sfo{of]hgfsf] k|d'vkf6f]sf] ?kdf x]l/g'k5{ . ;"rgf ;ª\sns / bftfaLr x'g] cGtlqmofn] pTs[i6;~hfnsf] ljsf; / a'emfOsf] :t/ dfly p7\g] ePsfn] To;n] nlIot ju{sf]k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k hf]lvddf k/]sf ;d'bfonfO{ /fxt dfq

1414141414÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

xf]Og, ;fdgf Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df ;3fp klg k'¥ofpF5 .

lzIff tyf tflndk|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffdf v8]/Lsf] ljifonfO{ klg hf]8]/ n}hfg' jt{dfgsf]cfjZostf xf] . k|lzIfs / k|lzIffyL{aLrsf] x'g] kf/:kfl/s l;sfO tyf cGtlqm{ofTdsk|lqmofn] hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f / ;fdgf ug]{ /0fgLltsf] vfsf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ldN5 .o;sf nflu cf}krfl/s lzIffsf ;fy} a]Un} k|sf/sf] tflnd sfo{qmd klg sfof{GjogdfNofpg'k5{ . v8]/Laf/] k/Dk/fut hfgsf/L, :yfgLo 1fg, cfd;~rf/sf] ;lqmo;xeflutfaf6 k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft /xg ;xof]u ldN5 . v8]/Lsf] k|sf]ksf;Defljt\ kLl8t / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfaLr ;xeflutfd"ns tflndsf sfo{qmdn]o;sf] c;/ sd ug]{ ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ . cgf}krfl/s t/Joj;flos lzIffn] efjL lkF9LnfO{ klg hf]lvdsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ / To;sf] ;fdgf ug]{Ifdtf k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn] tflndnfO{ /fi6«JofkL agfpg' ;fGble{s x'G5 .

;zQm k"j{tof/Lsf pkfov8]/Lsf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg Go"gLs/0f, hLljsf]kfh{gdf ug'{kg]{ kl/jt{gsf af/]dfcWoog cfjZos 5 . cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfsf cfwf/df k"j{tof/Lsf of]hgfagfpg' ;fGble{s x'G5 . v8]/Lcl3, v8]/Lsf] ;do / eljiodf JolQm tyf;DalGwt ;+:yfn] ckgfpg' kg]{ cfsl:ds of]hgfnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf lgDgcg';f/lng ;lsG5 M

k|efj Go"gLs/0f tyf k"j{tof/L of]hgfsf nflu k|efjsf/L gLlt tyf ;+:yfutIfdtfdf ljsf; ug'{k5{ .;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo, JolQm tyf gful/s ;d'bfo k"0f{ ¿kdf ;lqmoeP/ sfd ug'{k5{ .cfsl:ds k|ltsf/sf pkfoeGbf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljsNk vf]Hg'k5{ .k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f, ljsf; / k|sf]k k|ltsf/df sfo{/t JolQmaLr ;+jfb, cg'ejsf]cfbfgk|bfg / ;dGjo sfod ug'{k5{ .v8]/Lsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k"j{tof/L pkfosf] 5gf}6 ubf{ PsLs[tjftfj/0fLo tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;,e"pkof]u of]hgf / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug'{k5{ .k"j{tof/L of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfx'g'k5{ .;+:yfut Ifdtf, ;dGjofTds ;+oGq, :yfgLo cfjZostf tyf k/Dk/fut1fg k|efjsf/L Go"gLs/0f / k"j{tof/L /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf cfjZos5 .

1515151515÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

vfB c;'/Iff / k|efjg]kfnsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] em08} ^^ k|ltzt k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf¿kdf s[lifdfcfwfl/t 5 . s]xL jif{ otf s[lif cf>Lt hg;+Vofdf sdL cfFpb} u/]sf] kfOPklg cToflws hg;+Vofsf] d"n k]zf s[lifdf cfwf/Lt 5 . clxn] ;Dd ljsfzsfk"jf{wf/ k'Ug g;s]sf] ljs6 ef}uf]lns cj:yfdf vfB;'/Iff a9L ;/f]sf/sf]ljifo aGb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df vfB;'/Iffsf] s'/f ubf{ lg/k]lIft¿kdf eGbf ;fk]lIft¿kdf Jofvf ug'{ a9L ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . vfB;'/Iffk[ys geO ljljw kIf;Fu ufl;Psf] x'G5 . o;sf sltko ;Gbe{ k|fs[ltsljifoj:t';Fu klg ufFl;Psf] x'G5g t/ jt{dfg ;dodf dfgjLo ultljlwrfxgf / cfjZoQmf o'4 ;fdflhs åG4 a9\bf] hg;+Vof cj}wflgs s[lifk|0ffnL,36\bf] pTkfbg, c;Gt'lnt ljt/0f h:tf s'/fn] vfB;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ sdhf]/kfl//x]sf] kfOG5 . s[lif k|wfg d'n's eP/ klg ljleGg sf/0fn] g]kfn vfB;'/Iffsf]b[li6n] la:tf/} bf?0f aGg yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] xfn;Ddsf] hg;ª\Vof /vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] cg'kftsf cfwf/df vfB c;'/Iffsf] ;Defjgf klg a9\b}5 .s]xL kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfdf vfBfGg ljt/0fk|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sgfn]obfsbf ef]sd/Lsf] cj:yf l;hgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg/x]sf sltko kl/jf/n] plrt ;dodf cfjZos vfBfGgsf] hf]xf] ug{ g;Sgfn];d:of plAhg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . tyflk, xfd|f] d'n'ssf] vfBfGg pTkfbg /pkef]usf] oyfy{ cj:yfs} kl/j]zdf /x]/ vfB;'/Iffsf] rrf{ ug'{ ;fGble{sx'g]5 .

vfB c;'/Iff / o;sf sf/0f

vfB;'/Iff / c;'/Iffsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿ Ps};fy ufFl;P/ cfpg] u5{g\ .o:tf ;jfnsf k5fl8 ufFl;P/ cfpg] sf/0fnfO{ cnUofP/ x]g{ klg ldNb}g .vfB;'/Iff eg]sf] kof{Kt vfBfGg pTkfbg jf pknAw ePsf] ;dodf eljiodfj[l4 x'g] hg;ª\Vof, vfFrf] / k|sf]ksfnLg cj:yfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{kl/df0fdf vfBfGgsf] ;~ro u/L ;xh k|flKt / ;d'lrt ljt/0f ug{;Sg]Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . o;}sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt cj:yfnfO{ eg] vfB c;'/Iffsf]cj:yfsf ¿kdf a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 .

1616161616÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

vfB c;'/Iffsf ljleGg kIfnfO{ cWoog ubf{ o;sf sf/0fsf] eofjx lrqk|s6 x'g;Sb5 . vfB c;'/Iffaf6 ;dfh / d'n's ef]sd/Lsf] qf;bLk"0f{rk]6fdf ws]lnG5 . ljz]ifu/L, clk|msfsf ;'8fg, Olyof]lkof, ;f]dflnofnufotljZjsf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf hgtf vfg gkfP/ ef]sef]s} d/]sf /s'kf]if0fsf lzsf/ ePsf ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfO/xG5g\ . To:t}, ;d:of xfd|f]d'n'ssf s]xL ljs6 kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfsf vf; If]qdf slxn]sfxLFb]vfkg]{ u/]sf] 5 . cNksfnLg ¿kdf b]lvg] To:tf] ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{k|of; klg x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

vfB c;'/Iff pTkGg x'g d'Votof k|fs[lts / dfgjLo sf/0f lhDd]jf/b]lvG5g\ . ctM vfB c;'/Iff x'g;Sg] sf/0fnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ x]g{ ;lsG5 M

k|fs[lts sf/0f

cltj[li6 tyf af9Lklx/f]

ljZjsf ljleGg efudf jiff{sf] lgoldt :j¿kdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 / v08j[li6h:tf k|lts"n jiff{sf sf/0fn] s[lifpTkfbg /hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] aLrsf] ;Gt'ngdf vnn k'Ub} cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg k|sf]kn]dfgjLo ultljlwsf ljljw kIf k|efljt x'Fbf s[lif pTkfbgsf] b/ emg\–emg\36\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . To:tf sf/0fdWo] cltj[li6af6 pTkGg x'g] af9Lklx/f]k|d'v /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf k|To]s jif{sf] af9Lklx/f]df k/L cf};t @@(hgf dflg;n] Hofg u'dfpg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] ljgf;klg pNn]Vo¿kdf eO/x]sf] 5 .

af9Lklx/f]n] jif]{gL v]tLof]Uo e"ld s6fg u/]/, v]tdf /f]lkPsf] afnL aufP// k'/]/ 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Iflt lg/Gt/ eO/xFbf s[liftGqk|efljt eO{ vfBfGg pTkfbgdf 7"nf] lu/fj6 cfpg yfn]sf] kl/0ffd:j¿kvfB c;'/Iffsf] ;Defjgf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

cgfj[li6 / v8]/L

vfBfGgsf] /fd|f] pTkfbgsf nflu lgoldt jiff{ x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 . g]kfndfcltj[li6sf sf/0f st} af9Lklx/f]sf] k|sf]k pTkGg x'G5 eg] cgfj[li6 /v08j[li6n] v8]/Lsf] k|sf]k klg lgDTofO/xG5 . g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]qdf cltj[li6sf

1717171717÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

sf/0f cfpg] af9Lklx/f]af6 d'n's cfqmfGt eO/xFbf klZrdL If]q v8]/Lsf]k|sf]kaf6 d'lem{O/x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf clwsf+z v]tLof]Uo e"lddf l;+rfOsf];'ljwf pknAw gePsf] x'Fbf cfsfz]kfgLsf] e/df s[liftGq l6ls/x]sf] 5 . ctMo;/L cfjZos kl/df0fdf jiff{ gxF'bf v]tLaf6 cfzftLt pTkfbg lng ;lsg]s'/} ePg . o;af6 ;du| s[lif pTkfbg Go"g eO{ ef]sd/Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gfx'g] ;Defjgf a9\b5 .

d?e"dLs/0f

k|fs[lts jftfj/0f ;Gt'lnt /fVg] d'Vo tŒj jg;Dkbf xf] . jgn] e"–Ifo

lgoGq0f, df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g, k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfsf] ljsf;,

cDnLokg lgoGq0fh:tf dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ ub{5 . t/, s[life"ld, 3fF;, bfp/f,

sf7nufotsf a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu j}slNks ;|f]tsf]

ljsf; x'g g;Sbf tLj| ultdf jgljgf; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . jgljgf;s} k|efj:j¿k

ljZjdf tfkqmd j[l4 tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ klg pTkGg ePsf 5g\ .

o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ljZjdf d?e"dLs/0f x'g]qmd a9]sf] / s[life"ldsf]

k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtf;d]t gi6 x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 . o;af6 s[lifIf]qdf k|lts"n

k|efj kg{uO Pstkm{ pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpFbf vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf pTkGg

eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ o;n] vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf pTkGg ug]{ cGokIfsf] k[i7kf]if0f;d]t ul//x]sf] 5 .

pj{/fzlQmdf x|f;

vfBj:t' pTkfbg x'g] d"nfwf/ g} hldg xf] . s[lifpTkfbgsf] kl/df0f df6f]sf]pj{/fzlQmdf lge{/ /xG5 . ctM ljleGg sf/0fn] df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf x|f;cfpFb}} hfFbf s[lifpTkfbgdf qmlds¿kn] x|f; cfpFb} uPsf] 5 . /f;folgs dn,sL6gf;s cf}iflwh:tf /;fogsf] cTolws k|of]uaf6 s]xL ;do;Dd pTkfbga9]sf] b]lvP klg To;af6 b"/ufdL¿kdf pj{/tfsf lx;fan] lgsDdf / aGh/aGg] / jftfj/0fsf cGo kIfdf ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ cg'ej ul/Psf]5 . To;}u/L, clgof]lht / cj}1flgs e"–pkof]usf sf/0f Pstkm{ s[life"ldsf];d'lrt pkof]u x'g ;Qm}g eg] csf{]tkm{ df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm 36\b} uP/s[lifpTkfbgdf x|f; cfpF5 . o;/L, vfBfGg pTkfbgdf lg/Gt/ sdL cfpFbfvfBfGgsf] cefj eO{ d'n's clgsfnsf] rk]6fdf km:b5 .

1818181818÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

k|sf]k / cGo ljkb\

k[YjLsf] s'g} klg If]qdf ;w}F s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] k|fs[lts k|sf]k pTkGgeO/x]sf] x'G5 . af9Lklx/f], cfunfuL, x'/Latf;, e'OFrfnf]h:tf ljleGg k|sf]kpTkGg x'Fbf vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . k|sf]kaf6 Pstkm{ ;l~rtvfBfGg gi6 x'g] / csf]{tkm{ pTkfbg If]qdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ ePaf6pTkfbg 36\g] sf/0fn] eljiosf nflu cfjZos x'g] vfBfGgsf] hf]xf] x'gg;Sbf vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'G5 .

dfgjLo sf/0f

cj}1flgs v]tLk|0ffnL / e"–pkof]u

g]kfndf cfw'lgs / lbuf] e"–Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] cem} ljsf; x'g;s]sf]5}g . g]kfndf v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ / df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm sfod /fvLpTkfbsŒj a9fpg] lbuf] k|ljlw ckgfOPsf] kfOFb}g . ctM s[lifk|0ffnLdf;dofg's"n j}1flgs k|ljlwsf] cjnDag ug{ g;Sbf s[lifpTkfbgdf x|f; x'Fb}uPsf] 5 / kl/0ffd:j¿k vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf klg pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgfa9\b} uPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf e"–pkof]u of]hgf;d]t nfu" x'g;s]sf] 5}g . v]tLof]Uo e"ld;x/Ls/0fsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] 5 eg] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;n] klg v]tLof]Uohldgsf] bfo/f ;fF3'¥ofpFb} nu]sf] 5 . pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgfaf6 lgM;lh{t/f;folgs kbfy{ ldl;gfn] df6f]sf] k|fs[lts u'0fdf klg kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf]5 . o;/L vfBfGg pTkfbg If]q / pTkfbsŒj 36]/ pTkfbgdf sdL cfpFbfvfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt pTkGg xF'b} uPsf] 5 .

e"ldsf] rfSnfaGbL tyf v08Ls/0f

a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof / kl/jf/ ljefhgsf sf/0faf6 e"ldsf] efuaG8f ug]{ k|j[lQdfklg tLj|tf cfO/x]sf] 5 . kfl/jfl/s efuaG8faf6 e"ld v08Ls/0f x'gfn]s[lifk|0ffnL lbuf] x'g g;ls/x]sf] dfq xf]Og, pTkfbgzLn hldgsf] sdL;d]tx'Fb} uPsf] 5 . rfSnfaGbL gul/Psf 6'qmf e"lddf cfw'lgs v]tLk|0ffnL ckgfpg/ d]l;g pks/0f k|of]u ug{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . o:tf sf/0fn] klg s[lifpTkfbg36]/ vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt cfpg] ;Defjgf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

1919191919÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

afnL ljljwLs/0fsf] cefj

g]kfnsf] s[lif k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 . yf]/} e"ldsf] cTolws pkof]uu/L w]/} vfBfGg pTkfbg ug{ o:tf] v]tLk|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g u/L ;do–;dodfcfxf/f afgL (Food Habit) df kl/jt{g ug'{ cfjZos dflgG5 . v]tLdfcTolws /f;folgs dn / sL6gf;s cf}iflw k|of]u ubf{ tTsfn pTkfbg a9]klg h}ljs tŒjdf x|f; cfP/ la:tf/} df6f]sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf 36\5 . To;}u/L,Pp6f hldgdf ;wF} Pp6} afnL nufpgfn] klg vf;–vf; tŒjsf] x|f; eO{ck]lIft pTkfbg k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g . t;y{, hldgdf afnL ljljwLs/0f /h}ljs dnsf] k|of]u a9L ug'{ df6f]sf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg / ck]lIft pTkfbglng;d]t kmnbfoL x'G5 . t/, g]kfnL ls;fgdf To; lsl;dsf] r]tgf gx'FbfpTkfbgn] lbuf] ¿k lng ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . vfBfGg eGgfn] rfdn dfq ;Demg]/ eft vfg] afgL dfq /xgfn] wfgsf] pTkfbg sd x'gf;fy vfB c;'/Iffsf];d:of hGdg] u/]sf] oyfy{ klg 5 .

ahf/ ljsf;sf] cefj

ahf/sf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf If]qdf s[lifpTkfbgsf] ;dfg'kflts laqmLljt/0fx'g;Sg] ;Defjgf Go"g x'G5 . oftfoftsf] kx'Fr gePsf b'u{d u|fdL0f If]qdf:yfgLo cfjZostfeGbf a9L vfBfGg pTkfbg ug'{sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /xFb}g .g]kfnsf clwsf+z lxdfnL lhNnfx¿df pTkflbt vfBj:t' ;'ud tyf ;x/LIf]qdf Nofpg / ;'ud If]qdf pTkflbt vfBfGg tL lhNnfdf k7fpg ;lsg]oftfoftsf] ljsf; gePsf sf/0f kmnk"mn, df;', b"w / pmg dfq a9LpTkfbg x'g] lxdfnL lhNnfdf vfBfGgsf] cefj x'g] u/]sf] 5 . b'u{d u|fdL0fIf]qleq} klg ahf/sf] plrt ljsf; gxF'bf pknAw vfBfGgsf] ;d]t ;dfg'kfltsljt/0fsf] cefjn] vfB c;'/Iff cj:yf cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

vfBfGgsf] b'?kof]u

ljZjdf ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs /Lltl/jfh, k/Dk/fut wf/0ff / dlb/fhGokbfy{ pTkfbgdf vfBkbfy{sf] b'?kof]u ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts /wfld{s sfo{qmddf vfBfGgsf] k|of]u vfgsf nflu dfq geP/ cGo k|of]hgdf;d]t ul/g] ub{5 . k"hfsf cIftf, k'/f0f tyf o1df ul/g] r?xf]d, cf}Bf]lustyf 3/fo;L¿kdf agfOg] hfF8 / /S;Lh:tf dlb/fhGo kbfy{sf] pTkfbgdf

2020202020÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

vfBfGgsf] 7"nf] c+z b}lgs v]/ hfg] ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ahf/sf] cefjePsf If]qdf a9L ePsf] cGg 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] bfgf–vf]n]sf] ¿kdf klg vr{x'G5 . o:tf sf/0fn] klg dflg;nfO{ cfjZos cGgsf] cefj pTkGg eO{ vfBc;'/Iffsf] cj:yf cfpF5 .

c;Gt'lnt ljt/0f / ;fdflhs åGå

g]kfndf ef}uf]lns hl6ntf, oftfoftsf] sl7gfO / jt{dfg ;dodf b]vfk/]sf];fdflhs åGån] b]zdf pTkflbt vfBfGgsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f x'g ;ls/x]sf]5}g . vfBfGgsf] cfk"lt{ ;'ud If]qdf ubf{ a9L nfe k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'FbfJofkfl/s kIfaf6 b'u{d If]qdf vfBfGgsf] laqmL–ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg?lr b]vfOPsf] kfOFb}g . ;fdflhs åGåsf cj:yfdf Ps kIfn] cfk"lt{ u/]sf]vfBfGg csf]{ kIfaf6 n'6\g] sfo{df a9f]Q/L x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf vfBfGgsf]Go"g pTkfbg x'g] If]qdf vfB;'/Iffdf cj/f]w pTkGg eO{ ef]sd/Lsf] cj:yfpTkGg x'g;S5 .

pNn]lvt sf/0fn] vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg x|f; x'Fb} uP/ vfBfGg ;'/Iff Joj:yfsdhf]/ x'Fb} hfg] ;Defjgf Pslt/ a9]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ pTkflbt vfBfGgsf];d'lrt ljt/0fsf] cefjdf vfBfGg sd pTkfbg x'g] If]qdf vfB;ª\s6pTkGg xF'b} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf pTkflbt cfjZostfeGbf a9LePsf] vfBfGg ef/ttkm{ lgsf;L x'G5 eg] vfBfGg pTkfbg Go"g x'g] pRrkxf8L/ lxdfnL lhNnfdf t/fO{sf] vfBfGg 9'jfgL ug{ sl7g ePsfn] jif}{lkR5] vfB;ª\s6 tyf ef]sd/Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

2121212121÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|efj;fdflhs k|efj

;dfhdf vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|ToIf k|efj kb{5 . ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsfn] dflg;;dfhdf a:b5, vfBfGgnufot s'g} klg uhf]{ 6fg{ ;dfhsf c¿ kl/jf/dfhu]8f /x]sf vfBfGg k|fKt ug{] k|of; ub{5 . o;sf nflu vfBfGg hu]8f x'g]kl/jf/;Fu lsGg] jf ;fk6 lng] k|of; x'g;S5 . To;}u/L, g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qdf;fx' jf wgL kl/jf/sf] d]nfkft u/]/ b}lgs vfBfGgsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{k|rng k/Dk/fut¿kdf rNb} cfPsf] 5 . cfk"m a;]sf] ;dfhaf6}Jojxf/;ª\ut¿kdf vfBfGgsf] hf]xf] ug]{ k|of; ug'{ dfgjLo :jefj xf] .

Jojxf/;ª\ut¿kaf6 vfBfGg k|fKt x'g g;Sbf k]6 kfNgsf nflu dflg;n]rf]/L jf n'6kf6 ug'{kg]{ cj:yf;d]t cfpF5 . s;}sf] 3/df cfjZostfeGbfa9L vfBfGg e08f/0f x'g' / ToxL ;d'bfosf] s;}sf] 3/df 5fs;Dd 6fg]{cj:yf gx'Fbf o; lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs ck/fwsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'G5 . o:tfafWotfa; l;h{gf x'g] l:yltaf6 ;fdflhs åGå, ck/fw, cftª\ssf] ;d]tl;h{gf x'g;Sb5 . vfBfGgsf] cefj tyf ul/aLsf sf/0f ljZjdf jif]{gL ;of}Fdflg;n] cfTdxTof u/]sf] klg ;'Ggdf cfpF5 . ctM vfB c;'/Iffn] ;dfhdfrf]/L, 8s}tL, n'6kf6h:tf ck/fw a9fpg] dfq xf]Og, dfgjLo pmhf{ tyf;+zfwgdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/L d'n'ssf] ;du| ;fdflhs tyf cfly{sljsf;df k|ZglrGx v8f ul/lbG5 .

cfly{s k|efj

vfB c;'/Iffaf6 cfly{s If]q ax'cfoflds lsl;dn] k|efljt x'G5 . vfBfGgsf]cefjdf dflg; s'kf]if0fsf] df/df dfq kb}{g, hLjgd/0fsf] bf];fFwdf k'Ub5 .o; cj:yfdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] /fli6«o cleofgdf ck]lIft of]ubfg k|fKt x'g;Sb}g . dfgj ;+zfwgsf] pTkfbsŒjdf x|f; x'G5, a]/f]huf/sf] ;ª\Vof a9\b5 .;Gt'lnt vfgfsf] cefjaf6 zf/Ll/s ljsf;df cj/f]w pTkGg eO{ :jf:Yo;d:of b]vfkb{5 . ;Gt'lnt dfgl;s ljsf; gx'Fbf z}lIfs Pjd\ af}l4s:t/dfx|f; cfpF5 . o; cj:yfn] ;du| cy{tGqd} gsf/fTds cj:yf k}bf x'G5 .

2222222222÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

vfB cefjsf] l:ylt k}bf ePdf ljsf;lgdf{0fsf ;f/f sfo{nfO{ yftL /fv]/vfB cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' ;/sf/sf] bfloŒj x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf vfBcfoft ug{, cefj ePsf If]qdf 9''jfgL ug{ / ;d:ofu|:t If]qdf ljt/0f ug{/fHon] 7"nf] cfly{s nufgL ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . o;af6 ljsf;lgdf{0fdfJoo x'g]]] k'FhL 36\guO{ ljsf; sfo{ g} cj?4 x'gk'U5 . o;}u/L, vfB cefjsfsf/0f s'kf]if0f, To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ljleGg /f]u / dxfdf/L;d]t lgoGq0fug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfOk/]df cfly{s ;d:of cem ylkG5 . kmntM b]zsf] cy{tGqn]ult lng g;Sg] cj:yf pTkGg eO{ ;+j]bgzLn If]qdf ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfsf]3f]if0ff;d]t ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpg;S5 . ctM vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|efjsf] kl/0ffd(Result) cfly{s / ;fdflhs b[li6n] klg eofjx x'g;S5 .

;f+:s[lts k|efjvfB c;'/Iffaf6 ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] gsf/fTds kl/0flt;f+:s[lts If]qdf klg b]lvG5 . o;f] x]bf{ vfgfsf] cefjn] ;f+:s[lts If]qdfTo:tf] eofjx gsf/fTds l:ylt pTkGg xf]nfh:tf] b]lvGg . t/, o;n]bL3{sfnLg¿kdf /fli6«o k/Dk/f, wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf g/fd|f] c;/ kfg]{ ;Defjgf/xG5 . ha dflg;n] cfk"m afFRgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ vfg]s'/f kfpFb}g, tacfˆgf] wd{, ;+:s[lt, rfnrng, k/Dk/f;d]t 5f8]/ cfly{s ;|f]tsf] hf]xf]sfnflu wd{ kl/jt{g ug]{ hf]lvd;d]t p7fpg] ub{5 .

ef]sf] dflg; ;fdflhs ;DklQsf ¿kdf /x]sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] rf]/L /a]rlavg u/]/ k]6 eg{] Joj:yf ldnfpg;d]t tlD;G5 . o;s} pbfx/0fsf¿kdf vfg gkfpg] l:yltdf /x]sf pRrkxf8L, lxdfnL lhNnf / cGo If]qaf6cgdf]n k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf j:t' Pjd\ wfld{s u|Gy rf]l/g'nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .sltko hgtfn] Ps kfyL rfdn–lk7f];Fu s/f]8f}F d"No kg]{ cfkm\gf wfld{su|Gysf kf08'lnlk, k|frLg d"lt{, wft'sf ;fdfg ;f6]/ k]6 kfn]sf oyfy{ ;'GgkfOG5 . k]6 kfNgs} nflu w]/}n] cfˆgf ;+:s[lt, rfnrng la;]{/ ljb]lzg' k/]sf],gf/sLo hLjg latfpFb} of}gJofkf/ ug{ / P8\;nufot of}ghGo /f]u leq\ofpgafWo x'g'k/]sf] ljs/fn cj:yf;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ctM o:tf] cj:yf lg/Gt/rln/x] df}lns k/Dk/f / dfGotf x/fpFb} hfg] dfq xf]Og, ;fdflhs ;Eotfn]gsf/fTds af6f] lng] 8/ /xG5 . To;}n] elgPsf] 5– …ef]sfPsf]n] h'g;'s}ck/fw klg ug{ ;Sb5 .Ú

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afnaflnsf, czQm tyf j[4df kg]{ k|efj

vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|efj afnaflnsf, czQm / j[4j[4fdf a9L kb{5 . afnsnfO{hGdgf;fy zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu kf}li6s cfxf/sf] cfjZostfkb{5 . ;'Ts]/L dlxnfnfO{ oy]i6 vfgf k|fKt geP To;sf] k|ToIf k|efj b"w]aRrfdf kb{5 . o;af6 s'kf]if0fsf] lzsf/ eO{ afnaflnsfdf zf/Ll/s tyfdfgl;s ljs[lt b]vf kg{ ;Sb5 . To;}u/L sl7g zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s sfdug{ c;dy{, czQm JolQmn] cfk"mnfO{ cfjZos vfBj:t' h'6fpg g;s]/d[To'sf] d'vdf k'Ug'kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 .

joZs dflg;df s]xL ;do kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] cefj eP klg zf/Ll/scj:yf Tolt sdhf]/ gx'g] x'G5 . t/, zf/Ll/s¿kdf sdhf]/ j[4j[4fsf nflucfjZos vfBfGg, /]vb]v pknAw ePg eg] ltgsf] cj:yf lgs} bogLoaGb5 . ctM vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|ToIf k|efj czQm / j[4x¿df a9L kb{5 .

ue{jtL dlxnfdf vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|efj ;a}eGbf a9L kb{5 . ue{jtL dlxnfn]kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf gkfPdf hGdg] aRrf ljsnfª\u x'g;Sg], dft[lzz' d[To'b/pRr x'g], cfly{s¿kn] ;lqmo hgzlQmdf sdL cfpg]h:tf ;d:of;d]tpTkGg x'g;S5g\ . To;}n] ;Dk"0f{ kIfnfO{ rqmLo¿kdf ufFHg] dfgjLo ;d:ofsf¿kdf /x]sf] vfB c;'/Iffsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;a} kIfaf6 uDeL/¿kdflng'kg]{ x'G5 .

g]kfndf vfB;'/Iff Joj:yf

vfBsf] ;'/Iff / ;d'lrt ljt/0f u/L vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yfaf6 d'n'snfO{arfpg ;/sf/n] ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df vfBfGgcefj x'g glbg / ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfnfO{ /fxt k|bfg ug{ ljz]ifvfBfGg sfo{qmdcGtu{t ljsf;lgdf{0fsf sfo{ klg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf kl/rfng ug{sf nflu vfBfGg ;'/Iff ug]{ / cfjZosk/]sf avt kl/rfng ug{] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu /fli6«o,cGt/f{li6«o, låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo ;xof]u;d]t k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;~rflntsfo{qmdsf s]xL ljz]iftf oxfF pNn]v ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g]5 M

2424242424÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

vfBfGg sdL x'g] pRrlxdfnL tyf kxf8L If]qsf #) b'u{d lhNnfdf;/sf/åf/f vfBfGg, ljz]ifu/L rfdn 9'jfgLdf cg'bfg lbg] sfo{jif]{gL eO/x]sf] 5 .

ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, ljZj vfB ;ª\u7g, hfkfg cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]ulgof]u (JAICA), PS;gP8 g]kfn, hd{g ;xof]u lgof]u (GTZ) tyfcGo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t\ klg If]qut ¿kdfvfB kl/rfng u/L vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt cfpg glbg] k|of; eO/x]sf]5 .

k|mfG; ;/sf/sf] vfBcg'bfg (Franch Food Aid) cGtu{t lg/Gt/¿kdfux'F pknAw x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;flasdf $ xhf/ d]l6«s6g ;xof]u k|fKteO/x]sf]df ljut b'O{ jif{b]lv j[l4 u/L * xhf/ d]l6«s6g k|fKt x'gyfn]sf] 5 .

hfkfg ;/sf/sf] vfB;xof]u sfo{qmd (KR Programme) cGtu{t;g\ @))) df @% xhf/ d]l6«s6g ux'F k|fKt ePsf] / ;g\ @))$ sf]jif{df hfkfgL o]g #& s/f]8a/fa/sf] sl/a ( xhf/ d]l6«s6g rfdn;xof]u k|fKt eO{ g]kfn cfpg] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnn] blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\u7g sf] vfB;'/Iff

sfo{qmdcGtu{t\ cfˆgf] k|lta4tfcg';f/ $ xhf/ d]l6«s6g vfBfGgsf] hu]8fJoj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt tyfef]sd/Lsf] k|sf]k pTkGg ePdf of] ;l~rt vfBfGg kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg]Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

plNnlvt Joj:yfsf cfwf/df g]kfndf vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt hf]lvdk"0f{g/x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . oftfoftsf] sl7gfO, cfw'lgs ljt/0fk|0ffnLsf k|ljlwsf]cefj, ;fdflhs åGå nufotsf ;d:ofaf6 pTkflbt vfBfGgsf] ;dfg'kfltsljt/0f x'g g;Sbf vfB;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf gsf/fTds c;/ b]lvg yfn]sf] eg]:jLsfg}{ kb{5 . t;y{, o;sf] ;dfwfgfy{{ a]n}df ;hu x'g' cfjZos 5 .

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pk;+xf/g]kfndf vfBfGg;'/Iff (Food security) l:ylt cgk]lIft cyf{t\ v/fa dfGg;lsGg . g]kfndf a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof, s[lifpTkfbsTjdf cfpFb} uPsf] x|f;, e"–Ifo tyf e"–:vngsf sf/0f df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf ePsf] x|f;, jg;Dkbfsf]ljgf;, l;FrfOsf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yfsf] cefj, cfsfz] v]tLk|0ffnLdf lge{/tfh:tfljleGg sf/0faf6 vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm,vfBfGgk|ltsf] ;f]r / afgL–a]xf]/fdf ck]lIft kl/jt{g Nofpg g;Sg', r?xf]d, ljleGg pT;j, rf8kj{df nufOg] 6Lsf, hfF8/S;L / kz'cfxf/sf nfluvfBfGgsf] b'?kof]u a9\b} hfFbf vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt cfpFb}g eGg klg;lsGg . o:tf] cGgsf] b'?kof]u lgoGq0f gug]{ xf] eg] eljiodf g]kfn klgvfBfGg ;ª\s6sf] rk]6fdf kg{;Sg] b]lvG5 . ctM g]kfndf o:tf ljljw ljifo;d]6]/ bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd tyf sfo{of]hgf;lxt lbuf] vfBfGg gLlt tof/u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Pjd\ j}b]lzs vfBfGg ;xfotfnfO{ lbuf] agfpgkxn ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

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9. drought dks 9

Education

Transcript of 9. drought dks 9