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W[]fYiag*74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B A4B?>=B81;4 5>A 70=3;8=6 20A6>4B 8= 0= 08A 5A4867C5>AF0A38=6 24=CA4_ n45>A4 C74 022834=C 70??4=43]74 F0B D=;>038=6 20A6>4BC>64C74A F8C7 CF> 2>^F>A:4AB 0C +=8C sj F8C7 C74 083 >5 0 5>A:;85C CAD2:_m5C4A C74 F>A: F0B 2><?;4C43] C74H ?A>244343 C> +=8C sfd C> ?4A5>A<>C74A ;>038=6 >?4A0C8>=_ *74 34240B43 ?4AB>= 0=3 >=4 >5 C74 2>^F>A:4ABA>34 A4B?42C8E4;H >= C74 CF> 5>A:B >5 0 5>A:;85C CAD2:]F7827 F0B >?4A0C431H 0=>C74A 2>^F>A:4A_ -74= >= C748A F0H C> +=8C sfd] C74 34240B43?4AB>= 022834=C0;;H ;>BC 10;0=24 0=3 54;; 5A>< C74 5>A: C> C74 6A>D=3_ *742>^F>A:4A 3A8E8=6 C74 5>A:;85C CAD2: 8<<4380C4;H 0??;843 C74 1A0:4 C> BC>?C74 CAD2: 1DC 8C 2>D;3 =>C 2><4 C> 0 3403 BC>? 0C >=24_ *74 5>A:;85C CAD2:C7DB A>;;43 >E4A C74 ;>F4A ?0AC >5 C74 34240B43 ?4AB>=ZB 1>3H_

UYj] YfYdojaj

J *74A4 F0B 0 =>C824 >= C74 1>3H >5 C74 5>A:;85C CAD2: F0A=8=6 F>A:4AB=>C C> A834 >= C74 5>A:B_

J ~054CH CA08=8=6 >= 20A6> 70=3;8=6 >?4A0C8>=B] 8=2;D38=6 C74 ?A>7818C8>=>5 A838=6 >= C74 5>A:B >5 0 5>A:;85C CAD2:] 703 144= ?A>E8343 C> 4E4AH4<?;>H44 4<?;>H43 0B <0=D0; ;01>DA4A_*74F>A:4AB F4A4 0;B> 8BBD43 F8C7 0 B054CH <0=D0;0=3 >C74A A4;0C43 ?0<?7;4CB 3DA8=6 C74 CA08=8=6B4BB8>=B_

J *74 F>A:4AB F4A4 0F0A4 C70C 5>A:;85C CAD2:B7>D;3 =>C 14 DB43 5>A CA0=B?>AC0C8>= >5 ?4>?;40=3 C74H F4A4 =>C 0;;>F43 C> A834 >A BC0=3>= C74 5>A:B >5 0 5>A:;85C CAD2:_

J *74 >?4A0C>A 703 01>DC 4867C H40ABZ 4G?4A80=248= >?4A0C8=6 5>A:;85C CAD2:_

J *74 3A8E4F0H 5A>< +=8C sj C> sfd F0B ?0E43F8C7 2>=2A4C4] ;4E4; 0=3 F834 4=>D67 5>A C745>A:;85C CAD2: C> >?4A0C4 B054;H_

V]jjgfj kg d]Yif[0\ m B054 BHBC4< >5 F>A: >= C74 DB4 >5

5>A:;85C CAD2: B7>D;3 14 34E4;>?43 0=38<?;4<4=C43_

[1\ u= 0338C8>= C> C74 ?A>E8B8>= >58=5>A<0C8>=] 8=BCAD2C8>= 0=3 CA08=8=6 C>C74 F>A:4AB] 0= 45542C8E4 BHBC4< >5BD?4AE8B8>= B7>D;3 0;B> 14 8<?;4<4=C43C> 4=BDA4 C70C B054 F>A:8=6 ?A02C824B0=3 ?A>243DA4B 0A4 5D;;H 03>?C43_

[2\ qE4AH F>A:4A B7>D;3 2>^>?4A0C4 F8C7C74 ?A>?A84C>A >5 C74 F>A:?;024 0=3C0:4 A40B>=01;4 20A4 5>A C74 B054CH 0=3740;C7 >5 78<B4;5 0=3 >C74AB F7> <867C14 05542C43 1H 78B 02CB >A ><8BB8>=B 0CF>A:_

6ETI 1,0,/

W[]fYiagw>038=6 >5 6>>3B 8=C> 2>=C08=4AB F0B 148=6 20AA843 >DC 8= 0 2>=C08=4A34?>C_ *74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B A4B?>=B81;4 5>A 0BBDA8=6 6>>3B F4A42>AA42C;H ;>0343 8=C> C74 A4B?42C8E4 2>=C08=4A_ n45>A4 C74 022834=C >22DAA43]C74 34240B43 ?4AB>= 703 58=8B743 2742:8=6 0 2>=C08=4A 1DC 5>D=3 C74 3>>AB2>D;3 =>C 14 2;>B43 1420DB4 C74 ;>0343 6>>3B F4A4 =>C ?A>?4A;H BC02:438=C> C74 2>=C08=4A_ t4 C74= 0AA0=643 0 5>A:;85C CAD2: 8=BC0;;43 F8C7 0 ?DB78=61;>2: 0C C74 5A>=C C> 2><?02C C74 6>>3B 1H ?DB78=6 C74< 5DAC74A 8=C> C742>=C08=4A_ u= C74 2>DAB4 >5 ?DB78=6 C74 6>>3B 8=C> C74 2>=C08=4A] C7434240B43 ?4AB>= F0B CA0??43 14CF44= C74 ?DB78=6 1;>2: >5 C74 CAD2: 0=3C74 6>>3B 8= C74 2>=C08=4A_

UYj] YfYdojaj

J *74 ?DB78=6 1;>2: >= C74 5>A:;85C CAD2: 2>=B8BC43>5 0 <4C0; 5A0<4 F8C7 0 2>=2A4C4 10B4 0=3 0E4AC820; <4C0; ?;0C4 0C C74 5A>=C_ *74A4 F0B=> >?4=8=6 >A ?4A5>A0C8>= >= C74 <4C0; ?;0C4_

J *74 >?4A0C>A 383 =>C 70E4 0 2;40A 0=3D=>1BCAD2C43 E84F 8= 5A>=C >5 C74 ?DB78=6 1;>2:8=BC0;;43 >= C74 5>A:;85C CAD2:_ t4 703 >=;H 0;8<8C43 E84F >5 C74 D??4A ?0AC >5 C74 2>=C08=4A_

J *> ?DB7 6>>3B 0C 0= 4;4E0C43 ;4E4;] C74 ?DB78=61;>2: 703 C> 14 A08B43_ u= B> 3>8=6] C74 E84F>5 C74 3A8E4A F>D;3 14 B4A8>DB;H >1BCAD2C43_

J *74A4 F0B => B86=0;;4A 0??>8=C43 C> 0BB8BC C745>A:;85C CAD2: >?4A0C>A 8= C78B 6>>3B 2><?02C8=6>?4A0C8>=_

6ETI 1

S nYi]`glj] c]]h]i nYj kiYhh]\ Z]kn]]f Y ^gicda^k kil[c Yf\k`] _gg\j jkY[c]\ af Y [gfkYaf]iM

V]jjgfj kg d]Yif[0\ s>>3B 8= C74 2>=C08=4A B7>D;3 14

?A>?4A;H BC02:43 C> 0E>83 >1BCAD2C8=6C74 2;>B8=6 >5 C74 2>=C08=4A 3>>AB_

[1\ *> 4=BDA4 C74 B054CH >5 F>A:4AB 4=606438= C74 6>>3B 2><?02C8=6 F>A:] A8B:0BB4BB<4=C C> 834=C85H C74 70I0A3B8=E>;E43 B7>D;3 14 2>=3D2C43 0=30??A>?A80C4 B054 F>A:8=6 ?A>243DA4BB7>D;3 14 34E8B43_

[2\ *74 ?DB78=6 1;>2: DB43 5>A 2><?02C8=66>>3B 8=C> C74 2>=C08=4A B7>D;3 14BD8C01;H 34B86=43 0=3 2>=BCAD2C43 F8C7?4A5>A0C8>= >A >?4=8=6 >= 8C B> C70CC74 E84F >5 C74 5>A:;85C CAD2: >?4A0C>AF>D;3 =>C 14 >1BCAD2C43_

[3\ ~86=0;;4A B7>D;3 14 0??>8=C43 C> 0BB8BC8= C74 2><?02C8=6 >?4A0C8>= 85 C745>A:;85C CAD2: >?4A0C>A 2>D;3 =>C 70E40 2;40A 0=3 D=>1BCAD2C43 5A>=C E84F_

6ETI 2,2,1

W[]fYiag*74 34240B43 ?4AB>=] 0 2>^F>A:4A 0=3 0 5>A:;85C CAD2: >?4A0C>A F4A4A4B?>=B81;4 5>A ;>038=6 ;>AA84B ?0A:43 0C C74 b`r ;>038=6 10H F8C7 A824BC>A43 >= C74 c`r 0=3 d`r >5 C74 F0A47>DB4_ *7A44 5>A:;85C CAD2:B F4A40E08;01;4 5>A DB4_ z=4 F0B ;>20C43 >= C74 d`r 0=3 C74 >C74A CF> >= C74b`r_ *74 34240B43 ?4AB>= 0=3 78B 2>^F>A:4A 703 C> BC02: ?02:B >5 A824>=C> F>>34= ?0;;4CB >= C74 D??4A 5;>>AB_*74 ?0;;4CB F>D;3 14 CA0=B?>AC431H C74 5>A:;85C CAD2: 8=C> C74 20A6> ;85CB 5>A CA0=B54AA8=6 C> C74 b`r]F74A4C74H F>D;3 14 ?82:43 D? 1H 0=>C74A 5>A:;85C CAD2: 5>A ;>038=6 >=C> C74;>AA84B_ {A8>A C> C74 022834=C] C74 5>A:;85C CAD2: >?4A0C>A ?0A:43 C74 5>A:;85CCAD2: 8= C74 ;85C 70;; >= C74 d`r 0=3 F4=C 3>F= C> C74 b`r C> 2>=C8=D4 F8C7C74 ;>038=6 F>A:_ nH C70C C8<4] C74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B 0;>=4 >= C74d`r_ t4 6>C 8=C> 0= D=0CC4=343 5>A:;85C CAD2: 0=3 0CC4<?C43 C> >?4A0C48C_ u= 3>8=6 B>] C74 5>A:;85C CAD2: 78C C74 ;85C 60C4] 30<0643 0=3 34A08;43 8C_*74 34240B43 ?4AB>= C7DB 54;; F8C7 C74 5>A:;85C CAD2: 8=C> C74 ;85C B705C 3>F=C> C74 b`r 14;>F_

Case analysisJ *74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B 0 CA08=44 8= C74

F0A47>DB4_ *74 30H >5 C74 022834=C F0B 78B B42>=3F>A:8=6 30H_

J *74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B ;45C C> F>A: 0;>=4 >=C74 d`r F8C7>DC 0=H BD?4AE8B8>=_

J y> 5>A<0; CA08=8=6 F0B ?A>E8343 C> C74 34240B43?4AB>=_ t4 F0B ?DC D=34A C74 6D830=24 >5 05>A4<0= 0=3 CA08=43 >= C74 9>1_

J *74 5>A:;85C CAD2: >?4A0C>A 703 C> >?4A0C4 C7A44CAD2:B 0C C7A44 38554A4=C ;>20C8>=B 8= C74 F0A47>DB4_

J *74 >?4A0C>A 383 =>C 0??;H C74 ?0A:8=6 1A0:40=3 A4<>E4 C74 86=8C8>= :4H 5A>< C74 5>A:;85C CAD2:F74= 74 ?0A:43 0=3 ;45C C74 CAD2: 8= C74 ;85C 70;;0C C74 d`r_

J y> F0A=8=6 =>C824 C> ?A>7818C D=0DC7>A8B43 DB4>5 C74 5>A:;85C CAD2: F0B 38B?;0H43 >= C74 5>A:;85CCAD2: >A 0C ?A><8=4=C ?;024B 8= C74 F0A47>DB4_

6ETI 2

S ^gicda^k kil[c [iYj`]\ afkg k`] _Yk] g^ Y [Yi_g da^k Yf\ ^]ddafkg k`] da^k j`Y^kM

V]jjgfj kg d]Yif[0\ m B054 BHBC4< >5 F>A: B7>D;3 14

34E8B43 0=3 8<?;4<4=C43 C> 4=BDA4C74 B054CH >5 0;; F>A:4AB F>A:8=6 8=C74 F0A47>DB4_

[1\ m34@D0C4 8=5>A<0C8>=] 8=BCAD2C8>=0=3 CA08=8=6 0B F4A4 =424BB0AH C>4=BDA4 B054CH B7>D;3 14 ?A>E8343 C>C74 F>A:4AB_ mB 50A 0B ?A02C8201;4]CA08=44B B7>D;3 F>A: D=34A C7438A42C BD?4AE8B8>= >5 2><?4C4=C?4AB>=B_

[2\ m 5>A:;85C CAD2: ;45C D=0CC4=343B7>D;3 70E4 C74 ?0A:8=6 1A0:4 0??;8430=3 C74 86=8C8>= :4H A4<>E43_

[3\ +=0DC7>A8B43 DB4 >5 5>A:;85C CAD2:B7>D;3 14 ?A>7818C43_ -0A=8=6 =>C824B7>D;3 14 38B?;0H43 >= C74 5>A:;85CCAD2: >A 0C ?A><8=4=C ?>B8C8>=B 8=C74 F0A47>DB4_

6ETI 3,4,3

W[]fYiag*74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B 4<?;>H43 0B 0 B42DA8CH 6D0A3_ t4 F0B A4B?>=B81;45>A 38A42C8=6 CA05582 0=3 A42>A38=6 8=5>A<0C8>= >5 2>=C08=4A CAD2:B 4=C4A8=68=C> C74 2>=C08=4A H0A3_ *74A4 F0B 0= >?4= 6A>D=3 039024=C C> C74 B42DA8CH?>BC] F74A4 2>=C08=4AB F4A4 A4;>20C43 1H 5A>=C ;>034AB_ qE4AH30H] C7434240B43 ?4AB>= 703 C> F0;: 02A>BB C78B >?4= 6A>D=3 C> 6> C> C>8;4C_ mCC74 C8<4 >5 C74 022834=C] 0 5A>=C ;>034A F0B 8= >?4A0C8>= >= C74 >?4=6A>D=3_ t0E8=6 A4;>20C43 0 2>=C08=4A] C74 >?4A0C>A A4E4AB43 C74 5A>=C;>034A 8=C4=38=6 C> ?82: D? 0=>C74A 2>=C08=4A_ *74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B0C C74 <><4=C F0;:8=6 02A>BB C74 >?4= 6A>D=3_ t4 F0B :=>2:43 3>F=0=3 78B 1>3H A>;;43 >E4A 1H C74 5A>=C ;>034A_

UYj] YfYdojaj

J *74A4 F0B => ?7HB820; B46A460C8>= C> ?A4E4=C C74 4=CAH >5 ?4AB>=B 8=C>C74 >?4= 6A>D=3_ y> F0A=8=6 =>C824 ?A>7818C8=6C74 4=CAH >5 ?4AB>=B 8=C> C74 >?4= 6A>D=3 F0B38B?;0H43_

J *74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B =>C F0A=43 >5 C7470I0A3B 0BB>280C43 F8C7 C74 >?4A0C8>= >5 C74 5A>=C;>034A_ t4 F0B =>C ?A>E8343 F8C7 BD27 8=5>A<0C8>=0=3 8=BCAD2C8>= 0B F4A4 =424BB0AH C> 4=BDA4 78BB054CH_

J *74 <0=064<4=C >5 C74 2>=C08=4A H0A3 703 =>CC0:4= 0=H 02C8>= 01>DC C74 34240B43 ?4AB>= 6>8=6C> C74 C>8;4C 4E4AH30H 1H 2A>BB8=6 C74 >?4= 6A>D=3_

J *74 E84F >5 C74 5A>=C ;>034A >?4A0C>A F0B ?0AC80;;H>1BCAD2C43 1H C74 ;45C 0=3 A867C 2>;D<=B >5 C74E4AC820; <0BC_ *74A4 F4A4 1;8=3 B?>CB 8= 5A>=C >5C74 ;>034A_

J *F> 2>=E4G <8AA>AB F4A4 <>D=C43 >= 1>C7 B834B>5 C74 5A>=C ;>034A 5>A C74 >?4A0C>A C> E84F C742>=38C8>= 0C C74 A40A >5 C74 <0278=4_ *74 A40AE84F 8= C74 B834 <8AA>AB F0B 0;B> ?0AC80;;H>1BCAD2C43 1H C74 3A8E8=6 2018=_*74A4 F4A4 0;B>1;8=3 B?>CB 0C C74 A40A_

6ETI 3

S j][liako _lYi\ nYj cfg[c]\ \gnf Yf\ igdd]\ gm]i Zo Y ^igfkdgY\]i af Y [gfkYaf]i oYi\M

V]jjgfj kg d]Yif[0\ *74 >?4A0C8=6 0A40 >5 C74 5A>=C

;>034A B7>D;3 14 ?7HB820; ;HB46A460C43 C> ?A4E4=C C74 4=CAH >5?4AB>=B >= 5>>C_

[1\ {4AB>=B F>A:8=6 8= 0 2>=C08=4A H0A3B7>D;3 14 034@D0C4;H CA08=43] 0=3?A>E8343 F8C7 BD8C01;4 8=5>A<0C8>=0=3 8=BCAD2C8>= 0B F4A4 =424BB0AHC> 4=BDA4 C748A B054CH 0=3 740;C7 0CF>A:_

[2\ m <>=8C>A8=6 BHBC4< B7>D;3 148<?;4<4=C43 C> 4=BDA4 C70C =>?4AB>= CA0E4;;8=6 >= 5>>C F>D;3 4=C4A8=C> 0= 0A40 F74A4 2>=C08=4A^70=3;8=6 02C8E8C84B F4A4 8= ?A>6A4BB_

[3\ ~D8C01;4 34E824B B7>D;3 14 8=BC0;;43>= C74 5A>=C ;>034A C> 4=01;4 C74>?4A0C>A C> 70E4 0 2;40A 5A>=C 0=3A40A E84F >5 C74 ;>034A_

6ETI 4-,-+

W[]fYiag*74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B 38A42C43 C> A42>A3 834=C85820C8>=B >5 2>=C08=4AB>= 0 10A64 14AC743 0C C74 2>=C08=4A H0A3_ *> 6> C> C74 10A64] 74 F0;:43>= 5>>C 5A>< C74 2742:4AZB A>>< A867C 02A>BB C74 2>=C08=4A 70=3;8=6 H0A3_m A4027 BC02:4A F0B 0C C70C C8<4 BC02:8=6 2>=C08=4AB 0C ~42C8>= d 8= C74H0A3_ m5C4A BC02:8=6] C74 >?4A0C>A 8=C4=343 C> 3A8E4 C74 BC02:4A C> ~42C8>=c 5>A 5DAC74A >?4A0C8>=_ -78;4 C74 BC02:4A F0B A4E4AB8=6 8=C> 0= >?4=0224BB >5 ~42C8>= d] C74 34240B43 ?4AB>= 70??4=43 C> F0;: 1H_ *74 BC02:4A>?4A0C>A 508;43 C> =>C824 C70C C74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B F0;:8=6 2;>B4 C>C74 A4E4AB8=6 BC02:4A_ *74 34240B43 ?4AB>= F0B 0;B> D=0F0A4 >5 0 A4027BC02:4A A4E4AB8=6 0C 78< 5A>< 78B 102:_ mB 0 A4BD;C]C74 BC02:4A :=>2:43 3>F= C74 34240B43 ?4AB>=0=3 A>;;43 >E4A 78B 1>3H_

Case analysis

J u= C78B 2>=C08=4A H0A3] 2>=C08=4A BC02:8=6<0278=4B 0=3 2>=C08=4A CAD2:B <>E43 8= 0;;38A42C8>=B 8=B834 C74 BC02:8=6 0A40_ o742:4ABF>D;3 F0;: 02A>BB B42C8>=B C> ?4A5>A< C748A3DC84B_ *74H DBD0;;H F0;:43 >= C74 BCA44CBF8C7 <>E8=6 CA05582_

J *74A4 F0B => 34<0A20C8>= >= C74 BCA44CB 0=3B42C8>=B 8= C74 2>=C08=4A H0A3 C> B4?0A0C4?4AB>=B 5A>< E4782;4B_ *74A4 F0B 0;B> => B86=C> 2>=CA>; C74 38A42C8>= >5 CA05582 8= C74 2>=C08=4AH0A3_

J *74 A4027 BC02:4A >?4A0C>A 2>D;3 =>C 70E4 02;40A 0=3 D=>1BCAD2C43 A40A E84F F74= 74 F0BB8CC8=6 8=B834 C74 3A8E4AZB 2018=_ n;8=3 B?>CBF4A4 2A40C43 1H C74 ;85C8=6 <0BC >5 C74 BC02:4A_y> 0338C8>=0; B054CH 34E824 F0B 8=BC0;;43 C>4;8<8=0C4 C74 1;8=3 B?>CB 0C C74 102: >5 C74BC02:4A_

6ETI 4

S [gfkYaf]i [`][c]i nYj cfg[c]\ \gnf Zo Y i]Y[` jkY[c]i afY [gfkYaf]i oYi\M

V]jjgfj kg d]Yif[0\ m B054 BHBC4< >5 F>A: B7>D;3 14 34E8B43

0=3 <08=C08=43 5>A 2742:4AB C> 608=0224BB C> E0A8>DB B42C8>=B 8= 2>=C08=4AH0A3 C> ?4A5>A< C748A 3DC84B_

[1\ *74 2>=C08=4A 70=3;8=6 0A40B B7>D;3 1434<0A20C43 0B Y}4BCA82C43 .>=4Y_+=;4BB0DC7>A8B43]?4AB>==4; 0224BB8=6 >= 5>>C8=C> C74B4 0A40B B7>D;3 14 ?A>7818C43_

[2\ ~054 F>A:8=6 ?A>243DA4B B7>D;3 1434E4;>?43] BD27 0B 03>?C8=6 0 Y{4A<8C^C>^->A:Y BHBC4<] C> 20C4A 5>A C74B8CD0C8>= F74A4 2742:4AB 0A4 A4@D8A43C> 4=C4A C74 Y}4BCA82C43 .>=4Y >= 5>>C_

[3\ {434BCA80= ?0E4<4=CB] E4782;4B A>DC4B0=3 38A42C8>=B >5 CA05582 B7>D;3 14 F4;;3458=43 0=3 34<0A20C43 8= C74 2>=C08=4AH0A3_

[4\ ~D8C01;4 B054CH 34E824B B7>D;3 148=BC0;;43 >= C74 A4027 BC02:4A C>4;8<8=0C4 C74 1;8=3 B?>CB 0C 8CB A40A_*74 34E824B B7>D;3 0;B> 14 ?A>?4A;H<08=C08=43 8= 6>>3 F>A:8=6 >A34A 0C0;; C8<4_

6ETI ,+-.--

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