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� PRq Ndz[=L&e�NxIS _Kd j%Z L ¦ ]%UTHaU PRj Ni [^d j H S JVUTHKo�NL Q H±L�] � PlZ Wn[ Pc¦ Ha[=L`[ ��[ q W t�zH q~x ÖsUc¬eONx�S _ad j W Z » ¦ " j H S JVUTHKo�NL Q H P » Z ® � � ¼ � Ó

ÖsUYHKdz[^duU q NP ]%U P e j du]�W j WRo q W S J´|fNL S ]�d QYX L�k�Ju� bu� S ]Ù`NP e q d X WÛMWR� X W j%q L�JMH P krb�d�]<WRJVW\[Á� �� ]¡¬ ¦ ®y[ Pc¦ ÖsUc¬ ¦ " ] ¼ ® · ÖsUr¬ ¦ "Ø] Ó ® » ÀÔ�Á� �� [ Pc¦ ] ¼ ¬ ¦ ® · ] Ó ¬ ¦ ® Õ

ÖsUYHKdz[^duU q NP ]%U P e j du]�W j WRo q W S J´| QTX~x o x¢q NP�tSMX W UMWR� X W j Whe PRq H P bVdÖ6�f¬] ¼ · ] Ó ®�» ÀÔ�Á� �� [�H q ] ¼ ¬ ¦ ® · ] Ó ¬ ¦ ® ·

ZIj d "«bVd�[ q W t�zH q%P [�W t� q NxIQTX e�NxIS _Kd j%Z Whe6[^duU PRq H P ��ÖsUTd�H j d q JMH QMZ Nd j H S JVUTHao�NL Q HKd�Ö6�p» ¼Ó k P ]%UMd�WRUMJVW w W q NP _ q dÖ5��» � �^��e PRq JVWre�NxÛPRq%P _zNW w [(NP H S J�NLgbVdz[ q W S J�|<e?JVW\[¢k t�ud UMWRo�Ni [^d^[�H q Ha[�L%[ Q du� e tS duJ Zyx Ö �� [^duU PRq H P kJu� bu�¥e x o�duU`NP [^d q%P bVWR]%JMHa[�NP _ q d§b tS HKd�[^duU PRq HadRk<]ÙTH Z JVWRUMW\[4bVd�]%UTHKdz[^duU q NP QYX�x o P [�H q H±[�NP _ q%P ��6NPnSTP L Z NP � P J�|�kt�ud q%P bVWR]%JMHa[�NP _ q d§b tS Ni [4[^duU PRq Ni [CbVdfWRUTJVW w W q NP _ q d�[^duU PRq HKdOe�ofNP �udveI_ PRS J q NxIQTX eRd Z JVWRUMWhe¢[ P JMH Q d Î � ¼ E � Ó Î kIJu� bu�Ö6�f¬ � ¼ · � Ó ®�» ÀÔ E�À� J�U Î � ¼ E � Ó Î Õ��

� � �� A� �A � �� v]F�P J´|�� PytQuq Ha[^d Z _ PRS H QMZ W\L j du× q Ni Q HaW\L

� ¬] ¼ · ] Ó ®s» ÀÔ¢Á� �� Î ] ¼ E@] Ó Î ÕJ0NP JVW © L q�Z\Q H P k q%P UMWR� j HKdz_�W j ]%UMd j W tS _Kd§buk�L t�0e x b PRj UTLcbVd�e~� j H P _Kd q W S J�|�k�_Kduo�W6]%UMd j eRd0H j d q JMH QMZ Nd j H S JVUYHKo�NL Q HKd�=» � ��ÖsUMdnWRUMJVW w W q NP _ q d0�=» À ��W\_a[^W w WRUMWre P ey� j H P _ad q W S J´|`bVd PIt� q`P?q NPRS WRo�W Z JVWRJ%NP _ q W\L�e P UTHzNPRQ HaW\L#¬eIH j |j W j%P JVW ZÚ² ®Y� � d j �zH£]Ù P e j du]�W j WRo q W S J�| W\L QTX~x o xÚP ��W\_±[^W w WRUMWheRW\L�ey� j H P _ad q W S J´| W\L�d ¦ H S JMLcbVd q%PRS _Kd j Whe q Nxey�uJ´| PRX Ö5�v¬] ¼ · ] Ó ®s» ÀÔ ¬ À EÛ�g¬] ¼ · ] Ó ®V®��e PRq JVWre�Nx�PRq%P _zNW w �¥W\_a[^W w WRUMWreRd§b=e~� j H P _Kd q W S JMH�[^d j �zH S J P ey[ H j du× q LcbVdz[^d PlZ W6[ Pc¦ Ha[=L`[ Z _ PRS H QMZ d§b=�¥W\_ �[^W w WRUMWreRWheRd§bfey� j H P _ad q W S JMH Q du�¥e tS duJ Z~x Ö �� [^duU PRq H P �£Ü&]%UMd j`QTX NPRj%P b�NL Q d X W�ey�uJ´| PRX L0eIH j%q W�k t�ud�[^duU PRq HKdRkZ JVWRUyNd=[�H q Ha[ P _aHK�zLlb�dvÖ5�([ Pc¦ Ha[ P _aHK�zLcbVd��^k�Ju� bÑ�

�g¬ � ¼ · � Ó ®s» ÀÔ J�U Î � ¼ E � Ó Î ·tQ W�bVd Pyt� q%P^q NPRS WRo�W Z J�U PRQ d � ey� j H P _Kd q W S J´| q%P WR]�duU`NP JVWRUTW QYX �� B � � � � � �� -� � �� ² ¬] ¼ · ] Ó ®�» Á� �� ] ¼ ¬ ¦ ®�] ¼ ¬ ¦ ®

Ö�UMd ² » À S NL j H S JVUTHao�NL Q HKdnH j d q JMH QMZ Nd P ]%UTd ² » � S NL°WRUMJVW w W q NP _ q dRk�Ju� bÑ� q d§b j d¢W © L q�Z\Q HaL�ey� j H P _Kd q W S JMHq%P [ q W t�zH q d j H S JVUTHKo�NL Q HaH�� W t�ud6e tSMPlZ o x J�| QTX NP ] PRq NPÚPlZ W SVZcP _hNP U q�x�S NL tQ H q [^d j �zH�]%U P e j du]�W j WRo q W S J q Nx [�Hj H S JVUTHKo�NL Q H P [�H�k Z JVWRUyNd H q JVduUM]%UMduJMLlb�dz[^d PlZ W¢eRd Z JVWRU x e j Ha[�¬�"¥®V»�[ �´j Ha[^d q �zHKW q NP _ q W\[,]%UYHKd S JVWRUMdR��¥e PRq JVWhe�NxPRq%P _zNW wfj du× q Lcb�dz[�d¡e�JVW\[=JVWO]%UrNi ] PRj d PlZ Wf[�H q Ha[�L%[ Q du�£e tS duJ Zyx Ö �� [�duU PRq H P�P�j NP�STP e x b PRj UTHKJ�|Yey�uJ´| PRX W\[² ¬ � ¼ · � Ó ®s» J�U � � � ¼ � Ó � ¼

³ P [ q W t�zH q d tQ H S J�NxIQTX&S J P eRWre�bVd ²�X%P JVJ PRQTX%P U x~x\P Wre Z W~du× Q Had q J�d Z eyHae P _Kd q J q Nx ]ÙMd Z U x eIL�k Z JVWRU<Nx b�d j du× q W �e PRq Nx�Q du� SVZlP _zNP U q~xnS NL tQ H q �-� � $ � �<¬ Î ¸� Ï · Î ¸ � Ï ®�» Î Ð ¸� Î ¸ � Ï Î Õ ¬�� À ®¯ Z W X W P _Kd j du× q Whe P J´|�]ÙMd��z[^d S H �� j ]<WreRd j |rbVd¥e�[^W t� q W S JMH¤]�L�UTHK× Z NPRQ HKdRk ZIj d Î ¸ ¼ Ï b�d�]�L�UTHK× Z NPRQ HKW\L � ¼ P Î ¸ Ó Ï bVd�]`L�UYHK× Z NPRQ HKW\L � Ó ��-� � $ � ��¬ � � · � � ®�»#[ Pc¦ Î Ð ¸ � Î ¸ � Ï Î ·ZIj d¥[ Pc¦ Ha[=L`[ o<duUYHKdz[^d Q du�¥e tS duJ Z~x ]�L�UTHK× Z NPRQ HKdR��6NP SMP L Z NP � P J´|Çk t�ud

�-� � $ � �<¬ � ��· � � ®s» ² ¬ � ¼ · � Ó ®³ P �¤NP eRduU�]<WR� q`P [^d q%P bM[^dRk t�udge tS duJ Zyx JMHKduJVW © L q�Z\Q HKdÛTWR�z_¨Ni tS HKJVdz_}| q W S JMH SMP�q dz[^d q H P ]%UYH�L q HKJ%NP U q d§bvJVU PRq%SV�© WRUT[�NPRQ HaH S J P eRWhe<�

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Physicsquantum.physics.sk/people/ziman/files/diploma.pdf · 2004. 9. 21. · gcU[g Y[Z Y[U \ ] ^ %...

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Transcript of Physicsquantum.physics.sk/people/ziman/files/diploma.pdf · 2004. 9. 21. · gcU[g Y[Z Y[U \ ] ^ %...