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Abdullah bin Abd al-Aziz al Saud, 156,162, 165

Abedi, Agha Hassain, 34Abshire, David M., 214Abu Dhabi:

Air Force arrangements withPakistan, 121, 122

BCCI established in, 34CIA views toward, 122Dubai, conflict with, 72, 117Economic situation, 94As FAA (or UAE) member, 72, 97, 100Oil company agreements with, 94Oil revenues, 140Saudi Arabian territorial dispute

with, 36, 88, 93, 95, 122, 125, 158,159, 191

Saudi seizure of, possible, 101Abu Musa dispute (see also Gulf islands

dispute):Agreement on, 107, 112, 122British-U.S. talks on, 72, 84, 93Iranian position, 86, 98Kuwaiti position, 80U.S. position, 88, 95, 96

Acland, Anthony, 97, 105Adham, Kamal, 88, 116, 162, 182, 183,

188Afshar, Amir Aslan, 72, 105, 107Afshar, Hushang, 88Agency for International Development,

U.S. (AID):Desalting, 9, 35Emergency relief for Jordan, 326Logo on arms shipment to rebels in

Yemen PDR, 171, 183Naval force development in Saudi

Arabia, 145Release in Yemen of workers from,

192YAR economic aid projects, 184, 190,

198Agnew, Spiro:

NSC Middle East meetings, 3Saudi-U.S. relations, 131Visits:

Kuwait, July 1971, 108

Agnew, Spiro—ContinuedVisits—Continued

Saudi Arabia, July 1971, 104, 155,159, 191

Agreements, international:Chicago Convention, 71Geneva Convention on the High

Seas, 1958, 69Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, 65Soviet-Iraq Treaty of Friendship and

Cooperation, 122Tokyo Convention on Offenses and

Certain Other Acts Committedon Board Aircraft, Sept. 1963, 200

Agreements of the United States:Air Defense Agreement with India,

46Anglo-American BIOT Agreement

(Dec. 1966), 37, 39Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations,

and Consular Rights with Oman,1960, 87

Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 133Ahmad ibn Ali al Thani, Shaykh, 36,

113Ahmad, Shaykh of Qatar, 158Ajman, 72, 90, 98, 107, 122Akins, James, 164Al-Aqsa Mosque fire, Aug. 1969, 10Aldabra, 39, 49Algeria:

Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Oil company agreements with, 164Release of officials by Israel, 235, 236,

246, 267, 268Saudi Arabia, relations with, 140Soviet military stockpiling in, 3Soviet Union, relations with, 20United States, relations with, 26, 193

Ali, Anwar, 133, 136, 140Allon, Yigal, 3, 214, 299, 307, 308, 309,

311Allon Plan, 3, 214Ameen, Michael, 141American Express, 34American Friends of the Middle East

(AFME), 184

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American University, Beirut, 198Amri, Hassan al-, 186Anderson, George, 23, 25Anderson, G. Norman, 16Annenberg, Walter, 66, 84, 88, 105, 314Antar, Ali, 172Anti-American activities, 153Anti-ballistic missile (ABM), 318ANZUS, 46, 50, 161Apartheid, 41Arab American Oil Company

(ARAMCO) (see also Oil):Labor relations, 133As largest single U.S. overseas

investment, 169Offtake problem, 128, 136Production increase projections, 148

Arabian Peninsula, 158, 159Arab-Israeli dispute:

Bahraini position, 81, 118Israeli position, 2NSC papers on, 1Persian Gulf as affected by, 76, 82Rhodes formula, 16Saudi position, 127, 131, 149, 170Settlement of, possible, 2, 15Soviet position, 16U.S. peace initiatives, 27U.S. position, 1, 24U.S.-Soviet note exchange on, 127

Arab League:Gulf islands dispute, 110Gulf states’ membership in, 112Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

263Saudi-Yemen PDR border clashes,

175Syrian military intervention in

Jordan, 280YAR-Yemen PDR mediation efforts,

196Arab Summit, Cairo, Sept. 1970, 303,

304, 312Arab Summit, Rabat, 1969, 18Arab Summit, Rabat, 1970, 176Arafat, Yasir:

Arab mediation between Husseinand, 263, 303

Casualties in Amman conflict, 313Ceasefire agreement, 330Jordanian army charged with

ceasefire violations by, 328Kuwaiti views toward, 118Nasser’s relationship with, 271

Arafat, Yasir—ContinuedOpposition to ceasefire in Jordan,

316Return to Jordan of, 334Soviet views toward, 265Unification of Palestinian forces in

Jordan, 248Aram, Abbas, 72ARAMCO. See Arab American Oil

Company (ARAMCO).Argov, Shlomo, 264, 311Ariana, Bahram, 6Arms control, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 67Arms Control and Disarmament

Agency (ACDA), 69Arthur, Geoffrey, 72, 86Asnaj, Abdullah al-, 186Assar, Nassir, 32, 33Atassi, Noureddin Mustafa al-, 280Atherton, Alfred L., Jr., 93, 109, 112, 115,

117, 124, 125, 158, 184, 188, 306, 311Bahrain, 81Hijackings, 223Israeli air strikes on Syrian forces, 290Syrian military intervention in

Jordan, 281Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 4Australia:

Bahrain, relations with, 81Fremantle/Cockburn naval base, 46Indian Ocean role of, 41, 42, 45, 57U.S. opening of Diego Garcia facility,

52Awlaqi, Muhammad Salih, 172Ayni, Muhsin Ahmad al-, 118, 184, 186,

187, 193, 196, 198Ayub Khan, 6

Badr al-Khalid, 72Badr bin-Abdul Aziz, Prince, 162Baghdad Pact, 20Bahrain (see also Bahrain and Bahraini

subentries under other subjects;Federation of Arab Amirates(FAA)):

Arab League membership for, 112Assessment of situation in, 36, 117Australia, relations with, 81CIA views toward, 122Economic situation, 94As FAA (or UAE) member, 72, 78, 79,

81, 90, 98, 100Independence for, 80, 81, 98, 99, 101,

102, 104, 158

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Bahrain—ContinuedIranian claims to:

British-U.S. talks on, 72Relinquishing of, 82Saudi position, 127Shah’s New Delhi statement, 127U.S. position, 76, 77

Iraq, relations with, 81As MIDEASTFOR home port, 43, 96, 99,

112, 113Oil revenues, 94, 140Pakistan, relations with, 81Radical government in, prospects for,

96, 101, 122Saudi Arabia, relations with, 81, 99Soviet Union, relations with, 36, 81United States, relations with:

Diplomatic recognition, 102, 113Rogers’s visit, July 1972, 118U.S. military presence, 81

UN membership for, 91, 98, 112U.S. military aid and sales to, 163U.S. naval facilities in, 46, 61, 82, 89U.S. opening of Diego Garcia facility,

52Baker, Howard H., Jr., 4, 9Baker, William, 23Balance of payments:

Gulf states’ problems with, 94Kuwaiti arms purchases and, 92Persian gulf oil relations, 82Positive U.S. levels due to U.S. oil

companies, 13, 76, 77, 96, 130,133, 146, 169

Saudi improvement in, 148Saudi investments in oil facilities

and, 164, 168, 169U.S. arms sales to Saudi Arabia and,

156U.S. trade surplus in Persian Gulf, 101

Bandaranaike, Felix D., 65Bandaranaike, Sirimavo, 55, 59, 60, 61,

62Bangladesh, 21, 34, 122Bank of America, 34Bank of Credit and Commerce

International S.A. (BCCI), 34Bara’kat, Ahmad, 173Bar Lev Line, 214, 265Bayhan, 182Beam, Jacob D.:

Indian Ocean, 59, 61, 68, 70Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

267, 272, 273

Beaudry, Robert M., 236, 237, 243, 244,245, 324

Bell Helicopter Co., 108, 111Bennett, Lt. Gen. Donald V., 108Bergus, Donald C., 280Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, 34, 122Bishi, Ali al-, 172Blee, David H.:

Hijackings, 222Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan:

Israeli military intervention in, 303

Jordanian army’s move againstPalestinians, 260

Syrian military intervention in, 281U.S. military aid to, 326U.S. military intervention in, 264,

267U.S. strategies for deterring Soviet

intervention in, 317U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Boisard, Marcel A., 241, 242, 244, 245,268

Boissier, Leopold, 268, 324Boumediene, Houari, 18Bowley, Albert J., 22Boyd, Col. Earl L., 323Brandt, Willy, 225, 233Brewer, William D., 78, 79, 127, 130,

135, 139, 175Persian Gulf, British-U.S. talks on, 72Prince Fahd’s visit to United States,

131Saudi-U.S. relations, 147Yemen PDR–U.S. relations, 171

Brezhnev, Leonid, 58Brimelow, Thomas, 100British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC),

83British Council, 117, 198British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).

See Diego Garcia.British Petroleum (BP), 112Brosio, Manlio, 11, 323Brown, Elizabeth, 72, 307Brown, L. Dean:

Appointment as ambassador toJordan of, 246, 262

Ceasefire agreement, 330Emergency relief for Jordan, 332Establishment of “branch” U.S.

embassy in Amman, 332

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Brown, L. Dean—ContinuedHussein’s conversations with, 260Hussein’s reaction to Israeli ground

forces in Jordan, 300, 315, 316Hussein’s request for assistance

against Syrians, 280, 282, 284Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304, 313, 315Release of last hostages, 333Syrian threat to Jordan, 252UAR role in Jordan conflict, 281UNSC meeting on Syrian

intervention in Jordan, 276U.S. military aid to Jordan, 254,

332U.S. or Israeli intervention in Jordan,

possible, 271, 307, 309Buck, Stephen W., 198Buffum, William, 72Bunche, Ralph, 16Bunker, Ellsworth, 177Buraimi oasis dispute, 72, 96, 122, 140,

159Burchinal, Gen. David A., 281Buttes Oil Company, 107

Caglayangil, Ihsan Sabri, 21Cairo Agreement, Sept. 27, 1970, 303,

330, 331, 332, 333Cambodia, 21, 267, 290, 298, 326Campbell, Stephen J., 251Cam Ranh Bay, 40Canada, 83, 168Cargo, William I., 9, 22Carolan, Thomas, 72Carrington, Lord Peter, 49, 53Case, Clifford P., 118Catholic Relief Services, 184Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):

Bahrain, 122Cairo Agreement, Sept. 1970, 331Hijackings, 272Indian Ocean, 45, 50, 69Jordan, 254, 274, 286Papers:

ER IM 71–43 “Some RevenueImplications of the 14February Oil Settlement withthe Persian Gulf States,” 94

ER IM 71–70 “Saudi Arabia’sChanged Financial Outlook,”148

On prospects for post-Faisal SaudiArabia, 153

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)—Continued

Papers—Continued“The Persian Gulf: The End of the

Pax Brittanica,” 122Persian Gulf, 75, 96, 99, 122Soviet covert activity in Middle East,

31Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 50

Assessment of situation in area of, 36British role in, 86British-U.S. talks on, 28Dissolution of, 28Economic, Technological, and

Scientific Cooperation Meeting,Tehran, Mar. 1971, 58

Future of, 8Iranian withdrawal from, possible, 101MIDLINK naval exercises, 107Multilateral Industrial Fund

proposal, 28Nixon’s meetings with officials of, 6,

21Political guidelines for military

planning, 33Ceylon. See Sri Lanka.Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 334Chafee, John H., 40, 41Chagos Archipelago. See Diego Garcia.Chapin, Dwight, 134Chapman, Christian, 78Chase, Robert W., 33, 35, 68Chicago Sun Times, 261Childs, Timothy W., 93, 271Chile, 232Clarke, Bruce C., 50Cline, Ray S., 176Cocos (Keeling) Islands, 43Commerce, U.S. Department of, 78, 133,

149Commonwealth Prime Ministers

Conference, 1971, 48Communism:

Kuwaiti position, 116Saudi position, 127, 129, 132U.S. position, 132Zionism as, 127, 147, 149, 151, 159, 170

Congdon, Capt. Robert N., 22Congress, Acts of:

Foreign Assistance Act (1961), 35Foreign Assistance Authorization Act

(1969), 12Foreign Military Sales Act (FMSA),

78, 92

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Congress, Acts of—ContinuedMilitary Construction Appropriations

Bill (1971), 44P.L. 480, 198

Congress, U.S. (see also House ofRepresentatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.):

Diego Garcia base hearings, 37Israeli military intervention in

Jordan, 291, 299, 303, 315Connally, John, 169, 170Controlled tension, 16Conway, Gen. Theodore J., 6Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, 133, 152Coyne, J. Patrick, 23Crawford, Stewart, 72, 100Crawford, William R., 198Crocker, Chester A., 61, 70Cronkite, Walter, 267Cuba, 313, 318Curran, Robert T., 219, 276Cushman, Lt. Gen. Robert E.:

Indian Ocean, 61Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan, 260, 290, 297, 303

Custer, B. Scott, 103Cyprus:

French radio transmitter on, 22Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

254, 264, 267, 274, 313Movement away from neutrality,

possible, 25Soviet covert activity in, 31Turkish interest in, 3

Czechoslovakia, 21

Dana, Col. Vali Allah, 6Daud, Brig. Gen. Muhammad, 248, 253,

260Davies, Rodger P., 79, 109, 111, 138, 139,

175, 183, 188, 199, 200, 201, 219,220, 237, 259, 266, 271, 311, 329

Hijackings, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 68Israeli military intervention in Syria,

312Jordan:

Jordanian army’s move againstPalestinians, 254, 260

Soviet views on conflict in, 272,273, 286, 307

U.S. military intervention in, 264,267

Middle East, 3, 9

Davies, Rodger P.—ContinuedPersian Gulf, 72, 93Saudi Arabia, 135, 164Yemen Arab Republic, 198

Davis, Jeanne W., 82Desalting, 9Hijackings, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 50, 58, 61Jordan:




intervention in, 317Persian Gulf, 83U.S. Mediterranean policy, 19U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Davis, Richard T., 55Day, Arthur, 72Dayan, Gen. Moshe, 251, 278, 290, 307Defense, U.S. Department of:

Naval force development in SaudiArabia, 157

Persian Gulf arms sales, 89Soviet naval threat in Indian Ocean,

45U.S. arms sales to Kuwait, 108, 111,

114Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 303,

317Defense Security Assistance Agency

(DSAA), 157DeGaulle, Charles, 3Demirel, Süleyman, 334Denney, George C., Jr., 10Desalting:

Joint U.S./Israeli project for, 9, 12, 14,35

Long-range Middle East program for,4, 5

U.S. aid to Saudi Arabia for, 133, 149,152

Dhofar, 152Iranian concerns over rebellion in,

198Jordanian troops in, 189People’s Republic of China aid to

rebels in, 122, 158, 198Rebels as threat to Saudi Arabia,

137Rebel success, possibility of, 101

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Dhofar—ContinuedSuccesses in campaign against rebels,

36, 117, 158Sultan Sa’id’s impact on, 87Yemen PDR support of rebels in, 106,

182Dickman, Francois M., 124, 158, 164

Abu Dhabi-Saudi Arabia territorialdispute, 125

Saudi National Guard reorganizationand reequipment, 165

Sultan-Sisco talks, 191Diego Garcia (see also Indian

Ocean):Background and status of, 39British participation in facilities at,

39, 49British-U.S. agreement on, 66, 71British-U.S. talks on, 39, 44Civil aviation on, 71Congressional hearings on base

construction on, 37Construction of base on, 39, 40, 83Establishment of U.S. facility on, 32,

46Littoral states’ response to opening of

U.S. facility in, 38, 52Repatriation of workers on, 37, 71Suez Canal closure and importance

of, 13Upgrading of U.S. facility on, 61

Dinsmore, Lee, 88, 113, 127Dobrynin, Anatoli, 55, 57, 58, 68, 317Donovan, Lt. Gen. Stanley J., 6Dorough, Felix, 111Douglas-Home, Alec:

British arms sales to South Africa, 41, 53

Hijackings, 222, 238Nasser’s funeral, 334Persian Gulf, 86, 103, 105

Doyle, Rear Adm. James H., 61Dubai:

Abu Dhabi, conflict with, 72, 117CIA views toward, 122As FAA (or UAE) member, 72, 100Iranian-UAE relations, 122Oil revenues, 94, 140Saudi office in, 158

DuBridge, Lee, 4, 5, 12, 14Dubs, Adolph, 55, 220, 266Dulles, John Foster, 127Dunlop, Brig. Gen. Donald D., 137,

144

Ealum, James M., 187Eastern Europe, 133, 136East Pakistan. See Bangladesh.Eban, Abba, 222, 251, 262, 263, 325Egerton, Stephen, 72Egypt. See United Arab Republic

(UAR).Eilts, Hermann F., 127

ARAMCO offtake problem, 128, 136Growth in Saudi military

expenditures, 134Leahy Report, 142Naval force development in Saudi

Arabia, 138Persian Gulf, 72, 74, 86Phantom purchases, 137Prince Fahd’s visit to United States,

130, 131, 132, 134Yemen-U.S. relations, 178

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4, 118, 127, 318Eisenhower-Strauss plan, 3, 9, 12Elections:

Israel, Oct. 1969, 131Italy, 1970, 22Malta, 1971, 25United Kingdom, June 1970, 85

Eliot, Theodore L., Jr., 113, 210, 211, 259British-U.S. talks on Persian Gulf, 72Desalting, 35Diego Garcia, 52Faisal’s meeting with Nixon, May

1971, 151Gulf islands dispute, 110Islamic summit, Rabat, Sept. 1969, 10U.S. military aid to Jordan, 17U.S.-Saudi oil relations, 168

Ellsworth, Robert F., 11, 290, 304, 317,323

Elworthy, Air Marshal Charles, 6Ely, Northcutt, 107Enterprise task force, 69Esenbel, Melhi, 21Eshkol, Levi, 4, 9, 12Ethiopia, 43, 133European Economic Community (EEC),

24Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im Bank), 78,

133, 145, 163, 197

Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz al Saud, Prince:Arab-Israeli conflict, 170Federation of Arab Amirates, 72Growth in Saudi military

expenditures, 135

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Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz al Saud, Prince—Continued

Naval force development, 136, 145Place in line of succession, 153Political influence of, 140Visits:

United States, 1969, 130, 131, 132,134, 136

United States, 1971, 155, 159United States, 1973, 170

Yemen PDR, 188Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz al Saud, King of

Saudi Arabia:Abu Dhabi border dispute, 122, 125,

159Agnew’s meeting with, July 1971,

91Arab Summit, Rabat, 1970, 176Bahrain independence, 98, 102Coup following death of, possible,

146, 153Federation of Arab Amirates, 97, 99,

100Growth in Saudi military

expenditures, 134Islamic summit, 10Israel, 129Lincoln’s visit with, 25Middle East, 127National Guard reorganization and

reequipment, 156, 162, 165, 167

Naval force development, 138, 144,157

Persian Gulf states policy, 72, 100Prospects for, 140United Arab Emirates (UAE),

104U.S. evaluation of Saudi defense

planning, 144U.S.-Saudi oil relations, 168U.S. views toward, 166, 181Visits:

Cairo, July 1971, 154United States, May 1971, 149, 150,

151, 159, 169Yemen, 99, 178, 180, 185, 197Yemen People’s Democratic Republic,

147, 188, 194Zionism as Communism, 127, 147,

149, 151, 159, 170Farley, Philip J., 58, 61, 64, 69Fatah, 7, 140Fawzi, Gen. Mohammed, 18

Fedayeen (see also Hijackings; PalestineLiberation Army; Palestinianconflict with under Jordan; PopularFront for the Liberation ofPalestine (PFLP)), 2

Arab financial support for, 7Arab-Israeli settlement as influenced

by, 3Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Jordan as threatened by, 7In Lebanon, 7, 214Sabotage of Tapline by, 133Saladin as Iraqi equivalent to, 253Soviet position, 16, 23

Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), 149, 152Federation of Arab Amirates (FAA) (see

also Bahrain; Qatar; United ArabEmirates (UAE)):

Bahraini position, 79, 81, 100British negotiation with Gulf states

over, 97, 98British position, 90, 95, 103Desire for creation of, 74Iranian position, 72, 95, 97, 98, 100Jordanian position, 101Kuwaiti position, 80, 100Prospects for, 140Qatari position, 81Saudi position, 90, 95, 97, 99, 127Seven-state agreement on, 103UN membership for, 82, 91, 98U.S. position, 82, 88, 90, 96, 97

Fig Hill Hospital, 334Finland, 151Fitzgerald’s Laboratories, 108Five Power Defense Arrangement, 46,

57Flanigan, Peter M., 168, 228Ford, Gerald, 291Ford, Padel, 111Ford Foundation, 184, 190, 198Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board

(FIAB), 23, 25France (see also French subentries under

other subjects), 127, 140, 180Freeman, John:

CENTO officials’ meetings withNixon, 21

Hijackings, 223, 238, 245Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan:

British military intervention in,288, 290

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Freeman, John—ContinuedJordan—Continued

Israeli military intervention in, 302,303

Palestinian conflict with, 254Post-hijacking situation in Amman,

214Syrian military intervention in, 281

Persian Gulf, 72, 86Freeman, Rear Adm. Mason, 30Free Officers Movement, 130Freymond, Jacques, 239Fujairah, 72, 98, 122Fulbright, J. William, 113, 154

Galloway, William J., 100Garment, Leonard, 12Gatch, John N., Jr., 72, 78Gaza Strip, 151, 235General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT), 169Geological Survey, U.S., 184German Democratic Republic, 181Germany, Federal Republic of:

Bern meeting on PFLPcounterproposal, 222, 224, 248

Boisard appointment as ICRCrepresentative in Amman, 241, 245

Common front against hijackers,efforts toward, 213, 216, 235, 267

Sending of envoy to Amman forhijacker negotiations, 223

Ghana, 16Ghoussein, Talat al-, 211Glass, Leslie, 72Godber, Joseph B., 103Golan Heights, 151Goodpaster, Gen. Andrew, 214, 222, 254Graham, SSgt. Irvin, 208Gray, Gordon, 23Gray, Victor, 61Greece, 262

Hijackings, 214Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

254, 260, 267, 274, 313People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 151Soviet influence in Middle East, 2United States, relations with, 22, 24U.S. military aid to, 318U.S. security interests in, 2

Greene, Joseph N., Jr., 86Greenhill, Denis, 206, 236, 249, 254, 255,

288

Griffin, Philip J., 34Gromyko, Andrei:

Indian Ocean as area free of major-power competition, 55, 57, 61, 68,70

Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,266

Gulf islands dispute (see also Abu Musadispute; Iran; Persian Gulf; TunbIslands dispute), 84, 93, 96

British-U.S. talks on, 103Federation of Arab Amirates

formation and, 97, 98Iraqi position, 107, 110Israeli position, 101Kuwaiti position, 101, 110, 118London formula, 105, 107Saudi position, 110, 127, 153Shah’s compromise proposal, 99Sovereignty issue, 98, 100, 103Soviet interests in, 101Syrian position, 110UAR position, 110U.S. position, 104

Gulf states. See individual states; PersianGulf; Bahrain; Kuwait; Oman;Qatar; Saudi Arabia; United ArabEmirates.

Habash, George, 254, 329Hadramaut, 182Haig, Gen. Alexander M., Jr., 235, 259,

271CENTO officials’ meetings with

Nixon, 32Hijackings, 203, 207, 216, 233Indian Ocean, 63Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan:

British-U.S. talks on, 249Field hospitals sent under ICRC

auspices, 270Israeli air strikes on Syrian forces,

287, 290, 303Israeli ground forces in, 292, 293,

294, 295, 297, 298, 299Jordanian army’s move against

Palestinians, 254, 256, 260, 313Report to Nixon on, 328, 331Soviet messages on situation in,

307Soviet military intervention in, U.S.

strategies for deterrence of, 317

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Haig, Brig. Gen. Alexander M., Jr.—Continued

Jordan—ContinuedSyrian military intervention in, 253,

281, 307U.S. military aid to, 326Withdrawal of Syrian forces from,

318King Faisal’s visit to United States,

May 1971, 151Middle East, 3, 31MIDLINK CENTO naval exercises, 107Rogers’s visit to Saudi Arabia, May

1971, 149Sultan’s visit to United States, June,

1972, 161UAR, 23U.S. arms policy in Persian Gulf, 119,

120U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Haikal, 264Haldeman, Robert, 249, 256, 258, 308Hall, Warren A., 9Hallman, William, 72Hamdan, Shaikh, 34Hancock, T. Marvin, 34Hannah, John A., 5, 9, 14, 91Hardin, Clifford, 5, 14Harlow, Bryce, 12Hart, Parker T., 3Hartman, Arthur, 267Hartman, Harold, 192Hassan II, King of Morocco, 10Hawatmeh, Nayef, 329Haytham, Muhammad Ali, 172Heath, Edward, 41, 51, 53, 57, 85, 93, 249Hejaz, 133, 140Helms, Richard M.:

Arab-Israeli dispute, 1Desalting, 5, 14Hijackings, 209, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 42, 50, 54, 58, 62, 64Jordan:

Fighting in Amman, 313Jordanian army’s move against

Palestinians, 254Locations of Iraqi and Syrian forces

in, 256Soviet military intervention in, U.S.

strategies for deterrence of, 317Syrian military intervention in, 281U.S. military aid to, 326U.S. military intervention in, 264,

267

Helms, Richard M.—ContinuedJordan—Continued

Withdrawal of Syrian forces from,318

NSC meetings on Middle East, 3Persian Gulf, 101

U.S. policy in, 72, 91, 120Saudi internal security issues, 146Soviet Middle East policy, 20U.S. Mediterranean policy, 19, 22, 25U.S. military aid to Israel, 312Yemen, 189

Helou, Charles, 25Helseth, William, 21, 28Henderson, Ian, 117Henkin, Dan, 214, 264, 267, 303Hickel, Walter J., 5, 14Hijackings (see also International

Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC); Jordan; Popular Front forthe Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)):

Arab-U.S. talks on, 27Bern Group:

British proposals, 250, 268Demands for ICRC role in

negotiations, 241, 242Discussion of ICRC mandate for

negotiations, 263, 268German Federal Republic

requirements for negotiations,248

ICRC meetings with, 239PFLP counterproposals, 222, 224Unanimity among, 243, 246U.S. proposals for communiqué by,

255, 256, 257U.S. proposals for hostage release,

324Blowing up of PanAm plane at Cairo,

202, 204Blowing up of planes in Jordan, 230,

232, 233BOAC flight from Bahrain, 221British position, 238British-U.S. talks, 206, 245, 254, 255Destinations of hijacked planes,

possible, 200, 201Development of surveillance

equipment against, 209Dual nationality of U.S. hostages, 241El Al failed attempt, 199, 203Extension of deadlines in, 214, 215Fedayeen concern about outside

intervention, 218

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Hijackings—ContinuedHostage evacuation:

First evacuation flight to Cyprus,225, 232

Israeli role in, possible, 214Of majority of hostages, 235, 237PanAm retrieval of passengers

from Cairo, 204U.S. preparations for, 212, 214U.S. request for Jordan cooperation

in, 234Initial releases of passengers, 208,

209Iraqi position, 223Iraqi role in, 229Israeli actions:

Message to Jordan, 216“No deal” approach, 240Release of Algerian officials, 235,

236, 246, 267, 268Request for hijacker extradition,

213Roundup of PFLP sympathizers,

239, 240, 251Use of force, possible, 239

Israeli-PFLP prisoner exchangeproposals, 235

British position, 238, 263Confidentiality of list of prisoners

wanted for exchange, 241Demand for Israeli acceptance of

prisoner release “in principle,”243, 245, 246

PFLP offers on, 267PFLP refusal of mediation, 242Release of Swiss and Lebanese

prisoners, 268U.S. position, 236

Israeli-U.S. split from Europeansover, 236, 240

Jordanian’s threat to hijackers, 210,213, 217

Last hostage group:Determining location and identities

of, 237Health of, 272ICRC visits to, 241Jordanian role in release of, 324Release as part of ceasefire, 319,

321, 330, 333Removal to house in Amman by

PFLP of, 240Retention of, 233, 235Safety of, 320, 332

Hijackings—ContinuedLast hostage group—Continued

Threat of Jordanian showdown to,246, 250

Uncertainty as to location of, 328Need for gear for disembarkation of

passengers, 200Passengers held at Hotel

Intercontinental, Amman, 213,216, 221, 225

Passengers removed to Ammanhotels, 231, 232, 233

Planes’ arrival in Jordan, 202, 204Prisoner releases, 208, 209

British-German-Swiss-U.S.common front, efforts toward,213, 216, 235, 267

Red Cross talks, 213Rogers’s appeal for intercession by

Arab states, 211, 213Soviet position, 254Syrian position, 227Threat to PFLP if hostages harmed,

210, 213, 219UN civilian humanitarian presence,

223U.S. condemnation of, 203U.S. counter-demands, 207U.S. flights to Arab states,

recommendation against, 228U.S. Navy ships posted offshore, 212,

213U.S. request for Soviet intervention,

199Washington Special Actions Group

(WSAG) meetings on, 214, 222,246, 249

Wiring of airplanes with explosives,225

Hilaly, Agha, 21HMS Jufair, 43Hocke, Jean-Pierre, 245Hoover, J. Edgar, 209Horan, Hume, 125, 195Horizontal tube, multiple effect

(HTME) process, 35Hoskinson, Samuel M., 52, 58, 61,

189Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan, 249, 303, 317, 326U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

House of Representatives, U.S.:Foreign Affairs Committee, 9

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House of Representatives, U.S.—Continued

Foreign Affairs Committee—Continued

Naval force development in SaudiArabia, 157

Hoveyda, Amir Abbas, 88Howell, Nathaniel, Jr., 34Hughes, Thomas L., 172Hungary, 28Hussein I, ibn Talal, King of Jordan:

Arab mediation between Arafat and,263, 303

British military intervention inJordan, 279, 285, 288

Brown’s conversations with, 260Ceasefire agreement, 330, 331Ceasefire violation charges against

Jordanian army, 328Emergency relief for Jordan, 332Fedayeen, willingness to move

against, 250Federation of Arab Amirates, 101Field hospitals requested by, 270Hijackings:

Anarchy in Jordan after, 214Threat to hijackers, 210, 213, 217

Israeli military intervention inJordan, 285, 287, 290, 299, 300,302, 303, 304, 309, 315, 316, 318

Israeli military intervention in Syria,304, 311, 315

Israeli views toward, 325Israel-Jordan settlement, 2Mediation of Saudi-Abu Dhabi

border dispute by, 122Nasser’s views toward, 329Outcomes for, possible, 22, 247, 329Palestinian support for, 329Psychological state of, 252, 307, 313Saudi subsidies to Jordan, 169Saudi-UAR relations, 153Saudi views toward, 140Soviet views toward, 265Syrian military intervention in

Jordan, 275, 282U.S. aircraft sale, 125U.S. military aid to Jordan, 17, 274U.S. military intervention in support

of, 233, 262, 284, 285, 305Visit to Washington, Apr. 1969, 7

British position, 249Decision for “all or nothing”

showdown, 246

Hussein I, ibn Talal, King of Jordan—Continued

Visit to Washington, Apr. 1969—Continued

Soviet position, 252U.S. position, 217, 218, 234, 252

Idris I, King of Libya, 11, 130Iftikar Ali, 21India:

Indian Ocean role of, 42Indo-Pakistani War, 36, 65, 69, 70, 122Islamic summit invitation, 10Oman, relations with, 106People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 65Soviet naval presence in the Indian

Ocean, 36U.S. base on Diego Garcia, 38, 46U.S. basing arrangements with, 43U.S. Indian Ocean facilities opposed

by, 37, 38, 52U.S. policy toward, 46

Indian Ocean (see also Diego Garcia):As area free of major-power

competition:Indian position, 52, 55Soviet position, 55, 57, 59, 61, 68, 70Sri Lankan position, 55, 59, 60, 65U.S. position, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,

62, 63, 64, 69Vietnamese Democratic Republic

position, 68Australian role in, 41, 42, 45, 57British role in, 57French naval presence in, 56Japanese naval presence in, 58Moscow Summit agenda items

regarding, 70Non-strategic naval limitations in, 69People’s Republic of China missile

testing in, 57, 58Soviet access through reopened Suez

Canal, 30Soviet airpower in, 36Soviet naval threat in, 36, 43, 45, 46,

47, 50, 51Political framework for U.S.

response to, 54, 57Soviet opposition to PRC influence

in, 47Soviet-U.S. talks on, 55U.S. naval planning options in, 42,

46, 47

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Indian Ocean—ContinuedU.S. naval presence, 43, 46, 56, 58, 59,

61Indian Ocean Conference, Washington,

Mar. 1971, 55, 57Indonesia:

Coup against Sukarno, 16Indian Ocean role of, 42U.S. opening of Diego Garcia facility,

52U.S. policy toward, 46

Intelligence Memoranda:OCI 0099/70, 260SC 02437/70, 260SC 02452/70, 325

INTELSAT Conference, Feb. 1969, 171

Interior, U.S. Department of, 150International Bank of Reconstruction

and Development (IBRD), 184, 193,198

International Committee of the RedCross (ICRC) (see also Hijackings):

Arrival in Amman of envoy from,209

Bern Group meeting withrepresentatives of, 239

Bern Group’s mandate fornegotiations by, 263, 268

Boisard’s appointment as seniorrepresentative in Amman:

British position, 241, 242, 245Delay in arrival, 244German Federal Republic position,

241, 245Swiss position, 241, 245U.S. position, 241, 245

Convoy stopped by fedayeen, 230Demand for repainting of U.S.

planes, 281Evacuation of British citizens, 223,

224Field hospitals sent to Jordan under

auspices of, 270, 280, 281, 307,313, 315, 326, 328, 330, 331, 333

Involvement in hijackingnegotiations:

British position, 206U.S. position, 207

Personnel changes in negotiators, 244PFLP views toward, 246Release of hijackers, 209Release of last hostages to, 333Resumption of role of, 240

International Committee of the RedCross (ICRC)—Continued

Searching for valid PFLP negotiator,324

Sending of senior officials to Amman,248

Suspension of negotiations withPFLP, 235, 236, 238

Visits to hijacked passengers by, 202,216, 241, 250

International Development Association(IDA), 184

International Volunteer Services, 198Iran (see also Gulf islands dispute; Iran

and Iranian subentries under othersubjects):

Bahraini independence, 102Bahraini membership in FAA/UAE,

79British withdrawal from Gulf, 85CENTO political guidelines for

military planning, 33CENTO’s changing role, 8Iraq, relations with, 76, 82, 112Israel, relations with, 101, 140Japanese role in, 83Kuwait, relations with, 80Oil company agreements with, 21, 72,

94, 96People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 151Persian Gulf leadership role for,

122Regional security, 72, 74Saudi Arabia, relations with:

Bahrain claim by Iran, 127Joint military aid to Yemen, 189Obstacles in, 76, 82, 140Saudi position, 132, 160U.S. position, 96, 159, 161Zahedi-Faisal talks, 88

Soviet influence in Middle East, 2Soviet military equipment barters

with, 2Soviet naval visits to, 158UAE, relations with, 36, 122United Kingdom, relations with, 99,

101U.S. bases in, 267U.S. military aid to, 267U.S. military presence in, 82As U.S. oil supplier, 168, 169U.S. opening of Diego Garcia facility,

52

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Iran—ContinuedYemen Arab Republic, relations with,

198Iraq (see also Iraq and Iraqi subentries

under other subjects):Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Bahrain, relations with, 81Cairo Agreement, Sept. 27, 1970, 332Economic situation, 94Expansionist aims of, 160Iran, relations with, 76, 82, 112Islamic summit, 10Israeli policy toward, 101Kuwait claimed by, 36Kuwait, relations with, 118As major oil producer, 169Oil company agreements with, 94,

164Persian Gulf objectives, 88Saudi Arabia, relations with, 181Soviet influence in, 2Soviet naval visits to, 158Soviet oil interests in, 77Turkey, relations with, 3United Kingdom, relations with, 110,

112Irwin, John N., II, 37, 50

British arms sales to South Africa, 53CENTO, 33Jordanian disaster relief task force,

328, 331Persian Gulf, 103, 113Saudi Arabia, 135, 164, 166, 168U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Iryani, Qadi Abd al Rahman al-, 118,186, 187, 191, 196

‘Isa bin Salman al Khalifah, Shaikh, 72,122

Islamic Summit, Jidda, Mar. 1970, 180

Islamic summit, Rabat, Sept. 1969, 10Isle des Roches, 39Ismail, Abdul Fattah, 172Israel (see also Israel and Israeli

subheadings under other subjects): Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Bern meeting on PFLP

counterproposal, 224Cairo Agreement, Sept. 1970, 331Death of Nasser and, 334Desalting, 4, 9, 12, 14, 35Iran, relations with, 101, 140Jordan, settlement with, 2Military superiority in Middle East, 3

Israel—ContinuedRequest for extradition of hijacker,

213Saudi views of, 151Soviet attack on, possible, 290UAR settlement with, 2U.S. commitments to, 327U.S. military aid and sales to, 152

Arab-U.S. relations as affected by,141

in response to Jordanian conflict,222, 290, 303, 312, 315

Phantom fighters, 16, 129Saudi position, 129, 131

U.S. security interests in, 2Withdrawal from Sinai, 1957, 131

Israel Desalinization Engineering, 35Italy, 22, 25, 151, 313

Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir al Sabah,Shaikh, 123

Jabir Hamoud al-Sabah, Shaikh, 123,124

Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 39Japan (see also Japanese subentries under

other subjects):Dependence on Persian Gulf oil, 77Indian Ocean role of, 42Oil demand in, 148Oman, relations with, 106Persian Gulf role for, 83Saudi Arabia, trade with, 140Suez Canal, effect of the reopening,

30Jaquinet, Louis, 241, 244, 245Jarring, Gunnar, 3, 260Jarring Mission, 27, 131, 184Javits, Jacob, 3Jerusalem’s status, 127, 133, 147, 149, 151Jizan, 171Johnson, Joseph, 3Johnson, Lyndon B., 4, 9, 12Johnson, U. Alexis, 205, 210, 219, 324

CENTO, 36Diego Garcia, 39Hijackings, 199, 209, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 58, 61, 68, 70Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan:

Field hospitals sent under ICRCauspices, 270, 281

Israeli military intervention in, 290,291, 303

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Johnson, U. Alexis—ContinuedJordan—Continued


U.S. military aid to, 326U.S. military intervention in, 264,


intervention, 317Lebanon, 326Middle East military planning, 13Persian Gulf, 86, 106, 119Prince Fahd’s visit to Washington,

130U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Johnston, Eric, 3Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS):

Assessment of situation in CENTOregion, 36

Hijacking hostage evacuation,planning for, 214, 233

Indian Ocean, 43, 50, 69JCSM 26–71, 30Jordan, 313, 317Navy Strategic Island Concept, 39Persian Gulf, 83Soviet naval expansion in Middle

East, 3Soviet threat in the Mediterranean, 22Suez Canal, implication of reopening,

30Jones, Curtis F., 186, 196Jordan (see also Hijackings; Jordan and

Jordanian subheadings under othersubjects):

Amman security situation,deterioration of, 295

Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Communist threat to, 127Emergency relief for, 326, 330, 331,

332, 333, 334Establishment of “branch” U.S.

embassy in Amman, 332Fedayeen, threat to, 7Field hospitals sent under ICRC

auspices, 270, 280, 281, 307, 313, 315, 326, 328, 330, 331, 333

Iranian military sales to, 326Israel-Jordan settlement, 2Kuwaiti Khartoum agreement

subsidies to, 94, 312, 326Libya, relations with, 328Libyan economic aid to, 312

Jordan—ContinuedMediation of Saudi-Abu Dhabi

border dispute by, 122, 125Palestinian conflict with:

Battles in northern Jordan, initialreports, 239

British military intervention in,254, 279, 281, 282, 285, 288,290, 299, 307

British-U.S. talks on, 249Cairo Agreement on ceasefire, Sept.

27, 1970, 303, 330, 331, 332, 333Cairo Summit, Sept. 22, 1970, 303,

304, 312Casualties in Amman fedayeen

camp, 313Ceasefires, 225, 254, 267, 303, 316,

317, 319, 321, 328, 330, 331, 332Control of Palestinian movement,

247As cover for controversial U.S.

decisions, 318Evacuation of foreigners:

British citizens, 223, 224Soviet response to, 265U.S. citizens, 253, 278, 295, 303

Fedayeen victory, consequences of,247

Five-nation Arab CommissionForce control of Amman, 334

Four-nation reconciliationcommittee, 263

Hussein’s approach to, 250, 272Hussein’s willingness to move

against fedayeen, 250British position, 249Decision for “all or nothing”

showdown, 246Soviet position, 252U.S. position, 217, 218, 234, 252,

296Iranian responses to, 256Iraqi military intervention,

possible:Iranian position, 259Iraqi position, 253Israeli response to, 254, 265Movement toward Jarash, 312U.S. position, 214, 247, 252, 253,

303, 326Withdrawal from Irbid area, 271,

272Iraqi role in:

Jordanian position, 229

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Jordan—ContinuedPalestinian conflict with—Continued

Iraqi role in—ContinuedSoviet position, 220U.S. position, 222, 253, 281

Israeli military intervention in:Air strikes, 257, 281, 283, 286, 318British-U.S. discussions on, 288,

290, 302, 303Ground forces, 292, 293, 294, 295,

296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302,313, 315, 316

Hussein’s approach to, 250, 285,300, 304, 315, 316

Israeli consideration for, 309Israeli-U.S. discussion on, 283,

287, 289, 301Military preparation for, 316NSC meeting on, 298, 299Permanent vs. temporary

occupation, 294, 295Retention of Jordanian territory,

314Seizure of high ground, 247Soviet response to, 222, 247, 265,

266, 272, 273, 290, 307, 317U.S. messages to Soviets on, 291,

299, 303, 311, 315U.S. planning for, 303U.S. position, 231, 233, 287, 315,

318U.S. principles for guidance in,

292U.S. questions for Hussein on,

309Jordanian army’s move against

Palestinians, 218, 253, 254Amman fighting, 240, 241, 253,

254, 313, 322Army movement into north, 272Army ultimatum, 267Fedayeen attack on U.S.

embassy, 272Fedayeen resistance to, 263Israeli air strikes in support of,

257, 260Nixon-Kissinger conversations

on, 256, 258Nixon’s statement on U.S.

intervention in support of,261, 262, 264

U.S. air strikes in support of, 260Libyan military intervention, 280,

316


Outcomes to, possible, 247, 274,286

Political nature of Jordanfollowing, 247

Post-hijacking anarchy, 208, 214Principle contingencies in, 247Soviet démarche to United States,

266, 267Soviet position, 220, 254, 307Syrian military intervention in:

Armored brigade attacks, 275Irbid occupation, 282, 283, 284,

292, 299, 305Israeli actions to spook Syrians,

278Israeli aerial reconnaissance of,

280, 294Israeli attack on Syria as

response to, 304Jordanian troop morale as

affected by, 303Possibilities of, 214, 252, 326Soviet position, 291Soviet support for, 286, 312Syrian position, 253Tank engagements with

Jordanian army, 272, 280,281, 304, 307, 313, 316

UAR position, 280U.S. démarche to Soviets

regarding, 275, 276Withdrawal of Syrian forces, 318,

322Turkish role in, 254UAR military intervention against

Israel, possible, 265UAR position, 254, 264, 272, 281U.S. embassy officers kidnapped

by fedayeen, 221U.S.-Jordanian talks on, 234U.S. military aid and sales

packages in response to, 254,312, 313, 315, 326, 332, 333, 334

U.S. military intervention in:Evacuation as goal of, 212, 214,

222, 247, 265, 274, 299Ground versus air strikes, 247Intelligence efforts, 256Jordanian request for, 284, 285,

286, 305NATO concerns allayed

regarding, 323

Index 945


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U.S. military intervention in—Continued

Readiness levels for, 262, 264,267, 315, 326, 330

Soviet position, 265, 272, 273, 274U.S. versus Israeli role in, 233,

260, 261U.S. Navy ships posted offshore,

254, 256, 264, 274, 315, 323U.S. planning for Soviet

intervention, 222U.S. plans for deterring Soviet

intervention, 317Washington Special Actions Group

meetings on, 254, 260, 264, 267,273, 275, 281, 290, 299, 304,312, 317, 326

Persian Gulf leadership role for, 122Saudi economic aid to, 197Saudi Khartoum agreement subsidies

to, 94, 140, 148, 159, 169Saudi military intervention in,

possible, 142Saudi military sales to, 326Soviet military aid and sales to, 2Soviet policy toward, 16United States, relations with, 141U.S. military aid and sales to:

Aircraft, 124Packages for response to

Palestinian conflict, 254, 274,312, 313, 315, 326, 332, 333, 334

Rifles and artillery, 17Saudi position, 152

Jungers, Frank, 128, 141

Kagnew, 46, 49Kalb, Marvin, 262Kamaran Island, 196Kamel, Hasan, 72Kamhawi, Zahi, 251Karamessines, Thomas, 222Karami, Rashid, 16Kearns, Henry, 145, 163Kelley, John E., 68, 71Kennedy, David M., 3, 73Kennedy, Col. Richard T., 54

Hijackings, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 50, 58, 59, 63, 70Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304

Kennedy, Col. Richard T.—ContinuedJordan:

Israeli air strikes on Syrian forces,290

Israeli military intervention in, 303Jordanian army’s move against

Palestinians, 254, 260Syrian military intervention in, 281U.S. military aid to, 326U.S. military intervention in, 264,


intervention in, 317Persian Gulf, 76, 83U.S. Mediterranean policy, 22U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Kenya, 43, 52Khalatbari, Abbas Ali, 88Khalid, Leila, 206, 246, 330Khalid bin Abd al-Aziz al Saud, Crown

Prince, 133, 140, 153Khalid bin Saqr Al-Qasimi, Deputy

Ruler of Ras al-Khaimah, 109Khalid ibn Mohammed al Qasimi,

Shaikh, Sultan of Sharjah, 88, 107Khalifah bin Hamad al-Thani, Shaykh

of Qatar, 36, 113, 117, 122, 158Khammash, Gen. Amer, 125, 191Khartoum Conference, Nov. 1967, 94,

140Khartoum Conference, Aug.–Sept. 1968,

7Khashoggi, Adnan, 134, 162Khrushchev, Nikita S., 47Killgore, Andrew, 277Kissinger, Henry A., 132, 135, 271, 276,

311British arms sales to South Africa, 53CENTO officials’ meetings with

Nixon, 6, 21Country Policy Statement on Saudi

Arabia, 133Desalting, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14, 35Diego Garcia, 38, 52Faisal’s meeting with Nixon, May

1971, 151Federation of Arab Amirates, 98, 99,

100Hijackings:

British-U.S. talks on, 255Conversations with Nixon on, 209,

226, 232, 233Conversations with Rogers on, 227,

231

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Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedHijackings—Continued

Passengers removed to hotels, 231Reports to Nixon on, 209, 214, 216,

218, 221, 225, 235, 239, 240,242, 246, 248

U.S. flights to Arab states,recommendation against, 228

Washington Special Actions Groupmeetings on, 214

Indian Ocean:As area free of major-power

competition, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64Moscow summit agenda items for,

70Non-strategic naval limitations, 69Soviet naval threat in, 46, 48, 50,

51, 54, 57U.S. naval planning options in, 46,

48, 54U.S. naval presence in, 58, 59, 61

Israeli military intervention in Syria,299

Sisco-Rabin conversations on, 301,302, 304, 307, 308

Jordan:British military intervention in, 288British-U.S. talks on, 249Field hospitals sent under ICRC

auspices, 270, 331Hussein’s request for military

intervention, 285Israeli military intervention in:

Air strikes on Syrian forces, 283,287, 289

Ground forces in, 292, 293, 294,295, 296, 297, 298, 299

Hussein’s reaction to, 300Israeli-U.S. discussions on, 283,

287, 289, 301, 302Soviet response to, 307U.S. aid package in response to,

312U.S. as intermediary, 314U.S. questions for Hussein on, 309

Israeli views toward Hussein, 325Jordanian army’s move against

Palestinians, 253, 254, 260, 313Conversations with Nixon on,

256, 258, 262, 291Israeli air strikes in support of,

257, 291Nixon’s statement on U.S.

intervention, 261, 262

Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedJordan—Continued

Reports to Nixon on, 247, 248, 263,272, 274, 275, 310, 315, 316,327, 330, 331, 332, 333

Soviet military intervention in, U.S.strategies for deterrence of, 317

Soviet position, 273Syrian military intervention in, 286

Engagements with Jordanianarmy, 307

Irbid occupation, 305Israeli air strikes on Syrian

forces, 290Israeli attacks on Syria in

response to, 299, 304Soviet position, 291

U.S. military aid and sales, 17U.S. military intervention in, 264,

265, 267, 286Withdrawal of Syrian forces from,

318, 322WSAG actions on, 274, 303

Kuwait, 92Lebanon, 326Middle East, 3, 13Oman, 87Persian Gulf, 82, 83, 118

Gulf islands dispute, 98, 110U.S. policy in, 72, 76, 89, 96, 119

NSDM 92, 91, 113Saudi Arabia, 146, 160, 168, 180United Arab Emirates, 103United Arab Republic, 23U.S. commitments to Israel, 327U.S. Mediterranean policy, 19, 22, 25Yemen Arab Republic, 177, 178, 180,

189Yemen PDR–U.S. relations, 174

Knowles, Lt. Gen. Richard, 50Korea, Republic of, 326Kosygin, Alexiy, 21, 187, 334Kurds, 3, 77, 101, 122Kuria Muria Islands, 171Kuwait (see also Kuwait and Kuwaiti

subentries under other subjects):Arab summit on Jordan conflict, 280Bahraini independence, 102Bahraini membership in FAA/UAE, 79British military aid and sales to, 92Economic situation, 94Fedayeen funding from, 7French military sales to, 121, 123Iran, relations with, 80

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Kuwait—ContinuedIraq, relations with, 118Iraqi claims to, 36, 92Iraqi threat to, 80, 108Japanese views on political situation,

77Oil company agreements with, 94,

164Palestinian residents of, 92, 118People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 36, 151Plebiscite on union with Iran, 72PLFP demonstrations in, 27Saudi Arabia, relations with, 161Soviet Union, relations with, 36United States, relations with, 118, 141U.S. military aid and sales to:

Aircraft, 89, 108, 111, 123, 124Arms purchase eligibility, 92DOD survey team, 114, 121Ex-Im Bank financing, 163Kuwaiti approval of, 108Kuwaiti requests for arms

purchases, 78U.S. approval of, 91U.S. company contacts with

Kuwaiti officials, 114, 115As U.S. oil supplier, 168, 169Yemen PDR, relations with, 116

Kuznetsov, Vasiliy V., 272, 273

Labor unions, 117, 133Ladgam, Bahi, 330, 332, 334Laird, Melvin:

Arab-Israeli dispute, 1Desalting, 5, 14Diego Garcia, 39, 40, 49Hijackings, 209, 222Indian Ocean, 42Jordan, 281, 307, 313, 318

Israeli ground forces in, 293, 296,298, 299

Kuwaiti arms purchases, 114Middle East, 3Persian Gulf, 72, 91, 120Saudi Arabia, 136, 142, 157, 159, 161,

165U.S. Mediterranean policy, 19U.S. military aid to Israel, 312Yemen Arab Republic, 189, 195

Lake, Anthony, 76Latimer, Tom, 31Law of the Sea, 69Leahy Report, 142, 144

Lebanon (see also Lebanon and Lebanesesubentries under other subjects):

Fedayeen threat to, U.S. position, 8,214

Israeli attacks on, 141People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 151Soviet military aid and sales to, 2Soviet policy toward, 16UN Security Council resolutions on,

118U.S. arms sales to Israel, 141U.S. contingency planning for, 326U.S. military aid and sales to, 17, 214

Liapis, Stephen, 192Libya (see also Libya and Libyan

subentries under other subjects):Arab summit on Jordan conflict, 280Elimination of Mediterranean-area

foreign military bases, 31Fedayeen funded by, 7Jordan, relations with, 328Malta, relations with, 31Nationalization of BP interests in, 112Oil company agreements with, 94, 96,

148, 164Overthrow of King Idris, 130Soviet Union, relations with, 20UAR influence on, 18United States, relations with, 3, 26,

141Lincoln, Franklin B., 25, 170Lincoln, Gen. George A., 3Lindjord, Haakon, 9, 22, 83Linebaugh, J. David, 68Lisagor, Peter, 261Lockheed Corporation, 78, 108, 111, 152Long, David E., 186, 196Lord, Winston, 100Luard, Evan, 81Luce, William:

Appointment as SpecialRepresentative in Gulf States of,86

Federation of Arab Amirates, 93, 97,98, 99

Gulf islands dispute, 88, 93, 99, 105,107

Iranian economic aid to Gulf states,103

MacArthur, Douglas, II:British Persian Gulf policy, 84, 85Gulf islands dispute, 84, 88, 105

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MacArthur, Douglas, II—ContinuedIranian request for military

equipment, 267Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

254, 260, 271, 274Persian Gulf regional security

arrangement, 74Seven-state agreement on formation

of UAE, 104U.S. Persian Gulf policy, 77

MacDonald, Col. J. Angus, 35Mahdi, Mohammad, 72Maghreb, 22Mahra, 182Makarios, Archbishop, 214, 267Malagasy Republic, 43, 52Malawi, 52Malaysia, 46Maldives, 52Malik, Lt. Gen. Akhtar Hussain, 6Malik, Maj. Gen. Ibrahim, 136Maloney, Col. George, 165Malta, 3, 22, 25, 26, 31, 254Mansfield, Michael, 39, 40, 83, 303, 304Maoism, 265Marshall, Anthony D., 56Masirah Island, 83, 87Maswari, Brig. Husayn al-, 188Matsu, 318Mauritius, 36, 37, 43, 50, 61, 71Mayo, Robert P., 5, 12, 14, 91McCain, Adm. John S., Jr., 42McCloskey, Robert, 214, 264, 267, 303McGinnis, John, 61McHenry, Donald, 9, 22, 83McNamara, Robert, 51, 137Mediterranean area:

Analytical summary forpolicymaking in, 24

EEC trade agreements in, 24Libyan goal of eliminating foreign

military bases from, 31Major problems of, 24Soviet military presence in, 11, 24,

26Soviet policy toward, 20U.S. military bases in, 24U.S. policy toward, 19, 22, 25

Meir, Golda:Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

262, 264Statement on release of Israeli

prisoners, 268King Faisal’s views toward, 151

Meir, Golda—ContinuedU.S. military aid and sales to Israel,

222, 290Visits:

United States, Sept. 1969, 9United States, Sept. 1970, 263

Melhuish, Ramsay, 28Menemencioglu, Turgut, 21, 29Mercenaries, 175, 176Meyer, Cord, 31Middle East:

East-West conflict’s effect on, 24Soviet covert activity in, 31Soviet influence in, 2Soviet military aid to, 16Soviet naval expansion in, 2, 3Soviet policy, 16, 20U.S. military planning in, 3, 13U.S. position in, 2

MIDEASTFOR:Bahrain as home port for, 43, 96, 99,

112, 113Future prospects for, 82, 83Planning for continuation of, 91

MIDLINK exercise, 107Miklos, Jack C., 79, 84, 112, 124Military Training Missions (MTMs),

133, 152, 156, 169Millard, Guy E., 28, 84, 88, 93Miller, Brig. Gen. Raymond O., 212Mitchell, John, 209Moberly, John, 198, 223Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals

(MASH), 333, 334Mobil Oil Co., 169Molotov-Ribbentrop Protocol (1940), 82Moorer, Adm. Thomas H.:

CENTO, 33, 36Diego Garcia, 39Hijackings, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 42, 54, 56, 61, 64Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan:

British-U.S talks on, 249Israeli military intervention in:

Air strikes on Syrian forces, 290,291

Ground forces, 295, 297, 298, 299

Soviet response to, 307U.S. planning for, 303

Jordanian army’s move againstPalestinians, 254, 256, 260, 313

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Moorer, Adm. Thomas H.—ContinuedJordan—Continued

Syrian military intervention in, 281,307

U.S. military aid to, 326U.S. military intervention in, 264,

267, 295, 297, 298U.S. strategies for deterring Soviet

intervention in, 317Withdrawal of Syrian forces from,

318Lebanon, 326Persian Gulf, 91Spanish military capabilities, 26U.S. force reductions in the

Mediterranean, 22U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Moro, Aldo, 334Morocco:

Alliance with Spain and Portugal,proposed, 25

Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Coup attempt, 1971, 153Soviet covert activity in, 31Soviet Union, relations with, 20United States, relations with, 3, 141

Morton, Rogers C.B., 35Mosbacher, Emil, Jr., 32, 132, 155Moscow Summit, 1971, 159Mubarak, Mohammed bin, Shaikh, 81Murphy, Franklin, 23Murphy, Richard, 93, 97, 104, 147, 152Murphy, Robert, 23, 25Musandam Peninsula, 72Al Musawwar, 166

Najd, 133, 140Najran, 171, 178Naqvi, Swaleh, 34Narcotics, 108Nasser, Gamal Abdul:

Arafat’s relationship with, 271Death of, 153, 157, 332, 333, 334Fedayeen as threat to, 23Islamic summit, 10King Faisal’s views toward, 133, 140Kuwaiti views toward, 80Palestinian conflict with Jordan:

Ceasefire proposal, 267Ceasefire violations charges against

Jordanian army, 328Iranian position, 259, 271Israeli position, 260Mediation attempts, 263, 264, 272

Nasser, Gamal Abdul—ContinuedPalestinian conflict with Jordan—

ContinuedPosition on, 252, 254Support for Hussein, 274U.S. position, 264

Saudi détente with, 133Saudi-UAR conflict over Yemen, 177Soviet support for, 16, 265UAR withdrawal from Yemen, 118

National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs):NIE 30–1–67, 96NIE 11–6–70, 20NIE 20/30–70, 96NIE 36–6–70, 96, 140NIE 30–1–71, 96

National Security Council (NSC):Arab-Israeli dispute, 1Indian Ocean as area free of major-

power competition, 60Interdepartmental Group for Near

East and South Asia papers:“Basic U.S. Interests in the Middle

East,” 1, 2“Country Policy Statement on

Saudi Arabia,” 133“Desalting in the Middle East,” 4,

5, 9“Future U.S. Policy in the Persian

Gulf,” 76“Persian Gulf: Analytical Summary

of IG Response to NSSM 66,”82

Meetings:Feb. 1, 1969, 3 Dec. 10, 1969, 17June 10, 1970, 22June 17, 1970, 22, 23, 26Sept. 21, 1970 (morning session),

299Sept. 21, 1970 (evening session),

307Sept. 22, 1970, 313Sept. 23, 1970, 318

National Security Decision Memoranda(NSDMs):

NSDM 32, 14, 35NSDM 92, 91, 102, 113NSDM 186, 120

National Security Study Memoranda(NSSMs):

“Concepts of Naval Arms Control”(unreleased draft), 61, 63

NSSM 2, 1

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National Security Study Memoranda(NSSMs)—Continued

NSSM 30, 4, 5, 35NSSM 66, 73, 82NSSM 87, 19NSSM 88, 19, 22NSSM 90, 19, 22NSSM 104, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50, 54, 57,

59NSSM 110, 54, 57, 58, 59

Nawwaf ibn Abd al-Aziz al Saud,Prince, 72, 141, 151

Near East Foundation, 198Nethercutt, Richard, 68Neubert, Joseph, 50New Zealand, U.S. opening of Diego

Garcia facility, 52Nigeria, 53Nixon, Richard M.:

Arab-Israeli dispute, 1, 127CENTO, 6, 21, 29, 32Desalting, 4, 5, 9, 12Diego Garcia, 38Hijackings:

Conversations with Kissinger on,209, 226, 232, 233, 269

Reports from Haig on, 203, 207Reports from Kissinger on, 209,

214, 216, 218, 221, 225, 235,239, 240, 242, 246, 248

U.S. retaliation for, planning for, 222Indian Ocean:

As area free of major-powercompetition, 61, 62, 68

British-U.S. security talks, 41, 57Moscow summit agenda items for,

70Navy planning options, 42

Israeli military intervention in Syria,304, 308

Israeli withdrawal from Sinai, 1957,131

Jordan:British-U.S. talks on, 249Israeli air strikes on Syrian troops

in, 287, 290, 291, 305Israeli ground forces in, 292, 293,

294, 295, 297Jordanian army’s move against

Palestinians:Conversations with Kissinger on,

256, 258, 262, 269Fighting in Amman, 313Israeli versus U.S. air strikes in

support of, 260

Nixon, Richard M.—ContinuedJordan—Continued

Jordanian army’s move againstPalestinians—Continued

Statement on U.S. intervention insupport of, 261, 262, 264

Report from Haig on, 328, 331Reports from Kissinger on, 247,

248, 263, 272, 274, 275, 310,315, 316, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333

Syrian military intervention in, 281,286, 305

U.S. military aid and sales, 17Withdrawal of Syrian forces from,

318WSAG actions on, 274

Meeting with Shah Reza Pahlavi, 74Middle East, 3Oman, 87Persian Gulf, 89, 106, 113, 118, 119,

120Saudi-U.S. relations, 139

Faisal-Nixon communications, 130,139, 143, 154, 158, 159, 160,161, 168, 169, 185

Faisal’s visit, May 1971, 149, 150,151, 169

Prince Fahd’s visits to UnitedStates, 130, 131, 132, 155

Rogers’s visit, May 1971, 149Sultan’s visit, June 1972, 159, 160,

161, 169United Arab Republic, 23U.S. commitments to Israel, 327U.S. Mediterranean policy, 19, 25Visits:

Egypt, 1963, 155Europe, Feb.–Mar. 1969, 6Iran, 1972, 32Moscow, May 1972, 68People’s Republic of China, 1972,

32 Yemen Arab Republic, 177, 191, 193Yemen PDR–U.S. relations, 174

Nixon Doctrine, 46, 57, 59, 61, 139Nkrumah, Kwame, 16Nonaligned Conference, Lusaka, Sept.

1970, 46, 48, 57North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO):European role in, 6Israeli military intervention in

Jordan, 290, 303, 315Reforger exercise, 318

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)—Continued

Soviet military presence in theMediterranean, 11

Soviet threat to, 2U.S. actions in response to conflict in

Jordan, 317, 323Northrop Corporation, 108, 111, 121,

123, 126, 149, 152Northwest Cape, 46, 49Nowfel, Camille, 131, 132, 151, 155, 161,

191Noyes, James H., 111, 165, 303


U.S. military aid to Israel, 312U.S. military aid to Jordan, 326U.S. strategies for deterring Soviet

intervention in Jordan, 317Nuclear energy detection stations, 46Nuclear Proliferation Treaty, 3Nuclear weapons:

Indian Ocean as zone free of, 46, 48,58, 67

Introduction into Middle East, 2Soviet use of, 3

Nu’man, Ahmad Mohammad, 184, 186

Nu’man, Isma’il Sa’id, 171Numeyri, Gaafar, 263, 271, 272, 303,

322, 328Nutter, G. Warren:

Desalting, 9Diego Garcia, 40Indian Ocean, 50, 58Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan, 254, 290, 303Middle East, 13Saudi Arabia, 156, 159U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Nyerere, Julius, 41

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 4, 9, 12

Oehlert, Benjamin H., Jr., 8Office of Saline Water (OSW), 35Office of the Secretary of Defense

(OSD), 69Oil (see also Arab American Oil

Company (ARAMCO);Organization of PetroleumExporting Countries (OPEC)):

Arab need for sales of, 23

Oil—ContinuedBalance of payments support from

U.S. control in Middle East of,130, 133, 169

Corporate producer agreements:Abu Dhabi, 94Algeria, 164Iran, 21, 72, 94, 96Iraq, 94, 164Kuwait, 94, 164Libya, 94, 96, 148, 164OPEC, 94, 96, 148, 164, 168Qatar, 94Saudi Arabia, 94, 148, 164Venezuela, 96

Gulf state revenues from, 140Japanese need for, 77, 148Persian Gulf production of, 82Production controls on, 164Revenues from, 94, 140Saudi aid payments in, 148Saudi barter arrangements with

Eastern Europe, 133Saudi-U.S. oil relations, 164, 166, 168,

169U.S. purchase from Saudi Arabia of,

131U.S. security interests in Middle East

sources of, 2U.S. suppliers of, 168, 169Western European demand for, 148

Okhrana, 127Oman (see also Dhofar; Oman subentries

under other subjects), 93Assessment of situation in, 36BCCI subsidiary in, 34British military aid and sales to, 198Buraimi dispute, 122Dhofar guerrilla movement, 152, 158India, relations with, 106Iranian influence in, 72Iranian technical aid to, 191Japan, relations, with, 106Jordanian technical aid to, 191Jordanian troops in, 117Oil revenues, 94Pakistan, relations with, 106Saudi Arabia, relations with, 87, 132,

153, 158, 189Saudi economic and military aid and

sales to, 36, 117, 191Saudi role in, U.S. position, 152, 159Soviet Union, relations with, 36UAE, relations with, 87

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Oman—ContinuedUnited Kingdom, relations with, 87United States, relations with, 87, 106,

113, 191U.S. arms sales policy toward, 120Yemen PDR–U.S. relations, 194

Operation Scrounge, 267Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD), 169Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC) (see also Oil), 94,96, 148, 164, 168

Oss, Majid al-, 141

Pachachi, Nadhim, 72Packard, David M.:

Hijackings, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 42, 50, 58, 59Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan:

British-U.S. talks on, 249Israeli air strikes on Syrian forces,

290, 291Israeli ground forces in, 297, 299Israeli military intervention in, 303,


Palestinians, 254, 256, 260, 313Syrian military intervention in, 281,

307U.S. military aid to, 326U.S. military intervention in, 264,

267Withdrawal of Syrian forces from,

318Middle East military planning, 13Naval force development in Saudi

Arabia, 144, 157Prince Fahd’s visit, 130U.S. evaluation of Saudi defense

planning, 144U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Paganelli, Robert P., 7Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza:

ARAMCO oil offtake, 128Bahrain, 127Gulf islands dispute, 84, 96

Compromise proposal, 99Federation of Arab Amirates

formation and, 98, 100London formula, 105Saudi role in, 153

Iran as U.S. oil supplier, 169

Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza—ContinuedIranian claims on Gulf States, 72Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

254, 259, 260Assessment of, 271, 274Israeli air attacks on Syrian forces,

290, 291Responses to, 256U.S. bases in Iran, 267

Middle East neutralization proposal,189

Nixon’s greetings to, 32Saudi-Iranian relations, 160, 161Visit to Washington, Oct. 1969, 74,

132YAR-Iranian relations, 198

Pakistan (see also Pakistan and Pakistanisubentries under other subjects):

Abu Dhabi Air Force arrangementswith, 121, 122

Bahrain, relations with, 81CENTO, 8, 28, 33Civil war in, 29Desalting, 9Indian Islamic summit role, 10Indo-Pakistani War, 36, 65, 69, 70,

122Oman, relations with, 106People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 28, 57Persian Gulf leadership role for, 122Political situation, 6Saudi Arabia, relations with, 133U.S. basing arrangements with, 43U.S. military aid and sales, 21

Palestine:Red Crescent organization, 239Refugees, 3, 127, 131Saudi policy toward, 151Saudi-U.S. relations as affected by,

133Palestine Liberation Army (see also

Fedayeen), 317, 322Palestine Liberation Organization

(PLO):Creation of liberated area in northern

Jordan, 263Fatah merger with, 7Islamic summit role of, 10Kuwaiti aid to, 18Meeting in response to Jordan

conflict, 248Moroccan aid to, 18PFLP expulsion from, 234

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Palestinian-Jordanian conflict. See underJordan.

Palestinians, 36Parmenter, William, 58Parsons, Tony, 100, 117, 125Paul VI, Pope, 240Peace Corps, 133, 184, 198Pederson, Richard F., 3, 72, 83Pelletreau, Robert H., 112People’s Republic of China (see also

People’s Republic of Chinasubentries under other subjects):

Greece, relations with, 151Indian Ocean actions of, 47, 57, 58India, relations with, 65Iran, relations with, 151Italy, relations with, 151Kuwait, relations with, 36Lebanon, relations with, 151Nixon visit (1972), 32Pakistan, relations with, 28, 57Philippines, relations with, 151Sri Lanka, relations with, 151Syria, relations with, 16Tanzania, relations with, 57Turkey, relations with, 151Yemen Arab Republic, relations with,

158Yemen PDR, relations with, 151, 158,

160, 181Peres, Shimon, 239Perim Island, 196Persian Gulf (see also Gulf islands

dispute):Arab-Israeli dispute’s effect on, 76, 82British-Iranian talks, 88British-U.S. talks on, 72, 84, 86, 88, 117British views on issues in, 93, 101British withdrawal from, 6

Bahraini position, 81British policy on, 98British role following, 93, 117, 120Conservative Party reevaluation of,

85, 93Implementation of, 112Iranian position, 85Leadership roles after, 122Saudi position, 140Soviet response to, 140U.S. planning for, 13, 82, 83, 96

CENTO assessment of the situationin, 36

CIA views toward, 75, 96, 122Domino theory as applied to, 101

Persian Gulf—ContinuedIranian-Arab conflict in, 72, 80Iranian economic aid to states in, 103Iranian views on issues in, 101Iraqi objective in, 88, 122Israeli views on issues in, 101Japanese role in, 83Jordanian role in, 117Jordanian views on issues in, 101Limitations on U.S. action in, 82NATO role in, 83Oil production in, 82Oil settlement, Feb. 1971, 94Palestinian residents of, 82Regional security arrangement

proposal, 74Revolutionary movements in, 122Rogers’s visit to, 118Saudi-Iranian cooperation in, 82,

119Saudi policy in, 72, 95, 101Soviet interests in, 82, 88, 96, 101, 116,

122U.S. policy in:

Arms sales, 82, 117, 119, 120IG papers on, 76, 82NSDM 92, 91, 102, 113NSSM 66, 73, 89Options for, 89Saudi Arabia as factor in, 158Support for “chosen instrument”

in, 82, 89U.S. embassy in Iran views toward,

77U.S. presence in, 82, 83, 89, 101, 122U.S. role in, 24, 99

Petromin, 133, 148, 164Phantom fighters, 129, 137, 141, 174Pharaon, Rashid, 127, 151Philippines, 151Pickering, Thomas, 50Podgorny, Nikolai V., 187Political parties:

Arab Nationalist Movement(Bahrain), 36, 122

Arab Nationalist Movement (SaudiArabia), 133

Arab Socialist Union (UAR), 16Ba’ath (Bahrain), 36, 122Ba’ath (Iraq), 116, 253Ba’ath (Saudi Arabia), 133Ba’ath (Syria), 16Conservative (UK), 85Democratic (U.S.), 291, 318

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Political parties—ContinuedFront for the Liberation of South

Yemen (FLOSY), 182Labour (UK), 85National Front (Yemen PDR), 171,

172, 182National Liberation Front (Saudi

Arabia), 133National Liberation Front-Bahrain

(NLF–B), 36, 122National Unity Front (NUF) (South

Yemen), 36, 183, 187, 196Popular Front for Liberation of the

Occupied Arab Gulf (PFLOAG),36, 101, 117, 122

Republican (U.S.), 318South Arabian League (SAL) (Yemen

PDR), 182Popular Front for the Liberation of

Palestine (PFLP) (see alsoFedayeen):

Arab support for, 203Arab views toward, 211, 227Demands of hijackers in Jordan:

Initial statements, 205, 209Israeli acceptance of prisoner

release “in principle,” 243, 245,246

PFLP counter-proposal, 221, 222,224

Release of European-heldprisoners, 246

Expulsion from PLO, 234Fedayeen views toward, 227ICRC search for valid negotiator

from, 324Iraqi collusion with, 229Kuwaiti demonstrations by, 27Lebanese representative as channel,

326Tapline sabotage, 133Tension among hijackers, 225Threat if hostages harmed to, 210,

213, 219Ultimatum to Swiss Government,

202Zayn as intermediary in talks, 277

Portugal, 25Pranger, Robert J., 78, 135

Hijackings, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 50, 58, 64Jordan:


Pranger, Robert J.—ContinuedJordan—Continued




intervention in, 317Persian Gulf, 83Soviet and U.S. naval interests in

Indian Ocean, 46U.S. Mediterranean policy, 22U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Pravda, 264Proctor, Edward, 9, 83Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 127Proxmire, William, 40

Qabus bin Taymoor, Sultan, 36, 72Dhofar guerrilla movement, 152, 158Palace coup by, 87, 106, 122

Qadhafi, Muammar:Boumediene tensions with, 18Cancelled visit to Yemen, Sept. 1971,

186Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

263, 271, 272, 280Libyan military aid and sales to YAR,

196Mediterranean-area foreign military

bases, proposed elimination of,31

Nationalization of BP interests inLibya, 112

overthrow of King Idris, 11, 130Qatar (see also Federation of Arab

Amirates (FAA); Qatar and Qatarisubentries under other subjects):

Arab League membership for, 112Assessment of situation in, 36, 117CIA views toward, 122Deposing of ruler of, possible, 113,

122Economic situation, 94As FAA (or UAE) member, 72, 90, 98,

100Independence for, 101, 104, 158Oil company agreements with, 94Oil revenues, 140Saudi Arabia, relations with, 158Soviet Union, relations with, 36UAE, relations with, 117

Index 955


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Qatar—ContinuedUN membership for, 91, 98, 112U.S. diplomatic recognition of, 102, 113

Qawassim, 72Quemoy, 318

Rabin, Yitzhak:British military intervention in

Jordan, 288Desalting, 9, 35Hijackings, 215Israeli military intervention in

Jordan:Air strikes on Syrian forces, 281,

283, 285, 287, 289, 290Ground forces, 292, 293, 299U.S.-Israeli discussions on, 283,

287, 289, 301, 302Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304, 307, 312Sisco-Rabin conversations on, 301,

302, 304, 306, 307, 308Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

260, 262Syrian battles with Jordanian forces,

304, 313U.S. commitments to Israel, 327U.S.-Israeli relations, 3

Ramsbotham, Peter, 107Ras al-Khaimah:

Delay in joining UAE, 103, 109, 112,113

As FAA member, 72, 98Foreign financial aid to, 122Gulf island dispute, 84, 88, 98, 104,

107, 112Iraqi influence in, 122Request for U.S. support, 109Saudi aid for road building, 158Union with Oman, possible, 122

Rashid bin Saeed Al Makhtoum, Shaikhof Dubai, 34, 72, 79, 117

Raytheon Corporation:Arms sales to Kuwait, 111, 123Cross-border weapons compatibility,

108Hawk missile program, 152, 162Khashoggi’s association with, 162Saudi Arabian operations of, 133Saudi National Guard reorganization

and reequipment, 156, 165, 169Refugees:

Palestinian, 3, 9, 127, 131, 286Yemeni, 197

Reindeer Station Project, 42, 44Richardson, Elliot L., 3, 9, 78, 178Rifai, Zaid:


311, 316Jordan’s request for field hospitals,

270Request for U.S./Israeli/British

military intervention, 281, 282,307

UNSC meeting on Jordan crisis, 276Robinson, Adm. R.C., 260, 264, 303


U.S. military aid to Israel, 312U.S. military aid to Jordan, 326U.S. strategies for deterring Soviet

intervention in Jordan, 317Rochat, Andre:

Arrival in Amman of, 209Departure from Jordan of, 239, 244Extension of hijackers’ deadline, 215,

216, 218First round of talks by, 213, 214ICRC convoy stopped by fedayeen,

230PFLP counter-proposal, 221, 224Tension among hijackers, 225

Rockefeller, Nelson A., 23Rockefeller Foundation, 198Rockwell, Stuart W., 72Rodman, Peter W., 76, 83, 89, 312, 317Rogers, William P., 135, 276, 324

Arab-Israeli dispute, 1, 15, 18Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18British arms sales to South Africa, 53CENTO, 21, 32, 33Desalting, 5, 14Diego Garcia, 37Federation of Arab Amirates, 98Gulf islands dispute, 105Hijackings:

Appeal for intercession by Arabstates, 211, 213

Conversations with Kissinger on,227, 231

Meetings with Nixon on, 209Meeting with ambassadors on

prisoner release, 207, 234Passengers removed to hotels, 231

Indian Ocean, 41, 42, 54As area free of major-power

competition, 55, 57, 58, 62, 68

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Rogers, William P.—ContinuedIsraeli military intervention in Syria,

307Jordan:

Hussein’s request for militaryintervention, 285

Hussein strike against fedayeen,possible, 217

Israeli air strikes on Syrian forces,287, 318

Israeli ground forces in, 292, 293,294, 295, 298, 299, 300

Jordanian army’s move againstPalestinians, 256, 257, 258, 260,261

Messages to Soviets on, 311Soviet views on conflict in, 272Statement to Hussein, 280Syrian military intervention in, 275,


318Middle East, 3Oman, 106Persian Gulf, 72, 86, 91, 113, 120Saudi Arabia:

National Guard reorganization andreequipment, 165, 167

Naval force development in, 157Prince Fahd’s visit, 130, 131, 134Sultan visit to United States, June

1972, 161United States, relations with, 136,

168United Arab Emirates (UAE), 106U.S. Mediterranean policy, 19, 26Visits:

Egypt, Saudi Arabia, May 1971,149, 159, 184

Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen, July 1972,117, 118

Yemen, July 1972, 193Yemen Arab Republic, 173, 178, 184,

189Yemen People’s Democratic Republic,

175Rohan, Denis Michael, 10Romania, 133Rosier, Air Marshall Frederick, 6Rostow, Eugene, 83Rubayya’, Salim, 172, 176Ruiz, Aldelmo, 198Rush, Kenneth, 167Russell, Richard, 39, 299, 303

Sabah al-Salem al Sabah, Emir, 72, 116,140

Sabbaugh, Isa, 151Sa’d al-’Abdullah al-Salim al Sabah,

Shaykh, 108, 121, 123Sadat, Anwar:

Anti-Soviet actions of, 31Arab-Israeli dispute, 153Saudi-Egyptian relations, 153, 160,

161, 189Suez Canal, 155

Sa’id bin Taymoor, Sultan of Oman, 87,122

Saint George, Rear Adm. William, 50,58

Saiqah, 272Saladin, 253Sansom, Robert, 50Saqqaf, Sayyid Omar:


Federation of Arab Amirates, 99Iranian claims on Bahrain, 127Prince Fahd’s visit to United States,

131, 132Saudi military planning against

Yemen People’s DemocraticRepublic, 147

U.S. arms sales to Israel, 141U.S. military aid and sales to YAR,

197Yemen PDR, 181, 183, 188

Saqr bin Mohammed al Qassimi,Sheikh of Ras al-Khaimah, 113

Saragat, Giuseppe, 226Saudi Arabia (see also Saudi Arabia and

Saudi subentries under othersubjects):

Abu Dhabi, territorial dispute with,36, 88, 93, 95, 122, 125, 158, 159,191

Algeria, relations with, 140Arabian Peninsula role of, 158Bahrain, relations with, 81, 99British military training and sales to,

133, 137, 156, 162, 165Communism in, 161Country Policy Statement on, 133,

135Defense planning by, 142, 144, 152Eastern Europe oil barter

arrangements with, 133Economic situation, 128, 131, 133,

140, 152

Index 957


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Saudi Arabia—ContinuedEconomic situation—Continued

CIA paper on, 148Oil wealth, 94, 169

Emergency relief for Jordan via, 332,333

Ethiopia, relations with, 133Fedayeen funded by, 7France, trade with, 140French military training and sales to,

133, 137, 162, 165Internal development in, 131, 133,

140, 148, 149Internal security situation:

Iranian position, 135Moroccan position, 135Prospects for the post-Faisal era,

146, 153U.S. position, 133, 135, 146

Iran, relations with:Bahrain claim by Iran, 127Joint military aid and sales to

Yemen, 189Obstacles in, 76, 82, 140Saudi position, 132, 160U.S. position, 96, 159, 161Zahedi-Faisal talks, 88

Iraq, relations with, 181Japanese role in, 83Jerusalem’s status, 127, 133, 147, 149,

151Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

264, 274Kuwait, relations with, 161Military situation:

Growth in military expenditures,134

Military manpower deficit, 159National Guard reorganization and

reequipment, 156, 162, 165,167, 169

Naval force development, 136, 137,138, 140, 142, 144, 145, 152, 157

NIE: “The Outlook for Saudi Arabia,”140

Oil company agreements with, 94,148, 164

Oman, relations with, 87, 133, 152,158, 189

Pakistan, relations with, 133Palestinian residents of, 147Persian Gulf leadership role for,

122PFLP sabotage of Tapline, 133

Saudi Arabia—ContinuedPolicy Analysis and Recommended

Action (PARA) paper on, 152,158

Political situation, 133Post-Faisal regime prospects, 153Qatar, relations with, 158Regionalism in, 133Spanish military sales to, 165Succession question, 153Syria, relations with, 181UAE, relations with, 133, 158, 191UAR, relations with, 153, 159, 160,

161UAR airdrop of weapons to rebels in,

1964, 161United Kingdom, relations with, 86United States, relations with:

ARAMCO offtake problem, 128,136

Cooperation efforts, 160, 161Fahd’s visit, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136Faisal’s unrealistic attitudes, 147Nixon Doctrine, 139Oil issues, 164, 166, 168, 169Palestine issue, 133

U.S. economic aid to, 133, 152U.S. military aid and sales to, 135

Aircraft purchases, 137, 152Ex-Im Bank financing, 145, 163Payment equalization for weapons

purchases, 131, 136U.S. military presence in, 82U.S. Military Training Mission in, 133U.S. policy on, 133, 152Yemen Arab Republic, relations with,

117, 179, 180Yemen People’s Democratic Republic,

relations with, 133Saudi military planning, 140, 147U.S. position, 171, 181Wadia attack, 137Yemen PDR position, 171

Saud ibn Abdul Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman Al Saud, King of SaudiArabia, 161, 165

Saunders, Harold H., 54, 202CENTO, 6, 21, 107Desalting, 9, 12Diego Garcia, 38, 52Fahd’s visits to United States, 132,

134, 155Federation of Arab Amirates, 98, 99Gulf islands dispute, 98

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Saunders, Harold H.—ContinuedHijackings, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 48, 50, 58, 70Israeli military intervention in Syria,

304Jordan:

Israeli air strikes on Syrian forces,290

Israeli military intervention in, 303Jordanian army’s move against

Palestinians, 254, 260Soviet military intervention in, U.S.

strategies for deterrence of, 317Syrian military intervention in, 281U.S. military aid to, 326U.S. military intervention in, 264,


322Lebanon, 326Middle East, 2, 3Nixon’s oral message to King Faisal,

143Persian Gulf, 72, 76, 83, 89, 93, 118Saudi aircraft purchases, 149Saudi-Iranian relations, 189Saudi-Jordanian relations, 189Sultan’s visit to United States, June

1972, 159, 160U.S. commitments to Israel, 327U.S. Mediterranean policy, 22U.S. military aid to Israel, 312U.S.-Saudi oil relations, 168Yemen-Saudi relations, 180

SAVAK, 72Scandinavia, 83Scheel, Alex, 313Schiff, Stanley D., 28, 29, 68, 152Schlesinger, James, 9, 58Schneider, David, 56Scotes, Thomas J., 124, 211, 234, 243,

244, 271Scott, Hugh, 291Seaborg, Glen T., 5, 14Seelye, Talcott W., 200, 201, 208, 211,

234, 237, 243, 244, 245, 249, 268,271, 279, 321, 324, 329

Israeli military intervention inJordan, 303


Lebanon, 326Syrian military intervention in

Jordan, 281

Seelye, Talcott W.—ContinuedU.S. military aid to Israel, 312U.S. military aid to Jordan, 326U.S. strategies for deterring Soviet

intervention in Jordan, 317Selassie, Haile, 31Selden, Armistead I., Jr., 61, 69, 114, 157Senate, U.S.:

Baker Resolution, 4Case Resolution, 118Foreign Relations Committee, 4, 113,

157Senior Review Group meetings:

Sept. 23, 1969, 9May 21, 1970, 22June 5, 1970, 83Nov. 26, 1970 (cancelled), 91Dec. 9, 1970, 50Apr. 22, 1971, 56, 58, 59Aug. 11, 1971, 59Oct. 6, 1971, 59, 61, 64

Seychelles, 36, 37, 43, 52Shaabi, Faisal Abd al-Latif al-, 172Sha’abi, Qahtan Mohammed al-, 171,

172, 174Shakespeare, Frank, 9, 22, 83, 91, 159,

261Sharaf, Abdul Hamid, 18, 211, 234Sharjah, 36, 72

Assassination of ruler, 113As FAA (or UAE) member, 72, 98Fujairah fight over farmland with,

122Gulf island dispute, 84, 88, 98, 104,

107, 112Saudi aid for road building, 158

Sharm el-Sheikh, 151Shatt al-Arab dispute, 82Ship submersible ballistic nuclear

(SSBN) submarines, 59, 61, 69Shultz, George, 120Sieverts, Frank, 326Sikes, Robert L.F., 39Simonstown Agreement, 41Sinai Peninsula, 2Singapore, 41, 46, 50, 57Singh, Dinesh, 38Sirri Island, 72Sisco, Joseph J., 7, 79, 104, 130, 138,

139, 205, 210, 211, 219, 220, 234,236, 243, 244, 271, 276, 277, 324, 329


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Sisco, Joseph J.—ContinuedArab-Israeli dispute, 15, 118Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Bahrain, 81CENTO, 21, 29, 33Diego Garcia, 37Federation of Arab Amirates, 97,

100Hijackings, 232, 233

Briefing of Rabin on, 215British-U.S. talks on, 245, 254, 255Meetings with Nixon on, 209PFLP offers on prisoner exchange,

267UN humanitarian presence at

hostage sites, 223Washington Special Actions Group

meetings on, 214, 222Indian Ocean, 50, 68Israeli military intervention in Syria,

301, 302, 304, 307Sisco-Rabin conversations on, 301,

302, 304, 306, 307, 308Jordan:

British-U.S talks on, 249Hussein’s request for military

intervention, 285Israeli military intervention in:

Air strikes on Syrian forces, 283,286, 287, 290

Ground forces, 292, 293, 295, 297,299

Hussein’s reaction to Israeliground forces, 300, 302

Israeli-U.S. discussions on, 301,302

Soviet messages on, 307U.S. as intermediary, 314U.S. questions for Hussein on,


Palestinians, 254, 256, 260, 313

Syrian military intervention in, 281,307

U.S. military aid and sales, 17Withdrawal of Syrian forces from,

318Kuwait, 78Middle East, 3Oman, 191Persian Gulf, 72, 84, 88, 91, 93, 116Ras al-Khaimah, 109Release of AID workers, 192

Sisco, Joseph J.—ContinuedSaudi Arabia:

Country Policy Statement on, 133Ex-Im Bank financing for military

purchases, 163Internal security situation, 135King Faisal’s visit to United States,

May 1971, 151National Guard reorganization and

reequipment, 156, 165Naval force development in, 145Prince Fahd’s visits to United

States, 131, 155Sultan’s visit to United States, June

1972, 161, 191United States, relations with, 136

U.S. commitments to Israel, 327U.S. Mediterranean policy, 26Yemen Arab Republic, 184, 191Yemen People’s Democratic Republic,

171, 175, 181Six-day War, June 1967, 133Smith, Gerard, 70Smith, K. Wayne, 54

Indian Ocean, 45, 48, 50, 51, 57, 58, 59Kuwait arms purchase eligibility, 92

Smith, R. Jack, 22Smith, Walter B., II, 84, 223, 266Sober, Sidney, 8Socotra Island, 61, 181Somalia, 31, 36, 52Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 54

British arms sales to South Africa, 53Indian Ocean, 50, 58, 59, 61, 70Jordan, 265, 273Moscow summit agenda items for, 70Persian Gulf, 100U.S. Mediterranean policy, 22

South Africa:Arms embargo against, 53British arms sales to, 41, 45, 53, 57British base agreement, 41Indian Ocean role of, 42, 50U.S. aircraft sales to, 318U.S. military cooperation with, 46U.S. opening of Diego Garcia facility,

52South Arabia, Federation of (see also

Yemen, People’s DemocraticRepublic of), 140

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization(SEATO), 46, 50, 161

South Yemen, People’s Republic of. SeeYemen, People’s DemocraticRepublic of.

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Soviet Union (see also Soviet and SovietUnion subentries under othersubjects):

Algeria, relations with, 20Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Bahrain, relations with, 36, 81Kuwait, relations with, 36Libya, relations with, 20Mediterranean military presence, 11Middle East covert activity of, 31Morocco, relations with, 20Naval policy, 47, 50, 51Oman, relations with, 36Qatar, relations with, 36Strategic force increase, 58Tunisia, relations with, 20UAE, relations with, 116, 125, 158U.S. opening of Diego Garcia facility,

52Yemen Arab Republic, relations with,

187Yemen People’s Democratic Republic,

relations with, 172Sowayel, Ibrahim Abd Allah al-, 131,

132, 151, 161, 164, 191Spain, 262

Alliance with Portugal and Morocco,proposed, 25

Military capabilities of, 26Saudi arms purchases from, 165United States, relations with, 24U.S. base agreement with, 318

Spain, James W., 8Special National Intelligence Estimates:

34–70 “Iran’s International Position,”96

36.7–71 “South Yemen,” 182Spiers, Ronald I., 13, 37, 58, 61, 139Springsteen, George, 323Sri Lanka:

Indian Ocean, 36Indo-Pakistani War (1971), 65Peace zone resolution of, 48, 55, 59,

60, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69People’s Republic of China policy

toward, 58Rebellion in, 32Rogers’s visit to, 117Soviet policy toward, 58U.S. basing arrangements with, 43U.S. opening of Diego Garcia facility,

52Stackhouse, Heywood, 124, 306Stalin, Joseph, 20

Standard Oil of California, 169Standard Oil of New Jersey, 169Stans, Maurice H., 150Stein, Robert A., 8, 188, 190, 192Stennis, John, 303Stewart, Michael, 21, 38Stoddart, Jonathan D., 71Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., 71Stoltzfus, William A.:

As ambassador to Gulf states, 113Kuwaiti aircraft purchases, 123, 124,

126Saudi support of Yemen PDR rebels,

179Saudi-UAR relations, 191U.S. military aid and sales to Israel,

129Straits of Tiran, 127, 133Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT),

58, 68Strauss, Lewis, 4Strausz-Hupe, Robert, 56, 59Sudan, 31, 130, 151, 193, 280Suez Canal:

Attacks on Israel across, possible,247, 265, 301

Closure of, 94Freedom of navigation through, 127Implications for, 30Reopening of:

Prospects for, 13Saudi position, 151Soviet navy as affected by, 46, 50UAR position, 155

Sukarno, 16Sultan ibn Abd al-Aziz al Saud, Prince:

Abu Dhabi-Saudi territorial dispute,159, 191

Aircraft purchases, 137, 149, 152Kuwaiti arms purchases, 126National Guard reorganization and

reequipment, 156, 162, 165Naval force development, 136, 142,

144, 157Oman, 117Saudi military planning against

Yemen People’s DemocraticRepublic, 147

Throckmorton visit to Saudi Arabia,130

U.S. evaluation of Saudi defenseplanning, 144

Visits:Kuwait, Dec. 1972, 126

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Sultan ibn Abd al-Aziz al Saud,Prince—Continued

Visits—ContinuedUnited States, June 1972, 159, 160,

161, 169, 191Yemen Arab Republic, 191, 195, 197Yemen PDR, 182, 183, 188

Supersonic Transport (SST), 58Surge capabilities, 69Sutherland, Peter A., 208Suweidi, Ahmad, 79Swinkel, Rudolph, 241Switzerland:

Bern meeting on PFLPcounterproposal, 222, 224

Common front against hijackers,efforts toward, 213, 216, 233, 267

Palestinian prisoners in, 202, 203Symington, Stuart, 39Symmmes, Harrison M., 246Syria (see also Syria and Syrian

subheading under other subjects):Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Cairo Agreement, Sept. 27, 1970, 332Islamic summit, 10Israeli military intervention in:

Air strikes, 299Jordanian position, 311, 315Sisco-Rabin conversations on, 301,

302, 304, 306, 307, 308U.S. position, 302U.S. response to Israeli questions

on, 311, 312, 313People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 16Saudi Arabia, relations with, 181Soviet influence in, 2, 22Tapline transit fee increases, 148United Kingdom, relations with,

110U.S. plan to overthrow Government

of, 127

Tanzania, 57Tariq bin-Timur al-Said, 87Tasca, Henry J., 26TASS, 264, 304Texaco, 169Thacher, Nicholas G., 131

Federation of Arab Amirates, 97Persian Gulf, 88Saudi Arabia:

Aircraft purchases, 152Military manpower deficit, 159

Thacher, Nicholas G.—ContinuedSaudi Arabia—Continued

National Guard reorganization andreequipment, 156, 162, 165, 167

Naval force development in, 145,157

Nixon’s oral message to KingFaisal, 143

United Arab Emirates (UAE), 104Yemen Arab Republic, 195, 197Yemen PDR, 171, 188, 194

Thant, U, 223Thomson, John, 45, 50, 51, 72Thornton, Thomas P., 22, 58, 61, 93Thowaini, Maj. Gen. Abdul-Latif al-,

108Throckmorton, Gen. John, 43, 130, 222Thurmond, Strom, 39Tito, Josip Broz, 3Tobin, Irwin M., 187Tokyo Convention on Offenses and

Certain Other Acts Committed onBoard Aircraft, Sept. 1963, 200

Tomkins, Edward, 72Towel Co., 34Trans-Arabian Pipeline (Tapline), 94,

133, 142, 148Treasury, U.S. Department of, 133Trinka, Frank, 268Trucial Oman Scouts, 72, 86, 93, 97, 98Trucial States. See Federation of Arab

Amirates (FAA); United ArabEmirates (UAE).

Trucial States Development Council, 97Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 6Tunb Islands dispute (see also Gulf

islands dispute):British-Iranian agreement in, 107British-U.S. talks on, 72, 84, 93Iranian occupation, 110, 112, 122Iranian position, 86, 98Kuwaiti position, 80U.S. position, 88, 95, 96

Tunisia:Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Arab summit on Jordan conflict,

Sept. 1970, 280, 312Cairo Agreement, Sept. 27, 1970, 332Soviet Union, relations with, 20United States, relations with, 26, 141

Tural, Gen. Cemal, 6Turkey:

CENTO, 8, 33Hijackings, 212, 213, 215, 222

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Turkey—ContinuedIraq, relations with, 3Jordanian conflict with Palestinians,

254, 264, 267, 274NATO membership for, 6People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 151Soviet influence in Middle East, 2U.S. alliance with, importance of, 22U.S. security interests in, 2, 313

Turki bin Abdul Aziz, Prince, 142Twinam, Joseph W., 88, 93, 104, 109,

111, 112, 115, 117, 125

Udapai, 61Umm al-Qiwain, 72, 90, 98, 107, 122UNIDO, 28United Arab Emirates (UAE) (see also

Federation of Arab Amirates(FAA); individual emirates; UnitedArab Emirates and UAE subentriesunder other subjects):

Agreement on establishment of, 36,103

Iranian position, 104Saudi position, 104U.S. position, 104

Arab League membership for, 112Assessment of situation in, 36BCCI established in, 31Breakup of, potential, 122British post-withdrawal role in, 93,

117CIA views toward, 122Iran, relations with, 36, 122Japanese technical aid to, 83Oman, relations with, 87Qatar, relations with, 117Ras al-Khaimah’s delay in joining,

103, 109, 112, 113Saudi Arabia, relations with, 158, 191Seven-state agreement on formation

of, 103Soviet Union, relations with, 116, 125,

158UN membership for, 112U.S. diplomatic recognition of, 102,

113U.S. military sales to, 115, 163, 197

United Arab Republic (UAR) (see alsoUnited Arab Republic and UARsubheadings under other subjects):

Arab-Israeli dispute, 127Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18

United Arab Republic (UAR)—ContinuedBahraini independence, 102Communist influence on, 151Death of Nasser, 334Israeli attacks on, 141, 299Israeli settlement with, 2Kuwaiti economic aid to, 16, 18Kuwaiti Khartoum agreement

subsidies to, 94Libyan economic aid to, 16Saudi Arabia, relations with, 153, 159,

160, 161, 189Saudi economic aid to, 16, 18Saudi Khartoum agreement subsidies

to, 94, 140, 148Saudi-Yemen PDR border clashes, 176Soviet air missions over, 23Soviet influence in, 2, 16Soviet military aid and sales, 20United States, relations with, 106, 151Yemen-U.S. relations and, 191Yugoslavia, relations with, 3

United Bank (Pakistan), 34United Kingdom (UK) (see also British

subheading under other subjects):Base agreement with South Africa, 41Bern meeting on PFLP

counterproposal, 222, 224CENTO’s changing role, 8Common front against hijackers,

efforts toward, 213, 216, 235, 267Indian ocean role of, 45, 50, 51Iran, relations with, 99, 101Iraq, relations with, 110, 112Oman, relations with, 87Persian Gulf role of, 93Saudi Arabia, relations with, 86Syria, relations with, 110

United Nations (UN):Indian Ocean as area free of major-

power competition, 58, 61, 62, 65,67

Iranian claims on Gulf states, 72, 74Saudi-Yemen PDR border clashes,

175United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP), 184, 193, 198United Nations Security Council

(UNSC):Hijackings:

British position, 206Resolution in opposition to, 218,

219U.S. requests for meetings on, 216

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United Nations Security Council(UNSC)—Continued

Jordan:Call for Syrian withdrawal, 290,

307Cancellation of meeting on, 313Hussein’s request for meeting on,

282Israeli military intervention in, 303U.S. reluctance to call for meeting

on Syrian intervention, 274,275

U.S. veto of anti-Israel resolutionsover, 315

Lebanese resolutions, 118Persian Gulf islands dispute, 110Resolution 242, 3, 7, 78, 118, 170Resolution 278, 1970, 81Resolution of Nov. 22, 1967 in

support of Israel, 16, 266, 272Urwick, Alan, 72

Vaccaro, Albert A., 208Vakil, Mehdi, 72Van Hollen, Christopher, 28, 58, 61, 83Veliotes, Nicholas, 164Venezuela, 96, 164, 168Viet Cong, 258Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, 68Vietnam War, 15, 21Vogt, Lt. Gen. John W.:


304Jordan:



Syrian military intervention in, 281U.S. military aid to, 326U.S. military intervention in, 267U.S. strategies for deterring Soviet

intervention in, 317U.S. military aid to Israel, 312

Voice of America (VOA), 83Volpe, John A., 209Vorontsov, Yuri:

Israeli military intervention inJordan, 266, 272, 273, 286

Palestinian conflict with Jordan, 220,256

Soviet role in Jordan crisis, 267, 307,317

Wahl, Theodore A., 334Walker, Charles, 61Walsh, John P.:

Federation of Arab Amirates, 97Plebiscites on union with Iran, 72PLFP demonstrations, 27U.S. arms sales to Kuwait, 78, 108, 111

Wampler, Mary, 28Ware, Richard A., 22Warner, Richard E., 56Washington Special Actions Group:

Hijackings, 214, 222, 246, 249Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

254, 260, 264, 267, 273, 275, 281,290, 299, 304, 312, 317, 326

Water development programs. SeeDesalting.

Water for Peace program, 9Watts, William, 72Welander, Rear Adm. Robert O., 61West Bank, 235Western European oil demand, 148Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 1, 3, 6, 19Wheelock, John T., 251Wheelus Air Force Base, 13, 22, 313White, Alfred D., 321Wilford, Michael, 72Wilson, Harold, 85Winspeare Guicciardi, Vittorio, 81Woods, George, 4, 12World Federation of Trade Unions

(WFTU), 31Wrampelmeier, Brooks, 130, 138, 145,

156, 158, 161, 163, 183Kuwaiti arms purchases, 114Saudi National Guard reorganization

and reequipment, 165Wright, Denis, 72, 84, 85

Yamani, Shaikh Ahmad Zaki, 128, 164,166, 168, 169

Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of. SeeYemen Arab Republic.

Yemen, People’s Democratic Republicof (see also South Arabia,Federation of; Yemen People’sDemocratic Republic and YemenPDR subentries under other subjects):

Arab Summit, Dec. 1969, 18Attacks on other Arabian Peninsula

nations by, 159British withdrawal from, 1967, 182German Democratic Republic’s

economic aid to, 182

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Yemen, People’s Democratic Republicof—Continued

Iraqi military aid and sales to, 182Kuwait, relations with, 116Leftist coup, June 1969, 172National Union Front, 181People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 151, 158, 160, 181Saudi Arabia, relations with, 133Saudi border clashes:

Soviet position, 176Wudai’a, 175, 176

Saudi military aid and sales to rebelsin, 152, 153, 179, 181

U.S. position, 188Saudi military planning against, 140,

147Saudi opposition to, 36Saudi policy toward, 182Saudi support for dissidents in, 35Soviet influence in, 2Soviet military aid and sales to, 118,

137Soviet naval bases in, 47Soviet Union, relations with, 158, 160,

172Special National Intelligence Estimate

on, 182Syrian aid to, 182United States, relations with:

AID boxes used in arms shipmentsto rebels, 171, 183

Breaking of, 174Resumption of, 194U.S. position, 171Yemen PDR position, 171

YAR unity talks with, 36, 197Yemen Arab Republic as threatened

by, 193Yemen Arab Republic (see also Yemen

Arab Republic and YAR subentriesunder other subjects):

Arab summit on Jordan conflict, 280British military aid and sales to, 198Civil war:

Saudi position, 127, 133Saudi role in ending of, 158Saudi support for royalists in, 140,

177UAR-Saudi conflict over, 177U.S. position, 177

France, relations with, 170Iran, relations with, 198Kuwaiti economic aid to, 190

Yemen Arab Republic—ContinuedLibyan military aid and sales to, 193,

196People’s Republic of China, relations

with, 158, 180Saudi Arabia, relations with, 117, 179,

180Saudi economic and military aid and

sales to, 99, 148, 185, 192, 195Soviet-PRC conflict in, 117Soviet economic aid to, 180Soviet influence in, 2Soviet Union, relations with, 187, 196UAR military aid and sales to, 196UAR military intervention and

withdrawal from, 118, 161UAR-Saudi dispute over, resolution

of, 7United States, relations with, 149, 158

Release of AID workers, 192Resumption of, 184, 185, 191, 198Rogers-Barakat meeting, 173Rogers’s visit, July 1972, 118, 193U.S. special-interest section

established, 178, 180U.S. economic aid to, 118, 152, 177,

184, 190, 191, 198U.S. military aid and sales to, 197U.S. policy toward, 184Yemen PDR, relations with:

NUF cross-border activities, 187Saudi military aid and sales to

YAR, 195As security threat, 182, 193Sheikh’s assassination by YAR

tribes, 188Threat of war, 196Unity talks, 36, 197U.S.–YAR relations as issue in, 194

Yost, Charles W., 3, 313, 325Yugoslavia, 3

Zahedi, Ardeshir:British-Iranian relations, 101CENTO officials’ meetings with

Nixon, 21Kuwaiti-Iranian relations, 80Persian Gulf islands dispute, 84Saudi-Iranian relations, 88United Arab Emirates (UAE), 104

Zais, Lt. Gen. Melvin, 214, 222, 254, 264Zayid bin Sultan al-Nuhayan, Shaikh of

Abu Dhabi:Assassination of Sharjah ruler, 113

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Zayid bin Sultan al-Nuhayan, Shaikh ofAbu Dhabi—Continued

Bahraini membership in FAA/UAE, 79

As BCCI shareholder, 34Buraimi dispute, 72Conflicts with other UAE rulers,

122Foreign policy failings of, 117Iran-UAE relations, 36, 122Saudi territorial dispute, 122, 125Saudi-UAE relations, 191Soviet-UAE relations, 116, 158As UAE president, 103, 122

Zayid bin Sultan al-Nuhayan, Shaikh ofAbu Dhabi—Continued

U.S. arms sales to UAE, 115, 197Ziegler, Ron, 214

Hijackings, 222, 256, 257Israeli military intervention in

Jordan, 299, 303Jordan’s conflict with Palestinians,

254, 264, 267Syrian military intervention in

Jordan, 281Zionism, 127, 147, 149, 151, 159, 170Zumwalt, Adm. Elmo R., 56Zurhellen, J. Owen, Jr., 254, 278

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