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COMPUTER H RDW RE
Data Representation and Digital
Electronics
Microprocessor Basics Components of Data Processing
I/O Components
Storage Components
Classification of Computers
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Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
Data Representation
converts text, sounds, and images into
electrical signals
Digital Electronics
manipulates simple “on” and “off” signals
to perform complex tasks
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Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
Digital Data Representation
Digital Device
works with discrete - distinct or separate -
data or digits, such as 1 and 0
Analog Device
works with continuous data
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Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
Numeric Data
used in arithmetic operations
inary Number System
has only two (2) digits : 0 and 1
allows computers to represent virtually
any number simply by using 0s and 1s
conveniently translates into electrical “on”
and “off” signals
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Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
Character Data
consists of letters, symbols, and
numerals not used in arithmetic
calculations
represented by a series of bits in a digital
computer
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Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
requires only seven bits for each
character
Extended ASCII
a superset of ASCII
uses eight bits to represent eachcharacter
provides codes for 128 additional
characters
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Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
EBCDIC
Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code
an alternative 8-bit code used by IBM
mainframe computers
UNICODE
provides codes for 65,000 characters and
makes use of 16 bits
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Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
Digital Electronics
bit
binary digit
abbreviated as a lowercase “b”
byte
composed of eight (8) bits
abbreviated as an uppercase “B”
nibble
composed of four (4) bits
a halfway between a little bit and a big
byte
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Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
Motherboard
also known as main board
the computer’s main circuit board
houses all essential chips
provides connecting circuitry between
chips
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Microprocessor basics
Microprocessor
sometimes known as processor
an integrated circuit designed to processinstructions
the most significant component of
computer
usually the most expensive single
component
executes instructions provided by a
computer program
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Microprocessor basics
Instruction Set
list of instructions that a microprocessor
can perform
hardwired into the processor’s circuitry
comprising of basic arithmetic and logical
operations, fetching data, and clearing
registers
Memory
the electronic that holds place for
instructions and data which the
microprocessors can reach quickly
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Components of Data
Processing
Data Processing
a technique of collecting, manipulating,
and distributing data to achieve certain
functions
convert raw data into information for
decision making
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Components of Data
Processing
Computer Systems
a collection of objects, procedures, or
techniques that interact in regulated
manner to form an organized whole
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Components of Data
Processing
Central Processing Unit CPU)
integrates and coordinates overall
operations
composed of three (3) units:
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Components of Data
Processing
Input/Output Subsystem
provides the mechanism for
communications between the CPU and
the outside world input subsystem - reads data and
converts them into electronic pulses
output subsystem - reports the results of
the processing by the CPU
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Components of Data
Processing
Memory Subsystem
also known as the secondary storage”
allows for extra data storage, exceeding
the CPU’s primary storage
an efficient and compact means of sorting
large amount of data, ready for retrieval or
further processing
retrieval time is slower than the primary
storage
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I/O Components
Common I/O Peripherals
Keyboard
Mouse
Monitor
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I/O Components
Hard Disk
Printer
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I/O Components
Other I/O Peripherals
CD/DVD-ROM Drive
Modem
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I/O Components
Sound Card
Scanner
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Storage Components
Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
allows instructions and data to be stored,
changed and retrieved by the user
Read Only Memory (ROM)
allows only readout capability
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Storage Components
Programmable Read Only Memory
(PROM)
enables the user to add special
information to the ROM
Virtual Memory
an imaginary memory area supported by
the software in conjunction with the
hardware
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Storage Components
Mass Storage Components
Floppy Disks
Compact Disc
Digital Versatile Disc
Zip Disk
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Classification of Computers
Microcomputers
small desktop systems with limited I/O
devices
Minicomputer
a general-purpose computing device
Mainframe
a very large and expensive computer
capable of supporting thousands of userssimultaneously
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Classification of Computers
Desktop PCs
medium sized computers
relatively inexpensive and designed forindividual users
Supercomputers
fastest type of computers
employed for specialized applications
weather forecasting
animated graphics
fluid dynamic calculations
nuclear energy research
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Computer Fundamentals
Classification of Computers
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
RISC)
simpler instructions sets
completes a single instruction in a single
cycle of the system clock
Complex Instruction Set Computer
CISC)
completes a task with as little code using
a very little RAM