MELJUN CORTES Computer Hardware

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Computer Fundamentals

Computer Hardware * Property o f STI

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COMPUTER H RDW RE

Data Representation and Digital

Electronics

Microprocessor Basics Components of Data Processing

I/O Components

Storage Components

Classification of Computers


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Data Representation and

Digital Electronics

Data Representation

converts text, sounds, and images into

electrical signals

Digital Electronics

manipulates simple “on” and “off” signals

to perform complex tasks


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Digital Electronics

Digital Data Representation

Digital Device

works with discrete - distinct or separate -

data or digits, such as 1 and 0

Analog Device

works with continuous data


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Digital Electronics

Numeric Data

used in arithmetic operations

inary Number System

has only two (2) digits : 0 and 1

allows computers to represent virtually

any number simply by using 0s and 1s

conveniently translates into electrical “on”

and “off” signals


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Digital Electronics

Character Data

consists of letters, symbols, and

numerals not used in arithmetic

calculations

represented by a series of bits in a digital

computer


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Digital Electronics

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information

Interchange

requires only seven bits for each

character

Extended ASCII

a superset of ASCII

uses eight bits to represent eachcharacter

provides codes for 128 additional

characters


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Digital Electronics

EBCDIC

Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code

an alternative 8-bit code used by IBM

mainframe computers

UNICODE

provides codes for 65,000 characters and

makes use of 16 bits


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Digital Electronics

Digital Electronics

bit

binary digit

abbreviated as a lowercase “b”

byte

composed of eight (8) bits

abbreviated as an uppercase “B”

nibble

composed of four (4) bits

a halfway between a little bit and a big

byte


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Digital Electronics

Motherboard

also known as main board

the computer’s main circuit board

houses all essential chips

provides connecting circuitry between

chips


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Microprocessor basics

Microprocessor

sometimes known as processor

an integrated circuit designed to processinstructions

the most significant component of

computer

usually the most expensive single

component

executes instructions provided by a

computer program


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Microprocessor basics

Instruction Set

list of instructions that a microprocessor

can perform

hardwired into the processor’s circuitry

comprising of basic arithmetic and logical

operations, fetching data, and clearing

registers

Memory

the electronic that holds place for

instructions and data which the

microprocessors can reach quickly


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Components of Data

Processing

Data Processing

a technique of collecting, manipulating,

and distributing data to achieve certain

functions

convert raw data into information for

decision making


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Components of Data

Processing

Computer Systems

a collection of objects, procedures, or

techniques that interact in regulated

manner to form an organized whole


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Components of Data

Processing

Central Processing Unit CPU)

integrates and coordinates overall

operations

composed of three (3) units:


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Components of Data

Processing

Input/Output Subsystem

provides the mechanism for

communications between the CPU and

the outside world input subsystem - reads data and

converts them into electronic pulses

output subsystem - reports the results of

the processing by the CPU


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Components of Data

Processing

Memory Subsystem

also known as the secondary storage”

allows for extra data storage, exceeding

the CPU’s primary storage

an efficient and compact means of sorting

large amount of data, ready for retrieval or

further processing

retrieval time is slower than the primary

storage


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I/O Components

Common I/O Peripherals

Keyboard

Mouse

Monitor


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I/O Components

Hard Disk

Printer


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I/O Components

Other I/O Peripherals

CD/DVD-ROM Drive

Modem


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I/O Components

Sound Card

Scanner


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Storage Components

Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM)

allows instructions and data to be stored,

changed and retrieved by the user

Read Only Memory (ROM)

allows only readout capability


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Storage Components

Programmable Read Only Memory

(PROM)

enables the user to add special

information to the ROM

Virtual Memory

an imaginary memory area supported by

the software in conjunction with the

hardware


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Storage Components

Mass Storage Components

Floppy Disks

Compact Disc

Digital Versatile Disc

Zip Disk


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Microcomputers

small desktop systems with limited I/O

devices

Minicomputer

a general-purpose computing device

Mainframe

a very large and expensive computer

capable of supporting thousands of userssimultaneously


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Desktop PCs

medium sized computers

relatively inexpensive and designed forindividual users

Supercomputers

fastest type of computers

employed for specialized applications

weather forecasting

animated graphics

fluid dynamic calculations

nuclear energy research


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Reduced Instruction Set Computer

RISC)

simpler instructions sets

completes a single instruction in a single

cycle of the system clock

Complex Instruction Set Computer

CISC)

completes a task with as little code using

a very little RAM

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