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8
12 J. Habu and K. Okamura Japanese Archaeology Today: New Developments, Structural Undermining, and Prospects for Disaster Archaeology Junko Habu and Katsuyuki Okamura For the past several decades, rapidly increasing amounts ofexcavation data and new interpretations have characterized archaeological studies in Japan. Nitmerous rescue (salvage) excavations dudng and afterthe 1970s have produced a large body of archaeological data, based on which scholars can test new hypotheses and assert the importance ofstudying the past(see Habu 1989: Habu and Fawcett 1999, 20t)8). Interest in archaeology among the general public of Japan is strong, and new archaeological discoveries have frequently made the front pages ofnewspapers. Today, almost 6000 full-time archaeologists engage in rescue excavation work. However, the flip side of this abundance of archaeological data is the rapid destruction of numerous archaeological sites. fuiihernore, with the slowing of the Japanese economy over the past two decades, it is clear that there will be fewer rescue excavadons in the future. The history of Japanese archaeology up to the 1990s has been reviewed by many scholars (e.g., Barnes and Okita 1999; Bleed 1989; Fawcett 1990, 1995; Habu 1989; Habu and Fawcett 1)90, 1999; 1kava-Smith 1980; Imamura 1996; Pearson 1992; Sasaki 1999). Rather than providing a general summary of the history of Japanese archaeology, this chapter offers an overview of the socio-political contexts of Japanese archaeology over the past several decades, analyzes recent structural changes in rescue work in relation to changing political climates, and discusses the impacts on archaeology of the Great East Japan (orTohoku) Earthquake ofMarch 11, 2011. By presenting these issues, we hope not only to highlight the characteristics of contemporary Japanese archaeology but also address the questions of why we study archaeology and how archaeologists might engage themselves with contemporary social and environmental concerns through their research. 2.1 Japan’s Economic Development and the Dominance of Rescue Excavations Since the l970s, Japanese archaeology has boasted findings ofexceptionally rich archeological data in terms of both their quality and quantity (e.g., Barnes 2015; Habu 1989, 2t)l4a, h; Ikawa-Smith 20t)2; Mizoguchi 201 3). Japan ‘s rapid economic development during and afterthe 1960s resulted in numerous construction projects offreeways, bullet train lines, dams, industrial factory complexes (kogyo danchi), and so-called New Towns (mass-housing developments in the suburbs of large cities such as the Tama New Town in Tokyo). During and after the 1970s, nuclear power plants were added to the list. In many cases, the locations ofthese construction projects overlapped with archaeological sites. The Law for the Protection and Conservation of Cultural Property (Bunkawi I-logo Ho) of Japan requires that all the known archaeological sites on both public and psivate land be excavated before a construction project takes place. This law also states that rescue excavations must he conducted for the entire planned construction area. Although no penalties for the offenders are set by this law, conducting a rescue excavation prior to a construction project became a commonly accepted practice by both public and private developers during and after the l970s. As a result, hundreds of thousands of rescue excavations have been conducted, and tens of thousands of detailed excavation reports have been published. Underlying these practices is the fact that archaeology in Japan is defined as a sub-discipline not of anthropology but, rather, of history, in which every single archaeological site is treated as a reflection of historically unique incidents, not of generalized human behaviors. This perspective takes the position that every single square meter of an archaeological site is different from the rest, thus not allowing any systematic sampling of the planned construction area: the practice is either to excavate everything or to stop the construction. Soil sampling for water-screening is the exception, but the sampling method is often arbitrary. The perspective also takes the position that the results of archaeological excavations in each area should contribute to the residents’ understanding of the unique history of their home town. By the 1970s, many prefectural and municipal governments began to hire specialists in archae ology to systematically conduct these rescue excavations. Subsequently, many of these administrative units restructured their rescue excavation systems and affiliated foundations (caidan ho/in), the main function of which is to conduct rescue excavations, were established separately for individual pre fectures and major cities. Archaeologists who work for prefectural and municipal governments or their affiliated foundations are called “archaeological heritage management (AHM) archaeologists” (maizo btinkazai .cennzo,t shokuin). A positive outcome of this rapid increase in the number of rescue excavations is the accumulation of vast quantities of archaeological data. These data have not only shed new light on our under- standing of prehistoric and historic periods in Japan, but they have also allowed scholars to test cutting-edge archaeological theories with a large body of data (e.g., Habu 2004: Httdson 1999; Mizoguchi 2tX)2, 2t)l 3). Starting in the 1970s, major archaeological discoveries began to be reported on the front pages of newspapers. TV special programs on new archaeological findings received high ratings. The downside of these rescue excavations, however, has also been noted. On paper, rescue excavations are called “record preservation” (kirokti hozon), and archaeologists have argued that it is a type of site preservation because the physical destruction of archaeological sites is inevitable. In reality, however, conducting rescue excavations means site destruction. Is “record preservation” good enough for the goals and practices of archaeology, or is the site itself inherently important? Should the importance of archaeological sites not be discussed in the context of environmental and landscape preservation as a whole? Why do archaeologists end up working so closely with major “general contractors” every time a large-scale ecological devastation occurs in each locality as a result of a mega-colistruction project such as a dam or a nuclear power plant? These are questions that all Japanese archaeologists of our generation have had to face. During the I 970s and 1980s, when the massive wave of land developments swept across the Japanese archi pelago, archaeologists felt that conducting rescue excavations was better than nothing. As time passed, conducting rescue excavations became the job of the majority of Japanese archaeologists. In a few unusual cases, such as the Sannai Mamyama site in Aomoii Prefecture (Habu and fawcett 2008) 2 J. Hahu (>-]) Deparanent of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] K. Okamura Higashi-Yodogawa Research Center, Osaka City Cultural Properties Association, Osaka, Japan e-mail: [email protected] (ç) Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017 J. Habu ci at. feds. f, Handbook t)J East usc! Southeast Asktii Archaeology, DOl 10.1(5)7/978-1-4939-6521-22
Transcript of w2s,:%r - WordPress.com
12J.
Hab
uan
dK.
Oka
mur
a
Jap
anes
eA
rchae
olo
gy
Tod
ay:
New
Dev
elo
pm
ents
,S
truct
ura
lU
nder
min
ing,
and
Pro
spec
tsfo
rD
isas
ter
Arc
hae
olo
gy
Junk
oH
abu
and
Kat
suyu
kiO
kam
ura
For
the
past
seve
ral
deca
des,
rapi
dly
incr
easi
ngam
ount
sof
exca
vati
onda
taan
dne
win
terp
reta
tion
sha
vech
arac
teri
zed
arch
aeol
ogic
alst
udie
sin
Japa
n.N
itm
erou
sre
scue
(sal
vage
)ex
cava
tion
sdu
dng
and
afte
rthe
1970
sha
vepr
oduc
eda
larg
ebo
dyof
arch
aeol
ogic
alda
ta,
base
don
whi
chsc
hola
rsca
nte
stne
why
poth
eses
and
asse
rtth
eim
port
ance
ofst
udyi
ngth
epa
st(s
eeH
abu
1989
:Hab
uan
dF
awce
tt19
99, 2
0t)8
).In
tere
stin
arch
aeol
ogy
amon
gth
ege
nera
lpu
blic
ofJa
pan
isst
rong
,an
dne
war
chae
olog
ical
disc
over
ies
have
freq
uent
lym
ade
the
fron
t pag
esof
new
spap
ers.
Tod
ay, a
lmos
t 600
0fu
ll-t
ime
arch
aeol
ogis
tsen
gage
inre
scue
exca
vati
onw
ork.
How
ever
,th
efl
ipsi
deof
this
abun
danc
eof
arch
aeol
ogic
alda
tais
the
rapi
dde
stru
ctio
nof
num
erou
sar
chae
olog
ical
site
s.fu
iih
ern
ore
,w
ith
the
slow
ing
ofth
eJa
pane
seec
onom
yov
erth
epa
sttw
ode
cade
s,it
iscl
ear
that
ther
ew
illbe
few
erre
scue
exca
vado
nsin
the
futu
re.
The
hist
ory
ofJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
yup
toth
e19
90s
has
been
revi
ewed
bym
any
scho
lars
(e.g
.,B
arne
san
dO
kita
1999
;B
leed
1989
;F
awce
tt19
90,
1995
;H
abu
1989
;H
abu
and
Faw
cett
1)90
,19
99;
1kav
a-S
mit
h19
80;
Imam
ura
1996
;P
ears
on19
92;
Sas
aki
1999
).R
athe
rth
anpr
ovid
ing
age
nera
lsu
mm
ary
of
the
hist
ory
ofJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
y,th
isch
apte
rof
fers
anov
ervi
ewof
the
soci
o-po
liti
cal
cont
exts
ofJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
yov
erth
epa
stse
vera
lde
cade
s,an
alyz
esre
cent
stru
ctur
alch
ange
sin
resc
uew
ork
inre
lati
onto
chan
ging
poli
tica
lcl
imat
es,
and
disc
usse
sth
eim
pact
son
arch
aeol
ogy
ofth
eG
reat
Eas
tJa
pan
(orT
ohok
u)E
arth
quak
eof
Mar
ch11
,20
11.
By
pres
enti
ngth
ese
issu
es,
we
hope
not
only
tohi
ghli
ght
the
char
acte
rist
ics
ofco
ntem
pora
ryJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
ybu
tal
soad
dres
sth
equ
esti
ons
ofw
hyw
est
udy
arch
aeol
ogy
and
how
arch
aeol
ogis
tsm
ight
enga
geth
emse
lves
wit
hco
ntem
pora
ryso
cial
and
envi
ronm
enta
lco
ncer
nsth
roug
hth
eir
rese
arch
.
2.1
Jap
an’s
Eco
nom
icD
evel
op
men
tan
dth
eD
om
inan
ceo
fR
escu
eE
xcav
atio
ns
Sin
ceth
el9
70s,
Japa
nese
arch
aeol
ogy
has
boas
ted
find
ings
ofex
cept
iona
lly
rich
arch
eolo
gica
lda
tain
term
sof
both
thei
rqu
alit
yan
dqu
anti
ty(e
.g.,
Bar
nes
2015
;H
abu
1989
,2t
)l4a
,h;
Ikaw
a-S
mit
h20
t)2;
Miz
oguc
hi20
13)
. Jap
an‘s
rapi
dec
onom
icde
velo
pmen
t dur
ing
and
afte
rthe
1960
sre
sult
edin
num
erou
s
cons
truc
tion
proj
ects
offr
eew
ays,
bull
ettr
ain
line
s,da
ms,
indu
stri
alfa
ctor
yco
mpl
exes
(kog
yoda
nchi
),an
dso
-cal
led
New
Tow
ns(m
ass-
hous
ing
deve
lopm
ents
inth
esu
burb
sof
larg
eci
ties
such
asth
eT
ama
New
Tow
nin
Tok
yo).
Dur
ing
and
afte
rth
e19
70s,
nucl
ear
pow
erpl
ants
wer
ead
ded
toth
elis
t.In
man
yca
ses,
the
loca
tion
soft
hes
eco
nstr
ucti
onpr
ojec
tsov
erla
pped
wit
har
chae
olog
ical
site
s.T
heL
awfo
rth
eP
rote
ctio
nan
dC
onse
rvat
ion
ofC
ultu
ral
Pro
pert
y(B
unka
wi
I-lo
goH
o)of
Japa
nre
quir
esth
atal
lth
ekn
own
arch
aeol
ogic
alsi
tes
onbo
thpu
blic
and
psiv
ate
land
beex
cava
ted
befo
rea
cons
truc
tion
proj
ect
take
spl
ace.
Thi
sla
wal
sost
ates
that
resc
ueex
cava
tion
sm
ust
heco
nduc
ted
for
the
enti
repl
anne
dco
nstr
ucti
onar
ea.
Alt
houg
hno
pena
ltie
sfo
rth
eof
fend
ers
are
set
byth
isla
w,
cond
ucti
nga
resc
ueex
cava
tion
prio
rto
aco
nstr
ucti
onpr
ojec
tbe
cam
ea
com
mon
lyac
cept
edpr
acti
ceby
both
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ede
velo
pers
duri
ngan
daf
ter
the
l970
s.A
sa
resu
lt,
hund
reds
ofth
ousa
nds
ofre
scue
exca
vati
ons
have
been
cond
ucte
d,an
dte
nsof
thou
sand
sof
deta
iled
exca
vati
onre
port
sha
vebe
enpu
blis
hed.
Und
erly
ing
thes
epr
acti
ces
isth
efa
ctth
atar
chae
olog
yin
Japa
nis
defi
ned
asa
sub-
disc
ipli
neno
tof
anth
ropo
logy
but,
rath
er,
ofhi
stor
y,in
whi
chev
ery
sing
lear
chae
olog
ical
site
istr
eate
das
are
flec
tion
ofhi
stor
ical
lyun
ique
inci
dent
s,no
tof
gene
rali
zed
hum
anbe
havi
ors.
Thi
spe
rspe
ctiv
eta
kes
the
posi
tion
that
ever
ysi
ngle
squa
rem
eter
ofan
arch
aeol
ogic
alsi
teis
diff
eren
tfr
omth
ere
st,
thus
not
allo
win
gan
ysy
stem
atic
sam
plin
gof
the
plan
ned
cons
truc
tion
area
:th
epr
acti
ceis
eith
erto
exca
vate
ever
ythi
ngor
tost
opth
eco
nstr
ucti
on.
Soi
lsa
mpl
ing
for
wat
er-s
cree
ning
isth
eex
cept
ion,
but
the
sam
plin
gm
etho
dis
ofte
nar
bitr
ary.
The
pers
pect
ive
also
take
sth
epo
siti
onth
atth
ere
sult
sof
arch
aeol
ogic
alex
cava
tion
sin
each
area
shou
ldco
ntri
bute
toth
ere
side
nts’
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
the
uniq
uehi
stor
yof
thei
rho
me
tow
n.B
yth
e19
70s,
man
ypr
efec
tura
lan
dm
unic
ipal
gove
rnm
ents
bega
nto
hire
spec
iali
sts
inar
chae
olog
yto
syst
emat
ical
lyco
nduc
tth
ese
resc
ueex
cava
tion
s.S
ubse
quen
tly,
man
yof
thes
ead
min
istr
ativ
eun
its
rest
ruct
ured
thei
rre
scue
exca
vati
onsy
stem
san
daf
filia
ted
foun
dati
ons
(cai
dan
ho/in
),th
em
ain
func
tion
ofw
hich
isto
cond
uct
resc
ueex
cava
tion
s,w
ere
esta
blis
hed
sepa
rate
lyfo
rin
divi
dual
pre
fect
ures
and
maj
orci
ties
.A
rcha
eolo
gist
sw
how
ork
for
pref
ectu
ral
and
mun
icip
algo
vern
men
tsor
thei
raf
filia
ted
foun
dati
ons
are
call
ed“a
rcha
eolo
gica
lhe
rita
gem
anag
emen
t(A
HM
)ar
chae
olog
ists
”(m
aizo
btin
kaza
i.c
ennz
o,t
shok
uin)
.A
posi
tive
outc
ome
ofth
isra
pid
incr
ease
inth
enu
mbe
rof
resc
ueex
cava
tion
sis
the
accu
mul
atio
nof
vast
quan
titi
esof
arch
aeol
ogic
alda
ta.
The
seda
taha
veno
ton
lysh
edne
wli
ght
onou
run
der-
stan
ding
ofpr
ehis
tori
can
dhi
stor
icpe
riod
sin
Japa
n,bu
tth
eyha
veal
soal
low
edsc
hola
rsto
test
cutt
ing-
edge
arch
aeol
ogic
alth
eori
esw
ith
ala
rge
body
ofda
ta(e
.g.,
Hab
u20
04:
Htt
dson
1999
;M
izog
uchi
2tX
)2,
2t)l
3).
Sta
rtin
gin
the
1970
s,m
ajor
arch
aeol
ogic
aldi
scov
erie
sbe
gan
tobe
repo
rted
onth
efr
ont
page
sof
new
spap
ers.
TV
spec
ial
prog
ram
son
new
arch
aeol
ogic
alfi
ndin
gsre
ceiv
edhi
ghra
ting
s.T
hedo
wns
ide
ofth
ese
resc
ueex
cava
tion
s,ho
wev
er,
has
also
been
note
d.O
npa
per,
resc
ueex
cava
tion
sar
eca
lled
“rec
ord
pres
erva
tion
”(k
irok
tiho
zon)
,an
dar
chae
olog
ists
have
argu
edth
atit
isa
type
ofsi
tepr
eser
vati
onbe
caus
eth
eph
ysic
alde
stru
ctio
nof
arch
aeol
ogic
alsi
tes
isin
evit
able
.In
real
ity,
how
ever
,co
nduc
ting
resc
ueex
cava
tion
sm
eans
site
dest
ruct
ion.
Is“r
ecor
dpr
eser
vati
on”
good
enou
ghfo
rth
ego
als
and
prac
tice
sof
arch
aeol
ogy,
oris
the
site
itse
lfin
here
ntly
impo
rtan
t?S
houl
dth
eim
port
ance
ofar
chae
olog
ical
site
sno
tbe
disc
usse
din
the
cont
ext
ofen
viro
nmen
tal
and
land
scap
epr
eser
vati
onas
aw
hole
?W
hydo
arch
aeol
ogis
tsen
dup
wor
king
socl
osel
yw
ithm
ajor
“gen
eral
cont
ract
ors”
ever
ytim
ea
larg
e-sc
ale
ecol
ogic
alde
vast
atio
noc
curs
inea
chlo
cali
tyas
are
sult
ofa
meg
a-co
list
ruct
ion
proj
ect
such
asa
dam
ora
nucl
ear
pow
erpl
ant?
The
sear
equ
esti
ons
that
all
Japa
nese
arch
aeol
ogis
tsof
our
gene
rati
onha
veha
dto
face
.D
urin
gth
eI9
70s
and
1980
s,w
hen
the
mas
sive
wav
eof
land
deve
lopm
ents
swep
tac
ross
the
Japa
nese
arch
ipe
lago
,ar
chae
olog
ists
felt
that
cond
ucti
ngre
scue
exca
vati
ons
was
bett
erth
anno
thin
g.A
sti
me
pass
ed,
cond
ucti
ngre
scue
exca
vati
ons
beca
me
the
job
ofth
em
ajor
ity
ofJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
ists
.In
afe
wun
usua
lca
ses,
such
asth
eS
anna
iM
amya
ma
site
inA
omoi
iP
refe
ctur
e(H
abu
and
faw
cett
2008
)
2
J.H
ahu
(>-]
)D
epar
anen
tof
Ant
hrop
olog
y,U
nive
rsity
ofC
alif
orni
a,B
erke
ley,
Ber
kele
y,C
A,
USA
e-m
ail:
hahu
@be
rkel
ey.e
du
K.
Oka
mur
aH
igas
hi-Y
odog
awa
Res
earc
hC
ente
r,O
saka
City
Cul
tura
lPr
oper
ties
Ass
ocia
tion,
Osa
ka,
Japa
ne-
mai
l:ok
amur
ak@
occp
a.or
.jp
(ç)
Spr
inge
rS
cien
ce+
Bus
ines
sM
edia
,L
LC
2017
J.H
abu
ciat
.fe
ds. f
,H
andb
ook
t)JE
ast
usc!
Sou
thea
stA
skti
iA
rcha
eolo
gy,
DO
l10
.1(5
)7/9
78-1
-493
9-65
21-2
2
2Ja
pane
seA
rcha
eolo
gyT
oday
7314
IH
abu
and
K.O
kam
ura
E — I
and
the
Yos
hino
gari
site
inS
aga
Pre
fect
ure,
arch
aeol
ogis
tsw
ere
able
toco
llab
orat
ew
ith
loca
lre
siden
tsan
dot
her
stak
ehol
ders
tost
opde
velo
pmen
tal
cons
truc
tion
plan
s,th
ussu
cces
sful
lyp
rese
rvin
gth
ese
site
s.H
owev
er,
behi
ndth
ese
nota
ble
exce
ptio
nsw
ere
hund
reds
ofth
ousa
nds
ofot
her
site
sth
atw
ere
dest
roye
dto
geth
erw
ith
thei
rsu
rrou
ndin
gla
ndsc
apes
.F
igur
e2.
1re
pres
ents
chan
ges
thro
ugh
tim
ein
the
num
ber
ofre
scue
and
acad
emic
exca
vati
ons.
The
num
ber
ofre
scue
exca
vati
ons
incr
ease
dea
chye
ar,
from
1040
in19
73to
I1,
738
in19
96.
In19
97,
the
num
ber
sudd
enly
decr
ease
dto
7572
.S
ince
then
,th
enu
mbe
rha
sbe
enfl
uctu
atin
g,bu
tth
ege
nera
lde
clin
eaf
ter
the
mid
-199
0sis
appa
rent
.C
hang
esth
roug
hti
me
inth
ean
nita
lsp
endi
ngon
resc
ueex
cava
tion
s(f
ig.
2.2)
show
anev
encl
eare
rde
clin
eaf
ter
the
mid
-l99
0s:
from
appr
oxim
atel
y13
2bi
llio
nye
n(c
irca
US
D1.
3bi
llio
n)fo
r19
97to
52bi
llio
nye
n(c
irca
US
D0.
5bi
llio
n)fo
r20
11(f
ig.
2.2)
.In
othe
rw
ords
,no
ton
lyha
sth
eto
tal
num
ber
ofre
scue
exca
vati
ons
decr
ease
dov
erth
epa
st20
year
sbu
tth
eav
erag
eex
pend
itur
efo
rea
chex
cava
tion
toda
yis
muc
hlo
wer
.T
his
ispr
imar
ily
beca
use
the
tota
lnu
mbe
rof
extr
emel
yla
rge-
scal
ere
scue
exca
vati
ons
has
decl
ined
sinc
eth
e19
90s.
Fig
ure
2.3
show
sch
ange
sin
the
num
ber
of“A
HM
arch
aeol
ogis
ts.”
The
tota
lnu
mbe
rre
ache
dits
max
imum
,71
11,
in20
00,
slig
htly
afte
rin
the
patt
erns
show
nin
Figs
.2.
1an
d2.
2.B
y20
15,
the
tota
lnu
mbe
rde
crea
sed
to57
24(s
eeal
soB
arne
s20
15).
App
aren
tly,
Japa
nha
spa
ssed
the
phas
eof
rapi
din
dust
rial
izat
ion
and
urba
niza
tion
wit
hla
rge-
scal
ede
velo
pmen
ts(s
ee,
e.g.
,O
gum
a20
12),
and
itis
expe
cted
that
the
num
ber
ofre
scue
exca
vati
ons,
the
annu
alam
ount
offu
ndin
gfo
rre
scue
exca
vati
ons,
and
the
num
ber
of“A
RM
arch
aeol
ogis
ts”
will
cont
inue
tode
clin
eth
roug
htim
e.O
nth
eot
her
hand
,m
ore
and
mor
eA
HM
arch
aeol
ogis
tsha
vest
oppe
dop
enly
disc
ussi
ngth
ebe
nefi
tsan
dli
mit
atio
nsof
resc
ueex
cava
tion
s:co
nduc
ting
resc
ueex
cava
tion
sis
incr
easi
ngly
beco
min
gth
eir
sais
on
d’êtr
e.
Giv
enth
is,
we
beli
eve
that
Japa
nese
arch
aeol
ogis
tsne
edto
have
seri
ous
disc
ussi
ons
abou
tth
ego
als
and
curr
ent
prac
tice
sof
resc
uear
chae
olog
y(s
ee,
e.g.
,H
abu
2016
).
i2,O
i
,.Q
1113
U’
LIlS
L116
w2s
,:%
r.d
Ls
iai.
1.5!
,IL
l
ci.
.h
i.
—.—
N_
b-.
4I—
5lb
Fig
.2.
1C
hang
estt
soug
hiii
nein
She
num
ber
ofre
scue
and
acad
emic
exca
vati
ons
inJa
pan
(dat
afr
om
BuI
skac
hoB
uisk
azai
-bu
Kin
enbu
tsu-
ka20
16;
Hab
u20
04)
i4iS
OO
i2ø4
1255
919i2
i,505
ii’,
?211
1459 11
222
1144
95
9100
,550
%S
’I95
.911
95.9
12
1512
9
“7•
5?4
5559
2..i
91,,
.
91,9
4962
.623
5552
225
259
5576
0
67,2
16
940.
055
36,5
9659
45
9205
0559
931
1,66
116
25’
5.23
1
90
Yea
r
Fig
.2.
2A
nnua
tsp
endi
ngon
resc
ueex
cava
tion
sin
Japa
n(d
ata
from
Bun
kach
oB
unka
zai-
buK
inen
buts
ti-ka
20)
6)
The
grad
ual
decl
ine
inth
enu
mbe
rof
resc
ueex
cava
tion
san
dfu
ndin
g,ho
wev
er,
does
notn
eces
sari
lyim
ply
that
ther
ear
eno
maj
ordi
scov
erie
sin
arch
aeol
ogy
thes
eda
ys.
New
arch
aeol
ogic
aldi
scov
erie
sas
are
sult
ofla
rge-
scal
ere
scue
exca
vati
ons
cont
inue
tobe
repo
rted
.S
ome
ofth
em
ost
up-t
o-da
tedi
scov
erie
sar
epu
ton
disp
lay
atth
ean
nual
exhi
biti
onof
Nes
vE
xcav
atio
nso
nth
eJa
pane
seA
rch
ipe
lago
orga
nize
dby
the
Age
ncy
for
Cul
tura
lA
ffai
rs(B
itnk
acho
).fo
rex
ampl
e,th
em
ostr
ecen
t cat
alog
oft
he
Ann
ual
Exh
ibit
ion
(Bun
kach
o20
16)h
ighl
ight
sth
ene
wdi
scov
erie
sat
the
foll
owin
gsi
tes:
(1)
the
Kit
a-N
akas
him
aN
ishi
hara
site
inK
umam
oto
Pre
fect
ure,
Kyu
shu,
from
whi
cha
larg
enu
mbe
rof
Pal
eoli
thic
flak
eto
ols
date
dto
abou
t30
,000
year
sag
oha
vebe
enex
cava
ted,
(2)
the
Tat
esak
isi
tein
Hok
kaid
o(c
irca
3500
—25
00B
C),
whe
reth
eex
cava
tion
ofa
larg
eE
arly
and
Mid
dle
Jom
onse
ttle
men
tas
soci
ated
wit
ha
larg
est
one
figu
rine
and
seve
ral
doze
nsof
slit
-sto
neea
rrin
gsto
okpl
ace,
(3)
the
larg
e,m
oate
dY
ayoi
peri
odA
ma
site
inO
saka
Pre
fect
ure
(cir
ca50
0B
C—
tOO
AD
),w
hich
isas
soci
ated
with
rice
padd
yfi
elds
,ce
met
erie
s,an
dir
riga
tion
faci
liti
es,
(4)
the
Nak
ayam
aro
of-t
ile
kiln
site
inN
ara
Pre
fect
tire
(eig
hth
cent
tiiy
AD
),w
here
roof
-til
esfo
rth
eH
eijo
Pal
ace
oft
he
Nar
ape
riod
wer
epr
oduc
ed,
and
(5)
asa
mur
aim
ansi
onof
the
Han
abti
saF
amil
yR
esid
ence
site
date
dto
the
Edo
peri
od(s
even
-te
enth
—ni
nete
enth
centu
ry
AD
)in
Tok
yo.
All
ofth
ese
are
the
resu
lts
ofla
rge-
scal
ere
scti
eex
cava
tion
spr
ior
toth
eco
nstr
ucti
onof
free
way
s,bu
llet
trai
nslin
es,
and
publ
icbu
ildi
ngs.
Itis
also
note
wor
thy
that
appl
icat
ions
ofva
riou
sne
wsc
ient
ific
tech
niqu
esov
erth
epa
stde
cade
have
sign
ific
antl
yad
vanc
edJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
y.fo
rex
ampl
e,ap
plic
atio
nsof
AM
S‘4
Cda
ting
met
hods
toa
larg
enu
mbe
rof
arch
aeol
ogic
alsa
mpl
esha
vesi
gnif
ican
tly
help
edre
fine
abso
lute
chro
nolo
gyof
Japa
nese
data
(e.g
.,K
obny
ashi
2008
).P
aleo
bota
nica
lst
udie
sof
both
mac
roan
dm
icro
rem
ains
have
mad
esi
gnif
ican
tpr
ogre
ssw
ith
syst
emat
icap
plic
atio
nof
the
flot
atio
nm
etho
d(e
.g.,
Cra
wfo
rd20
11;
Ito
201
I;N
asu
and
Mom
ohar
a20
16;
Nih
onK
okog
aku
Kyo
kai
2007
;ne
ndo
Kum
amot
oT
aika
iJi
kko
Iink
ai20
07;
Tsu
ji20
11)
.P
olle
n,ph
ytol
ith,
and
diat
oman
alys
esof
soil
2Ja
pane
seA
rcha
eolo
gyT
oday
1516
J.H
abu
and
K.O
kam
ura
7
o,82
s251225
4,(M
e;6
::
Yr
-5hipI[d
T<f
lI
Fig.
2.3
Cha
nges
thro
ugh
time
inth
enu
mbe
rof
AII
Mar
chae
olog
ists
inJa
pan
(dat
afr
omB
unka
cho
Bun
kaza
i-bu
Kin
enbu
tsu-
ka20
16)
sam
ple
sfr
omar
chae
olog
ical
site
sha
vepr
ovid
edne
wlin
esof
evid
ence
for
the
stud
yof
vege
tati
onan
den
viro
nmen
tal
chan
ges
atke
ysi
tes.
Pol
len
anal
ysis
(e.g
.,Y
asci
daet
al.
2004
;Y
oshi
da2t
)l5;
Yos
hika
wa
200X
)an
dal
keno
nese
asu
rfac
ete
mpe
ratu
rest
udie
s(e
.g.,
Kaw
ahat
aet
al.
2009
)pr
ovid
eva
luab
lein
form
atio
nfo
rre
cons
truc
ting
past
clim
atic
chan
ges.
Rec
ent
stud
ies
ofox
ygen
isot
ope
rati
osof
tree
-rin
gspr
ovid
eus
eful
indi
cato
rsto
reco
nstr
uct
past
clim
ate
data
wit
han
nual
tim
ere
solu
tion
(e.g
.,N
akat
suka
2015
).In
sum
,Ja
pane
sear
chae
olog
yco
ntin
tles
topr
oduc
eex
citi
ngre
sult
s,in
clud
ing
the
accu
mul
atio
nof
new
scie
ntif
icda
ta,
but
the
prac
tice
ofre
scue
exca
vati
ons
and
itsso
ciop
olit
ical
cont
exts
are
rapi
dly
chan
ging
.In
the
foll
owin
g.tw
ore
cent
tren
dsin
Japa
nese
arch
aeol
ogy
are
disc
usse
d:th
eco
mm
erci
aliz
atio
nof
arch
aeol
ogy
and
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofdi
sast
erar
chae
olog
y.
2.2
Com
mer
cial
izat
ion
ofA
rcha
eolo
gyan
dN
eo-L
iber
alis
m
The
cctr
rent
arch
aeol
ogic
alhe
rita
gem
anag
emen
tsy
stem
inJa
pan
face
sch
alle
nges
ofgr
owth
and
expa
nsio
nin
the
mid
stof
ane
o-li
bera
list
icpr
ivat
izat
ion
tren
din
arch
aeol
ogy
(Oka
mur
a2t
)l3)
.T
hepr
inci
ple
that
guid
essa
lvag
eex
cava
tion
inJa
pan
isth
atth
ede
velo
per
(dis
rupt
er)
pays
the
full
cost
ofex
cava
tion
.A
deve
lope
rca
nbe
api
tNic
orga
niza
tion
rela
ted
toth
ena
tion
al,
pref
ectu
ral,
orm
unic
ipal
gove
rnm
ent
ora
pliv
ate
com
pany
.T
his
prin
cipl
ew
asfi
rst
adop
ted
in19
58,
whe
na
seri
esof
salv
age
exca
vati
ons
cond
itce
dpr
ior
toth
eco
nstr
ttct
ion
ofth
eM
eish
inE
xpre
ssw
ay(t
hefr
eew
aybe
twee
nN
agoy
aan
dK
obe)
was
fina
nced
byth
ede
velo
per:
the
Japa
nH
ighw
ayP
ubli
cC
orpo
rati
on.
The
re-
afte
r,th
ispr
inci
ple
cam
eto
beco
nven
tion
ally
appl
ied
not
only
topu
blic
cons
truc
tion
proj
ects
but
also
toco
nstr
ucti
onpr
ojec
tsco
nduc
ted
bypr
ivat
ede
velo
pmen
tco
mpa
nies
.A
sth
eJa
pane
seec
onom
ygr
ewdu
ring
and
afte
rth
eI9
60s,
arch
aeol
ogic
alhe
rita
gem
anag
emen
tco
ntin
ued
tode
velo
pra
pidl
yan
dex
tens
ivel
yth
roug
hout
the
Japa
nese
arch
ipel
ago.
Thi
str
end
cont
inue
dth
roug
hto
the
mid
-l9
90s
(Oka
mur
aan
dM
atsu
da2O
lt)).
The
“dis
rupt
erpa
ys”
prin
cipl
eis
not
clea
rly
stip
ulat
edin
the
Law
for
the
Pro
tect
ion
and
Con
-se
rvat
ion
ofC
ultu
ral
Pro
pert
y,bt
ttra
ther
itis
base
don
the
mut
ual,
and
som
etim
esim
plic
it,
agre
emen
tbe
twee
nhe
rita
gem
anag
emen
tau
thor
itie
san
dde
velo
pers
.T
his
prac
tice
beca
me
incr
easi
ngly
com
mon
duri
ngth
e19
70s
and
1980
sw
ith
tena
ciou
sef
fort
sof
man
yar
chae
olog
ists
,bo
thac
adem
ican
dad
min
istr
ativ
e.T
hest
eady
econ
omic
grow
thof
Japa
nan
dhi
ghpr
ofit
abil
ity
ofco
nstr
ucti
onw
ork
duri
ngth
ispe
riod
mad
eth
ispr
acti
ce;)
Oss
ible
.G
iven
this
,th
equ
alit
yof
arch
aeol
ogic
alhe
rita
gem
anag
emen
tca
nbe
infl
uenc
eddi
rect
lyby
the
soci
opol
itic
alan
dec
onom
icco
ndit
ions
wit
hin
Japa
nw
hen
land
deve
lopm
ent
plan
sar
eim
plem
ente
d.In
fact
,a
maj
orch
ange
inar
chae
olog
ical
heri
tage
man
agem
ent
bega
nto
take
plac
est
arti
ngin
the
2000
s,w
hen
the
Koi
zum
ica
bine
t(2
001—
2006
)pu
rsue
dpr
ivat
izat
ion
orco
rpor
atiz
atio
nof
,an
dbu
dget
cuts
in,
vari
ous
aspe
cts
of
publ
icw
orks
unde
rth
esl
ogan
sof
“fro
mpu
blic
topr
ivat
e”an
d“W
hat
the
priv
ate
can
dom
ust
been
trus
ted
toth
epr
ivat
e.”
Man
yof
the
gove
rnm
ent-
owne
din
dust
ries
,su
chas
the
post
alse
rvic
e,be
cam
epr
ivat
ized
duri
ngth
ispe
riod
.T
hepr
inci
ples
ofco
mpe
titi
onan
dof
gett
ing
the
best
“val
tie
for
one’
sm
oney
”be
gan
tope
rmea
teev
ery
aspe
ctof
Japa
n’s
soci
allif
e.T
his
led
toin
crea
sed
econ
omic
disp
atit
ies
betw
een
indi
vidu
als
wit
hin
Japa
nese
soci
ety.
Ital
soaf
fect
edth
epr
acti
ceof
resc
uear
chae
olog
y.D
evel
oper
sbe
gan
tore
lyhe
avil
yon
priv
ate,
com
mer
cial
com
pani
esfo
rex
cava
tion
and
arch
aeol
ogic
alhe
rita
gem
anag
emen
t,w
hose
cont
ract
cost
sar
ele
ssth
anth
ose
ofpu
blic
orga
niza
tion
s.B
yth
eti
me
ofth
e20
00s,
priv
ate
arch
aeol
ogic
alun
its
had
been
inop
erat
ion
for
afe
wde
cade
s,m
any
ofw
hich
wer
ein
the
Kan
toR
egio
nin
clud
ing
the
Tok
yom
etro
poli
tan
area
.H
owev
er,
earl
yco
mm
erci
alco
mpa
nies
wer
ety
pica
lly
smal
lin
size
,an
dth
eyw
ere
led
bypr
ofes
sion
alar
chae
olog
ists
,w
ith
reco
rdpr
eser
vati
onas
thei
rpr
ima;
ygo
al.
Inco
ntra
st,
man
yof
the
new
lyem
erge
ntpr
ivat
eco
mpa
nies
wer
ees
tabl
ishe
dat
the
init
iati
veof
cons
truc
tion
oren
gine
erin
gco
mpa
nies
aspa
rtof
thei
rco
nstr
ucti
onpr
oces
ses.
Tod
ay,
they
are
maj
oren
terp
rise
s.C
onst
ruct
ion
com
pani
esfi
rst
bega
nth
eir
acti
veen
gage
men
tsw
ith
resc
ueex
cava
tion
sby
prov
idin
ghe
avy
mac
hine
ry,
wor
kers
,eq
uipm
ent,
tool
s,an
dot
her
reso
urce
sto
AH
Mar
chae
olog
ists
.T
hey
then
prog
ress
edto
cond
ttct
ing
exca
vati
ons
them
selv
esby
dire
ctly
hiri
ngar
chae
olog
ists
toov
erse
eth
epr
ojec
ts.
Iron
ical
ly,
this
tran
siti
onw
asm
ade
poss
ible
due
toa
long
stan
ding
trad
itio
nw
ithi
nJa
pane
sesa
lvag
ear
chae
olog
y,in
whi
chA
HM
arch
aeol
ogis
tsan
dla
rge
cons
truc
tion
com
pani
esw
orke
dcl
osel
yto
geth
er.
Gen
eral
lysp
eaki
ng,
for
priv
ate
com
pani
es,
prof
itab
ilit
yis
thei
rpr
imar
yco
ncer
n:th
equ
icke
rth
eco
mpl
etio
nof
the
exca
vati
on,
the
mor
epr
ofit
able
thes
eco
mpa
nies
are.
Des
pite
thei
rof
fici
alm
issi
onof
“res
cuin
g”th
ear
chae
olog
ical
reco
rds
from
com
plet
ede
stru
ctio
n,it
isno
tal
way
sth
eir
prio
rity
todo
tim
e-co
nsum
ing
soil
sam
plin
gfo
rfa
unal
and
bota
nica
lan
alys
esan
dot
her
scie
ntif
ican
alys
esor
toca
utio
usly
exca
vate
frag
ile
rem
ains
,su
chas
thos
efr
omw
etla
ndsi
tes.
Inth
eory
.co
mm
erci
alar
chae
olog
yne
edno
tcr
eate
seri
ous
prob
lem
sif
the
heri
tage
man
ager
sof
mun
icip
alor
pref
ectu
ral
gove
rnm
ents
hold
enou
ghpo
wer
toch
eck
and
cont
rol
the
qual
ity
ofth
ese
exca
vati
ons.
Inre
alit
y,ho
wev
er,
itis
not
easy
toen
sure
such
cond
itio
ns.
Pri
vate
com
pani
esw
aged
lobb
ying
cam
paig
nsfo
rth
epr
ivat
izat
ion
ofre
scue
exca
vati
ons,
and,
in20
05,
esta
blis
hed
thei
row
nbu
sine
ssas
soci
atio
n,N
ihoi
tB
unkazcti
Hog
oK
voka
i(J
apan
ese
Ass
oci
ati
onfo
rth
eP
rese
rvat
ion
ofC
ultu
ral
Pro
pert
ies)
.A
ppro
xim
atel
y,80
priv
ate
arch
aeol
ogic
alhe
rita
geni
anag
emen
tco
mpa
nies
belo
ngto
this
asso
ciat
ion.
Itsh
ould
beno
ted
that
maj
orco
nstr
ucti
on
.
2Ja
pane
seA
rcha
eolo
gyT
oday
171$
IH
abu
and
K.O
kam
ura
com
pani
essi
tch
asO
baya
shi
Cor
pora
tion
,K
ajim
aC
orpo
rati
on,
and
Shi
miz
uC
orpo
rati
onar
e“s
up
port
ing
mem
bers
”of
this
asso
ciat
ion.
Thi
sm
eans
that
this
asso
ciat
ion
coul
dbe
stro
ngly
affe
cted
byth
epo
liti
cal
and
econ
omic
inte
rest
sof
thes
ege
nera
lco
ntra
ctor
s.A
sw
eca
nim
agin
e,de
velo
pers
tend
tobe
far
less
inte
rest
edin
the
qual
ity
ofex
cava
tion
than
inth
eef
fect
ive
ruan
agem
ent
oftim
ean
dm
oney
.P
artn
ersh
ips
betw
een
deve
lope
rsan
dpr
ivat
ear
chae
olo
gica
lco
mpa
nies
mig
htle
adto
the
dete
rior
atio
nof
the
over
all
qual
ity
ofre
scue
exca
vati
ons
and
resu
ltin
gex
cava
tion
repo
rts.
The
sefa
ctor
sm
ayal
soha
mpe
rar
chae
olog
ists
’ou
trea
chef
fort
sth
atar
ede
sign
edto
conn
ect
arch
aeol
ogic
alfi
ndin
gsw
ith
loca
lco
mm
unit
ies.
Maj
orar
chae
olog
ical
heri
tage
man
agem
ent
com
pani
esar
ety
pica
lly
base
din
larg
eci
ties
ince
o-no
mic
ally
pow
erfu
lpr
efec
ture
s.M
any
ofth
ese
com
pani
esob
tain
cont
ract
sno
ton
lyin
larg
eci
ties
but
also
inru
ral
part
sof
Japa
n.W
eno
tice
that
com
mer
cial
cont
ract
sar
ein
crea
sing
lybe
ing
awar
ded
tola
rger
com
pani
esas
oppo
sed
tosm
alle
ron
es.
Inot
her
wor
ds,
priv
atiz
atio
nof
resc
ueex
cava
tion
sis
also
lead
ing
toce
ntra
liza
tion
ofar
chae
olog
ical
heri
tage
man
agem
ent.
Inth
ene
arfu
ture
,Ja
pane
sere
scue
arch
aeol
ogy
mig
htco
me
tobe
dom
inat
edby
ali
mit
ednu
mbe
rof
larg
epr
ivat
eco
mpa
nies
.It
isal
soou
rob
serv
atio
nth
atla
rge-
scal
epr
ivat
eun
its
tend
toha
veon
lya
lim
ited
amou
ntof
the
loca
lkn
owle
dge
requ
ired
topr
oper
lyin
terp
ret
and
appr
ecia
teth
eir
find
ings
.T
hesc
arci
tyof
con-
text
ual
info
rmat
ion
ofte
nre
sult
sin
inad
equa
tesa
mpl
ing
and
extr
apol
atio
ns,
whi
chm
ayle
adto
anin
adeq
uate
pres
enta
tion
ofth
epa
stto
the
gene
ral
publ
ic.
Ifth
istr
end
ofco
rpor
atiz
atio
nco
ntin
ues,
arch
aeol
ogic
alin
terp
reta
tion
sm
aybe
com
edo
min
ated
byco
okie
-cut
ter
appr
oach
es,
inw
hich
loca
ldi
vers
ity
of
past
cult
ures
and
soci
etie
sm
aybe
gros
sly
unde
nepr
esen
ted.
Insu
mm
ary,
we
fear
that
rece
nttr
ends
tow
ard
larg
e-co
mpa
ny-b
ased
com
mer
cial
izat
ion
ofre
scue
exca
vati
ons
will
incr
easi
ngly
dam
age
the
core
prin
cipl
esof
post
-Sec
ond
Wor
ldW
arar
chae
olog
yin
Japa
n.O
urco
ncer
nsar
eno
ton
lyab
out
the
over
all
qual
ity
ofex
cava
tion
met
hods
and
fina
lex
cava
tion
repo
rts.
Inor
der
topu
rsue
the
orig
inal
goal
sof
post
-Sec
ond
Wor
ldW
arar
chae
olog
yin
Japa
nw
ithan
emph
asis
onL
tnde
rsta
ndm
glo
cal
hist
ory
and
com
mon
ers’
ever
yday
life
from
the
past
toth
epr
esen
t,it
iscr
itic
alth
atex
cava
ted
mat
eria
lsbe
acti
vely
used
for
the
purp
ose
ofed
ucat
ion
and
outr
each
,an
dfo
rpr
esen
ting
arch
aeol
ogis
ts’
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
the
past
toth
ege
nera
lpu
blic
.
2.3
Dis
aste
ran
dA
rchae
olo
gy
Inea
rthq
uake
-pro
neJa
pan,
deal
ing
wit
hth
eco
nseq
uenc
esof
eart
hqua
les
and
tsun
amis
(ext
rem
ely
high
tida
lw
aves
)ha
sbe
ena
maj
orco
ncem
.S
ince
1995
,Ja
pan
has
expe
rien
ced
two
seve
reea
rth-
quak
es,
the
Gre
atH
ansh
inE
arth
quak
e(o
rth
eG
reat
Han
shin
-Aw
aji
Ear
thqu
ake)
inth
eK
ansa
iar
eain
1995
,th
eep
icen
ter
ofw
hich
was
near
Kob
eC
ity;
and
the
Gre
atE
ast
Japa
nE
arth
qcta
keon
Mar
ch11
,20
11,
whi
chaf
fect
eda
wid
era
nge
ofth
eT
ohok
ttre
gion
(the
nort
hern
part
ofH
onsh
uIs
land
).S
ince
the
latt
erea
rthq
uake
,m
any
scho
lars
have
publ
ishe
dar
ticl
esab
out
the
soci
opol
itic
alco
ntex
tof
her-
itag
em
anag
emen
t.E
xper
ienc
esfo
llow
ing
thes
etw
oea
rthq
uake
sha
veal
som
ade
scho
lars
real
ize
the
impo
rtan
ceof
deve
lopi
nga
new
fiel
dfo
rth
ear
chae
olog
yof
disa
ster
s,in
clud
ing
eart
hqua
kes
(e.g
.,M
atsu
l20
11;
Kan
eret
al.
201
1;Ja
pan
ICO
MO
SN
atio
nal
Com
mit
tee
201
1;O
kam
ura
etal
.2t
)13;
Oka
mur
a20
15;
and
Tat
eish
i20
14).
Pub
lica
tion
sby
arch
aeol
ogis
tsaf
ter
the
Gre
atE
ast
Japa
nE
arth
quak
eha
vefo
cuse
don
the
fol
low
ing
issu
es:
(I)
resc
uing
arch
aeol
ogic
alm
ater
ials
that
wer
est
ored
inda
mag
edm
useu
ms
and
stor
ehou
ses,
(2)
oper
atin
gin
tens
ive
resc
ueex
cava
tion
spr
ior
toth
ere
cons
truc
tion
and
revi
tali
zati
onof
the
affe
cted
area
s,(3
)he
lpin
gre
stor
ean
dre
vive
com
mun
itie
sth
atar
eas
soci
ated
wit
har
chae
olo
gica
lhe
rita
ge,
(4)
inve
stig
atin
gtr
aces
ofpa
stdi
sast
ers
thro
ugh
arch
aeol
ogic
alex
cava
tion
s,an
d(5
)de
alin
gw
ithne
w“d
isas
ter
heri
tage
”ar
tifa
cts
that
wer
epr
oduc
edas
are
sult
ofth
eG
reat
Eas
tJa
pan
Ear
thqu
ake,
such
asda
mag
edbu
ildi
ngs.
Whi
lesc
hola
rsha
veat
tem
pted
toot
itli
nest
rate
gies
for
coun
terb
alan
cing
the
effe
cts
ofth
eG
reat
Eas
tJa
pan
Ear
thqu
ake,
dam
age
caus
edby
the
eart
hqua
keis
enor
niou
s,an
dth
ero
lean
dim
port
ance
ofar
chae
olog
ical
heri
tage
inth
eaf
fect
edar
eas
need
tobe
care
full
yev
alua
ted
inea
chca
se.
Inth
efo
llow
ing,
we
outl
ine
som
eof
the
key
issu
esre
leva
ntto
heri
tage
man
agem
ent
and
toth
eem
ergi
ngne
wfi
eld
ofdi
sast
erar
chae
olog
yaf
ter
the
Gre
atT
ohok
tiE
arth
quak
e.
2.4
The
201
1T
ripl
eD
isas
ters
:T
heE
arth
quak
e,th
eT
suna
mi,
and
the
Fu
ku
shim
aD
aiic
hiN
ucle
arP
ower
Pla
nt
Acc
iden
t
The
Gre
atE
ast
Japa
nE
arth
quak
eim
pact
edcu
ltur
alhe
rita
gean
dar
chae
olog
ytr
emen
dous
ly.
The
eart
hqua
keaf
fect
eda
vast
area
,co
veri
ngm
ajor
part
sof
the
Toh
oku
and
Kan
tore
gion
s,st
retc
hing
for
mor
eth
an50
0km
nort
hto
sout
h.In
Miy
agi,
Iwat
e,an
dP
ukus
him
aP
refe
ctur
es,
the
dam
age
was
pstr
ticul
arly
seve
re.
The
subs
eque
ntts
unam
ire
ache
dm
ore
than
30m
inhe
ight
inso
me
plac
esan
din
unda
ted
area
sse
vera
lki
lom
eter
sin
land
,de
stro
ying
virt
uall
yev
eryb
ody
and
ever
ythi
ngin
itspa
th(F
ig.
2.4)
.A
lmos
t20
000
peop
ledi
edor
wer
elo
st.
Ital
soca
used
mel
tdow
nsat
thre
enu
clea
rre
acto
rsof
the
fukush
ima
Dai
ichi
Nuc
lear
Pow
erP
lant
oper
ated
byth
eT
okyo
Ele
ctri
cP
ower
Com
pany
,fo
rcin
gth
eev
acua
tion
ofa
larg
enu
mbe
rof
peop
leli
ving
inth
ear
eahe
avil
yco
ntam
inat
edby
radi
atio
n.W
itho
uta
doub
t,th
eso
cial
,en
viro
nmen
tal,
and
econ
omic
dam
age
that
the
trip
ledi
sast
ers
caus
edw
asth
em
ost
seri
ous
inJa
pan
sinc
eth
eS
econ
dW
orld
War
.T
hose
impa
cts
exte
nded
into
the
wor
ldof
arch
aeol
ogy.
Fig
.2
.4T
he20
11ts
unam
ias
15:2
5on
Mar
chit
,ta
ken
from
the
5th
floo
rof
Miy
ako
City
Hal
l,Iw
ate
Pref
ectu
re.
Phot
oby
Shi
n’ya
Kur
naga
ya(I
was
eN
ippo
2011
)
2Ja
pane
seA
rcha
eolo
gyT
oday
1920
Hab
uan
dK.
Oka
mur
a
2.5
Res
cuin
gO
bjec
tsan
dC
ondu
ctin
gR
escu
eE
xcav
atio
nsA
fter
the
2077
Tri
ple
Dis
aste
rs
The
dam
age
infl
icte
don
cult
ural
heri
tage
was
extr
emel
yse
riou
san
dw
ide-
rang
ing.
Mor
eth
an70
0de
sign
ated
nati
onal
cult
ural
prop
erti
es,
incl
udin
gfi
vena
tion
altr
easu
res,
160
impo
rtan
tcu
ltur
alpr
oper
ties
,an
d90
hist
oric
site
san
dbu
ildi
ngs
(kun
i shi
.vek
i),
wer
eda
mag
ed(B
unka
cho
2012
).In
tota
l,68
00pe
ople
join
edin
thes
ere
scit
eef
fort
sat
nine
tylo
cati
ons
span
ning
2ye
ars.
Am
ong
the
scho
larl
yso
ciet
ies
invo
lved
,th
eN
etw
ork
for
the
Con
serv
atio
nof
His
tori
cal
Doc
umen
ts,
agr
oup
ofsc
hola
rsor
igin
ally
form
edin
Kan
sai
afte
rth
eG
reat
Han
shin
Ear
thqu
ake,
spea
rhea
ded
the
resc
uepr
ojec
t(F
ig.
2.5)
.F
orin
stan
ce,
asof
201
3,th
eM
iyag
iB
ranc
hof
this
Net
wor
kha
dre
scue
dte
nsof
thou
sand
sof
item
s,su
chas
arti
fact
san
dhi
stor
ical
docu
men
tsfr
om90
mus
eum
s,li
brar
ies,
and
stor
age
faci
liti
es.
Arc
haeo
logi
sts
also
had
tode
alw
ithpr
otec
ting
and/
orre
cord
ing
enda
nger
edar
chae
olog
ical
site
saf
ter
the
201
1tr
iple
disa
ster
s.F
ollo
win
gth
ere
ques
tfr
omth
eau
thor
itie
sof
the
deva
stat
edar
eain
the
Toh
oku
Reg
ion,
inA
pril
201
2,20
AH
Mar
chae
olog
ists
from
allo
verJ
apan
wer
eso
lici
ted
byth
eA
genc
yof
Cul
tura
lA
ffai
rsto
enga
gein
fttk
ko(r
econ
stru
ctio
nor
rest
orat
ion)
exca
vati
onw
ork
(Neg
ita
2012
).T
hey
part
icip
ated
inre
scue
exca
vati
ons
prio
rto
the
reco
nstr
ucti
on,
orne
wde
velo
pmen
t,of
resi
dent
ial
area
s,hi
ghw
ays,
and
othe
rin
fras
truc
ture
inth
edi
sast
er-a
ffec
ted
area
s.B
yA
pril
2013
,th
enu
mbe
rof
thes
ear
chae
olog
ists
incr
ease
dto
over
60,
all
ofw
hom
wer
eso
lici
ted
from
20pr
efec
ture
sof
Japa
n.D
espi
teth
em
any
diff
icul
ties
face
dby
arch
aeol
ogis
ts,
such
asti
me
cons
trai
nts
and
the
shor
tage
ofsu
ppli
es,
thes
efia
kko
exca
vati
ons
wer
equ
ite
succ
essf
ul.
Num
erou
sdi
scov
erie
s,m
any
ofw
hich
may
not
have
occu
rred
wit
hout
the
reco
nstr
ucti
onef
fort
s,pr
ovid
edne
wli
nes
ofev
iden
ceto
deep
enou
run
ders
tand
ing
oflo
cal
hist
ory
(Fig
.2.
6).
The
less
ons
and
prac
tica
lkn
owle
dge
gain
edaf
ter
the
1995
Gre
atH
ansh
inE
arth
quak
ew
ere
extr
emel
yhe
lpfu
lw
hen
cond
ucti
ngth
ese
resc
ueop
erat
ions
afte
rth
eG
reat
Eas
tJa
pan
Ear
thqu
ake.
Nev
erth
eles
s,m
any
diff
icul
tta
sks
still
lieah
ead,
such
asth
ene
edto
publ
ish
fina
lex
cava
tion
repo
rts
and
toac
tive
lyin
clud
eth
ear
chae
olog
ical
find
ings
inm
useu
mex
hibi
tion
san
dou
trea
chef
fort
s.It
iscl
ear
that
the
robu
stna
ture
ofJa
pan’
sar
chae
olog
ical
heri
tage
man
agem
ent
syst
ems,
supp
orte
dby
ala
rge
num
ber
ofen
gage
dA
HM
arch
aeol
ogis
ts,
help
edco
nduc
tth
ese
resc
ueop
erat
ions
inan
extr
emel
yef
fici
ent
man
ner.
Thi
sha
spr
ovid
edar
chae
olog
ists
wit
han
oppo
rtun
ity
tore
-app
reci
ate
the
posi
tive
aspe
cts
ofth
etr
adit
iona
lar
chae
olog
ical
heri
tage
man
agem
ent
mod
elun
der
the
init
iati
veof
the
gove
mm
ent
(cf.
Dem
oule
2002
;“t
heso
cial
ist’
mod
el”
inK
rist
ians
en20
09),
and
tore
cons
ider
the
vali
dity
ofon
-goi
ngpr
ivat
izat
ion
ofar
chae
olog
yw
ithi
nJa
pan.
2.6
Fuk
ushi
ma
Arc
haeo
logy
and
Her
itag
eT
oday
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
heri
tage
man
agem
ent
inF
ukus
him
aP
refe
ctur
ean
dits
vici
nity
afte
rth
e20
11
trip
ledi
sast
ers
diff
ers
from
that
ofot
her
area
sdu
eto
radi
atio
nco
ntam
inat
ion
from
the
Fuk
ushi
ma
Dai
ichi
Nuc
lear
Pow
erP
lant
acci
dent
.In
addi
tion
toth
eef
fect
sof
the
eart
hqua
kean
dts
unam
i,11
0,00
0pe
ople
(6%
ofth
etf
)tal
popu
lati
onof
Fuk
ushi
ma
Pre
fect
ure)
wer
edi
spla
ced
from
the
heav
ily
cont
amin
ated
area
s.T
hem
ajor
ity
ofth
e‘s
igni
fica
ntcu
ltur
alpr
oper
ties
”lo
cate
dw
ithi
nth
ese
area
sha
vebe
enre
scue
dfr
omth
ere
stri
cted
area
,th
anks
toco
mm
itte
dar
chae
olog
ists
and
heri
tage
man
ager
sw
ithi
nF
ukus
him
aP
refe
ctur
e.T
hese
obje
cts
are
curr
entl
ybe
ing
stor
edsa
fely
away
from
the
heav
ily
cont
amin
ated
area
,m
ostl
yin
the
air-
cond
itio
ned
spec
ial
stor
ehou
sein
Shi
raka
wa
Cit
y,bu
tw
here
and
how
toex
hibi
tth
emha
sno
tye
tbe
ende
cide
dan
dis
unde
rse
riou
sdi
scus
sion
(Kik
uchi
2015
;S
chla
nger
etal
.20
16).
Fig
2.6
Exca
vatin
gth
eN
iida-
tate
med
ieva
lfo
rtif
ied
villa
gesi
te.
Min
ami-
Sanr
iku
tow
n,M
iyag
iPr
efec
ture
.T
he20
11ts
tinam
iw
ashe
daw
ayth
een
tire
villa
geat
the
fmt
ofth
ehi
ll(M
inam
i-S
anri
ka-c
hoK
yoik
uli
nkal
2013
)
Fig.
2.5
Rec
over
ing
hist
oric
aldo
csm
ents
from
aw
areh
ouse
onA
pril
7,20
11by
the
Miy
agi
His
tori
cal
Doc
umen
tsC
onse
rvat
ion
Net
wor
kin
tshi
nom
aki
City
,M
iyag
iPr
efec
ture
.Ph
oto
bySh
uich
iSa
ltt)
(Miy
agi
Shir
yoN
etw
ork
2013
)
2Ja
pane
seA
rcha
eolo
gyT
oday
2122
IH
abu
and
K.O
kam
ura
Hon
ma
(20
12),
afu
kush
ima
arch
aeol
ogis
tw
hoha
sbe
enw
orki
ngon
salv
age
proj
ects
inth
ear
ea,
poin
tsou
tth
atth
ere
side
nts
inF
ukus
him
aca
nnot
fore
see
the
futu
reof
thei
rla
ndun
less
ther
eis
are
duct
ion
ofra
diat
ion
cont
amin
atio
nan
dth
atth
epr
oper
disp
osal
ofdi
sast
erw
aste
need
sto
hese
cure
d.H
esu
gges
tsth
atth
ere
gene
rati
onof
the
loca
lcu
ltur
esh
ould
coin
cide
wit
hth
epr
eser
vati
onof
cult
ural
heri
tage
.H
est
ates
that
we
fits
ally
real
ize
the
impo
rtan
cean
dm
eani
ngof
loca
lco
nmsu
niti
es,
cult
ure,
and
heri
tage
.in
clud
ing
inta
ngib
les,
only
afte
rw
eha
velo
stth
em,
and
that
the
afte
rmat
hof
the
Fuk
ushi
ma
acci
dent
offe
rsus
anop
port
unit
yto
reco
nnec
tw
ithth
etr
ueva
lues
oflo
cal
heri
tage
.T
here
alva
lue
ofcu
ltur
alhe
rita
geis
not
only
the
“hea
ling
effe
ct”
ofth
eob
ject
sth
emse
lves
,bu
tit
isw
hat
link
sus
toth
epa
stan
dgi
ves
usou
rid
enti
ty(H
onm
a20
12).
2.7
Tac
klin
gP
ast
Dis
aste
rs
Aft
erth
e20
11
Ear
thqu
ake,
arch
aeol
ogis
tsin
the
Toh
oku
Reg
ion
star
ted
wor
king
hard
toex
amin
eol
dan
dne
wda
ta,
look
ing
for
trac
esof
depo
sits
from
past
eart
hqua
kes
and
tsun
amis
for
publ
icdi
sast
erpr
even
tion
.S
aino
(201
2),
toge
ther
with
othe
rar
chae
olog
ists
inT
ohok
u,ha
vefu
rthe
red
the
stud
yal
ong
the
San
riku
coas
t(t
heP
acif
icO
cean
side
ofso
uthe
rnT
ohok
u)in
orde
rto
iden
tify
the
effe
cts
ofth
e86
9Jo
gan
and
I61
1K
eich
oea
rthq
uake
san
dts
unam
is.
Inad
diti
on,
they
have
begu
ncl
arif
ying
the
mov
emen
tsan
dch
ange
sof
the
popu
lati
onbe
fore
and
afte
rth
eea
rthq
uake
sby
mea
nsof
sett
lem
ent
patt
ern
stud
ies.
Ane
wfi
eld
of‘d
isas
ter
arch
aeol
ogy,
”w
hich
wou
ldin
clud
eth
eid
enti
fica
tion
ofth
etr
aces
ofpa
stea
rthq
uake
s,la
ndsl
ides
,fl
oodi
ng,
volc
anic
acti
viti
es,
asw
ell
asth
edi
scus
sion
ofth
eir
shor
t-an
dlo
ng-t
erm
cons
eque
nces
and
impl
icat
ions
.is
inth
epr
oces
sof
beco
min
ges
tabl
ishe
d.T
his
new
tren
dst
arte
dor
igits
ally
one
year
afte
rth
e19
95G
reat
Han
shin
Ear
thqu
ake,
whe
na
reco
rdof
“une
arth
edea
rthq
uake
trac
es”
was
com
pile
dth
roug
hth
eco
llab
orat
ion
ofap
prox
imat
ely
150
arch
aeol
ogis
tsfr
omal
lov
erJa
pan.
The
volu
me
cove
red
trac
esof
past
eart
hqua
kes
exca
vate
dat
378
site
sw
ithi
nJa
pan
(Mai
btin
Kyu
enR
enra
kuK
aigi
19%
).A
tth
atti
me,
how
ever
,es
tabl
ishi
nga
reli
able
syst
emfo
rre
gula
rco
llec
tion
and
anal
ysis
ofda
taw
asa
chal
leng
e.In
Apr
il20
14,
the
Nar
aN
atio
nal
Res
earc
hIn
stit
ute
for
Cul
tura
lP
rope
rtie
sde
cide
dto
crea
tea
data
base
for
all
the
trac
esof
natu
ral
disa
ster
sac
ross
the
coun
try
from
exca
vati
onre
port
san
dto
set
upa
netw
ork
ofex
pert
sw
hile
deve
lopi
ngm
etho
dsan
dte
chni
ques
for
rese
arch
over
the
next
5ye
ars.
arti
fact
san
dco
nduc
ting
salv
age
exca
vati
ons,
ina
cons
truc
tive
and
crea
tive
man
ner.
Res
ults
ofre
scue
exca
vati
ons
inth
edi
sast
er-s
tric
ken
area
sha
vepr
oduc
edsi
gnif
ican
t out
com
es,
prov
idin
gar
cheo
logi
sts
wit
han
oppo
rtun
ity
tore
cons
ider
the
role
ofar
chae
olog
yin
rapi
dly
chan
ging
soci
opol
itic
alco
ntex
ts.
See
dles
sto
say,
the
cons
eque
nces
ofth
e20
11
trip
ledi
sast
ers
wer
eex
trem
ely
trag
ic,
and
peop
lein
the
affe
cted
area
sar
est
illst
rugg
ling
tore
cove
rfr
omth
eda
mag
e.In
part
icul
ar,
resi
dent
sof
Fuk
ushi
ma
Pre
fect
ure
are
seri
ousl
ysu
ffer
ing
from
radi
atio
nco
ntam
inat
ion
ofth
ear
ea’s
agri
cult
ural
and
resi
dent
ial
land
,fo
rest
s,an
dth
eoc
ean.
Bec
ause
am
ajor
radi
oact
ive
cont
amin
ant
that
deri
ved
from
the
Fuk
ushi
ma
acci
dent
isce
sium
I37,
the
half
-lif
epe
riod
ofw
hich
is30
. 1ye
ars,
the
radi
atio
nco
n-ta
min
atio
npr
oble
mw
illno
tdi
ssip
ate
inth
ene
arfu
ture
.T
his
has
led
man
ype
ople
topr
otes
tag
ains
tth
eJa
pane
sego
vern
men
tan
dth
eT
okyo
Ele
ctri
cP
ower
Com
pany
for
thei
rla
ckof
prop
erco
mpen
sati
on(e
.g.,
Fuk
ushi
ma
Gen
pats
uK
okus
o-da
n20
16;
Nar
iwai
Sos
hoG
enko
ku-d
an,
Ben
go-d
an20
16).
We
sugg
est
that
the
pres
erva
tion
of
arch
aeol
ogic
alsi
tes
shou
ldbe
part
ofth
epr
eser
vati
onof
cult
ural
land
scap
esas
aw
hole
,an
dth
atar
chae
olog
ists
,in
thei
rdi
scus
sion
ofar
chae
olog
ical
heri
tage
man
agem
ent,
need
toco
llab
orat
em
ore
clos
ely
with
scho
lars
and
othe
rst
akeh
olde
rsw
hoar
ehe
avil
yin
volv
edin
the
disc
ussi
onof
cont
empo
rary
envi
ronm
enta
lis
sues
.T
hetr
iple
disa
ster
s,de
spit
eth
eir
horr
ibly
trag
icna
ture
,se
emto
bepr
ovid
ing
arch
aeol
ogis
tsw
ith
aun
ique
oppo
rtun
ity
tore
cons
ider
the
goal
san
dim
plic
atio
nsof
arch
aeol
ogic
alhe
rita
gem
anag
emen
tin
the
broa
der
cont
ext
ofa
rapi
dly
chan
ging
Japa
nese
soci
ety.
Thi
sca
nbe
anef
fect
ive
way
tota
ckle
the
para
dox
ofco
ntem
pora
ryJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
ydi
scus
sed
abov
e.In
terd
isci
plin
ary
and
inte
rnat
iona
lap
proa
ches
can
prom
ote
this
new
dire
ctio
nof
arch
aeol
ogic
aldi
scou
rse.
Sch
olar
sin
mul
tidi
scip
lina
ryfi
elds
,su
chas
cult
ural
anth
ropo
logi
sts,
soci
olog
ists
,an
dec
olog
ists
,ar
eal
soex
amin
ing
the
soci
ocul
tura
lan
den
viro
nmen
tal c
onse
quen
ces
oft
he
trip
ledi
sast
ers.
The
irre
sult
sw
illhe
help
ful
whe
nco
nsid
erin
gth
ero
les
and
rele
vanc
eof
arch
aeol
ogic
alhe
rita
gem
anag
emen
tin
the
post
Gre
atE
ast
Japa
nE
arth
quak
eer
aits
Japa
n.G
iven
itsse
ttin
gas
anea
rthq
uake
-pro
neco
untr
yw
ith
wel
l-es
tabl
ishe
dar
chae
olog
ical
heri
tage
man
agem
ent
syst
ems
and
acti
veou
trea
chpr
ogra
ms,
Japa
nis
ina
good
posi
tion
topr
omot
eth
efi
eld
ofdi
sast
erst
udie
s,in
clud
ing
disa
ster
arch
aeol
ogy,
asan
exam
ple
ofpu
blic
ally
orie
nted
soci
alsc
ient
ific
stud
ies
ford
isas
ter
prev
enti
onan
dri
skm
anag
emen
t.In
this
cont
ext,
the
disc
ipli
neof
disa
ster
arch
aeol
ogy
wou
ldbe
ane
wre
sear
chfi
eld
that
isop
ento
the
inte
rdis
cipl
inat
yan
din
tern
atio
nal
acad
emic
com
mun
ity.
Wit
hre
cent
atte
mpt
sto
furt
her
inte
mat
iona
lize
Japa
nese
arch
aeol
ogy,
such
asho
ldin
gth
eE
ight
hW
orld
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Con
-gr
ess
inK
yoto
inA
ugus
tan
dS
epte
mbe
r20
16.
we
hope
that
the
new
deve
lopm
ents
ofJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
ydi
scus
sed
inth
isch
apte
rca
nbe
inte
grat
edin
toth
edi
scus
sion
ofw
orld
arch
aeol
ogy.
2.8
Dis
cuss
ion
and
Con
clus
ion
As
disc
usse
dab
ove,
cont
empo
rary
Japa
nese
arch
aeol
ogy
isan
exci
ting
rese
arch
fiel
dw
ith
extr
emel
yri
chda
taan
dw
ell-
esta
blis
hed
heri
tage
man
agem
ent
syst
ems,
but
the
syst
ems
have
inex
tric
ably
been
link
edto
rapi
dec
onom
icgr
owth
and
larg
e-sc
ale
land
deve
lopm
ents
sinc
eth
e19
60s.
The
sesy
stem
sha
vepr
ovid
edso
lid
data
base
sfo
rar
chae
olog
ists
toco
nduc
tcu
ttin
g-ed
gere
sear
chan
des
tabl
ish
publ
icar
chae
olog
yw
ith
anem
phas
ison
loca
lhi
stor
y.H
owev
er,
the
hist
ory
ofth
ecl
ose
coll
abor
atio
nbe
twee
nar
chae
olog
ists
and
deve
lope
rs,
com
bine
dw
ithth
ede
clin
eof
fund
ing
and
chan
ges
inth
eov
eral
lso
ciop
olit
ical
clim
ate,
has
also
led
toun
wel
com
est
ruct
ural
chan
ges
that
can
thre
aten
the
orig
inal
goal
sof
publ
icar
chae
olog
yan
da
nuan
ced
disc
ussi
onof
loca
lhi
stor
y.T
his
isa
para
dox
ofco
ntem
pora
ryJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
y,an
dac
tive
disc
ussi
ons
anso
ngsc
hola
rly
com
mun
itie
s,as
wel
las
with
vari
ous
stak
ehol
ders
,ar
ene
cess
ary.
Am
ajor
fact
orin
the
cont
ext
ofth
ese
disc
ussi
ons
isth
e20
11
Gre
atE
ast
Japa
nE
arth
quak
e.w
hich
caus
edse
riou
sda
mag
eto
the
natu
ral
and
cult
ural
land
scap
esof
Japa
nin
clud
ing
arch
aeol
ogic
alhe
ntag
e.A
rcha
eolo
gist
sha
vere
spon
ded
toth
eur
gent
need
for
resc
ueop
erat
ions
,i.e
..re
scui
ng
Ref
eren
ces
Bar
nes,
G. L
.(20
t 5).
Arc
haeo
logy
ofl
iast
Asi
a:T
heri
seof
civi
liw
tion
hiC
hina
,K
orea
aizs
l Jap
an.
Hav
erto
wn:
Oxb
owB
ooks
.B
arne
s,G
.L
.,&
Oki
ta,
M.
(t99
9).
Japa
nese
arch
aeol
ogy
inth
et9
90s.
Jour
nal
ofA
rcha
eolo
gica
lR
esea
rch,
7(4)
,34
9—39
5.B
leed
,P.
(198
9).
Fore
ign
arch
aeol
ogis
tsin
Japa
n:Sw
ateg
ies
for
expt
oita
tion.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Rev
iew
froi
nC
ambr
idge
,8(
1),
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27.
Bun
kach
o[A
genc
yfo
rC
ultu
ral
Aff
airs
J.(2
012)
The
afte
rmat
hof
the
Gre
atE
ast
Japa
nE
arth
quak
ein
the
fiel
dof
cultu
rean
dth
ear
ts.
http
://w
ww
.hun
ka.g
o.jp
/eng
listd
eart
lscu
ake/
nses
sage
20l2
t)3l
l.ar
t.ht
tril
Bun
kach
o[A
genc
yfo
rC
ultu
ral
Aff
airs
].(2
016)
.H
akku
tsu
sare
taN
ihon
retto
:S
hinh
akke
nko
koso
kuho
[Exh
ibiti
onof
Exc
avat
ions
itsth
eJa
pane
seA
rchi
pela
go20
16].
Tok
yo:
Kyo
doN
ews
(its
Japa
nese
).B
unka
cho
Bun
kaza
i-bu
Kin
enhu
tsu-
ka[M
onum
ents
and
Site
Div
isio
n,A
genc
yfo
rC
ultu
ral
Aff
airs
i.(2
016)
.M
aizo
bunk
azai
kank
eito
kei
shir
vo[S
tati
stic
sre
late
dto
cult
ural
rew
ntrc
eln
flna
gem
ent
inJa
pan]
.T
okyo
:B
unic
acho
Bun
kaza
i-hu
Kin
enhu
tsu-
ka(in
Japa
nese
).
2Ja
pane
seA
rcha
eolo
gyT
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Adv
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rein
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urre
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e,J.
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.R
escu
ear
chae
olog
y:T
heFr
ench
way
.Pu
blic
Aic
hae
olo
gt
2,17
0—17
7.Fa
wce
tt,C
.(1
990)
.A
stud
yof
the
soci
o-po
liti
rcil
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ext
ofJa
pan
ese
arch
aeol
ogy.
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isse
rtat
ion,
McG
illU
nive
rsity
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eal.
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Nat
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nese
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aeol
ogy.
InP.
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ohl,
&C
.Fa
wce
ttfE
ds.)
,N
atio
nali
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polit
ic’s
,ur
ic!
time
inm
actic
’of
arcI
mae
olog
3(p
p.23
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Cam
brid
ge:
Cam
brid
geU
nive
rsit
yPr
ess.
ftik
ushi
ma
Gen
pats
uK
okus
o-da
n[T
heC
ompl
aina
nts
for
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Cri
min
alPr
osec
utio
nof
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ushi
ma
Nuc
lear
Dis
aste
r].
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61.
Hom
epa
ge.
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okus
o-fu
kusi
rnag
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tu.h
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hlog
-pag
e.5
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htm
l.A
cces
sed
July
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nese
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ahu,
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.C
onte
mpo
rary
Japa
nese
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aeol
ogy
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ely.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Rev
iew
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Cam
brid
ge,
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).36
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.H
abu,
J.(2
004)
.A
ncie
ntJo
nrom
mo/
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mm
.C
ambr
idge
:C
ambr
idge
Uni
vers
ityPr
ess.
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u.J.
(201
4a).
Pos
t-pl
eist
ocen
etr
ansf
orm
atio
nsof
hunt
er-g
athe
rers
inE
ast
Asi
a.In
V.
Cum
min
gs,
P.Jo
rdan
.&
M.
Zve
lehi
l(E
ds.)
,O
4orr
lha
ndbo
okt)
fth
ear
eim
aetm
logv
anti
aflti
lrc)
polo
gVof
hum
mte
r-ga
timer
ers
(pp.
507—
520)
.O
xfor
d:O
xfor
dU
nive
rsity
Pres
s.F[
ahu,
J.(2
014h
).E
arly
sede
ntis
min
Eas
tA
sia:
From
late
pala
eoli
thic
toea
rly
agri
cultu
ral
soci
etie
sin
insu
lar
Eas
tA
sia.
InC
.R
enfr
ew,
&P.
Bah
n,(E
ds.)
,Ti
meC
ambr
ic/g
ew
arlc
lpre
imis
tom
y:E
ast
Asi
aun
tiltim
eA
mer
icas
(vol
.2,
pp.
724—
741
).C
ambr
idge
:C
ambr
idge
Uni
vers
ityPr
ess.
Hab
u,J.
(201
6).
Shok
uno
tayo
sei
toki
kohe
ndo:
Jom
onji
dai
zenk
i.ch
uki
nojir
eika
ra[F
ood
dive
rsity
and
clim
ate
chan
ge:
Aca
sest
udy
from
the
Ear
lyto
Mid
dle
Jom
onPe
riod
s].
Kmmk
mmga
kuK
enkv
u[Q
mm
arte
rlvof
Arr
lmae
mm
logi
cal
$tui
ties]
,63
(2),
38—
50(i
nJa
pane
sew
ithE
nglis
htit
lean
dsu
mm
ary)
.H
ahu,
J.,
&Fa
wce
tt,C
.(1
99(1
).E
duca
tion
and
arch
aeol
ogy
inJa
pan.
InP.
Ston
e,&
R.
Mac
Ken
zie
(Eds
,),
Exc
lude
dpas
t:A
rcha
eolo
gymm
edmm
catio
mm(p
p.21
7—23
0).
Lon
don:
Uw
inH
yman
.H
abu,
J.,
&Fa
wce
tt,C
.(1
999)
.Jo
mon
arch
aeol
ogy
and
the
repr
esen
tati
onof
Japa
nese
orig
ins.
Am
mtiq
uth.
73,
587—
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Hah
u,J.
,&
Fau
cett
.C
.(2
008)
.Sc
ienc
eor
narr
ativ
es?
Mul
tiple
inte
rpre
tatio
nsof
the
Sann
aiM
aruy
aina
sile
,Ja
pan.
InJ.
Ilah
u,C
.F
awce
tt.
&3.
M.
Mat
sttn
aga
(Eds
.),
Er’a
iuat
imm
gmm
mmml
tiple
mm
arra
tis’e
s:B
eyon
dmm
aticm
mmcd
ist,
calo
mm
iahs
t,itm
mi,c
’riai
istar
cim
aecm
logi
es(p
p.9t
—t
17).
Sprm
trger
:N
ewY
ork.
Hon
ma,
H.
(201
2)F
ukus
him
a-ke
nno
hisa
i:B
unka
zai
noky
ushu
tsst
toho
shan
om
onda
i[F
ukus
hins
adi
sast
er:
Res
cue
ofcu
ltura
lpr
oper
ties
and
radi
oact
ive
cont
hnsi
natio
nis
sues
].Pa
per
pres
ente
dat
ase
ssio
n‘H
igas
hi-n
ihon
dai-
shin
sai
kara
ichi
-nen
:B
unka
zai
nm) h
iss)
tofu
kko
nim
uket
e[O
neye
araf
ter
the
Gre
atE
ast
Japa
nE
arth
quak
e:D
iscu
ssio
non
dam
aged
cttlt
urat
prop
erty
and
the
revi
taliz
atio
nof
loca
t com
mun
itie
s],
May
27.
2012
atth
e78
thA
nnua
lM
eeth
tgof
the
Japa
nese
Arc
haec
mlo
gica
tA
ssxi
atio
tt,
Tok
yo(i
nJa
pane
se(.
Hud
son,
M.
(199
9).
Rmrim
msaf
iden
tity
:Et
imm
mog
emm
esis
inntim
eicq
mcmm
mese
islum
mds
.H
onol
ulu:
Uni
vers
ityof
Haw
aii
Pres
s.Ik
awa-
Smith
,F.
(198
0).
Cur
rent
issu
esin
Japa
nese
arch
aeol
ogy.
Ammm
ericam
mSc
iemm
tist,
68,
134—
t45.
Ikaw
a-S
tuit
h,F.
(200
21.
Gen
der
inJa
pane
sepr
ehis
tory
.In
S.M
.N
elso
n(E
d.),
Purs
mm
itof
gem
mde
r:W
orld
mei
dear
cim
aeol
ogic
alcm
ppro
amim
e.m(p
p.33
2—35
4(.
Wal
nut
Cre
ek:
Alta
ntir
aPr
ess.
Itna
mur
a,K
.(1
996)
.Pm
eim
isto
ric
Japa
mm
:N
emvp
ersp
ecti
ves
aimim
mstm
lcmr E
cmst
Asi
a.H
onol
ulu:
Uni
vers
ityof
Haw
ai’m
Pres
s.It
o,Y
.(2
011)
.A
omor
i-ke
nA
omor
i-sh
iSa
nnai
Mar
uyam
a(9
)is
eki
niok
emto
chin
oki
riyo
nits
uite
[The
utili
zatio
nof
Aescm
mlmm
stm
mrbim
m(mt
eat
the
San
nai-
Mar
uyam
a(9
)si
te,
Aom
ori
City
,A
omor
iPr
efec
ture
l.Ao
mmmo
ri-ke
mmrit
smm
Kyo
do-k
anKe
mrkm
mmK
ivo
[Btd
letin
ofA
ntor
iP
rete
ctur
alMm
msem
mmmm
],35
,43
—50
(in
Japa
nese
).tw
ate
Nip
po.
(Ed.
)(2
0t1)
.H
eise
imm
oSa
mmrik
mmoi
m—
tstm
nctm
i:H
igas
imi
Niim
amm
Dui—
simim
msa
i Im
mat
enrc
)ki
mok
tm[A
reco
rdof
time
Gre
atSa
mm
riku
Tsrm
,mim
mmti
immli
tate
].Jim
mie
20,
201
1.M
orio
ka:
Iwat
eN
ippo
(in
Japa
nese
).Ja
pan
ICO
MO
SN
atio
nal
Com
mitt
ee.
(201
1).
The
Gre
atE
ast
Japa
nE
arlh
quak
e.R
epor
ton
the
dam
age
toth
ecu
ltura
lhe
rita
ge,
Toky
sm.
http
://s
swss
.japa
n-ie
omos
.org
/pcl
flea
rihq
uake
.rep
cmit
20t
I1l2
0.pd
f.A
cces
sed
Sep
tem
ber
1.20
15.
Kan
er,
S.,
Hab
u,3.
,&
Mat
sui,
A.
(21)
11)
.R
escu
itsg
arch
aeol
ogy
affe
cted
byth
eJa
pane
seea
rthq
uake
and
tsun
ami.
Ammt
iqtmi
m-v,
85.
Ava
ilabl
eat
:hi
tp://
wsv
w.a
niiq
uity
.ac.
uldp
rojg
a(t/k
aner
329/
.A
cces
sed
Sep
tem
ber
1,20
15.
Kaw
ahat
a,H
.,H
isas
hi,
Y.,
&O
hkci
shi,
K.,
Yus
uke
Y.,
Kat
suno
ri,
K.,
Hid
eki,
0.,
etat
.(2
009)
.C
hang
esof
envi
rtmnm
ssei
stsan
dhu
man
activ
ityat
the
San
nai-
Mar
uyam
aru
ins
inJa
pats
duri
ngth
eM
id-H
oloc
ene
hyps
ithe
rmal
clim
atic
inte
rval
.Q
uctte
rmm
arS
cien
ceR
ei’i
emts
28,
964—
74.
Kik
uchi
,Y
.(2
015)
.A
rcha
ecm
lcm
gyan
dcu
ltura
lhe
rita
gein
Fuk
ushi
ma
toda
y:Fo
urye
ars
sinc
eth
eG
reat
Eas
tJa
pan
Ear
thcj
uake
.Ja
pane
seJcm
mmrm
iulof
ttrci
mae
olm
gv3,
28—
4t.
Als
oav
aila
ble
at:
http
://w
svw
.j)ar
chae
olm
mgy
.jp/.
Acc
esse
dS
epte
mbe
r1.
2015
.K
obay
ashi
.K
.(2
(X)8
(.Jo
mon
jida
itrim
reki
nenc
iai
[Cal
enda
rye
ars
for
the
Jom
cmn
Peric
md]
.In
Y.
Kos
stgi
,Y
.l’
anig
uchi
,Y
.N
ishi
da,
K.
Miz
unoe
&K
.Y
ano
(Eds
.),
Jons
onji
dai
toko
koga
ku2:
Rek
ishi
nom
mm
nosa
shi:
Jcm
mon
jida
ike
nkyu
noH
enne
nta
ikei
[Arc
haeo
logy
cmf t
heJm
mon
Peri
od,
Vol
.2:
Tim
esc
ale:
Chr
onm
mlo
gica
tst
udie
sof
the
Jom
onPe
riod
](p
p.25
7—26
9).
Tok
yo:
Dos
eish
a(i
nJa
pane
se).
Kri
stia
nsen
,K
.(2
(8)9
).C
ontr
act
arch
aem
logy
inE
urop
e:A
nex
peri
nsen
tin
dive
rsity
.D
ebat
esmm
Wor
ldA
rcha
eolo
gy,
Wor
ldA
rcha
eolo
gy,
41(4
),64
1—64
8.
Mai
hun
Kan
ren
Kyu
enR
enra
kuK
aigi
,M
aizo
Bun
kaza
iK
enky
u-ka
i[A
ssoc
iatio
ttfo
rR
escu
eA
rcha
eolo
gy],
(Eds
).19
96H
akku
tsu-
sare
taji
shin
-kon
seki
[Une
arth
edE
arth
ttuak
eT
race
si.
Osa
ka:
Mai
btin
Kan
ren
Kyu
enR
enra
kuK
aigi
,M
aizo
But
ukaz
aiK
etsk
yu-k
ai(i
nJa
pane
se).
Mat
sui,
A.
(201
1).
Her
itage
resc
uein
the
wak
eof
the
Gre
atE
aste
rnJa
pan
Ear
thqu
ake.
The
SAA
Arc
btae
olog
ical
Rec
ord,
11(4
),11
—15
.M
inam
i-S
anri
ku-c
hoK
yoik
uIi
nkai
[Boa
rdof
Edu
cati
onof
Min
ami-
San
riku
Tow
n)(2
013)
.A
hats
dout
for
anop
enda
yof
the
Niid
a-ta
tem
edie
val
fcm
rtifte
dvi
llage
site
,M
iyag
iPr
efec
mre
.N
ovem
ber
23,
2013
(in
Japa
nese
).M
iyag
i Shi
ryo
Net
svor
k(20
13).
His
tmri
ca(
reco
rdre
scue
activ
ities
ofth
eM
iyag
iS
hiry
oNet
wor
k,pr
e-di
sast
erac
tivi
ties
and
resp
onse
toth
eG
reat
Eas
lJa
pan
Ear
thqu
ake.
hrR
ecov
ery
stcm5
msre
port
:T
heG
reat
Eas
tJa
pftm
mEa
rthqm
mak
e20
11ca
sest
udie
s.In
tenm
atw
mic
itRec
om’e
nPi
acf(
)rm
n,M
arci
t2O
l3(p
p.
88—
98).
Kob
e.ht
tp://
ww
w.r
ectm
very
p(at
fcm
rtn.
org/
asse
ts/ir
p.ca
sest
udie
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EC
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ER
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TA
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JAP
AN
revi
sedc
2020
l4.3
.27.
pdf#
sear
ch=
%27
Tlt
e+G
reat
+E
ast+
Japa
n+E
ant(
tqua
ke+
20t l
+ca
se+
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ies+
lnte
rnat
iom
tat+
Rec
mw
ery+
Ptat
forn
t+M
arcl
t+20
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izog
uchi
.K
.(2
(832
).A
rciic
meo
iogi
cal
itis
toof
Japa
mm
:3(
3000
B.C
—A
D.
700.
Phila
delp
hia:
Uni
vers
ityof
Pen
nsyl
vani
aPr
ess.
Miz
oguc
hi,
K.
(201
3).
The
mirc
imae
olcm
gvof
iapa
mi:
Frcmm
mmtim
eea
rlie
stric
efam
nmni
ngvi
licig
esto
tire
rise
ojt
iie
stat
e.N
ewY
ork:
Cam
brid
geU
nive
rsity
Pres
s.N
akat
suka
,T.
(201
5).
Sans
odo
itai-
hine
tsri
nne
ndai
-ho
gam
otar
asu
atar
ashi
iko
koga
kuke
nkyu
noka
nose
i[N
ewpo
ssib
ilit
ies
inar
chae
olog
ical
rese
arch
enab
led
byox
ygen
isot
ope
dend
roch
rono
lcm
gy].
Kok
ogak
uKe
mik
yim
[Qua
mie
rlv
ofA
mch
aeo(
ogic
cml
Sttm
dies
],62
(2),
17—
30(it
sJa
pane
sew
ithE
nglis
htit
lean
dsu
mm
ary)
.N
aris
vai
Sosh
oG
enko
ku-d
an,
Ben
go-d
an[T
heC
ompl
aitia
nts
attd
Leg
alT
eam
fcmr
the
Prcm
secu
tion
ofth
eF
ukus
him
aN
ucle
arD
isas
ter
rega
rdin
gth
eL
oss
ofS
ubsi
sten
ceM
eans
].(2
016)
.H
ome
page
:N
ariw
aiso
sho.
ltttp
:/Iw
ww
.na
nsva
isos
hcm
u.jp
/(i
nJa
pane
se).
Nas
u,H
.,&
Mom
mha
ra,
A.
(201
6).
The
begi
nnin
gsof
rice
and
mill
etag
ricu
lhtr
ein
preh
isto
ric
Japa
n.Q
tmat
enia
my
Imite
niat
iom
ial,
397(
2016
),50
4—51
2.N
egita
,i’
.(2
012)
.A
rcim
aeol
ogic
alex
can’
atio
mi
for
reco
n,str
tmct
ionm
onth
ebm
tildi
mtg
ofmm
cmx
conr
nmm
mni
ties.
Ava
ilab
leat
:ht
tp://
arcl
mae
oltm
gy.jp
/site
s/20
l2/r
ebui
ldin
g.ht
mtt.
Acc
esse
dS
epte
mbe
r1,
2015
.N
ihon
Kok
ogak
uK
yoka
i20
07ne
ndo
Kum
amfm
toT
aika
iJi
kko
Iink
ai[T
he20
07K
irm
amot
oM
eetin
gC
omm
itte
eof
the
Japa
nese
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Ass
ocia
tion]
(200
7).
Nih
onK
mko
gaku
Kyo
kai
2007
nend
oK
umam
oto
Tai
kai
Ken
kyu
Hap
pyo
Shi
tyo-
shu
[Abs
trac
tsof
the
2007
Kum
amot
oM
eetin
gof
the
Japa
nese
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Ass
ocia
tion]
(in
Japa
nese
).O
gum
a,E
.(2
012)
.Ja
pan
‘sm
acte
ari)
omie
rcu
rdam
rti-m
rimcl
ear
mmmo
vemn
ent f
ram
ea
soci
o-im
istc
)ric
alim
er,s
pect
in’e
.Pa
per
pres
ente
dat
the
sym
posi
um.
“Tos
vard
sto
ng-t
erm
sust
aina
hilit
y:In
resp
onse
toth
e3/
11
Ear
thqu
ake
and
the
Fuk
ushi
ma
Nuc
lear
Dis
aste
r.”
Cen
ter
for
Japa
nese
Stud
ies,
Inst
itute
ofE
ast
Asi
anSt
udie
san
dth
eD
epar
tmen
tof
Ant
hrop
olog
y,U
CB
erke
ley.
Oka
mur
a.K
.(2
013)
.E
thic
si)
fco
mm
erci
alar
chae
tmkm
gy:
Japa
n.In
C.
Smith
(Ed.
),E
mrc
vclo
pedi
aofg
lobal
arch
aeol
ogy
(pp.
2482
—24
85).
New
Yor
k:Sp
ring
er.
Oka
mur
a,K
.(2
015)
.T
suts
ami
and
heri
tage
afte
rth
e20
11G
reat
Eas
tJa
pan
Ear
thqu
ake.
InW
.J.
H.
Will
ems,
&H
.P.
J.va
nS
chai
ktE
ds.)
,tY
ater
and
irer
itag
e:M
ater
ial,
conc
eptu
alam
idsp
irit
ual
com
mm
tectio
mrs
(pp.
245—
256)
.L
eide
n:Si
dest
otte
Pres
s.A
lso
avai
tabt
eat
http
://w
wsv
.sid
esro
ne.c
omn/
tihra
iv/s
sate
r-tr
erita
ge.
Acc
esse
dS
epte
mbe
r1,
2015
.O
kam
ura,
K.,
Fujis
awa,
A.,
Kon
do,
Y.,
Fujim
oto,
Y.,
Uoz
u,T
.,O
gaw
a,Y
.,et
at.
(201
3).
The
Gre
atE
ast
Japa
nE
arth
quak
ean
dcu
ltura
lhe
rita
ge:
Tow
ards
anar
chae
olog
yof
disa
ster
.Am
itiqm
mimy
87,
258—
269.
Oka
mur
a,K
.,&
Mat
suda
,A
.(2
010)
.A
rcha
eolm
mgi
cal
heri
tage
man
agem
ent
inJa
pan.
InP.
Mau
chM
esse
nger
,&
G.
S.Sm
ith(E
ds.)
,C
ultu
ral
her
itag
ern
umrag
emmr
emmt
:A
glo
bal
lers
iect
is’e
pp.
99—
110
).Fl
orid
a:U
nive
rsity
Pres
sof
Flor
ida.
Pear
son,
1k.
J.(1
992)
.T
hena
ture
ofJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
y.A
sian
Pers
pect
is’e
s,31
(2),
115—
127.
Sain
o,H
.(2
012)
.H
akku
tsu-
chos
ade
kens
huts
usa
reta
Sets
dai
Hei
yano
tsut
sam
iko
nsek
i[E
xcav
ated
evid
ence
ofts
unam
ion
the
Send
aiPl
ain]
.Q
uart
erly
ofA
rcim
aeol
ogic
alS
tudi
es,
232,
6—1
1(i
nJa
pane
se).
Sasa
ki,
K.
(199
9).
Ahi
stor
yof
settl
emen
tar
cheo
logy
inJa
pan.
Jrmtm
msta
lo
fEas
tA
siam
iA
rcbr
aerm
lcm
gyI(
1—4)
,32
5—35
2.Sc
hlan
ger,
N.,
Nes
poul
ous,
L.,
&D
emou
le,
J.P.
(201
6).
Yea
r5
atFu
kush
ima:
A‘d
isas
ter-
led’
arch
aeol
ogy
ofth
eco
ntem
pora
ryfu
ture
.A
ntiq
tmitv
.90
(350
(,40
9—42
4.T
atei
shi,
T.
(201
4).
Ove
rvie
wof
cultu
ral
prop
erti
esaf
fect
edby
disa
ster
inth
eG
reat
Eas
tJa
pan
Ear
thqu
ake
ofM
arch
201
1,m
icri
)hia
lhi
tdet
erio
ratk
mn
ofcu
ltura
lpr
oper
ty.
InP
roce
edin
gsof
the
imite
rnat
iona
lsym
mtpos
immm
mman
ttim
eco
mrs
ersa
tiotr
mmmd
rest
orat
ioti
ofcm
mtsm
ralpr
oper
ty20
12(p
p.29
—33
).N
atio
nal
Res
earc
hin
stit
ute
for
Cul
tura
lPr
oper
ties,
Toky
mm
.A
lso
avai
labl
eat
http
://sv
ww
.tohu
nkei
m.g
o.jp
/ —cc
r/pu
h/sy
nmp2
0t2/
synt
p2((
t 2J)
3.pd
f#se
arct
an‘C
sm1t
ural
+pro
pet-
ties+
resc
ue+p
rcsg
rain
c SD
’.A
cces
sed
Sep
tem
ber
1,20
15.
Tsu
ji,S.
(201
1).
Jom
onjid
aize
n-ch
uki
ncr
Sann
aiM
aruy
ama
shur
aku
seita
ikei
-shi
[Eco
logi
cal
hist
ory
ofth
eSa
nnai
Mam
yam
ase
ttlem
ent
duri
ngth
eE
arly
and
Mid
dle
Jots
ton
Peri
ods]
.T
ohok
uG
emju
tsu
Kok
aD
oigu
ktm
Toho
kim
Bto
rka
Kem
rkyt
mC
emite
rKe
mtk
m’u
Ki’
o[B
imile
tinm
mit
tIme
Cen
ter
for
Toho
kim
Ctml
tmmr
eSt
tmdi
e.m,
Tcmi
moktm
U,ti
sers
imy
cmf
-tnt
amid
Des
igim
],10
,37
—51
(in
Japa
nese
).
2Ja
pane
seA
rcha
eolo
gyT
oday
25
Yas
tida,
Y.,
Yam
aguc
h;,
K.,
Nak
agaw
a,I.
,F
ukus
aca,
H..
Kita
gaw
a,J.
,&
Oka
mur
a,M
.(2
004)
.E
nvir
onm
enta
lva
nabi
bty
and
hum
anad
apta
tion
duri
ngth
eL
ateg
laci
al/H
oloc
ene
tran
sitio
nin
Japa
nw
ithre
tëre
nce
topo
llen
anal
ysis
ofth
eSG
4C
ore
from
lake
Suig
etsu
.Q
uate
rnan
’hit
ern
ati
onfl
i,12
3—12
5,11
—19
.Y
osht
da,
A.
(201
5).
Nih
onre
ttt)
niok
eru
sais
htt
hyok
ino
koka
nkyo
kenk
yu—
Kaf
unhu
nsek
io
chus
hin
nish
ilaki
nnen
noke
nkyu
doko
tom
onda
i-te
n[P
aleo
envi
ronm
eist
alst
udy
onth
ela
stgl
acia
lpe
riod
inth
eJa
pane
sear
chip
elag
o-re
cent
rese
arch
tren
dan
dch
alle
nges
svith
afo
cus
onpo
llen
anal
ysis
J.P
ateo
hthi
cR
esea
rch,
1],
1—12
(in
Japa
nese
).Y
oshi
kaw
a,M
.(2
008)
.T
c)ho
kuch
iho
hoku
huni
okem
toch
inok
iri
yous
)he
nsei
[Veg
etat
ion
hist
ory
and
form
atio
nof
Aes
citl
its
ttw
rbin
ate
fore
stfr
omth
eM
iddl
eto
the
Lat
eJo
rnon
Peri
ods
inth
eT
ohok
udi
sfri
ct,
Nor
ther
nJa
pan]
.K
aitk
yo
Bui
ikas
lii
Kei
ik’t
s[R
esea
rch
ftir
Env
iro,
i,nen
tai
icl
Cul
ture
His
tory
],1,
27—
35(i
nJa
pane
se).
