FOM - 12.0336

Voortgangsverslag 2011

FOM-programma nr. 113 'Nano-photovoltaics'

Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie www.fom.nl

mei 2012

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Inhoudsopgave

Voorwoord van de programmaleider.......................................................................................................... 2

Highlight uit het FOM Jaarboek 2011 .......................................................................................................... 9

Fact sheet per 1 januari 2012 ....................................................................................................................... 10

Historisch kwantitatief overzicht van input en output ........................................................................... 12

Promoties ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

Personele bezetting in 2011 ......................................................................................................................... 13

Output 2011 ................................................................................................................................................... 14

Groep M. Bonn/A. Polman/ J.Gómez Rivas ............................................................................................ 15

Bijlage ............................................................................................................................................................. 21

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Voorwoord van de programmaleider

Introduction The Nano-photovoltaics programme started in July 2009, and is composed of three research groups headed by Mischa Bonn, Jaime Gómez Rivas and Albert Polman, that collaborate to develop novel photovoltaic energy conversion concepts based on nanotechnology. The programme focuses on the study of novel physical concepts and insights. In some cases prototype devices are also made. The programme's research topics are: • light trapping in thin-film solar cells using plasmonic nanostructures • harvesting excitons in novel quantum dot solar cell geometries • light trapping and conversion in semiconductor nanowire solar cells All granted positions were filled in 2009 and 2010 (5 PhDs, 1 postdoc, 1 guest). Additional funding provided by Toyota, the Global Climate and Energy Program (Stanford University) and an ERC Advanced Investigator Grant provided additional funding to hire an additional postdoc and a PhD student. With the programme now 30 months underway, many important results have been achieved that are listed in this report. A total of 13 articles appeared in 2011. Nine of these articles (69%) appeared in high-impact journals (impact factor ≥ Phys. Rev. Lett.) Also, many invited talks were given on the results from the NPV programme. Research highlights in 2011 The work on light trapping in ultra-thin solar cells took a new step forward with the introduction of resonant Mie scatterers as efficient light couplers. We found that a well-designed array of Si nanocylinders on a Si substrate causes perfect impedance matching of light, with only 1% reflec-tion over the entire spectral band from 450 to 900 nm (Nature Comm. 3, 692 (2012)). The first experiments on integration of these new geometries with solar cells have been started. In a new collaboration with ECN on thin-film amorphous Si solar cells, we demonstrated efficient light scattering from surface arrays of Ag nanoparticles into waveguide modes of a silicon solar cell. Also, a complete full-field three-dimensional model of plasmonic light coupling into complex nanoscale solar cell geometries was developed and published (ACS Nano 5, 10055 (2011)). Another key development in 2011 was the design and realization of resonant transparent conducting Ag wire networks with anomalous optical transmission. These structures could replace the conven-tional indium-tin-oxide (ITO) contacts, that are absorbing in UV and infrared and use the rare ele-ment indium. Finally, we realized parabolic microreflectors using two-photon lithography (Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 151113 (2011)), in a first step towards a study to enhance the open circuit voltage of Si solar cells by reducing photon entropy. In our exploration of the potential of quantum dots (QDs) as light harvesters for photovoltaic applications, we have explored the carrier dynamics in QD sensitized solar cells. For this approach we evaluated how quantum confinement affects the timescale of electron transfer. Our results demonstrated that the rate constant for electron transfer depends on the electron excess energy (Nano Lett. 11, 5234 (2011)) which increases as the QD size shrinks. Some of our research efforts were oriented towards the study of solar cell geometries with potential efficiencies beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit (efficiencies > 33%). Fundamental studies were carried out analyzing the potential of novel heteronanocrystal architectures aiming to slow down carrier cooling within them. We have further demonstrated carrier multiplication in bulk InN, which occurs very close to the energy conservation limit, indicating that InN based quantum dots are promising for harves-ting more than one carrier per incident UV photon.

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On our research towards the realization of semiconductor nanowire solar cells we investigated the broadband absorption of light by arrays of InP nanowires. We found that more than 97% of the visible spectral range is absorbed in these nanowire samples, which use a much lower amount of the expensive III-V semiconductor than conventional InP layers (ACS Nano, 5, 5830 (2011)). The extraordinary high absorption of arrays of nanowires is attributed to refractive index matching to air at the upper interface of the nanowire layer and coupling of the incident solar light to the sub-strate at the lower interface. This study opens the possibility of designing highly efficient solar cells based on nanowires. We also demonstrated coherent absorption and enhanced luminescence in ultrathin (several nm) layers of quantum rods. These phenomena are the result of interference and dissipation in thin layers. We have predicted that it is possible to achieve perfect absorption (100%) in a certain frequency range for arbitrarily thin layers of weakly absorbing materials. We are currently exploring the possible application of these coherent absorption effects for ultra-thin solar cells. NPV meetings In 2011, the NPV programme held progress meetings on May 12, September 9, and December 20, 2011. In addition, on February 15, 2011 an excursion was held to Helianthos, a solar cell manufac-turer in Arnhem.

Excursion of NPV team to Helianthos (Feb. 15, 2011) Furthermore, we held a summerschool at metamaterials and nanophotovoltaics from June 20 - July 15, 2011, in which several renowned researchers from all over the world visited AMOLF to carry our joint experiments, brainstorm about future research directions, and write papers on ongoing collaborations. Among them were Harry Atwater (Caltech), with whom a project on micropara-bolic light reflectors was carried, out and Naomi Halas (Rice Univ.) with whom initial experiments on hot-carrier plasmon-exciton coupling of Ag nanoantennas in a-Si:H were started.

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2011 AMOLF summerschool visitors (June 2011) Personnel All positions on the NPV programme have been filled, with the exception of one remaining 1-year postdoc assignment. In 2011, Puck Moll's assignment as a PhD student was terminated after one year. Her work is now pursued by Enrique Canovas, who was already active in the NPV programme as a postdoc sponsored by Toyota. In this way the project goals set by Bonn's group will all be pursued as originally proposed. An additional student (Jorik van de Group) was acquired through Polman's ERC Advanced Investigator Grant and funding from the Global Climate and Energy Program (Stanford University). Overall, the NPV programme has grown to an activity of some 8-10 fte. In December 2011, Mischa Bonn left AMOLF for his new position as director at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz. The PhD student (Søren Jensen) and postdoc (Enrique Canovas) on the NPV programme will move with him to Mainz in the Spring of 2012 and will carry out the research goals set in the NPV proposal from there. They will continue to visit AMOLF on a regular basis to exchange information with the other NPV team members. There is a strong mutual commitment to continue the successful collaboration within the NPV programme. Yes! fellows AMOLF also serves as the temporary home base for two FOM Yes!-fellows who are carrying out a photovoltaics postdoc programme abroad with the aim to return to The Netherlands to pursue a career in photovoltaics research here. Joep Pijpers started his Yes!-fellowship in July 2010. After a successful start, in which he developed a new cobalt-borate photocatalyst (Science 334, 645 (2011)) in the group of Nocera at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he decided to leave the Yes!-fellows programme and accept a position at the start-up company Sun Catalytix in Boston, MA. The second Yes!-fellow, Andrea Baldi, started his research activities in the group of Jen Dionne at Stanford University in February 2011.

Former Yes!-fellow Joep Pijpers demonstrates a new photocatalist at Sun Catalytix (November 30, 2011)

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Awards Albert Polman was awarded an ERC Advanced Investigator Grant for his proposal Plasmonic met-amaterials. One topic within this grant is nanophotovoltaics. Jaime Gómez Rivas was awarded an ERC Starting Grant for his proposal THz plasmonics. While it does not focus directly on nanophotovoltaics, it addresses several aspects that are important to the NPV programme. In June 2011, NPV PhD student Claire van Lare won a poster prize at the International Workshop on Plasmonics for energy and the environment in Vigo, Spain, for her poster entitled Light trapping in amorphous Si thin film solar cells. Her contribution was awarded a cash prize of € 250.=.

Claire van Lare speaking at the EU-PVSEC conference in Hamburg (September 2011) In September 2011, NPV postdoc Silke Diedenhofen was awarded the 2011 FOM prize for the best thesis chapter that describes the application aspects of a PhD project (FOM Valorisatiehoofdstuk Prijs). She received the prize of € 5,000 for the application-chapter in her thesis Propagation of light in ensembles of semiconductor nanowires, under the supervision of Jaime Gómez Rivas. According to the jury Diedenhofen has well thought 'out of the box' and identified several applications in different areas that are connected to broad societal problems and have potential for general market applications. The prize was awarded during the Physics@FOM Veldhoven Conference on January 17, 2012.

Silke Diedenhofen (left), received het prize together with three other prize winners from Dr. Jos Benschop, Director Research at ASML at the Physics@FOM Veldhoven conference. In November, NPV PhD student Jorik van de Groep was awarded the Shell Young Talent Prize for his master thesis Light trapping in thin silicon waveguides by plasmon-mediated mode coupling carried out within the NPV programme. Jorik graduated cum laude from the University of Utrecht in August 2011. The prize is awarded to the three best master students in physics, based on their overall study results and the innovative character and quality of their master project. Jorik received the € 2.000 prize for from Dr. Dirk Smit, Director Exploration Research of Shell, during a ceremony at the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen in Haarlem on November 23, 2011. Jorik continued his work as a PhD student in the NPV programme.

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Jorik receives the Shell Young Talent prize from Dr. Dirk Smit (November 23, 2011) Knowledge transfer Philips Research The collaboration with Philips Research on Substrate Conformal Imprint Lithography (SCIL) has been continued (Nature Comm. 3, 692 (2012)). The presence of the group of Gómez Rivas at the Philips Campus lead to several other exchanges with Philips Research on photovoltaics. Philips has also expressed interest in using experimental techniques and structures developed within the NPV programme for the complementary process to photovoltaics, i.e., electroluminescence for application in LEDs. Toyota The collaboration with Toyota Europe was very successful during this period of the programme. Progress meetings were held every two months, including one of them in Brussels where Toyota Research Europe HQ is located. This visit included a tour though Toyota Research Labs. Also, the first dye and QD sensitized solar cell demonstrators entirely made at AMOLF were delivered to Toyota during 2011. The contract with Toyota, including a freely spendable substantial budget for NPV research, has been continued to 2012. This budget will be used to fund two additional PhD students in Bonn's division at the Max Planck Institute in Mainz. ECN The collaboration with the Energy Research Center of the Netherlands (ECN) was formalized through a research and intellectual property exchange agreement. Projects are currently being pur-sued with ECN on light trapping in crystalline Si solar cells (with Frank Lenzmann), and amor-phous Si solar cells (with Wim Soppe).

ECN Chief operating officer Robert Kleiburg (left) and NPV programme director Albert Polman (right) with the signed ECN-AMOLF collaboration agreement. In the background two ECN-made solar panels.

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Follow-up programmes Based on the success of the NPV programme, a larger proposal entitled Light management for new photovoltaic materials was submitted to FOM in 2010. It was awarded in February 2011 and enables AMOLF to hire two tenure-track group leaders who will start research groups in photovoltaics. Also in 2011, the NanoNextNL programme awarded a project entitled Ultra-thin plasmonic and quantum dot solar cells, in which we will collaborate with Utrecht University (Ruud Schropp) and ECN (Paul Pex). Devices While the NPV programme focuses on the physical aspects of novel nanophotovoltaic light management strategies, several demonstrator devices were developed in 2011: 1. plasmonic crystalline Si solar cells 2. plasmonic thin-film amorphous Si solar cells 3. quantum dot sensitized solar cells based on CdSe/TiO2 and PdSe/SnO2 4. dye-sensitized solar cells based on CdSe/TiO2 and PdSe/SnO2 5. broadband omnidirectional silicon nanowire antireflection coating 6. broadband omnidirectional Mie scatterer antireflection coating Outreach and other activities Albert Polman contributed to the Netherlands Science Agenda, published by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011, which lists 50 key scientific questions with important soci-etal impact. The NPV programme contributed one of the 50 themes, entitled Can the sun fulfill all our energy needs? Albert Polman co-organized a Focus session at the yearly FOM Physics Conference in Veldhoven (January 2011) on the topic of Advanced heterojunction solar cells. With 4 invited speakers, one of which from the Fraunhofer Institute in Berlin and some 100 attendees this was a successful event. Albert Polman served as co-editor for a special issue of the Journal of Optics (IOP Publishing, UK), entitled Green Photonics. Several renowned photovoltaic researchers from all over the world con-tributed an article to this special issue. Jaime Gómez Rivas served as member of the core team defining the roadmap Photonics for the top sector High-Tech Systems and Materials. An important part of this roadmap concerns photovolta-ics. Albert Polman served as member of the core team defining the roadmap Solar within the top sector Energy. In 2011, we published the first App based on our research; it is designed to give basic insight in Fourier transform, e.g. for the design of light scattering patterns for photovoltaics. The App is called 2D-Fourier and is available for free at the Apple App store; it runs on both iPhone and iPad. Versions for additional platforms may become available later. The App was also highlighted in Nature Photon. 6, 78 (2012).

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Screenshot image of 2D-Fourier App In the Fall of 2011, Jaime Gómez Rivas, Albert Polman, and Enrique Canovas lectured in a full-semester course in the Advanced Materials and Energy Master programme of the University of Amsterdam. Over 20 students followed the course. PhD students from the NPV programme served as teaching assistants. Students also received a lab-tour at AMOLF. Another highlight of the NPV programme was the news that the review article Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices, by H.A. Atwater and A. Polman, Nature Mater. 9, 205 (2010), was the most cited article published in Nature Materials in 2011. In the 2 years since publication this article has been cited over 500 times. Conclusion With a significant number of publications, awards, and many other highlights, 2011 was a very successful year for the Nanophotovoltaics programme! Mischa Bonn Jaime Gómez Rivas Albert Polman March 2012

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Highlight uit het FOM Jaarboek 2011

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Fact sheet per 1 januari 2012

FOM - 08.1884/3 datum: 01-01-2012 APPROVED FOM PROGRAMME Number 113. Title (code) Nano-photovoltaics (NPV) Executive organisational unit AMOLF Programme management Prof.dr. A. Polman Duration 2009-2013 Cost estimate M€ 2.2 Concise programme description a. Objectives The objective of this programme is to exploit recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology to realize solar cells with increased efficiency and/or lower materials costs. The programme is based on exploiting enhanced light absorption and carrier collection in ultrathin film, nanowire and quantum dot solar cells. The programme has four key focal points: 1. Enhanced light coupling into ultra-thin film and low-dimensional inorganic semiconductor

absorber layers using plasmonic and photonic nanostructures; 2. Design and synthesis of quantum dot multijunction and multispectral absorber layers with

enhanced carrier collection efficiency; 3. Enhanced light coupling using nanowire graded-index surfaces; 4. Integration of these concepts in novel nanoscale solar cell geometries. The programme focuses on achieving fundamental understanding of light-matter interaction in novel solar cell geometries at sub-wavelength length scales and will lead to entirely new design concepts in photovoltaics.

b. Background, relevance and implementation The development of renewable energy sources is of great importance to achieve a society with a sustainable energy supply. Photovoltaics has the promise of a clean and practical technology that can be applied at large scale. However, the costs of photovoltaic energy conversion presently exceeds significantly the costs of 'conventional' electricity. To solve this problem, breakthrough developments are required. The goal of this programme is to investigate such possible breakthroughs, focussing on the development of novel solar cell geometries with increased efficiency or with reduced fabrication costs.

The programme brings together three research groups that combine a unique complementary expertise in nanophotonics, plasmonics, semiconductor nanowire opto-electronics, and ultra-fast and THz spectroscopy in low-dimensional systems. It is carried out within an international network of collaborators at the California Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and the Australian National University. While the programme will focus on fundamental concepts,

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prototype devices will be fabricated as well. This will facilitate transfer of knowledge to the photovoltaics industry.

Funding salarispeil CAO tot 01-07-2010

bedragen in k€ < 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 > 2017 Totaal

FOM-basisexploitatie 1.182 468 330 - - - - 1.980

FOM-basisinvesteringen 195 - - - - - - 195

Doelsubsidies NWO - - - - - - - -

Doelsubsidies derden - - - - - - - -

Totaal 1.377 468 330 - - - - 2.175 Source documents and progress control a) Original programme proposal: FOM-08.1413 b) Ex ante evaluation: FOM-08.1595 c) Decision Executive Board: FOM-08.1883 Remarks The final evaluation of this programme will consist of a self-evaluation initiated by the programme leader and is foreseen for 2014. COH par. HOZB Subgebieden: NANO 100%

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Historisch kwantitatief overzicht van input en output

Input personeelsaantallen (in gerealiseerde fte) totaal op activiteitenniveau * (in k€ ) WP/V WP/T oio NWP

2009 - 0,3 1,0 - 98

2010 - 1,4 2,8 0,8 497

2011 - 0,3 2,1 0,9 502

Output proefschriften overige wetenschappe- lijke publicaties

overige producten van wetenschappelijke activiteit

vakpublicaties

2009 - 3 23 -

2010 1 13 27 2

2011 2 14 36 2

* Bedragen na afsluiten boekjaar. Promoties 2009 Geen.

2010 Marc Verschuuren, , 29 jan 2010, Groep A. Polman

2011 V.E. Ferry, 06 mei 2011, Groep M. Bonn Y. Fontana, 01 jan 2011, Groep M. Bonn

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Personele bezetting in 2011

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Output 2011

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Groep M. Bonn/A. Polman/ J.Gómez Rivas

Werkgroepleider Prof.dr. M. Bonn Prof.dr. A. Polman Prof.dr. J.Gómez Rivas

Affiliatie AMOLF FOM-programma Nano-photovoltaics Titel van het project + nummer Nano-photovoltaics WB FOM medewerker(s) op het project Naam Soort Personeel Datum in dienst Datum uit dienst S.A. Jensen oio 15 jun 2009 14 jun 2013 P.M. Moll oio 01 sep 2009 28 feb 2011 H.C. Schoenmaker TP/V 01 jan 2010 31 dec 2012 P. Spinelli oio 01 jan 2012 31 dec 2013 C. van Lare oio 01 sep 2010 31 aug 2014 G. Grzela oio 16 jul 2009 15 jul 2013

1. Academische publicaties

a. Publicaties in gerefereede tijdschriften

1. E. Cánovas, P. Moll, S.A. Jensen, Y. Gao, A.J. Houtepen, L.D.A. Siebbeles, S. Kinge and M. Bonn, Size-dependent electron transfer from PbSe quantum dots to SnO2 monitored by picosecond Terahertz Spectroscopy, Nano Lett. , 11, 5234–5239 , 2011

2. R. Ulbricht, E. Hendry, J. Shan, T.F. Heinz and M. Bonn, Carrier dynamics in semiconductors studied with time-resolved Terahertz spectroscopy, Rev. Mod. Phys. , 83, 543–586 , 2011

3. V.E. Ferry, A. Polman and H.A. Atwater, Modeling light trapping in nanostructured solar cells, ACS Nano, 5, 10055-10064, 2011

4. V.E. Ferry, M.A. Verschuuren, M.C. van Lare, R.E.I. Schropp, H.A. Atwater and A. Polman, Optimized spatial correlations for broadband light trapping in ultra-thin a-Si:H solar cells, Nano Lett., 11, 4239-4245, 2011

5. J.H. Atwater, P. Spinelli, E.D. Kosten, J. Parsons, M.C. van Lare, J. v.d. Groep, J. Garcia de Abajo, A. Polman and H.A. Atwater, Microphotonic parabolic light directors fabricated by two-photon lithography, Appl. Phys. Lett., 99, 151113 1-3, 2011

6. S. Mokkapati, F.J. Beck, R. de Waele, A. Polman and K.R. Catchpole, Resonant nano-antennas for light trapping in plasmonic solar cells, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 44, 185101 1-9, 2011

7. P. Spinelli, M.C. van lare, E. Verhagen and A. Polman, Controlling Fano lineshapes in plasmon-mediated light coupling into a substrate, Opt. Express, 19, A303-A311, 2011

8. P. Spinelli, M. Hebbink, R. de Waele, L. Black, F. Lenzmann and A. Polman, Optical impedance matching using coupled plasmonic nanoparticle arrays, Nano Lett, 11, 1760-1765, 2011

9. F.J. Beck, E. Verhagen, S. Mokkapati, A. Polman and K.R. Catchpole, Resonant SPP modes supported by discrete metal nanoparticles on high-index substrates, Opt. Express, 19, A146-A156, 2011

10. M.T. Trinh, L. Polak, J.M. Schins, A.J. Houtepen, R. Vaxenburg, G.I. Maikov, G. Grinbom, A.G. Midgett, J.M. Luther, M.C. Beard, A.J. Nozik, M. Bonn, E. Lifshitz and L.D.A. Siebbeles, Anomalous independence of multiple exciton generation on different group IV-VI quantum dot architectures, Nano Lett. , 11, 1623–1629 , 2011

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11. S.L. Diedenhofen, R. Algra, E.P.A.M. Bakkers and J. Gómez Rivas, Strong modification of the reflection from birefringent layers of semiconductor nanowires by nanoshells, Appl. Phys. Lett. , 99, 201108 1-3 , 2011

12. A. Berrier, R. Cools, C. Arnold, P. Offermans, M. Crego-Calama, S. Brongersma and J. Gómez Rivas, Active control of the strong coupling regime between porphyrin excitons and surface plasmon polaritons, ACS Nano , 5, 6226–6232 , 2011

13. S.L. Diedenhofen, O.T.A. Janssen, M. Hocevar, A. Pierret, E.P.A.M. Bakkers, H.P. Urbach and J. Gómez Rivas, Controlling the directional emission of light by periodic arrays of heterostructured semiconductor nanowires, ACS Nano , 5, 5830–5837 , 2011

14. S.L. Diedenhofen, O.T.A. Janssen, G. Grzela, E.P.A.M. Bakkers and J. Gómez Rivas, Strong geometrical dependence of the absorption of light in arrays of semiconductor nanowires, ACS Nano , 5, 2316–2323 , 2011

b. Publicaties in proceedings c.q. andere tijdschriften

Geen.

c. Bijdragen aan wetenschappelijke boeken (hoofdstukken dan wel gehele boek)

Geen.

d. Proefschriften

1. V.E. Ferry, Light trapping in plasmonic solar cells, 06 mei 2011, H.A. Atwater, California Institute of Technology, ,

2. Y. Fontana, Fourier microscopy of semiconductor nanowires, 01 jan 2011, J. Gómez Rivas, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Swiss, ,

e. Open Access publicaties

1. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-102-A146, geen 2. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-103-A303, geen

2. Voordrachten, posters, prijzen en nevenactiviteiten

a. Voordrachten op uitnodiging op internationale conferenties en bijeenkomsten

1. A. Polman, Plasmonic Metamaterials: from negative-index materials in the blue to improved solar cells in the red , NanoMeta, 03 jan 2011, Seefeld, Austria

2. A. Polman, Light trapping in thin-film solar cells , Quantsol Winterschool Workshop, 24 mrt 2011, Salzburg, Austria

3. A. Polman, Light trapping in plasmonic solar cells , International workshops on nanoplasmonics for energy and the environment, 08 jun 2011, Vigo, Spain

4. A. Polman, Light trapping in plasmonic solar cells , Karlsruhe Days of Optics, 29 jun 2011, Karlsruhe, Germany

5. V.E. Ferry, Light trapping in plasmonic solar cells, OSA Frontiers in Optics Conference, 17 okt 2011, San Jose, USA

6. A. Polman, Efficient light trapping in metallic and dielectric nanostructured thin-film solar cells , MRS Fall Meeting, 01 dec 2011, Boston, USA

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7. M. Bonn, Carrier Multiplication in Bulk Materials and Quantum Dots: Relevance for Solar Cells , 8th annual Physics and Chemistry of Semiconductor Interfaces Conference (PCSI-38), 18 jan 2011, 18 jan 2011, San Diego, USA

8. J. Gómez Rivas, Tailoring the scattering of light by nanowires for photovoltaics, Themanic Days on Nanowires and Applications, IEMN, 20 jan 2011, 21 jan 2011, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

b. Overige voordrachten en posters op (internationale) conferenties en andere (wetenschappelijke) bijeenkomsten

1. E. Cánovas, P. Moll, Y. Gao, A.J. Houtepen, S. Kinge and M. Bonn, Unambiguous characterization of electron transfer rates in quantum dot sensitizing oxides by Terahertz time domain spectroscopy, 2nd int. conf. on semiconductor sensitized solar cells, 18 sep 2011, 20 sep 2011, Mallorca , Spain

2. E. Cánovas, P. Moll, C. de Mello Donegá, M. Bonn, -engineering towards the realization of hot carrier solar cells, Physics@FOM , 18 jan 2011, 19 jan 2011, Veldhoven, The Netherlands

3. S. Bohme, S. Jensen, K. Tielrooij, E. Canovas, R. Ulbricht, M. Bonn, Electron pathways in colloidal metal oxide films, Physics@FOM , 18 jan 2011, 19 jan 2011, Veldhoven, The Netherlands

4. P. Moll, E. Canovas, Y. Gao, A.J. Houtepen, M. Bonn, The influence of QD size on electron injection dynamics in PbSe QDs sensitizing SnO2 mesoporous oxides, Physics@FOM , 18 jan 2011, 19 jan 2011, Veldhoven, The Netherlands

5. A. Polman, Light trapping in thin-film solar cells, iNano Institute, 11 nov 2011, Aarhus, Denmark

6. P. Spinelli, J. v.d. Groep, M. Hebbink, R. de Waele, L. Black, F. Lenzmann, A. Polman, Plasmonic light trapping in thin-film solar cells, International Workshop on Nanoplasmonics for Energy and Environment, 09 jun 2011, Vigo, Spain

7. P. Spinelli, Black silicon using resonant silicon surface nanoscatterers, 26th EU-PVSEC, 06 sep 2011, Hamburg, Germany

8. P. Spinelli, J. v.d. Groep, M. van Lare, F. Lenzmann, V. Ferry, M. Verschuuren, R.E.I. Schropp, H.A. Atwater, A. Polman, Light trapping in thin film solar cells using metal and dielectric nanostructures, GCEP Research Symposium 2011, 05 okt 2011, Stanford, USA

9. M. van Lare, V.E. Ferry, M.A. Verschuuren, R.E.I. Schropp, H.A. Atwater, A. Polman, Light trapping in ultra-thin a-Si:H solar cells, spring MRS, 19 apr 2011, San Francisco, USA

10. M. van Lare, V.E. Ferry, M.A. Verschuuren, R.E.I. Schropp, H.A. Atwater, A. Polman, Light trapping in ultra-thin a-Si:H solar cells, Nanoplasmonics for Energy and Environment, 08 jun 2011, Vigo, Spain

11. M. van Lare, Light trapping in thin-film a-Si:H solar cells, European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 26 sep 2011, Hamburg, Germany

12. J. van de Groep, Resonant optically transparent network electrode, Sunday Conference, 12 okt 2011, Utrecht, the Netherlands

13. J. van de Groep, A new method to characterize light trapping in ultra-thin solar cells, MicroNano Conference, 16 nov 2011, Ede, the Netherlands

14. J. van de Groep, Direct measurement of light trapping in ultra-thin Si layers, MRS Conference, 30 nov 2011, Boston, USA

15. J. Gómez Rivas, Tailoring the scattering of light by nanowires for photovoltaics, Joint Solar Program meeting, Shell,, 13 jan 2011, 13 jan 2011, Amsterdam, Netherlands

16. S.L. Diedenhofen, Propagation of Light in Ensembles of Semiconductor Nanowires for Photovoltaic Applications, Solid-State Electronics Department, 26 jan 2011, 26 jan 2011, Duisburg, Germany

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17. Y. Zhang, C. Arnold, and J. Gómez Rivas, Modification of the spontaneous emission of dye molecules by interaction with surface modes, Physics@FOM conference, 18 jan 2011, 19 jan 2011, Veldhoven, Netherlands

18. G. Grzela , S. L. Diedenhofen, O. T. A. Janssen, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, J. Gómez Rivas, Extraordinary broadband and omnidirectional light absorption in arrays of semiconductor nanowires, Physics@FOM conference, 18 jan 2011, 19 jan 2011, Veldhoven, Netherlands

19. G. Grzela, D. Hourlier, S. L. Diedenhofen, O. T. A. Janssen, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, J. Gómez Rivas, Light absorption in ordered and disordered arrays of semiconductor nanowires, Themanic Days on Nanowires and Applications, IEMN, 20 jan 2011, 21 jan 2011, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

20. G. Grzela, S. L. Diedenhofen, O. T. A. Janssen, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, J. Gómez Rivas, Extraordinary broadband and omnidirectional light absorption in arrays of semiconductor nanowires, 473. WE-Heraeus-Seminar, III-V Nanowires - Growth, Properties and Applications, 21 feb 2011, 23 feb 2011, Bad Honnef, Germany

21. A. Berrier, P. Offermans, R. Cools, C. Arnold,S. H. Brongersma, M. Crego Calama, J. Gómez Rivas, Molecular activation of exciton polariton coupling in a dye-gold stack by nitrogen dioxide gas, SPP5, 15 mei 2011, 20 mei 2011, Busan, South Korea

22. G. Pirruccio, Y. Zhang, C. Arnold, G. Lozano, R. Gomez, Z. Hens, J. Gomez-Rivas, Modified spontaneous emission assisted by guided modes in very thin absorbing layers, Summer School On Plasmonics 2 (SSOP 2), 03 okt 2011, 07 okt 2011, Porquerolles, France

c. Ontvangen prijzen

1. J. van de Groep, Shell Jong Talent Afstudeerprijs for his master thesis: "Light trapping in thin silicon waveguides by plasmon-mediated mode coupling", November 2011

2. C. van Lare, poster prize, Light trapping in amorphous Si thin film solar cells, International Workshop on Plasmonics for Energy and the Environment, Vigo, Spain, June, 2011

3. S.L. Diedenhofen, FOM hoofdstuksvalorisatie prijs for her PhD thesis: Propagation of Light in Ensembles of Semiconductor Nanowires, Eindhoven University of Technology (December 2010)

d. Bekleden van posities in organisatie congressen, wetenschappelijke samenwerkingsverbanden, adviesraden, internationale panels, redacteurschap bij tijdschriften

1. A. Polman: Co-organiser Focus session Advanced silicon solar cells, FOM Veldhoven conference, Veldhoven, January 2011

2. A. Polman: Contribution to National Science Agenda Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KWAW): “Can the sun fulfil our energy needs?

3. A. Polman: Co-guest editor, Green photonics, Special issue of J. Opt. (2011) 4. A. Polman: Member, Editorial Board, Nano Lett. (ACS) 5. A. Polman: Member Program committee Joint Solar Program 6. A. Polman: Member, Advisory Board, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Silicon

Photovoltaics and photonics, University of New South Wales (Australia) 7. A. Polman: Member Young Energy Scientists (YES!), Advisory Board (FOM). 8. A. Polman: Editorial Advisory Board, “Everything you always wanted to know about

metamaterials”, book, IOP (UK) 9. A. Polman: Photovoltaics, 3 lectures in master course Advanced Materials and Energy

Physics (AMEP), University of Amsterdam (2010, 2011) 10. A. Polman, Student lecture on photovoltaics, University of Amsterdam, March 30, 2011

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11. J. Gómez Rivas: Member, Scientific Advisory Board of the Spanish research program Nanolight (2011)

12. J. Gómez Rivas: Co-organizer of the symposium De eeuw van het foton: van quantum entanglement tot biophotonics at Fysica 2011 (yearly meeting of the Duth Physical Society (NNV)) (2011)

13. J. Gómez Rivas: Co-organizer of the Focus Session Use inspired fundamental physics in nano-optics, organic optoelectronics and electron sources (FOM-Veldhoven 2012) (2011)

3. Kennisoverdracht (maatschappij en economie)

a. Octrooien

1. Said Rahimzadeh-Kalaleh Rodriguez, R. Balkenende, J. Gómez Rivas, Nanoantenna arrays for efficient and designed LED emission, DE102011054512, 01 jan 2011, Filed

2. Dick de Boer, Said Rahimzadeh-Kalaleh Rodriguez, Silke L. Diedenhofen, Jaime Gómez Rivas, Luminescent solar concentrator with nanostructured luminescent layer, US61/579101, 01 jan 2011, Filed

b. Contacten met de industrie (inclusief adviserende of andere functies), nieuwe bedrijvigheid naar aanleiding van het project of contacten met andere vakgebieden

1. A. Polman: Collaboration with Philips Research (M.A. Verschuuren) on soft imprint lithography

2. A. Polman: Board member of NanoNextNL: 125 M€ national nanoscience and technology program

3. A. Polman: Presentation at Nuon Helianthos on Light trapping in ultra-thin a-Si solar cells, February 15, 2011

4. A. Polman: We held a special summer school, in which several renowned researchers from all over the world visited our group for several weeks to carry out joint experiments, brainstorm about future research directions, and write papers on ongoing collaborations.

5. J. Gómez Rivas: Philips Research (H. van Sprang): Photonic materials and devices (2011)

c. Optredens op televisie, radio of bij publieksevenementen

1. A. Polman: Thin-film solar cells, Yearly meeting Dutch Physical Society, Amsterdam, April 15, 2011

d. Publicaties in buitenlandse publieke tijdschriften, kranten of internet

1. A. Polman: Science Park centrum van zonnestroom: AMOLF stort zich op goedkope zonnecellen, Het Parool, February 21, 2011

2. A. Polman: Zomerserie de Werkplaats: Schotels en antennes, maar dan honderd maal kleiner dan de dikte van een haar, NRC Handelsblad, August 14, 2011

3. A. Polman: Steve Jobs is de Henry Ford van deze tijd, NRC Handelsblad, October 8, 2011 4. A. Polman: Scriptieprijs Shell voor expert in zonnecellen, De Stentor, November 21, 2011

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e. Overige professionele producten (software etc.)

1. A. Polman: 2D-Fourier: App published in Apple App store: calculates two-dimensional Fourier transform of images taken with a smart phone, and vice versa. Provides basic insight in the concept of Fourier transform (2011)

2. J. Gómez Rivas: Photovoltaics, 2 lectures in master course Advanced Materials and Energy Physics (AMEP), University of Amsterdam (2010, 2011)

3. J. Gómez Rivas: Nanoplasmonics, 1 lecture in master course Functional materials and Nanotechnology, Eindhoven University of Technology (2011)

4. J. Gómez Rivas: Said R. Rodriguez and Grzegorz Grzela: Experiments presented during Physics@FOM: Modified Light emission with plasmonic antennas and light in graded refractive index media.

5. M. Bonn: Photovoltaics, 3 lectures in master course Advanced Materials and Energy Physics (AMEP), University of Amsterdam (2010, 2011)

6. M. Bonn: Masterclass 'How to get funded' Young Scientist Day, FOM, Amsterdam, Dec. 3, 2011.

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Bijlage

Dit voortgangsverslag met de outputgegevens is tot stand gekomen aan de hand van de input van de onderzoekers van zowel de FOM-instituten als de universitaire werkgroepen. Dit verslag bevat een dwarsdoorsnede van de geleverde input. De programmaleider heeft de output akkoord bevonden en een voorwoord geschreven over de voortgang van het programma. Bij alle gegevens staat een datum of een periode. Omdat er enige tijd zit tussen de totstandkoming en publicatie van dit overzicht, geeft dit dus geen actueel beeld. Doel is dan ook de voortgang en bereikte resultaten te laten zien uit het peiljaar. Voor de volledigheid staat hieronder de originele vragenlijst voor de onderzoekers vermeld, plus het relevante deel van de e-mail met instructies. Geachte professor, Bijgaand ontvangt u een formulier voor het opgeven van de output van het jaar 2011. In het formu-lier staan de titel van het project, het projectnummer en de FOM-medewerker(s) al vermeld. U kunt eventueel betrokken U(H)D's ook opgeven in het formulier. We verzoeken u deze informatie terug te zenden vóór 1 februari 2012. Lees deze mail in zijn geheel aandachtig door voor de tips bij het invullen en sla regelmatig uw bestand op! Achtergrond outputverzameling Ieder jaar verzamelt FOM de output van alle projecten die bij FOM lopen. De informatie die we daaruit verkrijgen gebruiken we om te voldoen aan de verplichting aan NWO om te rapporteren over het totaal aantal publicaties, proefschriften, octrooien, etc. Daarnaast gebruiken we de infor-matie om tabellen in het jaarboek van FOM te kunnen weergeven. Ook wordt aan de werkgemeen-schapscommissies een jaarlijks outputverslag gestuurd waarin in detail over alle lopende projecten binnen de FOM-programma's wordt gerapporteerd. Op de website komen rond de zomer de voortgangsverslagen die jaarlijks in de werkgemeenschapscommissies besproken worden, beschik-baar als download bij de fact sheets van de FOM-programma's. Welke output opgeven? Wij verzoeken u alleen output op te geven die toegeschreven kan worden aan het betreffende pro-ject. Alleen van FOM-medewerkers die op het formulier staan kunt u output opgeven. Eventueel kunt u twee of drie andere relevante publicaties opnemen die niet aan deze eisen voldoen maar wel uit het project resulteren. Alvast mijn hartelijke dank voor uw medewerking, Met vriendelijke groet, Gabby Zegers

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