vkèkqfud Hkkjr › wp-content › uploads › ...Add : D/108, Sec-2, Noida (U.P.), Pin - 201 301...
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f C o m m e r c e a n d M a n a g e m e n t S t u d i e s ( I J C A M S ) Vo l . 3 , N o . 4 , 2 0 1 8 w w w . i j c a m s. c o m D i g i t a l M a r k e t i n g a n d i t s T e c h n i q u e s f o r O n l i n e B u s i n e s s e s Dr . M u k u l B u r g h a t e H O D, MB ADe p t, DN C, RTM N U, Na g p u r B E, MB A (PU MB A), S ET( Co m m e r c e ), FIE A bst rac t Dig it a l m a rk e ti n g is h o w to p re se n t a b u si n e ss c a se f o r in c re a sin g y o u r o n li n e a c ti v it ies , a n d th e b e n e f it s o f d o in g ² S e ll , S e rv e , S p e a k , S a v e a n d S izz le. W e b site f o r a b u si n e ss is a n e e d o f a n h o u r a s th e m a rk e tp lac e m ig r a tes i n to th e e lec tro n ic m a r k e tsp a c e a n d th e w a y th ro u g h w h ich we c o m m u n ica te a n d re a c h to th e a u d ie n c e f ro m it is d ig it a l m a rk e ti n g . In ter n e t is c o n ti n u i n g to g ro w sw i f t l y a n d se a m les sl y a c ro ss b o rd e rs a n d i n t o a n o n l in e w o rld a lrea d y in h a b it e d b y o v e r th re e b il li o n c u sto m e rs. G i v in g it ssc a lean d th e b e n e f it s it o f fe rs to th e se c u sto m e rs a n d b u sin e ss e s, w h ich is a b ig b e n e f it f o r th e f u tu re o f a ll b u sin e ss e s. It a lso g iv e s e x c e ll e n t o p p o rt u n it ie sto e n teran d g ro w a b u sin e ss . T h isstu d y sh o w sh o w d ig it a l m a r k e ti n g is w id e l y u se d in m a r k e ti n g sp a c e w h ich is m o re targ e ted , in tera c ti v e a n d m e a s u ra b le. It e m p h a siz e s In tern e t m a rk e ti n g tec h n iq u e s, su c h a s se a rc h e n g in e o p t im iza ti o n (S EO) , se a rc h e n g in e m a rk e ti n g (S EM ) , a n d li n k b u il d in g . No t ju st li m it e d to i n ten e t it h a s sw o ll e n to n o n - In tern e t c h a n n e ls t h a t p r o v id e d ig it a l m e d ia, su c h a s sh o rt m e ss a g in g se rv ice (S M S ), m u lt im e d ia m e ss a g in g se rv ic e (M M S ), c a ll - b a c k a n d o n - h o l d m o b il e ri n g to n e s , e – b o o k s , o p ti c a l d isk s a n d g a m e s. T h e stu d y e x p lo re s th e d if fe re n t t y p e s o f d ig it a l m a rk e ti n g tec h n iq u e s su c h a s S EO, S EM , S M M , P P C , Aff il iate M a rk e ti n g , E m a il M a rk e ti n g , Co n ten t M a rk e ti n g . It a lso g iv e sd ig it a l m a rk e ti n g ti p sf o r b u si n e ss e s. K ey wo rds : Dig ita l Ma r k etin g , SE O, S E M, SMM , P P C , A f f ilia te Ma r k eting , E m a il Ma r k eting , C o ntent Ma r k eti ng 1 . I ntr o du ct io n Ma r k etin g h as b ee n ar o u n d f o r ev er an d h as al w a y s b ee n f o r g en er ati n g d e m a n d a n d a w ar en es s . T h e tr ad itio n al w a y s o f m ar k et in g h as b ee n n e w s p a p er ad s , f l y er s , m a g az i n es, p o s ter s & b an n er s , e v e n ts , d o o r to d o o r m ar k eti n g , w o r d o f m o u t h , r ad io ad s , tele v is io n ad s etc. I n th is d a y a n d ag e w it h th e e x p lo s io n o f d i g ital, t h er e ar e lo t m o r e w a y s h i g h l y ef f ec tiv e a n d ch ea p er to r ea ch th e m as s es. Di g ital M ar k etin g , i n s i m p le ter m s , is t h e p r o m o tio n o f y o u r p r o d u cts, s er v ices o r y o u r b r an d v ia o n e o r m o r e f o r m s o f d ig italo r elec tr o n ic m ed ia. T h er e is a p r o lif er atio n o f d i g i t al m ed ia a n d d a y b y d a y w e s ee in t u iti v e w a y s o f m ar k e tin g So m e o f th e s e in cl u d e ch an n el s lik e e m a il w h ic h is s till ex tr e m el y p o p u lar , w eb , s ea r ch m ar k eti n g , m o b ile, s o ci al m ed ia an d s o o n . Wha t is dig it a l m a r ket ing ? Dig ital m ar k eti n g o r Vir tu a l m ar k et in g , r ef er s to t h e p r o m o tio n o f g o o d s an d s e r v ices o v er i n ter n et w h ic h h ap p en s to s p r ea d ac r o s s ev er y w h er e th e s e d a y s . T h e d ig ital w o r ld ac ts as a m ed iu m to co m m u n icate w h at b u s i n ess h as to o f f er to its p o ten t ial clie n ts / cu s to m er s . Di g ital m ar k e tin g in s i m p le ter m s ca n b e d ef in ed as ‡ ad v e r tis i n g u s i n g p o w er o f in ter n e t · . I t is also ess en t ial to b e u n d er s to o d th at Dig ital m ar k et in g is n e ith er s ec o n d ar y o v er tr ad itio n al m ar k etin g ; n o r i t s a co m p li m e n tar y s er v ic e th at ca n b e u s ed to in cr ea s e m ar k et in g ef f o r ts o n o th er m ed iu m s . Ho w e v e r , Dig ita l m ar k et in g is a w a y to p r o m o te a b u s i n ess o v er in ter n et a n d m ak e it k n o w n to tar g eted & i n ten d ed au d ie n ce o n d ef in ed s ca le. T h e d ig ital m ar k eti n g ta k es ad v an ta g e o f th e d i g ital m ed iu m to cr ea te a u n if ied , f o cu s ed an d m ea s u r ab le co m m u n icatio n s m eth o d o lo g y w h ic h ca n h e lp co m p an ie s i n g et tin g t h eir r ig h t au d ie n ce . Usi n g a n in te g r at ed ap p r o ac h to d ig ital m ar k eti n g p r o v id es a b etter r esp o n s e r ate an d b u ild in g iter ati v e r elatio n s h ip s . Di g i tal s tr ate g y an d ca m p aig n s c a n p u s h f o r w a r d b r an d s in t h e co n s c io u s n es s o f th eir a u d ien ce a n d lead to a last i n g ad o p tio n a n d lo y al t y to w ar d s b r an d s . Mo r eo v er , d ig ital m ed iu m al l o w s t h e m o d el to c h an g e f r o m b ei n g a m o n o lo g u e to a d ialo g u e f o r au d ien ce . Di g ital m ar k eti n g is d o n e w it h t h e u s e o f elec tr o n ic d ev ices s u ch a s tab l ets, P C s , m o b ile p h o n es a n d g a m e s co n s o les to co m m u n icate w i th t h e c u s to m er . C o m m u n ica tio n m e th o d s th e I n ter n et, ap p s , em ail s an d s o cial n et w o r k s . T h er e ar e tw o t y p eso f d ig ita lm ar k et in g : a ) P u lld ig ital m ar k eti n g T h e in d iv id u al s ee k s t h e m ar k etin g ef f o r t, to r ex a m p le th r o u g h w e b s ea r ch es o r s tr ea m i n g m ed ia. T h e m ai n f o cu s is to p u llv ie w er s in a n d tu r n t h e m i n to cu s to m er s .
Transcript of vkèkqfud Hkkjr › wp-content › uploads › ...Add : D/108, Sec-2, Noida (U.P.), Pin - 201 301...
Add : D/108, Sec-2, Noida (U.P.), Pin - 201 301Email id : [email protected]
Call : 09582948810, 09953007628, 0120-2440265
vkèkqfud Hkkjr(Hkkx&Hkkx&Hkkx&Hkkx&Hkkx&2)
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 2
� fczfV'k 'kklu dk fojks/fczfV'k 'kklu dk fojks/fczfV'k 'kklu dk fojks/fczfV'k 'kklu dk fojks/fczfV'k 'kklu dk fojks/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 01&1401&1401&1401&1401&14ukxfjd fonzksg] vkfnoklh fonzksg] fdlku fonzksg
� 1857 dk fonzksg1857 dk fonzksg1857 dk fonzksg1857 dk fonzksg1857 dk fonzksg ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15&2015&2015&2015&2015&20
� Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke (izFke pj.k)Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke (izFke pj.k)Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke (izFke pj.k)Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke (izFke pj.k)Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke (izFke pj.k) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21&4321&4321&4321&4321&43vaxzsth jkt dk izHkko] jk"Vªh; lapsruk dk fodkl] la?kksa dk fuekZ.k] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiukrFkk bldk ujeiaFkh pj.k] vkfFkZd jk"Vªh;rk] dkaxzsl ds izeq[k ujeiaFkh usrk] Lons'kh vkanksyu rFkkmxzokn esa o`f¼] dkaxzsl esa 1907 bZ- dk foHkktu] izeq[k mxzoknh usrk
� Hkkjr esa izfrfuf/ ljdkjHkkjr esa izfrfuf/ ljdkjHkkjr esa izfrfuf/ ljdkjHkkjr esa izfrfuf/ ljdkjHkkjr esa izfrfuf/ ljdkj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44&4944&4944&4944&4944&491861 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn~ vf/fu;e] 1892 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn~ vf/fu;e] ekysZ&feaVks lq/kj (1909 bZ)
� izFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xksyest lEesyu rdizFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xksyest lEesyu rdizFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xksyest lEesyu rdizFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xksyest lEesyu rdizFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xksyest lEesyu rd --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50&6650&6650&6650&6650&66gkse:y vkanksyu] dkaxzsl ,oa eqfLye yhx ds chp 1916 dk le>kSrk] f[kykiQr rFkk vlg;ksxvkanksyu] Lojkt ny] lkbeu deh'ku] usg: fjiksVZ] ftUuk ds 14 lw=k lfou; voKk vkanksyu] xksyestlEesyu] xka/h bjfou le>kSrk] eSdMksukYM&,okMZ rFkk iwuk&iSDV
� Hkkjrh; 'kklu vf/fu;e (1919 bZ-)Hkkjrh; 'kklu vf/fu;e (1919 bZ-)Hkkjrh; 'kklu vf/fu;e (1919 bZ-)Hkkjrh; 'kklu vf/fu;e (1919 bZ-)Hkkjrh; 'kklu vf/fu;e (1919 bZ-) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67&7267&7267&7267&7267&72
� Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e (1935 bZ-)Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e (1935 bZ-)Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e (1935 bZ-)Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e (1935 bZ-)Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e (1935 bZ-) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73&7773&7773&7773&7773&77
� jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,ajk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,ajk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,ajk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,ajk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78&9078&9078&9078&9078&90
Økafrdkjh vkanksyu] okeiaFkh vkanksyu] lkE;oknh ny] VªsM ;wfu;u vkanksyu] vktkn fgan iQkSt vkanksyu]'kkgh ukS lsuk dk l'kL=k fonzksg
� f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ls Lora=krk izkfIr rdf}rh; fo'o;q¼ ls Lora=krk izkfIr rdf}rh; fo'o;q¼ ls Lora=krk izkfIr rdf}rh; fo'o;q¼ ls Lora=krk izkfIr rdf}rh; fo'o;q¼ ls Lora=krk izkfIr rd ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91&10591&10591&10591&10591&105
vxLr izLrko] O;fDrxr voKk vkSj ckjnksyh vf/os'ku] 1942 dk fØIl fe'ku] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu]jktxksikykpkjh ;kstuk vkSj ftUuk] cScsy ;kstuk vkSj f'keyk lEesyu] 1946 dh dSfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk]ekmaVcsVu ;kstuk] 1947 dk Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vf/fu;e] Lora=krk izkfIr esa lgk;d rRo
� Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh izo`fÙk;kaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh izo`fÙk;kaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh izo`fÙk;kaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh izo`fÙk;kaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh izo`fÙk;ka ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106&113106&113106&113106&113106&113lkaiznkf;drk dk mn; vkSj fodkl] lj lS;n vgen [kku] eqfLye yhx rFkk eqfLye lkaiznkf;drkdk mn;] fganw egklHkk rFkk fgUnw lkaiznkf;drk dk mn;] foHkktu dk mÙkjnkf;Ro
� Hkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rdHkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rdHkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rdHkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rdHkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rd --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114&137114&137114&137114&137114&137
lalnh;] iaFkfujis{k] yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT; (1950 bZ- dk lafo/ku)] lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k] tokgj ykyusg: dk fodkloknh&lektoknh n'kZu] ;kstuk O;oLFkk] jkT;&fu;af=kr vkS|ksfxdj.k] Ñf"kd lq/kj]xqVfujis{krk ds fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr fons'k uhfr] phu ds lkFk lhek la?k"kZ
� ifjf'k"V ^d*ifjf'k"V ^d*ifjf'k"V ^d*ifjf'k"V ^d*ifjf'k"V ^d* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138&143138&143138&143138&143138&143Hkkjrh; fj;klrsa
� ifjf'k"V ^[k*ifjf'k"V ^[k*ifjf'k"V ^[k*ifjf'k"V ^[k*ifjf'k"V ^[k* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144&165144&165144&165144&165144&1651947 ls 2001 rd dk bfrgkl] jkT;ksa dk Hkk"kkokn iquxZBu] Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k] jk"Vªh;Hkk"kk dk iz'u] 1947 ds ckn u`tkfrRo] mÙkj vkSifuosf'kd fuokZpu & jktuhfr eas fiNM+h tkfr;k] jktuhfresa tutkfr;ka] nfyr vkanksyu] 1947 ds ckn tkfr] Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe] ;kstuk ,oa xzkeh.kiqujZpuk dh j.kuhfr] vkSifuosf'kdksÙkj Hkkjr esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oa i;kZoj.k uhfr] foKku dh rjDdh]
� frfFkØefrfFkØefrfFkØefrfFkØefrfFkØe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 166&168166&168166&168166&168166&168
vuqØef.kdkvuqØef.kdkvuqØef.kdkvuqØef.kdkvuqØef.kdk
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 3
fons'kh 'kklu ds f[kykiQ Hkkjr ds ijEijkxr la?k"kZ dh lclsukVdh; ifj.kfr 1857 ds fonzksg ds :i esa gqbZ] ijUrq ;g dksbZvkdfLed ?kVuk ugha FkhA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt dsvkSifuos'khdj.k rFkk mldks nck, j[kus dh yEch çfØ;k us gjLrj ij Hkkjrh; lekt esa vlarks"k o {kksHk dks tUe fn;kA turkus bldk çfrjksèk fd;kA bu çfrjksèkksa dks ge rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡V ldrsgSa & ukxfjd fonzksg] vkfnoklh fonzksg vkSj fdlku vkanksyuA
ukxfjd fonzk sgukxfjd fonzk sgukxfjd fonzk sgukxfjd fonzk sgukxfjd fonzk sglÙkkP;qr jktkvksa vkSj uokcksa ;k muds mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksa ;k viuh
tk;nkn ls csn[ky dj fn;s x;s tehankjksa] HkwLokfe;ksa vkSj iksfyxkjksaesa ljdkj ds çfr vkØks'k FkkA bu fonzksgksa dks tukèkkj vkSj 'kfDrges'kk 'kksf"kr fdlkuksa] nLrdkjksa vkSj jktkvksa o uokcksa dh fo?kfVrlsuk ds flikfg;ksa ls feyrh FkhA vaxzstksa us viuh uhfr;ksa o Hkkjrh;vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuEufyf[kr ifjorZu fd;s ftllsfdlku o vkfnoklh lekt ij fouk'kdkjhçHkko iM+k%� eqÝr O;kikj ykxw djus vkSj Hkkjrh; mRikndksa
ls euekus <ax ls ysoh olwy fd;s tkus lsHkkjrh; gFkdj?kk o gLrf'kYi m|ksx dk fouk'kA
� Hkkjr ls baXySaM dh vksj èku dh fudklhA� fczfV'k Hkw&jktLo cankscLr] u;s djksa dk Hkkjh
cks>] fdlku dk viuh tehu ls fudkyktkuk] vkfnoklh Hkwfe ij dCtkA
� jktLo olwyh djus okys fcpkSfy;s o egktuksads mn; ls xzkeh.k lekt dk 'kks"k.k rsthls c<+ukA
� [ksrksa o taxyksa ij ijEijkxr vkfnoklhvfèkdkjksa dk neuA
� u;s dkuwu ra=k o vnkyrksa dh enn lsfdlku dh tehu dh csn[kyh dks c<+kokA
� fczfV'k 'kklu dk iwjk pfj=k gh fons'kh gksukA� njckjksa dh deh ls èkkfeZd usrk o ckSf¼d
rcdksa ds yksxksa dks uqdlkuA
fonzksgksa dk Lo:i %
� le;kuqlkj bu fonzksgksa ds Lo:i esa cnykovk;kA 19oha 'krkCnh ds fonzkgksa ds ihNs egtLFkkuh; dkj.k o eqn~ns gh Fks] blfy, ;sLFkkuh; Lrj rd gh lhfer jgsA dbZ LFkkuh;
fczfV'k 'kklu dk fojksèkfczfV'k 'kklu dk fojksèkfczfV'k 'kklu dk fojksèkfczfV'k 'kklu dk fojksèkfczfV'k 'kklu dk fojksèk
fonzksgksa dk pfj=k ,d tSlk Fkk] D;ksafd os ogk¡ dh lekui`"BHkwfe ds dkj.k mRiUu gq, FksA
� 19oha 'krkCnh ds fdlku vkanksyu dh T;knkrj ek¡xsa vkfFkZd FkhavkSj muds mís'; Hkh lhfer FksA mUgksaus mifuos'kokn ds fo#¼vkokt ugha mBk;hA mudk nk;jk lhfer Fkk rFkk la?k"kZ esa urks fujarjrk Fkh] u nh?kZdkyhu laxBuA ;s fdlku cnyko dsfy, ugha] cfYd ;FkkfLFkfr cjdjkj j[kus ds fy, yM+s] blhfy,buds çfr vaxzstksa dk joS;k le>kSrkiw.kZ o uje jgkA 20oha'krkCnh ds fdlku vkanksyu vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu us ,d nwljsdks çHkkfor fd;kA vf[ky Hkkjrh; fdlku lHkk us ^tehankjhmUewyu* tSlh O;kid leL;k ds lekèkku <wa<+us dk ç;kl fd;kA
� dSFkyhu xiQ us fdlku fonzksgksa dks ik¡p Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;kgS& iquLFkkZiukRed] èkkfeZd] lkekftd ywV] vkradoknh çfrjksèkvkSj l'kL=k fonzksgA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 4
ukxfjd o xSj vkfnoklh fonzksg
fonzk sg dku k e
o" k Z çHkkfor {k s=k u sr `Ro d k j. k fn'kk o ifj.kke
laU;klh caxky o fcgkj eatj 'kkg] ewlk 'kkg
Hkohuh ikBd] nsohpkSèkjkuh
dk;Zofjr lSfud] foLFkkfirfdlku o csn[ky tehankjksadk ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa oèkuk<~; yksxksa ds çfr vkØks'k
èkuk<~; yksxksa o ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksads ?kjksa o vUu HkaMkjksa dks ywVk x;kAcksxjk rFkk os eSeuflag esa viuhljdkj cuk;h x;hA okjsu gsfLVaXl us,d yEcs vfHk;ku ds ckn blfonzksg dks nck fn;kA
1763&1800
pqvkj caxky o fcgkj dsèkkyHkwe] dSykiky
vKkr vdky o c<+rs gq, Hkwfedj jktkvksa us fonzksg fd;k rFkvkRe&fouk'k dh uhfr viukbZA cyrFkk le>kSrkiw.kZ uhfr ls vaxzstksa us
1766&1772]1795&1816
ikbd fonzksg mM+hlk [kqnkZ ds jktk]ckn esa txcaèkq
tehankjksa ds vèkhu yxkueqDr Hkwfe ds Hkksxh [kqnkZ ,dlSU; oxZ ikbdksa }kjk vaxzstksadk mM+hlk ij dCtk (1803)o muds Hkw&jktLo uhfr dsf[kykiQ fonzksg
[kqnkZ ds jktk dk ikbdksa dh ennls fonzksgA vaxzstksa us 1804 esa jktkdks gjk fn;kA txcaèkq ds usr`Ro esaikbdksa jktk iqjh ij dCtkA cy rFkkle>kSrkiw.kZ uhfr }kjk vaxzstksa us blsnck fn;kA
1804&17
dV~Vkckseu dkfonzksg
fruqosYyh (rfeyukMq) ohj ikaM~;k vaxzstksa }kjk iapykdqphZ dsjktk dks vèkhurk Lohdkjdjkus dk ç;kl
mls idM+ dj ekj Mkyk x;kA1792
fot;uxj ds jktkdk fonzksg
mÙkjh ljdkj ds ftys fot;uxj ds jktk çtk o lsuk us jktk dk lkFk fn;kij og yM+rk gqvk ekjk x;kA daiuhus jktk ds cM+s iq=k dks tkxhj okildh vkSj èku dh ekax Hkh de djnhA
1794 vaxzstksa }kjk jktk ls lsuk Hkaxdjus o rhu yk[k #i;k HksaVnsus dh ekax vLohd`r djusij jktk dh tkxhj tCr djyh x;hA
iksfyxkj rfeyukMq ekykckj orVh; vk aèk z çns'kikjysdeMh
txUukFk] xtifr]ukjk;.kjko
tehankjksa ds fonzksg ds ckn ;syksdfç; gq, ftls vaxzstksa us dqpyfn;k
rfeyukM q d siksfyxkj (1790)ekykckj o rVh;vkaèkz çns'k dsiksfyxkj (1801&05) ikjysdeMhds ik s fyxkj(1813&34)
vaxzsth Hkwfedj O;oLFkkrFkk cdk;k u pqdkus ijtehankjh tCr djuk
eSlwj eSlwj ljnkj HkYyk ukxj çkar esa fonzksg gqvk] ij vaxzstksaus bl ij dCtk dj ç'kklu dksvius gkFkksa esa ys fy;k
1800&1831 okfM;kj 'kkld us lgk;dlafèk ls mRiUu foÙkh; nckodks nwj djus ds fy, tehankjksals vfèkd jktLo dh ekax dhA
=kko.kdksj dsn h o k u & o s y wFkEih dk fonzksg
=kko.kdksj osyw FkEih uk;j cVkfy;u us osyw FkEih dk lkFkfn;k ij jktèkkuh f=kosUnze ij vaxzstksadk dCtk gqvk] osyw FkEih us t[ehgkyr esa taxy esa çk.k R;kx fn;sAfiQj Hkh mls iQkalh ij yVdk;k x;kA
1805 lgk;d lafèk }kjk yxk;k lgk;ddj nsus esa vukdkuh] jsthMsaV dkèk"Vrkiw.kZ O;ogkj rFkk nhokudks gVkus dh ekax dh
lk S j k "V ª d sljnkjk s a dkfonzksg
dPN o dkfB;kokM+ jko Hkkjey Hkkjey dh gkj gqbZ vkSj dPN dkslgk;d lafèk djuh iM+hA
1816&32 vaxzstksa dh foLrkj dh uhfrrFkk dPN ds vkarfjd ekeyksaesa gLr{ksi ls mRiUu vaxzstksads çfr ?k`.kk
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jkekslh fonzksg iwuk fpÙkwj flag]mekth
vaxzstksa us jkseksfl;ksa dks tehu nsdj'kkar fd;kA
1822&29 1818 esa vaxzstksa us is'kok ds{ks=kksa esa vfèkdkj dj jkeksfl;ksadks csjkstxkj dj fn;k Fkk
dksfy;ks a dksfonzksg
xqtjkr &&&&& &&&&&1824&25]1828] 1839]1849
&&&&&
fdÙkwj èkkjokM+ ds fudV fdrwj] fpUukok]jk;Iik
fpUuok ds fonzksg dks vaxzstksa usdqpy Mkyk] fdrwj ds ckn jk;Iikus fonzksg dks vkxs c<+k;k] ij og Hkhekj fn;k x;k vkSj fpUuok dh tsyesa e`R;q gks x;hA
1824&29 f'kofyax #nz nslkbZ dh e`R;qds ckn dksbZ Hkh mÙkjkfèkdkjhu gksus ij vaxzstksa us xksn fy;sx;s iq=k dks jktk ugha ekuk
dksYgkiqj dksYgkiqj &&& &&&1824 &&&
lrkjk lrkjk èkkjjko] ujflagikVsdj
vaxzsus us ujflag ikVsdj dks inPpqrdj idM+ fy;k
1841 lrkjk ds jktk çrki flag dksvaxzstksa us gVk fn;k Fkk
xM+dkjh dksYgkiqj &&& leux<+ o Hkwnj nqxZ thr fy;s x;s]ij vaxzstksa us fonzksg dks dqpy Mkyk
1844 dksYgkiqj jkT; esa ç'kklfudiquxZBu ls oa'kkuqxr lSfudtkfr xMdkjh dh NaVuh djnh x;h
lkoarokM+h lkoarokM+h iQksan lkoar] vUuklkfgc
fonzksg ds ckn esa tu&vkanksyu dk:i ys fy;k] vaxzstksa us ek'kZy ykWyxk dj fonzksg dks dqpy fn;k
1839&45 lkoarokM+h ds jktk [kselkoar dks gVk dj ç'kkludks ,d vaxzst vfèkdkjhdks lkSaiuk
foykliqj dsjktiwr
foykliqj &&& &&&1814&17 &&&
vyhx< + d srkyqdnkjksa dkfonzksg
vyhx<+ &&& &&&1814&17 &&&
tcyi q j d scqansyksa dk fonzksg
tcyiqj] vkxjk]neksg
eèkqdj 'kkg] tokgjflag
vaxzstksa us eèkqdj 'kkg dks idM+dj ekj Mkyk
1842 vaxzstksa dh HkwjktLo dhuhfr
iQjSth iwohZ caxky gkth 'kfj;rqYyk]nknw fe;ka ;keksgEen eq'khu
iwohZ caxky ds dqN fgLlksa esalekukarj ljdkj vkSj vnkyrsaLFkkfir dh x;hA tehankjksa dks ywVkx;kA tehankjksa o ljdkj us feydj bl vkanksyu dks nck;kA nwnwfe;ka dSn dj fy;k x;kA bldsvuq;k;h ogkch ny esa fey x;sA
1838&51 vfèkd jktLo fuèkkZj.k ocsn[kyhA bl laçnk; dslerkoknh fl¼kar ds vuqlkjtehu ij dsoy bZ'oj dkvfèkdkj gS
ogkch j k s fgYyk [k aM e s a'kq#vkr] ckn esa mÙkjif'pe Hkkjr] caxky ofcgkj es a foLrkjAeq[;ky; mÙkj if'pehdckbyh çns'k es aflFkkuk] ckn esa iVuk
jk;cjsyh ds lS;nvgen (ukftn dsvcqy okgc laLFkkidFks)] foyk;r vyh]ekSyoh ulh#íhu]buk;r vyh] edlwnvyh] eksgEen gqlSu]iQjiQr gqlSu
flD[kksa ds fo#¼ yM+kbZ o ckykdksVds ;q¼ esa lS;n vgen dh e`R;qA1847 esa iatkc esa vkaf'kd liQyrkds ckn [knsM+s x;sA 1857 esa esacgkfo;ksa us dqN LFkkuksa ij fonzksgfd;sA flMuh dkVu us flrkuk thrA(1858)] pSEcVysu dks gVk djogkfc;ksa }kjk iqu% dCtkA tujyxjdksd }kjk cgkfo;ka dks gjk djmuds vkanksyu dk neuA
1820&70 bLyke èkeZ dk iqu#Fkku]vaxzstksa dks ckgj [knsM+ukeqlyeku lÙkk dh iquLFkkZiuk
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� 19oha 'krkCnh ds fonzksg o vkanksyu dk usr`Ro LFkkuh; yksxksaus fd;kA blds foijhr 20oha 'krkCnh esa usr`Ro jk"Vªh; usrkvksads gkFkksa esa pyk x;kA
� vkfnoklh fonzksg us tkrh; vkèkkj ij vius vki dks laxfBrfd;k rFkk vks>kvksa tSls èkkfeZd o peRdkjh usrkvksa us usr`Roçnku fd;kA1- laU;klh fonzksg (1763&1800) % caxky esa vaxzsth
jkT; dh LFkkiuk rFkk mlds iQyLo:i ubZ vFkZO;oLFkk ykxw gksusls tehankj] d`"kd o f'kYih lHkh u"V gks x;sA jktLo dh olwyhesa rsth ykus] bZLV bafM;k dEiuh vkSj mlds eqykfteksa }kjk dkjhxjksads 'kks"k.k vkSj iqjkus tehankjksa dh lekfIr us ifjfLFkfr dks foLiQksVdcuk fn;kA rhFkZ LFkkuksa ij vkus tkus ij yxs çfrcUèk ls lU;klhyksx cgqr {kqCèk gq,A lU;kfl;ksa esa vU;k; ds fo:¼ yM+us dhijEijk FkhA lU;klh fonzksg lu~ 1763 ls 1800 rd pykA caxkyds dk;Zofjr lSfudksa vkSj foLFkkfir tehankjksa us bl fonzksg esa Hkkxfy;kA bl fonzksg dk usr`Ro èkkfeZd eBokfl;ksa vkSj csn[ky tehankjksaus fd;kA ;s yksx èkuk<~; yksxksa rFkk ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa ds ?kjksao vUu Hk.Mkjksa esa Nkik ekj dj bUgsa ywVk djrs FksA cksxjk oeseu flag esa mUgksaus viuh ljdkj cukbZ FkhA ;s yksx dEiuh dslSfudksa ds fo:¼ cgqr ohjrk ls yM+s rFkk okjsu gsfLaVXl ,d yEcsvfHk;ku ds i'pkr~ gh bl fonzksg dks nck ik;k FkkA blh lU;klhfonzksg dk mYys[k ^oUns ekrje~* ds jpf;rk cafdepUnz pV~Vksikè;k;us vius çfl¼ miU;kl ^vkuUneB* esa fd;k gSA bl fonzksg dh[kkfl;r fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk FkhA bl fonzksg ds çeq[k usrkvksa esaeatj 'kkg] ewlk 'kkg] Hkokuh ikBd vkfn ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA
2- dPN dk fonzksg (1816&32) % dfB;kokM+ esa jktkHkkjey o >jstk ds leFkZd ljnkjksa esa jks"k O;kIr FkkA 1819 esaHkkjey dks gVkdj mlds vYio;Ld iq=k dks xn~nh ij cSBk;k x;k]gkykafd okLrfod 'kklu ,d çfr'kkld ifj"kn dks ns fn;k x;kAvR;fèkd Hkwfe dj vkSj cekZ ds ;q¼ esas vaxzstksa dh gkj ds dkj.kyksxksa esa jks"k] viuh pje lhek ij igq¡p x;kA fonzksfg;ksa us Hkkjeydks iqu% LFkkfir djus dh ek¡x dhA 1831 esa iqu% fonzksg HkM+dkvkSj var esa dEiuh dks vuqjatu dh uhfr viukuh iM+hA
3- lwjr dk ued vkanksyu % 1844 esa ued dj 1@2#i;k çfr eu ls c<+k dj ,d #i;k çfr eu dj fn;k x;kAfojksèk dks ns[kdj ljdkj us vfrfjDr dj gVk fn;kA blh çdkjtc 1848 esa ljdkj us ,d ekud uki&rkSy ykxw djus dk ç;Rufd;k] rks yksxksa us n`<+rk ds lkFk bldk cfg"dkj dj lR;kxzg fd;kAvUr esa ljdkj us bls Hkh okil ys fy;kA
4- dksYgkiqj o lkoarokM+h fonzksg % 1844 ds i'pkr~dksYgkiqj jkT; ds ç'kklfud iquxZBu ls yksxksa esa vlarks"k iSQy x;kAxM+dkjh] tks oa'kkuqxr lSfud tkfr Fkh] mldh NaVuh dj nh x;hftlls mUgksaus fonzksg dj fn;kA leux<+ o Hkwnjx<+ ds nqxZ thrfy;s x;sA blh çdkj lkoarokM+h esa Hkh fonzksg gqvkA lsuk dh ennls nksuksa fonzksgksa dks dqpy fn;k x;kA
vkfnoklh fonzk sg
1- Hkhy fonzksg (1818&1831] 1846) % vaxzstks a dsvkfèkiR; rFkk ckgjh yksxksa ds vfrØe.k ls [kkuns'k ftyk ds Hkhyvkgr gq,A ckthjko f}rh; ds fonzksgh ea=kh =k;Ecdth us vaxzstksa dsvkfèkiR; tekus ds fojksèk esa Hkhyksa dks mdlk;kA okLro esa d`f"klacaèkh d"V rFkk ubZ ljdkj ls Hk; gh bl fonzksg ds dkj.k FksAvaxzstksa dh cekZ esa gqbZ ijkt; dh lwpuk us Hkhyksa ds mRlkg dksc<+k;kA 1825 esa lsoje ds usr`Ro esa iqu% fonzksg gqvkA 1831 rFkk1846 esa Hkh fonzksg gq,A
2- laFkky fonzksg (1855&56) % laFkky Hkkjr dhegRoiw.kZ tutkfr;ksa esa ls ,d gSA bl tkutkfr dk dsUnz uo&xfBr>kj[kaM jkT; esa gS fdUrq i- caxky] mM+hlk] NRrhlx<+] fcgkj rFkkckaXyk ns'k ds ,d cM+s Hkw&Hkkx esa bl tutkfr ds yksx jgrs gSaA;g iwjk {ks=k caxky çslhMsalh ds vUrxZr 'kkfey FkkA Hkkxyiqj lsjktegy rd dk iwjk bykdk ^nkeu& ,&dksg* ds uke ls tkuktkrk FkkA 1855 vkSj 1856 ds chp laFkkyksa us xSj vkfnoklh (fndw)dks Hkxkus rFkk viuh lÙkk LFkkfir djus ds fy, la?k"kZ NsM+kA
vU; tutkfr;ksa dh Hkkafr laFkkyksa ds ikl Hkh ou o HkwfelEink FkhA vius LokFkksZa dh iwfrZ ds fy, vaxzst ljdkj us
ikxyiaFkh 'ksjiqj (iwohZ caxky) dje'kkg o Vhiw dje'kkg ds vèkhu èkkfeZdvkanksyuA 1825 esa Vhiw dk 'ksjiqjij vfèkdkj] xkjks igkfM+;ksa rdminzoA vaxzstksa }kjk neu (1833)
1825&33 èkkfeZd jktuhfrd] tehankjksads eqtkjksa ij fd;s x;svR;kpkj
dwdk iatkc Hkxr tokgjey](fl a; k lk fgc)ckyd flag] jkeflag (;s fliQZ xq#xksfoan flag dks ghviuk xq# ekurs Fks)
ewfrZ fo[kaMu] dlkb;ksa dh gR;k}kjk fojksèk] jkeflag dk jaxwufuokZlu
1845&72 fl[k èkeZ es a lqèkkj]jktuhfrd fl[k çHkqlÙkkdh iquLFkkZiuk
iQM+ds dk
fonzksg
egkjk"Vª oklqnso cyoariQM+ds
bUgksaus MdSrksa dh enn ls lkekftdywVikV dhA ,slk djus okys os çFkejk"Vªoknh FksA 1879 esa os idM+s x;svkSj mUgsa vkthou djkokl dh ltklquk;h x;hA 1883 esa mudh e`R;q gksx;hA
1877 jk"Vª dh laifÙk dk nksgu ovdkyA iqu% fgUnw jkt dhLFkkiuk dk fopkj
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Hkw&LokfeRo dh ,slh ç.kkyh cuk;h] ftlus tehankjh çFkk dks tUefn;kA bu tehankjksa dk ç;ksx ljdkj vius fgrksa dks cpkus rFkk viuhLokFkksZa dh iwfrZ ds fy, djrh FkhA blds lkFk&lkFk bZLV bafM;kdEiuh }kjk olwy fd;s tkus okyk okf"kZd dj dks Hkh frxquk djfn;k x;kA c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds dkj.k cgqr ls ckgjh yksx ;gk¡vkdj cl x;sA laFkkyksa dh vkfFkZd nqcZyrk us lkgwdkjksa rFkktehankjksa ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ fLFkfr cuk nhA C;kt dh m¡Qph njsaugha pqdkus ij cgqr ls laFkkyksa dks Hkwfe x¡okuh iM+hA LFkkuh;vfèkdkjh rFkk vaxzsth dkfjUns Hkh bu lkgwdkjksa rFkk 'kks"kdksa dk lkFknsrs FksA èkhjs&èkhjs ljdkjh ra=k rFkk U;k;ky;ksa ij ls Hkh laFkkyksadk fo'okl mB x;kA
,sls le; esa fLFkfr;ksa dh ek¡x dks ns[krs gq, lhnw o dkUgkstSls nks lkglh Hkkb;ksa us usr`Ro dk Hkkj laHkkykA 1855 esa HkxukMhgesa ,d lHkk gqbZ ftlesa fonzksg djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA ;g LFkkuorZeku esa ikdqM+ ftyk (>kj[k.M) esa gSA lhnw] dkUgks pk¡n vkSjHkSjo uked pkjksa HkkbZ blh xk¡o esa iSnk gq, FksA budk ekuuk Fkkfd Bkdqjth (Hkxoku) us mUgs gfFk;kj mBkus dks dgk gSA bl fonzksgds igy pj.k esa cgqr ls lkgwdkjksa rFkk iqfyl viQljksa dks ekjkx;kA blds i'pkr~ ckgjh yksxksa dh nqdkuksa dks ywVk x;kA lsuk dhenn ls fonzksg dks dqpy fn;k x;kA 1855 esa lhnw ekjk x;k rFkk1866 esa dkUgks dks idM+ fy;k x;kA 15 gtkj ls vfèkd laFkkyekjs x;sA ,l-,l- ewys us laFkkyksa ds bl fonzksg dks ^eqBHksM+* dhlaKk nh gSA dkyZ ekDlZ us viuh iqLrd ^uksV~l vku bf.M;u fgLVªh*esa dgk gS fd lkr eghus dh yxkrkj Nkikekj ;q¼ ds ckn 1856esa ;g fonzksg nck;k tk ldkA jfoUnzukFk VSxksj us bl fonzksg ds
uk;dksa dk Lej.k lEekuiwoZd fd;k gSA bl vkanksyu dks xSj&vkfnokfl;ksads fo:¼ ekuuk mfpr ughaA laFkkyksa dh yM+kbZ vaxzsth rFkk ns'kh'kks"kdksa ds fo:¼ Fkh ftlesa xjhc oxZ ds vusd yksxksa dh Hkkouk,amuds lkFk FkhaA ukbZ] dqEgkj] jtokM+ vkfn dbZ 'kksf"kr tkfr ds yksxksaus rks fonzksg esa [kqydj Hkkx Hkh fy;kA fonzksg lekIr gksus ds cknohjHkwe rFkkl Hkkxyiqj ftyksa ds jktegy] ikdqM+] xksMq] nso/j]nqedk vksj tkerkM+k dks feykdj laFkky ijxuk ftyk dk xBufd;k x;kA bldk eq[;ky; nqedk cuk;k x;k vkSj bls HkkxyiqjçeaMy ds vèkhu j[kk x;kA
3- eqaMk fonzksg (1899&1900) % lHkh çdkj ds 'kks"k.krFkk vR;kpkjksa ds fo#¼ eq.Mk fonzksg ;k ^myxqyku* Hkh tutkrh;vkØks'k dk ,d mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSA eq.Mk tutkfr NksVkukxiqj {ks=kdh eq[; tutkfr;ksa esa ls ,d gS] tks tula[;k ds n`f"Vdks.k lsHkh Hkkjr dh egRoiw.kZ tutkfr;ksa esa fxuh tkrh gSA
vius iM+kslh laFkkyksa dh Hkk¡fr eq.Mk tutkfr ds ikl Hkh viuhHkwfe FkhA bl lkewfgd Hkw&LokfeRo dh O;oLFkk dks ^[kw¡VdV~Vh* dgktkrk FkkA eq.Mk tutkfr;ksa ds thou esa lcls vfèkd vfèkdkj budsljnkjksa dks FkkA eq.Mk tutkfr ds dqN vkilh erHksnksa ds dkj.kbuds dqN {ks=k iM+kslh fgUnw jtokM+ksa dh laLd`fr ds fudV vk x;sA
fgUnw jktkvksa ds lEidZ esa vkus ls ;s yksx fgUnqvksa dhijEijkvksa rFkk jhfr&fjoktksa dks viukus yxsA eq.Mk ljnkjksa us fgUnwiqjksfgrksa dks nku esa Hkwfe Hkh nsuk çkjEHk dj fn;kA ij èkhjs&èkhjsbu iqjksfgrksa dk O;ogkj tehankjksa tSlk gks x;kA tula[;k o`f¼ lsd`f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh vfèkd vko';drk gqbZ] ftlds iQyLo:ijktLo Hkh c<+ x;kA fuèkZu eq.Mk fdlku] c<+h gqbZ jktLo dh njksa
vkfnoklh fonzksgo" k Z çHkkfor {k s=k u sr `Ro d k j. k fn'kk o ifj.kke
[kkuns'k1818&31Hkhy =k;acdth us Hkhyksadks mdlk;kA 1825esa lsoje }kjk usr`Ro
1818 esa [kkuns'k ij vaxzstksads vkfèkiR; ls Hkhyksa esackgjh yksxksa ds vfrØe.k dkHk;
vaxzstksa dh cekZ esa gqbZ gkj dh lwpukus Hkhyksa ds mRlkg gks c<+k;kA ljdkjus nuedkjh rFkk le>kSrkiw.kZ uhfr}kjk fonzksg dks 'kkar djus dk ç;kl]ij og liQy ugha gqbZA
flagHkwe (NksVkukxiqj) &&&& flagHkwe ij vaxzstks a dkvfèkdkj
lSfud dk;Zokgh }kjk neu1820] 1831] 1837gks
[kklh vle o es?kky; dsigkM+h {ks=k
fr:r flag]
cjekfud
vaxzstksa }kjk ,d lSfud ekxZds fuekZ.k dh ;kstuk rFkkvaxzstksa o ckgjh yksxksa dkvfrØe.k
1832 esa fr#r flag idM+k x;k vkSjfonzksg dqpy fn;k x;kA
1829&32
flag&iks vle &&& vaxzstksa }kjk vfrØe.k 1839 esa fonzksg dqpy fn;k x;k1830&39
NksVkukxiqj cq¼ksHkxr ,d gtkj fons'kh o ckgjh yksxtyk fn;s x;sA vaxzstksa dk lSU;vfHk;ku rFkk cq¼ksHkxr dh e`R;q lsfonzksg 'kkar gks x;kA
1831&32 budh Hkwfe buls Nhu djeqfLye d`"kdksa o fl[kksa dksns nh x;hA
dksy
vk an k syudk uke
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pksMkoje dk jEik{ks=k
uksek Mksjk (79&80)jktu vuarÕ;k (1884)vYywjh lhrjke jktw
uksek Mksjk iqfyl }kjk ekjk x;kAfonzksgksa dks dqpy fn;k x;k]èkeZiYyh esa ?kkr yxkdj nks vaxzstvfèkdkfj;ksa dks ekj fn;k x;kAvYywjh lhrkjke jktw dks idM+ djekj fn;k x;kA
1840] 45] 58]61] 62] 79]80] 84]1922&24
dks;k o dksaMk Mksjk eqf[;ksa usvaxzstksa ds lkFk le>kSrk djusij vius Lokeh ds fo#¼1862 rd fonzksg fd;kA1879 esa eulcnkj us ydM+ho pjkbZ ij dj c<+kus dhdksf'k'k dh vkSj Hkwe [ksrh ijçfrcaèk yxk;k
dks;k
[kksaMeky (mM+hlk)1855] 1914
pØfclkbZ igys nksuksa fonzksgksa dks vaxzst cM+heqf'dy ls nck ik;sA
1846&48 vaxzst ç'kkldksa }kjk [kksaMksadh çpfyr uj cfy dh çFkk^esfj;k* jksdus dk ç;kl
[kksaM
ikfyZ;k[ksenh jkèkkd`".k ns.Mlsuk 1857 esa n.Mlsuk dks iQkalh ijyVdk fn;k x;k
1856&57 vaxzstksa ds vuqlkj bl vkanksyudk pØfclkbZ ds lkFk lacaèk Fkk
lokj
jktegy dhigkfM+;ka (fcgkj)
lh¼ o dkUgw Ng eghus rd fonzksg pykA xkaoksaij geyk dj tehankjksa o ljdkjij ncko Mkyk x;kA lh¼ks 1855esa ekjk x;k o dkUgw 1856 esa idM+fy;k x;kA
1855&56 'kq# esa ;g fonzksg egktu oO;kikfj;ksa ds f[kykiQ FkkAckn esa iqfyl] xksjs dk'rdkj]jsyos vfHk;Urk vkSj vfèkdkfj;ksads f[kykiQ gks x;kA
laFkky
j ktegy dhigkfM;ka
HkkxhjFk vaxzstksa us bl fonzksg dks dqpyfn;kA
1870 dsn'kd esa
'kq: esa ,ds'ojokn olkekftd lqèkkj vkanksyu]ij ckn esa jktLo cankscLr dsfo#¼ vfHk;ku
[ksjokM+ oliQkgkj
i a p e g y(xqtjkr)
:iflag]tksfj;k Hkxr
1858 esa :iflag dk fonzksg ij 'kkafr LFkkfirA1868 esa èkeZjkT; LFkkfir djus dk ç;klA:iflag o tksfj;k Hkxr nksuksa ekj Mkys x;sA
1858] 68 uk;dM+k oU; tkfr }kjklglzokn esa vkLFkk rFkk èkeZjkT;LFkkfir djus dk ç;Ru
uk;dnk
dNkj lacqnku vaxzstksa ij vkØe.k fd;k x;k] ij bl fonzksgdks cyiwoZd nck fn;k x;kA
1882 tknwxj lacqnku dks fo'okl Fkkfd blds vuq;kf;;ksa dks xksyh HkhdksbZ uqdlku ugha igaqpk ldrh
dPNkukxk
NksVkukxiqj fcjlk eaqMk U;k;ky; esa vihy tc O;FkZ lkfcr gqvk rksfonzksg fgald gks x;kA lSy jdkc igkfM+;ksa esafonzksfg;ksa dh gkj gqbZA fcjlk dh tsy esa gStkdh chekjh ls ekSr gks x;hA
1899&1900 [kwaVdV~Bh O;oLFkk dk èoLrgksuk] csxkjh rFkk ckgjhHkw&Lokfe;ksa ds fo#¼
eqaMk
c k a l o k M + k ]Mwaxjiqj
xksfoan xq# vaxzstksa us neudkjh uhfr ls bl fonzksg dksdqpy fn;kA
1913 'kq: esa 'kqf¼ vkanksyu] ij cknesa uhy jkt LFkkfir djus dky{; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k
Hkhy
NksVkukxiqj tk=kk Hkxr vaxzstksa }kjk fonzksg dks dqpy fn;k x;kA1914&15 'kq: esa ;g vkanksyu ,ds'ojoknhçofÙk dk Fkk] ij ckn esa vaxzstksadks ckgj [knsM+uk bldk mís';cu x;kA
mjkao
ef.kiqj tkMksuax ojkuh xSfMfuY;w
xqfjYyk ;q¼ ds }kjk vaxzstksa dks uqdlkuigqapk;k x;kA varr% jkuh xSfMfuY;w idM+hx;h vkSj fonzksg dqpy fn;k x;kA 1947 esagh jkuh dh fjgkbZ gqbZ
1917&19 fczfV'k }kjk vksNs dk;Z ds fy,vkfnokfl;ksa dks HkrhZ djus dkç;klA iksFkkax o >we [ksrh candjus ds fojksèk esaA
dwdh
uYyeykbZ dhigkM+h
&&& fonzksg dqpy fn;k x;kA1921&22 ouksa ij c<+rk vaxzstksa dkfu;a=k.k
psUpw
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dks pqdkus esa l{ke ugha FksA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa us mUgsa èkwrZ lkgwdkjksadh n;k ij thfor jgus dks foo'k fd;k rFkk bu lkgwdkjksa us budhfoo'krk dk vfèkd ls vfèkd ykHk mBk;kA vaxzsth jkT; ds foLrkjds le; vaxzsth ç'kkldksa us Hkh bu lHkh çpfyr fu;eksa dks viuhLohd`fr ns nhA 1806 esa vaxzst ç'kkldksa us tehankjksa dks iqfyl dslHkh vfèkdkj ns fn;sA
eq.Mk tutkfr ds 'kks"k.k ds lanHkZ esa vaxzsth lkezkT; dh ekSuLohd`fr ds dkj.k bl tutkfr esa vlarks"k dh Hkkouk us tUe fy;krFkk ^fndw* 'kCn lHkh ckgjh yksxksa ds fy, ç;ksx gksus yxkA vlarks"kds c<+us ds dkj.k dgha&dgha fgald ?kVuk,a Hkh gqbZa] ij vaxzsthç'kkldksa us bu fonzksgksa dks nckus esa 'kks"kdksa dk lkFk fn;kA bufLFkfr;ksa ls ijs'kku eq.Mk tutkfr ds yksxksa us fe'kufj;ksa dh 'kj.kyhA vius vfèkdkjksa ds okil feyus rFkk vius fgrksa dh j{kk gksusds vk'oklu ij bu yksxksa us bZlkbZ /eZ dks Hkh Lohdkj fd;k] ijUrqfe'kufj;ksa us Hkh mudk lkFk ugha fn;kA
vc fcjlk uked ,d lkglh eq.Mk ;qod us usr`Ro laHkkykAmlus vkuan ik.Ms; uked ,d O;fDr dks viuk xq# cuk;kA mlus?kks"k.kk dh fd eq.Mk tutkfr dks ckgjh rÙoksa ls eqfDr fnykus rFkkmuds mRFkku ds fy, mls Hkxoku us Hkstk gSA fcjlk us fe'kufj;ksadh Hkk¡fr çkFkZuk lHkkvksa dk vk;kstu fd;kA bu lHkkvksa esa og viuhtutkfr ds yksxksa ls lkgl dk ifjp; nsus dh vihy djrk FkkAog mUgsa le>krk Fkk fd mldh ekuosÙkj 'kfDr;ksa ds dkj.k dksbZHkh ykSfdd vL=k mUgsa ekj ugha ldrkA
lu~ 1895 rd fcjlk us Ng gtkj lefçr eq.Mkvksadk ,d ny rS;kj dj fy;kA vaxsztksa ds jktuSfrd çHkqRodks lekIr djuk] lHkh ckgjh o fons'kh rÙoksa dks ckgjfudkyuk rFkk Lora=k eq.Mk jkT; dh LFkkiuk djuk mudkeq[; mís'; FkkA bl ewyr% èkkfeZd vkUnksyu dk lkFkjktuhfrd ljnkj o [ksfrgj Hkh nsus yxsA fonzksg ds çkjEHkesa lkgwdkjksa] fe'kufj;ksa] vfèkdkfj;ksa rFkk lHkh ckgjh yksxksaij geyk fd;k x;kA blh chp fcjlk tks vc ^fcjlkHkxoku* ds uke ls çfl¼ Fkk] cUnh cuk fy;k x;kA dSnls eqfDr ds ckn] 25 fnlEcj 1899 dks fe'kufj;ksa rFkktehankjksa ij geyk fd;k x;kA jk¡ph ls lsuk cqykbZ x;hvkSj lSy jdkc dh igkfM+;ksa esa fonzksfg;ksa dh ijkt; gqbZAfcjlk idM+k x;k o gStk ls tsy esa gh mudh e`R;q gksx;hA
1908 dk ^NksVkukxiqj Vsusalh ,DV* us [kw¡VdV~Vh dsvfèkdkjksa dks ekU;rk nh rFkk tcju csxkj ij çfrcaèkyxk;kA fcjlk dh iwtk i`Fkd >kj[k.M vkanksyu ds iSxEcj;k vfr okeiaFk ds uk;d ds :i esa gksrh gSA
fdlku vkUnk syu
1- eksiyk fonzksg (1836&54) % vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dkspqukSrh nsus okys fdlku fonzksg esa ekykckj ds eksiykvksa dk ukemYys[kuh; gSA ;s vjc ls vk;s yksxksa ds oa'kt Fks ftUgksaus fgUnw/eZ viuk fy;k FkkA ;s eq[;r% [ksfrgj fdlku] Hkwfeghu etnwj]NksVs O;kikjh ;k eNqvkjs FksA ubZ jktO;oLFkk esa lcls egRoiw.kZcnyko Fkk ^tukeh* esa ifjorZuA lk>snkjh ç.kkyh ij vkèkkfjr blç.kkyh esa vc ekfyd ,d O;fDr gks ldrk Fkk] tks dk'rdkjksa
dks tehu ls csn[ky dj ldrk FkkA vfèkd o voSèk djksa tSlsvU; dkj.kksa ds iQyLo:i ;g fonzksg HkM+d mBkA èkkfeZd usrkvksaus lkekftd&èkkfeZd lqèkkjksa ls eksiykvksa dks vaxzstksa ds f[kykiQlaxfBr fd;kA 1836 ls 1854 ds chp 22 fonzksg gq,A dbZ o"kksZard ;g la?k"kZ tkjh jgkA
2- uhy fonzksg (1859&60) % vkfFkZd ekaxksa dks ysdjfdlku fonzksgksa esa ;g lcls tq>k: o O;kid fonzksg FkkA caxkyesa T;knkrj uhy mRiknd ;wjksih; Fks rFkk os tcju fdlkuksa ls uhydh [ksrh djokrs FksA ekewyh lh vfxze jde nsdj os fdlkuksa lsdjkj fy[kok yssrs Fks] ftlesa uhy dh dher cktkj dh dher lsdkiQh de gksrh FkhA dkuwu ds Mj ls foeq[k bu ;wjksih; mRikndksaus ckn esa vkrad dh uhfr dk Hkh lgkjk fy;kA yksxksa esa ;g èkkj.kkcSB x;h fd tks j{kd ogh Hk{kdA fMIVh eftLVªsV gsepUnzdj usljdkjh vkns'k i<+us esa pwd dhA ,slk iQjeku tkjh fd;k x;kftlls yxk fd fooknksa esa jS;rksa dk dCtk cjdjkj jgsxk vkSj osviuh ethZ ds iQly mXkk ldsaxsA 'kq#vkrh nkSj esas 'kkafriw.kZ rjhdsls vftZ;ka Hksth x;ha o çn'kZu fd;s x;s] ij vliQyrk gh gkFkyxhA ufn;k ftys ds xksfoUniqj xk¡o esa ,d uhy mRiknd ds HkwriwoZdeZpkjh fnxEcj fo'okl o fo".kq fo'okl ds usr`Ro esa yksxksa usuhy mRikndksa }kjk Hksts x;s yBSrksa ds geys dks ukdke dj fn;kA1860 rd ;g vkanksyu lkjs caxky esa iSQy x;kA tehankjh vfèkdkjksads mi;ksx dh èkedh ds tokc esa jS;rksa us yxku pqdkuk can dj
fn;kA jS;rksa us iSls tqVk dj dkuwuh yM+kbZ Hkh NsM+hA 1860 rduhy dh [ksrh can gks x;hA fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk] dq'ky usr`Ro]cqf¼thfo;ksa ds lg;ksx ls ;g vkanksyu liQy gqvkA fgUnw iSfVª;Vds laiknd gfj'pUnz eq[kthZ us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA fe'kufj;ksaus Hkh iwjk lg;ksx fn;kA ,d vk;ksx ds fjiksVZ ds vkèkkj ij 1860esa vfèklwpuk tkjh dh x;h fd fdlh Hkh jS;r dks uhy dh [ksrhdjus ds fy, foo'k ugha fd;k tk;sxk rFkk fooknksa dk fucVkjkdkuwuh rjhds ls gksxkA
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3- ikcuk fonzksg (1873&76) % caxky ds tehankjksa}kjk dkuwuh lhek ls vfèkd rFkk 1859 ds vfèkfu;e 10 ds rgrfeyh dk'rdkjksa dh tehu ij dCts ds vfèkdkj ds fo:¼ "kM;a=k]csn[kyh rFkk dkuwu }kjk 'kks"k.k ls ihfM+r fdlkuksa us ikcuk ftysds ;qlqiQ'kkgh ijxuk esa fdlku la?k dh LFkkiuk dhA fdlkuksa usyxku gM+rky dhA bl fonzksg ds çeq[k usrk bZ'kkupUnz jk; o'kaHkqiky FksA ;g yM+kbZ eq[;r% dkuwuh ekspsZ rd gh lhfer Fkh vkSjfgald okjnkrsa ukeek=k dh gh gqbZaA tehankjksa o vaxzstksa us bls^lkEçnkf;d naxs* dk uke fn;k D;ksafd vfèkdrj dk'rdkj eqlyekuo tehankj fgUnw FksA 1885 esa caxky dk'rdkjh dkuwu cuk djljdkj us vkèks eu ls viuk opu fuHkk;k vkSj tehankjksa us fdlkuksads fo:¼ tks neudkjh uhfr viukbZ Fkh] mlds f[kykiQ dkuwu cuk;sAè;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd u rks ;g vkanksyu tehankjh çFkk dsf[kykiQ Fkh vkSj u gh mifuos'kokn&fojksèk jktuhfr ls tqM+h FkhAbl fojksèk dk leFkZu djus okyksa esa cafdepUnz pV~Vksikè;k;] vkj-lh- nÙk rFkk bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA f}tsUnzukFkBkdqj (johUnzukFk ds cM+s HkkbZ) us bl vkUnksyu dk fojksèkfd;k FkkA
4- 1875 dk nDdu minzo % egkjk"Vª ds iwuk ovgenuxj ftyksa esa vU; jS;rokM+h bykds dh Hkkafr T;knkrj fdlkudtZ vnk;xh dks ys dj ckgj ls vk;s xqtjkrh o ekjokM+h egktuksads f'kadts esa iQals gq, FksA 1860 ds n'kd esa vejhdh x`g;q¼ lsdikl ds fu;kZr esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ ftlls mudh dhersa c<+hA ijUrq1864 esa x`g;q¼ lekIr gksus ds dkj.k dherksa esa Hkkjh fxjkoV vkx;hA 1867 esa ljdkj us yxku dh nj esa 50 çfr'kr o`f¼ djnhA yxkrkj [kjkc iQlyksa us fdlkuksa dh dej rksM+ nhA egktuksa(okfu) us bl ifjfLFkfr dk ykHk mBk dj dejrksM+ C;kt olwyfd;sA dkywjke uked ,d egktu us fl:j rkyqdk ds djM+kg xk¡oesa tc dtZnkj ds ?kj ij dCtk djus dk ç;kl fd;k] rks fdlkuksao cqyksVhnkjksa us egktuksa dk lkekftd cfg"dkj fd;k tks iwuk]vgenuxj] 'kksykiqj vkSj lrkjk ftyksa ds xk¡oksa esa iSQy x;kA HkhxFkjhrkyqdk ds lwik bykds esa fdlkuksa us bdjkjukesa tyk MkysA bu minzoksaesa fgald okjnkrsa cgqr de gqbZaA iwuk lkoZtfud lHkk us bl fojksèkdk leFkZu fd;kA nDdu&d`"kd jkgr vfèkfu;e 1879 ls fdlkuksadks egktuksa ds f[kykiQ laj{k.k çkIr gqvkA
5- pEikj.k lR;kxzg (1917) % fcgkj ds pEikj.k ftysds fdlkuksa dks viuh tehu ds 3@20 oas fgLls esa uhy dh [ksrhdjuk vfuok;Z FkkA bls frudfB;k i¼fr dgrs FksA 19oha lnh esajklk;fud jaxksa us uhy dks cktkj ls ckgj dj fn;kA vr% ;wjksfi;ksadks uhy dh [ksrh can djuh iM+hA fdlku Hkh ;gh pkgrs FksA ekfydksaus fdlkuksa dks vuqcaèk ls eqDr djus ds fy, yxku o vU; xSjdkuwuhvCokcksa tSls 'kjgos'kh (c<+k gqvk yxku) rFkk rkoku (,deq'reqvkotk) dh nj dks euekus <ax ls c<+k fn;kA 1908 esa igykfonzksg gks pqdk FkkA 1917 esa jktdqekj 'kqDy us xkaèkhth dks pEikj.kcqyk;kA mUgksaus vius lg;ksfx;ksa & czt fd'kksj] jktsUnz çlkn] egknsonslkbZ] ujgfj ikjs[k] ts-ch- d`iykuh vkfn ds lkFk xk¡oksa dk nkSjkfd;kA ljdkj us ,d tk¡p vk;ksx xfBr dh] ftlesa xkaèkhth dksHkh 'kkfey fd;k x;kA cxku ekfyd voSèk olwyh dk 25 iQhlnhokil djus ij jkth gks x;sA
6- [ksM+k vkUnksyu (1918) % xqtjkr ds [ksM+k ftys esaiQly cckZn gksus ds ckotwn ljdkj ekyxqtkjh olwy dj jgh FkhAlosZaV vkiQ bafM;k lkslkbVh ds lnL;ksa] foV~ByHkkbZ iVsy vkSj xkaèkhthus iwjh tk¡p&iM+rky ds ckn ekyxqtkjh ekiQ djus dh ek¡x dkstk;t Bgjk;kA xk¡èkhth dh vè;{krk esa xqtjkr lHkk us egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkbZA oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy o banqyky ;kKfud us Hkh xk¡oksa dknkSjk fd;kA xk¡èkhth us dgk fd ;fn ljdkj xjhc fdlkuksa dk yxkuekiQ dj ns rks tks yxku ns ldrs gSa] os iwjk yxku ns nsaxsA ljdkjus bl lq>ko dks eku fy;kA
7- voèk esa fdlku lHkk vkanksyu % la;qDr çkar esavoèk ds çrkix<+] jk;cjsyh] lqyrkuiqj vkSj iSQtkckn ftyksa esafczfV'k ljdkj dh lgkuqHkwfr dh uhfr us rkyqdsnkjksa dks mudsdk'rdkjksa ds ekeys esa [kqyh NwV ns j[kh FkhA yxkrkj c<+rh ovoSèk yxku rFkk csn[kyh ls fdlkuksa esa jks"k O;kIr FkkA 1886 dsvoèk jsaV ,DV us ugha ds cjkcj jkgr igq¡pkbZ FkhA ^yM+kbZ ds pankas*us ;q¼ dky esa fdlkuksa dks eqlhcr esa Mky fn;kA voèk esa gkse:yyhx ds dk;ZdÙkkZvksa us fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus dk chM+k mBk;kAxkSjh 'kadj feJ] bUnzukjk;.k f}osnh vkSj enueksgu ekyoh; dsç;klksa ls iQjojh 1918 esa ^mÙkj çns'k fdlku lHkk* dk xBu gqvkA1919 esa çrkix<+ ftys dh ,d tkxhj esa ^ukbZ&èkksch can* lkekftdcfg"dkj dh laxfBr dk;Zokgh dh x;hA >haxqjh flag o nqxkZiky flagus xzke iapk;rksa ds usr`Ro esa fdlku cSBdksa dk vk;kstu fd;kA fiQthls ykSVs ckck jkepUnz us Hkh fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djuk 'kq: fd;kAtc mUgsa pksjh ds >wBs vkjksi ds rgr tsy Hkstk x;k rks fdlkuksaus bldk fojks/ fd;kA twu 1920 esa ckck jkepUnz bykgkckn esatokgjyky usg: ls feyus x;sA ;gha ls usg: dk ^fdlkuksa ds chpHkze.k* 'kq: gqvkA 1920 esa vkilh erHksn ds dkj.k ^^voèk fdlku
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fdlku vkanksyufdlku vkanksyufdlku vkanksyufdlku vkanksyufdlku vkanksyuo" k Z çHkkfor {k s=k u sr `Ro d k j. k çxfr] fn'kk o ifj.kke
jaxiqj] fnuktiqj èkhjt ukjk;.k bZLV bafM;k daiuh us tehankjksaij dj c<+k fn;k ftldk cks>fdlkuksa ij iM+kA
fdlkuksa us dpgfj;ksa] [kk|kUu HkaMkjksavkSjljdkjh inkfèkdkfj;ksa ij vkØe.kfd;k o viuh ljdkj cuk;hA
1783
vkanksyu dk uke
jaxiqj fonzksg(caxky)
ekykckj &&&& vaxzstksa }kjk u;h jktLo O;oLFkkykxw djuk rFkk tukeh* (lk>snkjhij vkèkkfjr Hkw&O;oLFkk) dsLo:i esa ifjorZu
1836 ls 1854 ds chp fonzksg gq,]vaxzst vfèkdkfj;ksa o buds nykyksaij geyk fd;k x;kA dbZ o"kks± rdvaxzst lsuk bUgsa nck u ldhA
1836&54eksiyk
uhy caxky fnxEcj fo'okl]fo".kq fo'okl
;wjksih; yksxksa }kjk fdlkuksa lstcju uhy dh [ksrh djokuk
'kq: esa vftZ;ka nh x;h o 'kkafriw.kZ çn'kZugq,A ckn esa ykBh dk tokc ykBh lsfn;k x;kA yksxksa us yxku nsuk can djfn;kA 1860 esa uhy dh [ksrh can gks x;hA
1859
ikcuk caxky bZ'kkupanz jk;]
'kaHkqiky
vfèkd yxku] 1859 dsvfèkfu;e 10 d rgr feyhdk'rdkjksa dh tehu ij dCtsds fo#¼ "kM+;a=k vkSj csn[kyh
;g yM+kbZ eq[;r% dkuwuh ekspsZ ij ghlhfer FkhA fgald ?kVuk,a ukeek=k dhgqbZA 1885 esa caxky dk'rdkjh dkuwucuk dj jkgr igqapkbZ x;h
1873&76
egkjk"Vª ds iwuko vgenuxj]'kksykiqj o lrkjkftyksa esa
&&& egktuksa dk lkekftd cfg"dkj]HkhxFkjh esa bdjkjukesa tyk;s x;sAnDdu&d`"kd jkgr vfèkfu;e 1879ls fdlkuksa dks egktuksa ds fo#¼laj{k.k çnku dh x;hA
1875 jS;rckjh {ks=k ds fdlku dtZvnk;xh dks ys dj egktuksa dsf'kdats esaA vejhdh xg;q¼ dkvar o vdky ds ckotwn yxkudh nj esa 50 çfr'kr dh of¼
nDdu minzo
iatkc &&& 1900 esa iatkc Hkwfe viorZu vfèkfu;e}kjk bl rjg ds gLrkarj.kl ij jksd yxk;hx;hA Hkwfe dj esa jkgr çnku dh x;hA
1890&1900 xzkeh.k ½.kxzLrrk rFkk d`"kdksadh Hkwfe dk vd`"kd oxZ;Fkk egktuksa ds ikl gaLrkarj.k
iatkc ds d`"kdksasdk vlarks"k
esokM+ lhrkjke nkl] HkwiflagmiQZ fot; flag ifFkdekf.kdyky oekZ
fdlkuksa us tkxhjnkjksa dh [ksrh djus lsbadkj dj fn;kA djksa dh vnk;xh u djusdk vkanksyu pyk;k x;kA
1905] 1913 fdlkuksa ij 86 çdkj ds djyxk;s x;s
fctksfy;k
pEikj.k] jkeuxj]eksrhgkjh] csfr;k]eèkqcuh
egkRek xkaèkh 1908 esa igyk fonzksg gqvkA xkaèkhth dkvkxeu gqvk rFkk ,d vk;ksx }kjkcxkuekfyd voSèk olwyh dk 25 iQhlnhokil djus ij jkth gks x;s
1917 frudfB;k ç.kkyh] 'kjgcs'kh(yxku o`f¼) rkoku (,de'reqvkotk) ds fojksèk esa
pEikj.k
[ksM+k (xqtjkr) egkRek xkaèkh xkaèkhth us dgk fd ;fn ljdkj xjhc fdlkuksadks yxku ekiQ dj ns rks tks yxku ns ldrsgSa os iwjk yxku nsaxsA
1918 iQly cckZn gksus ds ckotwnljdkj ekyxqtkjh olwy dj jghFkh] vaxzstksa us bls euk dj fy;k
[ksM+k
ç r k i x < + ]j k ; c j s y h ]l q Y r k u i q j ]iQStkckn
>haxqjh flag] ckckjkepUnz
1919 esa çrkix<+ esa ^ukbZ&èkksch can* rFkklkekftd cfg"dkjA ckck jkepUn ds tsyHkstus ij çn'kZuA ns'knzksgh cSBd }kjkfdlkuksa esa FkksM+h jkgrA
1919&1922 voSèk yxku o csn[kyhvfèkfu;e ykx wA voèke kyx qt k j h (l a ' k k s è k uvfèkfu;e) yxku esa c<+ksrjh
voèk
ckjkcadh] gjnksbZ]cgjkbp] lhrkiqj]ekykckj
enkjh iklh bl vnksyu esa NksVs tehankj Hkh 'kkfey gq,A22 ekpZ dks bls dqpy fn;k x;kA
1920 yxku esa c<+ksrjh,dk
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ekykckj ;kdwc glu] ;w- xksikyesuu] ih- eksbíhudks;k]
iqfyl LVs'ku] ljdkjh nÝrj o tehankjksa ds?kj geykA ckn esa bldk pfj=k lkaçnkf;dgks x;kA 1921 esa fonzksg dks dqpy fn;kx;kA
1921 vfèkd yxku o csn[kyhAvaxzstksa }kjk vyh eqlfy;kjdks idM+us ds fy, fr#jkaxM+hds efLtn ij Nkik
eksiyk
l w jr dkckjnksyh rkyqdk
ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy 'kq: ls yxku esa 30 çfr'kr c<+ksÙkjh dks?kVkdj 21-97 fd;k x;kA oYyHkHkkbZ dsusr`Ro esa lkekftd cfg"dkj dk vL=kbLrseky fd;k x;kA eSDlosy C;weiQhYMlfefr dh vuq'kalk ij yxku dh nj ?kVkdj 6-03 dj nh x;hA
1928 yxku esa c<+ksÙkjh] gkyh i¼fr(caèkqok etnwjh)
ckjnksyh
rVh; vkaèkz ,u-th- jaxk] ih- lnjS;ko ` f¼ ] o s u sy hlR;ukjk;.k] naM qlR;ukjk;.k jktw
vkaèkz çkarh; jS;r ,lksfl,'ku dh LFkkiuk ,u-th- jaxk }kjk 1923 esa gqbZA ,u- th- jaxk }kjkxqaVwj ftyk ds fuMksczksyw xkao esa 1933 dks^Hkkjrh; fdlku ifj"kn* dk xBuA dkaxzsld"kZd us ½.k esa jkgr çnku dhA
1923&38 jktLo esa ikSus 19» [ksrtksrus o eNyh ekjus dsvfèkdkjksa dks ysdj la?k"kZNsM+k x;k
vkaèkz dkvkanksyu
rVh; vkaèkz ,u-th- jaxk] ih- lnjS;ko ` f¼ ] o s u sy hlR;ukjk;.k] naM qlR;ukjk;.k jktw
vkaèkz çkarh; jS;r ,lksfl,'ku dh LFkkiuk,u- th- jaxk }kjk 1923 esa gqbZA ,u- th-jaxk }kjk xqaVwj ftyk ds fuMksczksyw xkao esa 1933dks Hkkjrh; fdlku ifj"kn* dk xBuA dkaxzsld"kZd us ½.k esa jkgr çnku dhA
1923&38 jktLo esa ikSus 19» [ksrtksrus o eNyh ekjus dsvfèkdkjksa dks ysdj la?k"kZNsM+k x;k
vkaèkz dkvkanksyu
d s jy dkekykckj {ks=k
v k j - j kep a n zcsnqexMh] oh- d`".kfiYyS] Vh- çdk'ke
d"kZd la?keksa us 1929 esa ekykckj dk'rdkjhvfèkfu;e esa lqèkkj ds fy, vkanksyu NsM+kAdkaxzsl ljdkj bLrhiQk nsus ls igys ½.kksa esajkgr nsus ds fy, ,d dkuwu ikl dj pqdhFkh] ftldk d"kZd la?keksa us Lokxr fd;kA
1934&40 lkearh olwfy;ka] uohuhdj.k'kqYd] yxku dh vfxzevnk;xh
ekykckj dsd"kZd la?keksadk vkanksyu
fcgkj Lokeh lgtkuan 1929 esa Lokeh lgtkuan }kjk fcgkjçknsf'kd fdlku lHkk dk xBudk;kZuUn 'kekZ us eqaxsj ds cM+fg;krkyesa cdk'r Hkwfe dh okilh ds fy,vkanksyu pyk;kA x;k esa ;nquanu 'kekZus vkanksyu pyk;kA tequk dk;ks± uslkju rFkk jkgqy lkaLd`R;k;u usvUuokjh esa vkanksyu fd;kA 1938&39rd ljdkj }kjk lqfoèkkvksa vkSjdk;ZdrkZvksa dh fxjÝrkjh ls vkanksyuFke lk x;kA
1929&39 tehankjh mUewyu] xSjdkuwuholwyh] dk'rdkjk s a dhcsn[kyh] cdk'r tehu dhokilh
fcgkj esafdlku lHkkdk vkanksyu
tkyaèkj] verlj]g k s f ' k ; k j i q j ]yk;yiqj] 'ks[kiqjk(iatkc)
lksgu flag Hkkduk] ch-ih- ,y csnh] Tokyk flag]rst flag] Louarj] ekLVjgfj flag] ckck :j flag
ukStoku Hkkjr lHkk] dhfrZ fdlkudkaxzsl o vdkyh ny ds ç;Ruksa ls1937 esa iatkc fdlku lfefr dk xBugqvkA ifV;kyk esa Hkxoku flagyksaxksoky o tkxhj flag tksxk ,oa rstflag Lorarj us vkanksyu pyk;kA1953 esas dkuwu }kjk dk'rkdkjksa dksmudh tehu okil feyh
1930&40 Hkw&jktLo esa dVkSrh] ½.kksads Hkqxrku es a LFkxuArRdkfyd dkj.k ve`rlj oykgkSj esa Hkw&jktLo dkiqufuZèkkZj.k] ugj dj esa o`f¼
iatkc
cEcb Z d sfudVorhZ {ks=k
xksnkojh iq:ysdj ;s lkE;okfn;ksa ds çHkko esa vk x;s1945 taxyksa ds Bsdsnkjksa] Hkwfeifr;ksa]èkuh d`"kdksa] csFk&csxkj dsfo#¼
oyhZ
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fnuktiqj] jaxiqj]tyikb Zx qM + h ]eSueu flag]fenukiqj] 24ijxuk] [kqyuk
d`".kfouksn jk;] vofuykfgjh] lquhy lsu]Hkokuh lsu] eksuh flag
ÝykÅM vk;ksx us ,slh gh fliQkfj'kdhA lqgkjonhZ eaf=keaMy us caxkycxkZnkj vLFkk;h fu;eu foèks;dçdkf'kr dj vkanksyu dks dkuwuhoSèkrk çnku dhA 1950 esa dkaxzsl dhiwfrZ dhA
1946 cVkbZnkjksa us iSQlyk fd;k fdvkèkk dh txg os tksrnkjksadks ,d&frgkjh mit nsaxsAljdkj us oxkZnkj foèks;dikfjr dj fdlkuksa dh ekaxksa dhiwfrZ dhA
rsHkkxk vkanksyu
=kko.kdksj iue Fkkuq fiYybZ] dE;qfu"V 800 yksx bl [kwuh fonzksg esa ekjs x;sAncko dh uhfr }kjk jkekLokeh vÕ;jdks vejhdh uewuk R;kxus ij etcwjfd;k x;kA
1946 vUu dh deh] nhoku lh-ih-jkekLokeh vÕ;j dk vejhdhuewuk rd] rkfd vaxzstksa dstkus ds ckn ,d Lora=k=kko.kdksj mlds fu;a=k.k esajgsA
iqUuçk&ok;ykj
rsyaxkuk lanjS;k ;g lcls cM+k d`"kd Nkikekj ;q¼ jgkA1949 esa dkaxzsl us tkxhjnkjh lekIrdj nhA
1946&51 futke] tehankjksa] lkgwdkjksarFkk O;kikfj;ksa ds fo#¼la?k"kZA csxkj (osêðh)] tehugfFk;kuk
rsyaxkuk
lHkk** dk xBu fd;k x;kA jk;cjsyh] iSQtkckn o lqyrkuiqj esaywVikV gqbZA ekpZ esa reke ftyksa esa ^ns'knzksgh cSBd vfèkfu;e* ykxwdj fn;k x;k] ftlls jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;k¡ BIi iM+ x;haA voèkekyxqtkjh (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e ls fdlkuksa dks jkgr rks ugha feyhij mudh mEehnsa tkxhaA
lky ds var esa ckjkcadh] gjnksbZ] cgjkbp vkSj lhrkiqj esavlarks"k dks f[kykiQr rFkk dkaxszl ds usrkvksa us vkUnksyu dh 'kDynh] ftls ^,dk (,drk) vkUnksyu* dk uke fn;k x;kA fdlkuksadh f'kdk;rksa esa yxku esa c<+ksrjh vkSj mit ds :i esa yxku olwydjus dh çFkk FkhA enkjh iklh us bl vkUnksyu dks usr`Ro çnkufd;kA bl vkanksyu dh [kkfl;r ;g Fkh fd blesa NksVs&NksVs tehankjHkh 'kkfey FksA pkSjh&pkSjk dkaM ds ckn vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dksokil ys fy;k x;k] ij fdlkuksa dk ;g vkUnksyu pyrk jgkAljdkj us 22 ekpZ 1922 rd bl vkUnksyudks dqpy MkykA
8- eksiyk fonzk sg (1921) %19oha lnh esa Hkh eksiykvksa us fonzksg fd;kFkk] ij 1921 dk fonzksg vfèkd O;kidFkkA vfèkd yxku rFkk csn[kyh us eksiykvksadks tehankjksa ds fo:¼ la?k"kZ NsM+us ijetcwj fd;kA eatjh ds lEesyu esa ekykckjftyk dkaxzsl us f[kykiQy vkUnksyu dkleFkZu fd;k rFkk ,slk dkuwu cukus dhek¡x dh] tks tehankj&dk'rdkj lacaèkksa dksr; djsA dks>hdksM esa dk'rdkjksa dk ,dlaxBu cukA eksiyk rFkk f[kykiQr vkanksyu,d nwljs esa lek x;sA xkaèkhth] 'kkSdrvyh vkSj ekSykuk vktkn us bl bykds dknkSjk fd;kA 1921 esa ljdkj us fu"ksèkkKkyxk dj cSBdksa ij çfrcaèk yxk;sA 18iQjojh dks ;kdwc glu] ;w-xksiky esuu] ih-eksbíhu dks;k] ds- ekèkou uk;j tSls ofj"Busrkvksa dh fxjÝrkjh ls usr`Ro LFkkuh;
eksiyk ljnkjksa ds gkFkksa esa pyk x;kA çFke fo'o;q¼ ds nkSjkuvaxsztksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr dh viQokg lqu dj] eksiyk ljdkjhvkns'kksa dh vogsyuk djus yxsA ,jukM rkyqdk esa tc ,d LFkkuh;usrk o èkkfeZd xq: vyh eqlfy;kj dks idM+us ds fy, fr:jkaxMhdh efLtn ij Nkik ekjk x;k] rks dksV~Vkdky] ikjIikukxM+h o vU;txgksa ij fonzksg HkM+d mBkA dsoy cnuke fgUnw tehankjksa rFkkfons'kh gqdwer ds çfr"Bkuksa dks fu'kkuk cuk;k x;kA fonzksgh gqdwerds çfr"Bkuksa dks fu'kkuk cuk;k x;kA fonzksgh usrk dqugEen gkthus fgUnqvksa dks u ekjus dk vkns'k fn;kA lSfud 'kklu ykxw gksrsgh bl fonzksg dk pfj=k cny x;kA Hk;Hkhr fgUnw gqdwer dk lkFknsus yxsA vc la?k"kZ lkEçnkf;d gks x;kA 1921 ds var esa fonzksgdks dqpy fn;k x;kA
vf[ky Hkkjrh; fdlku lHkkvf[ky Hkkjrh; fdlku lHkkvf[ky Hkkjrh; fdlku lHkkvf[ky Hkkjrh; fdlku lHkkvf[ky Hkkjrh; fdlku lHkkLFkkiuk % 1936] y[kumQlaLFkkid % Lokeh lgtkuanvU; usrk % ,u-th- jaxk] ujsUnz nso] banqyky
;kfXud] cafde eqdthZvè;{k % Lokeh lgtkuanegklfpo % ,u-th- jaxkmís'; %� fdlkuksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k jksduk� tehankjksa o rkyqdsnkjh ds :i esa
Hkw&LokfeRo dh lekfIr� ½.k LFkxu� jktLo o yxku esa deh� egktuksa ds fy, dkuwu cukuk� [ksfrgj etnwjksa dks U;wure etnwjh
fnyokuk� flapkbZ lqfoèkk� O;kikfjd iQlyksa ds fy, mfpr ewY;
vkfnA
1936 dk iQStiqj vfèkos'kuvè;{k % tokgj yky usg:
d`f"k dk;ZØe %
� yxku o Hkw&jktLo esa 50 çfr'kr deh
� ½.kksa dh olwyh dk LFkxu
� lkearh olwfy;ksa dh lekfIr
� dk'rdkjksa dks csn[kyh ls lqj{kk
� [ksfrgj etnwjksa dks xqtkjs yk;d etnwjh
� fdlku ;wfu;u dks ekU;rk
� d`f"k vk; ij dj yxkuk
� ;g dk;ZØe tehankjh vkSj rkyqdsnkjh
çFkkvksa ds mUewyu ds ekeys esa pqIih lkèk
x;k Fkk
� dkaxzsl ds bl vfèkos'ku esa d`f"k vkSj
d`"kdksa ds lacaèk esa egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fy;s
x;sA
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9- ckjnksyh lR;kxzg (1928) % lwjr ds ckjnksyh rkyqdkesa yxku u nsus dk vkUnksyu] vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dk gh nsu FkkA;gk¡ ls xkaèkhth us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 'kq: djus dk iSQlyk fy;kFkk] ij ,slk ugha gqvkA LFkkuh; usrk dY;k.kth o dq¡ojth esgrk]n;kyth nslkbZ] ds'koth x.ks'kth vkfn ds ç;klksa ls ;gk¡ jktuhfrdpsruk fodflr gqbZ FkhA ;gk¡ dh 60 iQhlnh vkcknh v'osrtu(dkfyijkt) rFkk ckdh lo.kksZa dh FkhA gkyh i¼fr (caèkqvk etwjh)o lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds f[kykiQ vkokt mBus yxhA 1927 dsokf"kZd dkfyijkt lEesyu dh vè;{krk xkaèkhth us dh vkSj^dkfyijkt* dk uke cny dj ^jkuhijkt* dj fn;kA ujgfj ikfj[kvkSj txrjke nos us vius fjiksVZ esa gkyh i¼fr dh HkRlZuk dhA1926 esa yxku esa 30 çfr'kr c<+ksrjh dks fojksèk ds i'pkr~ mls?kVk dj 21-97 iQhlnh dj fn;k x;k Fkk] ij fdlku larq"V ughagq,A dkaxzsl ds usrkvksa us ^[ksM+k lR;kxzg*] ukxiqj >aMk (ÝySx)lR;kxzg o cylkM lR;kxzg ls tqM+s oYyHkHkkbZ dks vkUnksyu dkusr`Ro laHkkyus dh lykg nhA oYyHkHkkbZ ds fu"i{k tk¡p dh ek¡xfoiQy gksus ij fdlkuksa us yxku nsuk can dj fn;kA bl la?k"kZ esaehBcsu isfVV] HkfDrck] euhcsu iVsy] 'kkjnkcsu 'kkg vkSj 'kkjnkesgrk tSlh efgykvksa us Hkkx fy;kA vc lkekftd cfg"dkj dk vL=kbLrseky fd;k x;kA 1928 esa fczVsu dh laln esa Hkh bl elysij loky mBk;s tkus yxs FksA eSDlosy&CyweiQhYM lfefr us yxkudh nj ?kVkdj 6-03 çfr'kr dj nhA
10- caxky dk rsHkkxk vkUnksyu (1946) % 1946 dsmÙkjkèkZ esa caxky ds caVkbZnkjksa us iSQlyk fd;k fd os vc tksrnkjksasdks mit dk vkèkk fgLlk ugha] cfYd ,d&frgkbZ nsaxs rFkk caVokjsrd mit muds gh [kfygkuksa esa jgsxhA ÝykmM vk;ksx us ,slh ghfliQkfj'k dh FkhA mèkj vkfnoklh udn esa yxku nsus ds i{k esaFksA caxky çkarh; fdlku lHkk ds usr`Ro esa la?k"kZ fNM+ x;kA tclqgjkonhZ ds eqfLye yhx eaf=keaMy us caxky oxkZnkj vLFkk;h fu;eufoèks;d çdkf'kr fd;k rks] vkUnksyudkfj;ksa dks ,glkl gqvk fdmudh ekaxsa vc xSj&dkuwuh ugha gSaA vc la?k"kZ fNM+ x;k vkSj fgaldokjnkrsa gksus yxhaA [kkuiqj esa 20 fdlku ekjs x;sA 1950 esa dkaxzslljdkj us oxkZnkj foèks;d ikfjr dj vkUnksyudkfj;ksa dh ekaxksa dhiwfrZ dhA bl vkUnksyu ds eq[; dsUnz jgs fnuktiqj] jaxiqj]tykikbZxqM+h] eSeuflag] fenukiqj] 24 ijxuk vkSj [kqyukA jktoa'kh{kf=k; fdlku] eqlyeku] gtksax] laFkky o mjkaoksa us blesa lfØ;Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
bl vkUnksyu ds çeq[k usrk d`".kfouksn jk;] vouh ykfgjh]lquhy lsu] Hkokuh lsu] eksuh flag] vuar flag] foHkwfr lkg] vftrjk;] lq'khy lsu] lakHkj xkaxqyh vkSj xq:nkl rkyqdnkj FksA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;
� Hkkjrh; lekt ds fdlh vU; oxZ dh vis{kk tutkrh; vkanksyuksa
dh la[;k lcls vfèkd gSA
� lU;klh yksx 'kadjkpk;Z ds vuq;k;h Fks rFkk fxfj er dks ekurs
FksA
� lU;kfl;ksa us cksxjk o eSeuflag esa viuh ljdkj cukbZ FkhA� lU;klh fonzksg dk neu okjsu gsfLaVXl us fd;k FkkA
� cafdepUnz pV~Vksikè;k; ds çfl¼ miU;kl ^vkuUn eB* dkdFkkud lU;klh fonzksg ij vkèkkfjr gSA
� pqvkj fonzksg esa jktkvksa us vkRefouk'k (Scorched earth) dhuhfr viukbZ FkhA
� ikbd fonzksg dk {ks=k mM+hlk Fkk rFkk bl fonzksg dk usr`Ro igys[kqnkZ ds jktk vkSj ckn esa txcUèkq us fd;kA
� ohj ikaM;k us dV~Vkckseu ds fonzksg dks usr`Ro çnku fd;k FkkA� =kko.kdksj ds nhoku osyw FkEih dks ejus ds ckn Hkh iQkalh ij
yVdk;k x;kA� jktk Hkkjey dh gkj ds ckn dPN dks lgk;d lafèk djuh
iM+hA� dksfy;ksa dk fonzksg 1824&25] 1828] 1839 vkSj 1849 esa
xqtjkr esa gqvk FkkA� jkekslh fonzksg (1822&29) dk usr`Ro fpÙkqj flag us fd;k FkkA� dksYgkiqj o lkoarokM+h fonzksgksa esa Hkkx ysus okys oa'kkuqxr lSfud
tkfr dks xkMdkjh dgk tkrk FkkA� xkMdkfj;ksa us leux<+ o Hkwnjx<+ ds fdys thrs FksA� ^Hkwfe ij bZ'oj dk vfèkdkj gS* & ;g iQjSft;ksa dh èkkj.kk
FkhA� gkth 'kfj;krqYyk us iQjSft;ksa dks usr`Ro çnku fd;k FkkA� ogkch vkUnksyu us ,d oDr esa caxky] fcgkj] iatkc o enzkl
dks lesV fy;k FkkA� Hkkjr esa cgkfc;ksa dk dsUnz iVuk FkkA� vkjEHk esas ;g flD[kksa ds fo:¼ yM+kbZ FkhA� ckykdksV dh yM+kbZ esa lSÕ;n vgen dh e`R;q gqbZ FkhA� ikxyiaFkh lEçnk; ds laLFkkid dje 'kkg FksA� dwdk vkUnksyu esa ewfrZ fo[k.Mu rFkk dlkb;ksa dh gR;k dh
x;h FkhA� oklqnso cyoar iQM+ds igys jk"Vªoknh Fks] ftUgksaus MdSrksa dh enn
ls ^lkekftd ywVikV* dhA� ckthjko f}rh; ds fonzksgh ea=kh =k;Ecdth us vaxzstksa }kjk
vkfèkiR; tekus ds fojksèk esa Hkhyksa dks mdlk;k FkkA� 1825 esa Hkhy fonzksg dk usr`Ro lsoje us fd;k FkkA� NksVkukxiqj esa cqèkks Hkxr ds usr`Ro esa dksy fonzksg (1831&32)
dk eq[; dkj.k budh Hkwfe buls Nhu dj eqfLye d`"kdksa oflD[kksa dks fn;k tkuk FkkA
� jEik {ks=k esa dks; tutkfr;ksa dk fonzksg 1840] 1845] 1858]1861] 1862] 1879&80] 1884 o 1922&24 esa gqvkA
� [kksaM tutkfr us viuh ujcfy dh çFkk&^esfj;k* dks jksdus dsç;kl ds fojksèk esa fonzksg fd;kA
� 1856&57 esa ifyZ;k[kesnh esa jkèkkd`".k n.Mlsuk ds usr`Ro esalokj fonzksg gqvk FkkA
� 1855&56 dk laFkky fonzksg ^gwy* ds uke ls fo[;kr gSA� Hkkxyiqj ls jktegy ds chp ds {ks=k dks ^nkeu&,&dksg* dgk
tkrk FkkA� lhnw o dkUgks us laFkkyksa dk usr`Ro fd;k FkkA� ^HkxukMhg dh lHkk* esa lFkkyksa us fonzksg djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k
FkkA� 1855 esa lhnks ekjk x;k rFkk 1866 esa dkUgks idM+ fy;k
x;kA
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� johUnzukFk VSxksj us bl fonzksg ds uk;dksa dk Lej.k lEekuiwoZdfd;k gSA
� laFkky fonzksg ds ckn blh {ks=k esa 1870 ds n'kd esa ^[ksjokM+o liQkgkj vkUnksyu* gqvk FkkA
� 'kq: esa ;g lqèkkjoknh vkUnksyu Fkk ij ckn esa jktLo cUnkscLrds fo:¼ vfHk;ku ds :i esa cny x;kA
� uk;dM+k ds tutkfr lglzokn esa vkLFkk j[krs Fks rFkk mUgksaus/eZjkT; LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
� dPNukxkvksa us lkacqnku ds usr`ro esa dNkj {ks=k esa fonzksg fd;kA� eqaMkvksa us 1899 o 1900 ds eè; fonzksg fd;k FkkA� bl fonzksg dks ^mYxqyku* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA� eqaMkvksa ds lkewfgd Hkw&LokfeRo dh ç.kkyh dks ^[kw¡VdV~Vh* dgk
tkrk FkkA� eqaMkvksa us ^fndw* 'kCn dk ç;ksx lHkh ckgjh yksxksa ds fy, fd;k
FkkA� fcjlk ds xq# vkuUn ik.Ms; FksA� fcjlk dh e`R;q jkaph tsy esa (gStk) ls gqbZ FkhA� 1908 ds ^NksVkukxiqj Vsualh ,DV* us eqaMkvksa dks jkgr çnku
dhA� xksfoUn xq# ds usr`Ro esa 1913 dk Hkhy fonzksg 'kq: esa ,d
'kqf¼ vkUnksyu FkkA� 1914&15 esa tk=kk Hkxr }kjk pyk;s x;s vkUnksyu dks ^rkukHkxr
vkUnksyu* Hkh dgrs gSaA� ^jkuh xkSfMfuY;w* dks ^tkWuvkdZ vkWiQ ukxkySaM* dgk tkrk gSA� 1836 ls 1854 ds chp eksiykvksa }kjk 22 fonzksg gq,A� vkfFkZd ekaxksa dks ysdj fdlku fonzksgksa esa lcls O;kid o tq>k:
fonzksg 1859&60 dk ^uhy fonzksg* FkkA� bl fonzksg dk usr`Ro fnxEcj fo'okl o fo".kq fo'okl us fd;k
FkkA� bl fonzksg esa jS;rksa us iSlk tqVkdj dkuwuh yM+kbZ Hkh NsM+h FkhA� cqf¼thfo;ksa vkSj fe'kufj;ksa us bl fonzksg esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZA� 1860 dh vfèklwpuk ls jS;rksa dks jkgr feyhA� ikcuk fonzksg (1873&76) caxky esa gqbZ FkhA� 1859 ds ,DV ^,Dl* }kjk ikcuk ds dk'rdkjksa us n[kyh
vfèkdkj çkIr fd;k FkkA� bl fonzksg ds nkSjku ikcuk ds fdlkuksa us ;qlqiQ'kkgh ijxuk esa
fdlku la?k dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA� bl fonzksg dk usr`Ro bZ'kkupUnz jk; o 'kaHkqiky us fd;kA� ;g yM+kbZ eq[;r% dkuwuh ekspsZ ij gh lhfer Fkh vkSj fgald
okjnkrsa ukeek=k dh gh gqbZaA� f}tsUnzukFk Bkdqj (johUnzukFk ds cM+s HkkbZ) us ikcuk vkUnksyu
dk fojksèk fd;k FkkA� 1885 ds caxky dk'rdkjh dkuwu ls fdlkuksa dks jkgr feyhA� 1875 ds nDdu minzo esa fglad okjnkrsa cgqr de gqbZaA� fdlkuksa o cywVknkjksa us egktuksa dk lkekftd cfg"dkj fd;kA� iwuk lkoZtfud lHkk us bl fojksèk dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA� nDdu&d`"kd jkgr vfèkfu;e 1879 ls fdlkuksa dks egktuksa ds
f[kykiQ laj{k.k çkIr gqvkA
� 1913 esa gksus okys fctksfy;k vkUnksyu dk usrk lhrkjkenkluked ,d lkèkq FkkA
� Hkwi flag mçQ fot;flag ifFkd] lfpu lkU;ky ds lewg dk,d HkwriwoZ ØkfUrdkjh FkkA
� ;q¼ Í.k esa fdlkuksa dk ;ksxnku djus ls bUdkj djuk fctksfy;kvkUnksyu dk ,d vU; dkj.k FkkA
� pEikj.k esa vkUnksyu ds eq[; dkj.k frudfB;k] 'kjgos'kh (c<+kgqvk yxku) rFkk rkoku (,deq'r eqvkotk) FksA
� 1908 esa igys budk fojksèk gks pqdk FkkA� 1917 esa jktdqekj 'kqDy us xk¡èkhth dks pEikj.k vkus dk
fuea=k.k fn;kA� cxku ekfyd varr% voSèk olwyh dk 25 iQhlnh okil djus
dks jkth gks x;sA� [ksM+k vkUnksyu esa foV~ByHkkbZ o oYyHkHkkbZ nksuksa us lfØ;
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA� [ksM+k ds 559 xk¡oksa esa ls dsoy 70 xk¡oksa esa gh lR;kxzg liQy
jgk FkkA� mÙkj çns'k fdlku lHkk dk xBu 1918 esa xkSjh'kadj feJ]
bUnzukjk;.k f}osnh vkSj enu eksgu ekyoh; ds ç;klksa ls gqvkA� 1919 esa çrkix<+ esa ^ukbZ&èkksch can* lkekftd cfg"dkj dh
laxfBr dk;Zokgh dh x;hA� 1920 esa ckck jkepUnz ls feyus ds i'pkr~ gh tokgjyky usg:
dk ^fdlkuksa ds chp Hkze.k* 'kq: gqvkA� 1920 esa ^voèk fdlku lHkk* dk xBu gqvkA� ckjkckadh {ks=k dk ,dk (,drk) vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro enkjh iklh
us fd;k FkkA� vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds okfil ys fy;s tkus ds ckn Hkh ;g
vkUnksyu tkjh jgkA� 1921 ds eksiyk vkUnksyu vkSj f[kykiQy vkUnksyu us ,d nwljs
dks çHkkfor fd;kA� ,d LFkkuh; usrk o /kfeZd xq# vyh eqlfy;kj dks idM+us ds
fy, tc ljdkj us fr:jkaxM+h ds efLtn ij Nkik ekjk rksfonzksg HkM+d mBkA
� lSfud 'kklu ykxw gksrs gh fonzksg dk pfj=k cny dj lkEçnkf;dgks x;kA
� iksMuwj dh dky dksBjh & eksiyk fonzksg dh ,d ?kVuk gSA� ckjnksyh ls xka/hth us vl;ksx vkUnksyu 'kq: djus dk iSQlyk
fy;k Fkk ij ,slk lHko ugha gks ldkA� 1927 ds okf"kZd dkfyijkt (v'orstu) lEesyu dh vè;{krk
xka/hth us dh Fkh vkSj ^dkfyijkt* dk uke cny dj^jkuhijkt* dj fn;k FkkA
� 1926 esa yxku esa 30 çfr'ku c<+ksrjh dks ?kVkdj 21-97 iQhlnhdj fn;k x;k FkkA vUrr% eSDlosy CyweiQhYM lfefr us bls?kVkdj 6-03 iQhlnh dj fn;kA
� bl la?k"kZ esa ehBcsu isfVV] HkfDrck] euhcsu iVsy] 'kkjnkcsu 'kkgvkSj 'kkjnk esgrk tSlh efgykvksa us lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA
� oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy dk uke [ksM+k lR;kxzg] ukxiqj >aMk lR;kxzg]o cylkM lR;kxzg ls tqM+k gSA
� çiqQYylsu (gqxyh) ds ckck jk?konkl (xksj[kiqj) dks budsbykds dk ^xkaèkh* dgk tkrk FkkA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 16
� vkaèkz çkarh; jS;r ,lksfl,'ku dh LFkkiuk ,u-th- jaxk }kjk 1923esa gqbZ FkhA
� 1933 esa ,u-th- jaxk us ^Hkkjrh; fdlku ifj"kn~* dk xBu fd;kFkkA
� 1929 esa Lokeh lgtkuan us ^fcgkj çknsf'kd fdlku lHkk* dkxBu fd;k FkkA
� 1936 esa Lokeh lgtkuan us vf[ky Hkkjrh; fdlku la?k dhLFkkiuk y[kumQ esa dhA
� eqaxsj ftys esa cdk'r vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro dk;kZuUn 'kekZ us fd;kFkkA
� 1936 dk iSQtiqj vfèkos'ku tehankjh mUewyu ds ekeys esa pqIihlkèk x;kA
� 1937 esa iatkc fdlku lfefr dk xBu gqvk FkkA� 1945 esa ojyh vkUnksyu cEcbZ ds fudVorhZ {ks=kksa esa gqvk FkkA� 1946 ds rsHkkxk vkUnksyu esa caxky ds fdlkuksa us iSQlyk fd;k
Fkk os vkèkk dh txg tkrnkjksa dks ,d&frgkbZ mit gh nsaxsA� 1946 esa =kkoudksj esa iqUuçk&ok;ykj vkUnksyu 'kq: gqvkA� nhoku lh-ih- jkekLokeh vÕ;j dk ^vejhdh uewuk* dk edln
Fkk fd vaxzstksa ds tkus ds ckn ,d LorU=k =kko.kdksj mldsfu;a=k.k esa jgsA
� 1946 ls 1951 ds eè; rsyaxkuk esa lcls cM+k d`"kd Nkikekj;q¼ pykA
fonzksgks a&vkUnksyuks a ls tqM+h 'kCnkoyhfonzksgks a&vkUnksyuks a ls tqM+h 'kCnkoyhfonzksgks a&vkUnksyuks a ls tqM+h 'kCnkoyhfonzksgks a&vkUnksyuks a ls tqM+h 'kCnkoyhfonzksgks a&vkUnksyuks a ls tqM+h 'kCnkoyh� vkf/;kj ;k Hkkxpk'kh % vkèkh iQly ysus dh O;oLFkkA� vCokc % tehankj vFkok ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk yxk;s x;s
ukuk çdkj ds midj o eglwyA� dk'rdkj % og fdlku ftlus tehankj dks yxku nsdj mldh
tehu ij [ksrh djus dk vfèkdkj çkIr fd;k gksA� dkfyijkt % ckjnksyh ds v'osrtuA� [kkorh % vukt ds :i esa Í.kA� [kw¡VdV~Vh % vkfnokfl;ksa dh lkewfgd Hkw&LokfeRo dh ç.kkyhA� ftlrh tehu % tehankjksa }kjk Lo;a vius fy, j[kh x;h tehu]
ftl ij [ksfrgj etnwj dke djrs FksA
� ftjkr % bl i¼fr esa Bsdsnkjh iV~Vs ds èkkjd ;wjksih; uhymRiknd] vYi osru okys [ksfrgj etnwjksa ds ekè;e ls Lo;auhy dh [ksrh djrs FksA
� tukeh % ekykckj esa Hkwfe ls lacafèkr lk>snkjh ç.kkyhA� frudfB; k % u hy mRi knd { k s = k dh og
i¼fr] ftlesa fdlkuksa dks viuh Hkwfe ds 3@20 oas fgLls esa uhydh [ksrh djuk vfuok;Z FkkA
� fndw % eqaMk vkfnokfl;ksa }kjk ckgjh yksxksa ds fy;s ç;ksx fd;kx;k 'kCnA
� myxqyku % egku gypy� rkoku % ,deq'r eqvkotk� iV~Vsnkj % og O;fDr ftls HkwLokeh ;k tehankj }kjk fdlh LFkk;h
laifÙk ;k tehu ds miHkksx dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gksA� iksfyxkj % nf{k.k Hkkjr ds NksVs in ds lsukifr ;k tehankj]
ftUgsa jktLo olwyh dk oa'kkuqxr vfèkdkj çkIr FkkA� iksMq % >we [ksrh� iksFkkax % fcuk etnwjh fn, vfèkdkfj;ksa ds lkeku mBkus ds fy,
ckè; vkfnoklh� cywVk çFkk % xk¡o ds 12 lsod o dkjhxj (c<+bZ] yksgkj] ukbZ]
/ksch] dqEgkj] eksph vkfn ftUgsa ^cywVknkj* dgk tkrk Fkk) lsxk¡o dk lkjk dke djok;k tkrk Fkk rFkk cnys esa çR;sd d`"kddks viuh okf"kZd iQly dk ,d fuf'pr fgLlk muds fuokZgds fy, j[kuk iM+rk FkkA
� cdk'r Hkwfe % og Hkwfe ftls eanh ds dkj.k yxku u ns ikusds dkj.k fdlkuksa us tehankjksa dks ns fn;k FkkA cdk'r dk vFkZgS & Lo;a dk tksrk gqvkA
� eqV~Vknkj % igkM+h eqf[k;k� csB&csxkj % fcuk fdlh osru vFkok Hkqxrku dh etnwjh� osVh % eqÝr etnwjh� osrhpkdjh % eqÝr lsok,a� oxkZnkj % iwohZ Hkkjr ds os fdlku ftUgsa HkwLokeh tc pkgs fudky
ldrk FkkA� okfu % nDdu ds egktu� lykeh % ,d çdkj dk yssoh ;k olwyh� 'kjgos'kh % c<+k gqvk yxku� gkyh i¼fr % ca/qvk etnwjh
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 17
Hkkjr esa fczfV'k jkT; ds rsth ls foLrkj ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh;'kklu ç.kkyh esa fofHkUu ifjorZu gq,A bu ifjorZuksa us Hkkjrh; thoudh ijEijkxr 'kSyh dks >d>ksj fn;k rFkk lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa,oa leqnk;ksa ds vUnj gypy iSnk dj nhA bldk vafre ifj.kke1857 dk fonzksg] ds :i esa lkeus vk;k] ijUrq ;g dksbZ vkdfLed?kVuk ugha FkhA blls iwoZ Hkh NksVs&NksVs fonzksg gksrs jgs FksA buesals dqN bl çdkj Fks & osYyksj esa 1806 esa] cSjdiqj esa 1824esa] fiQjkstiqj esa 1842 esa 34oha jsftesaV dk fonzksg] 1849 esa 7ohacaxky dSosyjh] 64oha jsftesaV vkSj 22oha usfVo bUisaQVªh dk fonzksg]1850 esa 66oha usfVo bUisaQVªh dk fonzksg] 1852 esa 38oha usfVo bUisaQVªhdk fonzksg vkfnA blh çdkj 1816 esa cjsyh minzo] 1831&33 esadsjy fonzksg] 1848 esa dkaxM+k] tlokj vkSj nkrkiqj jktkvksa dkfonzksg] 1855&56 esa laFkkyksa dk fonzksg vkfnA 1857 dk fonzksgjktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd]èkkfeZd vkSj lSfud dkj.kksa ls gqvk FkkAbu dkj.kksa dk foLr`r fooj.k bl çdkj gS%
1- jktuSfrd dkj.k % ykMZ osysT+kyh dsvèkhu lgk;d lafèk dk ewy mís';] Hkkjrh;fj;klrksa ij {kerk'kkyh fu;a=k.k rFkk 'kuS% 'kuS%muds vfLrRo dh lekfIr ij vkèkkfjr FkkA blhçdkj ykMZ MygkSth dk ^O;ixr dk fl¼kar*(Doctrine of Lapse)blh mís'; dk fodflr:i Fkk] ftlds }kjk nÙkd iq=k ysus ds vfèkdkjdks Nhu dj lrkjk] tSriqj] lEHkyiqj] c?kkV]mn;iqj] >kalh vkSj ukxiqj vkfn fj;klrksa dksfczfV'k jkT; esa feyk fy;k x;kA blds vykokvoèk dks ç'kklfud dqçcaèk ds vkèkkj ij fczfV'klkezkT; esa feyk fy;k x;kA ykMZ MygkSth useqxy lezkV dh mikfèk dks [kRe djus dk fu'p;fd;k rFkk cgknqj 'kkg ds lcls cM+s iq=k tokc[rdks ;qojkt ekuus ls badkj dj fn;kA blh çdkjis'kok ckthjko f}rh; ds nÙkd iq=k ukuk lkgcdh isa'ku lekIr dj nh x;hA fczfV'k uhfr ^iSDlfczVkfudk* ds iQyLo:i fi.Mkjh] Bx rFkk vU;lSfudksa dks Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dh lsuk ls gVk fy;kx;k] ftlls bUgksaus fonzksfg;ksa dk lkFk fn;kA
2- ç'kklfud ,oa vkfFkZd dkj.k %vaxzstksa us Hkkjr ds ç'kklfud ,oa vkfFkZd <k¡psesa ewyHkwr ifjorZu fd;s] ftlls Hkkjrh;ksa esavlarks"k mRiUu gqvkA Hkkjrh; d`f"k ,oa m|ksx dk
ßkl gqvkA fdlku] nLrdkj] nqdkunkj vkfn lHkh çHkkfor gq,A Hkkjrh;vfHktkr oxZ dks 'kfDr o inoh ls oafpr dj fn;s tkus dsiQyLo:i] bu oxksZa ds iks"kd rÙo dks vHkko dk lkeuk djukiM+kA vaxzstksa dh Hkwfe dj O;oLFkk us ,d rjiQ u;s djksa ds cks>ls d"kdksa dh fLFkfr n;uh; dj nh] ogha buke deh'ku tSlh lfefr;ksads xBu ls vusd tkxhjnkjksa dks muds tkxhjksa ls csn[ky dj fn;kx;kA Hkkjrh; lsuk esa Hkh ç'kklfud dkj.kksa ls jks"k O;kIr FkkA ino`f¼ ds volj cgqr gh de FksA Hkkjrh; lSfud dh inksUufr lwcsnkjds in rd gh gks ldrh Fkh] ftldk osru 60&70 #i;s ekfld FkkA
3- lkekftd ,oa èkkfeZd dkj.k % tkfrHksn dh Hkkoukls çsfjr vaxzst] Hkkjrh;ksa dks gs; n`f"V ls ns[krs FksA os Hkkjrh;ksadks ^lwvj* rFkk ^dkys* dh laKk nsrs Fks vkSj mUgsa ccZj rFkk csbekule>rs FksA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd Hkkjrh;ksa dks bZlkbZ cuk dj mUgsalH; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh;ksa dks bZlkbZ cukus ds fy, inksUufrtSlk çyksHku fn;k tkrk FkkA bl èkeZ ifjorZu dk tksjnkj fojksèk
1857 dk foæksg1857 dk foæksg1857 dk foæksg1857 dk foæksg1857 dk foæksg
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 18
fd;k x;kA vaxzstksa us 1856 esa èkkfeZd v;ksX;rk vfèkfu;e ikfjrfd;kA blds vuqlkj èkkfeZd ifjorZu ls iq=k vius firk dh lEifÙkls oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bldk eq[; mís'; bZlkbZ cuusokyksa dks ykHk igq¡pkuk FkkA Hkkjrh;ksa us bldk fojksèk fd;kA bldsvykok lrh ,oa f'k'kq gR;k tSlh çFkkvksa dk gVk;k tkuk] 1856dk foèkok iqufoZokg dkuwu] jsyos ,oa rkj dk foLrkj] if'peh f'k{kkdk çlkj vkfn ls Hkkjrh; :f<+oknh lekt fpafrr gks mBkA ogdHkh Hkh vius jhfr fjoktksa esa gLr{ksi cnkZ'r ugha dj ldrk FkkA
4- lSfud dkj.k % 1857 ds fonzksg dk lw=kikr lSfudksaus fd;k FkkA lSfudksa esa fczfV'k uhfr ds f[kykiQ O;kid jks"k O;kIrFkkA caxky dh lsuk esa ;g jks"k dkiQh T;knk FkkA bl lsuk dsvfèkdka'k flikgh voèk rFkk mÙkj if'peh çkarksa ds mPp tkfr oxZls lEcfUèkr FksA blh dkj.k os vuq'kklu dks Lohdkj djus dks rS;kjugha FksA 1824 esa cSjdiqj ds lSfudksa us leqnzikj cekZ esa lsok djusls eukgh dj nh FkhA blh çdkj 1844 esa pkj caxky jsftesaVksa usvfrfjDr HkÙkk ugha feyus ij flUèk esa tkus ls badkj dj fn;kAbl fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, 1856 esa ykMZ dSfuax dh ljdkj uslsuk&HkrhZ vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;kA blds vuqlkj lHkh lSfudksa dks;g Lohdkj djuk gksrk Fkk fd ljdkj dks tgk¡ Hkh vko';drkgksxh] os ogha dk;Z djsaxsA ;g vfèkfu;e cgqr gh vfç; fl¼ gqvk][kkl dj ;g ns[krs gq, fd 1839&42 rd viQxkfuLrku esa lsokdj jgs lSfudksa dks Hkkjrh; lekt us ^tkr ckgj* ?kksf"kr dj fn;kFkkA blh çdkj 1854 esa Mkd?kj vfèkfu;e ds ikfjr gksus ls lSfudksadh fu%'kqYd Mkd lqfoèkk lekIr dj nh x;hA 1856 esa Hkkjrh;lsuk esa 2]38]000 Hkkjrh; lSfud rFkk 45]322 ;wjksih; lSfud FksAbl vuqikr us Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dks tgk¡ çsfjr fd;k ogha vaxzstksa dseu esa lansg dks tUe fn;kA Øhfe;k ;q¼] iQkjl dk ;q¼ rFkk phuh;q¼ us flikfg;ksa dks çsfjr fd;k] fd os baXySaM dh bl ladViw.kZfLFkfr dk ykHk mBk,aA blh le; 1856 esa ljdkj us czkmu cslcUnwd ds LFkku ij uohu ,uiQhYM jkbiQy dk ç;ksx djus dkfu.kZ; fy;kA bl ubZ jkbiQy esa dkjrwl dks ç;ksx djus ls iwoZblds mQijh Hkkx dks eq¡g ls dkVuk iM+rk FkkA tuojh 1857 esacaxky dh lsuk esa ;g viQokg iSQy x;h fd dkjrwl esa xk; vkSjlwvj dh pchZ gSA bUgksaus bl dkjrwl dk ç;ksx djus ls badkj fd;kAiQyr% vuq'kklughurk dk vijkèk yxk dj mUgsa nf.Mr fd;k x;kA
fonzksg dh çxfr % 29 ekpZ] 1857 bZú esa cSjdiqj esa ,slsgh fonzksg ds nkSjku ,d lSfud eaxy ik.Ms; us vius ,tqVsaV dhgR;k dj nhA 34oha usfVo bUisaQVªhrksM+ nh x;h vkSj vijkfèk;ksa dksnf.Mr fd;k x;kA 10 ebZ] 1857dks esjB Nkouh ds lSfudksa us fonzksgdj fn;kA esjB dk dekunkj viQljtujy gsfoV ds ikl 22]000 ;wjksih;lSfud Fks] ij og dqN u dj ldkAfnYyh esa ck:n[kkus ds çHkkoh viQljfoyksch us vius dks vfHkHkwr ikdjck:n[kkus dks mM+k fn;kA duZyfiQful ekjk x;kA blds i'pkr~fonzksfg;ksa us cgknqj 'kkg tiQj dksfgUnqLrku dk ckn'kkg ?kksf"kr dj
fn;kA fonzksg 'kh?kz gh leLr mÙkjh vkSj eè; Hkkjr esa iSQy x;kAy[kumQ] bykgkckn] dkuiqj] cjsyh] cukjl] fcgkj ds dqN Hkkx]>kalh ,oa dqN vU; {ks=kksa esa fonzksg HkM+d mBkA ueZnk unh ds nf{k.khHkkx O;ogkjr% 'kkUr jgsA ;|fi fonzksfg;ksa dks tulkèkkj.k dhlgkuqHkwfr fey jgh Fkh] ijUrq O;kikjh] f'kf{kr oxZ rFkk Hkkjrh;'kkld oxZ us mudk leFkZu djus dh ctk; vaxzstksa dk lkFk fn;kA
fonzksg ds çeq[k dsUnz ,oa usrkfonzksg ds çeq[k dsUnz ,oa usrkfonzksg ds çeq[k dsUnz ,oa usrkfonzksg ds çeq[k dsUnz ,oa usrkfonzksg ds çeq[k dsUnz ,oa usrk� fnYyh % ;gk¡ fonzksfg;ksa dks c[r [kk¡ us usr`Ro çnku fd;kA
flrEcj 1857 esa tujy tkWu fudksYlu us fnYyh ij iqu%vfèkdkj LFkkfir fd;k] ijUrq yM+kbZ ds nkSjku yxh pksV ls mldhe`R;q gks x;hA ysfÝVusUV gkWtlu us cgknqj'kkg tiQj ds iq=kksa ,oaikS=k dk oèk dj fn;kA cgknqj 'kkg dks fxjÝrkj dj jaxwuHkst fn;k x;kA
� dkuiqj % bl dsUnz esa usr`Ro çnku djus okyksa esa ukuk lkgc]jko lkgsc] rkR;k¡ Vksis rFkk vtheqYyk [kk¡ ds uke mYys[kuh;gSaA lj áwt Oghyj us ukuk lkgsc ds iQkSt dk eqdkcyk fd;k]ijUrq 27 twu dks mlus vkReleç.k dj fn;kA ukuk lkgsc usla;e cjrus dk ok;nk fd;k Fkk] ijUrq ukSdk esa lokj dbZ vaxzstksarFkk efgykvksa dks csjgeh ls ekj Mkyk x;kA estj gSoykWd us17 tqykbZ dks ukuk lkgsc dks ijkLr dj dkuiqj ij iqu% dCtkfd;kA fczxsfM;j uhy us çfr'kksèkkRed dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku dbZHkkjrh;ksa dks ekj MkykA rkR;k¡ Vksis us bl LFkku ij iqu% dCtkfd;k] ijUrq vUrr% vxLr 1857 esa uofuokZfpr lsukè;{k ljdkWfyu dSEicsy us fnlEcj] 1857 esa bl LFkku ij iqu% dCtkdj fy;kA
� y[kumQ % bl dsUnz esa voèk dh csxe gtjr egy rFkkvgenqYyk us usr`Ro çnku fd;kA 2 tqykbZ 1857 dks lj gsujhykjsal dh e`R;q gks x;hA blds i'pkr~ gsoykWd] uhy rFkkvkmV~ee us la;qDr :i ls ekspkZ laHkkykA uhy rFkk gSoykWd ekjsx;s vkSj rkR;k¡ Vksis us y[kumQ ij vfèkdkj dj fy;kA vUrr%21 ekpZ] 1858 dks lj dkWfyu dSEicsy us y[kumQ ij iqu%vfèkdkj dj fy;kA
� >kalh % jkuh y{ehckbZ ds usr`Ro esa gq, fonzksg ij lj áwjkstus 4 vçSy] 1858 dks fot; çkIr dhA jkuh y{ehckbZ cpfudyus esa liQy gqbZ rFkk mUgksaus Xokfy;j ij dCtk dj fy;kA17 twu] 1858 dks jkuh y{ehckbZ dh e`R;q gks x;h rFkk 20
fonzksg ds dsUnz fonzksgh usrk fonzksg nckus okys vaxzst tujy le; (leç.k dk)fnYyh cgknqj 'kkg tujy gMlu] fudylu 20 flracj] 1857
tiQj@c[r [kkay[kumQ csxe gtjr egy dSEicsy 1 ekpZ] 1858dkuiqj ukuk lkgc dSEicsy fnlacj] 1857txnh'kiqj dqaoj flag fofy;e Vsyj ebZ] 1858>kalh y{ehckbZ Þ;wjkst twu] 1858Xokfy;j rkaR;kVksis Þ;wjkst twu] 1858iSQtkckn ekSyoh vgenmYyk tujy jsuMZ 1858]bykgkckn] Xokfy;j fy;kdr vyh duZy uhy 1858cjsyh [kku cgknqj [kku fclsaV vk;j 1858
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 19
twu] 1858 dks lj áwjkst us Xokfy;j ij iqu% vfèkdkj djfy;kA
� cjsyh % jksfgYyk[k.M ds jktk ds ikS=k [kku cgknqj [kk¡ us;gk¡ fonzksfg;ksa dks usr`Ro çnku fd;k] ijUrq 5 ebZ] 1858 dksdSEicsy us cjsyh ij dCtk dj fy;kA
� vkjk % ;gk¡ fonzksfg;ksa dk dq'ky usr`Ro dq¡oj flag ,oa mudsHkkbZ vej flag us fd;kA fofy;e Vsyj ,oa foUlsaV vk;j usdq¡oj flag ij fot; çkIr dhA 9 ebZ] 1858 dks dq¡oj flagekjs x;sA
� iQStkckn % ekSyoh vgenqYyk ds usr`Ro esa ;gk¡ fonzksg gqvk]ijUrq mls nck fn;k x;kA
� cukjl ,oa bykgkckn % ;gk¡ ds fonzksg dks uhy us nck;kA� eè; Hkkjr % lj áwjkst us eè; Hkkjr rFkk cqansy[k.M ij
vfèkdkj dj fy;k] ijUrq rkR;k¡ Vksis us la?k"kZ tkjh j[kkA vUrr%flfUèk;k ds ,d lkeUr eku flag us èkks[ks ls mUgsa idM+ok fn;kvkSj 18 vçSy] 1859 dks mUgsa iQk¡lh ij yVdk fn;k x;kA ukuklkgsc] csxe gtjr egy ,oa [kku cgknqj [kk¡ usiky Hkkxus esaliQy gq,] ijUrq ogk¡ mudh e`R;q gks x;hA c[+r [kk¡ 13 ebZ]1859 dks yM+rs&yM+rs 'kghn gks x;sA ekSyoh vgenqYyk dks iqok;ds jktk us twu 1858 esa èkks[ks ls ekj MkykA
foæksg dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kfoæksg dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kfoæksg dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kfoæksg dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kfoæksg dh vliQyrk ds dkj.k1- 1857 dk fonzksg LFkkuh; Lrj ij lhfer {ks=k esa yM+k x;kA
bl fonzksg dh vliQyrk dk ,d çeq[k dkj.k bldk vlaxfBr gksukHkh gSA lhfer ,oa vlaxfBr FkkA ueZnk ds nf{k.k ds çns'k fonzksgesa 'kkfey ugha gq,A mÙkj Hkkjr esa Hkh flUèk vkSj jktLFkku 'kkarjgsA iatkc dks tkWu ykjsal us fu;a=k.k esa j[kkA cEcbZ (dqN dksNksM+ dj) vkSj enzkl dh lsuk,a fnYyh ,oa dydÙkk dh lsukvksads foijhr jktHkDr jghaA if'peh fcgkj] voèk] #gsy[k.M] fnYyhrFkk ueZnk ,oa pEcy ds eè; ds çns'k gh lc ls vfèkd çHkkforgq,A fonzksg ds iwoZ fdlh Hkh çdkj dh ;kstuk ;k laxBu dk vHkkoFkkA fonzksg ds nkSjku laxBu cukus dh dksf'k'k vo'; dh x;h]ijUrq fczfV'k çR;kØe.k ds lkeus bu laxBuksa dks lqn`<+ djuk laHkougha gks ldkA
laxBukRed vHkko ds lkFk&lkFk fonzksg esa ,dtqVrk dk HkhvHkko FkkA Hkkjr esa lÙkk çeq[kksa esa ls ,d çfr'kr ls de çeq[kksaus fonzksg esa fgLlk fy;kA cM+s&cM+s tehankj fonzksg ls vyx jgsAblds foijhr Xokfy;j ds flfUèk;k] bUnkSj ds gksYdj] gSnjkckn dkfutke] tksèkiqj dk jktk rFkk vU; jktiwr 'kkld] Hkksiky dk uokc]ifV;kyk] ukHkk rFkk ftUn ds 'kkld] iatkc ds fl[k çeq[k] d'ehjdk egkjktk] usiky ds jktk vkfn us fonzksg dks nckus esa vaxzstksadh enn dhA blds vykok O;kikjh oxZ] Hkkjr ds mPp&eè;e oxZrFkk f'kf{kr oxZ fonzksg ls vyx jgsA djhc&djhc vkèks Hkkjrh;flikfg;ksa us Hkh fonzksg dk lkFk ugha fn;k] cfYd vius gh ns'kokfl;ksads f[kykiQ yM+kbZ dhA
2- fczfV'k lkezkT; ds lkèku fonzksfg;ksa ds lkèkuksa dh vis{kkcgqr vfèkd FksA blds lkFk&lkFk vaxzstksa ds ikl vkèkqfudregfFk;kj Fks tks fonzksfg;ksa ds iqjkus canwdksa] Hkkyksa ,oa ryokjksa ls dghaT;knk dkjxj FksA vaxzstksa us fo|qr lapkfyr rkj dk ç;ksx Hkh c[kwch
fd;kA bl dkj.k os bl ;ksX; cu ik;s fd ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksals lwpuk ik ldsa rFkk mldk fofue; dj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkjviuh dk;Zi¼fr esa ifjorZu dj ldsaA
3- 1857 ds fonzksg dk Lo:i eq[;r% lkeUroknh Fkk] ftlesajk"Vªokn ds dqN rRo fo|eku FksA tks pht fonzksfg;ksa dks ,d lw=kesa tksM+rh Fkh] og Fkh fons'kh gqdqer ds çfr ?k`.kkA ysfdu mudsikl u rks dksbZ jktuhfrd n`f"V Fkh vkSj u Hkfo"; dk dksbZ lkiQuD'kkA fonzksfg;ksa dks mifuos'kokn ds Lo:i ds ckjs esa tkudkjhugha FkhA muds ikl çxfr'khy dk;ZØe] ,dy mís';] jktuhfrdfopkjèkkjk ;k Hkfo"; ds lekt rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk dh ladYiuk dkloZFkk vHkko FkkA fonzksg esa 'kfey gksus okys rRo vius futhvlarks"k rFkk è;s; dh iwfrZ ds fy, blesa 'kkfey gq, FksA fonzksghçxfr ds ctk; fiNM+s ;qx esa ços'k djuk pkgrs Fks] ftlls lektds çxfr'khy eè;e rFkk f'kf{kr oxZ dk leFkZu og ugha tqVk ik;sA
4- fonzksfg;ksa esa ;ksX; usr`Ro dk vis{kkd`r vHkko FkkA >k¡lhdh jkuh] dq¡oj flag] ekSyoh vgenqYyk vkfn us liQy usr`Ro çnkufd;k] ijUrq ykWjsUl cUèkq] fudylu] vkmVªe] gsoykWd] ,MoMZ~l tSls;ksX;] çfrf"Br o vuqHkoh lsukifr;ksa ds lkeus os ugha fVd ik;sA
1857 dk fonzksg vius mís'; dks gkfly djus esa vliQy jgk]ijUrq fdlh ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk dk egRo mldh rkRdkfyd miyfCèk;ksard lhfer ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl n`f"V ls 1857 ds fonzksgus viuh foiQyrk esa Hkh ,d egku mís'; dh iwfrZ dhA fonzksfg;ksaus vuqdj.kh; lkgl] leç.k rFkk çfrc¼rk dk ifjp; fn;k vkSjbl çdkj ;g fonzksg] jk"Vªh; eqfDr vkanksyu dk çsj.kk Ïksr cuk]ftlus og gkfly dj fn[kk;k] tks fonzksg gkfly ugha dj ldkA
foæksg dk çHkkofoæksg dk çHkkofoæksg dk çHkkofoæksg dk çHkkofoæksg dk çHkko;|fi 1857 dk fonzksg vliQy jgk rFkk vaxzstksa us bldk neu
dj fn;k] ijUrq blus vaxzsth lkezkT; dh tM+ksa dks fgyk fn;kA ykMZØksej us dgk Fkk] ^^dk'k! vaxzstksa dh ;qok ih<+h Hkkjrh; fonzksgds bfrgkl dks i<+s] è;ku ns] lh[ks vkSj bldk euu djsA blesacgqr ls ikB rFkk psrkofu;ka fufgr gSaA** 1857 ds fonzksg ls 'kkluç.kkyh ,oa ljdkjh uhfr;ksa esa ewyHkwr ifjorZu vk,A
1- loZçFke] 1858 ds Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e }kjk Hkkjrh;ç'kklu dk fu;a=k.k dEiuh ls Nhudj fczfV'k jkteqdqV dks lkSaifn;k x;kA ;g ifjorZu vkSipkfjd Fkk u fd okLrfodA blvfèkfu;e }kjk ,d Hkkjrh; jkT; lfpo dk çkoèkku fd;k x;kvkSj mldh lgk;rk ds fy, ,d 15 lnL;ksa dh ea=k.kk ifj"kn~ dkxBu fd;k x;kA bl ifj"kn~ esa 8 lnL; ljdkj }kjk euksuhr rFkk'ks"k lkr dksVZ vkWiQ Mk;jsDVlZ }kjk pqus tkus FksA bl çdkj iqjkusMk;jsDVlZ gh Hkkjr ifj"kn~ esa fu;qDr gks x;sA bl ?kks"k.kk esa daiuhdh iqjkuh uhfr;ksa dk gh vuqlj.k djus dk çLrko fd;k x;kAgkykafd blls cksMZ vkWiQ dUVªksy dk nksgjk fu;a=k.k lekIr dj fn;kx;k rFkk ljdkj gh lhèks Hkkjrh; ekeyksa ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gks x;hA
2- Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa us fonzksg ds rwiQku dks jksdus esa ckaèk dkdke fd;k FkkA vr% egkjkuh dh ?kks"k.kk esa ^{ks=kh; lhek foLrkj*dh uhfr dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA blds lkFk&lkFk LFkkuh; jktkvksads lkFk bZLV bafM;k dEiuh }kjk dh x;h lfUèk;ksa ,oa ikcfUn;ksadks laiq"V fd;k x;kA LFkkuh; jktkvksa ds vfèkdkjksa] çfr"Bk ,oa
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 20
lEeku dk vknj djus dk opu Hkh fn;k x;kA fczfV'k çtk tuksadh gR;k ds nks"kh vijkfèk;ksa dks NksM+] ckdh lHkh vijkfèk;ksa dkslkekU; jktdh; {kek çnku dh x;hA bl çdkj 9 uoEcj] 1858dks ykMZ dSfuax us jkuh ds ftl ?kks"k.kk i=k dk ,yku bykgkcknds njckj esa fd;k] mls Hkkjrh; turk dk egku vfèkdkj i=k(eSXukdkVkZ) ekuk x;kA
3- vaxzstksa us eglwl fd;k fd mUgksaus èkkfeZd ,oa lkekftd{ks=k esa vuko';d gLr{ksi fd;k FkkA blds iQyLo:i ljdkj usU;k;] mnkjrk ,oa èkkfeZd lfg".kqrk dh uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ljdkjdks ;g vkns'k fn;k x;k fd og çtk ds èkkfeZd fo'okl ;k iwtkesa fdlh Hkh çdkj ds gLr{ksi ls cpsA
4- 1858 dh ?kks"k.kk esa ,yku fd;k x;k fd lHkh ^pkgs osfdlh Hkh uLy ;k èkkfeZd fo'okl ds gksa] èkM+Yys ls ,oa fu"i{krkds lkFk ljdkjh inksa ij fu;qDr gks ldrs gSa] c'krsZa os viuh f'k{kk]{kerk vkSj bZekunkjh ds }kjk mu inksa ds drZO;ksa dks mfpr :ils fuHkkus ds ;ksX; gksaA* blh çfrKk ds iQyLo:i 1861 esa Hkkjrh;yksd lsok vfèkfu;e cuk;k x;k] ftlds vuqlkj çR;sd o"kZ yUnuesa ,d çfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk vk;ksftr djus dk iQSlyk fd;k x;k]ftlls laHkkfor yksd lsok esa HkrhZ dh tk ldsA bl egRoiw.kZ dneds ckotwn tks foLr`r fu;e bl ijh{kk ds fy, cuk, x;s] mulsdsoy vaxzstksa dks gh ykHk fey ldk rFkk mudk opZLo cuk jgkA
5- bl fonzksg esas Hkkjrh; lsuk us çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ Fkh rFkkogh blds fy, mÙkjnk;h FkhA vr% bldk iquxZBu ^foHkktu vkSjçfrrksyu* dh uhfr ij fd;k x;kA 1861 dh ^lsuk lfEeJ.k ;kstuk*ds }kjk daiuh dh ;wjksih; lsuk] ljdkj dks gLrkarfjr dj nh x;hA;wjksih; lSfudksa dh la[;k 40]000 ls c<+k dj 65]000 dj nh x;hrFkk Hkkjrh; lsuk dh la[;k 2]38]000 ls ?kVk dj 1]40]000 djnh x;hA caxky çsflMsalh esa ;wjksih; ,oa Hkkjrh; lsuk dk vuqikr 1%2rFkk cEcbZ ,oa enzkl esa ;g vuqikr 1%3 fuf'pr fd;k x;kA lsukds eq[; in ;wjksih;ksa ds fy, lqjf{kr dj fn;s x;sA
6- 'kkld ,oa 'kkflrksa ds chp lEidZ cukus ds fy, LFkkuh;rRoksa dks foèkku ifj"kn~ esa 'kkfey djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA bluhfr ds iQyLo:i 1861 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn~ vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;kx;kA
7- fonzksg ds i'pkr~ çknsf'kd foLrkj ds LFkku ij vkfFkZd'kks"k.k dk ;qx vkjaHk gqvkA
8- fonzksg ds nkSjku fgUnqvksa ,oa eqlyekuksa ds chp vlkèkkj.k,drk ls fczfV'k fpafrr gks mBsA blls fuiVus ds fy, mUgksaus ^iwQVMkyks ,oa jkT; djks* dh uhfr viuk;hA blds vUrxZr fj;klrksa dksfj;klrksa ls] jktkvksa dks çtk ls] tkfr dks tkfr ls rFkk fgUnqvksadks eqlyekuksa ls vyx djus ds fy, HkM+dkmQ uhfr;ksa dk ikyufd;k x;kA
fonzksg dk pfj=k ;k Lo:ifonzksg dk pfj=k ;k Lo:ifonzksg dk pfj=k ;k Lo:ifonzksg dk pfj=k ;k Lo:ifonzksg dk pfj=k ;k Lo:i1857 ds fonzksg ds Lo:i dks ysdj bfrgkldkjksa esa erSD;
ugha gSA T;knkrj vaxzsth bfrgkldkj bls lSU; fonzksg dh laKk nsrsgSa] ftls tulkèkkj.k dk leFkZu çkIr ugha gqvkA blds foijhrjk"Vªoknh bfrgkldkjksa us turk dh Hkwfedk ij vfèkd cy fn;k gSAdqN pqus gq, egRoiw.kZ fopkj fuEufyf[kr gSa%
1- ds] ykjsUl] ekyslu] Vsªfofy;ku] gksEt] lhys] eqa'kh thouyky] eqbuqíhu] nqxkZnkl canksikè;k; rFkk lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ dsvuqlkj ;g ,d ,slk lSU; fonzksg Fkk ftls tu&lkèkkj.k dk leFkZuçkIr ugha gqvkA lj tku ykjsUl ,oa lhys ds vuqlkj ;g fonzksg,d iw.kZr;k ns'kHkfDr jfgr LOkkFkhZ lSfud fonzksg Fkk] ftlesa u dksbZLFkkuh; usr`Ro Fkk vkSj u gh bls tulkèkkj.k dk leFkZu çkIr FkkAmuds vuqlkj ;g ,d laLFkkfir ljdkj ds fo:¼ Hkkjrh; lsukdk fonzksg FkkA ;g fopkj =kqfViw.kZ gSA ;g loZfofnr gS fd fonzksgdks vkjEHk djus dk Js; lsuk dks tkrk gS] ijUrq ;g lsuk rdlhfer ugha FkkA lHkh lsukvksa us fonzksg ugha fd;kA ns'k ds dqNfgLlksa esa ;Fkk fcgkj] voèk vkfn esa bls turk dk lg;ksx çkIrgqvkA 1858&59 ds vfHk;ksxksa esa lSfudksa ds lkFk&lkFk vlSfud oxZHkh nks"kh ik;s x;sA blls fl¼ gksrk gS fd vlSfud oxZ us Hkh blfonzksg esa fgLlk fy;k FkkA
2- ,y-vkj- jht us bls èkekZaèkksa dk ^bZlkb;ksa ds fo:¼ èkeZ;q¼* dgk gSA ;g dFku Hkh =kqfViw.kZ gSA ekuk fd nksuksa nyksa usviuh&viuh T;knfr;ksa dks fNikus ds fy, vius èkkfeZd xazFkksa dkvkJ; fy;k] ijUrq blls fdlh èkeZ dh thr ugha gqbZA bZlkbZ thrx;s ijUrq bZlkbZ èkeZ ugha thrk] blh rjg fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku gkjx;s ij fgUnw vkSj eqfLye èkeZ ugha ijkftr gqvkA bZlkbZ èkeZ çpkjdksadks Hkh èkeZ ifjorZu djkus esa fo'ks"k liQyrk ugha feyhA bZlkbZ vaxzstksads lkFk Hkkjrh; èkeZ ds yksxksa us Hkh ØkfUr ds neu esa ;ksxnkufn;kA
3- Vh-vkj- gksEl us bls ^ccZjrk rFkk lH;rk ds chp ;q¼*crk;k gSA ;g fopkjèkkjk tkfrHksn ds iwokZxzg ls xzflr gSA ;gloZfofnr gS fd vaxzstksa ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh;ksa us Hkh T;knfr;ka dhaAijUrq vaxzstksa dh rqyuk esa muds }kjk fd;s x;s vijkèk dgha det?kU; rFkk ccZj FksA ,slh ccZjrk djus okys lekt dks dnkfi lH;ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA vr% ;g rdZ Hkh Hkzkafriw.kZ gSA
4- lj tsEl vkmVªe rFkk MCY;w Vsyj us bl fonzksg dks^fgUnw eqfLye "kM;a=k dk ifj.kke* crk;k gSA muds fopkj esa ;g,d eqfLye "kM;a=k Fkk] ftlesa fgUnw f'kdk;rksa dk ykHk mBk;k x;kA
5- baXySaM esa ledkyhu :f<+oknh ny ds usrk csatkfeu fMTkjSyhus bls ,d ^jk"Vªh; fonzksg* dgk gSA muds vuqlkj ;g fonzksg ,dvkdfLed çsj.kk ugha Fkk] vfirq ,d lpsr la;ksx dk ifj.kke FkkAog ,d lqfu;ksftr vkSj lqlaxfBr ç;Ruksa dk ifj.kke FkkA bldkdkj.k ek=k pchZ okyk dkjrwl ugha FkkA ,sls fonzksg mfpr ,oa i;kZIrdkj.kksa ds ,df=kr gksus ls gksrs gSaA v'kksd esgrk us Hkh viuhiqLrd ^n xzsV fjcsfy;u* esa bls ^jk"Vªh; fonzksg* dgk gSA ohjlkojdj us Hkh bls ^lqfu;ksftr Lora=krk laxzke* dgk gSA blls igysds NksVs fonzksg 1857 esa gksus okys ukVd ds iwokZH;kl ek=k FksA
6 - Mkú ,l-,u- l su& Mkú vkj -lh - et qenkjfookn % bu nks vkèkqfud bfrgkldkjksa us 1857 ds fonzksg ds Lo:idks ysdj vyx&vyx fopkj çdV fd;s gSaA erHksn ds ckotwn nksuksafo}ku bl ckr ls lger gSa fd fonzksg iw.kZ&;kstuk dk ifj.kke ughaFkk vkSj u gh blds ihNs dksbZ dq'ky vkSj fl¼gLr O;fDr FkkAukuk lkgc dk y[kumQ tkuk] vtheqYyk [kk¡ dk rqdhZ rFkk Øhfe;kesa mej ik'kk ls feyuk ;k pikfr;ksa vkSj dey ds iwQyksa }kjk lans'kçsf"kr djuk] fdlh fuf'pr ;kstuk dks çekf.kr ugha djrs gSaA nksuksa
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 21
fo}ku bl ckr ij Hkh lger gSa fd ml oDr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rkHkzw.kkoLFkk esa FkhA Mkú lsu ds eqrkfcd ml oDr Hkkjr ,dHkkSxksfyd dFku ek=k FkkA fofHkUu {ks=k ds yksxksa us dHkh Hkh ;gvuqHko ugha fd;k fd os ,d gh jk"Vª ds lnL; gSaA vfèkdka'k usrkvius O;fDrxr LokFkZ ds fy, yM+ jgs FksA cgknqj 'kkg dks usr`Roçnku djus ij foo'k fd;k x;k] ckthjko f}rh; fonzksg ds nkSjkufczfV'kksa ls ckr djus dks rS;kj Fkk] ;fn mudh isa'ku Lohdkj djyh tkrhA voèk ds rkyqdsnkjksa us vius lkear'kkgh vfèkdkj ds fy,;q¼ fd;k u fd jk"Vªh; fgr ds fy,A vfèkdka'k txgksa ij bUgsaturk dk leFkZu Hkh çkIr ugha gqvkA
Mkú vkj-lh- etqenkj ds vuqlkj 1857 dk fonzksg Lora=krklaxzke ugha FkkA fonzksg us fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu :i èkkj.kfd;kA iatkc ,oa eè; çns'k esa ;g ek=k ,d lSfud fonzksg FkkAmÙkj çns'k] eè; çns'k ds dqN Hkkxksa rFkk fcgkj esa lSfud fonzksgds i'pkr~ ;g ,d loZlkèkkj.k fonzksg gks x;kA blds vykok dqNLFkkuksa ij turk us fonzksg ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr çdV dh] ij blesa'kfey ugha gqbZA Mkú etqenkj bl ckr ij Hkh vfèkd cy nsrsgSa fd vaxzstksa ds fo:¼ yM+us okys dsoy lSfud gh Fks] tks viuhf'kdk;rksa ds dkj.k yM+ jgs FksA muesa ns'kçse ;k Lora=krk çkIr djusds mís'; dk vHkko FkkA Mkú etqenkj us vUrr% ;g Lohdkj fd;kgS fd bl fonzksg ds nwjxkeh çHkko ls jk"Vªh;rk dk tUe gqvkA
blds foijhr Mkú lsu vesfjdh rFkk çQkalhlh ØkfUr dk gokyknsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;g ,d Lora=krk laxzke gh Fkk] D;ksafd ØkfUr;kaçk;% ,d NksVs ls oxZ dk dk;Z gksrh gSa] ftls turk dk leFkZuçkIr gksrk Hkh gS vkSj ugha Hkh gksrk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd ;gfonzksg ,d lSfud fonzksg ds :i esa vkjEHk gqvk rFkk mlus 'kh?kzgh Lora=krk laxzke dk :i ys fy;k rFkk fonzksfg;ksa dk y{; fons'khljdkj dks lekIr dj çkphu O;oLFkk dks iquLFkkZfir djuk FkkA
Mkú etqenkj blls lger ugh gSa rFkk mudk fopkj gS fd;g rFkkdfFkr çFke jk"Vªh; Lora=krk laxzke u rks çFke] u gh jk"Vªh;vkSj u gh Lora=krk laxzke FkkA
7- Mkú ,l-ch- pkSèkjh ds vuqlkj ge bl fonzksg dks nksHkkxksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSa] lSfud foIyo rFkk fonzksgA fonzksg lSfudrFkk vlSfud v'kkafr;ksa dk ifj.kke FkkA nksuksa Lora=k dkj.kksa lsvkjEHk gq,A
8- ekDlZoknh ys[kdksa ds vuqlkj 1857 dk fonzksg lSfud rFkkd`"kdksa dk çtkrkaf=kd xBtksM+ Fkk vkSj ;g lkeUr'kkgh nklrk lseqfDr çkIr djuk pkgrk FkkA bl fonzksg dh vliQyrk dk çeq[kdkj.k lkeUroknh fo'okl?kkr FkkA ;g dFku lokZfèkd =kqfViw.kZ gSD;ksafd fonzksg ds ihNs vkn'kZokn ;k dk;ZØe ugha FkkA
9- ykyk yktir jk; us ^;ax bafM;k* esa fy[kk gS fd 1857dh ØkfUr jktuhfrd ,oa jk"Vªh; nksuksa FkhA
10- usrkth lqHkk"kpUnz cksl ds vuqlkj 1857 dh ?kVukdsoy lSfud fonzksg ugha Fkh] oju~ ,d jk"Vªh; ØkfUr FkhA MkúiV~VkfHk lhrkjeS;k] ds-,e-ifuDdj vkSj Mkú bZ'ojh çlkn us Hkh ;gher O;Dr fd;k gSA
11- ,sfjd LVksDl ds vuqlkj ;g ,d fu#ís'; fonzksg Fkkftlus ,d ,sls lekt dks ?ksj fy;k tks vkèkqfudhj.k ds vkjfEHkdpj.kksa esa FkkA
pfpZr iqLrdsapfpZr iqLrdsapfpZr iqLrdsapfpZr iqLrdsapfpZr iqLrdsa1- vkj-lh- etqenkj % n fliks; E;wVuh ,.M n fjoksYV vkWiQ 18572- ,l-,u- lsu % 18573- ,l-ch- pkSèkjh % F;ksjht vkiQ n bafM;u E;wfVuh] 1857 rFkk
flfoy fjcsfy;al bu n bafM;u E;wfVuh4- ,sfjd LVksDl % ihtsUV ,.M n jkt5- ih-lh- tks'kh % fjcsfy;u 18576- ,p-ih- pVksikè;k; % n fliks; E;wfVuh vkWiQ 1857] , lks'ky
,usfyfll7- v'kksd esgrk % n xzsV fjcsfy;u8- ds-ds- lsuxqIr % jhlsUV jkbfVaXl vkWu n fjoksYV vkWiQ 18579- fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdj % 1857 dk Hkkjrh; LokrU=; lej10- Vh-vkj- gksEl % fgLVªh vkWiQ bafM;u E;wfVuh11- ts-MCY;w- ds- % , fgLVªh vkWiQ n fliks; okj bu bafM;k12- th-ch- ekyslu % bafM;u E;wfVuh vkWiQ 185713- ,p-ehM % n fliks; fjoksYV] bV~l dkWT+ksT+k ,.M dkWuflDosalst14- dkfyfdadj nÙk % ck;ksxzkiQh vkWiQ dqaoj flag15- lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ % dkWT+kst vkWiQ n bafM;u fjoksYV16- pkYlZ ckWy % fgLVªh vkWiQ n bafM;u E;wfVuh17- iQkWjsLV % fgLVªh vkWiQ n bafM;u E;wfVuh18- ds ,oa eSyslu % fgLVªh vkWiQ n fliks; okj bu bafM;k
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;
� cgknqj 'kkg tiQj dh csxe thur egy us ,d lans'kokgd ds :iesa fczfV'kksa dh lgk;rk dh FkhA� ukuk lkgc dk vlyh uke èkksaèkw iar FkkA� 1856 esa vaxzstksa us rhu egRoiw.kZ vfèkfu;e ykxw fd;s Fks&fgUnwfoèkok iqufoZokg vfèkfu;e] èkkfeZd v;ksX;rk vfèkfu;e rFkklkekU; lsuk HkrhZ vfèkfu;eA� 1857 ds fonzksg ds 'kq: gksus ds le; fczfV'k lsuk esa ;wjksih;,oa Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dk vuqikr 1%6 FkkA�tuojh] 1857 esa gh lsuk esa uohu ,UiQhYM jkbiQyksa dk mi;ksx'kq: gqvkA bls 1856 esa czkmu csl cUnwd ds LFkku ij yk;kx;k FkkA� fonzksg ds 'kq: gksus ds le; duZy fepsy csgjeiqj dk] tujyfg;jls cSjdiqj dk] tujy fgfoV esjB dk rFkk lj áwt Oghyjdkuiqj dk dekafMax viQlj FkkA� fuEufyf[kr lSU; viQljksa us fonzksg LFkyksa ij iqu% dCtk fd;k&fnYyh % tku fudksyludkuiqj % dkWfyu dSEicsy (gSoykWd ds i'pkr~)y[kumQ % dkWfyu dSEicsy>kalh % áwjkst] bykgkckn % uhyXokfy;j % áwjkst] cjsyh % dkWfyu dSEicsyvkjk % fofy;e Vsyj] cukjl % uhy� iQStkckn esa fonzksfg;ksa dks usrRo çnku djus okyk ekSyoh vgenqYykenzkl dk ewy fuoklh FkkA� fonzksg dh ygj caxky] cEcbZ ,oa fnYyh esa pyhA dsoy enzklblls vNwrk jgkA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 22
� bl fonzksg esa fdlku] nLrdkj] èkeZxq#] ukSdjhis'kk okys rFkknwdkunkj 'kkfey gq, ijUrq O;kikjh] f'kf{kr yksx rFkk Hkkjrh;'kkld vlai`Dr jgsA�djhc vkèks Hkkjrh; flikfg;ksa us fonzksg dks nckus esa vaxzstksa dhlgk;rk dhA� ns'k ds ,d çfr'kr çeq[kksa us gh bl fonzksg esa fgLlk fy;kA� cgknqj'kkg us gqek;w¡ ds edcjs esa 'kj.k yh Fkh] tgk¡ ls mlsidM+ dj jaxwu Hkst fn;k x;kA�tujy áwjkst us jkuh y{ehckbZ ds lanHkZ esa dgk Fkk fd oghfonzksfg;ksa esa ,dek=k enZ FkhA
� fonzksg dks nckus esa eq[; :i ls flafèk;k ,oa mlds ea=kh ljfnudj jk;] futke ,oa mlds ea=kh lj lykj tax] gksYdj]d'ehj ds 'kkld xqykc flag] Hkksiky dh csxe] usiky dsçèkkuea=kh lj tax cgknqj] tksèkiqj ds jktk] jktiqrkuk ds vU;jktkvksa us vaxzstksa dk lkFk fn;kA�voèk esa fonzksg ds le; ogk¡ dk phiQ deh'uj lj gsujh ykWjsUlFkkA� fonzksg ds le; Hkkjr dk xouZj ykMZ dSfuax FkkA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 23
Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzkeHkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzkeHkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzkeHkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzkeHkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke %%%%% çFke pj.kçFke pj.kçFke pj.kçFke pj.kçFke pj.k
vaxzsth jkT; dk çHkkovaxzsth jkT; dk çHkkovaxzsth jkT; dk çHkkovaxzsth jkT; dk çHkkovaxzsth jkT; dk çHkkoHkkjr osQ fo'kky lkezkT; dks gfFk;k ysus osQ ckn bl ij fu;a=k.k
j[kus vkSj 'kklu pykus osQ fy, bZLV bafM;k dEiuh vkSj ckn esa vaxzsthljdkj dks dbZ rjg osQ gFkdaMs bLrseky djus iM+sA 200 o"kks± dh blyEch vofèk osQ nkSjku vaxzstksa dh uhfr vDlj cnyrh jghA fiQj Hkh vaxzstksaus viuk eq[; y{; dHkh vka[kksa ls vks>y ugha gksus fn;kA ;s y{; Fks&dEiuh rFkk vaxzstksa dh equkiQs esa c<+ksÙkjh] Hkkjr ij vfèkdkj dks fczVsuosQ fy, iQk;nsean cukuk rFkk Hkkjr ij fczfV'k idM+ dks dk;e j[kukvkSj mls lqn`<+ djukA blosQ vfrfjDr muosQ ftrus Hkh mís'; Fks os bumís';ksa dh enn osQ fy, FksA ;|fi vaxzstksa us bu mís';ksa dks dHkh Lohdkjugha fd;k] cfYd mUgksaus fir`okn* (Paternalism) vkSj xksjs yksxksa dkcks>* (White men's burden) dk fl¼kUr is'k fd;kA ;fn fu"i{k :ils fopkj fd;k tk;s rks Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjr dk 'kks"k.k* vkSj pkgsvupkgs oqQN ykHkçn çHkko* nksuksa gh lR; gSaA
Hkkjrh; thou ij vaxzsth jkT; osQ çHkko osQ fo"k; esa okn&fookn19oha lnh osQ mÙkjkèkZ esa vkjaHk gqvkA nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth] vkj-lh- nÙk] Mh-bZ- okpk rFkk lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZ tSls jk"Vªoknh ys[kdksa us Hkkjr esa vaxzsthjkT; dk ewY;kadu fd;k vkSj os bl fu'p; ij igaqps fd vaxzst gj rjgls Hkkjr dk 'kks"k.k dj jgs gSa vkSj Hkkjrh; èku dh fudklh dj jgs gSaAbl jk"Vªoknh n`f"Vdks.k dk fojksèk djus osQ fy, ts-,y-LVhiQu] tkWu LVSphrFkk MCY;w-MCY;w gaVj tSls vaxzst bfrgkldkjksa us fir`okn (Paternalism)rFkk çU;klokn (Trusteeship) osQ fl¼kar dk çfriknu fd;k vkSj dgkfd vaxzst rks osQoy Hkkjr dks ^lH; cukus* dk mís'; gh fuHkk jgs gaSALi"V gS fd mUgksaus Hkkjrh; thou ij vaxzsth uhfr;ksa osQ çHkko dh vuns[khdh FkhA Hkkjrh; Lora=krk çkfIr osQ i'pkr~ oqQN ,sls vaxzst bfrgkldkjHkh gq, gSa ftUgksaus vaxzstksa dh Hkkjr dks ywVus rFkk jpukRed Hkwfedk osQchp larqyu LFkkfir djus dk ç;Ru fd;k gSA mudh ekU;rk gS fd vaxzstksaosQ jkT; dh çfrfØ;k osQ :i esa Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd thou dk mRFkkugqvk vkSj blh esa ml jkT; dh liQyrk gSA
vaxzstksa dh Hkkjr fot; igys dh lHkh fot;ksa ls fHkUu rFkk vfèkdxaHkhj FkhA iwoZ fotsrk vjc] rqdZ rFkk eqxy] ftUgksasus Hkkjr dks jkSan Mkyk]vfèkd mÙke Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ls çHkkfor gq, ysfdu tc vaxzstksa us Hkkjrdks foftr fd;k rks mudk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ls çHkkfor gksuk dfBu Fkk]D;ksafd os ;wjksi osQ lcls le`¼ ns'k FksA igys osQ fotsrkvksa] ftUgksaus Hkkjrdks gh viuk ?kj cuk fy;k] ls fHkUu vaxzstksa us Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd lkèkuksadk vius ns'k vFkkZr~ baXySaM dks le`¼ cukus osQ fy, ç;ksx fd;kA Hkkjrij çkphu vkØe.kksa dh vaxzsth vkØe.k ls rqyuk djrs gq, dkyZ ekDlZus fy[kk Fkk&
¶blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gS fd vaxzstksa }kjk Hkkjr ij fd;k x;kvR;kpkj bu lHkh vR;kpkjksa ls dgha vfèkd dM+k rFkk fHkUu gS] tks fdHkkjr dks vkt rd lguk iM+k gS-----A baXySaM us rks Hkkjrh; lekt dk lEiw.kZ<kapk gh Hkax dj fn;k gSA¸ igys osQ vkØkUrkvksa us Hkkjrh; lkekftdrFkk vkfFkZd vkèkkj dks ugha cnyk Fkk vkSj muesa ls vfèkdka'k Hkkjrh;thou dk vax cu x;s FksA vaxzsth fot; us rks Hkkjrh; lkekftd rFkkvkfFkZd vkèkkj gh rksM+ fn;kA ;s yksx lnSo fons'kh jgsA
Hkkjrh; thou esa tks Hkh jktuSfrd] ç'kklfud] vkfFkZd] lkekftdrFkk ckSf¼d ifjorZu fiNys nks lkS o"kks± esa ns[kus dks feys] os vaxzstksaus ijksidkj dh Hkkouk ls iszfjr gksdj ugha fd;s] cfYd os rks lkezkT;oknh'kkldksa osQ Hkkjr ij vkSj Hkh vfèkd n`<+ tdM+ LFkkfir djus gsrq fd;sx;s ç;Ruksa osQ ifj.kke Lo:i gqvkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa Hkkjr esa jktuhfrdrFkk lkekftd ifjorZu vaxzstksa dh vfuPNk ls vk;s vFkok vkdfLedvk;sA la{ksi esa vaxzsth jkT; dk Hkkjr ij çHkko bl çdkj dk Fkk %
(1) vkfFkZd çHkko (Economic impact) % Hkkjr esa vaxszthjkT; dk vkfFkZd çHkko dkiQh gkfuçn ,oa f?kUkkSuk gSA tc vaxzst Hkkjrls ykSVs rks Hkkjr vkfFkZd :i ls vfodflr ns'k dk fp=k çLrqr djrkFkk ftlesa Hkq[kejh] fuèkZurk rFkk cgqr de jk"Vªh; vk; FkhA vaxzsth jktosQ dkj.k 19oha 'krkCnh osQ var rd Hkkjr ,d fo'ks"koxhZ; mifuos'k cux;k FkkA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk lkekftd thou vaxzsth vFkZO;oLFkkrFkk lekt osQ vèkhu gks x;kA 1760 osQ i'pkr~ gh tc baXySaM dk fodkllalkj osQ lcls çeq[k iwathifr ns'k osQ :i esa gks jgk Fkk] rc Hkkjr lalkjdk lcls fiNM+k gqvk mifuos'kh; ns'k cuus dh vksj vxzlj gks jgk FkkA
bZLV bafM;k dEiuh osQ vèkhu Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dh vksj lcls vfèkdè;ku fn;k x;k] D;ksafd dEiuh dh vk; dk çeq[k lzksr Hkwfedj gh FkkAdEiuh us vfèkdkfèkd dj çkIr djus dh bPNk ls fHkUu&fHkUu ç;ksx fd;sAmUgksaus [kqyh uhykeh* dh i¼fr (okjsu gsfLVaXl osQ le;) viuk;h ftlesavfèkdkfèkd dj nsus okyksa dks Hkwfe ns nh tkrh FkhA ;g i¼fr vliQyjghA dkuZokfyl us 1793 esa caxky] fcgkj rFkk mM+hlk esa ^LFkk;h Hkwfedj O;oLFkk* (Permanent Sattlement) ykxw dj nhA blosQ i'pkr~ cEcbZrFkk enzkl osQ vfèkdrj Hkkxksa esa jS;rokM+h O;LoLFkk* ykxw dh x;h vkSjfiQj ;w-ih- esa egyokM+h i¼fr* (tks tehankjh i¼fr dk ifjofrZr :iFkk) ykxw dh x;hA tehankjh i¼fr us vuqifLFkr Hkwfenkjksa* (Absentee
Landlord) dks c<+kok fn;k ftlls ljdkj vkSj Ñ"kd osQ chp dbZ eè;orhZdkfjUns mifLFkr gks x;s] ftlls Ñ"kd ij vkSj vfèkd cks> c<+ x;kAjS;rokM+h i¼fr esa Hkh dj dh nj vfèkd Fkh vkSj le;≤ ij mlsc<+k fn;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls Hkkjrh; xzkeksa esa C;kt [kkus okys lkgwdkjvfLrRo esa vk x;sA xzkeh.k ½.kxzLrrk (Rural indebtnese)] [ksrh dhçkphu i¼fr] vi;kZIr flapkbZ O;oLFkk] bu lHkh ls xzkeh.k yksx vR;fèkd
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 24
fuèkZu gks x;sA lw[ks rFkk vdky çk;% iM+ tkrs Fks vkSj tku eky dh cgqrgkfu gksrh FkhA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa 24 cM+s vdky Hkkjr esa iM+svkSj yxHkx 3 djksM+ yksx ej x;sA bruk gh ugha m|ksxksa osQ fouk'k lstks yksx csdkj gq,] muls Hkh Ñf"k ij cks> c<+kA ljdkj us Ñf"k O;oLFkkesa lqèkkj osQ fy, dksbZ ç;kl ugha fd;kA
vaxzstksa osQ vkus ls lcls vfèkd gkfu m|ksxksa dks gh gqbZA vaxzstkas usu fliQZ Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dks lekIr fd;k] cfYd Hkkjrh; cktkj Hkh vaxzsthmRiknksa ls ikV fn;kA vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ iwokZ¼Z esa fOgx ljdkj us Hkkjrh;diM+kas ij vR;fèkd vk;kr 'kqYd yxk;sA Iyklh ;q¼ osQ i'pkr~ vaxzstksaus caxky dh ef.M;ksa ls u fliQZ vius çfr}af};ksa (Úkalhlh] Mp vkfn)dks gVk;k] cfYd Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa dks bruk FkksM+k ewY; nsus yxs fdf'kfYi;ksa us eky gh cukuk can dj fn;kA tc baXySaM esa vkS|ksfxd ØkafrgqbZ rks ogka osQ ekyksa dks FkksM+s ls vFkok fcYoqQy ugha osQ cjkcj vk;kr'kqYd osQ lkFk Hkkjr esa vkus fn;k x;kA bl çdkj Hkkjrh; m|ksx yxHkxlekIr gks x;kA
fofy;e cSafVad us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k Fkk fd] Hkkjrh; f'kfYi;ksa dhgfM~M;ka Hkkjr osQ eSnkuksa esa lw[k jgh gSaA* blh çdkj dkyZ ekDlZ us Hkhdgk Fkk fd ¶vaxzsth ?kqliSfB;ksa us Hkkjrh; dj?kksa dks rksM+ fn;k vkSj pj[ksdk loZuk'k dj fn;kA¸ Hkkjr dk nqHkkZX; ;g Fkk fd iqjkuk lalkj rks lekIrgks x;k vkSj u;k cuus ugha fn;k x;kA Hkkjrh; vkS|ksxhdj.k dh ;kstukdh rks ckr gh D;k] vaxzstksa us ç;Ru ;g fd;k fd Hkkjr dks vaxzsth m|ksxksaosQ fy, ,d Ñf"k {ks=k (agricultural farm) cuk fn;k tk;sA vaxzstksa ustku&cw>dj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk ^xzkeh.khdj.k* (ruralçation)rFkk ^Ñf"kdj.k* (Peasantçation) fd;kA tks oqQN Hkh Hkkjrh; m|ksxçFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ dkj.k iuis] mUgsa 1929&30 osQ vkfFkZd eanh us lekIrdj fn;kA D;ksafd cSadksa osQ èkuksa ij vaxzstksa dk gh fu;a=k.k FkA ;g lR;gS fd diM+k] lhesaV] iVlu] dkxt] phuh] dPpk yksgk vkfn m|ksx Hkkjresa vkjaHk gks pqdk Fks ijarq ns'k bLikr] Hkkjh bathfu;fjax rFkk èkkrq m|ksxksaesa cgqr ihNs FkkA Hkkjr esa baXySaM dh okLrfod Hkwfedk osQoy lkezkT;oknhFkhA baXySaM dk çeq[k mís'; osQoy vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k FkkA
(2) jktuhfrd çHkko (Political Impact) vaxzsth bfrgkldkjksaus fy[kk gS fd] vaxzsth 'kfDr us Hkkjr dh rhu vewY; lsok,a dhaA çFke;g fd blus Hkkjr dks ,d iDdh jktuhfrd ,drk çnku dh] tks fdHkkjr osQ bfrgkl esa igys dHkh ugha FkhA nwljs] blus Hkkjr dks v[k.M'kkafr dk ;qx fn;k vkSj rhljs] bl lkezkT; us Hkkjrh; yksxksa dks ¶fofèkosQ jkT;¸ (Rule of Law) osQ vèkhu fu"i{k rFkk vifjorZu'khy U;k;fnyk;k tks fd LoLFk jktuhfrd thou dk vkèkkj gS vkSj ftlus vla[;euekuh djus okys fujaoqQ'k jktkvksa dk LFkku ys fy;k gSA
,d n`<+ osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ vèkhu Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd ,drk LFkkfirgksuk laHkor% vaxzsth jkT; dh lcls çeq[k nsu FkhA ;fn vaxzsth Hkkjrh;çkar çR;{k lkezkT;h; 'kklu esa Fks rks Hkkjrh; fj;klrh çns'k muosQ vçR;{k'kklu esa FksA vaxzst lR; esa gh ;g xoZ dj ldrs Fks fd muosQ vèkhuekS;Z vFkok eqxy lkezkT; ls vfèkd çns'k FksA fczVsu us Hkkjr dks 'kkafrHkh nh D;ksafd mlosQ ikl ,d lqn`<+ lsuk rFkk iqfyl ny FkkA ;g vyxckr gS fd bldk vkfFkZd cks> Hkkjrh;ksa dks gh ogu djuk iM+rk Fkk rFkkbudk ç;ksx yksdfç; vkUnksyuksa dks nckus osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA
vaxszth jkT; dk ,d vU; çHkko Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk dkmRiUu gksuk rFkk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk iuiuk FkkA lkezkT;oknh 'kkldksadks leLr ns'k ds fy, ,d&lh 'kklu ç.kkyh LFkkfir djus ij ckè;gksuk iM+k vkSj mUgksaus lSfud laj{k.k rFkk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k osQ fy, lM+dksa]
jsyksa rFkk Mkd&rkj dh lqpk: O;oLFkk LFkkfir dhA blls Hkkjr esa ,drkLFkkfir gqbZA f'kf{kr eè;e oxZ dk mn; gqvk vkSj lekpkj i=kksa dk fodklgqvkA bu lHkh us jk"Vªokn] tkrh;rk] jktuhfrd vfèkdkj bR;kfn vkèkqfudèkkj.kkvksa dks c<+kok fn;k vkSj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl tSlh lEiw.kZ HkkjrosQ fy, ,d jktuhfrd laLFkk osQ fy, vkèkkj cuk;kA
;g Hkh lR; gS fd lkezkT;okfn;ksa dk ;g ç;Ru jgk Fkk fd dkaxzsl,d jktHkDr rFkk vgkfudj laLFkk cuh jgs] ysfdu tc blus vaxzstksa dksHkkjr ij jkT; djus dks gh pqukSrh nsuh vkjaHk dj nh rks os blosQ ?kksjfojksèkh gks x;sA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dk fodkl vaxzstksa osQ eu dks dHkh ughaHkk;kA mUgksaus vusd rjg ls bls nckus dk ç;Ru fd;kA vaxzst 'kkld oxZdkaxzsl dks fgUnw laLFkk gh ekurk jgk vkSj mUgksaus eqlyekuksa dks jktuhfrdvkUnksyu ls nwj j[kus dk ç;Ru fd;kA mUgksaus vkj{k.k vkfn osQ uke ijjktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd thou dks fo"kSyk cukus dk ç;Ru fd;kA blosQvfrfjDr mUgksaus Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd thou esa Hkkjrh; jktkvksa dks ,d rhljhbdkbZ osQ :i esa ykdj [kM+k fd;kA bl çdkj vaxzsth uhfr;ksa us Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh;rk osQ ewy ij gh oqQBkjk?kkr fd;k vkSj vaxzst tks ,d lqn`<+ rFkk'kfDr'kkyh Hkkjr osQ fuekZ.k ij xoZ djrs Fks] tkus osQ igys blosQVqdM+s&VqdM+s dj x;sA
baXySaM us ;g Hkh nkok fd;k fd mlus egku çtkra=kh; mís'; ls Hkkjresa lalnh; ç.kkyh çkjaHk dhA mUgksaus iwohZ fujaoqQ'krk osQ LFkku ij mnkjoknhç.kkyh dk fodkl fd;k] ftldk çkjaHk os fofy;e cSafVd osQ dky lsekurs gSaA muosQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa çfrfufèk ç.kkyh 1861] 1892 rFkk 1909osQ ,DVksa }kjk rFkk Lo'kklu dh vksj ç;Ru Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e 1919rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e 1935] }kjk fd;s x;sA lR; rks ;g gS fdiwohZ fujaoqQ'krk dk LFkku vaxzsth fujaoqQ'krk us ys fy;kA mifuos'koknh'kkldksa us vaxzsth fujaoqQ'krkokn dks ,d oSèkkfud :i nsdj bls laoSèkkfudfujaoqQ'kokn* (Constitutional Autocracy) cuk fn;kA
laHkor% vaxzsth jkT; dk lcls vfèkd LFkk;h çHkko fofèk rFkkç'kklu osQ {ks=k esa gSA vaxzstksa us vius çns'kksa esa fofèk dk 'kklu* (Rule
of Law) ykxw fd;kA lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks futh Lora=krk (Personal
Liberty) çkIr FkhA tkfr&ikafr esa caèks gq, lekt eas ;g vuks[kh ckr Fkhfd dkuwu dh utj esa lHkh O;fDr leku gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr vaxzstkas usfofèk dks lafgrkc¼ Hkh fd;kA 1859 esa O;ogkj lafgrk (Civil Procedure
code) rFkk 1861 dh n.M çfØ;k lafgrk (code of criminal procedure)esa Li"V rFkk fuf'pr 'kCnksa esa fy[k fn;k x;k vkSj lHkh cM+s NksVs yksxksaij tkfr] oxZ] èkeZ osQ HksnHkko jfgr leku :i ij ykxw gSA blh çdkjvaxzstksa us Js.khc¼ :i ls U;k;ky;ksa dk xBu fd;k] ftuesa mPp U;k;ky;ksarFkk fçoh dkSfUly rd vihy djus dh vuqefr FkhA bl O;oLFkk esa oqQN=kqfV;ka Hkh FkhaA ;g tfVy Fkh rFkk lkèkkj.k O;fDr oQh le> ls ijs FkhA;g cgqr egaxh O;oLFkk Fkh ftlusa Ny&diV dk cksyckyk FkkA foyEcbl O;oLFkk dk lcls =kqfViw.kZ i{k FkkA fiQj Hkh bl O;oLFkk dk lcls?k`f.kr i{k Fkk ;wjksih; yksxksa osQ ekeyksa dks fuiVkus osQ fy, fo'ks"k çkoèkkuAbycVZ fcy us bl ?k`f.kr O;oLFkk dks nwj djus dk ç;Ru fd;k] ftlls;g vkSj Hkh vLi"V gks x;kA
Hkkjrh; tuin lsok (India Cicil Service) dk xBu rFkk iqfylO;oLFkk dks vaxzsth nsu gh ekuk tkrk gSA ;g lgh gS fd Hkkjrh; tuinlsok osQ vfèkdkjh dbZ ckj lR; vkSj fu"Bk osQ mQaps ekun.Mksa dk çek.knsrs jgs gSaA fiQj Hkh blesa Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k ls dbZ =kqfV;ka Fkha tSls ijh{kkdk osQoy yUnu esa gksuk] vk;q dk de gksuk] ikB~;Øe dk vaxzsth çfr;ksfxrkosQ vuq:i gksuk vkfnA mlh çdkj tc dkuZokfyl us ;gka iqfyl O;oLFkk
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 25
dks vkèkqfud cuk;k rks ;g O;oLFkk rRdkyhu fczVsu ls Hkh vkxs gks x;hAml le; rd fczVsu esa Hkh iqfyl O;oLFkk fodflr ugha gqbZ FkhA ysfdu;gka Hkh Hkkjrh; dks lHkh mQaps inksa ls vyx j[kk x;kA tc jk"Vªh; vkUnksyudk mn; gqvk rc iqfyl dk bLrseky mls nckus osQ fy, fd;k x;kA yksxksaosQ lkFk O;ogkj esa Hkkjrh; iqfyl us vlgkuqHkwfriw.kZ #[k viuk;kA
3- lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd çHkko (Social and Cultural
Impact) % Hkkjrh; lkekftd thou esa if'peh çHkko vfèkd O;kidgSA blus dyk] LFkkiR;] fp=kdyk] lkfgR;] dkO;] ukVd rFkk miU;klds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; èkeks± rFkk n'kZu dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;k gSA bu {ks=kksaesa ekxZn'kZd rks vaxzst lkoZtfud vfèkdkjh (Public Servents) rFkklkfgR;dkj Fks vkSj ;g Hkkouk vkxs ys tkus okyk eq[;r% vaxzst f'kf{kroxZ Fkk] ftlesa çk;% i=kdkj] vè;kid] odhy rFkk MkDVj Fks tks Hkkjrh;lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa osQ vxqvk FksA ik'pkR; çfreku(Model) ugha cfYd vkèkqfud lalkj osQ çfreku ;Fkk lkekftdf'k"Vkpkj] igukok] Hkkstu] x`g miLdj] vkeksn&çeksn rFkk euksjatu lHkhesa geus bu çfrekuksa dks u osQoy Lohdkj dj fy;k gS] vfirq ;s gekjsthou osQ vax cu x;s gSaA ;|fi xkaoksa esa vHkh Hkh FkksM+h cgqr ikjaifjdi¼fr py jgh gSA ;gka Hkh Lej.k jgs fd ifjorZu ,d çkÑfrd fØ;kgS vkSj Hkkjr esa Hkh lkekftd rFkk nSfud thou dh çfØ;k esa ifjorZuvkrs gh] Hkys gh vaxzstksa ls gekjk lacaèk LFkkfir gksrk vFkok ughaA ftuns'kksa esa vaxzst ugha Hkh x;s ogka Hkh if'peh lH;rk dk çHkko ns[kus dksfeyrk gSA blh çdkj LFkkiR;] lkfgR; ,oa Hkk"kk ij Hkh if'peh lH;rkdk çHkko iM+k rFkkfi ;g lR; gS fd ;g vaxzstksa ls lacaèk osQ gh dkj.kugha FkkA
(4) f'k{kk] bfrgkl ys[ku rFkk Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k ckSf¼d :ils 18oha 'krkCnh dk Hkkjrh; lekt çokgghu (stagnant) FkkA bl dkydh jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk osQ dkj.k ijaijkxr f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh cgqr gkfugqbZ FkhA iqutkZxj.k dh Hkkouk ftlesa oSKkfud vuqlaèkku] rdZ] ekuorkoknrFkk HkkSfrdokn çèkku Fkk ;wjksih; gLr{ksi osQ dkj.k ;g çfØ;k vkSj HkheUn gks x;h Fkh vkSj Hkkjr esa çxfroknh fopkj ugha igqap ik;s FksA lhjeiqjosQ bZlkbZ iknjh igys yksx Fks ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; ckydksa osQ fy, ikB'kkyk,a[kksyha] dk eq[; mís'; bZlkb;r dk çpkj djuk FkkA ç'kklfudvko';drkvksa osQ dkj.k gh vaxzstksa us 1813 osQ pkVZj ,DV esa f'k{kk osQlqèkkj osQ fy, 1 yk[k #i;k okf"kZd dk çkoèkku fd;kA ykMZ eSdkys dhvè;{krk esa yksd f'k{kk dh lkekU; lfefr (General Committee of
Public Instruction) us ;g fu'p; fd;k fd ;g èku osQoy vaxzsth f'k{kk*ij gh O;; fd;k tk;sA eSdkys dk mís'; ,d ,slh Js.kh (oxZ) mÙiÂdjuk Fkk tks] ^jDr vkSj jax ls Hkkjrh; gksa ijUrq viuh ço`fÙk] fopkj]uSfrd ekunaMksa rFkk çKk ls vaxzst gksA vFkkZr~ og czkmu jax dk vaxzstiSnk djuk pkgrk FkkA
oqQN vaxzst fo}kuksa us laLd`r] Hkk"kk foKku] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr rFkkHkkjrh; bfrgkl dk xgu vè;;u fd;kA lj fofy;e tksUl us ;wukuhbfrgkldkjksa osQ lSaMªksdksV~l (Sandrokottus) dks pUnzxqIr fuf'pr fd;k]tks çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ dky fu.kZ; esa dkiQh lgk;d gqvkA blhçdkj tsEl fçalsi rFkk gsujh LiSalj ckãh fyfi dks i<+us esa liQy gq,vkSj mUgksaus v'kksd osQ f'kykys[kksa rFkk oqQN ckS¼ xzUFkkofy;ksa dk vuqoknfd;kA blh çdkj fofy;e tksUl] tks caxky ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh (Bengal
Asiatic Society) osQ laLFkkid Fks] rFkk tsEl Madu tSls vU; çkP;fonksaosQ ç;Ruksa osQ iQyLi:i çkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa #fp mÙi gqbZA
vaxzst ys[kd bl ckr ij xoZ djrs gSa rFkk fy[krs gSa fd] ¶vaxzstksaus Hkkjr esa tks oqQN Hkh vPNk&cqjk fd;k] mudk ;g nkok rks lR; ghgS fd mUgksaus Hkkjr esa &iqutkZxj.k* dk çknqHkkZo fd;kA¸ ;g fo'okl djukcgqr gh dfBu gS fd vkèkqfud jktuhfrd fopkj rFkk 18oha vkSj 19oha'krkCnh dh oSKkfud çxfr;ka Hkkjr esa u igqap ikrh] ;fn ;gka vaxzsth 'kkluu gksrkA vkjfEHkd dky ls gh Hkkjr us ^[kqys }kj* (Open door) dhuhfr viuk;h Fkh vkSj ;|fi ifjogu osQ lkèku çkphu Hkh Fks rks Hkh ;gkals iwoZ vkSj if'pe ls O;kikj rFkk lkaLd`frd vknku&çnku gksrk jgrkFkkA rks bl çdkj if'pe dh uohu èkkj.kk,a ;gka vo'; vkrha pkgs vaxzsth'kklu u Hkh gksrkA
vaxzstksa dks vaxzsth ekè;e ls f'k{kk çlkj ij vR;fèkd cy nsuk rFkk^foços'ku fl¼kUr (Infitration theory) esa fo'okl djus ls f'k{kk çlkjosQoy mPp oxZ rd gh lhfer jgk vkSj tulkèkkj.k dh f'k{kk dh vuns[khdh x;hA bl çdkj vaxzsth f'kf{kr vkSj tulkèkkj.k oxZ esa ,d [kkbZ cux;h ;gh ugha] ljdkj us 19oha 'krkCnh osQ vafre pj.k esa tc ;g ns[kkfd vaxzsth f'k{kk osQ çlkj ls muosQ lkezkT;oknh fgrksa dh gkfu gksrh gS]rks blus vaxzsth f'k{kk osQ çlkj ls eaqg eksM+ fy;kA nwljs] mnkjoknh f'k{kkij vfèkd cy nsdj rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk dh iw.kZ#is.k vogsyuk ls] f'kf{krcsdkjksa osQ ç'u us cgqr fodV :i èkkj.k dj fy;kA
vaxzsth mnkjoknh f'k{kk ls oqQN vkUrfjd fojksèk mRiUu gq,A vkèkqfudjktuhfrd tkx`fr] jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk] rFkk jktuhfrdvkUnksyuksa dk pyuk] vkfn esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dk mruk gh gkFk Fkk] ftrukfd lkezkT;oknh uhfr;ksa osQ fojksèk dkA ;g vaxzsth f'kf{kr oxZ gh Fkk ftlusvaxzsth jkT; osQ lPps Lo:i dks lkeus yk;k rFkk vkèkqfud jktuhfrdvkUnksyuksa dks usr`Ro çnku fd;kA ;fn ,sls ns[kk tk;s rks eSdkys dh f'k{kki¼fr dk ykHk gh gqvkA
fu%lUnsg vaxzst Hkkjr esa vfeV Nki] pkgs og vPNh gS vFkok cqjhgS] çR;sd Hkkjrh; ij NksM+ x;s gaSA Lora=k Hkkjr ,d gh >VosQ ls vaxzsthlkezkT;okn dh nks 'krkfCn;ksa osQ çHkko dks lekIr ugha dj ldrkA fu"d"kZLo:i ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa vaxzsth çHkko nksuksa gh :iksa esaLi"V gSA tgka blosQ oqQN vPNs y{k.k Hkkjrh; lekt rFkk jktO;oLFkkesa fn[krs gSa] rks blosQ oqQN çHkko ,sls gSa] ftuls Hkkjr dks futkr ikusesa dkiQh le; yxsxk] mnkgj.kLo:i xjhch] lkaçnkf;drk vkfnA
jk"Vªh; lapsruk dk fodkljk"Vªh; lapsruk dk fodkljk"Vªh; lapsruk dk fodkljk"Vªh; lapsruk dk fodkljk"Vªh; lapsruk dk fodklmUuhloha 'krkCnhs ds mÙkjk¼Z esa jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd psruk cgqr rsth
ls fodflr gqbZ vkSj Hkkjr esa ,d laxfBr jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk vkjaHkgqvkA fnlEcj 1885 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds uke ls ,d vf[kyHkkjrh; laLFkk dk tUe gqvkA vkxs pydj blh ds usr`Ro esa fons'kh 'kkluls Lora=krk ds fy, Hkkjrh;ksa us ,d yEck vkSj lkgliw.kZ la?k"kZ pyk;k]vkSj var esa 15 vxLr 1947 dks Hkkjr eqDr gks x;kA
flagkoyksdu ls bl jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh rhu çeq[k voLFkk,an`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSa %&1- 1885 ls 1905 ds igys pj.k esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk è;s;
èkqaèkyk] vLi"V rFkk lafnXèk lk FkkA ;g vkUnksyu dsoy FkksM+s ls f'kf{kreè;oxhZ; cqf¼thoh oxZ rd gh lhfer Fkk] tks ik'pkR; mnkjoknh(Liberal) vkSj vfroknh (Redical) fopkjèkkjk ls çsj.kk ysrk FkkA
2- nwljs nkSj (1905&1919) esa dkaxzsl çkS<+ gks x;h vkSj bldk mís';rFkk bldh lhek,a vfèkd foLr`r gks x;haA vc ;g turk ds
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 26
loZrksUeq[kh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd fodkl dsfy, ç;Ru'khy FkhA jktuhfrd {ks=k esa mís'; iw.kZ LojkT; FkkA blhchp dqN mxzoknh ny ds yksxksa us ik'pkR; lkezkT;okn dks lekIrdjus ds fy, ik'pkR; Økafrdkjh <ax viuk,A
3- vfUre pj.k (1919&47) esa dkaxzsl us iw.kZ LojkT; dh çkfIr dsfy, egkRek xkaèkh ds usr`Ro esa ,d fo'ks"k Hkkjrh; <ax&vfgalkRedvlg;ksx] viukdj vkUnksyu fd;k vkSj vaxzstksa dks Hkkjr NksM+djtkus ds fy, etcwj fd;kAHkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds mn; ds vusd egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k Fks ftudh
foospuk fuEu gS%&(1)fons'kh çHkqRo dk ifj.kke % vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn
cqfu;knh rkSj ij fons'kh vkfèkiR; dh pqukSrh ds tokc ds :i esa mfnrgqvkA fczfV'k 'kklu rFkk mlds çR;{k vkSj ijks{k ifj.kkeksa us gh Hkkjresa jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds fy, HkkSfrd] uSfrd vkSj ckSf¼d ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rS;kjdhA
19oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk¼Z esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; tkxj.k vaxzsthvkSifuoSf'kd 'kkldksa dks ugha Hkk;kA igys rks vaxzsth fo}ku 'kkldksa usHkkjr esa jk"Vªh;rk ds vfLrRo dks ekuus ls gh bUdkj dj fn;kA 1883esa Jh tsúvkjú lhys us Hkkjr dks ] ^dsoy ,d HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ** dhlaKk nh Fkh] ftlesa ,drk dh dksbZ Hkkouk ugha FkhA 1884 esa tku LVªsph]tks ,d HkwriwoZ Hkkjrh; tkuin lsod Fks] us dSfEczt fo'ofo|ky; ds Nk=kksadks crk;k] ^Hkkjr ds fo"k; esa lcls igyh rFkk çeq[k vko';d tkuus;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr u ,d gS vkSj u FkkA** vkSj vUr esa ;g HkhHkfo";ok.kh dh fd Hkkjr dHkh Hkh ,d la;qDr jk"Vª ugha gksxkA tc 19oha'krkCnh ds var rFkk 20oha lnh ds çFke n'kd esa jk"Vªokn mHkj pqdkFkk] rks vaxzsth fo}kuksa us ,d u;k jQ[k viuk;kA ekUViQksMZ fjiksVZ ds ys[kdksaus Hkkjr esa vaxzsth Kku dks gh jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ds mn; ds fy, Js; fn;kAvkjú dqiySaM us Li"V dgk fd] ^^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn rks vaxzsth jkt dhgh lUrfr FkkA** ijUrq dqiySaM egksn; ;g dguk Hkwy x;s fd ;g ,dvuSfPNd lUrfr Fkk]** ftls bUgksaus tUe ds le; ls gh nwèk fiykus lsbUdkj dj fn;k vkSj fiQj mldk xyk ?kksaVus dk ç;Ru fd;kA oLrqr%Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn] dqN va'k esa lewps lalkj esa mHkjrs gq, jk"Vªokn rFkkvkRefu.kZ; dh Hkkouk] tks çQkalhlh ØkfUr ls vkjaHk gqbZ Fkh] dk gh HkkxFkkA ;g vkaf'kd :i ls Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k dk ifj.kke] vkaf'kd :i esaHkkjr esas vaxzstksa }kjk çkjaHk fd, x;s vkèkqfudhdj.k dk ifj.kke rFkkvaf'kd :i esa Hkkjr esa py jgh vaxzsth vkSifuosf'kd uhfr;ksa dh rhozçfrfØ;k dk gh ifj.kke FkkA
bl vkUnksyu dh tM+sa Hkkjrh; turk ds fgrksa rFkk Hkkjr esa fczfV'kfgrksa ds Vdjko esa FkhA vaxzstksa us vius fgrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ghHkkjr dks vèkhu cuk;k FkkA blh mís'; dks è;ku esa j[kdj os Hkkjrdk 'kklu pykrs FksA èkhjs&èkhjs Hkkjrh;ksa us vuqHko fd;k fd yadk'kk;jds m|ksxifr;ksa rFkk vaxzstksa ds nwljs çeq[k oxksZa ds fgrksa ds fy,] mudsvius fgrksa dk cfynku fn;k tkrk jgk gSA Lo;a fczfV'k 'kklu Hkkjr dsvkfFkZd fiNM+siu dk çeq[k dkj.k curk x;k vkSj Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vkUnksyudk ;gh rF; FkkA ;g Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] ckSf¼drFkk jktuhfrd fodkl esa çeq[k ckèkd rÙo cu pqdk FkkA blls Hkh cM+hckr ;n Fkh fd vfèkd la[;k esa Hkkjrh; bl rF; dks Lohdkj djus yxsFks vkSj mudh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh FkhA
Hkkjrh; lekt ds çR;sd oxZ vkSj çR;sd lewg us èkhjs&èkhjs ;g ns[kkfd muds fgr] vaxzsth 'kkldksa ds gkFk esa vlqjf{kr gaSA fdlku ns[k jgs
Fks fd ljdkj tehu dh ekyxqtkjh ds uke ij mldh mit dk ,d cM+kfgLlk muls ys ysrh FkhA ljdkj vkSj mudh iqfyl] mldh vnkyrsa vkSjmlds vfèkdkjh] lHkh tehankjksa vkSj Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ds leFkZd FksA os muO;kikfj;ksa ds leFkZd Fks] tks fdlkuksa dks èkks[kk nsrs] mudk 'kks"k.k djrsrFkk mldh tehu Nhu ysrs FksA fdlkuksa dh vkokt dks ljdkj }kjk dkuwuvkSj O;oLFkk ds uke ij dqpy fn;k tkrk FkkA nLrdkj vkSj f'kYih ;geglwl dj jgs Fks fd ljdkj fons'kh çfr;ksfxrk dks çksRlkgu nsdj mudksrckg dj jgh Fkh vkSj muds iquokZl ds fy, dqN ugha dj jgh FkhA vkxspydj chloha 'krkCnh esa vkèkqfud dkj[kkuksa] [knkuksa rFkk cxkuksa ds etnwjksaus Hkh ik;k fd lkjh tckuh gennhZ ds ckotwn ljdkj iw¡thifr;ksa dk][kkldj fons'kh iw¡thifr;ksa dk gh lkFk nsrh FkhA tc dHkh etnwj VªsM ;wfu;ucukus rFkk gM+rkyksa&çn'kZuksa dss }kjk viuh fLFkfr dks lqèkkjus dk ç;Rudjrs] ljdkj dk iwjk ra=k muds f[kykiQ mB [kM+k gksrkA blds vykokmUgksaus ;g Hkh eglwl fd;k fd c<+rh csjkstxkjh dk lekèkku dsoy rhozvkS|ksxhdj.k ls laHko gS] vkSj ;g dk;Z dsoy ,d Lokèkhu ljdkjh ghdj ldrh gSA
Hkkjrh; lekt ds nwljs lewg Hkh dqN de vlarq"V ugha FksA f'kf{krHkkjrh;ksa dk mHkjrk gqvk oxZ] vius ns'k dh n;uh; vkfFkZd o jktuhfrdfLFkfr dks le>us ds fy, u,&u, çkIr vkèkqfud Kku dk mi;ksx djjgk FkkA igys ftu yksxksa us 1857 esa fczfV'k 'kklu dk bl vk'kk esaleFkZu fd;k Fkk fd fons'kh gksus ds ckotwn ;g 'kklu ns'k dks ,d vkèkqfudrFkk vkS|ksfxd ns'k cuk,xk] os vc èkhjs&èkhjs fujk'k gksus yxs FksA vkfFkZdn`f"V ls mUgsa vk'kk Fkh fd fczfV'k iw¡thokn us tSls fczVsu esa mRiknd 'kfDr;ksadks iSnk fd;k Fkk] mlh çdkj og Hkkjr dh mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa dks Hkhfodflr djsxkA ysfdu mUgksaus ;g ik;k fd fczVsu ds iw¡thokn ds b'kkjksaij Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu us tks uhfr;ka viukbZ Fkha] os ns'k dks vkfFkZdn`f"V ls fiNM+k ;k vYi fodflr cuk, gq, Fkh vkSj mldh mRiknd'kfDr;ksa ds fodkl esa ckèkd gks jgh FkhA jktuhfrd Lrj ij f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;leqnk; dks ;g yxk fd igys vaxzstksa us Hkkjr dks Lo'kklu dk ekxZ fn[kkusds tks Hkh okns fd, Fks] mu lcdks os Hkwy pqds FksA vfèkdka'k fczfV'kvfèkdkfj;ksa rFkk jktuhfrd usrkvksa us [kqyh ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd vaxzst Hkkjresa cus jgsaxsA blds vykok Hkk"k.k] çsl rFkk O;fDr dks vkSj vfèkd Lora=krknsus dh txg vaxzst] mu ij vfèkdkfèkd çfrcaèk yxkrs tk jgs FksA vaxzstvfèkdkfj;ksa rFkk ys[kdksa us Hkkjrh;ksa dks tura=k ;k Lo'kklu dh n`f"V lsv;ksX; ?kksf"kr dj fn;k FkkA laLd`fr ds {ks=k esa Hkh ç'kkld] mPp f'k{kkvkSj vkèkqfud fopkjksa ds çlkj ds ckjs esa vfèkdkfèkd udkjkRed] cfYd'k=kqrkiw.kZ joS;k viuk jgs FksA
mHkjrs gq, Hkkjrh; iwathifr oxZ esa èkhjs& èkhjs jk"Vªh; psruk fodflrgqbZA ysfdu bl oxZ us Hkh vUrr% ik;k fd og lkezkT;okn ds dkj.k uqdlkumBk jgk FkkA ljdkj dh O;kikj] pqaxh dj rFkk ;krk;kr lacaèkh uhfr;ksads dkj.k buds fodkl esa Hkkjh ckèkk,a vk jgh FkhaA u;k rFkk detksjoxZ gksus ds ukrs bls viuh detksfj;ksa dh HkjikbZ ds fy, ljdkj dh lfØ;lgk;rk dh t:jr FkhA blds ctk; ljdkj vkSj mldh ukSdj'kkgh fons'khiwathifr;ksa dk lkFk ns jgh Fkh] tks Hkkjr ds lhfer vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dksgfFk;k jgs FksA Hkkjrh; iwathifr;ksa dk fo'ks"k fojksèk fons'kh iwathifr;ksa dhl[r çfr;ksfxrk ds çfr FkkA bl rjg Hkkjrh; iw¡thifr;ksa us Hkh eglwlfd;k fd muds vius Lora=k fodkl rFkk lkezkT;okn ds chp ,d varfoZjksèkFkk vkSj ;g fd ,d jk"Vªh; ljdkj gh Hkkjrh; O;kikj vkSj m|ksxksa dsrhoz fodkl dh ifjfLFkfr;ka rS;kj dj ldrh FkhA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 27
Hkkjrh; lekt esa dsoy tehankj] HkwLokeh vkSj jkts&egkjkts gh ,slsoxZ Fks] ftuds fgr fons'kh 'kkldksa ds fgrksa ls esy [kkrs Fks vkSj blfy,os var rd fons'kh 'kklu dk lkFk nsrs jgsA ysfdu bu oxksZa esa Hkh cgqrls yksx jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa vk,A ml le; ds jk"Vªoknh okrkoj.k esans'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk us cgqrksa dks çHkkfor fd;kA blds vykok çtkrh;HksnHkko rFkk Js"Brk dh uhfr;ksa us çR;sd fopkj'khy] LokfHkekuh Hkkjrh;esa ?k`.kk txkdj mls mB [kMk+ fd;k] pkgs og fdlh Hkh oxZ dk D;ksau gksA lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd Lo;a fczfV'k 'kklu ds fons'kh pfj=kus Hkh jk"Vªoknh çfrfØ;k dks tUe fn;kA
la{ksi esa fons'kh lkezkT;okn ds pfj=k rFkk Hkkjrh; turk ij mldsgkfudkjd çHkko ds dkj.k gh Hkkjr esas ,d 'kfDr'kkyh lkezkT;okn fojksèkhvkUnksyu dk tUe vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs fodkl gqvkA ;g vkUnksyu ,d jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu Fkk D;ksafd ;g lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds yksxksadks çsfjr dj jgk Fkk fd os vius erHksn Hkwydj vius 'k=kq ds f[kykiQ,dtqV gksaA
2- Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud vkSj vkfFkZd ,drk dh LFkkiuk %mUuhloha vkSj chloha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr dk ,dhdj.k gks pqdk Fkk vkSjog ,d jk"Vª ds :i esa mHkj pqdk FkkA blfy, Hkkjrh; turk esa jk"Vªh;Hkkouk dk fodkl vklkuh ls gqvkA vaxzstksa us èkhjs&èkhjs iwjs ns'k esa ljdkjdh ,d leku vkèkqfud ç.kkyh ykxw dj nh Fkh vkSj bl rjg bldkç'kklfud ,dhdj.k gks pqdk FkkA xzkeh.k vkSj LFkkuh; vkRefuHkZjvFkZO;oLFkk ds fouk'k vkSj vf[ky Hkkjrh; iSekus ij vkèkqfud O;kikjrFkk m|ksx dh LFkkiuk ds dkj.k] Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd thou fujarj ,dbdkbZ ds :i esa <yrk pyk x;k rFkk ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgus okysyksxksa ds vkfFkZd fgr ijLij lEc¼ gq,A blds vykok jsyos] rkj rFkk,dhd`r Mkd O;oLFkk ds vkjaHk us Hkh ns'k dks ,dtwV cuk fn;k Fkk vkSjturk [kkldj usrkvksa ds ikjLifjd lEidZ dks blus c<+kok fn;k FkkA blflyflys esa Hkh fons'kh 'kklu dk vfLrRo gh ,drk dk dkj.k cu x;kAgkykafd ;g 'kklu lekftd oxZ] tkfr] èkeZ ;k {ks=k dk Hksn fd, fcukiwjh Hkkjrh; turk dk neu djrk FkkA iwjs ns'k ds yksxksa us ns[kk fd os,d gh 'k=kq vFkkZr~ fczfV'k 'kklu ds gkFkksa ihfM+r FksA bl rjg lkezkT;oknfojksèkh la?k"kZ rFkk ml la?k"kZ ds nkSjku mith ,dtqVrk dh Hkkouk us Hkkjrh;jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA
3- if'peh fopkj rFkk vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk çpyu %vkèkqfud f'k{kk ç.kkyh ds çpyu ls vkèkqfud ik'pkR; fopkjksa dks viukusesa lgk;rk feyh ftlls Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd lksp dks ,d ubZ fn'kk feyhAik'pkR; f'k{kk dk çlkj ;|fi ç'kklfud vko';drkvksa ds fy, fd;kx;k Fkk] ijUrq blls uof'kf{kr oxZ ds fy, ik'pkR; mnkjoknh fopkjèkkjkds }kj [kqy x;s FksA feYVu] 'kSyh] csUFke] ehy] LisUlj] :lks] okYrs;jvkfn fo}kuksa us Hkkjrh; cqf¼thfo;ksa esa Lora=krk] jk"Vªh;rk rFkk Lo'kkludh Hkkouk,¡ txk nha] rks eSftuh] xSjhckYMh rFkk vk;jySaM ds jk"Vªoknhusrk muds jktuSfrd vkn'kZ cu x;sA
u, cqf¼thoh yksx çk;% dfu"B ç'kkld] odhy] MkWDVj] vè;kidbR;kfn gh FksA buesa ls dqN yksx baXySaM esa Hkh f'k{kk xzg.k dj pqds FksAmUgksaus ogk¡ viuh vk¡[kksa ls bu jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk çpyu Hkh ns[kkFkkA ;gk¡ ykSVus ij mUgsa ;g vuqHko gqvk fd muds ekSfyd vfèkdkj 'kwU;ds cjkcj gSa vkSj okrkoj.k esa nklrk gh nklrk gSA fons'kh nklrk ds viekudh pqHku dks lcls igys bUgha f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa us eglwl fd;kA fopkjksals vkèkqfud cudj bu yksxksa us fons'kh 'kklu dh cqjkb;ksa ds vè;;u dh;ksX;rk Hkh çkIr dj yhA mUgsa ,d vkèkqfud] etcwr] le`¼ vkSj ,drkc¼
Hkkjr dh dYiuk ls çsj.kk çkIr gksrh jghA dkykarj esa bUgha esa ls csgrjhurRo jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds usrk vkSj laxBudÙkkZ cusA
Hkkjr ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds çlkj vkSj yksdfç;rk dsdkj.k f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa dks ;g ,d lEidZ Hkk"kk ds :i esa fey x;hFkh] ftlds ekè;e ls os ,d nwljs dks vius fopkjksa ls voxr djk ldrsFks rFkk lEesyuksa esa Hkkx ys ldrs FksA
gesa ;g ckr Li"V :i ls le> ysuh pkfg, fd jk"Vªh; vkUnksyuvkèkqfud f'k{kk ç.kkyh dk mit ugha Fkk] cfYd ;g fczVsu rFkk Hkkjrds fgrksa ds Vdjko ls mRiUu gqvk FkkA bl ç.kkyh us fliQZ f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksadks ik'pkR; fopkj viukdj jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro laHkkyus rFkkmls ,d turkaf=kd vkSj vkèkqfud fn'kk nsus esa leFkZ cuk;kA okLrfod;g gS fd Ldwyksa rFkk dkWystksa esa vfèkdkjhx.k fons'kh 'kklu ds çfr fouezrkvkSj lsok Hkko gh txkus dk ç;Ru djrs FksA jk"Vªoknh fopkj rks vkèkqfudfopkjksa ds lkekU; çlkj ds dkj.k vk,A phu rFkk baMksusf'k;k tSls nwljs,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ,oa iwjs vçQhdk esa Hkh vkèkqfud vkSj jk"Vªoknh fopkj iSQys]gkykafd ogk¡ vkèkqfud Ldwyksa vkSj dkWystksa dh la[;k cgqr gh de FkhAigys rks vaxzsth us lEidZ Hkk"kk ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k] ysfdu tYn gh;g lkèkkj.k turk esa vkèkqfud Kku ds çlkj esa ckèkd Hkh cu x;hA ;gf'kf{kr ukxfjd oxksZa dks lkèkkj.k turk ls vyx j[kus dk dk;Z Hkh djusyxhA Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd usrkvksa us bl rF; dks vPNh rjg le>kA nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth] lS;n vgen [kku vkSj tfLVl jkukMs ls ysdj fryd vkSjxk¡èkhth rd lHkh us f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks ,d cM+h Hkwfedkfn, tkus dh ekax ij vkUnksyu fd,A okLro esa tgk¡ rd lkèkkj.k turkdk loky Fkk] vkèkqfud fopkjksa dk çlkj fodkleku Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa]muesa fodflr gks jgs lkfgR; rFkk lcls vfèkd rks Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dsyksdfç; çsl ds dkj.k gqvkA
4- vkèkqfud lekpkj i=kksa dk mHkjuk % Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkT;dk ,d vU; çHkko vkèkqfud lekpkj i=kksa dk mHkjuk FkkA ;s ;wjksih;yksx gh Fks] ftUgksaus Hkkjr esa eqnz.kky; LFkkfir fd, vkSj lekpkj i=krFkk lkfgR; çdkf'kr djuk 'kq: fd;kA 'kuS% 'kuS% Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esaHkh lekpkj i=k fudyus yxsA og çeq[k lkèku çsl Fkk ftlds }kjk Hkkjrh;jk"Vªokfn;ksa us ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkoukvksa dk] vkèkqfud jktuhfrd&lkekftd&vkfFk Zdfopkjksa dk çpkj fd;krFk k ,d vf[kyHkkjrh; psruk txkbZAmUuhloha 'krkCnh dsmÙkjk¼Z esa cM+h la[;kesa jk"Vªoknh lekpkj i=kfudysA muds iUuksa ijjk"Vªh; uhfr;ks a dhyxkrkj vkykspuk gksrhFkh] Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.kdks lkeus j[kk tkrkFkk] yksxksa dks ,dtqVgksdj jk"Vªh; dY;k.kds dke djus dks dgktkrk Fkk rFkk turk dschp Lo'kklu] tura=k]vkS|kSxhdj.k vkfn ds
jk"Vªh; psruk esa ;ksxnkunsus okys lekpkj i=k
lekpkj i=k {k s = k
caxkyh caxky]ve`r cktkj if=kdk caxkylathouh caxkyaejkBk cEcbZdsljh cEcbZusfVo vksihfu;u cEcbZfgUnw enzklvkaèkz if=kdk enzkldsjy if=kdk enzklfgUnqLrku la;qDr çkarvktkn la;qDr çkarfVªC;wu iatkcv[kckj&,&vke iatkc
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 28
fopkjksa dks yksdfç; cuk;k tkrk FkkA ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgus okysjk"Vªoknh dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dks Hkh ijLij fopkjksa ds vknku&çnku djus esa çslus leFkZ cuk;kA
miU;klksa] fucaèkksa] ns'kHkfDriw.kZ dkO; vkfn ds :i esa jk"Vªh; lkfgR;us Hkh jk"Vªh; psruk txkus esa çeq[k Hkqfedk fuHkkbZA caxky esa cafdepUnzpV~Vksikè;k; rFkk johUnz ukFk VSXkksj] vleh esa y{ehukFk cstc:vk] ejkBhesa fo".kq 'kkL=kh fpiyq.kdj] rfey esa lqcze.;e Hkkjrh] fgUnh esa HkkjrsUnqgfj'pUnz vkSj mnwZ esa vYrkiQ gqlSu gkyh bl dky ds dqN çeq[k jk"Vªoknhys[kd FksA
fn bf.M;u fejkaj] fn caxkyh] fn ve`r cktkj if=kdk] fn ckEcsØkfudy] fn fgUnw isfVª;kV] fn dsljh] fn fgUnw vkfn bl dky ds egRoiw.kZlekpkj i=k FksA
5- bfrgkl ds 'kksèk dk çHkko % vusd Hkkjrh; ml le; bldnj iLr gks pqds Fks fd os viuh Lo'kklu dh {kerk esa ,dne Hkjkslk[kks cSBs FksA blds vykok ml le; ds vfèkdka'k fczfV'k vfèkdkjh vkSjys[kd yxkrkj ;g ckr nksgjkrs jgrs Fks fd Hkkjrh; yksx dHkh Hkh viuk'kklu pykus ds ;ksX; ugha Fks] fd fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku ges'kk vkil esayM+rs jgs gSa] fd mudk èkeZ vkSj lkekftd thou ifrr vkSj vlH; jgkgS vkSj bl dkj.k os yksdra=k ;k Lo'kklu rd ds dkfcy ugha gaSA
lj fofy;e tksUl] vksfu;j fofy;Et tSls fons'kh fo}kuksa ds 'kksèkds iQyLo:i Hkkjr dh le`¼ lkaLd`frd ijaijk dk Kku gksus yxkA bl{ks=k esa fo'ks"k :i ls dfua?ke tSls iqjkrRofonksa dh [kqnkb;ksa us Hkkjr dhegkurk rFkk xkSjo dk og fp=k çLrqr fd;k] tks jkse rFkk ;wuku dh çkphulH;rkvksa ls fdlh Hkh i{k esa de xkSjo'kkyh ugha FkkA bu ;wjksih; fo}kuksaus osnksa rFkk mifu"knksa dh lkfgfR;d Js"Brk vkSj ekuo eu ds lqUnjfo'ys"k.k ds fy, mudk xq.kxku fd;kA cgqr ls ;wjksih; fo}kuksa us ;gfl¼kUr çLrqr fd;k fd Hkkjrh; vk;Z mlh ekuo 'kk[kk ds yksx gSa ftlls;wjksih; tkfr;k¡ mith gaSA
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa vkSj fo}kuksa us Hkh turk esa vkRe fo'oklvkSj vkRe lEeku txkus ds ç;Ru fd,A os xoZ ls Hkkjr dh lkaLd`frdèkjksgj dh vksj ladsr djrs vkSj vkykspdksa dk è;ku v'kksd] pUnzxqIr]foØekfnR; tSls jktkvksa dh miyfCèk;ksa dh vksj ys tkrsA fo}kuksa us dyk]LFkkiR;] lkfgR;] n'kZu] foKku vkSj jktuhfr esa Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; èkjksgjdh fiQj ls [kkst djus esa tks dqN fd;k] mlls bu jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa dkscy rFkk çksRlkgu feykA
nqHkkZX; ls dqN jk"Vªoknh usrk nwljs Nksj rd pys x;s rFkk Hkkjr dsvrhr dh detksfj;ksa vkSj fiNM+siu ls vk¡[ksa pqjkdj xSj&vkykspukRed<ax ls mls efgekeafMr djus yxsA [kkldj çkphu Hkkjr dh miyfCèk;ksadk çpkj djus rFkk eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dh miyfCèk;ksa dks vuns[kk djusdh ço`fÙk us Hkh cgqr uqdlku igqapk;kA blds dkj.k fgUnqvksa esa lkaçnkf;dHkkoukvksa ds fodkl dks çksRlkgu feykA lkFk gh bldh tokch ço`fÙk ds:i esa eqlyeku lkaLd`frd vkSj ,sfrgkfld çsj.kk ikus ds fy, vjcksa rFkkrqdksZa ds bfrgkl dh vksj utj djus yxsA blds vykok if'pe ds lkaLdfrdlkezkT;okn dh pqukSrh dk tokc nsrs le; cgqr ls Hkkjrh; ;g Hkh Hkwytkrs Fks fd Hkkjr dh turk dbZ {ks=kksa esa lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls fiNM+h FkhAblls xoZ rFkk vkRelarks"k dh >wBh Hkkouk iuih] tks Hkkjrh;ksa dks viuslekt ds vkykspukRed ewY;kadu ls jksdrh FkhA blds dkj.k lkekftd&lkaLd`frd fiNM+siu ds f[kykiQ la?k"kZ detksj gqvk rFkk vusd Hkkjrh;nwljh tkfr;ksa dh LoLFk vkSj ubZ ço`fÙk;ksa vkSj u, fopkjksa ls foeq[k jgsA
6- 'kkldksa dk tkrh; naHk % Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa ds fodkldk ,d xkS.k ijUrq egRoiw.kZ dkj.k tkrh; Js"Brk dk og naHk Fkk] tksHkkjrh;ksa ds çfr vusd vaxzstksa ds O;ogkj esa ik;k tkrk FkkA bl tkrh;naHk dk ,d dM+ok vkSj çpfyr :i rc ns[kus dks feyrk Fkk] tc dksbZvaxzst fdlh Hkkjrh; ls fdlh fookn esa my>k gksrk Fkk vkSj U;k; O;oLFkkvaxzstksa dk i{k ysrh FkhA uUndqekj ij vfHk;ksx çdj.k] bYcVZ fcy fookn]fryd f'kjkso fookn] blds Toyar mnkgj.k FksA ;g tkrh; naHk tkfr] èkeZ]çkar ;k oxZ dk HksnHkko fd, fcuk reke Hkkjrh;ksa dks ,d leku ghudjkj nsrk FkkA os ;wjksih; yksxksa ds Dycksa esa ugha tk ldrs Fks vkSj vDljmUgsa fdlh xkM+h ds ml fMCcs esa ;k=kk dh vuqefr ugha Fkh ftlesa ;wjksih;;k=kh tk jgs gksaA blls muesa jk"Vªh; vieku dk cksèk gqvk rFkk vaxzstksads eqdkcys os vius vkidks ,d tux.k ds :i esa ns[kus yxsA
7- ledkyhu ;wjksih; vkUnksyuksa dk çHkko % jk"Vªokn dhmu rst ygjksa us] tks ledkyhu leLr ;wjksi rFkk nf{k.k vçQhdk dksçHkkfor dj jgh Fkha] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dks Hkh LiwQfrZ çnku dhA Lisu rFkkiqrZxky ds nf{k.kh vejhdk ds lkezkT;ksa ds [k.Mgjksa ij vusd jk"Vªh;jkT; LFkkfir gks jgs FksA ;wjksi esa Hkh ;wuku rFkk bVyh ds jk"Vªh; Lora=krklaxzke vkSj vk;jySaM ds Lora=krk laxzke us fo'ks"kr% Hkkjrh;ksa ds euksHkkoksadks vR;fèkd çHkkfor fd;kA lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZ rFkk ykyk yktikr jk;us esftuh rFkk mlds }kjk vkjaHk fd, x;s r:.k bVyh vkUnksyu ij rFkkxSjhckYMh vkSj dkcksZusjh vkUnksyuksa ij O;k[;ku fn, rFkk ys[k fy[ksA
8- lekt rFkk èkkfeZd lqèkkj vkUnksyuksa dk çxfr'khy :i %19oha 'krkCnh ds f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa us ik'pkR; n'kZu rFkk foKku ds çdk'kesa vius èkkfeZd fo'oklksa] jhfr&fjoktksa rFkk lkekftd çFkkvksa dkiqu%ijh{k.k djuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA blds iQyLo:i dbZ lqèkkjoknh laLFkk,atSls czã lekt] vk;Z lekt] fFk;kslksfiQdy lkslkbVh] jked`".k fe'kuvkfn vfLrRo esa vk,A mlh çdkj eqlyekuksa] flD[kksa rFkk ikjfl;ksa dhHkh lqèkkjoknh laLFkk,a cuhaA
èkkfeZd {ks=k esa bl lqèkkj vkUnksyuksa us vaèkfo'okl] ewfrZiwtk vkfndks pqukSrh nh] rks lekftd {ks=k esa bUgksaus tkfrçFkk] vLi`';rk] cky fookgvkfn dk dM+k çfrjksèk fd;kA ;s lHkh vkUnksyu mUufr'khy Fks rFkk pkgrsFks fd lekt dk xBu çtkra=k] lkekftd rFkk O;fDrxr lekurk] rdZ]cqf¼okn ,oa mnkjokn vkfn vkèkkjksa ij fd;k tk;kA bu laLFkkvksa dk ;|fidksbZ jktuhfrd mís'; ugha Fkk] fiQj Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt dks txkus esa budkegRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA
9- ykMZ fyVu dh çfrfØ;koknh uhfr;k¡ % ykMZ fyVu us Hkkjresa dqN ,sls dk;Z fd, ftuls Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk çlkj gqvkAvkbZúlhú,lú ds HkrhZ gksus dh vk;q 21 ls ?kVkdkj 19 o"kZ dj nh x;hrkfd Hkkjrh; f'kf{kr ;qod ijh{kk gh u ns ldsA 1877 ds Hkh"k.k vdkyds le; fnYyh esa ,d HkkX;'kkyh njckj yxkdj yk[kksa #i, u"V djuk,d ,slk dk;Z Fkk ftl ij dydÙkk ds ,d i=kdkj us dgk Fkk fd]^^uhjksoa'kh ctk jgk Fkk] tc jkse ty jgk FkkA** mlds }kjk ikfjr Hkkjrh; Hkk"kklekpkj i=k vfèkfu;e rFkk Hkkjrh; 'kL=k vfèkfu;e ls tkrh; dVqrk vkSjc<+ x;hA iQyLo:i] Hkkjr esa vusd jktuhfrd laLFkk,a cuha rkfd ljdkjfojksèkh vkUnksyu pyk;k tk ldsA
10- bycVZ fcy dk fookn % fjiu dh ljdkj us ^^tkfr Hksnij vkèkkfjr U;kf;d vleFkZrk,a** lekIr djus dk ç;Ru fd;kA bycVZfcy us tuin lsok ds Hkkjrh; ftyk rFkk l=k U;k;kèkh'kksa dks ogh 'kfDr;karFkk vfèkdkj nsus dk ç;Ru fd;k] tks fd mlds led{k ;wjksih; ttksa
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 29
dks feys gq, FksA ;wjksih; yksxksa dh çfrfØ;k bruh dVq Fkh fd ok;ljk;dks ;g vfèkfu;e cnyuk iM+kA Hkkjrh;ksa dh bl >xM+s ls vk¡[ksa [kqy x;haAmUgksaus ns[kk fd tgk¡ ;wjksih; yksxksa ds fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dk ç'u gS mUgsa U;k;ugha fey ldrkA nwljs ;g Hkh vuqHko gqvk fd laxfBr vkUnksyu dk D;kçHkko gSA
1870 ds n'kd rd ;g ckr Li"V gks pqdh Fkh fd Hkkjrh; jk"Vªoknbruh rkdr vkSj xfr vftZr dj pqdk gS fd og Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa ,dçeq[k 'kfDr ds :i esa mHkj ldsA fnlEcj 1885 esa LFkkfir Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;dkaxzsl esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; iSekus ij Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh igyhlaxfBr vfHkO;fDr gqbZA ysfdu blds igys Hkh vusd laLFkk,a LFkkfir gkspqdh FkhaA
la?kksa dk fuekZ.kla?kksa dk fuekZ.kla?kksa dk fuekZ.kla?kksa dk fuekZ.kla?kksa dk fuekZ.k1836 ds ckn ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vusd lkoZtfud lfefr;k¡
LFkkfir gqbZaA bu lHkh lfefr;ksa ij èkuh rFkk vfHktkR; yksxksa dk çHkqRoFkk] ftudks rc x.kekU; O;fDr dgk tkrk Fkk] vkSj bldk pfj=k çkarh;rFkk LFkkuh; FkkA bUgksaus ç'kklu esa lqèkkj rFkk Hkkjrh; yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjhds fy, dke fd;k rFkk fczfV'k laln dks yEcs&yEcs çkFkZuk i=k Hksts] ftuesaHkkjrh;ksa dh ek¡xs j[kh tkrh FkhaA
caxky çsflMsalh esa jktuhfrd laxBu % Hkkjr esa jktuhfrdvkUnksyu ds çoZrd jktk jkeeksgu jk; FksA os ik'pkR; fopkjksa ls cgqrçHkkfor gq, FksA 1821 esa mUgksaus Lisu esa laoSèkkfud jktra=k dh LFkkiukij ,d mRlo euk;k FkkA os igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus Hkkjrh;ksa dh f'kdk;rksadh vksj vaxzstksa dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djkus dk ç;Ru fd;k vkSj mldklekèkku Hkh ek¡xkA mUgksaus lekpkj i=kksa dh Lora=krk] flfoy U;k;ky;ksaesa Hkkjrh;ksa dh fu;qfDr rFkk vU; m¡Qps inksavkfn dh ek¡x dhA ijUrq jktuhfrd laLFkkvksads laxBu dk Js; muds lkfFk;ksa dks feykftUgksaus 1836 esa ^^cax Hkk"kk çdk'kd lHkk**dh LFkkiuk dhA 1838 esa ^tehankj ,lksfl,'ku**cuh] ftls çk;% Hkwfeifr;ksa dh lHkk Hkh dgktkrk gS] rkfd Hkwfeifr;ksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk dhtk ldsA lgh vFkksZa esa ;g çFke jktuhfrdlaxBu Fkk] ftlus viuh f'kdk;rksa dks nwjdjokus ds fy, laoSèkkfud mipkjksa dk ç;ksxfd;kA 1843 esa ,d vU; jktuhfrd lHkk^^caxky fczfV'k bf.M;k lkslkbVh** cukbZ x;hftldk mís'; vaxzstksa ds vèkhu Hkkjr ds yksxksadh okLrfod voLFkk ds fo"k; esa tkudkjhçkIr djuk FkkA 1851 esa tehankj ,lksfl,'kurFkk caxky fczfV'k bf.M;k lkslkbVh dks feykdj^^fczfV'k bf.M;u ,lksfl,'ku** cuk fn;kx;kA oLrqr% bl lHkk esa Hkwifr gh eqf[k;k FksvkSj ;g mUgha ds fgrksa ds fy, Fkh] ijUrq bllaLFkk us ,d mnkjoknh ç;Ru vo'; fd;k vkSj1853 esa pkVZj ds uohuhdj.k ds le; fczfV'klaln dks ,d çkFkZuk i=k Hkstk] ftlesa yksdfç;çdkj dh foèkku lHkk] U;kf;d vkSj n.Muk;ddk;Z vyx djus] cM+s vfèkdkfj;ksa ds osru de
djus] ued] vkcdkjh vkSj LVkEi dj bR;kfn lekIr dj fn, tkus dhek¡x dh x;hA blh ds çHkkoLo#i xouZj tujy dh dk;Zdkfj.kh esa 6lnL; dkuwu cukus ds fy, tksM+ fn, x;sA
1875 es ckcw f'kf'kj dqekj ?kks"k us ^bf.M;u yhx** cukbZ ftldkmís'; yksxksa esa jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk dks txkuk vkSj jktuhfrd f'k{kk dksçksRlkfgr djuk FkkA 1876 esa bf.M;u yhx dk LFkku ^^bf.M;u,lksfl,'ku** us ys fy;k] ftldh LFkkiuk vkuUn eksgu cksl vkSj lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ us dh FkhA dkaxzsl iwoZ jk"Vªoknh laxBuksa esa lcls egRoiw.kZ;gh laxBu FkkA bldh LFkkiuk dydÙkk esa dh x;h FkhA caxky ds devoLFkk ds jk"Vªoknh fczfV'k bf.M;k ,lksfl,'ku dh :f<+oknh vkSj tehankjleFkZd uhfr;ksa ls èkhjs&èkhjs mQc jgs FksA os O;kid lkoZtfud egRo dsloky ij yEck jktuhfrd vkUnksyu NsM+uk pkgrs FksA çfrHkk'kkyh ys[kdvkSj oDrk lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ ds :i esa mUgsa ,d usrk Hkh fey x;kA cuthZvius vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk cgqr gh vU;k;iw.kZ <ax ls bf.M;u flfoy lfoZlls ckgj dj fn, x;s Fks D;ksafd ;s vfèkdkjh viuh lfoZl esa fdlh Lora=kfopkjksa okys Hkkjrh; dh mifLFkfr ugha cnkZ'r dj ldsA
cuthZ us 1875 esas dydÙkk ds Nk=kksa ds lkeus jk"Vªoknh fo"k;ksa ijçHkko'kkyh Hkk"k.k nsdj viuk jktuhfrd thou 'kq: fd;kA bf.M;u,lksfl,'ku us vius lkeus jktuhfrd ç'uksa ij Hkkjrh; turk dks ,drkc¼djus dk y{; j[kkA viuh vksj cM+h la[;k esa turk dks [khapus ds fy,blus fuèkZu oxksZa ds fy, de lnL;rk 'kqYd fuèkkZfjr fd,A caxky ds'kgjksa vkSj xk¡oksa rFkk blds ckgj vusd 'kgjksa esa Hkh bl ,lksfl,'ku dhdbZ 'kk[kk,¡ [kksyh x;haA fyVu us tc vkbZúlhú,lú ds fy, ços'k dhvk;q ?kVkdj 19 o"kZ dj nh Fkh] rc bf.M;u ,lksfl,'ku us blds fo:¼,d tcnZLr vkUnksyu fd;k] ftls çk;% ^Hkkjrh; tuin lsok vkUnksyu**dgrs gSaA lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZ us ns'k esa ,d pØokr ds leku rhoz xfr ls
o"k Z laxBu uke LFk ku laLFkkid
1836 ySaMgksYMlZ lkslkbVh dydÙkk }kjdk ukFk VSxksj1839 fczfV'k bafM;k lkslkbVh yUnu fofy;e ,Me1843 caxky fczfV'k bafM;k lkslkbVh dydÙkk &1851 fczfV'k bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku dydÙkk nsosUnz ukFk VSxksj1852 enzkl usVho ,lksfl,'ku enzkl &1852 ckEcs ,lksfl,'ku cEcbZ txUukFk 'kadj lsB1866 bZLV bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku yUnu nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth1867 us'kuy bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku yUnu esjh dkjisUVj1876 iwuk lkoZtfud lHkk iwuk ,lú,p fpiyq.kdj] thúohú tks'kh
rFkk ,eúthú jk.kkMs1872 bafM;u lkslkbVh yUnu vkuUn eksgu cksl1876 bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku dydÙkk vkuUn eksgu cksl
,oa ,lú,uú cuthZ1884 enzkl egktu lHkk enzkl thú,lúvÕ;j] ,eú ohajk?kokpkjh
vkuUn pkjyq vkfn1885 ckEcs çsflMsalh ,lksfl,'ku cEcbZ fiQjkst'kkg esgrk] dsúVhúrsyax]
cn#íhu rS;cth vkfn
uk sV % (1) fczfV'k bf.M;k ,lksfl,'ku dh LFkkiuk ySaMgksYMlZ lkslkbVh ,oa fczfV'k bf.M;klkslkbVh dks feykdj dh x;h FkhA(2) esjh dkjisUVj jkeeksgujk; dh thouh ysf[kdk Hkh gSaA
dkaxzsl iwoZ jk"Vªh; laxBudkaxzsl iwoZ jk"Vªh; laxBudkaxzsl iwoZ jk"Vªh; laxBudkaxzsl iwoZ jk"Vªh; laxBudkaxzsl iwoZ jk"Vªh; laxBu
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nkSjs fd, vkSj cukjl] bykgkckn] dkuiqj] y[kumQ] vyhx<+] fnYyh] esjB]ve`rlj] ykgkSj bR;kfn uxjksa esa ?kwesA
cEcbZ çsflMsUlh esa jktuhfrd laLFkk,a % dydÙkk ds fczfV'kbf.M;k ,lksfl,'ku ds uewus ij 1852 esa cEcbZ esa Hkh ,d ^^cEcbZ,lksfl,'ku** dh LFkkiuk gqbZA bldk mís'; ljdkj dks le;≤ ijKkiu nsuk Fkk rkfd ftl ljdkjh uhfr ;k fu;eksa dks os gkfudkjd le>rsFks muds fo:¼ ljdkj dks lq>ko ns ldsA bl laLFkk us Hkh fczfV'k lalndks Kkiu HkstsA fyVu dh çfrfØ;koknh uhfr;ksa vkSj bYcVZ fcy ij gq,fookn dk cEcbZ ds jktuhfrd {ks=kksa esa Hkh cgqr çHkko gqvkA 1885 esa^^cEcbZ çsflMsalh ,lksfl,'ku** cqykbZ x;h ftldk Js; fiQjkst'kkg esgrk]dsúVhú rsyax vkSj cn:íhu rS;cth (tks cEcbZ ds rhuksa çeq[k laçnk;ksals Fks) dks gSA iwuk esa 1867 esa ^iwuk lkoZtfud lHkk** dh LFkkiuk tfLVljkukMs rFkk muds lkfFk;ksa }kjk dh x;h] ftldk mís'; ljdkj vkSj turkds chp ,d lsrq ds :i esa dk;Z djuk FkkA
enzkl çsflMsalh esa jktuhfrd laLFkk,a %dydÙkk dh fczfV'k bf.M;u ,lksfl,'ku dh'kk[kk ds :i esa ^enzkl usfVo ,lksfl,'ku**cukbZ x;hA ijUrq bldk u rks turk ij gh dqNçHkko Fkk vkSj u gh 'kkld oxZ ijA fjiu dsdk;Zdky esa ;gk¡ Hkh dqN laxBu cusA 1884esa ^^enzkl egku tu lHkk** dh LFkkiuk,eúohú jk?kokpkjh] thú lqcze.;e vÕ;j]vkuUn pkjyq rFkk vU; }kjk dh x;hA bldkmís'; LFkkuh; laxBuksa ds dk;ksZa dks lefUordjuk FkkA
Hkkjr ds ckgj Hkh dbZ laxBu cusA 1866esa yanu esa nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth us ^bZLV bf.;k,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk dhA bldk mís';Hkkjrh; ç'uksa ij fopkj djuk rFkk Hkkjr dsdY;k.k dh fn'kk esa fczVsu ds usrkvksa dksçHkkfor djuk FkkA ckn esa mUgksaus çeq[k Hkkjrh;uxjksa esa Hkh bldh 'kk[kk,¡ LFkkfir dha 1825esa tUesa nknk HkkbZ us viuk iwjk thou jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu dks lefçr dj fn;kA tYn gh mUgsaHkkjr dk firkeg (xzsaM vksYM eSu vkWiQbf.M;k) dgk tkus yxkA os Hkkjr ds igysvkfFkZd fopkjd Hkh FksA vius vFkZ'kkL=kh;ys[ku esa mUgksaus fl¼ fd;k fd Hkkjr dh xjhchdk dkj.k vaxzstksa }kjk mldk 'kks"k.k rFkk ;gk¡dk èku fczVsu Hkstuk FkkA nknk HkkbZ dks Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us rhu ckj viuk vè;{k pqudjmudk lEeku fd;kA
bl rjg tks jk"Vªoknh ,d lk>s 'k=kqvFkkZr~ fons'kh 'kklu vkSj 'kks"k.k ds f[kykiQjktuhfrd ,drk dh vko';drk eglwl djjgs Fks] muds fy, ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; jktuhfrdlaxBu dh LFkkiuk dk le; vk pqdk FkkA rcrd ekStwn laxBuksa us ,d egRoiw.kZ mís'; iwjkfd;k Fkk] ijUrq mldk {ks=k vkSj fØ;kdyki
cgqr lhfer FksA os vfèkdrj LFkkuh; ç'uksa dks mBkrs Fks rFkk mudhlnL;rkvkSj usr`Ro ,d 'kgj ;k ,d çkar ds gh FkksM+s ls yksxksa rd lhferFkkA ;gk¡ rd fd bf.M;u ,lksfl,'ku Hkh ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; laLFkkugh cu ldhA
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk rFkk bldk
ujeiaFkh pj.k
1885 esa jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk u rks vçR;kf'kr ?kVuk Fkh vkSju gh dksbZ ,sfrgkfld nq?kZVukA 1860 vkSj 1870 ds n'kd ls gh Hkkjrh;ksaesa jktuhfrd psruk iuius yxh FkhA dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk bl c<+rh psrukdh ijkdk"Bk FkhA 1870 ds n'kd ds var vkSj 1880 ds n'kd ds 'kq:esa Hkkjrh; turk jktuhfrd rkSj ij dkiQh tkx:d gks pqdh FkhA 1885esa bl jktuhfrd psruk us djoV cnyhA Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa lfØ;
dkaxzsl vfèkos'kudkaxzsl vfèkos'kudkaxzsl vfèkos'kudkaxzsl vfèkos'kudkaxzsl vfèkos'kuØ-Ø-Ø-Ø-Ø- l a -l a -l a -l a -l a - o " k Zo " k Zo " k Zo " k Zo " k Z L F k k uL F k k uL F k k uL F k k uL F k k u vè;{ kvè;{ kvè;{ kvè;{ kvè;{ k dqN egRoiw.kZ vfèkos'kudqN egRoiw.kZ vfèkos'kudqN egRoiw.kZ vfèkos'kudqN egRoiw.kZ vfèkos'kudqN egRoiw.kZ vfèkos'ku
dh fo'k s"krkdh fo'k s"krkdh fo'k s"krkdh fo'k s"krkdh fo'k s"krk
çFke 1885 cEcbZ O;kses'k pUnz cuthZ çFke vè;{k] ek=k 72çfrfufèk;ksa us fgLlk fy;k
nwljk 1886 dydÙkk nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth tuçfrfufèk;ksa dh la[;k c<+dj436 gqbZ
rhljk 1887 enzkl lSÕ;n cn#íhu rS;cth çFke eqfLye vè;{kpkSFkk 1888 bykgkckn tktZ ;wys çFke vaxzst vè;{kikapok 1889 cEcbZ lj fofy;e osMjcuZ erkfèkdkj dh vk;q lhek dks
21 o"kZ fuf'pr fd;k x;kNBk 1890 dydÙkk fiQjkst'kkg esgrklkroka 1891 ukxiqj ih- vkuan pkywZ ^jk"Vªh;* 'kCn dkaxzsl ds uke
esa tksM+k x;kvkBoka 1892 bykgkckn O;kses'kpUnz cuthZukSoka 1893 ykgkSj nknkHkkbZ ukSjksthnloka 1894 enzkl vyçQsM oscX;kjgoka 1895 iwuk lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZckjgoka 1896 dydÙkk eksgEen jgherqYyk l;kuh cafde panz }kjk jfpr xku
^oansekrje~* dks Lo;a muds}kjk gh xk;k x;k
rsjgoka 1897 vejkorh 'kadju~ uk;jpkSngoka 1898 enzkl vkuaneksgu cksliUnzgoka 1899 y[kumQ jes'kpUnz nÙklksygoka 1900 ykgkSj ukjk;.k x.ks'k pUnkojdjl=kgoka 1901 dydÙkk nhu'kk bZnyth okpkvBkjgoka 1902 vgenkckn lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZmUuhloka 1903 enzkl ykyeksgu ?kks"kchloka 1904 cEcbZ lj gsujh dkWVubDdhloka 1905 cukjl xksikyd`".k xks[kysckbZloka 1906 dydÙkk nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth dkaxzsl vè;{k }kjk vius
Hkk"k.k esa çFke ckj ^Lojkt*'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k
rsbZloka 1907 lwjr jklfcgkjh ?kks"k dkaxzsl dk foHkktu uje vkSjxje ny esa
pkSchloka 1908 enzkl jklfcgkjh ?kks"k dkaxzsl ds lafoèkku dk fuekZ.kiPphloka 1909 ykgkSj ia- enueksgu ekyoh;NCchloka 1910 bykgkckn fofy;e osMjcuZlÙkkbZloka 1911 dydÙkk ia- fo'ku ukjk;.k nj johUnz ukFk VSxksj jfpr jk"Vªxku
^tu&x.k&eu* xk;k x;kvV~BkbZloka 1912 iVuk vkj- ,l- eèkqydj
dkaxzsl vfèkos'kudkaxzsl vfèkos'kudkaxzsl vfèkos'kudkaxzsl vfèkos'kudkaxzsl vfèkos'ku
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cqf¼thoh] ladh.kZ fgrksa ds fy, vkokt mBkusds ctk; jk"Vªh; fgrksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj ijla?k"kZ djus dks NViVkus yxs FksA mudsblh ç;kl dh pje ifj.kfr Fkh Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;dkaxzsl dk xBuA
bl jk"Vªh; ny ds xBu ds fy, tksxfrfofèk;k¡ gks jgh Fkha] vaxzst [kkldj mllsc[kwch ifjfpr FkhA mUgsa yxrk Fkk fd vlg;ksx]ns'knzksg vkSj vk;jySaM dh rjg ds vkUnksyuksadk nkSj 'kq: gksus okyk gSA vaxzsth ljdkj dslansg dk Bksl ,sfrgkfld vkèkkj Hkh FkkA mlle; dh jk"Vªh; ekaxsa Fkha v;kfrr lwrh oL=kksaij 'kqYd esa deh u djuk] gfFk;kj j[kus dkvfèkdkj nsuk] çsl dh vktknh] lsuk [kpZ esadeh] ç'kklfud lsok dk Hkkjrh;dj.k] Hkkjrh;U;k;kèkh'kksa ds vfèkdkj esa of¼] vaxzst ernkrkvksads chp bl rjg dk çpkj djuk fd mlh nydks oksV nsa tks Hkkjrh;ksa ds fgrksa dk [;ky j[ksAvaxzsth ljdkj dks yxrk Fkk fd ;fn budh ek¡xseku yh x;h rks Hkkjrh; turk ij vaxzsth gqdwerdk f'kdatk <hyk gks tk;sxkA
1875 ls 1885 ds nkSjku tks jktuhfrdpsruk iuih] og eq[;r% ;qok oxZ dh nsu FkhAos ;qok T;knk yM+kdw vkSj jk"Vªoknh FksA mUgsayxrk Fkk fd iqjkus laxBu nfd;kuwlh gks x;sgaS] mudk tukèkkj Hkh Bksl ugha gSA u muds ikldksbZ Bksl dk;ZØe gS u uhfr;kaA ;gh og dkj.kFkk fd caxky esa ^^bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku** dkxBu gqvk] enzkl esa ^enzkl egktu lHkk** rksegkjk"Vª esa ^ckEcs çsflMsalh ,lksfl,'ku** dkA1885 rd vkrs&vkrs ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh;jktuhfrd laxBu dk tUe vo';aHkkoh gksx;kA bl çdkj Li"V gS fd dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk1885 ds igys ds dqN o"kksZa ls ns'k esa py jgsjktuhfrd fØ;kdyki vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa dhLokHkkfod ifj.kfr FkhA
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dkJs; ,d lsokfuo`r vaxzst ç'kkld ,úvksú áwedks tkrk gSA mUgksaus çeq[k Hkkjrh; usrkvksa lslEidZ fd;k vkSj muds lgk;ksx ls fnlEcj1885 esa cEcbZ esa Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl ds igysvfèkos'ku dk vk;kstu fd;kA bldh vè;{krkMCY;wúlhú cuthZ us dh rFkk blesa 72 çfrfufèk'kkfey FksA okLro esa dkaxszl 'kCn mÙkjhvesfjdk ds bfrgkl ls fy;k x;k gS ftldkvFkZ gS yksxksa dk lewg*A dkaxzsl dk xBu lalndh rjg gqvk Fkk ftldh l=k dh dk;Zokghyksdrkaf=kd <ax ij vkèkkfjr FkhA
jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds mís'; bl çdkj ?kksf"krfd, x;s& ^ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds jk"Vªoknh
Øe la[;k o " k Z L F k k u vè;{ k dqN egRoiw.kZvfèkos'ku dh fo'k s"krk
mUrhloka 1913 djkph lS;n eqgEen cgknqjrhloka 1914 enzkl HkwisUnz ukFk ckslbdrhloka 1915 cEcbZ lR;sUnz çlUu flagcÙkhloka 1916 y[kumQ vfEcdk pj.k etwenkj dkaxzsl vkSj eqfLye yhx ds
eè; le>kSrk (y[kumQle>kSrk)] uje vkSj xje nyiqu% ,d gq,
rSarhloka 1917 dydÙkk ,suh clsaV çFke efgyk vè;{kpkSarhloka 1918 cEcbZ lS;n glu beke fo'ks"k vfèkos'ku ^^ ^^ fnYyh enueksgu ekyoh; fu;fer vfèkos'ku] ,l- ,u-
cuthZ lfgr vusd ujeiafFk;ksadk bLrhiQk
iSarhloka 1919 ve`rlj eksrhyky usg:NÙkhloka 1920 dydÙkk ykyk yktirjk; fo'ks"k vfèkos'ku] lg;ksx
vlg;ksx çLrko xkaèkhth }kjkj[kk x;k
^^ ^^ ukxiqj lh- fot;jk?kokpkjh dkaxzsl ds lafoèkku esa ifjorZu]15 lnL;h; dk;Zdkfj.kh dkxBu] fryd LojkT; iQaM dhLFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk
lSarhloka 1921 vgenkckn gdhe vtey [kka lh- vkj- nkl dk(dk;Zdkjh) pquko vè;{k in ds fy,
ijUrq muds tsy esa gksus dsdkj.k gdhe vtey [kka usvè;{krk dh
vM+rhloka 1922 x;k lh- vkj- nkl Lojkt ikVhZ dh LFkkiukmUrkyhloka 1923 fnYyh vcqy dyke vktkn fo'ks"k vfèkos'ku] lcls de
mez ds dkaxzsl vè;{k ^^ ^^ dkdhukMk ekSykuk eksgEen vyh Lojkt ikVhZ dks ifj"kn pqukoksa
esa Hkkx ysus dh vuqefr]vf[ky Hkkjrh; [kknh cksMZ dhLFkkiuk dk fu.kZ;] fu;fervfèkos'ku
pkyhloka 1924 csyxkao egkRek xkaèkh çFke o vafre ckj dkaxzslvè;{k cusA
bDrkyhloka 1925 dkuiqj ljksftuh uk;Mw çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk dkaxzslvè;{kk
c;kyhloka 1926 xqokgVh Jhfuokl vÕ;j dkaxzsl dk;ZdrkZ ds fy, [kíjiguk vfuok;Z
rSarkyhloka 1927 enzkl ,e- ,- valkjh lkbeu vk;ksx ds fy, fojksèkdk fu.kZ;] blesa xkaèkh us fgLlkugha fy;k] igyh ckj Lora=krkçLrko ikfjr
pkSokyhloka 1928 dydÙkk eksrhyky usg: çFke vf[ky Hkkjrh; ;qokdkaxzsl] usg: fjiksVZ çLrqr
iSarkyhloka 1929 ykgkSj tokgj yky usg: iw.kZ LojkT; dk çLrko ikfjrfN;kyhloka 1931 djkph cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy ekSfyd vfèkdkj rFkk jk"Vªh;
vkfFkZd dk;ZØe ls laca¼çLrko ikfjr
lSarkyhloka 1932 fnYyh vkj- Mh- ve`rykyvM+rkyhlok 1933 dydÙkk Jhefr ufyuh lsu xqIrkmUpkloka 1934 cEcbZ MkW- jktsUnz çlkn dkaxzsl lektoknh ny dh
LFkkiuk
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 32
jktuhfrd dk;ZdÙkkZvksa ds chp eS=khiw.kZ lacaèkfodflr djuk] tkfr] èkeZ] çkar dk Hksn fd, fcukjk"Vªh; ,drk dh Hkkouk dks fodflr rFkk etcwrdjuk] tufç; ekaxksa dk fu:i.k rFkk mUgsa ljdkjds lkeus j[kuk] vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ ;g fd ns'kesa tuer dks çf'kf{kr vkSj laxfBr djukA**
dgk tkrk gS fd dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ds ihNsáwe dk çeq[k mís'; f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa esa c<+ jgsvlarks"k dh lqjf{kr fudklh ds fy, ,d lsÝVhokWYc* cukuk FkkA os vlarq"V jk"Vªoknh f'kf{kroxksZa rFkk vlarq"V fdlku turk ds vkilh esydks jksduk pkgrs FksA feFkd ;g gS fd áwe vkSjmuds lkfFk;ksa us vaxzst ljdkj ds b'kkjs ij ghHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk Hkh FkhArRdkyhu ok;ljk; ykMZ MiQfju ds funsZ'k]ekxZn'kZu vkSj lykg ij gh áwe us bl laxBudks tUe fn;k Fkk rkfd ml le; Hkkjrh; turk esa iuirs&c<+rs vlarks"kdks fgalk ds Tokykeq[kh ds :i esa iwQVus ls jksdk tk lds vkSj ^vlarks"kdh vfXu** dks fcuk fdlh [krjs ds ckgj fudyus ds fy, lqjf{kr] lkSE;]'kkafriw.kZ vkSj laoSèkkfud fudkl ;k lqj{kk okWYc* miyCèk djk;k tk ldsA;kuh bl feFkd dk lkj la{ksi ;g gS fd ml le; ,d fgald ØkfUrnLrd ns jgh Fkh] tks dkaxszl dh LFkkiuk ds dkj.k Vy x;hA Hkkjrh; bfrgklds T;knkrj ys[kdksa us ;g ckr Lohdkj dh gSA blh fu"d"kZ ds dkj.kmnkjoknh ys[kd dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dks lgh dne crkrs gSa] rks çxfr'khybldk bLrseky ;g lkfcr djus ds fy, djrs gS afd dkaxzsl vxjlkezkT;okn ds çfr fu"Bkoku ugha jgh rks Hkh de ls de og le>kSrkoknhrks jgh gSA tcfd nf{k.kiafFk;ksa }kjk bldk bLrseky ;g fl¼ djus dsfy, fd;k tkrk jgk gS fd dkaxzsl 'kq: ls gh xSj&jk"Vªoknh jgh gSaA ;slHkh yksx ,d ckr ij lger gS] og ;g fd dkaxzsl dk tUe ftl rjhdsls gqvk] ml rjhds us blds cqfu;knh pfj=k vkSj Hkfo"; esa blds dk;ksZaij fu.kkZ;d çHkko MkykA
1916 esa ;ax bf.M;k* esa çdkf'kr vius ys[k esa xjeiaFkh usrk ykykyktir jk; us lqj{kk oWkYc* dh bl ifjdYiuk dk bLrseky dkaxzsl dsujeiaFkh i{k ij çgku djus ds fy, fd;k FkkA lqj{kk oWkYc ij yEchcgl djrs gq, vius ys[k esa mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd]^^dkaxzsl ykMZ MiQfjuds fnekx dh mit gSA** blds ckn vkxs fy[kk Fkk fd ^dkaxzsl dh LFkkiukdk mís'; jktuhfrd vktknh gkfly djus ls dgha T;knk ;g Fkk fd mlle; fczfV'k 'kklu ij vklUu [krjksa ls mls cpk;k tk ldsA** bldsdjhc 20&25 o"kZ ckn jtuh ike nÙk us rks lqj{kk okWYc ds feFkd dksokeiaFkh fopkjèkkjk ds dPpseky ds :i esa gh LFkkfir dj fn;k rFkk dkaxzslds nksgjs pfj=k ij fVIi.kh dhA blds igys 1939 esa gh jk"Vªh; Lo;alsodla?k ds lj la?k pkyd ,eú,lú xksyoydj us Hkh dkaxzsl dh èkeZfujis{krkds dkj.k mls xSj jk"Vªoknh Bgjkus ds fy, lqj{kk okYc dh bl ifjdYiukdk bLrseky fd;k FkkA
lqj{kk okYc dh bl ifjdYiuk dks ,sfrgkfld lk{; cuk nsus esa lkr[kaMksa okyh ml xksiuh; fjiksVZ dh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk jgh ftlds ckjs esaáwe dk dguk Fkk fd 1878 dh xfeZ;ksa esa f'keyk esa mUgksausa bls i<+k FkkvkSj bls i<+us ds ckn mUgsa bldk iDdk ;dhu gks x;k fd Hkkjr esa vlarks"kmcy jgk gS vkSj ,d cM+h lkft'k jph tk jgh gSA fupys rcds ds yksxfczfV'k 'kklu dks fgalk ds }kjk m[kkM+ isaQdus okys gSaA bl lkr [kaMksa dh
Øe la[;k o " k Z L F k k u vè;{ k dqN egRoiw.kZ vfèkos'kudh fo'k s"krk
ipkloka 1936 y[kumQ tokgj yky usg:bD;koukoka 1937 iSQtiqj tokgj yky usg: igyk vfèkos'ku tks xkao esa
gqvk] dkaxzsl us vxys pqukoesa fgLlk ysus dk fu.kZ; fd;k
ckouoka 1938 gfjiqjk lqHkk"kpUnz ckslfrjiuoka 1939 f=kiqjh lqHkk"kpUnz cksl xkaèkhth ds fujarj fojksèk ds
dkj.k lqHkk"k pUnz cksl dkbLrhiQk] jktsUnz çlkn 'ks"kvofèk ds fy, vè;{k] cksl}kjk ^iQkjoMZ Cykd* dhLFkkiuk
pkSouoka 1940 jkex<+ ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktknipiuoka 1946 esjB ts- ch- d`iykuh Lora=krk çkfIr ds le; vè;{kNIiuoka 1948 t;iqj iêðkfHk lhrkjeSÕ;k
Lora=krk vkanksyu ls lacafèkr iqLrdsaLora=krk vkanksyu ls lacafèkr iqLrdsaLora=krk vkanksyu ls lacafèkr iqLrdsaLora=krk vkanksyu ls lacafèkr iqLrdsaLora=krk vkanksyu ls lacafèkr iqLrdsaiqLrd ys[kd
1- cansekrje vjfoan ?kks"k2- U;w ySEIl iQWkj vksYM vjfoan ?kks"k3- Hkokuh eafnj vjfoan ?kks"k4- fgUn Lojkt egkRek xkaèkh5- xksjk jfoUnzukFk VSxksj6- ?ksj ck;js jfoUnzukFk VSxksj7- Hkkjr ,d [kkst tokgj yky usg:8- ,slst bu bafM;u bdkWuksfeDl egknso xksfoUn jkukMs9- jkbt vkWiQ n ejkBk ikoj egknso xksfoUn jkukMs10- vkdZfVd gkse vkiQ fn csnkt cky xaxkèkj fryd11- xhrk jgL; cky xaxkèkj fryd12- ikoVhZ ,.M vufczfV'k :y nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
bu bafM;k13- oh ,e- ,l- xksyoydj14- nqxsZ'k uafnuh caafde pUnz pVthZ15- cax n'kZu cafde pUnz pVthZ16- vkuan eB cafde pUnz pVthZ17- bafM;k bu Vªkaft'ku ,e- ,u- jk;18- bdksukfed fgLVªh vkWiQ vkj- lh- nÙk
fczfV'k bafM;k19- n bafM;u LVªxy lqHkk"kpUnz cksl20- bafM;u eqlyekUl gaVj21- x.knsork rkjk'kadj ca|ksikè;k;22- fiQykLiQh vkWiQ n cEc Hkxorhpj.k cksgjk23- OgkbZ lks'kfyTe t;çdk'k ukjk;.k24- xkaèkh olsZt ysfuu ,l- ,- Mkaxs25- çkCye vkWiQ n bZLV ykMZ dtZu26- uhy ni.kZ nhucaèkq fe=k27- bafM;k VqMs vkj- ih- nÙk28- bafM;k ohUl çQhMe vcqy dyke vktkn29- Bkdqjekj >ksyh Mh- ,e- etwenkj30- bafM;k vujsLV osysUVkbu f'kjksy
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 33
xksiuh; fjiksVZ dh ppkZ loZçFke osMjouZ }kjk fyf[kr áwe dh thouhesa gqbZ Fkh tks 1913 esa çdkf'kr gqbZA bl xksiuh; fjiksVZ dh mRifr dgk¡ls gqbZ] ;g áwe rd dSls igq¡ph rFkk blds lR; gksus dh D;k laHkkoukgS vkfn rF;ksa ij vHkh Hkh 'kksèk tkjh gSA
dqy feykdj ;g ^lsÝVh oWkYc** dk fl¼kUr lPpkbZ dk cgqr NksVkva'k gS vkSj ;g iwjh rjg vi;kZIr vkSj Hkzked gSA jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl] lclsc<+dj jktuhfrd psruk çkIr Hkkjrh;ksa dh bl vkdka{kk dk çfrfufèkRodjrh Fkh fd mudh vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd çxfr ds fy, dk;Zjr ,diw.kZdkfyd jk"Vªh; laxBu cuk;k tk;A ge igys gh ns[k pqds gSa fd dqNtcnZLr 'kfDr;ksa ds dk;Zjr gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k esa jk"Vªh; vkUnksyuigys ls gh iSQy jgk FkkA bl vkUnksyu ds tUe ds fy, fdlh ,d O;fDr;k dqNsd O;fDr;ksa dks Js; ugha fn;k tk ldrkA áwe ds vius mís';Hkh feys tqys FksA os lsÝVh okWYo cukus ds fopkj ls dgha vfèkd Js"Bfopkjksa ls çsfjr FksA os Hkkjr rFkk mlds xjhc fdlkuksa ls lpeqp I;kjdjrs FksA dqN Hkh gks] jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dks tUe nsus esa ftu Hkkjrh; usrkvksaus áwe ls lg;ksx fd;k os m¡Qps pfj=k okys ns'kHkDr yksx FksA mUgksaustkucw>dj áwe dh lgk;rk blfy, dh Fkh fd os jktuhfrd dk;Zdykiksads vkjaHk esa gh vius ç;klksa ds çfr ljdkj dh 'k=kqrk eksy ugha ysukpkgrs FksA mUgsa vk'kk Fkh fd ,d lsokfuoÙk ç'kkld dh mifLFkfrvfèkdkfj;ksa dh vk'kadkvksa dk lekèkku djsxhA vxj áwe dkaxzsl dkmi;ksx ,d lsÝVh&okWYc* ds :i esa djuk pkgrs Fks rks dkaxzsl ds vkjafHkdusrkvksa dks vk'kk Fkh fd os g;we dk mi;ksx ,d ^rfM+r pkyd** ds:i esa dj ldsaxsA
bl rjg 1885 esa jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk NksVs iSekusij ysfdu laxfBr :i esa fons'kh 'kklu ls Hkkjr dh eqfDr dk la?k"kZ vkjaHkgks x;kA vkjaHk ls gh dkaxzsl us ,d ikVhZ ugha] cfYd vkUnksyu dk dkefd;kA 1886 esa dkaxzsl ds 436 çfrfufèk fofHkUu LFkkuh; laxBuksa rFkklewgksa }kjk pqus x;s FksA blds ckn dkaxzsl gj o"kZ fnlEcj esa vkSj gjckj ns'k ds ,d u, Hkkx esa vius vfèkos'ku djrh jghA tYn gh bldsçfrfufèk;ksa dh la[;k c<+dj gtkjksa esa igq¡p x;hA blds çfrfufèk;ksa esavfèkdka'k yksx odhy] i=kdkj] O;kikjh] m|ksxifr] vè;kid vkSj tehankjgksrs FksA 1890 esa dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; dh igyh efgyk Lukrd dknafcuhxkaxqyh us dkaxzsl ds vfèkos'ku dks lacksfèkr fd;kA ;g bl ckr dk çrhdFkk fd Hkkjr dk Lokèkhurk laxzke fL=k;ksa dks ml ifrr voLFkk ls mckjsxkftlesa os lfn;ksa ds dkyØe esa igq¡pk nh x;h FkhA
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dksbZ ,d èkkjk ugha Fkh ftlesa jk"Vªokn ghugh] vkxs c<+hA çkarh; lEesyu vkSj LFkkuh; lfefr;ksa vkSj jk"Vªoknhlekpkj i=k Hkh c<+rs gq, jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu ds çeq[k mn~?kks"kd FksA[kkldj çsl jk"Vªoknh fopkjksa rFkk jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu dks iSQykus dk çeq[klkèku cu x;k FkkA
dkaxzsl dk ujeiaFkh pj.kdkaxzsl dk ujeiaFkh pj.kdkaxzsl dk ujeiaFkh pj.kdkaxzsl dk ujeiaFkh pj.kdkaxzsl dk ujeiaFkh pj.k1905 rd Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ij mu yksxksa dk opZLo Fkk
ftudks çk;% ujeiaFkh jk"Vªoknh dgk tkrk gSA bl ;qx esa nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth]fiQjkst'kkg esgrk] nhu'kk okpk] okses'k pUnz cuthZ vkSj lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZtSls usrk dkaxzsl dh jktuhfr ij Nk, gq, Fks vkSj os yksx mnkjoknh rFkkifjfer jktuhfr (Moderate politics) esa fo'okl djrs FksA
^^dkuwu dh lhek esa jgdj laoSèkkfud vkanksyu rFkk èkhjs&èkhjsO;ofLFkr <ax ls jktuhfrd çxfr]** bu 'kCnksa esa ujeiafFk;ksa dh jktuhfrd
i¼fr dks la{ksi esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ;fn tuerdks mHkkjk vkSj laxfBr fd;k tk;s vkSj çkFkZuki=kksa] lHkkvksa] çLrkoksa rFkkHkk"k.kksa ds }kjk vfèkdkfj;ksa rd turk dh ek¡xksa dks igq¡pk;k tk;s rks osèkhjs&èkhjs ,d&,d djds bu ek¡xksa dks iwjk djsaxsA
blfy, muds jktuhfrd dk;Z dh nks fn'kk,a FkhA çFke] Hkkjr dhturk esa jktuhfrd psruk rFkk jk"Vªh; Hkkouk txkus ds fy, ,d 'kfDr'kkyhtuer rS;kj djuk rFkk turk dks jktuhfrd ç'uksa ij f'kf{kr rFkk,drkc¼ djukA jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds çLrko rFkk çkFkZuk i=k Hkh ewyr% blhy{; }kjk funsZf'kr FksA gkykafd ns[kus esa rks muds Lej.k i=k vkSj çkFkZuki=k ljdkj dks lacksfèkr Fks] exj mudk okLrfod mís'; Hkkjrh; turkdks f'kf{kr djuk FkkA nwljs] vkjafHkd jk"Vªoknh fczfV'k ljdkj rFkk fczfV'ktuer dks çHkkfor djuk pkgrs Fks rkfd ftl çdkj ds lqèkkj jk"Vªokfn;ksa}kjk lq>k, x;s Fks mudks ykxw fd;k tk;sA ujeiaFkh jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk fopkjFkk fd fczfV'k turk vkSj laln Hkkjr ds lkFk U;k; rks djuk pkgrh Fkh]exj mUgsa ;gk¡ dh okLrfod fLFkfr dh tkudkjh ugha FkhA blfy, Hkkjrh;tuer dks f'kf{kr djus ds lkFk&lkFk ujeiaFkh jk"Vªoknh fczfV'k tuerdks Hkh f'kf{kr djus ds ç;kl dj jgs FksA bl mís'; ls mUgksaus fczVsu esatedj çpkj dk;Z fd;kA Hkkjrh; i{k dks lkeus j[kus ds fy, çeq[kHkkjrh;ksa ds ny dks fczVsu Hkstk x;kA 1889 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh,d fczfV'k lfefr cukbZ x;hA bl lfefr us 1890 esa ^bafM;k** uked,d if=kdk Hkh fudkyuh çkjaHk dhA nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth us vius thou rFkkvk; dk ,d cM+k fgLlk baXySM esa jgdj ogk¡ dh turk esa Hkkjr dhek¡xksa dk çpkj djus esa yxk fn;kA ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fy;k x;k Fkk fd bf.M;uus'kuy dkaxzsl dk vfèkos'ku 1892 esa yUnu esa fd;k tk;s ijUrq 1891esa vaxzsth pquko gksus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ] vr,o ekeyk LFkkfxr dj fn;kx;k vkSj fiQj dHkh ugha mBk;k x;kA
oLrqr% ledkyhu dkaxzslh fo'okl djrs Fks fd vaxzst U;k;fç; yksxgSa vkSj os Hkkjr ls U;k; gh djsaxsA mUgsa iw.kZ fo'okl Fkk fd vaxzsth 'kkluHkkjr ds fgr esa gS] vr,o os yksx vaxzsth ljdkj dks 'k=kq ugha viukfe=k le>rs FksA os vk'kk djrs Fks fd dkykarj esa vaxzst mUgsa viuh ijEijkvksads vuqlkj Lo'kklu djus esa ;ksX; cuk nsaxsA os ;g le>rs Fks fd Hkkjrdh mUufr esa ckèkk vaxzsth mifuos'koknh uhfr ugha vfirq Hkkjrh;ksa dklekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu gS ;k çfrfØ;koknh ukSdj'kkghA 1866esa nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth us dkaxzsl ds vè;{k in ls Hkk"k.k nsrs gq, vaxzsthjkT; ds yksxksa dk lfoLrkj o.kZu fd;k rks 1898 esa vè;{k in ls vkuaneksgu cksl us dgk fd] ^f'kf{kr Hkkjrh; baXySM dk 'k=kq ugha] vfirq mldslEeq[k cM+s dk;Z esa mldk çkd`frd vkSj vko';d lg;ksxh gSA** ysfduckn esa tc mUgksaus fczfV'k 'kklu dh cqjkb;ksa rFkk lqèkkj dh jk"Vªoknh ek¡xksadks Lohdkj djus esa ljdkj dh vliQyrk dks le>k rks muesa ls vusdus fczfV'k 'kklu ds çfr oiQknkjh dh dle [kkuk can djds Hkkjr ds
31- çkP; vkSj ik'pkR; Lokeh foosdkuan32- fucaèkekyk fo".kqd`".k fpiyqadj33- xkS d:.kkfufèk Lokeh n;kuan34- ysVlZ çQkWe jfl;k johUnz ukFk VSxksj35- fonj bafM;k tokgj yky usg:36- lksfo;r ,f'k;k tokgj yky usg:37- ikFksj nkoh vouhUnz ukFk VSxksj38- fgLVªh vkiWQ fgUnw dSfeLVªh ih- lh- jk;39- ihtsaVªh vkWiQ caxky vkj- lh- nÙk
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 34
fy, Lo'kklu dh ek¡x mBkuk çkjaHk dj fn;kA blds vykok muesa ls vusdblfy, ujeiaFkh Fks D;ksafd os le>rs Fks fd fons'kh 'kkldksa dks [kqydjpqukSrh nsus dk le; vHkh ugha vk;k gSA
dk;ZØe vkSj dk;Zdykidk;ZØe vkSj dk;Zdykidk;ZØe vkSj dk;Zdykidk;ZØe vkSj dk;Zdykidk;ZØe vkSj dk;ZdykivkjaHk ds jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd ns'k dh jktuhfrd
eqfDr ds fy, lhèkh yM+kbZ yM+uk vHkh O;ogkfjd ugha gSA tks dqNO;ogkfjd Fkk og ;g Fkk fd jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks txk;k rFkk etcwr fd;ktk;s] cM+h la[;k esa Hkkjrh; turk dks jk"Vªoknh jktuhfr dh èkkjk esa yk;ktk;s vkSj jktuhfrd vkUnksyu ds fy, mUgsa f'kf{kr fd;k tk;A bl lacaèkesa igyk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z jktuhfrd ç'uksa esa turk dh :fp fodflr djukrFkk ns'k esa tuer dk laxBu djuk FkkA nwljs jk"Vªh; Lrj ij yksdfç;ek¡xksa dk fu:i.k fd;k tkuk Fkk rkfd mHkjrs gq, tuer dks ,d vf[kyHkkjrh; LokLF; fey ldsA lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g Fkh fd igys igyjktuhfrd psruk çkIr Hkkjrh;ksa rFkk jktuhfrd dk;ZdÙkkZvksa vkSj usrkvksaesa jk"Vªh; ,drk iSnk dh tk;A
vkjafHkd jk"Vªh; usrk bl ckr dks vPNh rjg le>rs Fks fd HkkjrvHkh gky esa ,d jk"Vª cuus dh çfØ;k esa igq¡pk gS_ nwljs 'kCnksa esa HkkjrvHkh ,d uoksfnr jk"Vª FkkA Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; LokLF; dks cgqr lkoèkkuhls fu[kkjus dh t:jr FkhA Hkkjrh;ksa dks cgqr gksf'k;kjh ls ,d jk"Vª ds:i esa laxfBr fd;k tkuk FkkA jktuhfrd psruk çkIr Hkkjrh;ksa dks {ks=k]tkfr ;k èkeZ ds Hksnksa ls mQij mBdj jk"Vªh; ,drk dh Hkkouk dks fodflrvkSj etcwr djus ds fy, yxkrkj mBdj dke djuk iM+ jgk FkkA vkjafHkdjk"Vªokfn;ksa us viuh jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd ek¡xksa dk fuèkkZj.k bl ckrdks n`f"V esa j[kdj fd;k fd Hkkjrh; turk dks ,d lk>s vkfFkZd jktuhfrddk;ZØe ds vkèkkj ij laxfBr djuk gSA
1- lkezkT;okn dh vFkZ'kkL=kh; vkykspuk % lkezkT;okn dhvFkZ'kkL=kh; vkykspuk vkjafHkd jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk laHkor% lcls egRoiw.kZjktuhfrd dk;Z FkkA mUgksaus rRdkyhu vkSifuosf'kd vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ds lHkhrhuksa :iksa] vFkkZr~ O;kikj] m|ksx rFkk foÙk ds }kjk 'kks"k.k ij è;ku fn;kAmUgksaus vPNh rjg le>k fd fczVsu ds vkfFkZd lkezkT;okn dk ewy rRoHkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fczfV'k vFkZO;oLFkk ds vèkhu cukuk FkkA Hkkjresa ,d vkSifuosf'kd vFkZO;oLFkk ds ewy rRoksa dks fodflr djus ds fczfV'kç;klksa dk mUgksaus rh[kk fojksèk fd;kA ;s rRo Fks&dPpk eky iSnk djusokys ns'k] fczfV'k m|ksxksa esa rS;kj eky ds fy, eaMh rFkk fons'kh iw¡thds fuos'k ds {ks=k ds :i esa Hkkjr dk :ikarj.kA mUgksaus vkSifuosf'kd <k¡psij vkèkkfjr ljdkj dh yxHkx lHkh egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds f[kykiQ,d 'kfDr'kkyh vkUnksyu [kM+k fd;kA
vkjafHkd jk"Vªoknh Hkkjr dh c<+rh xjhch rFkk vkfFkZd fiNM+siu vkSj;gk¡ rd fd vkèkqfud m|ksx&èkaèkksa rFkk d`f"k ds fodkl dh vliQyrkdks ysdj nq%[kh FksA mUgksaus vaxzstksa }kjk Hkkjr ds 'kks"k.k dks blds fy,ftEesnkj Bgjk;kA nknk HkkbZ ukSjkssth us 1881 esa gh dgk Fkk fd fczfV'k'kklu ^^,d LFkk;h rFkk yxkrkj c<+rk gqvk fons'kh vkØe.k gS tksèkhjs&èkhjs lgh exj iwjh rjg ns'k dks u"V dj jgk gSA** Hkkjr ds ijEijkxrgLr m|ksxksa dks u"V djus rFkk vkèkqfud m|ksxksa ds fodkl esa ckèkk Mkyusds fy, ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dh jk"Vªokfn;ksa us vkykspuk dhA muesa vfèkdka'kus Hkkjrh; jsyos] cxkuksa] rFkk m|ksxksa esa fons'kh iw¡th ds Hkkjh fuos'k dkfojksèk fd;kA mudk rdZ ;g Fkk fd blls Hkkjrh; iw¡thifr;ksa dk mRihM+ugksxk vkSj Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ij fczVsu dk
ncnck vkSj etcwr gksxkA mUgsa fo'okl Fkk fd fons'kh iw¡th ds fuos'k lsekStwnk ih<+h gh ugha] cfYd Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, Hkh xaHkhj vkfFkZd vkSjjktuhfrd [krjs iSnk gksaxsA mUgksaus crk;k fd Hkkjr dh fuèkZurk dks nwjdjus dk çeq[k mik; vkèkqfud m|ksxksa dk rhoz fodkl gSA os pkgrs Fksfd ljdkj pqaxh }kjk laj{k.k rFkk çR;{k vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsdj vkèkqfudm|ksxksa dks çksRlkgu nsA Hkkjrh; m|ksx dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, mUgksaus Lons'kh]vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh; ekyksa ds mi;ksx rFkk fczfV'k ekyksa ds cfg"dkj ds fopkjdks çksRlkfgr fd;kA mnkgj.k ds fy, 1896 esa ,d O;kid Lons'kh dk;ZØeds vax ds :i esa iwuk rFkk egkjk"Vª ds nwljs uxjksa esa fons'kh oL=kksa dh[kqysvke gksyh tykbZ x;h
jk"Vªokfn;ksa dks f'kdk;r Fkh fd Hkkjr dh nkSyr baXySaM ys tkbZ tkjgh gS vkSj mUgksaus bl nksgu dks jksdus dh ek¡x dhA fdlkuksa ij djksa dkcks> de djus ds fy, mUgksaus tehu dh ekyxqtkjh ?kVkus ds loky ijfujarj vkUnksyu pyk;kA buesa ls dqN us ml v¼Z Lokeah d`f"k lacaèkksa dhHkh vkykspuk dh ftudks vaxzst cuk, j[kuk pkgrs FksA cxku etnwjksa dsdke dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lqèkkj ds fy, jk"Vªokfn;ksa us vkUnksyu fd,A mUgksausHkkjh djksa dks Hkkjr dh xjhch dk ,d dkj.k crk;k vkSj ued dj [kRedjus rFkk tehu dh ekyxqtkjh ?kVkus dh ek¡x dhA mUgksaus Hkkjr ljdkjds Hkkjh iQkSth [kpZ dh fuUnk dh rFkk bls ?kVkus dh ek¡x dhA le; xqtjusds lkFk&lkFk vfèkdkfèkd jk"Vªoknh bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs x;s fd fons'khlkezkT;okn }kjk ns'k dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k] mls fuèkZu cukuk rFkk mldsvkfFkZd fiNM+siu dh cuk, j[kuk] ;s ,slh ckrs Fkha tks fons'kh 'kklu dsdqN ykHkdkjh igyqvksa ij ikuh isQj nsrh FkhA
vkfFkZd ç'uksa ij jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu ds dkj.k vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrjij ;g fopkj iSQyk fd fczfV'k 'kklu Hkkjr ds 'kks"k.k ij vkèkkfjr gS]Hkkjr dks xjhc cuk jgk gS rFkk vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu vkSj vaèkfo'okl iSnkdj jgk gSA fczfV'k 'kklu ls ijks{k <ax ls tks Hkh ykHk gq, gksa] muds eqdkcysgkfu;k¡ cgqr vfèkd FkhaA
2- laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa dh ek¡x % jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk vkjaHk ls gh;g fo'okl Fkk fd Hkkjr esa varr% yksdrkaf=kd Lo'kklu ykxw gksuk pkfg,Aysfdu mUgksaus bl y{; dks rqjUr çkIr fd, tkus dh ek¡x ugha dhA mudhrRdkfyd ek¡xs vR;ar lkèkkj.k FkhA os ,d ,d dne mBkdj Lokèkhurkdh eafty rd igq¡puk pkgrs FksA os bl ckr ls lkoèkku Hkh Fks fd dghaljdkj mudh xfrfofèk;ksa dks dqpy u nsA mUgksaus 1885 ls 1892 rdfoèkk;h ifj"knksa ds çlkj vkSj lqèkkj dh gh ek¡xsa mBkbZA
mUgha ds vkUnksyuksa ds ncko ls ljdkj dks 1892 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kndkuwu ikl djuk iM+kA bl dkuwu }kjk 'kkgh foèkk;h ifj"kn rFkk çkarh;ifj"knksa esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<+k nh x;hA buesa ls dqN lnL;ksa dks Hkkjrh;vçR;{k pquko }kjk pqu ldrs Fks] exj cgqer ljdkjh lnL;ksa dk ghjgrkA jk"Vªoknh 1892 ds lqèkkj ls iwjh rjg vlarq"V Fks rFkk mUgksaus mlsetkd cryk;kA
mUgksaus ifj"knksa esa Hkkjrh; lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<+kus rFkk mUgsa vfèkdvfèkdkj fn, tkus dh ekax mBkbZA [kkl rkSj ij mUgksaus lkoZtfud èkuij Hkkjrh;ksa ds fu;a=k.k dh ekax dh rFkk og uke fn;k tks blls igysvejhdh turk us vius Lokèkhurk ;q¼ ds nkSjku yxk;k FkkA og ukjk Fkk^^çfrfufèkRo ugha rks dj Hkh ugh** ij lkFk gh lkFk os vius yksdrkaf=kdekaxksa ds vkèkkj dks O;kid cukus esa vliQy jgs] mUgksaus turk ;k fL=k;ksads fy, erkfèkdkj dh ek¡x ugha dhA chloha lnh ds vkjaHk rd jk"Vªoknhusrk vkSj vkxs c<+ pqds Fks vkSj mUgksaus vkLVsªfy;k vkSj dukMk tSls Lo'kkflrmifuos'kksa dh rtZ ij fczfV'k lkezkT; ds vUnj jgdj gh Lo'kklu
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 35
(LojkT;) dk nkok is'k fd;kA dkaxzsl ds eap ls bl ekax dks 1905 esaxks[kys vkSj 1906 esa nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth us mBk;kA
3- ç'kkldh; lqèkkjksa dh ekax % vkjafHkd jk"Vªoknh O;fDroknhç'kkldh; iSQlyksa ds fuHkhZd vkykspd FksA mUgksaus Hkz"Vkpkj] fudEekiuvkSj neu ls xzLr 'kklu ç.kkyh ds lqèkkj ds fy, vFkd ç;kl fd,Atks lcls egRoiw.kZ ç'kkldh; lqèkkj os pkgrs Fks] og ;g Fkk fd ç'kkldh;lsokvksa ds mPprj inksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.k gksA mUgksaus vkfFkZd] jktuhfrdvkSj uSfrd vkèkkj ij ;g ekax mBkbZA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls mPprj inksa ij;wjksih; ,dkfèkdkj nks dkj.kksa ls gkfudkjd Fkk&
(1) ;wjksih; yksxksa dks cgqr m¡Qps osru fn, tkrs Fks vkSj blls Hkkjrdk ç'kklu cgqr [kphZyk gks tkrk Fkk] tcfd leku ;ksX;rk okys Hkkjrh;ksadks de osru ij j[kk tk ldrk FkkA
(2) ;wjksih; yksx vius osru dk ,d cM+k Hkkx Hkkjr ds ckgj Hkstnsrs Fks vkSj mudks isa'ku Hkh baXySaM esa fn;k tkrk FkkA blls Hkkjr dh laifÙkdk nksgu vkSj c<+rk FkkA
(3) jktuhfrd n`f"V ls jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk er Fkk fd bu lsokvksa dkHkkjrh;dj.k djus ij ç'kklu Hkkjr dh vko';drkvksa ds çfr ltx gksrkAmudk ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjrh; ç'kkldksa dks Hkkjrh; leL;kvksa dk vfèkdKku gksus ds dkj.k os csgrj ç'kkld gks ldrs FksA
uSfrd n`f"V ls jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjr dk ç'kkluHkkjrokfl;ksa ds }kjk gh pyk;k tk;AvU;Fkk mudh ç'kkldh; vkSj lSfud;ksX;rk,a mi;ksx ds fcuk èkhjs&èkhjs u"V gks tk;saxh vkSj os vius gh ns'kesa ek=k etnwj cudj jg tk;saxsA
(4)U;kf;d lqèkkj dh ekax % jk"Vªokfn;ksa dh ekax Fkh fdU;kf;d vfèkdkjksa dks dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjksa ls vyx fd;k tk; rkfd iqfylvkSj ukSdj'kkgh ds euekus vR;kpkjksa ls turk dks dqN lqj{kk feysA mUgksausturk ds lkFk iqfyl vkSj nwljs ljdkjh veyksa ds neudkjh vkSj fujadq'kO;ogkj ds f[kykiQ vkUnksyu fd,A mUgksaus dkuwuh çfØ;k esa yxus okyhnsjh rFkk U;k; O;oLFkk ds m¡Qps [kpZ dh vkykspuk dhA
(5)ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk dh ekax % vkjaHk esa ghjktuhfrd psruk çkIr Hkkjrh; yksdra=k gh ugha] cfYd Hkk"k.k] çsl] fopkjrFkk laxBu dh Lora=krk tSls vkèkqfud ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa ds çfr Hkhvkdf"kZr FksA tc Hkh ljdkj bu ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dks lhfer djus dkç;kl djrh] os tedj mudk fojksèk djrsA ;gh og dky Fkk ftlesajk"Vªoknh jktuhfrd dk;Z ds iQyLo:i vke rkSj ij iwjh Hkkjrh; turkrFkk [kklrkSj ij f'kf{kr oxksZa esa yksdrkaf=kd fopkj viuh tM+as tekus yxsA
okLro esa yksdrkaf=kd Lora=krk dk la?k"kZ Lokèkhurk ds fy, jk"Vªh;
la?k"kZ dk vfHkUu vax cu x;kA 1897 esa cEcbZ dh ljdkj us fryd rFkk
nwljs dbZ usrkvksa rFkk lekpkj i=kksa ds lEikndksa dks ljdkj ds f[kykiQ
vlarks"k HkM+dkus ds fy, fxjÝrkj dj fy;k vkSj mu ij eqdnek pyk;kA
mudks yEch dSn dh ltk;sa nh x;hA blh ds lkFk iwuk ds nks ukVq Hkkb;ksa
dks fcuk fdlh eqdnes ds v.Meku Hkst fn;k x;kA turk dh Lora=krkij bl geys dk iwjs ns'k esa fojksèk gqvkA blh ?kVuk us fryd dks vf[kyHkkjrh; usrk cuk fn;kA
(6)ljdkj dh fons'k uhfr dh vkykspuk % jktuhfrd psrukçkIr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokfn;ksa us Hkkjr ds iM+kslh ns'kksa ds çfr ljdkj dhvkØked fons'kh uhfr dk fojksèk fd;kA mUgksaus cekZ ds vfèkxzg.k]viQxkfuLrku ij geys rFkk if'peksÙkj Hkkjr dh vkfnoklh turk ds neudk Hkh fojksèk fd;kA
(7)dY;k.kdkjh mik;ksa dh ekax % jk"Vªokfn;ksa us ljdkj lsvkxzg fd;k fd og jkT; dh vksj ls dY;k.kdkjh xfrfofèk;ka pyk,AmUgksaus turk esa çkFkfed f'k{kk ds çlkj ij cgqr vfèkd tksj fn;kA mUgksausrduhdh vkSj mPp f'k{kk dh lqfoèkk,a c<+kus dh Hkh ekax mBkbZA
lwn[kksjksa ds pqaxy ls fdlkuksa dks cpkus ds fy, mUgksaus d`f"k cSadksadh LFkkiuk dh ekax dhA os pkgrs Fks fd ljdkj [ksrh dk fodkl rFkkns'k dks vdky ls cpkus ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij flapkbZ ;kstuk,a ykxw djsA
mUgksaus fpfdRlk rFkk LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa dks c<+kus dh ekax dhA mUgksausiqfyl dks bZekunkj] dq'ky vksj tufç; cukus ds fy, iqfyl O;oLFkk esalqèkkj dh ekaxsa mBkbZA
jk"Vªokfn;ksa us mu Hkkjrh; etnwjksa ds i{k esa Hkh vkokt mBkbZ tksxjhch ls etcwj gksdj jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa nf{k.k vçQhdk] eyk;k]ekjh'kl] osLVbaMht ;k fczfV'k xq;kuk pys tkrs FksA buesa ls vfèkdka'k ns'kksaesa mUgsa fueZe neu rFkk tkrh; HksnHkko dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk FkkA ;gckr nf{k.k vçQhdk ds ckjs esa [kklrkSj ij egRoiw.kZ Fkh] tgk¡ Hkkjrh;ksads ewyHkwr ekuo vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, eksgunkl djepUn xkaèkh ,dtula?k"kZ pyk jgs FksA
dkaxzsl ds çfr vfèkdkjh oxZ dk Lo:i% vkjaHk ls gh fczfV'kvfèkdkjh mHkjrs gq, jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu rFkk jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds çfr 'kadkyqFksA ok;ljk; MiQfju us áwe dks ;g lq>ko fn;k fd dkaxzsl jktuhfrdugha] cfYd lkekftd ekeyksa dks ns[ks vkSj bl rjg mlus jk"Vªh; vkUnksyudks fn'kkHkz"V djuk pkgkA MiQfju us 1886 esa dkaxzsl ds dydÙkk vfèkos'kuds çfrfufèk;ksa dks m|ku Hkkst* fn;k Fkk ftlesa Li"V fd;k x;k Fkk fd;g fueU=k.k dkaxzsl ds çfrfufèk;ksa dks ugha] vfirq dydÙkk vk, gq, n'kZdksadks gSA tYn gh ;g Li"V gks x;k fd jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl vfèkdkfj;ksa ds gkFkksadk f[kykSuk ugh cu ldrh vkSj ;g èkhjs&èkhjs Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dk dsUnzfcUnq curh tk jgh FkhA vr% 1887 ds ckn ljdkj dk jQ[k dBksj gksrkpyk x;k rFkk fczfV'k vfèkdkjh [kqydj jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl rFkk nwljs jk"VªoknhçoDrkvksa dh vkykspuk vkSj fuUnk djus yxsA MiQfju ls ysdj uhps rdds lHkh fczfV'k vfèkdkjh jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa dks ^csoiQk ckcw*] ^jktnzksghczkã.k* rFkk ^fgald [kyuk;d* dgus yxsA dkaxzsl dks ^^jktnzksg dkdkj[kkuk** dgk tkus yxkA MiQfju us dkaxszl ds jk"Vªh; pfj=k dks pqukSrhnh vkSj dgk fd ;g rks dsoy ,d ^lw{en'khZ vYila[;k** dk çfrfufèkRodjrh gS vkSj dkaxsl dh ekaxksa dks vKku esa Nykax dh laKk nhA 1890esa ljdkjh lsodksa dks dkaxzsl esa lfEefyr gksus dh vkKk ugha jghA
ykMZ dtZu us 1890 esa fons'k lfpo dks cryk;k fd] ^dkaxzsl dksegy HkjHkjk jgk gS vkSj Hkkjr esa jgrs gq, esjh eq[; egRokdka{kk ;ggS fd eSa 'kkafr ds lkFk bls ejus esa lg;ksx ns ldawA** Hkkjrh; turk dhc<+rh ,drk muds 'kklu ds fy, cM+k [krjk gS] ;g eglwl djds vaxzstvfèkdkfj;ksa us ^^ckaVks vkSj jkt djks** ds lkFk&lkFk ^MkaV iqpdkj* dhuhfr Hkh viukbZA mUgksaus lSÕ;n vgen [kku] cukjl ds jktk f'ko çlkn^flrkjs fgUn*] gSnjkckn ds futke] lj fnuk'k ekudth rFkk nwljs fczfV'kleFkZd O;fDr;ksa dks çksRlkfgr fd;k fd os dkaxzsl ds f[kykiQ vkUnksyupyk,aA mUgksaus fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa eas Hkh iwQV Mkyus dh dksf'k'k dhAMkaV vkSj iqpdkj dh uhfr ds vUrxZr ukeek=k ds lqèkkjksa dk fn[kkok djujeiafFk;ksa dks larq"V djus dk ç;kl gqvk rks nwljh rjiQ Hk; vkSj cydk Hkh çn'kZu fd;k x;kA ,fYxu us Li"V 'kCnksa esa ?kks"k.kk dh fd ^Hkkjro"kZryokj ds cy ij thrk x;k Fkk vkSj ryokj ds cy ij gh mls fczrkuhdCts esa j[kk tk;sxkA**
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 36
ljdkj f'k{kk vkSj çsl ij vadq'k yxkdj jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dqpyusdk ç;kl djrh jgh] ijUrq çR;sd neukRed dk;Zokgh us jk"Vªh;rk dhHkkouk fodflr gh dhA
turk dh Hkwfedk % ladqfpr lekftd vkèkkj vkjafHkd jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu dh cqfu;knh detksjh FkhA vHkh turk esa bl vkUnksyu dh iSBugha gqbZ FkhA okLro esa turk esa usrkvksa dh dksbZ jktuhfrd vkLFkk ughaFkhA ujeiaFkh usrkvksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ds f[kykiQtq>k: tula?k"kZ rHkh NsM+k tk ldrk gS tcfd Hkkjrh; lekt ds cgqfoèkrRoksa dks ,d jk"Vª ds :i esa ckaèkk tk pqdk gksA ijUrq okLro esa ;ghrks og la?k"kZ Fkk ftlds nkSjku Hkkjrh; jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk FkkAturk ds çfr bl xyr n`f"Vdks.k dk urhtk ;g gqvk fd jk"Vªh; vkUnksyuds vkjafHkd pj.k esa turk dh ,d fuf"Ø; Hkwfedk gh jghA blls jktuhfrdujeh dk tUe gqvkA turk ds leFkZu ds vHkko esa os tq>k: jktuhfrdmik; ugha viuk ldrs FksA fiQj Hkh vkjafHkd jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds ladqfprlkekftd vkèkkj ls gesa ;g fu"d"kZ ugha fudkyuk pkfg, fd ;g mUghalkekftd oxksZa ds ladqfpr fgrksa rd lhfer Fkk tks blesa 'kkfey FksA bldsdk;ZØe rFkk bldh uhfr;k¡ Hkkjrh; turk ds lHkh oxksZa ds fgrksa ls tqM+hFkh vkSj vkSifuosf'kd opZLo ds fo:¼ mnh;eku Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rk dkçfrfufèkRo djrh FkhA
vkykspukRed ewY;kadu % dqN vkykspdksa dk fopkj gS fdjk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu vkSj jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dks vkjafHkd pj.k esa vfèkdliQyrk ugha feyhA ftu lqèkkjksa ds fy, jk"Vªokfn;ksa us vkUnksyu NsM+s muesals ljdkj us cgqr FkksM+s lqèkkj gh ykxw fd,A
;|fi bl vkykspuk esa cgqr dqN lPpkbZ gS fiQj Hkh vkjafHkd jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu dks vliQy ?kksf"kr djuk Hkh Bhd ugha gSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V lsns[ksa rks tks dke mUgksaus gkFk esa fy, Fks] mldh rkRdkfyd dfBukb;ksa dksns[krs gq, bl vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl cgqr mTtoy gSA ;g vius le; dhlcls çxfr'khy 'kfDr dk lwpd FkkA ;g ,d O;kid jk"Vªh; tkx`fr ykusrFkk turk esa ,d gh Hkkjrh; jk"Vª dk lnL; gksus dh Hkkouk txkus esaliQy jgkA blus Hkkjrh; turk dks muds lk>s jktuhfrd vkfFkZd]lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd fgrksa ls tqM+s gksus rFkk lkezkT;okn ds :i esa,d lk>s 'k=kq ds vkfLrRo ds çfr tkx:d fd;k vkSj bl çdkj mudks,d jk"Vª esa ,drkc¼ fd;kA blus turk dks jktuhfrd dk;Z esas çf'kf{krfd;k] muesa tura=k] ukxfjd Lora=krkvksa] èkeZ fujis{krk rFkk jk"Vªokn dsfopkjksa dks yksdfç; cuk;k] muesa vkèkqfud n`f"Vdks.k txk;k rFkk fczfV'k'kklu dh cqjkb;ksa dks muds lkeus j[kkA
lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ds lgh pfj=kdks fueZerkiwoZd mtkxj djus esa vkjafHkd jk"Vªokfn;ksa us vxz.kh HkwfedkfuHkkbZA mUgksaus yxHkx çR;sd egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd ç'u dks ns'k dh jktuhfrd:i ls ijkèkhu fLFkfr ls tksM+kA lkezkT;okn dh 'kfDr'kkyh vFkZ'kkL=kh;vkykspuk] fczfV'k 'kklu ds f[kykiQ ckn esa gq, lfØ; tula?k"kZ ds nkSjkujk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu dk ,d çeq[k vL=k cu x;hA vkjafHkd jk"VªoknhvkUnksyu us ,d lk>k jktuhfrd vkfFkZd dk;ZØe Hkh is'k fd;k ftldsvkèkkj ij Hkkjrh; turk ,dtqV gksdj ckn esa jktuhfrd la?k"kZ pyk ldhAblus ;g jktuhfrd lR; lkeus j[kk fd Hkkjr dk 'kklu Hkkjrh;ksa dsfgr esa pyuk pkfg,A blus jk"Vªokn ds ç'u dks Hkkjrh; thou dk ,dçeq[k ç'u cuk fn;kA buds vykok ujeiafFk;ksa dk jktuhfrd dk;ZèkeZHkkoqdrk dh [kks[kyh Hkkouk dk nqgkbZ u nsdj turk ds thou dh BkslokLrfodrk ds vè;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k ij vkèkkfjr FkkA
vkjafHkd vkUnksyu dh detksfj;ksa dks rks ckn dh ihf<+;ksa us nwj djfn;k vkSj mldh miyfCèk;k¡ vkxs ds o"kksZ esa ,d vkSj tksjnkj jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu dk vkèkkj cu x;hA blfy, ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gS fdviuh reke dfe;ksa ds ckotwn vkjafHkd jk"Vªokfn;ksa us og cqfu;kn cukbZftl ij jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu vkxs vkSj Hkh fodflr gqvkA vr% vkjafHkdjk"Vªokfn;ksa dks vkèkqfud Hkkjr ds fuekZrkvksa esa m¡Qpk LFkku feyuk pkfg,A
vkfFkZd jk"Vªh;rkvkfFkZd jk"Vªh;rkvkfFkZd jk"Vªh;rkvkfFkZd jk"Vªh;rkvkfFkZd jk"Vªh;rkçkjafHkd nkSj ds jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk lcls egRoiw.kZ jktuhfrd dk;Z mudk
lkezkT;okn dk vkfFkZd foospu FkkA mUgksaus ml oDr ds vkfFkZd 'kks"k.kds rhuksa :iksa ;kfu O;kikj] m|ksx vkSj foÙk ij utj j[khA os vPNh rjgle> x;s fd fczVsu ds vkfFkZd lkezkT;okn ds ihNs lkj n`f"V Hkkjrh;vFkZO;oLFkk dks fczrkuh vFkZO;oLFkk ds vèkhu j[kuk gSA bu jk"Vªokfn;ksaus Hkkjr dh xjhch ds fy, ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dks mÙkjnk;h ekuk jktkjkeeksgujk;l us 1831 esa gkWml vkWiQ dkWeUl dh çoj lfefr ds le{k bleqís dks mBk;k FkkA mUgksaus laifÙk ds nksgu dh jkf'k ds vuqeku yxkus dkHkh ç;kl fd;k FkkA nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth us viuh çfl¼ iqLrd ikoVhZ ,aMvu&fczfV'k :y bu bafM;k* esa vaxzsth lkezkT;okn ds vkfFkZd nq"ifj.kkeksadh foospuk dhA èku fu"dklu ds ifj.kkeksa dh xaHkhjrk dks le>djjk"Vªokfn;ksa us ljdkjh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa cnyko dh ekax dhA laink dsfu"dklu ij jksd yxkus] fdlkuksa ij djksa dk cks> de djus] fons'khiwath ds Hkkjr vkus ij jksd yxkus] Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dks fodflr djus dhekax ljdkj ds lkeus j[kh x;hA bu jk"Vªokfn;ksa dh vU; ekaxsa Fkh& cxkuksads etnwjksa ds dke djus dh fLFkfr;ksa dks lqèkkjk tk;] ued dj lekIrfd;k tk; rFkk Hkkjrh; 'kklu ds vR;fèkd lSfud O;; esa deh dh tk;A
dkaxzsl ds vfèkdka'k usrkvksa us vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd nksuksa gh èkkj.kkvksals O;kid Lrj ij jsyos] cxkuksa rFkk m|ksxksa esa fons'kh iwath ds yxk, tkusdk fojksèk fd;kA lkFk gh mUgksaus ljdkj }kjk bu {ks=kksa esa fons'kh iwathyxk, tkus ds fy, nh x;h fo'ks"k lqfoèkkvksa dk Hkh fojksèk fd;k rFkkukxfjd lsokvksa ij fd, tkus okys O;; dh vkykspuk djds vçR;{k :ils mUgksaus Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds vkSfpR; dks gh pqukSrh ns MkyhAHkw&jktLo rFkk dj uhfr;ksa dh HkRlZuk djds mUgksaus fczfV'k ç'kklu dsfoÙkh; vkèkkj dks gh nqcZy djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
Hkkjrh; usrkx.k NqViqV {ks=kksa esa vkfFkZd çxfr ds ctk; ns'k ds lexzvkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, fpfUrr FksA muds fy, lcls cM+k loky Hkkjrdh vkfFkZd [kq'kgkyh FkkA jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa dh bl ckr ds fy, rkjhiQdh tk,xh fd 'kgjh] lqf'kf{kr eè;eoxZ ls lac¼ gksrs gq, Hkh os dsoyvius oxZ ds fgrksa ds fy, gh ugha lksprs FksA mudk n`f"Vdks.k O;kid ovketurk dh HkykbZ dk Fkk] u fd ladqfpr vkSj ladh.kZ LokFkZflf¼ dkAmudh vkfFkZd uhfr;ka voljoknh eè;eoxhZ; ladqfpr n`f"Vdks.k ls mQijFkhA
dqN egRoiw.kZ dFku %&nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth & ^Hkkjr Hkw[k ls ej jgk gSa*vkj- lh- nkl & vxj Hkkjr vkt xjhc gS rks blds ihNs fliQZ vkfFkZd
dkj.k gSA*egknso xksfoan jkukMs & Ldwyksas vkSj dkWystksa ds ctk; dkj[kkus dgha
T;knk çHkko'kkyh <ax ls jk"Vªh; xfrfofèk;ksa dks u;k tUe ns ldrs gSaA*ykMZ dtZu & ^Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fy, fons'kh iwath ,d
vfuok;Z 'krZ gSA*
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 37
fganw i=k (1889) & ftl ns'k esa fons'kh iwath viuh tM+as tek ysrhgS] ml ns'k dk ç'kklu rRdky fons'kh iawthifr;ksa dh fpark dk fo"k;cu tkrk gSA*
nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth (1867) & ^fczVsu Hkkjr dk [kwu pwl jgk gSA*
dkaxzsl ds çeq[k ujeiaFkh usrkdkaxzsl ds çeq[k ujeiaFkh usrkdkaxzsl ds çeq[k ujeiaFkh usrkdkaxzsl ds çeq[k ujeiaFkh usrkdkaxzsl ds çeq[k ujeiaFkh usrkdkaxzsl ds 'kS'ko dky esa mldh uhfr;ksa dks lapkfyr djus dh
ftEesnkjh eq[;r% nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth] lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ] xksiky d`".k xks[kys]fiQjkst'kkg esgrk vkSj ,úvksúg;we ij FkhA
(1) nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth (Grand Oldman of India)% nknk HkkbZ ukSjksthdkaxzsl ds fo[;kr o;kso`¼ usrk FksA dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ls viuh e`R;q rdos bl laLFkk ls lEc¼ jgsA mudk tUe 4 flrEcj] 1825 dks cEcbZ esagqvk FkkA f'k{kk foHkkx esa çèkkukè;kid ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gq, Hkh mUgksaustulsok dk dke fd;kA iQyLo:i 1805 bZú esa mUgsa cEcbZ dh O;oLFkkfidklHkk dk lnL; fuokZfpr fd;k x;kA os dydÙkk esa gq, dkaxzsl ds nwljsvfèkos'ku (1886) ds vè;{k cuk, x;sA 1892 ls 1895 rd fczfV'klaln ds lnL; jgsA 1893 rFkk 1906 esa Hkh os dkaxzsl ds vè;{k cusA1866 esa mUgksaus yUnu esa ^bZLV bf.M;k ,lksfl,'ku** dh LFkkiuk dhAnknk HkkbZ ukSjksth Hkh fiQjkst'kkg esgrk vkSj xksiky d`".k xks[kys dh rjgvaxzsth lkezkT; dks U;k; vkSj uSfrdrk ij vkèkkfjr ekurs Fks] ijUrq fczfV'klkezkT;okn ds vkfFkZd nq"ifj.kkeksa dks turk ds lkeus j[kkA viuh iqLrd^^ikoVhZ ,.M vu fczfV'k :y bu bf.M;k** esa èku fu"dklu dh çfØ;k,oa mlds ifj.kkeksa dh mUgksaus ppkZ dhA 1906 esa dkaxzsl vè;{k dh gSfl;rls mUgksaus yksdlsokvksa esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh vfèkd fu;qfDr djus dh ekax dhAos ckn esa Hkkjr esa Lo'kklu dh ekax dk Hkh leFkZu djus yxsA mUgksausfons'kh oLrqvksa ds cfg"dkj] Lons'kh oLrqvksa ds çpkj vkSj jk"Vªh; f'k{kkds fodkl dk Hkh vkàu fd;kA 1917 esa mudh e`R;q gks x;hA os if'peHkkjr ds ikjlh ifjokj ds lnL; FksA
(2)fiQjkst'kkg esgrk (1845&1915)% fiQjkst'kkg esgrk nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth ds çeq[k vuq;kf;;ksa esa FksA budk tUe 1845 esa cEcbZ esa gqvkFkkA os cEcbZ ds ç[;kr odhy FksA fo|kFkhZ thou esa gh bXySaM esa os nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth ds lEidZ esa vk,A muds çHkko esa vkdj os tulsok ds dk;Zesa yx x;sA mudk jktuhfrd thou 1870 ds vklikl vkjaHk gqvkA 1872esa os cEcbZ dkjiksjs'ku ds lnL; vkSj 1886 esa os cEcbZ foèkkf;dk dslnL; cuk, x;sA lj esgrk Hkh vaxzstksa dh U;k;fç;rk lR;rk rFkk bZekunkjhesa fo'okl j[krs FksA vaxzsth lkezkT; dks os çxfr dk lwpd rFkk Hkkjrds fy, bZ'ojh; nsu ekurs FksA
(3)xksiky d`".kxks[kys (1866&1915)% Hkkjr esa vaxzsthlkezkT; dks os Hkh çxfr dk lwpd vkSj Hkkjr ds fy, bZ'ojh; nsu ekursFksA xks[kys egknso xksfoUn jkukMs] ftUgsa egkjk"Vª dk lqdjkr dgk tkrkgS] ds vuq;k;h FksA xks[kys th 1884 esa jkukMs }kjk LFkkfir nDdu f'k{kklfefr ds lnL; Hkh jgsA xks[kys us igyh ckj 1889 esa bykgkckn dkaxszlvfèkos'ku ds eap ls jktuhfr esa Hkkx fy;kA 1897 esa bUgsa vkSj okpk dksHkkjrh; O;; ds fy, fu;qDr osYch vk;ksx ds lEeq[k lk{; nsus dks dgkx;kA 1902 esa og cEcbZ foèkku ifj"kn ds fy, rFkk dkykUrj esa 'kkghfoèkku ifj"kn ds fy, pqus x;sA 1905 esa os cukjl dkaxszl ds vè;{kcusA 1906 esa os bXySaM x;s vkSj 1909 esa ekysZ feUVks fjiksVZ cukus esa fo'ks"k
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA 1910 esa os iqu% 'kkgh foèkku ifj"kn ds fy, pqus x;sA1912 ls 1915 rd mUgksauss Hkkjrh; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL; ds :iesa dke fd;kA 1913 esa mUgksaus leLr Hkkjr esa fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Zf'k{kk ykxw djus ds ç;kl fd,A
xks[kys us çk;% 'kkld vkSj 'kkflr oxZ ds chp ,d eè;LFk dhdfBu Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mUgksaus turk dh vkdka{kk dks ok;ljk; rd vkSjljdkj dh dfBukb;ksa dks dkaxzsl dks crkus dk ç;kl fd;kA mxzoknh nyus mudh la;e dh cM+h vkykspuk dh vkSj çk;% mUgsa ^f'kfFky mnkjoknh**(Faint-hearted moderate) crk;kA nwljh vksj ljdkj us mUgsa dbZ ckjmxzoknh fopkjksa okyk O;fDr crk;k vkSj ^^Nne os'kh; fonzksgh** (A
Seditionist in disguise) dh laKk nhA ekysZ xks[kys dks rky nsus okyk fpeVk(Funning fork) dgrk FkkA
1905 esa xks[kys us ^Hkkjr lsod eaMy** dh LFkkiuk dh ftldkmís'; Hkkjr dh lsok ds fy, jk"Vªh; çpkjd rS;kj djuk Fkk vkSj laoSèkkfud<a+x ls Hkkjrh; turk ds lPps fgrksa dks çksRlkgu nsuk FkkA
xks[kys ukSjksth ls cgqr çHkkfor Fks rHkh rks mUgksaus dgk fd] ^;fneuq";ksa esa dgha nsoRo gS rks og nknk HkkbZ esa gh gSA** nknk HkkbZ fu'p;gh vHkwriwoZ O;fDr Fks] os Hkkjr ds XySMLVu FksA
(4)lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZ (1848&1925)% budk tUe 1848 bZúesa caxky ds ,d dqyhu czkã.k ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA f'k{kk çkIr djus dsi'pkr~ os yanu esa vk;ksftr gksus okyh vkbúlhú,lú dh ijh{kk esa 1869esa 'kfey gq,A os igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftUgsa bl ijh{kk esa liQyrk feyh ijUrqljdkj us mu ij dqN vkjksi yxkdj mUgsa lsok eqDr dj fn;kA 1876esa mUgksaus dydÙkk esa vkuUn eksgu cksl ds lkFk feydj ^^bf.M;u,lksfl,'ku** dh LFkkiuk dhA ^caxkyh** if=kdk dk Hkh mUgksaus lEiknufd;kA jk"Vªh; psruk txkus ds fy, iwjs ns'k dk nkSjk fd;kA dkaxzsl dhLFkkiuk esa Hkh budh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA os caxky çkarh; foèkkulHkkds lnL; Hkh cusA mUgsa nks ckj dkaxzsl dk vè;{k cuk;k x;kA os caxfoHkktu ds nkSjku gq, minzoksa ds dVq vkykspd Fks ftlls mudh çfr"Bkesa deh vkbZA xk¡èkhth }kjk vkjEHk fd, x;s vlg;ksx vkUnksyu(1920&21) dks Hkh mUgksaus viuk leFkZu ugha fn;kA blfy, ljdkj }kjkmUgsa lj* dh mikfèk çnku dh x;hA os 1921 ls 23 rd caxky ljdkjds ea=kh Hkh jgsA mUgksaus] ^^, us'ku bu n esfdax** uked iqLrd fy[khA
(5),úvksú g;we (1829&1912) % Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsldh LFkkiuk ,oa blds çkjafHkd fodkl esa LdkVySaM fuoklh ,úvksúáwedk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA os ,d mnkjoknh Fks vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa ls mUgsa xgjhlgkuqHkwfr FkhA mUgksaus Hkkjrh;ksa dh n'kk lqèkkjus ds fy, vusd ç;Ru fd,AmUgksaus ^turk ds fe=k** (Poeple's Friend) uked if=kdk dk çdk'kuvkjaHk fd;k ftlesa Hkkjrh; leL;kvksa ls lacafèkr ys[k Nkis x;sA 1849esa os caxky flfoy lfoZl esa lfEefyr gq, FksA 1885 ls 1906 rd osdkaxzsl ds lfpo Hkh jgsA
vkjafHkd vFkZ'kkL=kh; iqLrd tks fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ds 'kks"kd pfj=kdks mtkxj fd;k%1- Essay In Indian Economic & jk.kkMs2- Indian Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India & nknk HkkbZ ujkSth3- Economic History of India & vkjúlhú nÙk
^^Drain of Wealth** dh O;k[;k ukSjksth dh iqLrd esa dh x;h gSA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 38
Lons'kh vkanksyu rFkk mxzokn esa o`f¼Lons'kh vkanksyu rFkk mxzokn esa o`f¼Lons'kh vkanksyu rFkk mxzokn esa o`f¼Lons'kh vkanksyu rFkk mxzokn esa o`f¼Lons'kh vkanksyu rFkk mxzokn esa o`f¼
cax&Hkax vkUnksyucax&Hkax vkUnksyucax&Hkax vkUnksyucax&Hkax vkUnksyucax&Hkax vkUnksyulaHkor% dtZu dk lcls ?k`f.kr dk;Z caxky dk nks Hkkxksa esa foHkktu
djuk FkkA ;g dk;Z caxky vkSj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl osQ dM+s fojksèkdh mis{kk djosQ fd;k x;kA blus ;g fl¼ dj fn;k fd Hkkjr ljdkjrFkk yUnu fLFkr x`g ljdkj Hkkjr osQ yksder dh mis{kk gh ugha djrs]cfYd èkeZ osQ uke ij dyg iQSykus ls Hkh ugha pwdrs gSaA bl dk;Z us ;gHkh Li"V dj fn;k fd ;kpuk rFkk çfrjksèk çdV djus ls oqQN ugha gksusokykA
20 tqykbZ] 1905 dks ykMZ dtZu us ,d vkKk tkjh djosQ caxkydks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV fn;kA ml le; caxky çkar esa vkèkqfud caXyk ns'k]i- caxky] fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk lfEefyr FksA bldk {ks=kiQy 1]89]000 oxZehy vkSj tula[;k 8 djksM+ Fkh] ftlesa fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk dh tula[;k2 djksM+ 10 yk[k FkhA caVokjs osQ ckn iwohZ caxky vkSj vle dk ,du;k çkar cuk;k x;k ftlesa jkt'kkgh] pVxkao vkSj <kdk osQ rhu fMohtulfEefyr FksA bldk {ks=kiQy 1]06]540 oxZ ehy vkSj tula[;k 3 djksM+10 Fkh] ftlesa ls 1 djksM+ 80 yk[k eqlyeku Fks vkSj 1 djksM+ 20 yk[kfgUnwA bl çkar dk eq[; dk;kZy; <kdk esa Fkk vkSj ;g ,d ysfÝVusUVxoZuj osQ vèkhu FkkA nwljh vksj if'pe caxky] fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk Fksftudk {ks=kiQy 1]41]580 oxZehy Fkk vkSj ftudh tula[;k 5 djksM+ 40yk[k Fkh] ftlesa 4 djksM+ 20 yk[k fgUnw vkSj osQoy 90 yk[k eqlyekuFksA blesa caxkyh vYila[;d FksA
caxky osQ foHkktu osQ ihNs fLFkr dkj.kksa dks ysdj O;kid fooknjgk gSA bfrgkldkjksa us blosQ vyx&vyx dkj.k crk;s gSa&
1- ç'kklfud lqfoèkk osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls% ljdkjh rkSj ij ;gnkok fd;k x;k Fkk fd caxky dk foHkktu ç'kklfud lqfoèkk dks è;kueas j[kdj fd;k x;kA oqQN gn rd bl nkos esa ne FkkA caxky dk çkardkiQh cM+k Fkk vkSj le;≤ ij bls NksVk djus osQ lq>ko fn, tkrsjgs FksA 1874 esa vle vkSj flygV dks vyx fd;k x;k FkkA ;g nkokfd;k x;k Fkk fd foHkktu ls vle osQ vkSj vfèkd fodkl esa lgk;rkfeysxh] lkFk gh blls caxky dk cks> Hkh de gksxkA dtZu us blosQLi"Vhdj.k esa crk;k fd eSeuflag vkSj ckdjxat fMohtuksa osQ O;fDr çk;%vO;oLFkk vkSj vijkèkksa osQ fy, oqQ[;kr Fks vkSj iqfyl bu yksxksa ls fuiVusesa vleFkZ FkhA ,d mi xoZuj bu foLr`r çns'kksa dh ns[kHkky djus esa vleFkZFkkA blosQ vfrfjDr igys Hkh bl çdkj osQ çns'k foHkktu gks pqosQ Fks]tSls 1865 esa vkèkqfud mÙkj çns'k dks mÙkj if'peh çkar cukdj rFkk1874 esa vle dk çns'k vyx fd;k tkukA
ysfdu vkarfjd :i ls ljdkj ;k fczfV'k 'kklu osQ mís'; oqQNvkSj gh FksA vxj fliQZ ç'kklfud lqfoèkk dh ckr gksrh rks caxky lsxSj&caxkyhHkk"kh fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk dks Hkh vyx fd;k tk ldrk Fkk]ysfdu bl çLrko ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;k x;k FkkA dtZu us dgk Fkkfd] ¶caxky ls ckg~; ?kVdksa dks vyx djus ls rks caxkyh rRoksa dh fLFkfrvkSj l`n`<+ gks tk;sxh vkSj Bhd ogh fLFkfr iSnk gks tk;sxh ftlls ge cpukpkgrs gSaA gekjk çLrko jktuhfrd :i ls ykHknk;d gS ftldk çek.kgS&dk¡xzsl dk bls ukilan djukA¸ oLrqr% foHkktu dk dkj.k jktuhfrd FkkA
2- iQwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks dh uhfr% jk"Vªoknh bfrgkldkjksadh èkkj.kk gS fd caxky foHkktu dk dne tku&cq>dj] iwQV Mkyks vkSjjkt djks* dh uhfr osQ vUrZxr mBk;k x;k FkkA 19oha lnh osQ var vkSj
20oha lnh osQ çkjaHk esa Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; psruk rsth ls fodflr gks jghFkh vkSj tq>k: :[k vf[r;kj dj jgh FkhA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; psruk dkosQUnz Fkk& caxkyA vaxzstksa us blh jk"Vªh; psruk ij vk?kkr djus osQ mís';ls gh caxky osQ caVokjs dk fu.kZ; fy;kA ykWMZ dtZu osQ vuqlkj& ¶vaxzsthgqowQer dk ;g ç;kl dydÙkk dks flagklu P;wr djuk] caxkyh vkcknhdk caVokjk djuk] ,d ,sls osQUnz dks lekIr djuk Fkk tgk¡ ls lkjs ns'kesa o caxky esa dkaxszl ikVhZ dk lapkyu gksrk Fkk rFkk lkft'kas jph tkrhFkhaA¸ ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ jktuhfrd pky Fkh ftldk mís'; Fkk if'peh vkSjiwohZ caxky osQ fgUnw jktuhfrKksa osQ chp njkj MkyukA fjtys us dgk Fkk]¶vfoHkkftr caxky ,d cM+h rkdr gSA foHkkftr gksus ls ;g detksj gkstk;sxh vkSj gekjk eq[; mís'; caxky dk caVokjk djuk gS ftlls gekjsnq'eu caV tk;sa] detksj iM+ tk;saA¸
3- lkaçnkf;d Hksn dk c<+kok nsuk% foHkktu dk ,d vkSj mís';tku&cw>dj fgUnw&eqfLye rukoksa dks c<+kok nsuk FkkA jk"Vªokfn;ksa us ;gvkjksi yxk;k fd caxky foHkktu dk mís'; caxky dks èkkfeZd rkSj ijckaVuk Fkk] D;ksafd iwohZ caxky esa eqlyekuksa vkSj if'peh caxky esa fgUnqvksadk cgqer FkkA bl vk{ksi dks dtZu dh ml fVIi.kh ls cy feyrk gS]tks mlus <kdk esa Hkk"k.k djrs gq, dh Fkh&¶caxkyh eqlyekuksa dks ,drkdk ,slk volj fn;k tk jgk gS tks eqlyeku lwcsnkjksa vkSj ckn'kkgksa osQle; ls mUgsa ulhc ugha gqvk FkkA¸
4- caxkfy;kas dks vYila[;d cukuk % caxky foHkktu dk fliQZ;g mís'; ugha Fkk fd caxkyokfl;ksa dks nks ç'kklfud fgLlksa esa ckaVdjmuosQ çHkko dks de fd;k tk;sA vaxzsth gqdwer dk ewy edln caxkyesa caxkfy;ksa dh vkcknh de djosQ mUgsa vYila[;d cuk nsuk FkkA ewycaxky esa 1 djksM+ 70 yk[k caxkyh vkSj 3 djksM+ 70 yk[k mM+h;k ofgUnhHkk"kh yksxksa dks j[kus dh ;kstuk FkhA
bl çdkj caxky foHkktu dh ;kstuk Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ij,d lqfu;ksftr geyk FkhA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªofn;ksa us bldk dM+k fojksèk fd;kvkSj varr% 1911 esa os bls okil djokus esa liQy gq,A
ifj.kke&caxky osQ foHkktu vkSj mlls mith jk"Vªh; çfrfØ;k osQdbZ nwjxkeh ifj.kke gq, %
1- rhoz jk"Vªh; çfrjksèk dk tUe % caxky osQ foHkktu dks ,djk"Vªh; vieku osQ rkSj ij fy;k x;k vkSj fojksèk çn'kZuksa dh ck<+ vkx;hA 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa fojksèk çn'kZu dk lgkjk fy;k x;kA foHkktu osQfnu dks 'kksd fnol osQ :i esa eukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA dydÙkk esa,d O;kid fojksèk çn'kZu dk vk;kstu gqvk vkSj çfrfufèk vkUnksyu dksiQSykus osQ fy, iwjs ns'k esa iQSy x;sA fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dks n'kkZus osQfy, fgUnw&eqlyekuksa us ,d&nwljs dh dykb;ksa ij jkf[k;ka ckaèkhaA
2- Lons'kh vkSj cfg"dkj vkUnksyu dk tUe % cax&Hkax osQfojksèk esa ^Lons'kh* vkSj ^cfg"dkj* vkUnksyu dk tUe gqvkA caxky osQusrkvksa dks yxk fd osQoy çn'kZuksa] lkoZtfud lHkkvksa vkSj çLrkoksa ls'kkldksa ij cgqr T;knk çHkko iM+us okyk ugha gSA blosQ fy, vkSjldkjkRed mik; djus gksaxs] ftuls turk dh Hkkoukvksa dh rhozrk dkvPNh rjg irk pysA bldk ifj.kke Fkk ^Lons'kh* vkSj ^cfg"dkj*A iwjscaxky esa tulHkk,a dh x;ha] ftuesa Lons'kh vFkkZr Hkkjrh; oLrqvksa dsmi;ksx rFkk fczfV'k oLrqvksa osQ cfg"dkj osQ fu.kZ; fd;s x;sA vusd txgksaij fons'kh diM+ksa dh gksyh tyk;h x;h vkSj fons'kh diM+s cspus okyhnqdkuksa ij èkjus fn, x;sA Lons'kh vkUnksyu i;kZIr liQy jgkA bldk ,degRoiw.kZ i{k Fkk vkRefuHkZjrk ij fn;k tkus okyk tksjA vkRefuHkZjrk dk
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 39
eryc Fkk jk"Vª dh xfjek] lEeku vkSj vkRe&fo'okl dh ?kks"k.kkA vkfFkZd{ks=k esa bldk vFkZ ns'kh m|ksx ,oa vU; m|eksa dks c<+kok nsuk FkkA vusddiM+k feysa] lkcqu vkSj fn;klykbZ osQ dkj[kkus] gS.Mywe] jk"Vªh; cSad vkSjchek daifu;ka [kqyhaA vkpk;Z ih-lh- jk; us çfl¼ caxky osQfedy Lons'khLVkslZ dh LFkkiuk dhA
3- lkaLÑfrd çxfr&caxky foHkktu vkSj mlls mHkjs Lons'khvkUnksyu dk ,d ifj.kke lkaLÑfrd çxfr osQ :i esa lkeus vk;kAjk"Vªoknh dkO;] x| vkSj i=kdkfjrk dk fodkl gqvkA
4- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk dk çlkj&lkfgfR;d] rduhdh vkSj 'kkjhfjdf'k{kk nsus osQ fy, jk"Vªokfn;ksa us jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dhAmudk ekuuk Fkk fd rRdkyhu f'k{kk ç.kkyh vi;kZIr vkSj jk"Vªokn lsfoeq[k djus okyh gSA 15 vxLr] 1906 dks ,d jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ifj"kn dhLFkkiuk dh x;hA dydÙkk eas ,d jk"Vªh; dkWyst vkjaHk gqvk] ftlosQçèkkukpk;Z vjfoan ?kks"k FksA
5- jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa Nk=kksa vkSj fL=k;ksa dk cM+s iSekusij ços'k % Lons'kh vkUnksyu esa ,d çeq[k Hkwfedk caxky osQ ;qodksaus fuHkk;hA mUgksaus Lons'kh dk çpkj vkSj çlkj fd;kA fons'kh oL=kksa dhgksyh tyk;hA Nk=kksa dk O;kid neu Hkh fd;k x;k] ijarq mUgksaus >qdusls badkj dj fn;kA
Lons'kh vkUnksyu dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk Fkh fL=k;ksa dh lfØ;HkkxhnkjhA 'kgjh eè;e oxZ dh lfn;ksa ls ?kjksa esa dSn efgyk,a tqywlkasvkSj èkjuksa esa 'kkfey gqb±A blosQ ckn ls jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu eas os cjkcjlfØ; jghaA
6- mxz jk"Vªokn dk fodkl % cax foHkktu vkSj mlls mitsfojksèk vkUnksyu dk LokHkkfod ifj.kke mxz jk"Vªokn osQ fodkl osQ rkSjij lkeus vk;kA ujeiaFkh vkUnksyu dk dksbZ ifj.kke lkeus ugha vk;kFkk] vr% vkUnksyu èkhjs&èkhjs mxziaFkh usrkvksa osQ gkFk esa vk x;kA bUgksausLons'kh vkSj cfg"dkj osQ vykok fuf"Ø; çfrjksèk* dk vkàku Hkh fd;kAmUgksaus turk ls vkxzg fd;k fd os ljdkj osQ lkFk lg;ksx u djsa vkSjljdkjh lsokvksa] vnkyrksa] fo|ky;ksa] foèkkueaMyksa dk cfg"dkj djsaA mUgksausvkUnksyu dks tu&vkUnksyu cukuk pkgk vkSj fons'kh 'kklu ls eqfDr dkukjk fn;kA vjfoan ?kks"k us [kqydj ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd] jktuSfrd Lora=krkfdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh çk.kok;q gSA* bl rjg caxky foHkktu dk ç'u xkS.kgks x;k vkSj Hkkjr dh Lora=krk dk ç'u Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk osQUnzh; ç'ucu x;kA mxz jk"Vªokfn;ksa us vkRe cfynku dk vkàku fd;k vkSj ?kks"k.kkdh fd blosQ fcuk dksbZ Hkh egku mís'; çkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkAfiQj Hkh mxz&jk"Vªoknh turk dks ldkjkRed usr`Ro nsus esa foiQy jgsA
7- ØkfUrdkjh vkradokn dk fodkl % ljdkj dk neu vkSjlkFk esa turk dks oqQ'ky usr`Ro nsus esa usrkvksa dh vliQyrk osQ dkj.kmith oqQaBk tSlh ckrksa us ØkfUrdkjh vkradokn dks tUe fn;kA ;qodksa usns[kk fd 'kkafriw.kZ çfrjksèk vkSj jktuhfrd dk;Zokgh osQ lkjs jkLrs cUngSa] rks grk'k gksdj mUgksaus O;fDrxr cgknqjh osQ dk;ks± vkSj ce dh jktuhfrdk lgkjk fy;kA vc mUgsa Hkjkslk ugha jgk Fkk fd fuf"Ø; çfrjksèk lsjk"Vªoknh mís';ksa dks çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSlk fd ckjhlky lEesyuosQ ckn lekpkj i=k ;qxkarj us 1906 esa fy[kk fd&^leL;k dk lekèkkuturk osQ vius gkFkksa esa gSA mRihM+u osQ bl vfHk'kki dks jksdus osQ fy,Hkkjr osQ rhl djksM+ yksxksa dks vius lkB djksM+ gkFk Åij mBkus gksaxsArkdr dk lkeuk rkdr ls djuk gksxkA* ysfdu mUgksaus dksbZ tu Økafr ykusosQ cnys] vyksdfç; vfèkdkfj;ksa dh gR;k vkSj O;fDrxr fgalk dk lgkjkfy;kA 1907 esa caxky osQ ysfÝVusaV xoZuj dks tku ls ekjus dh dksf'k'k
dh x;hA vçSy 1908 esa [kqnhjke cksl vkSj çiqQYy pkdh us eqtÝiQjiqjosQ cnuke tt dks ekjus dh dksf'k'k dhA vkardoknh ;qodksa us dbZ xqIrlaxBu Hkh cuk;s] ysfdu ;g vkUnksyu èkhjs&èkhjs BaMk iM+ x;kA
8- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk foHkktu% cax&Hkax fojksèkhvkUnksyu us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ij ,d xgjk çHkko NksM+kA ujeiaFkhvkSj xjeiaFkh jk"Vªokfn;ksa osQ chp tedj lkoZtfud cglsa gqb± vkSj erHksnmHkjsA xjeiaFkh Lons'kh vkSj cfg"dkj dks caxky ls ckgj iwjs ns'k esa iQSykusrFkk vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj osQ lkFk fdlh Hkh :i esa tqM+us dk cfg"dkjdjuk pkgrs FksA ujeiaFkh cfg"dkj dks fliQZ caxky rd vkSj ogka Hkh osQoyfons'kh ekyksa rd lhfer j[kuk pkgrs FksA le; osQ lkFk muosQ erHksnc<+rs gh x;s vkSj var esa 1907 esa lwjr vfèkos'ku esa jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQnks VqdMs+ gks x;sA ujeiaFkh usrk dkaxzsl laxBu ij dCtk djus rFkk mllsxjeiafFk;kas dks fu"dkflr djus esa liQy jgsA ysfdu varr% bl foHkktuls ykHk fdlh Hkh ny dks ugha gqvkA ujeiafFk;ksa dk jk"Vªokfn;ksa dh u;hih<+h ls lEidZ VwV x;kA fczfV'k ljdkj us Hkh ckaVks vkSj jkt djks* dhuhfr dk [kwc [ksy [ksyk rFkk xjeiaFkh jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk neu vkSj ujeiafFk;kasdks vius i{k esa ykus dk ç;Ru fd;kA
bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd cax foHkktu vkSj mlls mits la?k"kZ lsns'k osQ cM+s rcosQ esa jk"Vªh; psruk dk çlkj gqvk] vkSifuosf'kd fopkjèkkjkdks èkDdk igqapk vkSj lkaLÑfrd çxfr gqbZA bl vkUnksyu us tuer rS;kjdjus osQ dbZ u;s rjhosQ bZtkn fd;sA ;gh la?k"kZ Hkkoh jk"Vªh; vkUnksyudh uhao cuk rFkk foHkktu us Hkkoh la?k"kZ dk cht cks fn;kA okLro esafoHkktu fojksèkh vkUnksyu osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn esa ,d egku vkSjØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu vk;kA ckn osQ jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu us bl iw¡th dk [kwcmi;ksx fd;kA
mxzokn esa o`f¼mxzokn esa o`f¼mxzokn esa o`f¼mxzokn esa o`f¼mxzokn esa o`f¼19oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk¼Z vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh ds çkjaHk rd dkaxzsl
dh ujeiaFkh uhfr;ksa ds fo:¼ vlarks"k c<+rk tk jgk FkkA dkaxzsl ds iqjkususrkvksa vkSj mudh fHk{kk&;kpuk dh uhfr us dkaxzsl dh fLFkfr gkL;kLincukdj j[k nh FkhA blfy, dkaxzsl esas ,d u, r:.k ny dk mn; gqvktks iqjkus usrkvksa ds <ksax ,oa vkn'kksZa dk dM+k vkykspd cu x;kA iQyr%dkaxzsl nks xqVksa esa caVus yxh & mnkjoknh vkSj mxzoknh ;k ujeiaFkh vkSjxjeiaFkhA bl iwQV dh çfØ;k 1895 esa çkjaHk gqbZ] tc fryd vkSj mudslg;ksfx;ksa us xks[kys vkSj jk.kkMs ls >xM+k dj muds vfèkdkjksa dks pqukSrhnhA èkhjs&èkhjs nksuksa gh nyksa esa ;g foHksn c<+rk gh x;kA ;g foHksn caxkyfoHkktu vkSj ml dkaxzsl dh çfrfØ;k ls vkSj Hkh rhoz gks pykA
1907 bZú esa lwjr vfèkos'ku esa dkaxzsl Li"Vr% nks nyksa& uje nyvkSj xje ny esa foHkDr gks x;hA bl foHkktu us Hkkjr esa mxz jk"Vªh;rkdks tUe fn;kA blh mxz jk"Vªh;rk ls varr% Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu dk Hkhfodkl gqvk] ftlus Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZAmxz jk"Vªokn ds fodkl ds fy, dbZ dkj.k mÙkjnk;h Fks %
(1)fczfV'k 'kklu ds lgh pfj=k dh igpku % ujeiaFkhjk"Vªokfn;ksa dh jktuhfr bl fo'okl ij vèkkfjr Fkh fd fczfV'k 'kkludks vanj ls lqèkkjk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ç'uksa lslacafèkr Kku tc iSQyk rks èkhjs&èkhjs ;g fo'okl VwV x;kA vkjafHkd dkyds usrkvksa us vius vè;;u rFkk ys[kksa }kjk yksxksa dks Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkT;ds lPps Lo:i dks le>kus dk ç;Ru fd;kA mUgksaus vius çek.kksa ls ;gfl¼ fd;k fd vaxzsth jkt rFkk mldh uhfr;k¡ gh Hkkjr esa nfjnzrk ds
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 40
ewy dkj.k gSaA jktuhfrd :i ls psru Hkkjrh;ksa dks fo'okl Fkk fd fczfV'k'kklu dk mís'; Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k djuk] vFkkZr~ Hkkjr dh laifÙkls baXySaM dks le`¼ cukuk gSA
mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd tc rd Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk fu;af=kr vkSj lapkfyrdksbZ ljdkj fczfV'k lkezkT;okn dh txg ugha ys ysrh] vkfFkZd {ks=k esaHkkjr 'kk;n gh dqN çxfr dj ldsA jk"Vªokfn;ksa us [kkldj ;g Hkh ns[kkfd Hkkjr ds m|ksx rc rd iQy iwQy ugha ldrs] tc rd fd mUgsa lqj{kkvkSj çksRlkgu nsus okyh dksbZ Hkkjrh; ljdkj u gksA
Hkkjr esa 1896 vkSj 1900 ds chp Hk;kud vdky vk, ftlesa 90yk[k ls mQij yksx ejs Fks] os turk dh n`f"V esa fons'kh 'kklu ds vkfFkZdnq"ifj.kkeksa ds thrs tkxrs çrhd FksA
1892 vkSj 1905 ds chp tks jktuhfrd ?kVuk,¡ ?kVha] mUgksaus Hkhjk"Vªokfn;ksa dks dkiQh fujk'k fd;k rFkk mUgsa vkSj Hkh mxz jktuhfr ds ckjsesa lkspus dks ckè; fd;kA 1892 dk ^Hkkjrh; ifj"kn dkuwu** ?kksj fujk'kkdk dkj.k fl¼ gqvkA nwljh vksj turk dks tks FkksM+s ls jktuhfrd vfèkdkjçkIr Fks] mu ij çfrcaèk yxkus ds ç;kl fd, x;sA 1898 esa ,d dkuwucuk;k x;k ftlds vuqlkj ^fons'kh 'kklu ds çfr vlarks"k dh Hkkouk**iSQykus dks vijkèk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA 1899 esa dydÙkk uxj fuxe esaHkkjrh; lnL;ksa dh la[;k ?kVk nh x;hA 1904 esa bf.M;u vkWfiQf'k;ylsØsV ,DV cukdj çsl dh Lora=krk dks lhfer dj fn;k x;kA 1897 esaukVq Hkkb;ksa dks fcuk eqdnek pyk, ns'k ckgj dj fn;k x;k rFkk muij yxk, x;s vkjksiksa dks Hkh turk dks ugha cryk;k x;kA mlh o"kZ frydvkSj nwljs lekpkj i=k lEikndksa dks fons'kh ljdkj ds çfr turk dksHkM+dkus ds vkjksi esa yEch&yEch tsy dh ltk;s nh x;haA bu lc ckrksals turk dks yxk fd ljdkj jktuhfrd NwV nsus ds ctk; igys ls feysNwVksa dks Hkh fu;af=kr djuk pkgrh gSA ykMZ dtZu ds dkaxzsl fojksèkh n`f"Vdks.kus vfèkdkfèkd yksxksa dks fo'okl fnyk;k fd Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu dsjgrs jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd çxfr dh vk'kk djuk O;FkZ gSA
lekftd&lkaLd`frd n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh fczfV'k 'kklu vc çxfr'khyugha jgk FkkA çkFkfed vkSj rduhdh f'k{kk esa dksbZ çxfr ugha gks jgh FkhAlkFk gh vfèkdkjhx.k mPp f'k{kk ds çfr 'kafdr gks jgs Fks vkSj mldsçlkj esa ckèkk Mkyus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs FksA 1904 Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;dkuwu ls jk"Vªokfn;ksa dks yxk fd Hkkjr ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa ij vkSj Hkhl[r ljdkjh fu;a=k.k LFkkfir djus rFkk mPp f'k{kk dk çlkj jksdus dkç;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA bl rjg vfèkdkfèkd la[;k esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks fo'oklgksrk tk jgk Fkk fd ns'k dh vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd çxfrds fy, Lo'kklu vko';d gSA
(2)vkRe fo'okl dk lans'k % 19oha lnh ds var rd Hkkjrh;jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk vkRe fo'okl vkSj vkRe lEeku cgqr c<+k FkkA mUgsa viuk'kklu Lo;a dj ikus rFkk ns'k dk fodkl dj ldus dh viuh {kerkesa fo'okl gks pqdk FkkA fryd] vjfoan ?kks"k vkSj fofiu pUnz iky tSlsusrkvksa us jk"Vªokfn;ksa dks vkRefo'okl dk lans'k fn;k vkSj muls vkxzgfd;k fd os Hkkjrh; turk ds pfj=k vkSj {kerkvksa ij fo'okl djasA mUgksausturk dks crk;k fd mudh leL;k dk gy muds gkFk esa gS vkSj bldsfy, mUgsa fuHkZ; vkSj cyoku gksuk pkfg,A Lokeh foosdkuUn us dgk]^^nqfu;k esa vxj dksbZ iki gS rks og fucZyrk gS] fucZyrk dk R;kx djks**AmUgksaus turk ls ;g Hkh dgk fd vrhr ds efgekeaMu ds Hkjksls thukNksM+ks vkSj enZ dh rjg vius Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k djksA ;g Hkh fopkj iSQykfd turk dh jktuhfrd psruk dks mHkkjk tkuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,
foosdkuUn us dgk fd] ^Hkkjr dh ,d ek=k vk'kk mldh turk gSA m¡QpsoxZ ds yksx 'kkjhfjd vkSj uSfrd n`f"V ls e`rçk; gSaA**
(3)f'k{kk vkSj csjkstxkjh esa o`f¼ % 19oha lnh ds var rdf'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa dh la[;k esa Li"V o`f¼ gqbZA bldk ,d cM+k Hkkx ç'kkluesa cgqr gh de osru ij dk;Z dj jgk Fkk vkSj nwljs cgqr ls yksx csjkstxkj?kwe jgs FksA viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds dkj.k ;s yksx fczfV'k ljdkj dspfj=k dks vkykspukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus yxsA muesa ls vusd mxz jk"Vªoknhuhfr;ksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr gq,A f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa dh la[;k ftruh c<+h]mruk gh yksdra=k] jk"Vªokn vkSj vkewy ifjorZu ds if'peh fopkjksa dkçHkko Hkh iSQykA ;s f'kf{kr Hkkjrh; mxz jk"Vªokn ds csgrjhu çpkjd vkSjvuq;k;h fl¼ gq,A
(4)dkaxzsl dh miyfCèk;ksa ls vlarks"k % dkaxzsl ds igys ds15&20 o"kksZa dh miyfCèk;ksa ls r:.k yksx larq"V ugha FksA mudk vaxzstksadh U;k;fç;rk rFkk cjkcjh dh Hkkouk ij dksbZ fo'okl ugha jg x;k FkkAos yksx 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj laoSèkkfud <axksa ds vkykspd cu x;s Fks vkSj le>rsFks fd ;kpuk] çkFkZuk rFkk çfrokn djus dh uhfr ls dqN ugha feyus okykAmUgksaus lkezkT;okn dks lekIr djus ds fy, ;wjksih; rjhds viukus ijcy fn;kA
1905 esa ykyk yktir jk; us baXySaM ls ykSVus ij dgk fd] ^vaxzsthçtkra=k viuh gh leL;kvksa esa bruk my>k gqvk gS fd muds ikl gekjhleL;kvksa ds fy, dksbZ le; ughaA** dkaxzsl ds r:.k ny ds vuqlkj dkaxzsldk jktuhfrd èkeZ] dsoy Økmu ds çfr jktHkfDr çdV djuk] mís';dsoy vius fy, çkarh; vFkok dsUnzh; foèkku ifj"knksa esa lnL;rk çkIrdjuk vkSj dk;ZØe] dsoy vR;fèkd Hkk"k.k nsuk FkkA mu ij ;g nks"kyxk;k x;k fd os dsoy eè;eoxhZ; cqf¼thfo;ksa ds fy, dk;Z djrs gSa]mUgsa Hk; gS fd ;fn tulkèkkj.k bl vkanksyu esa vk x;k] rks mudk usr`RolekIr gks tk;sxkA fryd us dkaxzsl dks pkiywlksa dk lEesyu* vkSj bldssvfèkos'ku dks] NqfV~V;ksa dk euksjatu* cryk;k] rks ykyk yktir jk; usdkaxzsl lEesyuksa dks ^^f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa dk okf"kZd jk"Vªh; esyk** dgkAfryd us rks ;gk¡ rd dgk fd] ^;fn ge blh rjg o"kZ esa ,d ckj es<+ddh Hkk¡fr VjkZ,axsa rks gesa dqN ugha feysxkA**
(5)dtZu dh çfrfØ;koknh uhfr;k¡ % dtZu ds Hkkjr dk 7o"kZ dk 'kklu f'k"VeaMyksa] Hkwyks vkSj vk;ksxksa (Missions, Omissions
and Commissions) ds fy, çfl¼ Fkk] ftldh Hkkjrh;ksa esa dM+hçfrfØ;k gqbZA dtZu us Hkkjr dks dHkh ,d jk"Vª ugha ekukA mldh n`f"Vesa Hkkjrh; pfj=k dk ewY; cgqr de FkkA og Hkkjr esa fczfV'k lÙkk dhtM+sa etcwr djus vk;k FkkA og dkaxzsl vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk çcynq'eu FkkA mlus Hkkjrh;ksa dks laoSèkkfud vkSj ç'kklfud vfèkdkj nsus dscnys lkjh 'kfDr vius gkFkksa esa dsfUnzr djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
mlus Hkkjrh;ksa dks mPp ljdkjh inksa ds v;ksX; djkj fn;k] dydÙkkdkjiksjs'ku ,DV }kjk blds lnL;ksa dh la[;k ?kVk nh] Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;,DV }kjk mPp f'k{kk ij ljdkjh fu;a=k.k vkSj vfèkd c<+k fn;k rFkkvkfiQf'k;y lsØsV ,DV }kjk lekpkj i=kksa ij çfrcaèk ykn fn;kA mldklcls fooknkLin dk;Z caxky foHkktu FkkA ;g ;kstuk fliQZ jktuhfrdvkèkkj ij rS;kj dh x;h Fkh] bldk dksbZ oSèkkfud ;k lS¼kfUrd vkèkkjugha FkkA bldk eq[; mís'; caxky esa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dks dqpyukFkkA bl ?kVuk us caxky esa mxzoknh vkSj ljdkj fojksèkh xfrfofèk;ka rstdj nhaA ykMZ dtZu dh oSnsf'kd uhfr,a Hkh vlarks"k dks c<+kok feykA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 41
(6)ledkyhu vUrZjk"Vªh; çHkko % bl dky dh vusd fons'kh?kVukvksa us Hkh Hkkjr esa mxz&jk"Vªokn ds fodkl dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA 1858esa eSbZth iquLFkkZiuk* ds ckn vkèkqfud tkiku ds mn; us fn[kk fn;k fd,d fiNM+k gqvk ,f'k;kbZ ns'k Hkh if'peh lgk;rk ds fcuk viuk fodkldj ldrk gSA dqN gh n'kdksa esa tkiku ,d vkS|ksfxd ,oa lSfud 'kfDrcu x;kA O;kid çkFkfed f'k{kk dk vkjaHk fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj l{ke vkSjvkèkqfud ç'kklu [kM+k fd;k x;k FkkA 1896 esa bfFk;ksfi;k }kjk bVyhdh gkj rFkk 1905 esa tkiku ds gkFkksa :l dh ijkt; us ;wjksih; Js"Brkds Hkze dks rksM+ fn;kA ,f'k;k ds ,d NksVs ls ns'k ds gkFkksa ;wjksi dh lclscM+h lSU; 'kfDr dh ijkt; us yksxksa esa u, mRlkg ,oa vkRefo'okl dklapkj fd;kA vk;jySaM] :l] felz] rqdhZ vkSj tkiku ds ØkfUrdkjhvkUnksyuksa rFkk nf{k.k vçQhdk ds cksvj ;q¼ us Hkkjrh;ksa dks fo'okl fnykfn;k fd vxj turk ,dtqV gksdj cfynku ds fy, rS;kj gks] rks 'kfDr'kkyhfujadq'k ljdkjksa dks Hkh pqukSrh ns ldrh gSA ftl ckr dh lcls vfèkdvko';drk Fkh og Fkh ns'kHkfDr vkSj vkRecfynku dh HkkoukA
(7)mxz fopkjksa ls çsfjr usrkvksa dk çknqHkkZo % jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu ds yxHkx vkjaHk ls gh mxz&jk"Vªoknh fopkjèkkjk fodflr gksjgh FkhA caxky esa jkt ukjk;.k cksl] vf'ouh dqekj nÙk vkSj egkjk"Vªesa fo".kq 'kkL=kh fpiqy.kdj mxz fopkjèkkjk dk çlkj dj jgs FksA bls ckyxaxkèkkj fryd (yksdekU;) us vkSj vkxs c<+k;kA mUgksaus egkjk"Vª esa viusHkk"k.kksa rFkk ys[kksa }kjk N=kifr f'kokth dks vkn'kZ cukdj vaxzstksa ds fo:¼fojksèk dh çfØ;k rhoz dj nhA bl dk;Z esa muds nks lekpkj i=kksa &^^ejkBk** (vaxzsth esa) rFkk ^dsljh** (ejkBh esa) us vR;fèkd ;ksxnkufn;kA 1893 esa mUgksaus ^x.kifr mRlo** dk mi;ksx jk"Vªoknh fopkjksa dsçlkj ds fy, fd;kA blh rjg 1895 esa mUgksaus ^^f'kokth mRlo** dkvk;kstu vkjaHk fd;kA
bldk mís'; egkjk"Vªh; ;qodksa ds vkxs vuqdj.k ds fy, f'kokthdk mnkgj.k is'k dj muesa jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk iSnk djuk FkkA 1896&97esa mUgksaus egkjk"Vª ds vdky ihfM+r fdlkuksa ls dgk fd vxj mudh iQlypkSiV gks tk;s rks os ekyxqtkjh u nsaA tc ljdkj ds f[kykiQ ?k`.kk vkSjvlarks"k HkM+dkus ds vkjksi esa ljdkj us mUgsa 1897 esa fxjÝrkj fd;k]rks mUgksaus fnysjh vkSj cfynku dk ,d 'kkunkj mnkgj.k is'k fd;kA mUgksausljdkj ls {kek ekuus ls badkj dj fn;k vkSj mUgsa 18 eghus dSn dh ltkgqbZA bl rjg os vkRe cfynku dh jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ds thrs tkxrs çrhdcu x;sA
20oha lnh ds vkjaHk esa mxz jk"Vªokfn;ksa dks ,d vuqdwy jktuhfrdokrkoj.k çkIr gqvkA fryd ds vykok mxz jk"Vªokn ds nwljs egRoiw.kZusrk fofiupUnz iky] vjfoan ?kks"k vkSj ykyk yktir jk; FksA
mxzoknh ny ds mís'; rFkk dk;ZØe % mudk er Fkk fd Hkkjrh;ksadks eqfDr Lo;a vius ç;klksa ls çkIr djuh gksxhA mUgksaus ?kks"k.kk dh fdbl dk;Z ds fy, cM+s&cM+s cfynku djus gksaxs vkSj rdyhiQsa lguh gksaxhAmuds Hkk"k.k] ys[k vkSj jktuhfrd dk;Z fnysjh vkSj vkRefo'okl ls HkjiwjFks vkSj vius ns'k dh HkykbZ ds fy, fdlh Hkh O;fDrxr cfynku dks dele>rs FksA
mUgksaus ujeiafFk;ksa dh bl ekU;rk dks fd Hkkjr vaxzstksa ds ^d`ikiw.kZekxn'kZu vkSj fu;a=k.k** esa gh çxfr dj ldrk gS] ekuus ls badkj djfn;kA os fons'kh 'kklu ls fny ls uiQjr djrs Fks vkSj mUgksaus Li"V 'kCnksaesa ?kks"k.kk dh fd ^jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk y{; LojkT; ;k LOkkèkhurk gSA;g Lej.k jgs fd bu jk"Vªokfn;ksa ds fy, LojkT; dk vFkZ ^fons'kh fu;a=k.kls iw.kZ Lora=krk Fkk] ftlesa jk"Vª dh uhfr;ksa rFkk çcUèk esa iw.kZr;k Lora=krk
gksA** mnkjoknh ny ds fy, LojkT; dk vFkZ] lkezkT; ds vUnjvkSifuosf'kd Lo'kklu FkkA
mUgsa turk dh 'kfDr esa vlhe fo'okl Fkk vkSj mudh ;kstuk turkdh dk;Zokgh ds }kjk LojkT; çkIr djus dh FkhA blfy, mUgksaus turkds chp jktuhfrd dk;Z ij vkSj turk dh lhèkh jktuhfrd dk;Zokgh ijtksj fn;kA
mxzokfn;ksa ds dk;ZØeksa esa fons'kh eky dk cfg"dkj vkSj Lons'kheky ds vaxhdkj ds vykok jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vkSj lR;kxzg ij tksj fn;kx;k FkkA
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd fons'kh eky ds cfg"dkj vkSj Lons'kh eky dsç;ksx ls vaxzstksa dks foÙkh; gkfu gksxh vkSj caxky foHkktu jí djus dsfy, ljdkj ij ncko Mkyk tk ldsxkA ljdkj fu;af=kr f'k{kk laLFkkvksads LFkku ij ,d jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ;kstuk cuk;h x;hA mxzoknh ny dh ;kstukFkh fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ns'k lsok esa yxk;k tk;sA tc ljdkj us fo|kfFkZ;ksads fo:¼ vuq'kklfud dk;Zokgh djus dh èkedh nh] rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks;g dgk x;k fd os bu fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks NksM+ nasA lj xq#nkl cuthZus caxky jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ifj"kn cukbZA enzkl esa iNSIIkk jk"Vªh; dkWyst LFkkfirfd;k x;kA iatkc esa Mhú,úohú vkUnksyu us tksj idM+kA mxzokfn;ksa uslgdkjh laxBuksa dks Hkh c<+kok fn;kA xzkE; liQkbZ] çfrcUèkd iqfyl dk;Z]esyksa dk vk;kstu bR;kfn ds fy, Lo;alsoh laLFkk,a LFkkfir dh xbaZA nhokuhekeyksa rFkk NksVs&NksVs >xM+ksa dh lqy>kus dks fy, iap fu.kZ; lfefr;k¡cukbZ x;hA
dkaxzsl esa 1907 bZ- dk foHkktudkaxzsl esa 1907 bZ- dk foHkktudkaxzsl esa 1907 bZ- dk foHkktudkaxzsl esa 1907 bZ- dk foHkktudkaxzsl esa 1907 bZ- dk foHkktuHkkjrh; jktuhfr esa mxzokn dk fodkl nks :iksa esa gqvk& dkaxzsl ds
Hkhrj mxzokn dk mn; vkSj dkaxzsl ij bldk vfèkiR; rFkk vkradoknh,oa ØkfUrdkjh nyksa dk mn;A
dkaxzsl dh ujeiaFkh uhfr;ksa ds f[kykiQ 1895 ls gh vlarks"k O;Drfd;k tkus yxk FkkA cukjl dkaxzsl esa fçal vkiQ osYl (tktZ iape) dsHkkjr vkxeu ds le; muds Lokxr ds ç'u dks yktir jk; vkSj frydus dM+h pqukSrh nh FkhA fryd us cax foHkktu ds fo:¼ lR;kxzg djusdk vkxzg fd;k rFkk bls iw.kZr% oSèkd vkSj U;k;laxr crk;kA 1906 dsdydÙkk vfèkos'ku ds le; nksuksa nyksa esa njkj vkSj c<+ x;hA cfg"dkj*ds vL=k dks iwjs Hkkjr esa ykxw fd;k tk;s ;k fliQZ caxky esa] ml ç'uij nksuksa ny my> iM+sA lwjr dkaxzsl vfèkos'ku (1907) esa dkaxzsl Li"Vr%nks nyksa] ujeiaFkh vkSj xjeiaFkh vFkok mnkj rFkk mxzoknh esa foHkDrgks x;hA nksuksa nyksa us vyx&vyx jkLrs vf[r;kj dj fy,A mnkjokfn;ksaus fczfV'k ljdkj ds lkFk lg;ksx vkSj le>kSrs dk jkLrk viuk;k] tcfdmxzokfn;ksa us la?k"kZ dk jkLrk pqukA èkhjs&èkhjs dkaxzsl ij ls mnkjokfn;ksadk çHkko lekIr gksrk pyk x;k vkSj mudh txg mxzokfn;ksa us ys yhAckn dh ?kVukvksa vkSj ljdkj ds dk;ksZa ls mnkjoknh Hkh {kqCèk gks x;sAmu yksxksa us Hkh ljdkj ds lkFk lg;ksx djus dh fujFkZdrk dks le>fy;kA iQyr% 1916 bZú esa dkaxzsl ds y[kumQ vfèkos'ku esa nksuks nyksa esaiqu% ,drk dk;e gks x;hA
mxzokn dk ewY;kadu % mxzoknh fopkj vkSj jktuhfr ds ewY;kaduesa gesa ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd ;g ,d lqlaxfBr jktuhfrd n'kZu ughaFkkA blds leFkZdksa esa lfØ; ØkfUrdkjh ls ysdj] xqIr leFkZd rdlfEefyr FksA blh çdkj bl n'kZu ds lHkh çeq[k usrk & vjfoUn] fryd]iky rFkk yktir jk; vius jktuhfrd vkn'kksZa rFkk dk;Zç.kkyh esa fHkUuFksA ;gh ugha usrkvksa ds vius fopkj Hkh le;kuqlkj cnyrs jgsA mnkgj.k
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 42
ds :i esa fryd dk LojkT; ,d çdkj dk ^^Lo'kklu** Fkk] tcfdvjfoUn dk LojkT; vaxzstksa ds fu;a=k.k ls iw.kZr;k Lora=k FkkA
mxzoknh usrk çtkra=k] lafoèkku vkSj çxfr dh ckr djrs Fks vkSj ;gHkh pkgrs Fks fd jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk lkekftd vkèkkj vfèkd cM+k gkstk;sA ;s uxjoklh çk;% fuEu eè;e oxksZa ds yksx Fks] tks pkgrs Fks fddkaxzsl dk lUns'k turk rd igq¡psA bu yksxksa us vius fopkjksa dks turkesa çlkfjr djus ds fy, Hkjld ç;Ru fd,A
;s yksx Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa dh Hkwfedk dks HkyhHkkafr le>rs Fks vkSjos pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hkkjr ds ç'kklu esa vfèkd Hkkx feyss rFkkvaxzstksa 'kks"k.k cUn gksA os ;g Hkh vuqHko djrs Fks fd vaxzstksa dk HkkjrNksM+uk fdlh u fdlh çdkj dh çR;{k fØ;k (Direct Action) ds vkSjncko ds fcuk laHko ughas gSA vr,o lg;ksx ds LFkku ij vlg;ksx vkSjljdkj dh vU;k;iw.kZ uhfr;ksa ds fo:¼ çfrjksèk dh uhfr viukbZA buyksxksa us turk dks ^vlg;ksx] vfgalkRed çfrjksèk] lkewfgd vkUnksyu]vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj nq%[k** lgus dk ikB i<+k;kA bu yksxksa us ns'kHkfDr dksfo|k fouksn (Academic Pastime) ls ifjofrZr dj ^^ns'k lsok rFkknq%[k lguk** cuk fn;kA
bl uhfr dk ykHk Hkh gqvkA 1911 esa caxky dk foHkktu jí djfn;k x;kA blls ns'k esa ,d u, vkRefo'okl dk mn~Hko gqvkA ^LojkT;**dk mís'; ekeyksa us rks iwjk ugha fd;k] ijUrq vc og ØkfUrdkjh ek¡xugha jg x;h vkSj çFke fo'o;q¼ ds le; ljdkj us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd^^Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa dk mís'; Lo'kklu laLFkk,¡ LFkkfir djukgSA**
mnkjoknh rFkk mxzoknh fopkjksa dh rqyuk % fryd us fy[kkgS fd gekjh uhfr;ksa ds çfr nks 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gksus yxk gS% mnkjoknhvkSj mxzoknhA ;s 'kCn le; ls lEcfUèkr gaSA blfy, ;s le; ds vuqlkjcny tk;saxs] tSls dy ds mxzoknh vkt ds mnkjoknh cu x;s gSa] mlhçdkj vkt ds mnkjoknh dy ds mxzoknh cu tk;saxsA fryd dh mijksDrfoospuk ds ckotwn ;fn lw{e vè;;u fd;k tk;s rks gesa mnkjoknh rFkkmxzoknh fopkjksa esa dqN ewyHkwr vUrj Li"V fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA mnkjoknhny vkSj mxzoknh ny ds yksx nksuksa gh eè;e oxZ ls lEcfUèkr Fks vkSjnksuksa gh vaxzsth 'kklu ds fo:¼ Hkkjrh;ksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks mn~?kksf"kr djjgs Fks] fiQj Hkh muds fopkjksa rFkk dk;Z ç.kkyh esa dkiQh vlekurk,¡ Fkha%&1- mnkjoknh ny lkekftd cjkcjh vkSj Hkkjr ds vaxzsth 'kklu esa
fgLlsnkjh ekaxrs Fks] D;ksafd os dgrs Fks fd ge Hkh vaxzsth çtk gSaAmxzoknh ny ;g vfèkdkj blfy, ekaxrk Fkk ;g mudk tUefl¼vfèkdkj gSA
2- mnkjoknh ny baXySaM esa jgus okys yksxksa ls çkFkZuk djrs Fks vkSj mUgsavaxzsth bfrgkl vkSj jktuhfrd fopkjksa ij fo'okl Fkk tcfd mxzoknhny ds yksx Hkkjrh; ijEijkvksa ls çsj.kk xzg.k djrs FksA
3- mnkjoknh ny vaxzstksa dh nSoh ns[kjs[k esa jktuhfrd çf'k{k.k esa fo'okldjrs FksA mxzoknh ny vaxzstksa ds nSoh fe'ku dks dsoy ,d ek;ktkygh le>rs FksA
4- mxzoknh ny ds yksx mnkjoknh vkUnksyu dks jktuhfrd fHk{kko`frle>rs FksA bldh txg yksx vfgalkRed çfrjksèk vkSj lkewfgdvkUnksyu esa fo'okl djrs FksA
5- mnkjokfn;ksa ds fy, LojkT; dk vFkZ ^lkezkT; ds vUnj vkSifuosf'kdLo'kklu** Fkk] tcfd mxzokfn;ksa ds fy, LojkT; dk vFkZ ^fons'khfu;a=k.k ls iw.kZ Lora=krk** FkkA
6- mnkjokfn;ksa dk tu vkUnksyu esa fo'okl ugha Fkk tcfd mxzokfn;ksaus vkjaHk ls gh tu vkUnksyu NsM+us dk ç;kl fd;kA
çeq[k mxzoknh usrkçeq[k mxzoknh usrkçeq[k mxzoknh usrkçeq[k mxzoknh usrkçeq[k mxzoknh usrkmxzoknh vkUnksyu ds eq[; usrk cky] iky ,oa yky FksA Jh vjfoan
us Hkh bl vkUnksyu esa çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA bu yksxksa us Hkkjrh; jktuhfrdks ,d ubZ fn'kk nh rFkk Lora=krk laxzke dks tq>k: Lo:i çnku fd;kA
(1)cky xaxkèkj fryd (1856&1920) % dkaxzsl ds mxzoknhusrkvksa esa loZçFke LFkku cky xaxkèkj fryd dks fn;k tkrk gSA mUgksausjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dks rhozrk vkSj xfr çnku dhA Hkkjrh; bUgsa J¼k vkSjI;kj ls yksdekU;* dgrs FksA mudk tUe 23 tqykbZ] 1856 dks egkjk"Vªds jRuxhfj uxj esa ,d mPp fprikou czkã.k ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA frydds dk;Zdky dks lqfoèkkuqlkj nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS& 1880ls 1900 rd rFkk 1900 ls 1920 rdA çFke pj.k esa fryd dh xfrfofèk;k¡eq[;r% egkjk"Vª rd gh lhfer jgha] ijUrq nwljs pj.k esasa mUgksaus jk"Vªh;jktuhfr esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA loZçFke mUgksaus Hkkjrh;ksa ds fnekx lsghurk dh Hkkouk feVkus dk fu'p; fd;kA bl mís'; ls mUgksaus ns'kHkfDrvkSj uSfrdrk dh f'k{kk ij cy fn;kA mUgha ds ç;klksa ls ^nDdu ,tqds'kulkslk;Vh** ,oa ^iQjX;wlu dkWyst** dh LFkkiuk gqbZA f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dhLFkkiuk ds vfrfjDr mUgksaus tuer dks tkxzr djus ds fy, dsljh (ejkBhnSfud) vkSj ejkBk (vaxzsth lIrkfgd) dk çdk'ku vkjaHk fd;kA bulekpkj i=kksa esa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ljkguk dh rFkk if'peh lH;rkds vaèkkèkqaèk vuqdj.k dh ço`fÙk dh f[kYyh mM+kbZA Hkkjrh;ksa ds xkSjo dksc<+kus ds fy, vk;kaZs dh tUeHkwfe ij fo}rkiw.kZ ys[k fy[ksA os Hkkjrh;ksadks uSfrdrk vkSj deZ ekxZ dh f'k{kk nsus ds fy, xhrk dh O;k[;k Hkhdjrs FksA ckn esa tc og ekaMys tsy esa Fks rc mUgksaus ejkBh esa xhrk ijVhdk fy[kh] tks xhrk jgL;* ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA fryd us jktuhfrdmís';ksa dh iwfrZ ,oa turk dks laxfBr djus ds fy, èkkfeZd euksHkkoukdks Hkh mHkkjus dk ç;kl fd;kA bl mís'; ls mUgksaus ^x.kifr mRlo*,oa f'kokth mRlo* cM+s laxfBr iSekus ij eukus dh O;oLFkk dhA mUgksausxksgR;k fojksèkh lfefr;k¡] ykBh vkSj v[kkM+k Dyc Hkh LFkkfir fd,A
1900 esa fryd dkaxzsl ls çHkkfor gksdj blesa lfEefyr gq,] ijUrqvkjaHk ls gh mUgsa dkaxzsl dh ujeiaFkh uhfr;ksa esa fo'okl ugha FkkA mudkfopkj Fkk fd dkaxzsl dk y{; vius fy, Lo;a dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkjçkfIr gksuk pkfg,] u fd ,sls lkekftd lqèkkj ftUgsa LOkkèkhurk feyus rdVkyk tk ldrk FkkA fryd us dkaxzsl ij ,sls dk;ZØe j[kus ds fy, nckoMkyk] ftlls mls tu leFkZu çkIr gks ldsA os ;g Hkh ekurs Fks fd turkdks vkSj dkaxzsl dks cM+s iSekus ij vaxzsth ljdkj dk çfrjksèk djus dsfy, rS;kj gksuk pkfg,A fryd us bl mís'; ls jk"Vªh; f'k{kk] Lons'kh]cfg"dkj vkSj LojkT; dk pkj lw=kh dk;ZØe is'k fd;kA 1897&98 esatc ljdkj us fryd dks 18 ekl ds dkjkokl dh ltk nh] rks mUgksauslg"kZ bls Lohdkj dj fy;kA
1907 ds dkaxzsl ds lwjr vfèkos'ku ds ckn fryd dks vius lkfFk;ksalfgr dkaxzsl NksM+dj vyx gksuk iM+kA mUgksaus dkaxzsl ls vyx mxzoknhvkUnksyu tkjh j[kkA dkaxzsl dh vkrafjd iwQV dk ykHk mBkdj 1908 esaljdkj us fryd ij jktnzksg dk eqdnek pyk;kA mUgsa 6 o"kZ ds dkjkokldh ltk nh x;h vkSj ekaMys fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA 1910 bZú esa frydus yUnu ds VkbEl v[kckj ds oSnsf'kd laoknnkrk rFkk bafM;k vujsLV*ds ys[kd oSysaVkbu f'kjksy ds fo:¼ ekugkfu dk eqdnek nk;j fd;kA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 43
fryd 1914 esa ekaMys ls okil vk,A ml le; Hkkjr vkSj fo'odh jktuhfrd fLFkfr vR;ar xaHkhj FkhA çFke fo'o;q¼ dk [krjk eaMjkjgk FkkA eqfLye yhx dk Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa mn; gks pqdk Fkk] dkaxzslfuf"Ø; gks pqdh FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa fryd vkilh iwQV dks lekIr djiqu% Lora=krk vkUnksyu dh xfr rhoz djuk pkgrs FksA vr% ,uh cslsaV dsç;klksa ds iQyLo:i fryd vius lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk iqu% 1916 esa y[kumQvfèkos'ku esa dkaxzsl esa 'kkfey gq,A os dkaxzsl ds vanj gh ,d ^gkse:yyhx** cukuk pkgrs Fks] ijUrq dkaxzsl dh vLi"V uhfr ds dkj.k mUgsa flrEcj1916 esa ,d vyx gkse:y yhx cukus dks ckè; gksuk iM+kA mUgksaus viuslekpkj i=kksa }kjk turk dks blds mís';ksa ls ifjfpr djk;k rFkk egkjk"VªvkSj eè; Hkkjr esa x`g 'kklu vkUnksyu (Home rule Movement) dksc<+kok fn;kA mUgksaus ?kks"k.kk dh fd] ^LojkT; gekjk tUefl¼ vfèkdkjgS vkSj bls eSa ysdj jgw¡xkA** tc ljdkj us 1917 esa laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksadh ?kks"k.kk dh] rks mUgksaus bldk Lokxr fd;kA mudk fopkj Fkk fd ljdkjds lkFk lg;ksx dj x`g 'kklu dks çkIr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA mUgksausf[kykiQr vkUnksyu dks Hkh leFkZu fn;k] ijUrq tc xk¡èkhth us vlg;ksxvkUnksyu vkjaHk djus dk fu'p; fd;k rks fryd us viSzy 1920 esa vkxkehpquko yM+us ds fy, ^dkaxzsl MseksØsfVd ikVhZ** dh LFkkiuk dhA os vpkudchekj gks x;s vkSj 1 vxLr 1920 dks mudh e`R;q gks x;hA 1 vxLrdks gh xk¡èkhth us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ,d ;qx dk varvkSj ,d u, ;qx dk vkjaHk ,d gh lkFk gqvkA
fu%lansg fryd Hkkjr dh ,d egku foHkwfr FksA Lo;a xk¡èkhth us mudkegRo Lohdkj fd;k FkkA fryd dh e`R;q ds i'pkr ^;ax bf.M;k** dsvius ys[k esa xk¡èkhth us Lohdkj fd;k fd muds le; esa tulkèkkj.kij ftruk çHkko fryd dk Fkk] mruk vU; fdlh dk ughaA ftl n`<+rkvkSj fLFkjrk ls yksdekU; us LojkT; ds lans'k dk çpkj fd;k] oSlk fdlhus ugha fd;kA oLrqr% fryd ,d ;FkkZFkoknh jktuhfrK vkSj mPpdksfV dsnk'kZfud FksA
(2)ykyk yktir jk; (1865& 1928) % iatkc esa ykykyktirjk; us ubZ lkekftd o jktuhfrd psruk ykus dk ç;kl fd;kA iatkcfuoklh J¼k ls mUgsa 'ksjs iatkc* vkSj iatkc dsljh* dgrs FksA yktirjk; dk tUe iatkc ds yqfèk;kuk ftys ds ,d oS'; ifjokj esa gqvk FkkAos Lokeh n;kuUn ds çHkko ls dV~Vj vk;Z lekth cu x;s FksA os Mhú,úohúdkWyst] ykgkSj dh LFkkiuk ls Hkh lacafèkr FksA os ,d fuHkhZd i=kdkj FksAmUgksaus iatkch* vkSj oUns ekrje~* lekpkj i=k dk çdk'ku çkjaHk fd;kvkSj ,d vaxzsth i=k&n ihiqy (The people) Hkh vkjaHk fd;kA os ns'k dsfy, dbZ ckj tsy x;sA
1905 esa og xks[kys ds lkFk vaxzsth yksder dks] Hkkjrh; leL;kvksarFkk bPNkvksa ls voxr djkus ds fy, baXySaM Hkh x;sA ysfdu os ogk¡ lsfujk'k gh ykSVsA 1914 esa os fiQj baXySaM x;s vkSj ogka ls vesfjdk x;s]rkfd Hkkjr dh Lora=krk ds fy, leFkZu çkIr dj ldsa vkSj lkezkT;oknds fo:¼ yksder rS;kj dj ldasA 1920 esa os dydÙkk vfèkos'ku dsvè;{k pqus x;sA 1922 esa os xk¡èkhth ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyu okil ysusds fo:¼ Fks] iQyLo:i mUgksaus ^LojkT; ny** cukus esa lhúvkjúnklvkSj eksrh yky usg: ds lkFk lg;ksx fd;kA os dsUnzh; foèkkulHkk esa Lojktny dh vksj ls pqus x;sA os fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk esa iDdk fo'okl j[krsFks] ijUrq og vYila[;dksa dks çlUu djus ds fy, fgUnqvksa ds fgrksa dkcfynku djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha FksA blh dkj.k mUgksaus if.Mr enu eksguekyoh; ds lkFk feydj fgUnw lHkk* dk xBu fd;kA 1928 esa mUgksauslkbeu deh'ku ds fo:¼ çn'kZu fd;k vkSj mu ij iqfyl us ykBh ls
çgkj fd;k] ftlds iQyLo:i mudh e`R;q gks x;hA egkRek xk¡èkh us mudhe`R;q ij dgk Fkk] ^^Hkkjrh; lkSjeaMy dk ,d flrkjk Mwc x;k gSA**
(3)fofiupUnz iky (1858&1932) % fofiu pUnz iky dktUe 1858 esa vle ds flygV ftyk esa gqvk FkkA caxky foHkktu fojksèkhvkUnksyu esa mUgksaus egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mUgksaus Lons'kh vkUnksyu dsçlkj esa Hkh Hkkx fy;kA 1908 bZú esa mUgsa Jh vjfoan ?kks"k ij pyk,tk jgs eqdnes esa xokgh nsus dks dgk x;k] ftls mUgksaus Lohdkj ugha fd;kAiQyr% ljdkj us mu ij vnkyr dh eku gkfu djus dk eqdnek pyk;kvkSj 6 ekg dkjkokl dh ltk nhA mUgsa xkèkhth dh 'kkafriw.kZ uhfr;ksa vkSjvlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds fl¼kUr esa vkLFkk ugha FkhA vr% vlg;ksx vkUnksyuds le; os dkaxzsl ls vyx gks x;sA 1932 esa mudh e`R;q gks x;hA
(4)vjfoan ?kks"k (1872&1950) % vjfoan ?kks"k ,d egkunk'kZfud vkSj jktuhfrK FksA budk tUe 15 vxLr] 1872 dks caxky esagqvk FkkA os caXyk vkSj laLd`r ds vfrfjDr vaxzsth] ySfVu] çsaQp] teZuvkSj bVkyoh Hkk"kk Hkh tkurs FksA Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ds ekè;e ls os bfrgklls çHkkfor gq,A fo'o dh egku ØkfUr;ksa us mu ij xgjk çHkko MkykAmUgksaus cafde pUnz pVthZ dh iqLrd vkuUn eB ls çsj.kk ysdj Hkkjr ekrkdh iwtk ,oa oans ekrje~ dks viuk vkn'kZ cuk;kA 1889 esa mUgksaus mPpf'k{kk ds fy, dSafczt fo'ofo|ky; esa ços'k fy;kA yanu esa os vkbZúlhú,lúdh ijh{kk esa cSBs fdUrq vliQy jgsA yanu esa gh mUgksaus ^dey ,oa dVkj**(Lotus and Daggar) uked xqIr laLFkk dh lnL;rk xzg.k dh RkFkk vkthouns'k lsok dk ozr fy;kA caxky foHkktu ds volj ij mUgksaus vaxzstksa dkfojksèk djus ,oa Lons'kh vkUnksyu dk çpkj djus esa egÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkbZA os ØkfUrdkjh dk;ksZa ls lEc¼ xqIr lfefr;ksa ls Hkh tqM+s gq, FksAvyhiqj ce dsl eas mUgsa Hkh vfHk;qDr cuk;k x;kA mUgksaus vius lekpkji=k ^^oUns ekrje** }kjk ?kj&?kj esa ØkfUr dk lans'k igq¡pk;kA mUgksaus^;qxkUrj* uked if=kdk Hkh fudkyh] lkfo=kh* budh egRoiw.kZ iqLrd gSA
1910 esa os dydÙkk NksM+dj iakfMpsjh pys x;sA tgka mUgksaus ,dvkJe dh LFkkiuk dj viuk lkjk le; vkè;kfRed fparu esa yxk;kAvius n'kZu dks mUgksaus ^^deZ** uked if=kdk ds lgkjs çpkfjr fd;kAikafMpsjh esa jgdj Hkh os iw.kZr% jktuhfr ls vyx ugha gq,A mUgksaus 1932esa dkaxzsl }kjk lkaçnkf;d fuokZpu ds fl¼kUr dks Lohdkj fd, tkus dhvkykspuk dh] f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ds le; fczVsu dk i{k fy;k ,oa fØIldks Hkkjr vkus ij cèkkbZ dk lans'k fn;kA Lokèkhurk dh çkfIr ij mUgksausjk"Vª dks lacksfèkr djrs gq, çlUurk O;Dr dhA ikaMspsjh esa gh 1950 esabudh e`R;q gks x;hA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds mn; ds çeq[k dkj.kHkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds mn; ds çeq[k dkj.kHkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds mn; ds çeq[k dkj.kHkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds mn; ds çeq[k dkj.kHkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds mn; ds çeq[k dkj.k
� fons'kh çHkqRo dk ifj.kke� Hkkjr dk ç'kklfud vkSj vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k� if'peh fopkj rFkk vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk çpyu� vkèkqfud lekpkj i=kksa dk mHkjuk� bfrgkl ds 'kksèk dk çHkko� 'kkldksa dk tkrh; naHk� ledkyhu ;wjksih; vkUnksyu dk çHkko� lqèkkj vkUnksyuksa dk çxfr'khy Lo:i� fyVu dh çfrfØ;koknh uhfr;k¡
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 44
� bYcVZ fcy fookn� Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh fczfV'k lfefr dh LFkkiuk 1889 esa dh
x;h] ftlus 1890 esa bf.M;k* uked if=kdk dk çdk'ku Hkh vkjaHkfd;kA
� dkaxzsl }kjk 1892 dk vfèkos'ku yUnu esa djuk r; gqvk Fkk ijUrqvaxzsth pquko ds dkj.k ;g fopkj LFkkfxr djuk iM+kA
� uejiafFk;ksa us Hkkjr dh xjhch dks nwj djus dk çeq[k mik; rhozvkS|ksxhdj.k crk;kA
� 1896 esa Lons'kh dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr iwuk rFkk egkjk"Vª esa fons'khoL=kksa dh [kqysvke gksyh tykbZ x;hA
� 1892 ds Hkkjrh; ifj"kn dkuwu }kjk 'kkgh foèkk;h ifj"kn rFkk çkarh;ifj"knksa esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<+k nh x;hA buesa ls dqN lnL;ksa dksHkkjrh;] vçR;{k pquko }kjk pqu ldrs Fks] fiQj Hkh cgqer ljdkjhlnL;ksa dk gh jgkA
� dkaxzsl ds eap ls Lo'kklu (LojkT;) dh ekax 1905 esa xks[kys vkSj1906 esa nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth }kjk mBk;k x;kA
� ujeiafFk;ksa us fL=k;ksa ds fy, erkfèkdkj dh ekax dHkh ugha dhA� ujeiafFk;ksa }kjk lq>k;k x;k lcls egRoiw.kZ ç'kkldh; lqèkkj Fkk]
^^ç'kkldh; lsokvksa ds mPprj inksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.kA**� 1886 esa MiQfju us dkaxzsl ds dydÙkk vfèkos'ku ds çfrfufèk;ksa dks
^^m|ku Hkkst** (GARDEN PARTY) fn;k FkkA� dkaxzsl ds çfr 1887 ds ckn ljdkj dk #[k dBksj gksrk pyk x;kA
os yksx jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa dks ^csoiQk ckcw** ^jktnzksgh ckã.k** rFkk^^fgald [kyuk;d** dgus yxsA dkaxzsl dks ^jktnzksg dk dkj[kkuk**dgk tkus yxkA
� MiQfju us dkaxzsl dks dsoy ,d ^^lw{en'khZ vYila[;k** dkçfrfufèkRo djus okyk crk;kA dkaxzsl dh ekaxksa dks ^vKkr esa Nykax**dh laKk nhA
� 1890 esa dtZu us dgk fd] ^^dkaxzsl dk egy HkjHkjk jgk gS vkSjHkkjr esa jgrs gq, esjh eq[; egRokdka{kk ;g gS fd eSa 'kkafr ds lkFkmls ejus esa lg;ksx ns ldawA**
� ,fYxu us dgk Fkk fd] ^Hkkjro"kZ ryokj ds cy ij thrk x;k FkkvkSj ryokj ds cy ij gh mls fczrkuh dCts esa j[kk tk;sxkA**
� vkjafHkd jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh cqfu;knh detksjh Fkh] bldk ladqfprlkekftd vkèkkjA
� vkjafHkd jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;Z Fkk] fczfV'k lkezkT;oknds lgh pfj=k dks mtkxj djuk rFkk turk dks jktuhfrd :i lsçf'kf{kr djukA
� nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth dks o;kso`¼ (Grand Old Man of India) dgk tkrkFkkA
� os 1886 (dydÙkk)] 1893 (ykgkSj) rFkk 1906 (dydÙkk) esadkaxzsl vfèkos'ku ds vè;{k pqus x;sA
� 1892 esa og igys Hkkjrh; Fks] tks mnkjoknh ny dh vksj ls fiQUlcjhls fczfV'k laln ds lnL; pqus x;sA
� 1852 esa LFkkfir gqbZ cEcbZ dh igyh jktuhfrd laLFkk] ^cEcbZ,lksfl,'ku* dk Js; Hkh mUgha dks gSA
� 1866 esa bUgksaus yanu esa ^bZLV bf.M;k ,lksfl,'ku** dh LFkkiuk dhA� mUgksaus viuh iqLrd ^ikoVhZ ,.M vu fczfV'k :y bu bf.M;k** esa
^èku ds fu"dkl.k* dh çfØ;k dh ppkZ dh FkhA� fiQjkst'kkg esgrk cEcbZ ds çfl¼ odhy FksA
� 1872 esa cEcbZ dkiksZjs'ku ds lnL; rFkk 1886 esa cEcbZ foèkkf;dk dslnL; cuk, x;sA
� dsúVhú rsyax vkSj cn:íhu rS;cth ds lkFk bUgksaus cEcbZ çsflMsalh,lksfl,'ku dh LFkkiuk dhA
� xks[kys] ekèko xksfoUn jk.kkMs] ftUgsa egkjk"Vª dk lqdjkr dgk tkrkgS] ds vuq;k;h FksA
� 1897 esa ;s rFkk okpk (fnu'kk) Hkkjrh; O;; ds fy, fu;qDr osYchvk;ksx ds lEeq[k lk{; nsus baXySaM x;sA
� mxzoknh ny ds yksx bUgsa ^^f'kfFky mnkjoknh** dgrs FksA� ljdkj }kjk bUgsa ^^Nn~eos'kh; fonzksgh** dh laKk nh x;h FkhA� 1905 esa bUgksaus ^^Hkkjr lsod eaMy** dh LFkkiuk dhA� os nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth ls cgqr çHkkfor Fks vkSj dgrs Fks] ^;fn euq";ksa
esa dgha nsoRo gS rks og nknk HkkbZ esa gh gSA**� lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZ çFke Hkkjrh; Fks ftUgsa vkbZ-lh-,l- esa liQyrk
feyh] fdUrq ljdkj }kjk mu ij vkjksi yxkdj mUgsa lsokeqDr djfn;k x;kA
� 1876 esa vkuUn eksgu cksl rFkk vU; ds lkFk feydj ^bf.M;k,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiukdhA
� ^caxkyh* if=kdk dk lEiknu fd;kA� ^, us'ku bu n esfdax* uked iqLrd fy[khA� dkaxzsl ds 1895 (iwuk) rFkk 1902 (vgenkckn) ds vfèkos'ku esa vè;{k
pqus x;sA� vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks viuk leFkZu ugha fn;k vr,o ljdkj }kjk
mUgsa ^lj* dh mikfèk çnku dh x;hA� ,úvksú áwe us ^^turk ds fe=k** (People's Friend) uked if=kdk
dk çdk'ku vkjaHk fd;k] ftlesa Hkkjrh;ksa dh leL;kvksa dk mYys[kfd;k x;kA
� cax&Hkax dh igyh ;kstuk 1903 ds var esa çdkf'kr dh x;hA la'kksfèkr;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk 7 tqykbZ] 1905 dks f'keyk ls dh x;hA 16 vDVwcj]1905 dks bls ykxw dj fn;k x;kA
� cax&Hkax ds iQyLo:i <kdk] pVxkao o jkt'kkgh dks vle ds lkFkfeykdj iwohZ caxky o vle çkar dk xBu gqvkA
� tqykbZ 1905 esa 70]000 yksxksa ds gLrk{kj ls vkosnu&i=k nsdj ;kstukdks lekIr djus dks dgk x;kA
� 7 vxLr] 1905 dks Vkmu gkWy lHkk esa vaxszth eky ds cfg"dkj dkladYi fy;k x;kA 28 flrEcj dks dkyh?kkV ds eafnj esa bl ladYidks nqgjk;k x;kA
� 16 vDVqcj] 1905 dks 'kksd fnol ds :i esa euk;k x;k rFkk johUnzukFk VSxksj ds vkàku ij jk[kh fnol euk;k x;kA
� caxky esa us'kuy Ldwy rFkk çkbejh Ldwy LFkkfir djus esa ^MkWulkslkbVh* dh eq[; Hkwfedk jghA
� dydÙkk vfèkos'ku 1906 dk çLrko& ¶bl dkaxszl dk er gS fdcax&Hkax ds çfrokn ds :i esa caxky esa vkjaHk fd;k x;k ck;dkVvkanksyu U;k;laxr Fkk vkSj gSA¸ rFkk ¶;g dkaxszl Losn'kh vkanksyudk lokZfèkd gkfnZd leFkZu djrh gS vkSj ns'k dh turk ls vihydjrh gS fd og bls liQy cukus ds fy, ifjJe djsA¸
� bl vkanksyu ds çeq[k ifj.kke fuEu gSa&� rhoz jk"Vªh; çfrjksèk dk tUe� Lons'kh vkSj cfg"dkj vkanksyu dk tUe
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� lkaLÑfrd çxfr� jk"Vªh; f'k{kk dk çlkj� jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa Nk=kksa vkSj fL=k;ksa dk cM+s iSekus ij ços'k� mxz&jk"Vªokn dk fodkl� Økafrdkjh vkradokn dk fodkl� Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxszl dk foHkktu
� caxky foHkktu ds volj ij gh joUnzukFk VSxksj us viuk çfl¼ xhr^vkekj lksukj ckaxyk* fy[kk FkkA ;g xhr vHkh ckaXykns'k dk jk"Vªh;xku gSA
� blh ds fojksèk esa vkuUn eksgu cksl us caxky dh vVwV ,drk trykusds fy, isQMjs'ku gkFk dh cqfu;kn j[khA
� Lons'kh vkanksyu dks ns'k ds nwljs Hkkxksa rd igqapkus esa çeq[k Hkwfedk^fryd* dh jghA
� 1905 esa igyk jk"Vªh; Ldwy jaxiqj esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA� 1905 esa çFke vkS|ksfxd lEesyu jes'k pUnz nÙk dh vè;{krk esa cukjl
esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA� lwjr vfèkos'ku (1907) esa dkaxzsl Li"Vr% nks nyksa & uje ny vkSj
xje ny esa foHkDr gks x;hA bl vfèkos'ku ds vè;{k jkl fcgkjh?kks"k FksA blh vfèkos'ku esa dkaxzsl dk lafoèkku Hkh cukA
� 1897 esa ukVq HkkbZ;ksa dks ns'k&fudkyk dh ltk nh x;hA� foosdkuUn dh mfDr;ka % ¶nqfu;k esa vxj dksbZ iki gS rks og fucZyrk
gS] fucZyrk dk R;kx djksA¸� ¶Hkkjr dh ,dek=k vk'kk mldh turk gSA m¡Qps oxZ ds yksx 'kkjhfjd
vkSj uSfrd n`f"V ls e`rçk; gaSA¸� fryd us dkaxzsl dks pkiywlksa dk lEesyu* vkSj vfèkos'ku dks NqfV~V;ksa
dks euksjatu* dgk FkkA fryd us rks ;gk¡ rd dgk fd] ^;fn ge o"kZesa ,d ckj es<+dksa dh Hkk¡fr VjkZ,a] rks gesa dqN ugha feysxkA**
� ykyk yktir jk; us dkaxsl lEesyuksa dks f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa dk okf"kZdjk"Vªh; esyk* dgkA
� dtZu ds dk;Zdky dks f'k"VeaMyksa] Hkwyksa vkSj vk;ksxksa (Missions,
Omissions and Commissions) dk dky dgk tkrk gSA� mxzokfn;ksa ds dk;ZØeksa esa fons'kh eky ds cfg"dkj] Lons'kh ds vykok
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vkSj lR;kxzg ij tksj fn;k x;kA� lj xq#nkl cuthZ us caxky esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ifj"kn cuk;hA� ^^tSls dy ds mxzoknh vkt ds mnkjokjh cu x;s gSa oSls gh vkt ds
mxzoknh dy ds mnkjoknh cu tk;s¡xs&** fryd
� fryd us lEefr vk;q foèks;d (Age of Consent Act) dk fojksèk fd;kD;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd fonsf'k;ksa dks gekjs lekt lqèkkj ds fy,dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj ugha gSA
� cky xaxkèkj fryd yksdekU; ds uke ls çfl¼ gSaA� nDdu ,tqds'ku lkslkbVh vkSj iQjX;qlu dkWyst dh LFkkiuk eas lg;ksxA� dsljh (ejkBh nSfud) rFkk ejkBk (vaxzsth lkIrkfgd) dk çdk'kuA� xhrk jgL;&ejkBh esa xhrk ij Vhdk rFkk Arctic Home of Aryans
Hkh fy[ksA� x.kifr egksRlo ,oa f'kokth egksRlo dk çpyuA� xksgR;k lfefr;ksa] ykBh vkSj v[kkM+k Dyc dh LFkkiukA� yUnu ds VkbEl v[kckj ds oSnsf'kd laoknnkrk rFkk bf.M;k vujsLV*
ds ys[kd oSysaVkbu f'kjksy ij ekugkfu dk eqdnek pyk;kA f'kjkstus mUgsa Hkkjr esa ^v'kkfUr dk tUenkrk* dgk FkkA
� flrEcj 1916 esa gkse:y yhx* dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk ^LojkT; gekjktUefl¼ vfèkdkj gS** dk ukjk fn;kA
� dkaxzsl MseksØsfVd ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk 1920 esaA� ykyk yktir jk; dks 'ksjs iatkc* iatkc dsljh* vkfn ukeksa ls çfl¼
gSaA� çeq[k vk;ZlekthA� ^iatkch* vkSj oUns ekrje* lekpkj i=k çdkf'kr fd, rFkk ,d vaxzsth
i=k ^The People* dk çdk'ku Hkh çkjaHk fd;kA� dsUnzh; foèkkulHkk ds fy, Lojkt ny dh vksj ls pqus x;sA� enu eksgu ekyoh; ds lkFk feydj fgUnw lHkk* dk xBu] vr% mu
ij lkaçnkf;d gksus dk vkjksi yxkA� mudh e`R;q ij xk¡èkhth us dgk] ^Hkkjrh; lkSjeaMy dk ,d flrkjk
Mwc x;k gSA*� fofiu pUnz iky dk tUe vle ds flygV ftys esa gqvk FkkA� vjfoan ?kks"k us cafde pUnz dh iqLrd vkuUneB ls çsj.kk ysdj Hkkjr
ekrk dh iwtk vkSj oUns ekrje dks viuk vkn'kZ cuk;kA� yanu esa ^dey ,oa dVkj* uked xqIr laLFkk ds lnL; cusA� mUgsa vyhiqj ce dsl esa vfHk;qDr cuk;k x;kA� mUgksaus oUns ekrje~& uked lekpkj i=k rFkk ;qxkUrj* uked if=kdk
dk laiknu fd;kA� mudh çfl¼ nk'kZfud iqLrd dk uke ^lkfo=kh* gSA� mUgksaus ikaMspsjh esa vius vkJe dh LFkkiuk dhA� dkaxzsl ds lacaèk esa mUgksaus dgk Fkk] ^dkaxzsl {k;jksx ls ejus gh okyh
gSA**� mUgksaus dgk Fkk] ^jktuhfrd Lora=krk] ,d jk"Vª dk thou 'okl gSA**
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Hkkjr esa çfrfufèk ljdkjHkkjr esa çfrfufèk ljdkjHkkjr esa çfrfufèk ljdkjHkkjr esa çfrfufèk ljdkjHkkjr esa çfrfufèk ljdkj
1861 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e1861 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e1861 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e1861 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e1861 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e(The Indian Council Act-1861)
1858 osQ vfèkfu;e }kjk osQoy x`g ljdkj esa gh ifjorZu gq,FksA Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu ugha fd;s x;s FksA bl ckrdh cgqr rhoz Hkkouk Fkh fd 1857&58 osQ egku ladV osQ i'pkrHkkjrh; lafoèkku esa egku ifjorZuksa dh vk';drk gSA 1861 osQi'pkr vfèkfu;e osQ lkFk ^lg;ksx dh uhfr* dk vkjaHk gqvkAHkkjrh;ksa dks ç'kklu esa Hkkx ysus dk vfèkdkj fn;k tkus yxkA 1861osQ vfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksus osQ çeq[k dkj.k fuEu Fks%
(I) fczfV'k uhfr esa ifjorZu % 1857 osQ fonzksg dkegRoiw.kZ çHkko fczfV'k ljdkj osQ #[k ij iM+kA baXySaM osQ cgqrls yksxksa dks ;g fo'okl gks x;k fd lu 1857 dh ØkfUr dkdkj.k 'kkld vkSj 'kkflr osQ chp ?kfu"B lacaèk dk vHkko rFkkns'k dh O;oLFkkfidk lHkkvksa esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr FkhA Hkkjrh;yksx ljdkj osQ fo"k; esa D;k lksprs gSa] budh tkudkjh rHkh gksldrh gS tc çeq[k Hkkjrh;ksa dks dkSaflyksa rFkk ljdkj esa gkFk caVkusdk ekSdk fn;k tk,A nwljh vksj lS;n vgen [k¡k tSls oiQknkjHkkjrh;ksa us Hkh bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd Hkkjrh;ksa dks foèkkf;dkifj"kn esa LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
(II) ifj"kn esa nks"k % 1853 osQ pkVZj ,sDV ls dkuwu cukusdh O;oLFkk dk osQUnzh;dj.k dj fn;k x;k FkkA osQoy osQUnzh;foèkku ifj"kn dks gh laiw.kZ ns'k osQ fy, dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkjFkkA ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa fofHkUu çdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ka Fkhaftldk Kku ,d laLFkk dkss gksuk laHko ugha FkkA
blosQ vykok foèkku ifj"kn vius dk;Zdj.k esa lalnh; çfØ;kvksadk vuqdj.k djus yxhA mldh 'kfDr dkiQh c<+ x;hA ;gka rdfd og ljdkj osQ xqIr ekeyksa esa ç'u iwNrh Fkh ftlls osQUnzh;ljdkj osQ dk;ks± esa dfBukbZ gksrh FkhA vr% bldh 'kfDr vkSjvfèkdkj dks fu;af=kr djuk vko';d le>k tkus yxkA
(III) xouZj tujy dk vuko';d vfèkdkj % xouZjtujy dks ;g vf/dkj Fkk fd og vf/fu;fer çkUrksa (Non
Regulation Provinces) ds fy, dk;Zdkjh vkns'k tkjh dj ldrkFkkA mu vkns'kksa dk ogh egRo gksrk Fkk tks ,d dkuwu dkA bllaoS/kfud =kqfV dks nwj djuk vko';d FkkA
(IV) Hkkjrh;ksa dh bPNkiwfrZ % Hkkjrh; turk Hkh 'kklu esalq/kj djus dh ekax dj jgh FkhA og 'kklu esa Hkkx ysuk pkgrhFkhA vr% yksdfç; vkdka{kk dh iwfrZ ds fy, lalnh; vfèkfu;e dksikfjr fd;k tkuk vko';d le>k tkus yxkA
vfèkfu;e ds micaèkvfèkfu;e ds micaèkvfèkfu;e ds micaèkvfèkfu;e ds micaèkvfèkfu;e ds micaèk1861 osQ Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e esa HkwriwoZ vfèkfu;eksa dks
,d txg lafpr fd;k rFkk muesa vko';drkuqlkj la'kksèku yk;kA;g foosQUnzhdj.k dh fn'kk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA Hkkjrh;ksadks dkuwu fuekZ.k ls lacafèkr dj blus çfrfufèk ewyd laLFkkvksa dhuhao MkyhA
(I) ok;ljk; dh dk;Zdkjh ifj"kn esa ,d ikapoka lnL;lfEefyr dj fn;k x;k] tks ,d fofèk o`fÙk (Iegal profession)dk O;fDr Fkk] ,d fofèkosÙkk u fd ,d odhyA
(II) ok;ljk; dh ifj"kn esa vfèkd lqfoèkk ls dk;Z djus osQfy, fu;e cukus dh vuqefr ns nh xbZA bl fu;e }kjk ykMZ oSQfuaxus foHkkxh; ç.kkyh dh 'kq#vkr dhA bl çdkj Hkkjr ljdkj dheaf=keaMyh; O;oLFkk dh uhao j[kh xbZA bl O;oLFkk osQ vuqlkjç'kklu dk çR;sd foHkkx ,d O;fDr osQ vèkhu gksrk FkkA og mlfoHkkx dk çfrfufèk] ç'kklu osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h vkSj mldk laj{kdgksrk FkkA vr% vc leLr ifj"kn osQ lEeq[k osQoy uhfr lacaèkhekeys gh vkrs FksA fu'p; gh ;g ç.kkyh vfèkd liQy FkhA
(III) dkuwu cukus osQ fy, ok;ljk; dh dk;Zdkjh ifj"kn esaU;wure 6 vkSj vfèkdre 12 vfrfjDr lnL;ksa dks fu;qDr djdk;Zdkjh ifj"kn dk foLrkj fd;k x;kA bu lnL;ksa dks ok;ljk;}kjk fu;qDr gksuk Fkk rFkk os nks o"kksaZ rd vius in ij cus jgldrs FksA buesa ls U;wure vkèks lnL; xSj ljdkjh gksaxsA ;|fiHkkjrh;ksa osQ fy, dksbZ oSèkkfud çkoèkku ugha Fkk] ijUrq O;ogkj esadqN xSj ljdkjh lnL; ^mQaph Js.kh osQ Hkkjrh;* FksA bl foèkkuifj"kn dk dk;Z osQoy dkuwu cukuk FkkA
(IV) bl vfèkfu;e osQ vuqlkj cEcbZ rFkk enzkl çkarksa dks viusfy, dkuwu cukus rFkk mlesa la'kksèku djus dk vfèkdkj iqu% nsfn;k x;kA bu dkuwuksa dks xouZj tujy dh vuqefr vko';d FkhA,slh foèkku ifj"knsasa caxky] mÙkj&if'peh çkar rFkk iatkc esa 1862,
1886 rFkk 1897 esa Øe'k% bl ,sDV osQ vuqlkj LFkkfir dh x;hA(V) xoZuj tujy dks ladVdkyhu voLFkk esa foèkku ifj"kn dh
vuqefr osQ fcuk gh vè;kns'k tkjh djus dh vuqefr ns nh x;hA;s vè;kns'k vfèkdkfèkd 6 ekl rd ykxw jg ldrs FksA
vfèkfu;e ds nks"kvfèkfu;e ds nks"kvfèkfu;e ds nks"kvfèkfu;e ds nks"kvfèkfu;e ds nks"k(I) loZçFke rks foèkku fuekZ.k osQ fy, tks xSj ljdkjh lnL;ksa
dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k] os fuokZfpr lnL; ugha FksA os ok;ljk;ds fiNyXxq FksA os Hkkjrh; turk osQ fopkjksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dk
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çfrfufèkRo ugha djrs FksA ;s lnL; dkuwu fuekZ.k esa Hkh fnypLihugha fn[kkrs Fks] lkFk gh dkSaflyksa dh cSBdksa esa dHkh&dHkh ghmifLFkr gksrs FksA
(II) 1961 osQ vfèkfu;e }kjk fufeZr foèkku ifj"kn osQoy ukeek=k dh dkuwu cukus okyh laLFkk,a FkhaA u rks laxBu vkSj u ghdk;Z osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls mls foèkku lHkk dgk tk ldrk FkkA ;gosQoy dkuwu cukus osQ fy, lfefr;ka ek=k Fkha mudh foèkkf;uh 'kfDrcgqr lhfer Fkh vkSj ;g u rks ç'u iwN ldrh Fkh vkSj u ghis'k dj ldrh FkhA bl lacaèk esa jkT; lfpo lj pkYlZ oqM usfoèks;d dks çLrqr djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd mudh Hkkjr esa lkekU;çfrfufèk ijaijk }kjk dkuwu cukus dh ç.kkyh vkjaHk djus dh dksbZbPNk ugha gSA mUgksaus bu çLrkfor foèkku ifj"knksa dh miek Hkkjrh;jktkvksa osQ njckjksa ls nh tgka lkeUr oxZ vius fopkj O;Dr djrsgSa] ijUrq jktk mudk ijke'kZ ekeus dks ckè; ugha gSA
(III) xoZuj tujy dks çkarh; vkSj osQUnzh; foèkkueaMyksa }kjkikfjr foèks;dksa dks ohVks djus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k FkkA lclsvuqfpr ckr ;g Fkh fd mls 'kkafr LFkkiuk vkSj mÙke ljdkj osQfy, vè;kns'k tkjh djus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA bl çdkj xoZujdks dkuwu cukus osQ lacaèk esa fo'ks"kkfèkdkj çnku fd;k x;kA
1861 dk vfèkfu;e Hkkjr osQ laoSèkkfud bfrgkl esa ,degRoiw.kZ dne gSA blosQ lkFk Hkkjrh;ksa ls ^lg;ksx dh uhfr* dh'kq#vkr gqbZA blosQ vfrfjDr foèkk;h {ks=k esa foosQUnzhdj.k dh uhfr'kq: gqbZA cEcbZ rFkk enzkl osQ çkarksa dks fofèk fuekZ.k dh 'kfDrnh xbZA bl vfèkfu;e dk vU; laoSèkkfud egRo ;g gS fd blosQçoÙkZu ls Hkkjr esa mÙkjnk;h laLFkk dk lw=kikr gqvk vkSj turkdks vius d"Vksa dks ljdkj osQ le{k j[kus dk volj feykA
Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e] 1892Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e] 1892Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e] 1892Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e] 1892Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e] 1892(INDIAN COUNCIL ACT, 1892)
1861 osQ i'pkr Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk] lkoZtfud lsokvksa]LFkkuh;&Lo'kklu vkfn {ks=kksa esa egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk,a gqb±A bu ?kVukvksaosQ iQyLo:i Hkkjrh;ksa esa cM+h mÙkstuk iSQyh vkSj muesa jktuhfrdpsruk rFkk jk"Vªh;rk dk fodkl gqvkA 1885 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;dkaxzsl dk tUe gqvkA blus laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa dh ekax dhA bu?kVukvksa rFkk ekaxksa osQ iQyLo:i fczfV'k laln us 1892 dk Hkkjrh;ifj"kn vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;kA bl vfèkfu;e oQks ikfjr djus dkçeq[k dkj.k fuEu gSa %
(I) 1861 esa LFkkfir foèkku ifj"knksa esa tks Hkh xSj ljdkjh rRoFks] os turk dk çfrfufèkRo ugha djrs FksA buesa osQoy cM+s&cM+stehankj] vodk'k çkIr vfèkdkjh vFkok Hkkjrh; jkts gksrs Fks tksfd turk dh leL;kvksa dks le>us dk nkok ugha dj ldrs FksA
(II) jk"Vªh;rk dk fodkl rFkk dkaxzsl dk tUe bl vfèkfu;edks ikfjr gksus dk ,d çeq[k dkj.k FkkA 1857 esa LFkkfir dydÙkk]cacbZ rFkk enzkl fo'ofo|ky;ksa us f'k{kk osQ çlkj esa ;ksxnku fn;kftlls jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk mHkjhA 1857 osQ ckn dh ljdkj dhneudkjh uhfr ,oa ykMZ fyVu dh çfrfØ;koknh uhfr ls Hkkjrh;ksaesa ç'kklu osQ çfr dVqrk c<+rh x;hA bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa 1885esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk tUe gqvkA dkaxzsl us turk dh ekaxksadks lwfpc¼ fd;k rFkk mUgsa ljdkj osQ le{k j[kkA mlus foèkkf;dk
lHkkvksa osQ ç'u dks mBk;k vkSj dkSaflyksa esa Hkkjrh;ksa dhss la[;kesa o`f¼ dh ekax dhA blus dkSaflyksa osQ dkuwu fuekZ.k rFkk vkfFkZd'kfDr;ksa esa o`f¼ dh ekax dh ftlls os lgh :i esa Hkkjrh;ksa dhvkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ dj ldsA
(III) MiQfju dk lq>ko % vkjaHk esa dkaxzsl osQ çfr vaxzstvfèkdkfj;ksa dk O;ogkj lgkuqHkwfr rFkk fe=krkiw.kZ Fkk] ijUrq 1888rd ;g iw.kZr;k ifjofrZr gks x;kA ml o"kZ rks ykMZ MiQfju usdkaxzsl ij lhèkk çgkj fd;k vkSj ;g dgk fd ¶;g ,d lw{evYila[;k dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS vkSj dkaxzsl dh ekax ,d¶vKkr esa cM+h Nykax gSA¸ ;|fi MiQfju us dkaxzsl osQ egRo dksde djus dk ç;Ru fd;k] fiQj Hkh mlus vkUnksyu osQ egRo dksle>k vkSj mlus xqIr :i ls ifj"knksa dks mnkj cukus osQ lq>kobaXySaM HkstsA mlus viuh ifj"kn dh ,d lfefr dh Hkh fu;qfDr dhtks fd çkarh; ifj"knksa osQ foLrkj osQ fy,] muosQ in dks mQapk djusosQ fy,] muosQ dk;Z{ks=k dks c<+kus osQ fy,] muesa vkaf'kd çfrfufèkRoç.kkyh vkjaHk djus osQ fy, vkSj ,d jktuSfrd laLFkk osQ :i esamudk çlkj djus dh ;kstuk cuk,A
1890 esa baXySaM dh :f<+oknh ny dh ljdkj us Hkkjr lfpoykMZ ØkWl osQ lq>ko ij] bu lq>koksa osQ vkèkkj ij ykMZl lHkkesa ,d foèks;d j[kk] ftls 1892 esa laln }kjk ikfjr dh xbZAbls Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e 1892 dh laKk nh xbZA
vfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèkvfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèkvfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèkvfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèkvfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèkbl vfèkfu;e }kjk rhu fn'kkvksa esa ifjorZu yk, x, ifj"knksa
dh lnL; la[;k esa o`f¼ rFkk ik"kZnksa osQ lalnh; vfèkdkj esa o`f¼A(I) osQUnzh; rFkk çkarh; foèkku ifj"knksa esa vfrfjDr lnL;ksa dh
la[;k c<+k nh xbZA osQUnzh; ifj"kn esa budh la[;k de ls de10 ,oa vfèkdkfèkd 20 gks ldrh FkhA cEcbZ vkSj enzkl dhifj"knksa dh la[;k esa de ls de 8 vkSj vfèkdkfèkd 20 fuf'prdh x;hA
(II) pquko osQ fl¼kar dks lhfer :i ls Lohdkj dj fy;kx;kA lifj"kn xoZuj tujy dks Hkkjr lfpo dh LohÑfr lsvfrfjDr lnL;ksa osQ ukekadu osQ fy, fu;e cukus dk vfèkdkj fn;kx;kA bu fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj xoZuj tujy vkSj xouZj dfri;laLFkkvksa dh fliQkfj'k ij dqN xSj ljdkjh lnL;ksa dks euksuhr djldrs FksA bl çdkj vçR;{k fuokZpu dh ç.kkyh 'kq: dh xbZ rFkkfimlesa fuokZpu 'kCn dk ç;ksx tku&cw> dj ugha fd;k x;k FkkAosQUnzh; foèkku eaMy osQ xSj ljdkjh lnL;ksa dks çkarh; foèkku eaMyosQ xSj ljdkjh lnL; rFkk dydÙkk osQ okf.kT; eaMy osQ lnL;fuokZfpr djrs Fks tcfd çkarh; foèkku eaMyksa osQ lnL;ksa dksuxjikfydk,a] ftyk cksMZ] fo'ofo|ky; rFkk okf.kT; eaMy fuokZfprdjrs FksA ijUrq fuokZpu dh i¼fr vçR;{k Fkh vkSj bu fuokZfprlnL;ksa dks ^euksuhr* dh laKk nh tkrh FkhA
(III) foèkku eaMyksa osQ lnL;ksa osQ vfèkdkj Hkh nks {ks=kksa esa c<+kfn;s x;sA mUgsa okf"kZd foÙr fooj.k (ctV) ij okn&fookn dkvfèkdkj feyk] ;|fi bl fo"k; ij dksbZ çLrko j[kus ;k lnuosQ er foHkktu djkus dk vfèkdkj mUgsa ugha FkkA nwljs] mUgsalkoZtfud fgrksa osQ ekeyksa esa 6 fnu dh lwpuk nsdj ç'u iwNusdk Hkh vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 48
vfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kkvfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kkvfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kkvfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kkvfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kk1892 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e 1861 osQ vfèkfu;e ls
fu'p; gh mUufr dh vksj ,d dne FkkA bl vfèkfu;e ls foèkkueaMyksa osQ dk;Z foLr`r dj fn, x,A lnL; ç'u iwN ldrs Fks]lwpuk çkIr dj ldrs Fks] ctV ij okn&fookn dj ldrs FksAosQUnzh; rFkk çkarh; foèkku ifj"knksa dh lnL; la[;k Hkh c<+k nhxbZA bl vfèkfu;e esa pquko ç.kkyh dks Lohdkj djuk ;|fi fufgrFkk] Li"V ugha] ;g ,d vR;fèkd oSèkkfud egRo dh ckr FkhA ;|fiçfrfufèk ljdkj cgqr nwj dh ckr Fkh] fiQj Hkh dqN u dqN çkjaHkrks gks gh pqdk FkkA bl vfèkfu;e esa cgqr lh =kqfV;ka Fkha ftlosQdkj.k Hkkjrh; jk"Vªoknh blls vlarq"V jgsA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzslesa ,sDV dh ckj&ckj vkykspuk dh xbZA foèkku eaMyksa dh 'kfDr;kacgqr lhfer Fkha] fuokZpu dh i¼fr Hkh Vs<+h es<+h FkhA lnL; vuqiwjdç'u ugha iwN ldrs FkkA pquko osQ fu;e cgqr vlarks"k tud FksAdqN oxks± dks dksbZ çfrfufèkRo ugha feyk rFkk dqN dks vR;fèkdAcEcbZ esa nks LFkku ;wjksih; O;kikfj;ksa dks fn, x, Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksadks ,d Hkh ughaA
fu"d"kZ :i esa ge dg ldrs gaS fd 1892 dk vfèkfu;e ;|fidkaxzsl dh ekaxksa ls cgqr gh de Fkk] fiQj Hkh igys dh O;oLFkkls cgqr vPNk FkkA çfrfufèk;ksa osQ pquko rFkk foèkku eaMyksa dksdk;Zdkfj.kh ij FkksM+k fu;a=k.k nsdj bl vfèkfu;e us lalnh;mÙkjnk;h ljdkj osQ vkjaHk djus osQ fy, ekxZ dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
Hkkjrh; ifj"kn ,DV Hkkjrh; ifj"kn ,DV Hkkjrh; ifj"kn ,DV Hkkjrh; ifj"kn ,DV Hkkjrh; ifj"kn ,DV 1909
(ekysZ feaVks lq/kj)(ekysZ feaVks lq/kj)(ekysZ feaVks lq/kj)(ekysZ feaVks lq/kj)(ekysZ feaVks lq/kj)Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e 1909 Hkkjr osQ laoSèkkfud fodkl
dk vxyk dne FkkA ;g iwoZorhZ Hkkjrh;ksa osQ ^lg;ksx dh uhfr*ds fØ;kUo;u dh fn'kk esa ,d ç'kaluh; ç;kl FkkA blosQ tUenkrkHkkjr lfpo ekWysZ rFkk xouZj tujy ykMZ fe.Vks FksA bUgha osQ ukeij bls ekWysZ&fe.Vks lqèkkj dgrs gSaA
vfèkfu;e dks ikfjr djus ds eq[; dkj.k fuEu Fks%(I) 1892 osQ lqèkkj ls vlarks"k % 1892 osQ lqèkkj
vfèkfu;e ls Hkkjrh;ksa dh vkdka{kk dh iwfrZ ugha gqbZA O;oLFkkfidklHkk osQoy okn&fookn dk LFky cuk jgk] ljdkj osQ fu.kZ;ksa ijmudk çHkko uke ek=k dk iM+rk FkkA fuokZpu dh O;oLFkk Hkh ,dfn[kkok ek=k FkhA ifj"knksa osQ vfrfjDr xSj&ljdkjh lnL; Hkh vkalwiksaNus osQ leku FksA ifj"knksa osQ dk;ks± ,oa vfèkdkjksa ij vusd çdkjosQ çfrcaèk ykxk;s x, FksA bu =kqfV;ksa osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh;ksa dks cgqrfujk'kk gqbZA
(II) jk"Vªh; vkinkvksa dk çHkko % 1896&97 dk vdkycgqr gh foLr`r rFkk Hk;adj Fkk ftlus gtkjksa yksxksa dh tkusa yhaAblh chp cEcbZ esa vuko`f"V osQ dkj.k cgqr cM+k vdky iM+kAljdkj }kjk turk osQ fy, mBk, x, dne cgqr rqPN FksA mYVsmldh vkfFkZd uhfr osQ dkj.k turk osQ nq[kksa esa o`f¼ gqbZA Hkkjrh;ksaesa vaxzsth 'kklu osQ fo#¼ iSQys vlarks"k us blesa vkSj o`f¼ dhA;gka rd fd Iysx deh'uj dks xksyh ekj nh xbZA
(III) dtZu dh çfrfØ;koknh uhfr % ykMZ dtZu dhlkezkT;oknh rFkk dBksj uhfr;ksa us vkx esa rsy dk dke fd;k blls
cqf¼thoh yksxksa esa fons'kh ljdkj osQ çfr vfèkd fojksèk mRiUu gqvkAdtZu osQ eu esa Hkkjrh;ksa osQ çfr dksbZ lgkuqHkwfr ugha FkhA mlusdydÙkk fuxe dks iw.kZ:is.k ljdkjh çHkko osQ vèkhu cuk fn;kvkSj buesa 1899 esa ,d frgkbZ lnL; de djosQ ;wjksfi;uksa dks cgqerns fn;k x;kA ikap o"kZ ckn ,slh gh uhfr Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksaesa Hkh ykxw dh xbZ ftlls mldh çHkqlÙkk lekIr gks xbZA mlho"kZ 1904 esa jktdh; lnL; vfèkfu;e ykxw dh xbZAijUrq lcls cM+h Bksdj caxky osQ foHkktu ls yxh] ftldks caxkydh mHkjrh gqbZ jk"Vªh;rk ij ,d çgkj ekuk x;kA bls lekIr djusosQ fy, fHkUu&fHkUu vkanksyu fd;s x;sA
(IV) fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh;ksa dk vieku % leqnz ikjHkkjrh;ksa osQ lkFk] fo'ks"kdj nf{k.kh vÚhdk esa cgqr viekuiwoZdO;ogkj fd;k tk jgk Fkk] laHkor% blfy, fd os ,d nkl tkfrosQ lnL; gSaA vr,o yksxksa esa ;g Hkkouk tkxh fd tc rd osLora=k ugha gks tkrs] mUgsa mfpr O;ogkj dh vk'kk ugha djuh pkfg,vkSj blls jk"Vªokn dks cgqr çksRlkgu feykA
(V) fons'kh ?kVukvksa dk çHkko % bl vofèk esa fons'kksaesa dqN ,slh jktuhfrd ?kVuk,a ?kVha ftudk Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu ij O;kid çHkko iM+kA 1896 esa NksVs ls ns'k vfclhfu;kus bVyh dks gjk;k vkSj 1905 esa tkiku us :l dksA bu ?kVukvksaus ;wjhfi;uksa dh loksZPprk osQ jgL; dk HkaMkiQksM+ dj fn;k vkSj,f'k;kokfl;ksa osQ ân; esa uoLiwQfrZ ,oa uoçsj.kk tkx`r dhA ,f'k;kesa u;s ;qx dk mn~Hko gqvkA
(VI) çsl }kjk çpkj % çsl us jk"Vªh; tkxj.k osQ mn~HkorFkk lqèkkj dh ekax osQ fy, ljkguh; dk;Z fd;kA osQ'kjh] dky]oSèko] U;w bf.M;k] oUnsekrje~] ;qxkUrj vkfn i=kksa us fczfV'k lkezkT;dk inkZiQk'k fd;k vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa esa uo tkxj.k dk lUns'k iSQyk;kAfryd] fofiu pUnz iky vkSj ykyk yktir jk; tSls mxzoknh usrkvksaus ns'k dk Hkze.k dj Hkkjrh;ksa esa jk"Vªh;rk dk lans'k igqapk;k rFkkmUgsa vaxzstkas dh vU;k;iw.kZ uhfr osQ çfr lps"V cuk;kA
(VII) mxzokn rFkk vkradokn dk fodkl % ljdkj dhçfrfØ;koknh ,oa neudkjh uhfr osQ ifj.kkeLo:i uo;qodksa esa ØkafrvkSj vkradokn dh Hkkouk iSQyhA Hkkjrh;ksa esa ;g fo'okl iSQy x;kfd mnkjokfn;ksa dh fHk{kko`fÙk dh uhfr ls Lora=krk dh çkfIr laHkougha gSA dkaxzsl ij mnkjokfn;ksa dk çHkko ?kVus yxkA ljdkj Mjx;h fd dkaxzsl dh ckxMksj mxzokfn;ksa osQ gkFkksa esa tk ldrh gSAvr% mlus 'kklu esa lqèkkj ykuk vko';d le>kA nwljh rjiQvkradoknh laoSèkkfud rjhdksa esa fo'okl ugha djrs Fks vkSj vfgalkRedrjhdksa dks viukus osQ i{k esa FksA ce isQaduk ;k jktuhfrd "kM~;a=kksadh jpuk djuk vke ckr cu xbZA ;|fi fczfV'k ljdkj usvkradokfn;ksa dks nckus osQ fy, viuk neu pØ tksjksa ls pyk;k]fiQj Hkh xSj Økafrdkfj;ksa dks thrus osQ fy, mlus laoSèkkfud lqèkkjykuk vko';d le>kA
(VIII) dkaxzsl dh ekax % 1905 esa dkaxszl us vius mís';osQ lacaèk esa ,d çLrko ikl fd;k ftlesa ;g dgk x;k fd Hkkjrdk 'kklu Hkkjrh;ksa osQ fgr esa gksuk pkfg, vkSj dkykUrj esa fczfV'klkezkT; osQ vU; Lo'kkflr mifuos'kksa dh Hkkafr Hkkjr esa ljdkjdk laaxBu gksuk pkfg,A dkaxzsl vè;{k xks[kys us ;g Hkh ekax dhfd çkarh; rFkk dsaanzh; foèkku ifj"knksa esa lqèkkj yk;k tkuk pkfg,A
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 49
mUgksaus Lo;a Hkkjr lfpo ekysZ ls HkasV dh vkSj dkaxzsl dh ekaxdks muosQ le{k j[kkA ekWysZ us vkSifuosf'kd Lo'kklu ij viuhLohÑfr ugha nh] ij mudks U;k;ksfpr lqèkkj dk opu fn;kA
(IX) lkaçnkf;drk dk mn; % Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh;rk osQ çHkkodks jksdus osQ fy, vaxzstksa us ^iQwV Mkyks vkSj 'kklu djks* dh uhfrviuk;hA bl gsrq mUgksaus eqlyekuksa dks çksRlkfgr dj Hkkjrh; jktuhfresa lkaçnkf;drk dk cht cksuk 'kq: dj fn;kA ykMZ feUVks osQ futhçksRlkgu ij vkxk [kk¡ osQ usr`Ro esa eqlyekuksa dk ,d f'k"VeaMyok;ljk; ls feyk vkSj vkxkeh lqèkkjksa esa eqlyekuksa osQ fy, tkrh;çfrfufèkRo dh ekax dhA ykMZ fe.Vks us f'k"VeaMy osQ lnL;ksa dkLokxr fd;k vkSj mUgsa mudh ekaxksa dks iwjk djus dk vk'oklufn;kA 1906 esa eqfLye yhx dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] ftlus i`Fkd fuokZpueaMy dh ekaxksa dks nqgjk;kA bl rjg ^iwQV Mkyks vkSj 'kklu djks*dh uhfr dks fØ;kfUor djus osQ fy, Hkh lqèkkj dh vko';drkiM+hA
(X) baXySaM esa mnkjoknh ny dhfot; % fnlEcj 1905 esa baXySaM esamnkjokfn;ksa dk eaf=keaMy cukA ekysZ Hkkjrdk lfpo gqvkA og Hkkjrh;ksa rFkk Hkkjrh;leL;kvksa ls iw.kZ lgkuqHkwfr j[krk FkkArRdkyhu ok;ljk; fe.Vks Hkh leku fopkjdk iks"kd FkkA ykMZ fe.Vks us dk;Zikfydkifj"kn dh ,d lfefr dk xBu dj mlslqèkkj lacaèkh çLrkoksa dk çk:i rS;kj djusosQ fy, dgkA vUr esa ,d foèks;d cuk;kx;k tks 1919 esa dkuwu osQ :i esa iklgqvkA
;fn 1892 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"knvfèkfu;e blfy, ikfjr fd;k x;k fddkaxzsl vkUnksyu dks gkfu igaaqps rks 1909dk vfèkfu;e dkaxzsl osQ la;rekfxZ;ksa rFkkeqlyekuksa dks viuh vksj feykus osQ fy,ikfjr fd;k x;kA
vfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèkvfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèkvfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèkvfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèkvfèkfu;e ds eq[; micaèk(I) foèkku ifj"knksa osQ vkdkj esa
o`f¼ % 1910 osQ vfèkfu;e }kjk çR;sdifj"kn osQ vfrfjDr lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<+knh xbZA osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk ifj"kn(Imperial Legislative Council) dhvfèkdre la[;k 60 fuèkkZfjr dh x;hAfofHkUu çkarh; foèkku ifj"knksa dh vfèkdrefuèkkZfjr lnL; la[;k bl çdkj FkhAcEcbZ] caxky] enzkl] la;qDr çakr] fcgkj]mM+hlk osQ fy, 50 rFkk iatkc&20] cekZ&30vkSj vle&30] insu lnL; blosQ vfrfjDrFksA
(II) loksZPp O;oLFkkfidk ifj"knesa ljdkjh cgqer % çR;sd ifj"kn esa
rhu çdkj osQ lnL; Fks& ukekafdr ljdkjh lnL;] ukekafdr xSjljdkjh lnL; vkSj fuokZfpr lnL;A osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk ifj"knesa ljdkjh lnL;ksa dk cgqer j[kk x;kA vc foèkku eaMy esa 69lnL; Fks ftuesa ls 37 'kkldh; lnL; rFkk 32 v'kkldh; oxZosQ FksA 'kkldh; esa ls osQoy 9 insu lnL; Fks vFkkZr xoZuj tujyrFkk mlosQ lkr dk;Zdkjh ik"kZn vkSj ,d vlkèkkj.k lnL; rFkk28 lnL; xoZuj tujy }kjk euksuhr fd;s tkrs FksA 32 v'kkldh;lnL;ksa esa ls 5 xoZuj tujy }kjk euksuhr fd;s tkrs Fks vkSj 'ks"k27 fuokZfpr fd;s tkrs FksA
bu fuokZfpr lnL;ksa osQ fo"k; esa ;g dgk x;k fd çknsf'kdvFkok {ks=kh; çfrfufèkRo rks Hkkjr esa miq;Dr ugha gSA vr,o ns'kesa oxZ rFkk fo'ks"k fgrksa dks çfrfufèkRo feyuk pkfg,A bl çdkj1909 osQ vfèkfu;e esa fofHkUu oxks± osQ vkèkkj ij fuokZfpr lnL;ksadks LFkku fn;k x;kA osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk esa fuokZfpr lnL;ksadh la[;k bl çdkj FkhA 5 eqlyekuksa }kjk] 6 tehankjksa }kjk] 1
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1773&jsX;qysfVax,sDV1781&caxkytqfMosQpjvfèkfu;e1784&fiV~lbafM;kvfèkfu;e1793&pkVZjvfèkfu;e
1813& pkVZjvfèkfu;e
1833& pkVZjvfèkfu;e
1853& pkVZjvfèkfu;e
1861&Hkkjrh;ifj"knvfèkfu;e
jsX;qysfVax ,sDV ls vkjaHk djds dsUnzh; ifj"kn dk fodkljsX;qysfVax ,sDV ls vkjaHk djds dsUnzh; ifj"kn dk fodkljsX;qysfVax ,sDV ls vkjaHk djds dsUnzh; ifj"kn dk fodkljsX;qysfVax ,sDV ls vkjaHk djds dsUnzh; ifj"kn dk fodkljsX;qysfVax ,sDV ls vkjaHk djds dsUnzh; ifj"kn dk fodkl
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xuoZj tujy dh ifj"kn osQlnL;
xuoZj tujy dh ifj"kn osQlnL;
xuoZj tujy dh ifj"kn osQlnL;
xuoZj tujy dh ifj"kn osQlnL;
xuoZj tujy dh ifj"kn osQlnL;
xouZj tujy dh ifj"kn osQ rhulnL; rFkk ,d fofèk lnL;
dk;Zdkfj.kh osQ pkj lnL;(fofèk lnL; vc iw.kZ lnL;]1 dydÙkk mPp U;k;ky; dkeq[; U;k;kèkh'k] 1 mlh U;k;ky;dk NksVk lnL; rFkk 4 (cEcbZ]enzkl] caxky rFkk mÙkj&if'pehçkar) osQ çfrfufèkA
dk;Z{k s=k
dk;Zdkfj.kh (Executive) rFkkfoèkkueaMy esa dksbZ vUrj ughaAdk;Zdkfj.kh (Executive) rFkkfoèkkueaMy esa dksbZ vUrj ughaA
dk;Zdkfj.kh (Executive) rFkkfoèkkueaMy esa dksbZ vUrj ughaAdk;Zdkfj.kh (Executive) rFkkfoèkkueaMy esa dksbZ vUrj ughaA
dk;Zdkfj.kh (Executive) rFkkfoèkkueaMy esa dksbZ vUrj ughaA
lHkh {ks=kksa ds fy, dkuwu cukus dhvuqefrcEcbZ rFkk enzkl dks vius dkuwucukus dh vuqefr ugha jghAfof/ cukuk igyh ckj ljdkj dkdÙkZO; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k] ftldsfy, fo'ks"k O;oLFkk rFkk fo'ks"kç.kkyh viukuh gksxhAfo/ku eaMy dks vc ,d NksVhçfrfufèk lHkk dk :i fey x;kAdk;Z {ks=k dsoy dkuwu cukus ds fy,ijke'kZ nsukAfoÙkh; foospuk laHko ughaA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 50
eqlyeku tehankjksa }kjk] ,d ,d caxkyrFkk cEcbZ osQ okf.kT; eaMy }kjk rFkk 13ukS çkarh; ifj"knksa osQ xSj ljdkjh fuokZfprlnL;ksa }kjkA
(III) ykMZ fe.Vks us çkarh; foèkkuifj"knksa esa xSj ljdkjh cgqer dks gkfuçnugha le>kA fiQj Hkh bldk vFkZ pqus gq,lnL;ksa dk cgqer ugha Fkk D;ksafd buesadqN xSj&ljdkjh lnL;ksa dks xoZuj euksuhrdjrk FkkA bl çdkj bu 47 lnL;ksa esals 26 xSj ljdkjh Fks] ijUrq buesa lsosQoy 21 gh fuokZfpr gksrs Fks vkSj 'ks"k5 xoZuj }kjk euksuhrA ;s euksuhr lnL;lnSo gh ljdkj dk i{k ysrs FksA
(IV) lk açn k f;d vk S j i ` F kdfuokZpu i¼fr % 1909 osQ vfèkfu;e}kjk i`Fkd ,oa lkaçnkf;d fuokZpu i¼frviuk;h x;hA lkekU; fuokZpu ,oa {ks=kh;çfrfufèkRo dks Hkkjr osQ fy, vuqi;qDr le>k x;kA fofHkUu oxks±]fgrkas vkSj tkfr;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij fuokZpu dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA
(V) foèkku ifj"kn osQ dk;Z{ks=k dk foLrkj % foèkkuifj"knksa dh 'kfDr esa o`f¼ dh x;hA igyk&blosQ iwoZ lnL;ksa dksiwjd ç'u iwNus dk vfèkdkj ugha FkkA bl vfèkfu;e }kjk ewy ç'udjus okys lnL; dks iwjd ç'u iwNus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA nwljk]lnL;ksa dks lkoZtfud fgr lacaèkh çLrko çLrqr djus rFkk mu ijer nsus dk vfèkdkj feykA ,sls çLrko çLrqr djus osQ fy, 15fnuksa dh lwpuk vko';d FkhA okn&fookn osQ le; buesa la'kksèkuyk;k tk ldrk FkkA ljdkj bu çLrkoksa dks ekuus osQ fy, ckè;Fkh] pkgs ;s çLrko turk osQ fy, gksa vFkok foÙkh; fooj.k osQfy, gksaA rhljk] foÙkh; ekeyksa esa ifj"knksa dh 'kfDr esa o`f¼ dhx;hA ctV ij xSj&ljdkjh çHkko c<+k fn;k x;kA lnL;ksa dks ctVij fopkj djus] ctV lacaèkh çLrko is'k djus rFkk jktLo vkSjO;; osQ ewy fo"k;ksa ij er nsus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k] ysfduO;; dh dqN enksa ij ernku ugha gks ldrk Fkk] ftldk fu'p;ljdkj djrh FkhA
(VI) dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"knks a esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh fu;qfDr %bl vfèkfu;e esa dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"knksa esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh fu;qfDr dhbPNk O;Dr dh x;h FkhA ifj"knksa rFkk fczfV'k ukSdj'kkgh osQ fojksèkosQ ckotwn fczfV'k eaf=keaMy us bl lacaèk esa viuh LohÑfr ns nhAblosQ iQyLo:i nks Hkkjrh;ksa osQ-th- xqIrk rFkk lSÕ;n gqlSu fcyxzkehdks Hkkjr lfpo ds dkSafly dk lnL; vkSj ,d Hkkjrh; Jh lR;sUnzflag dks xoZuj tujy dh dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn dk lnL; euksuhrfd;k x;kA fuLlUnsg ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA
vfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kkvfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kkvfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kkvfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kkvfèkfu;e dk ys[kk&tks[kk1909 osQ lqèkkjksa ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ç'u dk u dksbZ gy
gks ldrk Fkk u gh blls og fudykA lhfer erkfèkdkj] vçR;{kpquko] foèkku ifj"kn dh lhfer 'kfDr;ksa us çfrfufèk ljdkj dksf[kpM+h lk cuk fn;kA okLrfod 'kfDr ljdkj osQ ikl gh jgh vkSj
ifj"knksa dks osQoy vkykspuk osQ vfèkdkj osQ vfrfjDr dqN ughafeykA vfèkfu;e osQ çeq[k nks"k fuEu Fks%
(II) Hkkjrh;ksa dks fujk'kk % Hkkjrh; ns'k eas mÙkjnk;h ljdkjdhs LFkkiuk osQ fy, vkUnksyu dj jgs Fks] ysfdu vfèkfu;e us mudhvk'kk ij ikuh isQj fn;kA bl vfèkfu;e osQ }kjk vaxzstksa us 'kfDrlarqyu osQ fl¼kar dks viuk;k vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt osQ dqyhu rRoksarFkk fo'ks"k oxks± dks viuh vksj feykdj jk"Vªoknh rRoksa osQ fo#¼,d u;h 'kfDr dk l`tu djuk pkgkA bldk eq[; mís';^laoSèkkfud fujadq'kokn* (Constitutional autocracy) dh LFkkiukdjuk FkkA la{ksi esa 1909 osQ lqèkkjksa ls turk dks osQoy Nk;k ek=klqèkkj gh çkIr gq,] okLrfod :i ls dqN ugha] blls çHkko rksfeyk 'kfDr ughaA
(III) laçnk;okn dks çksRlkgu % Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rk osQ çHkkodks vo#¼ djus osQ fy, vaxzstksa us ns'k osQ nks cM+s laçnk;ksa osQchp iwQV Mkyus dh uhfr viukbZA blls leL;k,a Hkh mRiUu gqb±A,d ,slh gh leL;k eqlyekuksa osQ fy, i`Fkd erkfèkdkj rFkkfuokZpu {ks=kksa dh FkhA eqlyekuksa osQ jktuSfrd egÙo osQ fy, mUgsau osQoy i`Fkd çfrfufèkRo fn;k x;k vfirq mudh lkezkT; dh lsokosQ fy, mUgsa viuh la[;k ls dgha vfèkd çfrfufèkRo ns fn;k x;kAns'k oQh vU; èkkfeZd bdkb;ka bl vU;k; dks oSQls lgu dj ldrhFkhaA bl çdkj fl[kksa us vius vfèkdkjksa osQ fy, yM+kbZ dh vkSj1919 esa mUgsa Hkh fo'ks"k çfrfufèkRo fey x;kA 1935 osQ vfèkfu;eesa gfjtuksa] Hkkjrh; bZlkb;ksa] ;wjksih;ksa rFkk ,saXyks&bf.M;u dks Hkhi`Fkd çfrfufèkRo çkIr gks x;kA 'krkfCn;ksa ls cuk;h jk"Vªh; ,drk,d gh pksV esa lekIr gks x;hA egkRek xkaèkh us Hkh ;gh dgkfd ekysZ&fe.Vks lqèkkjksa us gekjk loZuk'k dj fn;kA
(III) nks"kiw.kZ fuokZpu ç.kkyh % 1909 osQ vfèkfu;e }kjkviukbZ xbZ fuokZpu ç.kkyh nks nf"Vdks.k ls nks"kiw.kZ FkhA çFke&erkfèkdkjdk {ks=k cgqr lhfer FkkA osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk osQ lcls cM+sfuokZpu {ks=k esa osQoy 650 ernkrk Fks rFkk lkekU; fuokZpu {ks=kksaesa vkSlr osQoy 22 ernkrkA çkarh; foèkku ifj"knksa osQ fuokZpu {ks=kksa
dk;Zdkjh ifj"kn osQ 5 lnL;(ikapoka lnL; vc cuk;kx;k)] U;wure 6 vkSj vfèkdre12 vfrfjDr lnL; tks xouZjtujy }kjk euksuhr fd;k tkrkFkkA blesa de ls de vkèksv'kklfud gksrs FksA vc çkarh;çfrfufèk ugha jgkAdk;Zdkjh ifj"kn osQ 6 lnL;AU;wure 10 rFkk vfèkdre 16^vfrfjDr lnL;* ('kklfud6] euksuhr v'kklfud 5] pqusgq, v'kklfud 5 tks bl çdkjpqus x, O;kikj eaMy }kjk ,d]4 çkarksa dh ifj"knksa osQ pqus gq,lnL;ksa }kjk fuokZfpr 4 lnL;Açkarh; çfrfufèkRo iqu% LFkkfirA
1892&Hkkjrh;ifj"knvfèkfu;e
22okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k ij] dqN ifjfèk;ksaa osQlkFk] foospuk djus dk vf/dkjAtufgr ekeyksa ij lnL; ljdkj ls ç'u iwNldrs Fks] ijUrq iwjd ç'u dh vuqefr ughaAdk;Zdkfj.kh dh fuank djus dk vf/dkj ughavFkok buosQ fo#¼ vfo'okl çLrko ugha j[kldrs FksA
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 51
esa Hkh ernkrkvksa dh la[;k 100 ls vfèkd ugha FkhA nwljs & fuokZpudh i¼fr vçR;{k rFkk dHkh&dHkh nksgjh vçR;{k FkhA iQyr%ernkrkvksa rFkk çfrfufèk;ksa osQ chp lEidZ ugha gks ikrk FkkA budkj.kksa ls dsUnzh; rFkk çkarh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk,a lPph çfrfufèklaLFkkvksa dk :i u ys ldhA
(IV) çkarh; O;oLFkkfidkvksa esa xSj ljdkjh cgqer ,dek[kkSy % çkarh; foèkku ifj"knksa esa xSj ljdkjh lnL;ksa dk cgqerFkk] ysfdu mldh dksbZ O;kogkfjd mi;ksfxrk ugha FkhA xSj ljdkjhlnL; nks çdkj osQ Fks& fuokZfpr vkSj ukekafdrA ukekafdr xSjljdkjh lnL; ljdkj osQ fiV~Bw Fks] vr% fuokZfpr xSj ljdkjhlnL; O;ogkj esa vYier esa FksA blosQ vfrfjDr xSj ljdkjh lnL;ifj"knksa dh cSBd esa cgqr de mifLFkr gksrs rFkk mudh dk;Zokfg;ksaesa de fnypLih ysrs FksA bu dkj.kksa ls çkarh; ifj"knsa jcj dh eqgjcu xb± tks ljdkjh vkns'kksa dks osQoy vkSipkfjdrk çnku djrh FkhaA
mi;qZDr nks"kksa osQ ckotwn ekysZsZ&fe.Vks lqèkkjksa dks ,dne fujFkZdugha dgk tk ldrk gSA ;g ;kstuk dbZ çdkj ls mi;ksxh fl¼gqvkA igyk] blls Hkkjrh;ksa dks lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk dk egÙoiw.kZçf'k{k.k feykA nwljk] O;oLFkkfidk lHkkvksa osQ vkèkkj rFkk 'kfDr;ksaesa o`f¼ dh x;h] tks ckn esa fodflr gksdj iw.kZ laln cu x;hArhljk] laoSèkkfud fodkl osQ o`gn~ n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkkjrh; Lo'kkludh fn'kk esa ;g ,d vko';d vkSj mi;ksxh dne FkkA
pkSFkk] vfèkfu;e us Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks ml LFkku ij ykdj[kM+k dj fn;k ftlosQ ckn mÙkjnk;h ljdkj dh LFkkiuk LokHkkfoddne FkkA 1909 dk lqèkkj 1892 ds vfèkfu;e ds ckn fuf'pr:i ls ,d fodflr :i FkkA igyh ckj] vçR;{k fuokZpu osQ
fl¼kar dks vkSipkfjdrk çnku dh x;hAçkarh; foèkku ifj"knksa esa xSj ljdkjh cgqerj[kk x;kA foèkku ifj"knksa dk foLrkj fd;kx;kA dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"knksa esa çFke ckj Hkkjrh;ksadks LFkku fn;k x;kA fuLlUnsg ;s ifjorZuçxfr'khy FksA fiQj Hkh ;g vfèkfu;e 1861osQ vfèkfu;e }kjk viukbZ x;h ^lg;ksx dhuhfr* dk osQoy foLrkj ek=k FkkA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;� 1861 osQ Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e osQ
lkFk ^lg;ksx dh uhfr* dk vkajHk gqvkA Hkkjrh;ksa dks ç'kkluesa Hkkx ysus dk vfèkdkj fn;k tkus yxkA
� 1861 osQ vkèkkj ij gh ykMZ oSQfuax us foHkkxh; ç.kkyh dh'kq#vkr dhA bl çdkj Hkkjr ljdkj dh eaf=keaMyh; O;oLFkkdh uhao j[kh x;hA
� 1861 osQ Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e esa cEcbZ rFkk enzkl çkarksadks vius fy, dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj rFkk mlesa la'kksèkudjus dk vfèkdkj iqu% ns fn;k x;kA mYys[kuh; gS fd pkVZj,sDV 1833 }kjk ;g vfèkdkj ys fy;k x;k FkkA
� ykMZ MiQfju us dkaxzsl osQ lacaèk esa dgk fd] ¶;g ,d lw{evYila[;k dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS vkSj dkaxzsl dh ekax¶vKkr esa cM+h Nykax gSA¸
� 1892 osQ Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e essa pquko ç.kkyh dkLohdkj djuk ;|fi fufgr Fkk Li"V ugha] ,d vR;fèkdoSèkkfud egRo dh ckr FkhA
� 1909 osQ Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e osQ tUenkrk Hkkjr lfopeksysZ rFkk xouZj tujy ykWMZ fe.Vks FksA bUgha osQ uke ij blsekysZ&fe.Vks lqèkkj dgrs gSaA
� 1909 osQ Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e }kjk çkarh; foèkku ifj"knksaesa xSj&ljdkjh cgqer dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA
� 1909 osQ vfèkfu;e }kjk lkaçnkf;d vkSj i`Fkd fuokZpu i¼frviuk;h x;hA eqfLyeksa osQ fy, vyx fuokZpd eaMy dhO;oLFkk dh x;hA blh çdkj dh O;oLFkk fl[kksa osQ fy, 1919osQ vfèkfu;e }kjk dh x;hA
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fVIi.kh % vkdkj osQ vkadM+ksa esaxoZuj tujy rFkk çèkku lsukifr lfEefyrugha] D;ksafd os rks insu gh lnL; gksrs FksA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 52
çFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xk syest lEesyu rdçFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xk syest lEesyu rdçFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xk syest lEesyu rdçFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xk syest lEesyu rdçFke fo'o ;q¼ ls xk syest lEesyu rd
çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ çkjaHk gksus ij fczfV'k ljdkj us Hkkjrdks Hkh ;q¼ esa 'kkfey dj fy;kA fczVsu us fcuk Hkkjrh;ksa dh vuqefrosQ Hkkjrh; tu'kfDr rFkk lalkèkuksa dk ;q¼ esa O;kid bLrsekyfd;kA blls Hkkjr ij jk"Vªh; Í.k esa 30» dh c<+ksrjh gks x;h]ftlls Hkkjrh; turk osQ d"Vksa esa vikj o`f¼ gqbZA bu lcdk Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ij cgqvk;keh çHkko iM+kA çkjaHk esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;usrkvksa us fczVsu osQ ;q¼ çLrkoksa dk Lokxr fd;k vkSj mls O;kidleFkZu fn;kA ,slk bl mís'; ls fd;k x;k fd fczfV'k ljdkj bloiQknkjh osQ iqjLdkj Lo:i muds jktuhfrd lqèkkj dh ek¡x dksiwjk djsxhA fczfV'k ljdkj us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd fczVsu dk y{;Hkkjr esa èkhjs&èkhjs mÙkjnk;h ljdkj dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA ysfdu;q¼ osQ ckn ?kksf"kr lqèkkjksa ls usrkvksa vkSj turk dks O;kid fujk'kkgqbZA blls jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa O;kid çxfr gqbZA
1- gkse:y vkUnksyu dk tUe % çFke fo'o ;q¼ usgkse:y vkUnksyu osQ tUe vkSj foLrkj esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kAHkkjrh; usrkvksa osQ lkeus ;g Li"V gksrk tk jgk Fkk fd ljdkjrc rd dksbZ okLrfod vfèkdkj ugha nsxh] tc rd fd ,dokLrfod jktuhfrd vkUnksyu osQ tfj, mlosQ Åij turk dk nckou Mkyk tk;sA ;q¼ us] ftlesa lkezkT;oknh 'kfDr;k¡ vkil esa yM+jgh Fkha] mudh tkrh; Js"Brk dh èkkj.kk dks lekIr dj fn;k ftllsHkkjrh;ksa dk uSfrd eukscy c<+kA blosQ vykok ;q¼ osQ dkj.k djksadh nj c<+ x;h ,oa ewY;ksa esa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZA ifj.kkeLo:i lektosQ detksj rcosQ dh ijs'kkfu;k¡ c<+ x;h FkhaA
bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa 1915&16 esa nks gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiukgqbZA ,d osQ usrk fryd Fks vkSj nwljs dh usrk Fkh Jherh ,uh cslsaVAnksuksa us vkilh lg;ksx ls iwjs ns'k esa bl ekax dks çpkfjr fd;kfd ;q¼ osQ ckn Hkkjr dks Lo'kklu fn;k tk;sA bu nksuksa yhxksa usrsth ls çxfr dh vkSj gkse:y dh ekax iwjs ns'k esa xw¡tus yxhAdkaxzsl dh fuf"Ø;rk ls nq[kh vusd ujeiaFkh jk"Vªoknh Hkh gkse:yvkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gks x;sA ljdkj us O;kid neu pØ dk lgkjkfy;k vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs ;g vkUnksyu fc[kj x;kA
fryd us vçSy 1916 esa eqEcbZ osQ csyxk¡o esa vius gkse:yyhx dk xBu fd;kA bldk xBu cEcbZ çkarh; lHkk esa fd;k x;kAbldh xfrfofèk;k¡ eè; çkar] egkjk"Vª (cEcbZ dks NksM+dj)] dukZVdvkSj cjkj rd lhfer FkhaA fryd osQ yhx esa fuEufyf[kr ;kstuk,aFkha&
(1) LojkT; dh ekax(2) Hkk"kk;h jkT;(3) f'k{kk esa ns'kh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx(4) tkfrokn osQ fo#¼ èkeZ;q¼
fryd dk ukjk Fkk ¶LojkT; gekjk tUe fl¼ vfèkdkj gSvkSj eSa bls ysdj jgw¡xkA¸
Jherh ,uh cslsaV us flrEcj 1916 esa enzkl osQ xks[kys lHkkxkjesa viuk gkse:y yhx çkjaHk fd;kA tkWtZ v#aMsy blosQ laxBu ea=khcuk;s x;sA bldh xfrfofèk;ksa esa eq[; cy LojkT; osQ fy, vkUnksyu'kq: djus ij fn;k x;kA ,uh cslsaV dk yhx fryd osQ yhx osQçHkko okys {ks=k dks NksM+dj lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa lfØ; FkkA ;|fi nksuksayhxksa dk foy; ugha gqvk Fkk] ijUrq bUgksaus vkilh lg;ksx osQ }kjkdk;Z fd;kA 1916 osQ dkaxzsl vfèkos'ku osQ var esa bUgksaus ,d la;qDrlHkk dhA
gkse:y vkUnksyu ljdkjh neu dk f'kdkj gqvkA frydfxjÝrkj dj fy, x;s] ijUrq oqQN le; ckn bUgsa NksM+ fn;k x;kAmèkj enzkl ljdkj us ,uh cslsaV rFkk muosQ lg;ksfx;ks ch- ih-okfM;k vkSj v#aMsy dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;kA ysfdu c<+rh gqbZjk"Vªoknh Hkkouk dks ns[kdj ljdkj us le>kSrkoknh :[k viuk;kAèkhjs&èkhjs bl vkUnksyu dk iru gksus yxk] ftlosQ çeq[k dkj.k fuEuFks&(1) Jherh ,uh cslsaV lfgr mnkjoknh usrk lqèkkjksa dk vk'oklu
feyus osQ ckn 'kkar gks x;sA blls jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk foHkktu gksx;kA
(2) osysUVkbu f'kjksy (bafM;u vujsLV osQ ys[kd) ls lacafèkreqdnes osQ flyflys esa fryd dks baXySaM tkuk iM+ x;kA
(3) ljdkj dh neudkjh uhfrAfu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;|fi gkse:y vkUnksyu fc[kj
x;k] fdUrq jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQ fy, lekt esa ,d O;kid vkèkkjrS;kj dj x;kA blus ns'k esa dV~Vj jk"Vªokfn;ksa osQ ,d ny dkfuekZ.k fd;k] tks xk¡èkhth osQ usr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQLo;alsod cusA
2- dkaxz sl ,oa eqfLye yhx ds chp 1916 dkle>kSrk % ;qx osQ nkSjku Hkkjrh; turk esa mHkjs O;kid vkfFkZdvkSj jktuSfrd vlarks"k vkSj jk"Vªoknh Hkkouk rFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk dhvkdka{kk osQ dkj.k 1916 esa dkaxzsl osQ y[kuÅ vfèkos'ku esa jk"Vªh;egRo dh nks ?kVuk,¡ ?kVha&(1)dkaxzsl osQ ujeiaFkh vkSj xjeiaFkh vius erHksn Hkqykdj ,d gks
x;sA(2) dkaxzsl vkSj eqfLye yhx esa y[kuÅ le>kSrk gqvk vkSj nksuksa
us ,d gksdj la?k"kZ dk fu'p; fd;kAdkaxzsl osQ ujeiafFk;ksa vkSj xjeiafFk;ksa esa tks iQwV 1907 osQ
lwjr vfèkos'ku esa iM+h Fkh] og y[kuÅ vfèkos'ku esa vkdj Bhd
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 53
gks x;hA nksuksa gh i{kksa us ;g eglwl fd;k Fkk fd ;fn ,d gksdjla?k"kZ fd;k tk;s rks blosQ vPNs urhts gksaxsA xks[kys vkSj fiQjkst'kkgesgrk dh e`R;q us Hkh ujeiafFk;ksa dk :[k uje dj fn;k FkkA blosQvykok Jherh ,uh cslsaV xjeiaFkh usrkvksa fryd vkSj muosQ LkfFk;ksadks dkaxzsl esa ysus osQ fy, lger djkus dk ç;kl Hkh dj jghFkhA y[kuÅ vfèkos'ku eas nksuksa i{kksa esa ,drk gksus osQ ;s lHkh çeq[kdkj.k FksA bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa y[kuÅ vfèkos'ku esa dkaxzsl osQlafoèkku dks la'kskfèkr fd;k x;k rkfd mxziafFk;kas dk ços'k lqfuf'prgks losQA bl çdkj 1907 osQ ckn y[kuÅ dkaxzsl çFke la;qDrdkaxzsl FkhA
dkaxzsl vkSj yhx osQ chp tks y[kuÅ le>kSrk gqvk] mlosQvuqlkj dkaxzsl i`Fkd erkfèkdkj dks ekuus rFkk eqfLye vYila[;ddks vfrfjDr egÙo nsus osQ fy, lger gks x;hA ftUuk] fryd rFkk,uh cslsaV us nksuksa èkM+ksa dks feykus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhAftUuk vkSj fryd nksuksa us ;g eglwl fd;k fd Hkkjr dks Lora=krkrHkh fey ldrh gS tc fgUnw& eqfLye ,drk LFkkfir gksA ;|fiy[kuÅ le>kSrk fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dh n`f"V ls ,d egRoiw.kZdne Fkk] fiQj Hkh i`Fkd fuokZpu tSls eqís ij lgefr trkdj dkaxzslus Hkfo"; eas lkaçnkf;drk osQ mn; osQ fy, ekxZ [kqyk NksM+ fn;kA
dkaxzsl osQ nksuks èkM+ksa esa ,drk rFkk y[kuÅ le>kSrk ls ns'kesa O;kid jktuhfrd mRlkg tkxk vkSj fczfV'k ljdkj Hkh ;g?kks"k.kk djus osQ fy, etcwj gqbZ fd mldh uhfr ns'k esa fczfV'kljdkj osQ vfHkUu vax osQ :i esa mÙkjnk;h ljdkj osQ fy, Lo'kklhlaLFkkvksa dk Øfed fodkl djuk gSA
3- ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk iqu#RFkku% ;q¼ dky osQnkSjku ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk iqu#RFkku gqvkA ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us ;q¼dky dks fczfV'k ljdkj dks m[kkM+ isaQdus dk lcls vPNk voljns[kkA vr% vkradoknh laxBu caxky vkSj egkjk"Vª ls ysdj iwjs mÙkjhHkkjr esa iQSy x;sA vejhdk vkSj dukMk esa cls Hkkjrh;ksa us l'kL=kfonzksg osQ tfj, fczfV'k 'kklu dks m[kkM+ iQsadus osQ fy, ^xnj ikVhZ*dh LFkkiuk dhA çFke fo'o ;q¼ 'kq: gksrs gh xnjiaFkh gfFk;kjvkSj èku Hkkjr Hkstus yxsA nqHkkZX; ls bl ;kstuk dh Hkud fczfV'kljdkj dks yx x;h vkSj O;kid neu osQ }kjk bl vkUnksyu dksnck fn;k x;kA blh rjg caxky esa ,d vliQy ØkfUrdkjh ç;kltrhu eq[kthZ osQ usr`Ro esa gqvkA ckn esa os ckyklksj esa iqfylls yM+rs gq, ekjs x;sA jkl fcgkjh cksl] eSMe Hkhdkth dkek rFkkvU; us ;wjksi esa ØkfUrdkjh dk;ks± dh Hkwfedk dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
4- f[kykiQr vkUnksyu dk tUe % egk;q¼ dh lekfIrij fe=k jk"Vªkas us rqdhZ osQ lkFk tks vU;k; fd;k Fkk] mlosQ fojksèkeas rFkk rqdhZ osQ [kyhiQk dh lEeku dh iquLFkkZiuk osQ fy, HkkjrosQ eqlyekuksa us f[kykiQr vkUnksyu dk laxBu fd;kA jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu esa f[kykiQr vkUnksyu dk cM+k gh egRo gS D;ksafd blhosQ }kjk eqfLye turk iw.kZ :i ls jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ls tqM+ x;hAdkaxzsl osQ usrk Hkh bl vkUnksyu esa lfEefyr gq, vkSj mUgksaus lkjsns'k esa bldks laxfBr djus esa eqfLye usrkvksa dh lgk;rk dhA
5- tq>k: jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk mn;% egk;q¼ osQ ckndh ifjfLFkfr;ksa us jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa tq>k: ço`fÙk;ksa dk fodklfd;k vkSj mls ,d O;kid jk"Vªh; tu&vkUnksyu esa cny fn;kA;q¼ osQ nkSjku jk"Vªokn dh rkdr c<+h FkhA jk"Vªokfn;ksa dks ;q¼ osQ
ckn cM+s jktuSfrd ykHk feyus dh vk'kk,a Fkha vkSj ;s vk'kk,a iwjhu gksus ij os yM+us dks rS;kj FksA egk;q¼ osQ ckn csjkstxkjh vkSjegaxkbZ rsth ls c<+hA blls etnwj] nLrdkj] fdlku vkSj f'kf{krHkkjrh; lHkh =kLr FksA ;s lHkh jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa lfØ; gksus dksrS;kj FksA
6- jk"Vªokn dk çlkj% çFke fo'o ;q¼ ls ,f'k;k vkSjvçQhdk esa jk"Vªokn dks O;kid cy feyk FkkA blls xksjksa dh uLyhJs"Brk dh Hkkouk dks Hkh èkDdk igq¡pk FkkA
bu lc dkj.kksa ls ns'k jktuhfrd vkUnksyu osQ fy, iw.kZr%rS;kj FkkA bu lc dkjdksa dk lfEefyr çHkko ,d vksj vlg;ksxvkUnksyu osQ :i esa lkeus vk;k] rks ogha cM+s iSekus ij fdlkuvkUnksyuksa rFkk VªsM ;wfu;u vkanksyu dk Hkh fodkl gqvkA bl çdkjçFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ iQyLo:i jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu us cgqvk;keh Lo:ièkkj.k fd;kA bldk vkèkkj O;kid gqvk rFkk dbZ u;s rRoksa dkblesa lekos'k gqvkA
vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 1920&22vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 1920&22vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 1920&22vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 1920&22vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 1920&22vlg;ksx vkUnksyu osQ lkFk gh jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk rhljk
pj.k Hkh 'kq: gksrk gSA bl pj.k dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gSfd bl pj.k esa O;kid tu vkanksyu NsM+s x;s rFkk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyudks xk¡èkhth dk l'kDr usr`Ro feykA bl pj.k esa vlg;ksx vkUnksyuosQ :i esa igyh ckj O;kid tu&vkUnksyu dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA blvkUnksyu dks tUe nsus okyh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ bl çdkj Fkha&
1- çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn mHkjh jktuSfrd fujk'kk%çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn mith jktuSfrd fujk'kk bl vkUnksyu dksNsM+s tkus dk çeq[k dkj.k cuhA Hkkjrh; turk dks ;g mEehn Fkhfd fo'o ;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ ckn ljdkj mlosQ fy, O;kidlaoSèkkfud lqèkkj djsxh] ysfdu jkWysV ,DV] tfy;kaokyk dkaM] iatkcesa ek'kZy ykW us mldh lkjh mEehnkas ij ikuh isQj fn;kA ekaVsX;wpsEliQksMZ lqèkkj Hkh yksxksa dks larq"V ugha dj ldkA blls Hkh vlarks"kvkSj mHkjkA
2- egk;q¼ osQ ckn dh vkfFkZd dfBukb;k¡% egk;q¼osQ nkSjku vkSj mlosQ ckn tkjh vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa us Hkh turk dksla?k"kZ osQ fy, çsfjr fd;kA egk;q¼ osQ dkj.k egaxkbZ dkiQh c<+x;h] ftlus lHkh oxks± dks çHkkfor fd;kA [kk|kuksa dh deh rks Fkhgh] dher Hkh dkiQh c<+ x;hA xk¡o osQ yksx lw[kk] ck<+ vkSj egkekjhls Hkh ijs'kku FksA bl rjg yksxksa dks dkiQh d"Vkas dk lkeuk djukiM+ jgk Fkk vkSj os vaxzsth gqowQer osQ f[kykiQ dlelk jgs FksA
3- f[kykiQr rFkk eqfLye vlarks"k% çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQle; eqfLyeksa dk lg;ksx ikus osQ fy, vaxzstksa us rqdhZ osQ çfroiQknkj joS;k viukus dk oknk fd;k Fkk] ij ckn esa os eqdj x;sAHkkjrh; eqlyeku] tks rqdhZ osQ [kyhiQk dks viuk èkeZ xq# ekursFks] os dkiQh {kqCèk gks x;sA mUgsa yxk fd vc rqdhZ osQ èkeZ LFkyksaij [kyhiQk dk fu;a=k.k ugha jg tk;sxkA vr% mUgksaus f[kykiQrvkUnksyu djus dk fu'p; fd;kA xk¡èkhth dks Hkh eqlyekuksa dksjk"Vª dh eq[; èkkjk esa ykus dk ;g lqugjk volj yxk vkSj mUgksausvlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa bl ekax dks Hkh Lohdkj dj fy;kA
4- dkaxzsl dk ljdkj ls eksgHkax % xk¡èkhth vkSj muosQtSls reke yksx] tks ;g mEehn yxk;s cSBs Fks fd ljdkj tfy;kaokyk
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 54
ckx vkSj iatkc esa minzoksa dh fu"i{k tkap djok;sxh] èkhjs&èkhjsfujk'k gks pys FksA ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr gaVj vk;ksx ?kVukvksa dhyhikiksrh djus esa yxk gqvk FkkA fczfV'k laln us tujy Mk;j osQdkjukeksa dks mfpr djkj fn;kA vr% vc usrkvksa rFkk dkaxzsl dks;g yxus yxk fd laoSèkkfud rkSj&rjhdksa ls oqQN Hkh ugha gksus okykAbl otg ls dkaxzsl fczfV'k joS;s ls {kqCèk gksdj vlg;ksx dk jkLrkidM+us dks rS;kj FkhA
5- turk dh tkx`fr% fiNys pkj n'kdkas dh jktuSfrd çxfrus Hkkjrh; turk dks jktuhfrd :i ls tkx:d cuk;k FkkA vaxzsthljdkj dh ço`fÙk;ksa ls og okfdiQ gks pqdh FkhA og ljdkj osQneu vkSj èkks[ksckth ls {kqCèk FkhA mls yx jgk Fkk fd vc pqijguk dk;jrk gksxhA
dkaxsl osQ ukxiqj vfèkos'ku (1920) esa vfgald vlg;ksxdk;ZØe dks iw.kZr;k ;k vkaf'kd :i ls çkjaHk djus] ljdkj lslHkh çdkj osQ LoSfPNd lg;ksx R;kxus rFkk djksa dh vnk;xh udjus dk ladYi fy;k x;kA bl çdkj dkaxzsl }kjk ^lHkh çdkjosQ oSèkkfud vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ lkèkuksa }kjk Lojkt çkfIr* osQ y{; dh?kks"k.kk dh x;hA dkaxzsl osQ bl vkUnksyu esa fuEu dk;ZØe Fks&(1) mikfèk;ksa ,oa ç'kfLr&i=kksa dk ifjR;kx](2) ljdkjh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk cfg"dkj vkSj(3) dj dh vnk;xh ugha djukAblosQ jpukRed dk;ZØeksa esa fuEu ckrsa Fkha&(1) jk"Vªh; f'k{kk](2) iapksa }kjk fu.kZ; dks c<+kok nsuk](3) [kknh dk;ZØe](4) fganw&eqfLye ,drk cuk;s j[kuk vkSj(5) vLi`';rk fojksèkh vkUnksyu pykukA
ukxiqj vfèkos'ku esa gh dkaxzsl laxBu esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu Hkhfd, x;sA ;s ifjorZu bl çdkj Fks&(1) dkaxzsl osQ jkstejkZ osQ dk;ks± dks ns[kus osQ fy, 15 lnL;h;
dk;Zdkfj.kh xfBr dh x;hA(2) vfèkd egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ djus osQ fy, 350 lnL;h;
vf[ky Hkkjrh; desVh cuk;h x;h] tks dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr osQfu.kZ;ksa dh leh{kk Hkh djrh FkhA
(3) Hkk"kk;h vkèkkj ij çkarh; dkaxzsl lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;k]rkfd os LFkkuh; Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx dj tulEidZ cuk;s j[ksaAdkaxzsl us tgka rd laHko gks] fgUnh dk ç;ksx djus dk fu.kZ;fy;k] rkfd f'kf{krkas ,oa vke turk osQ chp dh nhokj dksrksM+k tk losQA
(4) lnL;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ djus osQ mís'; ls lnL;rk 'kqYd?kVk nh x;hAbl çdkj pkj dkj.kksa ls 1920 dk ukxiqj vfèkos'ku dkaxzsl
osQ bfrgkl esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gS&1- ifjofrZr lkèku % jktuSfrd fj;k;rsa çkIr djus osQ
laoSèkkfud mik;ksa dks NksM+dj lHkh çdkj osQ 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj oSèkkfudmik; viuk;s x;sA
2- ifjofrZr y{; % fczfV'k lkezkT; osQ vèkhu Lo'kkluikus osQ y{; dk ifjR;kx fd;k x;kA
3- ifjofrZr usr`Ro % vxLr 1920 esa fryd dh e`R;q osQi'pkr dkaxzsl dk usr`Ro fufoZokn :i ls xkaèkh osQ gkFkksa esa pykx;kA
4- ifjofrZr nyh; lajpuk&dkaxzsl laxBu dks vc vfèkdçHkkodkjh] vfèkd çfrfufèkRoiw.kZ] vfèkd ;qok rFkk jktuhfrdlekthdj.k dk lkèku cuk;k x;kA
vkUnksyu dh çxfrvkUnksyu dh çxfrvkUnksyu dh çxfrvkUnksyu dh çxfrvkUnksyu dh çxfrvkUnksyu dk çFke pj.k tuojh ls ekpZ 1921 rd ekuk tkrk
gS] ftlesa xkaèkhth ,oa vyh caèkqvksa us jk"VªO;kih tulaidZ vfHk;kupyk;kA budk vkxzg Fkk fd fo|kFkhZ ljdkjh fu;a=k.k okys f'k{k.klaLFkkvksa rFkk odhy vnkyr NksM+ nsaA lh- vkj- nkl] eksrhykyusg:] ,e- vkj- t;dj] oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy vkSj vU; yksxkas us odkyrNksM+ nhA fons'kh diM+ksa dk cfg"dkj fd;k x;k vkSj dbZ txgksaij fons'kh diM+ksa dh gksyh tyk;h x;hA bl vkUnksyu dk ,dvR;ar yksdfç; dk;ZØe Fkk& rkM+h dh nqdku ij èkjukA
vkUnksyu osQ nwljs pj.k (ekpZ ls tqykbZ 1921) esa lkjk è;kudks"k bdB~Bk djus] lnL; la[;k c<+kus rFkk pj[kk ckaVus ij fn;kx;kA fryd Lojkt dks"k Hkh cuk;k x;k] ftlesa y{; 1 djksM+ls Hkh vfèkd èku bdB~Bk fd;k x;kA
rhljs pj.k (tqykbZ ls uoEcj 1921) eas vkSj vfèkd mxz :iviuk;k x;kA blesa fons'kh diM+s ,oa fçal vkWiQ osYl osQ vkxeudk cfg"dkj fd;k x;kA çkarh; lfefr;ksa dks Hkh ukxfjd voKkdjus dh vuqefr nh x;hA xkaèkhth us Lo;alsodkas ls tsy Hkjus dkvkàku fd;kA cEcbZ esa oqQN fgald >M+isa Hkh gqb±A
pkSFks pj.k (uoEcj ls iQjojh 1922) esa ljdkj us neu dklgkjk fy;kA xkaèkhth dks NksM+dj lh- vkj- nkl lfgr lHkh çeq[kusrkvksa dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;kA ljdkj us xkaèkhth vkSj f[kykiQrosQ usrkvksa esa iQwV Mkyus dk Hkh ç;kl fd;k] ijUrq os vliQyjgsA loZnyh; lEesyu vkSj ok;ljk; osQ uke xkaèkhth osQ i=k nksuksadk ljdkj ij dksbZ vlj ugha gqvkA xkaèkhth us ?kks"k.kk dh fd;fn ljdkj ukxfjd Lora=krk cgky ugha djsxh] jktuhfrd cafn;ksadks fjgk ugha djsxh rks os ns'kO;kih lfou; voKk vkUnksyu NsM+usdks ckè; gks tk;asxsA xkaèkhth us var esa ckjnksyh esa tu lfou;voKk vkUnksyu NsM+us dk fu.kZ; ukxfjd Lora=krk ij ikcanh yxkusosQ eqís ij fy;kA ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa ls ;g vis{kk dh x;h fdos vuq'kklu vkSj 'kkafr cuk;s j[kdj lg;ksx nsa] rkfd ckjnksyhvkUnksyu ij iwjk è;ku fn;k tk losQA ijUrq bls vkSj blosQlkFk&lkFk py jgs iwjs ns'k osQ vkUnksyuksa dks 11 iQjojh dks xkaèkhthosQ dgus ij can dj fn;k x;kA bldk dkj.k 5 iQjojh] 1922dks pkSjk&pkSjh esa ,d HkhM+ }kjk 22 iqfyl okyksa dks ftUnk tyk;ktkuk FkkA
11 iQjojh] 1922 dks xkaèkhth osQ vkUnksyu dks okil ysusdh ?kks"k.kk osQ lkFk gh vkUnksyu okil ys fy;k x;kA xkaèkhth usoknk fd;k Fkk fd ;fn mudh uhfr;ksa ij lgh <ax ls vey fd;ktk;s rks ,d lky esa Lojkt dh LFkkiuk gks tk;sxhA ysfdu Lojktrks nwj vaxzstksa us NksVh&eksVh fj;klrsa Hkh ugha nhaA ysfdu ;g vkUnksyufujFkZd ;k vliQy ugha jgkA bl vkUnksyu dh vusd liQyrk,avkSj miyfCèk;ka gSaA
(1) bl vkUnksyu us igyh ckj ns'k dh turk dks ,drkc¼fd;kA blus fn[kk;k fd bls ns'kHkj esa Hkkjrh;ksa osQ cM+s Hkkx dkleFkZu çkIr gSA dkaxzsl us vius Åij yxk ^vYier dk çfrfufèkRodjus okyh laLFkk* osQ MiQfju osQ vkjksi dk eqagrksM+ tokc fn;kA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 55
(2) bl vkUnksyu us ns'k dh turk dks vkèkqfud jktuhfr lsifjp; djk;k vkSj mlesa vktknh dh bPNk txk;hA blus ;g fn[kk;kfd Hkkjr dh nhu&ghu turk Hkh vkèkqfud jk"Vªoknh jktuhfr dhokgd gks ldrh gSA ;g igyk volj Fkk tc jk"Vªh;rk us xkaoksa]dLckssa] Ldwyksa vkfn lcdks vius çHkko esa ys fy;kA gkyakfd bldhmiyfCè k; k a de F k h s a ] y s fdu tk s o q QN g k flygqvk] og vkxkeh la?k"kZ dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djus esa lgk;d gqvkA
(3) cM+s iSekus ij eqlyekuksa dh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj lkaçnkf;d,drk bl vkUnksyu dh egRoiw.kZ miyfCèk FkhA eqlyekuksa dhHkkxhnkjh us gh bl vkUnksyu dks tu vkUnksyu dk Lo:i fn;kA
(4) bl vkUnksyu dk ,d çeq[k ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd Hkkjrh;turk osQ eu ls Hk; dh Hkkouk lekIr gks x;hA Hkkjr esa fczfV'klÙkk dh gSokuh rkdr vc mlosQ fy, Mj dk dkj.k u jghA bllsmuesa vkRe&fo'okl vkSj vkRe& lEeku tkxkA
vlg;ksx osQ vçR;{k çHkkovlg;ksx osQ vçR;{k çHkkovlg;ksx osQ vçR;{k çHkkovlg;ksx osQ vçR;{k çHkkovlg;ksx osQ vçR;{k çHkkodkaxzsl }kjk çkarh; dkaxzsl lfefr;ksa dks mu LFkkuksa ij] tgk¡
yksx vkUnksyu osQ fy, rS;kj Fks] ukxfjd lfou; voKk vkUnksyuçkjaHk djus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k FkkA fenukiqj (caxky) esa la?kh;dj cksMZ osQ fo#¼ ,d vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;k tk pqdk Fkk rFkkxqUVwj (vkaèkz çns'k) esa djcanh vkUnksyu 'kq: gksus gh okyk FkkAvlg;ksx vkUnksyu }kjk lÙkk osQ çfr mRiUu vlarks"k ,oa voKkdh Hkkouk us ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa vusd LFkkuh; vkUnksyuksa osQmn; esa lgk;rk dhA gkyakfd bu LFkkuh; vkUnksyuksa us u rksvlg;ksx vkUnksyu osQ dk;ZØeksa vkSj u gh vfgalk osQ fl¼karksa dkdM+kbZ ls ikyu fd;kA
voèk esa tokgj yky usg: ,oa vU; yksxksa }kjk fd, tkjgs djcanh lacaèkh çpkj us igys ls gh O;kIr fdlku vkUnksyu dhmÙkstuk dks vkSj HkM+dk fn;kA
osQjy osQ ekykckj esa vlg;ksx vkSj f[kykiQr lacaèkh çpkjus eqfLye fdlkuksa dks muosQ tehankjksa osQ fo:¼ [kM+k dj fn;kAgkykafd oqQN le; osQ fy, bl vkUnksyu us lkaçnkf;drk dk jaxHkh ys fy;kA
vle osQ cxku etnwjksa us gM+rky dh rFkk blls LVhej lsokesa Hkh gM+rky gqbZA vle ,oa caxky jsyos dks Hkh gM+rky dk lkeukdjuk iM+kA
vkaèkz esa taxy dkuwu Hkax fd;k x;kA ;gk¡ yksx taxy ij viusikjaifjd vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk pkgrs FksA jktLFkku esa fdlkuksa ,oavfknokfl;ksa us vPNh thou çkfIr osQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;sA
iatkc osQ Hkz"V egUrksa ls xq#}kjs dk fu;a=k.k Nhuus osQ fy,vdkyh vkUnksyu pyk] tks vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dk ,d fgLlk cux;kA vdkfy;ksa us ?kksj neu osQ ckotwn Hkh vfgalk dk ekxZ ughaNksM+kA
>kj[k.M ds NksVk ukxiqj esa vkfnokfl;ksa us rkuk HkxrvkUnksyu esa dj o jktLo ugha nsus dh èkedh nhA
bl rjg vlg;ksx vkUnksyu jktuhfrd rkSj ij vliQy gksrsgq, Hkh O;kid miyfCèk;ksa dks gkfly djus esa l{ke jgk vkSj Hkfo";osQ vkanksyuksa osQ fy, ,d vkèkkj cukus esa liQy jgkA
f[kykiQr vkUnksyuf[kykiQr vkUnksyuf[kykiQr vkUnksyuf[kykiQr vkUnksyuf[kykiQr vkUnksyuçFke fo'o ;q¼ esa rqdhZ us fe=k jk"Vªksa osQ f[kykiQ ;q¼ fd;k
FkkA rqdhZ osQ [kyhiQk dks eqfLyeksa osQ èkkfeZd çèkku osQ :i es ns[kktkrk FkkA mu fnuksa ;g viQokg iQSyh Fkh fd rqdhZ ij fczfV'k ljdkjviekutud 'krs± ykn jgh gSA blh osQ fojksèk Lo:i 1919&20 esavyh cUèkq] ekSykuk vktkn] gljr eksgkuh rFkk gdhe vtey [kkuosQ usr`Ro esa f[kykiQr vkUnksyu NsM+k x;kA budh rhu ekaxsa Fkha&(1) eqlyekuksa osQ ifo=k LFkkuksa ij rqdhZ osQ lqYrku [kyhiQk dk
fu;a=k.k jgsA(2) [kyhiQk osQ vèkhu bruk Hkw&Hkkx jgs fd og bLyke dh j{kk
dj losQA(3) tkjhtkr my vjc (vjc] lhfj;k] bjkd rFkk fiQfyLrhu) ij
eqlyekuksa dh laçHkqrk cuh jgsAçFke fo'o ;q¼ esa eqlyekukas dk lg;ksx ysus fy, vaxzstksa
us rqdhZ osQ çfr mnkj joS;k viukus dk oknk fd;k FkkA fczfV'kçèkkuea=kh yk;M tktZ us ;g oknk fd;k Fkk fd] ¶ge rqdhZ dks,f'k;k ekbuj vkSj Fkzsl dh ml le`¼ vkSj çfl¼ Hkwfe ls oafprdjus osQ fy, ;q¼ ugha dj jgs gSa tks uLyh n`f"V ls eq[; :ils rqdZ gSA¸ ysfdu ckn esa vaxzst bl okns ls eqdj x;sA fczVsurFkk mlosQ lg;ksfx;ksa us mLekfu;k lYrur osQ lkFk viekutudO;ogkj fd;k rFkk mlosQ VqdM+s&VqdM+s dj Fkzsl dks gfFk;k fy;kAblls Hkkjr osQ jktuSfrd psruk çkIr eqlyeku dkiQh {kqCèk FksA rqdhZosQ çfr fczfV'k uhfr esa ifjorZu ykus osQ mís'; ls Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksaus vkUnksyu NsM+us dk fu'p; fd;kA 'kh?kz gh vyh Hkkb;ksa (ekSykukvyh ,oa 'kkSdr vyh)] ekSykuk vktkn] gdhe vtey [kku vkSjgljr eksgkuh osQ usr`Ro esa ,d f[kykiQr desVh xfBr gqbZ vkSjns'kO;kih vkUnksyu NsM+ fn;k x;kA oLrqr% bl vkanksyu osQ lkFkeqfLye turk iw.kZ :i ls jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa dwn iM+hA dkaxzslosQ usrk Hkh f[kykiQr vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gq, vkSj mUgksauss lkjs ns'kesa bls laxfBr djus esa eqfLye usrkvksa dh lgk;rk dhA
egkRek xkaèkh Hkh f[kykiQr vkUnksyu esa lg;ksx nsus ds bPNqdFksA muosQ fy, ¶f[kykiQr vkUnksyu fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dks,drk esa ckèkus dk ,d ,slk lqvolj Fkk] tks lSdM+ksa o"kk±s esa ughavk;sxkA¸ 'kh?kz gh xkaèkhth f[kykiQr vkUnksyu osQ ,d ekU; usrkosQ :i esa mHkjsA uoEcj 1919 esa xkaèkhth f[kykiQr vkUnksyu osQvè;{k pqus x;sA lEesyu esa mUgksaus eqlyekuksa ls dgk fd os fe=kjk"Vªksa dh fot; osQ miy{; esa vk;ksftr lkoZtfud mRloksa esa Hkkxu ysaA mUgksaus èkedh nh fd ;fn fczVsu us rqdhZ osQ lkFk U;k; ughafd;k rks cfg"dkj vkSj vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;k tk;sxkAekSykuk vktkn] vdje vkSj iQtyqy gd us f[kykiQr vkUnksyu vkSjfgUnw&eqfLye ,drk osQ i{k esa caxky dk nkSjk fd;kA
1920 osQ çkjaHk esa gh fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dk ,d la;qDrçfrfufèk eaMy ok;ljk; ls feyk] ftUgksauss Li"V 'kCnksa esa dg fn;kfd mUgsa ,slh mEehn NksM+ nsuh pkfg,A ,d çfrfufèk eaMy mlosQckn baXySaM x;k] ysfdu çèkkuea=kh yk;M tktZ us :[kk mÙkj fn;kfd ¶ijkftr bZlkbZ 'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFk fd, tkus okys crkZo ls fHkUucrkZo rqdhZ osQ lkFk ugha fd;k tk;sxkA¸ 1920 rd fczfV'k gqowQerus f[kykiQr usrkvksa ls ;g Li"V dg fn;k fd os vc vkSj vfèkdmEehn ugha j[ksaA rqdhZ osQ lkFk isfjl lEesyu esa 1920 esa dh x;h
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ICLE
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
Y
©Chronicle IAS Academy 56
^lsczs dh lafèk* bl ckr dk lcwr Fkh fd rqdhZ osQ foHkktu dkiQSlyk vafre gSA blls usrkvksa esa tcZnLr jks"k iQSykA xkaèkhth usf[kykiQr desVh dks vaxzsth gqowQer osQ f[kykiQ vfgald vkUnksyuNsM+us dh lykg nhA 9 twu] 1920 dks bykgkckn esa f[kykiQr desVhus bl lykg dks loZlEefr ls Lohdkj dj fy;k vkSj xkaèkhth dksbl vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro djus dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;kA
vlg;ksx dk pkj pj.kksa okyk ,d dk;ZØe ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kftlesa mikfèk;ksa] flfoy lsokvksa] lsuk vkSj iqfyl dk cfg"dkj vkSjvarr% djksa dks u nsuk 'kkfey FkkA xkaèkhth us dkaxzsl dks Hkhf[kykiQr vkSj vU; eqíksa ij vlg;ksx vkUnksyu NsM+us osQ fy, eukfy;kA bl rjg nksuksa laxBuksa us fczfV'k ljdkj osQ fo#¼ la?k"kZ NsM+fn;kA f[kykiQr desVh us eqlyekuksa ls dgk fd os lsuk esa HkrhZu gkasA blosQ fy, vyh caèkqvksa dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;kA blij dkaxzsl us lkjs Hkkjrh;ksa ls vihy dh fd os fdlh Hkh :iesa ljdkj dh lsok u djsaA vkUnksyu dks nckus osQ fy, ljdkjus O;kid neu pØ dk lgkjk fy;kA
f[kykiQr vkUnksyu vius ewyHkwr mís';ksa esa liQy ugha jgkAf[kykiQr dk ç'u tYnh gh vçklafxd gks x;kA rqdhZ dh turkeqLriQk deky ik'kk osQ usr`Ro esa mB [kM+h gqbZA 1922 esa lqYrkudks lÙkk ls oafpr dj fn;k x;kA deky ik'kk us rqdhZ osQvkèkqfudhdj.k osQ fy, rFkk bls èkeZfujis{k Lo:i nsus osQ fy, dbZdne mBk;sA mlus f[kykiQr lekIr dj nh vkSj lafoèkku ls bLykedks fudkydj mls èkeZfujis{k jkT; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA f'k{kk dkjk"Vªh;dj.k gqvk] fL=k;ksa dks O;kid vfèkdkj feyk vkSj m|ksx èkaèkksadk fodkl gqvkA bu dnekas ls f[kykiQr vkanksyu dh cqfu;kn ghu"V gks x;hA vius ewyHkwr mís';ksa dks iwjk ugha djosQ Hkh ijks{kifjfLFkfr;ksa dh n`f"V ls ;g vkUnksyu dkiQh liQy jgkA
vkUnksyu osQ ijks{k ifj.kkevkUnksyu osQ ijks{k ifj.kkevkUnksyu osQ ijks{k ifj.kkevkUnksyu osQ ijks{k ifj.kkevkUnksyu osQ ijks{k ifj.kke1- eqlyekuksa dk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gksuk1- eqlyekuksa dk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gksuk1- eqlyekuksa dk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gksuk1- eqlyekuksa dk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gksuk1- eqlyekuksa dk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gksuk&bl
vkUnksyu osQ iQyLo:i ns'k osQ eqlyeku jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa 'kkfeygq, rFkk jk"Vª dh eq[; èkkjk ls tqM+sA mu fnuksa ns'k esa tks jk"VªoknhmRlkg rFkk mYykl dk okrkoj.k Fkk] mls cukus esa dkiQh gn rdbl vkUnksyu dk Hkh ;ksxnku FkkA
2- fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dks cy% bl vkUnksyu osQiQyLo:i fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dh Hkkouk dks cy feykA nksuksa usfeydj fons'kh ljdkj ls la?k"kZ fd;k rFkk ,d&nwljs dh Hkkoukvksadk vknj fd;kA
3- lkaçnkf;drk dks cy feyk% ,slk dgk tkrk gS fdjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu }kjk osQoy eqlyekuksa dh ,d ekax mBkus lsèkkfeZd psruk dk jktuhfr esa lekos'k gqvk vkSj varr% lkaçnkf;d'kfDr;ka etcwr gqbZA ysfdu jk"Vªh; vkanksyu }kjk ;g ekax mBkukxyr ugha FkkA ml le; ;g t:jh Fkk fd lekt osQ fofHkUu vaxviuh fof'k"V ekaxksa vkSj vuqHkoksa }kjk Lora=krk dh vko';drk dksle>asA fiQj Hkh eqlyekuksa dh èkkfeZd psruk dks Åij mBkdj mlsèkeZfujis{k jktuhfrd psruk rd ys tkus esa jk"Vªoknh usr`Ro oqQN lhekrd vliQy jgkA
bl vkUnksyu osQ iQyLo:i eqlyekuksa esa lkezkT;okn fojksèkhHkkoukvksa dk çpkj gqvkA bl vkanksyu us [kyhiQk osQ çfr eqlyekuksa
dh fpark ls Hkh vfèkd lkezkT;okn fojksèkh Hkkouk dk gh çfrfufèkRofd;k vkSj bls Bksl vfHkO;fDr nhA bl rjg f[kykiQr vkUnksyuvius ewyHkwr mís';ksa esa vliQy jgk] ysfdu blosQ ijks{k ifj.kkeegRoiw.kZ fl¼ gq,A
Lojkt nyLojkt nyLojkt nyLojkt nyLojkt ny1919 ls 1921 rd dkaxzsl fczfV'k ljdkj osQ fo#¼ vfglad
;q¼ dh fLFkfr esa Fkh vkSj bl fLFkfr us dkaxzsl osQ fofHkUu usrkvksads fopkj lacaèkh erHksn lekIr dj fn, FksA ysfdu iQjojh 1922esa pkSjj&pkSjk ?kVuk osQ ckn vlg;ksx vkUnksyu osQ LFkxu osQ lkFkgh ifjfLFkfr fcYoqQy cny x;hA vfuf'prrk vkSj xfrghurk osQ blokrkoj.k esa dkaxzsl esa vkilh iQwV n`f"Vxkspj gksus yxhA oqQN yksxdkaxzsl dh uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu pkgrs Fks vkSj oqQN yksx fdlh Hkhçdkj osQ ifjorZu osQ fojksèkh FksA tks vHkh rd vlg;ksx osQ i{kesa vkSj dkSaflyksa dk cfg"dkj pkgrs Fks] os vifjorZuoknh (NoChangers) dgyk;sA bl ny esa oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy] Mk- valkjhvkSj Mk- jktsUnz çlkn vkfn FksA ifjorZuoknh os Fks tks egkRek xkaèkhosQ dk;ZØe ls erHksn j[krs Fks vkSj fuokZpuksa esa Hkkx ysdj dkaSflyksaesa ços'k pkgrs FksA bl ny esa if.Mr eksrhyky usg:] fpÙkjatunkl] foV~By HkkbZ iVsy vkSj gdhe vtey [kka çeq[k FksA bl çdkj1922 bZ- esa iqu% ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks x;h] ftlls ekywe iM+usyxk fd dkaxzsl 1907 dh Hkkafr nks nyksa esa foHkDr gks tk;sxhA 1922osQ x;k vfèkos'ku esa ;g erHksn [kqydj Li"V :i ls lkeus vkx;kA bl vfèkos'ku esa ifjorZuoknh ijkftr gks x;s fiQj Hkh os grk'kugha gq,A
dkaxzsl ls R;kx i=k nsdj 1 tuojh] 1923 dks ns'kcaèkq fprjatunkl ,oa eksrh yky usg: us ^dkaxzsl f[kykiQr Lojkt ikVhZ* dhLFkkiuk dhA bls ^Lojkt ny* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dkaxzsl esa c<+rhgqbZ iwQV dks ns[kdj ekSykuk vktkn us eè;LFkrk dhA flrEcj] 1923esa ekSykuk vktkn dh vè;{krk esa fnYyh esa dkaxzsl dk ,d fo'ks"kvfèkos'ku cqyk;k x;kA dkaxzsl dks dkSafly osQ vkxkeh fuokZpuksa esaHkkx ysus dh vuqefr nh x;hA ;g çLrko ikfjr fd;k x;k fd]^ftu dkaxzsfl;ksa dks dkSafly ços'k osQ fo#¼ èkkfeZd ;k vkSj fdlhçdkj dh vkifÙk u gks] mUgsa vxys fuokZpu esa [kM+s gksus vkSj viuhjk; nsus osQ vfèkdkj dk mi;ksx djus dh Lora=krk gSA* bl çLrkols Lojktoknh dkiQh mRlkfgr gq,A bUgksaus xkaèkhth dk leFkZu çkIrdjus dk ç;kl fd;kA ;|fi xkaèkhth dks Lojktokfn;ksa dh uhfrvkSj dk;ZØe eas fo'okl ugha Fkk] fiQj Hkh mUgksaus Lojkt ny dksviuk vk'khokZn fn;kA mUgksaus Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgk fd] ^gekjs chpesa okLrfod vkSj ekSfyd Hksn gaS] fiQj Hkh eSa Hkkx ugha ys ldrk]ysfdu ,slh ;kstuk dks eSa lfØ; lgk;rk ugha dj ldrk ftlesaeq>s Lo;a fo'okl u gksA* bl çdkj Lojkt ny dkaxzsl dk ,djktuhfrd ny cu x;k] ftldk mn~ns'; Fkk lalnh; dk;ks± esa HkkxysukA blls dkaxzsl esa iqu% foHkktu gksus ls #d x;kA
Lojkt ny osQ mís';% Lojkt ny dk ewy mís'; FkkLojkt çkIr djukA xkaèkhokfn;ksa dk Hkh ;gh mís'; FkkA ysfdu nksuksaesa Lojkt çkfIr osQ lkèkuksa esa vUrj FkkA Lojktoknh xkaèkhth osQvlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa fo'okl ugha djrs FksA mudk dguk Fkk fdvlg;ksx dh uhfr dks viuk;k tk;s] ysfdu dkSafly esa ços'k dj
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 57
fØ;kfUor fd;k tk;sA vFkkZr~ Lojktokfn;ksa dk y{; dkSafly esa ços'kdj ljdkj osQ dk;Z esa vM+axk yxkuk vkSj vUnj ls mls u"V djukFkkA Lojktokfn;ksa osQ mís';ksa dks la{ksi esa fuEu :i ls j[kk tkldrk gS&(1) Hkkjr ds fy, Lojkt çkfIrA(2) ml ifjikVh dk vUr djuk] tks vaxzsth lÙkk osQ vèkhu Hkkjr
esa fo|eku FkhA(3) dkSafly esa ços'k dj vlg;ksx osQ dk;ZØe dks viukuk vkSj
vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks liQy cukukA(4) ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk ?kksj fojksèk dj mlosQ dk;ks± esa vM+axk
yxkuk] ftlls mlosQ dk;Z lqpk: :i ls ugha py losQ vkSjljdkj viuh uhfr esa ifjorZu djus dks foo'k gksALojkt ny osQ dk;ZØe% Lojkt ny us vius mís';ksa dh
çkfIr osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr dk;ZØe fuf'pr fd;k&(1) ljdkjh ctV jí djuk](2) mu çLrkoksa dk fojksèk djuk] tks ukSdj'kkgh dks 'kfDr'kkyh
cukus dk ç;Ru djs](3) mu çLrkoksa] ;kstukvksa vkSj foèks;dksa dks dkSaflyksa esa çLrqr
djuk] ftuosQ }kjk jk"Vª dh 'kfDr esa o`f¼ gks rFkk ukSdj'kkghdh 'kfDr;ksa esa deh gks]
(4) dkSafly osQ ckgj jpukRed dk;ksZ esa lg;ksx djuk](5) leLr çHkko'kkyh LFkkuksa ij vfèkdkj vkSj(6) vko';d gksus ij inksa dk R;kxA
Lojkt ny osQ dk;Z% ekW.ViQksMZ lqèkkjksa dks u"V djus osQmís'; ls Lojktokfn;ksa us eksrh yky usg: vkSj fpÙkjatu nkl osQusr`Ro esa 1923 osQ fuokZpu esa Hkkx fy;kA eè; çkar eas bls iw.kZcgqer rFkk caxky esa vk'kkrhr liQyrk feyhA eè;çkar vkSj caxkyesa mUgksaus }Sèk 'kklu dks fuf"Ø; cuk fn;kA bu çkarksa es eaf=keaMydk fuekZ.k vlaHko gks x;k D;ksafd Lojkt ny ftls Li"V cgqerçkIr Fkk] u rks Lo;a ljdkj dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrk Fkk u nwljsnyksa dks eaf=keaMy dk fuekZ.k djus nsuk pkgrk FkkA
osQUnzh; foèkku lHkk esa Lojktokfn;ksa dks 145 esa ls osQoy 45LFkku çkIr gq,] fiQj Hkh oqQN funZyh; lnL;ksa dh lgk;rk ls mUgksausljdkj dk MVdj eqdkcyk fd;kA ,slk ekSdk Hkh vk;k tc mUgksausljdkj dks ijkftr fd;kA 1925 esa os foV~By HkkbZ iVsy dks osQUnzh;foèkkf;dk dk vè;{k fuokZfpr djokus eas liQy jgsA mUgksaus dbZckj vlsEcyh ls ^okd vkmV* fd;k vkSj ljdkj dh çfr"Bk dksèkDdk igq¡pk;kA
Lojkt ny dh uhfr esa ifjorZu % çkjaHk esa Lojkt nyus ljdkj osQ lkFk vlg;ksx dh uhfr viuk;h vkSj mlosQ dk;ks±es vM+axs yxk;sA ysfdu mls bl uhfr esa fo'ks"k liQyrk ugha feyhAvr% mldh uhfr esa Lor% ifjorZu vkus yxsA mUgksaus vlg;ksx osQLFkku ij mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ lg;ksx (Responsive Co-operation) dhuhfr viukuh 'kq: dj nhA ;gk¡ rd fd fpÙkjatu nkl vius thoudky esa ;g vuqHko djus yxs Fks fd vlg;ksx dh uhfr ykHkçnugha gSA 1924 bZ- esa iQjhniqj lEesyu esa mUgksaus ljdkj ls le>kSrkdjus osQ fy, oqQN çLrko Hkh çLrqr fd, FksA ysfdu oqQN LojktoknhvHkh Hkh ^vM+axk* dh uhfr esa fo'okl djrs FksA vr% Lojkt nyesa iQwV fn[kk;h iM+us yxhA ljdkj us bl ekSdk dk iQk;nk mBk;k
vkSj lg;ksxokfn;ksa dks fofHkUu lfefr;ksa esa LFkku nsdj [kq'k djuk'kq: dj fn;kA 1924 esa oqQN çeq[k Lojktokfn;ksa dks ^bLikr lqj{kklfefr* esa LFkku fn;kA 1925 esa Lo;a eksrhyky usg: us ^Ldhulfefr* lnL;rk Lohdkj dj yh rFkk foV~By HkkbZ iVsy osQUnzh;O;oLFkkfidk osQ vè;{k pqus x;sA FkksM+s le; esa Lojkt ny dhuhfr esa iw.kZr;k ifjorZu gks x;kA vlg;ksx dk LFkku mÙkjnk;hlg;ksx us ys fy;kA iQyr% Lojkt ny detksj gks x;k vkSj bldkvkd"kZ.k tkrk jgkA vr% 1926 eas fuokZpu esa bls cgqr de liQyrkçkIr gqbZA
Lojkt ny dk iru&1926 bZ- rd Lojkt ny dh 'kfDrlekIr gks x;hA mlosQ iru osQ çeq[k dkj.k fuEu Fks %
(1)uhfr esa ifjorZu % Lojkt ny us ns[kk fd mldhvlg;ksx uhfr liQy ugha gks jgh gSA vr% mUgksaus ljdkj osQ lkFklg;ksx dh uhfr viukuh 'kq: dj nhA iQyr% mldk jk"Vªoknh :ièkhek iM+ x;k vkSj mldk vkd"kZ.k tkrk jgkA
(2)fpÙkjatu nkl dh e`R;q % Jh fpÙkjatu nkl Lojktny osQ tUenkrk rFkk mlosQ çeq[k LrEHk FksA 1925 esa mudh e`R;qosQ ckn ny yM+[kM+k x;kA
(3)fgUnw&eqfLye naxk % fgUnw&eqfLye naxs us ny dh ,drkdks u"V dj fn;kA 1925 esa ftUuk vkSj eksrhyky usg: osQ chperHksn gks tkus ls Hkh osQUnzh; foèkku lHkk esa Lojkt ny dk çHkkode gks x;kA
(4) dkaxzsl esa ,d vU; ny dh LFkkiuk % Lojktny osQ vfrfjDr oqQN usrkvksa us dkaxzsl osQ vUnj gh ,d vU;Lora=k ny dh LFkkiuk dhA blosQ usrk iafMr enu eksgu ekyoh;vkSj ykyk yktir jk; FksA bl ny us fgUnqRo dk ukjk yxk;k]ftlosQ >.Ms osQ uhps mÙkj Hkkjr osQ fgUnw laxfBr gksus yxsA iQyr%Lojkt ny osQ vuq;kf;;ksa dh la[;k rsth ls ?kVus yxhA
(5) ny esa iQwV % vkilh erHksn osQ dkj.k Lojkt nyesa iQwV iM+ x;hA oqQN Lojktoknh uhfr esa ifjorZu vkSj ljdkjosQ lkFk lg;ksx osQ i{k esa Fks] tcfd oqQN vlg;ksx dh ekSfyduhfr ij MVs jguk pkgrs FksA iQjhniqj lEesyu esa Lojktokfn;ksa dhvkilh iQwV Li"V :i ls n`f"Vxkspj gksus yxhA
Lojkt ny osQ dk;ksZa dk egRo % Lojktokfn;ksa osQ dk;ks±dh rh[kh vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA vusd dkaxzslh usrkvksa dk fopkjFkk fd ^vM+axk Mkyus dh uhfr* vO;kogkfjd vkSj fujFkZd FkhA MkW-tdkfj;k dk fopkj gS fd ^Lojktokfn;ksa dh fLFkfr mu O;fDr;ksatSlh Fkh] tks viuh jksVh dks j[kuk Hkh pkgrs gSa vkSj [kkuk HkhA*Lojkt ny vius mís';ksa eas vkaf'kd liQyrk gh çkIr dj ldkAbuosQ fojksèk osQ ckotwn ljdkjh uhfr;ksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksldkA blosQ ckotwn bl ny osQ dk;ks± dk egRo bl ckr esa gSfd blus vlg;ksx vkUnksyu osQ ckn dh f'kfFkyrk osQ le; turkesa mRlkg vkSj lkgl dk okrkoj.k rS;kj fd;kA ftl le; dkaxzsljpukRed dk;ks± esa O;Lr Fkh vkSj xkaèkhth jktuhfrd fuokZlu dkthou O;rhr dj jgs Fks] ml le; Lojktokfn;ksa us jk"Vªh; vkUnksyudk usr`Ro laHkkyk rFkk viuh vM+axkoknh uhfr;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i}Sèk 'kklu dks O;FkZ dj fn;kA lkbeu deh'ku us Hkh ;g Lohdkjfd;k Fkk fd ml le; Lojkt ny gh ,d lqlaxfBr vkSj vuq'kkflrny Fkk] ftlosQ ikl ,d lqfuf'pr dk;ZØe FkkA la{ksi esa] Lojkt
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 58
ny us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQ vUèkdkjiw.kZ le; esa vk'kk dhfdj.k çTofyr dh vkSj turk esa mRlkg rFkk uothou dk lapkjfd;kA
lkbeu deh'kulkbeu deh'kulkbeu deh'kulkbeu deh'kulkbeu deh'ku1927 esa jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu vius fuEure Lrj ij FkkA fLFkfr
,slh Fkh fd fgUnw&eqfLye naxks osQ dkj.k jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ;klaoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa dh fn'kk esa lkspk Hkh ugha tk ldrk FkkA ysfdublh le; fczfV'k 'kklu osQ }kjk ,d ,slk dk;Z fd;k x;k ftlusjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dks uothou vkSj xfr çnku dhA 1919 osQvfèkfu;e esa ekaVsX;w psEliQksMZ vfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksus osQ 10 o"kZi'pkr~ Hkkjr esa mÙkjnk;h ljdkj dh çxfr dh fn'kk esa fd;s x;sdk;ks± dh leh{kk dk çkoèkku fd;k x;k FkkA blosQ vuqlkj ljdkjdks 1931 bZ- esa bl dk;Z osQ fy, ,d vk;ksx fu;qDr djuk Fkk]ysfdu ljdkj us 1927 bZ- esa gh bl vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr dj nhAbl vk;ksx osQ vè;{k Fks lj tkWu lkbeuA mudh vè;{krk esa^Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud vk;ksx ;k bafM;u LVspqVjh deh'ku* cgky fd;kx;kA vè;{k lfgr blesa oqQy 7 lnL; FksA blesa fczVsu osQ rhuksaçeq[k jktuhfrd nyksa (datosZfVo] fycjy vkSj yscj) osQ çfrfufèkj[ks x;s] ijarq fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; lnL; dks blesa ugha fy;k x;kA;g çtkrh; foHksn dk ,d thrk&tkxrk mnkgj.k FkkA deh'ku esaHkkjrh;ksa dks lfEefyr u djus dk dkj.k ;g cryk;k x;k fdD;ksafd deh'ku dks viuh fjiksVZ fczfV'k laln dks nsuh gksxh] blfy,mleas fczfV'k laln osQ lnL;ksa dks gh lfEefyr fd;k tkuk mfprFkkA fdUrq ljdkj dk ;g Li"Vhdj.k ,d Hkqykok Fkk] D;ksafd blle; nks Hkkjrh; ykWMZ flUgk vkSj fe- ldykrokyk Hkh fczfV'k lalnosQ lnL; FksA
;ksa rks fczfV'k ljdkj dk dguk Fkk fd Hkkjrh;ksa dh ekaxksaosQ vuqlkj 'kklu esa tYn ls tYn lqèkkj ykus osQ mís'; ls vk;ksxdh fu;qfDr le; ls iwoZ dh x;h Fkh] ysfdu okLrfod dkj.k oqQNvkSj gh FksA
(1) fczVsu dh vuqnkj ljdkj ml le; Hkkjr esa vk;ksx Hkstukpkgrh Fkh] tcfd ns'k esa lkaçnkf;d naxs tksjksa ij Fks vkSj Hkkjrdh ,drk u"V gks pqdh FkhA ljdkj pkgrh Fkh fd vk;ksx Hkkjrh;ksaosQ lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd thou osQ fo"k; esa cqjk fopkj ysdjykSVsA
(2) baXySaM esa vke pquko 1929 esa gksus okyk FkkA vuqnkj
ny dks gkj tkus dk Hk; FkkA os ;g ugha pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjrh;
leL;k dks lqy>kus dk ekSdk etnwj ny dks fn;k tk;s D;ksafd
mlosQ gkFk esa os lkezkT; osQ fgrksa dks lqjf{kr ugha le>rs FksA
(3) Lojkt ny us lqèkkj dh tksjnkj ekax dhA fczfV'k ljdkj
us bl lkSns dks cgqr lLrk le>k D;ksafd blls ;g laHkkouk Fkh
fd ;g ny vkd"kZ.kghu gks tk;sxk vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs mldk vfLrRolekIr gks tk;sxkA
(4) çks- dhFk osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa tokgj yky usg: vkSjlqHkk"k pUnz cksl osQ usr`Ro esa ;qod vkUnksyu osQ çknqHkkZo osQ dkj.kfczfV'k ljdkj us ;Fkk'kh?kz jktdh; vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr djuk mfprle>kA
deh'ku osQ xBu rFkk mlosQ lhfer mís';ksa osQ dkj.k deh'kuosQ çfr Hkkjrh;ksa esa {kksHk mRiUu gksuk furkUr LokHkkfod FkkA deh'kuosQ çfr {kksHk çdV djus esa dkaxzsl osQ }kjk igy dh x;hA dkaxzslus fnlEcj 1927 bZ- osQ enzkl vfèkos'ku esa lkbeu deh'ku osQçfr vius n`f"Vdks.k rFkk uhfr dks Li"V :i ls O;Dr fd;k& ¶pw¡fdfczfV'k ljdkj us Hkkjr osQ vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ vfèkdkj dh iw.kZ mis{kkdjosQ ,d 'kkgh deh'ku (Royal Commission) fu;qDr fd;k gS]vr% dkaxz sl ;g fu'p; djrh gS fd Hkkjr osQ fy,,dek=kvkRe&lEekuiw.kZ ekxZ ;gh gS fd og deh'ku dk gj gkyresa vkSj gj çdkj ls cfg"dkj djsA¸
dkaxzsl] eqfLye yhx] fgUnw egklHkk vkSj fycjy iQsMjs'ku us,d Loj ls deh'ku dk fojksèk fd;kA osQoy lj eksgEen 'kiQhosQ usr`Ro esa eqfLye yhx osQ ,d oxZ us deh'ku dk Lokxr djusdk fu'p; fd;kA
;g deh'ku 3 iQjojh] 1928 dks cEcbZ esa vkdj mrjkA blhfnu lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa gM+rky j[krs gq, deh'ku osQ cfg"dkj dkJh x.ks'k dj fn;k x;kA LFkku&LFkku ij dkys >.Mksa o ^lkbeuokil tkvks** osQ ukjksa ls deh'ku dk fojksèk fd;k x;kA vusdLFkkuksa ij iqfyl rFkk turk osQ eè; la?k"kZ Hkh gq,A ykgkSj esa ykykyktir jk; osQ usr`Ro esa deh'ku osQ fojksèk esa ,d fo'kky tqywldk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA iqfyl }kjk ykyk yktir jk; ij ykfB;ksavkSj M.Mksa dh Hkh"k.k o"kkZ dh x;h] ftlls mUgsa la?kkfrd pksVyxh vkSj mudh e`R;q gks x;hA bl ?kVuk ls deh'ku osQ çfr vkSjvfèkd fojksèk çnf'kZr fd;k x;k rFkk caxky o iatkc esa bllsvkardoknh dk;ks± dks çksRlkgu feykA Hkxrflag rFkk cVqosQ'oj nÙkus Hkkjrh; Hkkoukvksa dks çdV djus osQ fy, osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidkesa ce iQsadk vkSj ykykth ij ykBh çgkj osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h fe-lkW.MlZ dh ykgkSj esa gR;k dj nh x;hA osQUnzh; foèkkulHkk us Hkhdeh'ku dk Lokxr djus ls baUdkj dj fn;kA iVuk] dydÙkk] enzklvkSj vU; txgksa ij lkbeu fojksèkh ukjs yxk;s x;sA ljdkj usçn'kZudkfj;ksa ij vR;kpkj fd;s vkSj gjsd çdkj ls bls nckus dhdksf'k'k dh] ijUrq vliQyrk gh gkFk yxhA nwljh rjiQ fojksèkksa osQckotwn vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ is'k dj nh tks ebZ 1930 esa çdkf'krgqbZA deh'ku nks ckj Hkkjr vk;k rFkk viuh fjiksVZ rS;kj djus esabls nks o"kZ ls vfèkd le; yxkA bl fjiksVZ dh fliQkfj'ksa fuEuFkha&
(1) çkarks a esa }S/ 'kklu dh lekfIr vkSj çkarh;Lok;ÙkÙkk dh LFkkiuk % fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k fd 1919 osQvfèkfu;e }kjk LFkkfir çkarksa esa }S/ 'kklu vusd vkUrfjd nks"kksavkSj Hkkjrh; naxksa osQ dkj.k liQy ugha gks ldrk gS] vr% blslekIr djosQ çkarksa dks Lok;Ùkrk nh tk;sA leLr çkarh; 'kklu eaf=k;ksadks lkSai fn;k tk;s vkSj mUgsa çkarh; foèkkueaMy osQ çfr mÙkjnk;hcuk;k tk;sA ysfdu blosQ lkFk gh ;g Hkh fliQkfj'k dh x;h fdçkarh; xouZj dks oqQN fo'ks"kkfèkdkj vo'; çnku fd;s tk;sa] ftllsog dfri; egRoiw.kZ ekeyksa esa vko';drkuqlkj eaf=k;ksa osQ fu.kZ;dh mis{kk dj losQA
(2) erkfèkdkj vkSj foèkku lHkkvks a dk foLrkj %1926 esa Hkkjr dh yxHkx 3 çfr'kr tula[;k dks erkfèkdkj çkIrFkkA blfy, fjiksVZ esa erkfèkdkj osQ foLrkj dh fliQkfj'k djrs gq,dgk x;k fd de ls de 10 çfr'kr tula[;k dks erkfèkdkj çkIr
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gksuk pkfg,A fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k fd çkarksa dh foèkku lHkkvksa dkfoLrkj fd;k tk;s vkSj mlosQ lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu çR;{k :i lsfd;k tkuk pkfg,A
(3)la?k 'kklu dh LFkkiuk % fjiksVZ esa Hkfo"; esa HkkjrosQ fy, ,d la?k 'kklu dh LFkkiuk djus dh fliQkfj'k dh x;h]ftlesa çR;sd çkar tgka rd laHko gks] vius {ks=k esa Lokeh gksA blla?k esa fczfV'k Hkkjr osQ leLr çkar vkSj leLr Hkkjrh; ns'kh jkT;'kkfey gksaxsA
(4) lkaçnkf;d çfrfufèkRo dk iwoZor~ tkjh jguk %fjiksVZ esa lkaçnkf;d çfrfufèkRo dks iwoZor~ tkjh j[kus dh fliQkfj'kdh x;hA
(5) osQUnzh; {ks=k esa vuqÙkjnk;h 'kklu% deh'ku usosQUnzh; {ks=k esa mÙkjnk;h 'kklu osQ ekax dh iw.kZ mis{kk dhA ;gk¡rd fd mlus osQUnz esa }S/ 'kklu O;oLFkk dh Hkh fliQkfj'k ughadhA mlus osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk dks fu;a=k.k ls iw.kZr;k Lora=kj[kus dh fliQkfj'k dhA fdUrq deh'ku dk fopkj] osQUnz esa lnSoosQ fy, vuqÙkjnk;h ljdkj cuk;s j[kus dk ugha FkkA ^j{kk dk ç'u*larks"ktud <ax ls gy gks tkus osQ mijkar og osQUnz esa Hkh mÙkjnk;h'kklu dh LFkkiuk osQ i{k esa FkkA
(6) osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk dk iquxZBu& deh'ku usfliQkfj'k dh fd la?kh; vkèkkj ij osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk dk iquxZBufd;k tkuk pkfg,A osQUnzh; foèkku lHkk esa Hkkoh la?k esa 'kkfeygksus okys çkarksa osQ çfrfufèk 'kkfey gksa o mlesa ns'kh fj;klrksa osQçfrfufèk Hkh ml le; 'kkfey fd, tk ldrs gSa] tc os la?k esafeyus osQ fy, rS;kj gks tk;saA osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk osQ mPp lnujkT;lHkk dks la?kh; vkèkkj ij xfBr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fjiksVZ esanksuksa lnuksa osQ xBu gsrq vçR;{k pquko dh fliQkfj'k dh x;hA
(7) o`gÙkj Hkkjrh; ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk% deh'ku usfliQkfj'k dh fd Hkkjrh; la?k dh LFkkiuk osQ iwoZ Hkkjr esa ,do`gr Hkkjrh; ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dh tk;s] ftlesa fczfV'k Hkkjr osQçkarkas rFkk Hkkjr osQ ns'kh fj;klrksa osQ çfrfufèk lfEefyr gksaA blifj"kn osQ ekè;e~ ls os viuh lkekU; leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k djsaA
(8) vU; fliQkfj'ksa% deh'ku us fliQkfj'k dh fd Hkkjrea=kh dks ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy, Hkkjr ifj"kn dks dk;e j[kk tk;s]ijUrq mldh 'kfDr esa oqQN deh dh tk;sA deh'ku osQ }kjk lsukosQ Hkkjrh;dj.k dh vko';drk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA fjiksVZ esacekZ dks Hkkjr ls o flUèk dks cEcbZ ls i`Fkd dj nsus dh fliQkfj'kdh x;hA ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd mÙkj&if'pe lhek çkar osQ fiNM+sgksus osQ dkj.k mls vHkh çkarh; Lo'kklu ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg,AfjiksVZ esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd çfr 10 o"kZ osQ ckn Hkkjr dhlaoSèkkfud çxfr dh tkap djus dh i¼fr NksM+ nh tk;s vkSj blosQLFkku ij uohu lafoèkku esa Lo;a gh fodflr gksus dh O;oLFkk j[khtk;sA
ewY;kadu % lkbeu deh'ku us viuh fjiksVZ esa Hkkjrh;jktuhfr dh leLr dfBukb;ksa vkSj leL;kvksa ij çdk'k MkykA fdUrqmlus rRdkyhu Hkkjr vkSj turk dh vfHkyk"kkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksadh vksj rfud Hkh è;ku ugha fn;kA Hkkjrh; deh'ku dh fjiksVZ lsHkkjrh; usrk cgqr vlarq"V gq,] D;ksafd (1) fjiksVZ esa Hkkjrh;ksa dhvkSifuosf'kd Lojkt dh ekax dh iw.kZ mis{kk dh x;h FkhA (2)blus Hkkjrh;ksa dh osQUnz esa mÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh LFkkiuk djus dh
ekax dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA (3) çkarksa esa ;|fi blus mÙkjnk;heaf=keaMy dh LFkkiuk djus dh O;oLFkk dh] ysfdu blosQ lkFk ghçkarh; xoZujksa dks oqQN ,slh fo'ks"k 'kfDr;ka çnku djus dh fliQkfj'kdh x;h] ftlls mÙkjnk;h 'kklu dk egRo cgqr de gks tkrkAfuLlUnsg fjiksVZ fujFkZd rFkk jíh dkxt osQ leku Fkh] fiQj HkhHkkjrh; leL;kvksa osQ vè;;u osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g egRoiw.kZ çys[kFkkA lkbeu deh'ku dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ;g gS fd blusvçR;{k vkSj vLFkk;h rkSj ij gh lgh ns'k] osQ fofHkUu lewgksa vkSjnyksa dks ,dtqV dj fn;kA
usg: fjiksVZusg: fjiksVZusg: fjiksVZusg: fjiksVZusg: fjiksVZftl le; iwjk ns'k lkbeu deh'ku dk cfg"dkj dj jgk Fkk]
mlh le; Hkkjrh; ekeyksa osQ ea=kh ykWMZ cdsZugsM us Lojktokfn;ksadks pqukSrh nsrs gq, dgk Fkk fd] ^og ,d ,slk lafoèkku rS;kj djsa]ftlesa ,slh O;oLFkk,a gksa fd Hkkjr dh (egku) turk vkerkSj ijmlls lgefr O;Dr djsA* fu'p; gh bl O;aX;kRed pqukSrh osQ ihNs;g dkj.k dke dj jgk Fkk fd Hkkjrh;ksa osQ oxhZ;] nyh;] vkSjtkfrxr LokFkZ dHkh ,d loZekU; lafoèkku osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gksaxsAHkkjr lfpo us Hkkjr osQ uCt dks Bhd ls idM+k Fkk] ckn dh?kVukvksa us ;g lkfcr dj fn;kA
Hkkjr lfpo dh pqukSrh dk tokc nsus osQ fy, dkaxzsl us iQjojh1928 esa fnYyh esa ,d loZnyh; lEesyu (All party conference)dk vk;kstu fd;kA bldh vusd cSBosaQ gqbZA bu cSBdksa eas fuf'prfd;k x;k fd Jh eksrhyky usg: dh vè;{krk esa 8 O;fDr;ksa dh,d lfefr cuk;h tk;s tks 1 tqykbZ] 1928 osQ igys Hkkjr osQ fy,lafoèkku dk ,d çk:i rS;kj dj losQA 29 jktuhfrd laxBuksa usbl çLrko dk vuqeksnu fd;kA desVh us] ftlosQ lnL;ksa esa vyhbZeke] rst cgknqj lçq] lqHkk"k pUnz cksl] Jh ,e- ,l- v.ks] ljnkjeax: flag] Jh 'kks,c oqQjS'kh rFkk Jh th- vkj- çèkku 'kkfey Fks]'kh?kz gh viuk dke iwjk dj viuk çfrosnu vxLr 1928 es is'kdj fn;kA ;g çk:i ^usg: fjiksVZ* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSAusg: fjiksVZ osQ çeq[k lq>ko(1) Hkkjr dks vkSifuosf'kd Lojkt çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj
mldk LFkku fczfV'k 'kklu osQ vUrZxr vU; mifuos'kksa osQleku gksuk pkfg,A
(2) osQUnz esa iw.kZ mÙkjnk;h ljdkj dh LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg,A HkkjrosQ xouZj tujy dks yksdfç; eaf=k;ksa osQ ijke'kZ ij vkSjlaoSèkkfud çèkku osQ :i es dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
(3) osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk f}&lnuh; (bi-camerial) gks vkSjeaf=keaMy mlosQ çfr mÙkjnk;h gksA fuEu lnu dk fuokZpu]o;Ld erkfèkdkj ds vk/kj ij çR;{k jhfr ls rFkk mPplnu dk ijks{k jhfr ls gksA
(4) çkarksa esa Hkh osQUnz dh Hkkafr mÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh LFkkiuk gksA(5) osQUnz vkSj çkarksa osQ eè; 'kfDr forj.k dh ,d ;kstuk çLrqr
dh x;h] ftlesa vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka osQUnz dks çnku dh x;haA(6) lkaçnkf;d fuokZpu dk vUr dj mlosQ LFkku ij la;qDr
fuokZpu O;oLFkk dk lq>ko fn;k x;kA lkFk&lkFk ;g HkhfliQkfj'k dh x;h fd vYila[;d oxks± osQ fy, mudhtula[;k osQ vkèkkj ij mudks vkj{k.k çnku fd;k tk;sA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 60
(7) mÙkj&if'pe lhek çkar dks fczfV'k Hkkjr osQ vU; çkarkas osQleku oSèkkfud Lrj çkIr gksuk pkfg,A
(8) flUèk dks cEcbZ ls vyx dj mldks ,d i`Fkd çkar cuk;ktk;sA
(9) fjiksVZ esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k vkSj mUgsalafoèkku esa LFkku nsus dh fliQkfj'k dh x;hA
(10) fjiksVZ esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd ns'kh jkT;ksa osQ vfèkdkjksa rFkkfo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dh j{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA lkFk&lkFk mUgsa;g psrkouh Hkh nh x;h fd Hkkjrh; la?k esa mUgsa rHkh lfEefyrfd;k tk;sxk] tc muosQ jkT; esa mÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh O;oLFkkgks tk;sAewY;kadu % usg: fjiksVZ ij fopkj djus osQ fy, 1928 eas
gh y[kuÅ vkSj fnYyh esa loZnyh; lEesyu gq,A bu lEesyuksa esaHkkjrh; usrkvksa dk fojksèk mHkjdj lkeus vk;kA lEesyu esa eksgEenvyh us fjiksVZ dh vkykspuk dh] ftUuk us vfèkd çfrfufèkRo dhekax dh] rks vkxk [kka us ns'k osQ gj çkar dks Lokèkhurk fn, tkusdh ekax dhA eqlyekuksa osQ vM+axk yxkus ij fgUnw laçnk;oknhHkh vdM+ x;sA flD[kksa us iatkc esa fo'ks"k çfrfufèkRo dh ekax dhAftUuk us ckn esa viuh ^14 lw=kh ekaxas* j[khA blosQ foifjr jk"Vªoknheqlyekukas dk ny (Mk- valkjh] vyh beke bR;kfn) ^usg: fjiksVZ*dks Lohdkj djus osQ i{k esa FksA Lo;a dkaxzsl esa Hkh bl fjiksVZ ijerHksn FkkA dkaxzsl dk okeiaFkh ;qok oxZ ftldk usr`Ro tokgj ykyusg: vkSj lqHkk"k cksl dj jgs Fks] vkSj tks vkSifuosf'kd Lora=krkls larq"V ugha Fks] us iw.kZ Lora=krk dh ekax dks dkaxzsl dk mís';cukuk pkgk FkkA mu yksxksa us uoEcj 1928 esa ^bafMisaMsUl yhx*(Independence League) dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh rFkk ;qok oxZ esaLora=krk osQ çfr #>ku iSnk djus esa liQy jgsA dydÙkk vfèkos'kuesa Hkh bl oxZ us dkaxzsl usr`Ro ls vius y{; eas ifjorZu djusdh ekax Bqdjk;hA xkaèkhth osQ ç;klksa ls fonzksg nc x;k] ijarq ;gr; gqvk fd vxj ,d o"kZ osQ vUnj ljdkj us ^Mksfefu;u LVsVl*çnku ugha fd;k rks dkaxzsl dk y{; ^iw.kZ Lokèkhurk* dh çkfIr cutk;sxkA dkaxzsl us ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k fd vxj ljdkj usg:fjiksVZ dks vLohÑr dj nsxh] rks iqu% vlg;ksx vkUnksyu çkjaHk djfn;k tk;sxkA
;|fi usg: fjiksVZ LohÑr ugha gks ldh] ysfdu blus vusdegRoiw.kZ ço`fÙk;ksa dks tUe ns fn;kA lkaçnkf;drk dh Hkkouk tksvanj&vanj gh Fkh] vc mHkj dj lkeus vk x;hA eqfLye yhx vkSjfgUnw egklHkk nksuksa us bls iQSykus esa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+hA 1928bZ- dh ?kVukvksa us iqu% xkaèkhth dks ns'k vkSj dkaxzsl dh jktuhfrosQ 'kh"kZ ij vklhu dj fn;kA os jk"Vªh; Lora=krk laxzke osQ fufoZoknusrk cudj çdV gq,A
ftUuk osQ 14 lw=kftUuk osQ 14 lw=kftUuk osQ 14 lw=kftUuk osQ 14 lw=kftUuk osQ 14 lw=kftUuk us usg: fjiksVZ dh laoSèkkfud ;kstuk dks vLohdkj dj
fn;k vkSj viuh pkSng&lw=kh ;kstuk çLrqr dh] ftlesa fuEu ckrsa Fkha%
(1) lafoèkku dk Lo:i la?kkRed gks] ftlesa vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka çkarksa
esa fufgr gkasA
(2) lHkh çkarksa dks ,d leku Lok;Ùkrk çkIr gksA
(3) lHkh O;oLFkkfidk lHkkvksa vkSj fuokZfpr laLFkkvksa dk xBuvYila[;dksa ds i;kZIr rFkk çHkkoiw.kZ çfrfufèkRo osQ vkèkkjij gksA
(4) osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk esa eqlyekuksa dk çfrfufèkRo dels de ,d&frgkbZ gksA
(5) lkaçnkf;d lewgksa dks çfrfufèkRo nsus osQ fy, i`Fkd fuokZpdeaMy dh O;oLFkk gksA
(6) fdlh Hkh çdkj dk {ks=kh; iquxZBu iatkc] caxky vkSjmÙkj&if'pe lhek çkar esa eqlyekuksa osQ cgqer esa ifjorZuu yk;sA
(7) lHkh laçnk;kas dks fo'okl] iwtk] çpkj] la?k vkSj f'k{kk dhiwjh Lora=krk çkIr gksA
(8) fdlh Hkh O;oLFkkfidk lHkk ;k fuokZfpr fudk; esa dksbZ Hkh,slk çLrko ikl u gks ftldk fojksèk fdlh laçnk; osQnks&frgkbZ lnL; djsaA
(9) flUèk dks cEcbZ çkar ls vyx dj fn;k tk;sA(10)lhekar vkSj cywfpLrku esa vU; çkarksa dh Hkkafr lqèkkj yk;s
tk;asA(11)dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, eqlyekuksa dks lHkh lsokvksa
esa i;kZIr LFkku fn;k tk;sA(12)eqfLye laLÑfr] f'k{kk] Hkk"kk] èkeZ vkSj O;fDrxr dkuwukas dh
lqj{kk vkSj mUufr osQ fy, i;kZIr laj{k.k dh O;oLFkk gksA(13)osQUnzh; ;k çkarh; eaf=keaMyksa esa de ls de ,d&frgkbZ
eqlyeku gksaA(14)lafoèkku esa la'kksèku ykus osQ fy, la?k osQ lHkh çkarkas dh
LohÑfr vko';d gksA
lfou; voKk vkUnksyulfou; voKk vkUnksyulfou; voKk vkUnksyulfou; voKk vkUnksyulfou; voKk vkUnksyu1928 bZ- esa loZnyh; lEesyu ds ^usg: fjiksVZ* vLohdkj
fd;s tkus ds le; ls ?kVuk pØ rsth ls pykA bl fjiksVZ ls dkaxzslvkSj yhx nksuksa gh vlarq"V FksA ,d rjiQ Hkkjr esa u;h jktuhfrd'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gks jgk Fkk] rks nwljh vksj dkaxzsl ds vUnj ghfonzksg dh Hkkouk iui jgh FkhA vkradoknh vkSj Økafrdkjh xfrfofèk;k¡c<+ jgh FkhaA Nk=k 'kfDr dk mn; gks jgk Fkk] lks'kfyLV vkSjdE;qfuLV fopkjèkkjk,¡ iui jgh Fkha] fdlkuksa vkSj etnwjkssaa dsvkUnksyu gks jgs Fks] lkaçnkf;drk dk mn; gks jgk Fkk vkSjlkFk&lkFk ljdkj dk neu&pØ Hkh py jgk FkkA Lora=krk dh ekaxdkaxzsl ds vUnj vkSj ckgj c<+ jgh FkhA bl Hkkouk dks lgh fn'kknsus vkSj mldk lgh <ax ls mi;ksx djus ds fy, Bksl dk;ZØecukuk vko';d FkkA vr% dkaxzsl ds loZekU; usrk xkaèkhth us viusu;s gfFk;kj ^lfou; voKk vkUnksyu* dk lgkjk fy;kA ekpZ 1930ls egkRek xkaèkh ds usr`Ro esa jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu us ,d u;h fn'kkvf[r;kj dh] ftldh 'kq#vkr lfou; voKk vkUnksyu vkSj MkaMhekpZ ls gqbZA bl vkUnksyu dks 'kq: djus ds dkj.kksa dks ge la{ksieas fuEu :i ls j[k ldrs gaS&
(1) fczfV'k ljdkj us usg: fjiksVZ dks vLohÑr dj Hkkjrh;ksads fy, laèk"kZ ds vfrfjDr vU; dksbZ ekxZ ugha NksM+kA muds iklla?k"kZ ds vykok vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha FkkA
(2) ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr 'kkspuh; gks x;h FkhA fo'oO;kihvkfFkZd eanh ls Hkkjr Hkh vNwrk ugha jgkA ,d rjiQ fo'o dh
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 61
x;k FkkA31 fnlEcj] 1929 dh eè; jkf=k dks jkoh ds rV ij tokgj
yky jsg: us frjaxk >aMk iQgjk;k rFkk ^Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk* dkçLrko i<+kA 26 tuojh] 1930 dks ^iw.kZ Lora=krk fnol* eukus dh?kks"k.kk dh x;hA iQjojh 1930 esa dkaxzsl dk;Zdkfj.kh us egkRekxkaèkh dks ^lfou; voKk vkUnksyu* çkjaHk djus dk vfèkdkj nsfn;kA iwjs ns'k esa mRlkg dh ,d u;h ygj nkSM+ x;hA dkaxzsldk;Zdkfj.kh us ;g Hkh fuf'pr fd;k fd çfro"kZ 26 tuojh dks^Lora=krk fnol* ekuk;k tk;sA
xkaèkhth us vkUnksyu çkjaHk djus ds iwoZ ok;ljk; ls ckrphrdj le>kSrk djus dk ç;kl fd;kA mUgksaus viuh 11 lw=kh ekaxis'k dh rFkk ;g vk'oklu fn;k fd vxj ljdkj mUgsa Lohdkjdj ysxh] rks os viuk çLrkfor vkUnksyu LFkfxr dj nsaxsA xkaèkhthdh 11 lw=kh ekaxsa fuEu Fkha&1- yxku dh jkf'k vkèkh dj nh tk;sA2- fofue; dh nj ?kVkdj 1 f'kfyax 4 isal dh tk;sA3- lSfud [kpZ esa 50 çfr'kr dh deh dh tk;sA
oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy dk tUe lu~ 1875 esa xqtjkresa ukfM;kM rkyqdk esa gqvk FkkA fofèk esa mikfèkxzg.k djus ds i'pkr mUgksaus ,d iQkSyknh odhy*(Criminal Lawer) ds :i esa [;kfr çkIr dhAlu~ 1915 esa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa ços'kfd;kA bl o"kZ os xqtjkr lHkk* lnL; cusA bllHkk ds vè;{k ml oDr xkaèkh th FksA oYyHkkbZjk"Vªh; Lora=krk laxzke esa dwn iM+sA mUgksaus jkWysV,DV ds f[kykiQ çn'kZu fd;k rFkk ^lR;kxzg*if=kdk ds çdk'k dh ckxMksj laHkkyhA mUgksausvlg;ksx vkanksyu esa fgLlk fy;k rFkk ^xqtjkrfo|kihB* dh LFkkiuk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnkdhAtYn gh mudh [;kfr rFkk yksdfç;rk esa o`f¼
gqbZA ,d laxBd] oDrk] vFkd vfHk;kudrkZ rFkklkèkkj.k uj&ukjh ds çsj.kk lzksr ds :i esa mudh{kerk vf}rh; FkhA [ksM+k lR;kxzg] ukxiqj >.MklR;kxzg rFkk cksjlkM+ n.MkRed dj lR;kxzg esaegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djus ds ckn mudh x.kukxkaèkhth ds ckn xqtjkr ds lcls cM+s usrk ds :iesa gksus yxhAoYyHkHkkbZ iVsy ds vuqHkoksa dks è;ku esa j[krs
gq, mUgsa ckjnksyh esa Hkwfedj esa o`f¼ ds fojksèkesa fd;s tkus okys d`"kd vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djusds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA ;gka Hkh mUgksaus viuhdk;Zdq'kyrk dk ifj;p nsrs gq, lkadsfrd fot;ntZ dhA ;gha ckjnksyh dh efgykvksa us mUgsa^ljnkj* dh mikfèk çnku dhAlfou; voKk vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds dkj.k
egku vkfFkZd eanh us] rks nwljh rjiQlksfo;r la?k dh lektoknh liQyrkvksa vkSjphu dh ØkfUr ds çHkko us nqfu;k dsfofHkUu ns'kksa esa ØkfUr dh fLFkfr iSnk djnh FkhA fdlkuksa vkSj etnwjkas dh fLFkfr cgqrgh n;uh; gks x;h FkhA iQyLo:i ns'k dkokrkoj.k rsth ls fczfV'k ljdkj fojksèkhgksrk x;kA xkaèkhth us bl ekSds dk ykHkmBkdj bl fojksèk dks lfou; voKkvkUnksyu dh rjiQ eksM+ fn;kA
(3) Hkkjr dh foIyodkjh fLFkfr usHkh vkUnksyu dks 'kq: djus dks çsfjr fd;kAvkardoknh xfrfofèk;k¡ c<+ jgh FkhaA ^esjB"kM~;a=k dsl* vkSj ^ykgkSj "kM~;a=k dsl* usljdkj fojksèkh fopkjèkkjkvksa dks mxz cukfn;kA fdlkuksa] etnwjksa vkSj vkardokfn;ksa dschp leku n`f"Vdks.k curs tk jgs FksA bllsfgalk vkSj Hk; dk okrkoj.k O;kIr gks x;kAfgalkRed la?k"kZ dh laHkkouk vfèkd gks x;hFkhA
(4) ljdkj jk"Vªh;rk vkSj ns'k çsedh Hkkouk ls =kLr gks pqdh FkhA vr% ogfuR; neu ds u;s&u;s mik; <wa<+rh FkhA blhlanHkZ esa ljdkj us tuojh 1929 eas ^ifCydlsÝVh fcy* ;k ^dkyk dkuwu* is'k fd;k]ftls foèkkueaMy igys gh vLohdkj djpqdk FkkA blls Hkh turk esa vlarks"k iQSykA
(5) 31 vDVwcj] 1929 dks ok;ljk;ykMZ bfoZu us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd] ¶eq>sfczfV'k ljdkj dh vksj ls ?kksf"kr djus dk;g vfèkdkj feyk gS fd ljdkj ds erkuqlkj1917 dh ?kks"k.kk esa ;g ckr varfuZfgr gSfd Hkkjr dks vUr esa vkSifuosf'kd Lojkt çnku fd;k tk;sxkA¸ykWMZ bfoZu dh ?kks"k.kk ls Hkkjrh;ksa ds chp ,d u;h vk'kk dklapkj gqvkA iQyr% ok;ljk; ds fuea=k.k ij xka/hth] ftÂk] rstcgknqj lçq] foêòy HkkbZ iVsy bR;kfn dkaxzslh usrkvksa us fnYyh esamuls eqykdkr dhA ok;ljk; Mksfefu;u LVsV~l ds fo"k; ij buusrkvksa dks dksbZ fuf'pr vk'oklu ugha ns ldsA nwljh rjiQ] fczfV'klaln esa bfoZu dh ?kks"k.kk (fnYyh ?kks"k.kk i=k) ij vlarks"k O;Drfd;k x;kA blls Hkkjrh; turk dks cM+h fujk'kk gqbZ vkSj ljdkjds fo#¼ ?k`.kk dh ygj lkjs ns'k esa iQSy x;hA
(6) mÙkstukiw.kZ okrkoj.k esa dkaxzsl dk vfèkos'ku fnlEcj1929 esa ykgkSj esa gqvkA vfèkos'ku ds vè;{k tokgj yky usg:Fks tks ;qod vkUnksyu vkSj mxz jk"Vªokn ds çrhd FksA bl chpljdkj us usg: fjiksVZ dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k FkkA egkRek xkaèkhus jk"Vª ds uCt dks igpku fy;k vkSj ;g eglwl fd;k fdfgalkRed ØkfUr dks jksdus ds fy, ^lfou; voKk vkUnksyu* dksviukuk gksxkA vr% mUgksaus ykgkSj vfèkos'ku esa çLrko is'k fd;kfd Hkkjrh;ksa dk y{; vc ^iw.kZ Lokèkhurk* gS u fd vkSifuosf'kdfLFkfr dh çkfIr] tks xr o"kZ dydÙkk vfèkos'ku esa fuf'pr fd;k
oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy (1875&1950)oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy (1875&1950)oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy (1875&1950)oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy (1875&1950)oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy (1875&1950)mUgsa tsy tkuk iM+kA 1931 esa dkaxzsl ds djkphvfèkos'ku esa mUgksaus vè;{k dk ijHkkj laHkkykA1935 esa fofHkUu çkarksa esa cuh dkaxzsl dh ljdkjksads chp leUo; LFkkfir djus ds mís'; lscuk;h x;h lalnh; mi&lfefr ds lnL; ds :iesa mUgksaua egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA 1940 ds^O;fDrxr lR;kxzg* esa mUgksaus Hkkx fy;kA 1942ds ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* ds nkSjku mUgsaveenuxj rFkk ;jonk tsy esa j[kk x;kA 1942ds fØIl fe'ku] 1945 ds f'keyk lEesyu rFkk1946 ds dsfcusV fe'ku ls gqbZ okrkZvksa esa mUgksausçeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA flracj 1946 esa cuhvarfje ljdkj esa mUgsa x`gea=kh cuk;k x;kA1947 ls 1950 rd os Hkkjr ds mi&çèkkuea=khjgsAHkkjr ds foHkktu ds ç'u ij mudk ekuuk
Fkk fd ;fn os Hkkjr dk foHkktu Lohdkj ughadjrs rks Hkkjr NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa caV tkrk rFkkgesa ,d ikfdLrku ugha dbZ ikfdLrku feyrsAns'k esa foHkktu ds i'pkr Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa
dk Hkkjr esa foy; djkus ds fy, ljnkjoYyHkHkkbZ iVsy dh Hkwfedk dkiQh egRoiw.kZ gSAmUgksaua vius n`<+ ladYi rFkk dwVuhfr ls blxaHkhj leL;k dk lekèkku fd;kA mUgksausyksdfç; vkanksyu rFkk èkedh dk lgkjk ysdjvusd fj;klrksa dk Hkkjr esa 'kkfey gksus ijetcwj fd;kA blh miyfCèk ds fy, mUgsa ykSgiq#"k* dh mikfèk feyhA Hkkjr ljdkj us lu~1991 esa mUgsa ^Hkkjr jRu* ls lEekfur fd;kA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 62
4- vlSfud deZpkfj;ksa ds osru esa deh gksA5- j{kkRed 'kqYd yxs vkSj fons'kh oLrqvksa ds vk;kr dks fu;af=kr
fd;k tk;sA6- Hkkjrh; leqnzrV dsoy Hkkjrh; tgktksa ds fy, lqjf{kr jgsA7- xqIrpj foHkkx ;k rks lekIr dj fn;k tk;s ;k ml ij
lkoZtfud fu;a=k.k gksA8- Hkkjrh;ksa dks vkRej{kk ds fy, vkXus; vL=k j[kus dk vfèkdkj
feys rFkk blds fy, vuqefr i=k çnku fd;s tk;sA9- ued dj lekIr fd;k tk;sA10- u'khyh oLrqvksa dh fcØh can dh tk;sA11- lHkh jktuSfrd dSfn;ksa dks NksM+ fn;k tk;s vkSj fuokZflr Hkkjrh;ksa
dks Lons'k vkus dh vuqefr nh tk;sAxkaèkhth us vius i=k esa bfoZu dks ;g Hkh fy[kk fd vxj
ljdkj mudh ekaxksa ij è;ku ugha nsrh gS] rks og ued dkuwu Hkaxdj ^lfou; voKk vkUnksyu* çkjaHk dj nsaxsA ijUrq ok;ljk; usxkaèkh ds i=k ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;kA blh chp ljdkj dk neupØ vkSj rst gks x;kA lqHkk"k pUnz cksl ,oa vU; dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dksljdkj us fxjÝrkj dj fy;kA ckè; gksdj xkaèkhth us viuk vkUnksyu^MkaMh ekpZ* ls vkjaHk djus dk fu'p; fd;kA
vkUnksyu dk çkjaHk&nwljk ukxfjd voKk vkUnksyu (çFkevlg;ksx vkUnksyu Fkk) 12 ekpZ] 1930 dks çfl¼ ^MkaMh ekpZ*ds lkFk çkjaHk gqvkA xkaèkhth vius 78 lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk lkcjerhvkJe ls 200 ehy (375 fd-eh-) dh nwjh ij leqnz rV ij clsxkao nkaMh ds fy, fudy iM+sA mudh ;k=kk] muds Hkk"k.kksa rFkk turkij muds çHkko dh [kcj çfrfnu lekpkj i=kksa esa Nirh jghA jkLrseas iM+us okys lSdM+kas xk¡okas ds vfèkdkfj;ksa us R;kxi=k ns fn;sA lqHkk"kpUnz cksl us MkaMh ;k=kk dh rqyuk usiksfy;u ds ^isfjl ekpZ* vkSjeqlksfyuh ds ^jkse ekpZ* ls dhA 6 vçSy] 1930 dks xkaèkhth usMkaMh igqapdj leqnz rV ls FkksM+k&lk ued mBkdj 'kkafriw.kZ vkSjvfgald <ax ls ued dkuwu dk mYya?ku fd;kA
lkjs ns'k esa luluh iQSy x;h] tks tgk¡ Fkk ogha ljdkj lsvlg;ksx djus yxkA gtkjkas fo|kfFkZ;kas us Ldwy dkWyst NksM+ fn;s]fdlkukas us yxku nsuk cUn dj fn;k] etnwjksa us gM+rkysa j[kha vkSjçn'kZu fd;sA fons'kh oL=kksa dh gksyh tyk;h x;h] ljdkjh nqdkuksaij èkjus fn;s x;sA ljdkj us Hkh viuk neu pØ pyk;kA gtkjkasdk;ZdrkZvksa dks tsy eas Hkj fn;k x;kA vusd O;fDr;ksa dks lsuk vkSjiqfyl ds MaMksa dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+kA dkaxzsl dks xSjdkuwuh laLFkk?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k vkSj 15 ebZ dks xkaèkhth dks Hkh fxjÝrkjdj fy;k x;kA xkaèkhth dh fxjÝrkjh ls vkUnksyu ncus dh ctk;vkSj HkM+d mBkA vkUnksyu rsth ls iQSykA iwjs ns'k esa ued dkuwurksM+s x;sA egkjk"Vª] dukZVd rFkk eè; Hkkjr esa ued dkuwu dkO;kid mYya?ku fd;k x;kA iwohZ Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k turk us pkSdhnkjhdj nsus ls badkj dj fn;kA vkUnksyu c<+dj ,dne mÙkj&if'pehNksM+ rd Hkh igq¡pk tgka] ^lhekar xkaèkh* ds uke ls tkuk okys [kkuvCnqy xÝiQkj [kka ds usr`Ro esa iBkuksa us ^[kqnkbZ f[knerxkj* (ykydqrhZ) uked laxBu cukdj Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ dks vkxs c<+k;kA
bl le; is'kkoj esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk ?kVhA x<+okyhflikfg;ksa ds nks iykVwuksa us vfgald çn'kZudkfj;ksa ij xksyh pykusls badkj dj fn;k] blds usrk pUnz lsu x<+okyh FksA blds cnysmudk dksVZ ek'kZy fd;k x;kA blus Li"V dj fn;k fd jk"Vªokn
dh Hkkouk lsuk esa Hkh iQSy pqdh gSA blh rjg vkUnksyu dh xwatns'k ds iwohZ dksus eas Hkh lqukbZ iM+hA blesa ef.kiqjh turk dh cgknqjhls Hkjiwj Hkkxhnkjh jghA ukxkySaM dh vYio;Ldk jkuh xSfMY;q usfonzksg dk >aMk mBk;kA 1932 esa ;g ;qok jkuh idM+h x;h vkSjmls vkthou dkjkokl dh ltk feyhA caxky esa pVxkao ij lw;ZlsuvkSj mlds lkfFk;ksa us vfèkdkj dj fy;kA
bl vkUnksyu dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk fL=k;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh FkhAgtkjksa fL=k;ksa us ?kjksa ls ckgj fudydj vkUnksyu esa lfØ; lg;ksxfn;kA ;gka ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd eqfLye yhx dks NksM+ Hkkjr dslHkh nyksa vkSj lHkh oxks± us bl vkUnksyu dk lkFk fn;kA vcljdkj Hkh xkaèkhth vkSj dkaxzsl ds egRo dks le>us yxhA og le>x;h fd vkUnksyu dks fliQZ rkdr ds cy ij ugha nck;k tk ldrkgSA vr% laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa dh ckr lksph tkus yxhA blh mís';ls yUnu esa çFke xksyest lEesyu gqvk] ysfdu dkaxzsl ds cfg"dkjds pyrs og vliQy jgkA ckè; gksdj ljdkj dks xkaèkh ds lkFkle>kSrk&okrkZ djuh iM+h] tks ^xkaèkh&bfoZu iSDV* ds uke ls fo[;krgSA
xksyest lEesyuxksyest lEesyuxksyest lEesyuxksyest lEesyuxksyest lEesyu(Round Table Conference)
ftl nkSjku iwjs Hkkjr esa lfou; voKk vkUnksyu çxfr ijFkk vkSj ljdkj dk neu pØ rsth ls py jgk Fkk] mlh le;ok;ljk; ykMZ bfoZu vkSj fe- lkbeu us ljdkj ij ;g ncko Mkykfd og Hkkjrh; usrkvksa rFkk fofHkUu oxks± ds çfrfufèk;ksa lslykg&e'kfojk dj Hkkjr dh laoSèkkfud leL;kvksa dk fu.kZ; djsA
blh mís'; ls yUnu esa rhu xksyest lEesyuksa dk vk;kstufd;k x;kA bu lEesyuksa dk dksbZ vk'kktud ifj.kke ugha fudykAmYVs blls Hkkjr ds fofHkUu oxks± vkSj laçnk;ksa esa erHksn gh c<+kvkSj lkaçnkf;drk ds fodkl esa vR;fèkd o`f¼ gqbZA
çFke xksyest lEesyu (12 uoEcj]çFke xksyest lEesyu (12 uoEcj]çFke xksyest lEesyu (12 uoEcj]çFke xksyest lEesyu (12 uoEcj]çFke xksyest lEesyu (12 uoEcj]1930&19 tuojh] 1931)1930&19 tuojh] 1931)1930&19 tuojh] 1931)1930&19 tuojh] 1931)1930&19 tuojh] 1931)
çFke xksyest lEesyu ykWMZ bfoZu ds ç;kl ls gqvkA lEesyueas dqy 86 çfrfufèk;ksa us Hkkx fy;k ftlesa rhu xzsV fczVsu] 16 Hkkjrh;ns'kh fj;klrkas vkSj 'ks"k 57 vU; çfrfufèk FksA fczfV'k Hkkjr vkSj ns'khfj;klrkas ds çfrfufèk;ksa esa lj rst cgknqj lçq] Jh fuokl 'kkL=kh] MkDVjt;dj] lh- okbZ- fparkef.k vkSj Mk- vEcsMdj tSls O;fDr FksA lEesyudk mn~?kkVu tktZ iape us fd;k ,oa bldh vè;{krk fczVsu dsçèkkuea=kh jSEls eSdMksukYM us dhA
çèkkuea=kh eSdMksukYM us rhu vkèkkjHkwr fl¼kUrksa dh ppkZ dhAçFke] dsUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk dk fuekZ.k la?k 'kklu ds vkèkkjij gksxk vkSj fczfV'k Hkkjrh; çkar rFkk ns'kh jkT; la?k 'kklu dhbdkbZ dk :i èkkj.k djsaxsA nwljk] dsUnz esa mÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh LFkkiukgksxh] fdUrq lqj{kk vkSj fons'k foHkkx Hkkjr ds xouZj tujy ds vèkhugksaxsA rhljk] vfrfjDr dky esa dqN j{kkRed foèkku (Statutory
safeguards) vo'; gksaxsAfczfV'k çèkkuea=kh ds lq>kokas ds çfr çfrfufèk;ksa dh fHkUu&fHkUu
çfrfØ;k,a gqb±A la?k 'kklu ds fl¼kUr dks lHkh çfrfufèk;ksa usLohdkj dj fy;kA ns'kh ujs'kkas us Hkh la?k esa 'kkfey gksuk Lohdkj
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 63
dj fy;kA çkarh; Lora=krk ds lacaèk esa Hkhfopkj oSfHkU; ugha FkkA Hkkjrh; çfrfufèk;ksaus bldk leFkZu fd;kA dsoy laj{k.k vkSjmÙkjnk;h eaf=k;ksa ij fu;a=k.k ds lcaaèk easikjLifjd erHksn ik;k x;kA dqN yksxkas usdsUnz esa vkaf'kd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh txg iw.kZmÙkjnkf;Ro dh ekax dhA Jh t;dj vkSjJh lçq us Hkkjr ds fy, vkSifuosf'kd Lojktdh ekax dhA lEesyu esa lkaçnkf;drk dhleL;k lokZfèkd fookniw.kZ jghA eqlyekui`Fkd rFkk lkaçnkf;d çfrfufèkRo ds i{k esaFksA ftUuk us vius 14 lw=k dks lkeus j[kk]rks Mk- vEcsMdj us vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dsfy, i`Fkd fuokZpd eaMy dh ekax dhA
bl çdkj çFke xksyest lEesyu vliQyjgk vkSj 19 tuojh] 1931 dks lEesyuvfuf'pr dky ds fy, LFkfxr gks x;kAoLrqr% dkaxzsl ds cfg"dkj us bl lEesyudks fujFkZd cuk fn;k FkkA
xkaèkh bfoZu le>kSrkxkaèkh bfoZu le>kSrkxkaèkh bfoZu le>kSrkxkaèkh bfoZu le>kSrkxkaèkh bfoZu le>kSrk(ekpZ 1931)(ekpZ 1931)(ekpZ 1931)(ekpZ 1931)(ekpZ 1931)
yUnu esa vk;ksftr çFke xksyest lEesyudh vliQyrk vkSj vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dh O;kidrk us ljdkj dslkeus ;g Li"V dj fn;k fd dkaxzsl vkSj xkaèkh ds fcuk Hkkjrdh jktuhfrd leL;k dk lekèkku vklku ugha gSA blfy, ykWMZbfoZu us xkaèkhth ls le>kSrk okrkZ çkjaHk fd;kA xkaèkhth dks 26tuojh] 1931 dks ;jonk tsy ls fjgk dj fn;k x;k vkSj 17iQjojh ls fnYyh esa xkaèkh vkSj bfoZu ds eè; okrkZ çkjaHk gks x;hA5 ekpZ] 1931 dks ^xkaèkh&bfoZu iSDV* (fnYyh iSDV) ds elfonsij gLrk{kj fd;s x;sA bl le>kSrs ds vuqlkj ljdkj us fuEu oknsfd;s&(1)fgalkRed vijkèkksa ds cafn;kas ds vfrfjDr vU; leLr jktuhfrd
cafn;ksa dks eqDr dj fn;k tk;sxkA(2)ljdkj }kjk tCr laifÙk;kas dks okil dj fn;k tk;sxkA(3)ued dks fu%'kqYd rS;kj djus ;k ,df=kr djus dh vuqefr
nh tk;sxhA(4)'kjkc] viQhe vkSj fons'kh diM+kas dh nqdkukas ij 'kkafriwoZd èkjuk
nsus dh vuqefr nh tk;sxhAnwljh vksj dkaxzsl us Hkh fuEufyf[kr ckrsa Lohdkj dh&
(1)og lfou; voKk vk Un k syu dk s LF k fxrdj nsxhA
(2)og iqfyl T;knrh ds fy, fu"i{k tkap dh ekax ugha djsxhA(3)og Hkkjr ds fgr esa laj{k.kkas rFkk j{kk dopksa lfgr mÙkjnkf;Ro
ds vkèkkj ij nwljs xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx ysxhA(4)og leLr cfg"dkjksa dks cUn dj nsxhA
dkaxzsl ds cgqer us le>kSrs dk Lokxr fd;k] ijarq okeiafFk;ksarFkk ;qodksa us bldk ?kksj fojksèk fd;kA lqHkk"k pUnz cksl us blsdkaxzsl dh ijkt; dgkA ljdkj us dkaxzsl dh ,d Hkh egRoiw.kZ
ekax ugha ekuhA Hkxrflag] jktxq: vkSj lq[knso dh iQkalh dks Hkhdkjkokl esa ugha cnyk x;kA dkaxzsl ds Lora=krk ds çLrko vkSj26 tuojh dk oknk] nksuksa dh le>kSrs ds nkSjku mis{kk dh x;hAoLrqr% ;g vaxzstkas dh dwVuhfrd fot; Fkh] D;ksafd blds }kjk dkaxzslvkUnksyu dks LFkfxr djus dks rS;kj gks x;h] tks fnu çfr fnurhoz gksrk tk jgk Fkk vkSj ljdkj dh fLFkfr Mk¡okMksy gksrh tkjgh FkhA
le>kSrs ds rRdky ckn 32 ekpZ] 1931 dks Hkxr flag] jktxq:vkSj lq[knso dks iQkalh ij yVdk fn;k x;kA blls lkjs ns'k esa'kksd dk okrkoj.k O;kIr gks x;kA vusd O;fDr;ksa us blds fy,^xkaèkh&bfoZu iSDV* dks nks"kh Bgjk;kA iQyr% tc xkaèkhth 1931 esdjkaph vfèkos'ku esa Hkkx ysus igqaps rc muds fo#¼ çn'kZu gq,vkSj mUgsa dkys >.Ms fn[kk;s x;s rFkk ^xkaèkh okil tkvks* ds ukjsyxk, x;sA djkaph vfèkos'ku eas fojksèk ds okotwn xkaèkh&bfoZule>kSrs dh iqf"V dh x;hA bl vfèkos'ku dh lcls mYys[kuh; ?kVukFkh ^ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa* vkSj ^vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa* ls lacafèkr çLrko dkikl gksukA ;g oLrqr% usg: fjiksVZ dk foLr`r vkSj la'kksfèkrLo:i FkkA blh vfèkos'ku us xkaèkhth dks nwljs xksyest lEesyuesa Hkkx ysus dh Hkh vuqefr çnku dj mUgsa viuk çfrfufèkeuksuhr fd;kA
f}rh; xksyest lEesyu (7 flrEcj]f}rh; xksyest lEesyu (7 flrEcj]f}rh; xksyest lEesyu (7 flrEcj]f}rh; xksyest lEesyu (7 flrEcj]f}rh; xksyest lEesyu (7 flrEcj]1931 ls 1 fnlEcj] 1931)1931 ls 1 fnlEcj] 1931)1931 ls 1 fnlEcj] 1931)1931 ls 1 fnlEcj] 1931)1931 ls 1 fnlEcj] 1931)
f}rh; xksyest lEesyu 'kq: gksus ds iwoZ baXyS.M dh jktuhfrdfLFkfr esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq,A etnwj ny dh ljdkj ds LFkkuij jk"Vªh; ljdkj dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftleas etnwj] vuqnkj rFkk mnkj
Hkhejko jketh vacsMdj dk tUe 1891 esaeè; çns'k ds egw ftys esa egkj* uke ds ,dgfjtu tkfr ds ifjokj esa gqvkA mudh mPp f'k{kkbaXySaM rFkk vesfjdk esa gqbZA os egkj tkfr ds çFkeLukrd FksA mUgksaus lkoZtfud thou dh 'kq#vkrHkkjrh; nfyr oxZ ds usrk ds :i esa dhA;|fi egkj tkfr dks laxfBr djus dk Js;
xksiky ckck oyaxdj dks tkrk gS] ij bls lfØ;vkanksyu dk :i vacsMdj us fn;kA mudh ekaxksaesa vyx çfrfufèkRo] rkykcksa dk mi;ksx djus,oa eafnj esa ços'k djus dk vfèkdkj vkSj egkjoru* (eqf[k;ksas ds ;gka fd;k tkus okyk ikjaifjdlsok dk;Z) dh lekfIr FkhA 1927 esa çFke egkjjktuhfrd lEesyu gqvkAMkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj] xkaèkhth ds vkykspd
Fks] mUgsa xkaèkhth ij fo'okl ugha FkkA vacsMdjdk ekukuk Fkk fd vNwr tkfrçFkk dh gh nsugS rFkk tkfrçFkk dks lekIr fd;s fcuk vNwrks¼kjvlaHko gSA blds foijhr xkaèkhth o.kkZJe dksiki ugha ekurs Fks] ysfdu muds fopkj esa NqvkNwr
Hkhejko vacsMdj (1891&1956)Hkhejko vacsMdj (1891&1956)Hkhejko vacsMdj (1891&1956)Hkhejko vacsMdj (1891&1956)Hkhejko vacsMdj (1891&1956)
iki FkkAvacsMdj us 1930 esa yanu esa gq, çFke
xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx fy;kA ^vyxçfrfufèkRo* dh ekax dks ysdj py jgs xfrjksèkdk gy ,d le>kSrs }kjk fd;k x;k] ftls iwukiSDV* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA 1942 ls 1946rd vacsMdj xouZj&tujy dh dk;Zdkfj.kh dslnL; jgsA mUgksaus ^bafM;u yscj ikVhZ*]^f'kM~;wYM dkLV isQMjs'ku* rFkk ^ihiqYl,tqds'ku lkslkbVh* dh xBu fd;kA os Hkkjrh;lafoèkku dk elkSnk çLrqr djus okyh mi&lfefrds çèkku FksA gekjs lafoèkku ds fuekZ.k esa mUgksausmYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;kA 1947 ls ysdj 1951rd os usg: th ds eaf=keaMy esa fofèk lnL;jgsA1956 esa mUgksaus vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh fo'kky
la[;k ds lkFk ckS¼ èkeZ Lohdkj dj fy;kA1956 esa gh budk nsgkUr gks x;kA vkt Hkh nfyrmUgsa viuk elhgk vkSj çsjd ds :i esa tkursgSaA oSls iwjk ns'k muds ;ksxnku dk ç'kald gSA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 64
rhuksa ny lfEefyr gq,A lj lseqvy gksjHkkjr lfpo fu;qDr gqvk] tks iDdkvuqnkjoknh FkkA ykMZ bfoZu tSls mnkjoknhds LFkku ij ykMZ osfyaxVu ok;ljk; fu;qDrgqvkA blh chp çFke xksyest lEesyu dsckn ^xkaèkh&bfoZu iSDV* gks pqdk Fkk vkSjdkaxzslh çfrfufèk ds :i eas xkaèkhth f}rh;xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, rS;kjFksA lEesyu esa xkaèkhth us Hkkjrh; fgrksa dhj{kk djus dh Hkjiwj dksf'k'k dh] ijarq varesa os vliQy gksdj gh ykSVsA lEesyu esaeq[;r;k Hkkjrh; la?k ds çLrkfor <kapsvkSj vYila[;dksa ds ç'uksa ij cgl gqbZA
xkaèkhth us ;g çekf.kr djus dhdksf'k'k dh fd dkaxzsl iwjs jk"Vª dkçfrfufèkRo djrh gSA mUgksaus Hkkjr eas iw.kZmÙkjnk;h ljdkj dh LFkkiuk vkSj ok;ljk;ds vuko';d vfèkdkjksa esa dVkSrh dh ckrdh] ijarq çkjaHk ls gh vaxzstkas dh ea'kk Bhdugha FkhA vr% mu yksxksa us lkaçnkf;d ç'uksadks gh çkFkfedrk nhA Hkkjrh; lkaçnkf;doxZ Hkh xkaèkh dh ckr lquus dks rS;kj ughaFksA lEesyu dh foiQyrk dk ykHk mBkdjçèkkuea=kh jSEls eSdMksukYM us viuh ;kstukj[kh] tks Lohdk;Z ugha gks ldrh FkhA
ljdkjh #[k ls nq[kh vkSj fujk'kgksdj xkaèkhth fnlEcj 1931 esa Hkkjr ykSVsAbl chp ykWMZ fofyaxVu dBksjrkiwoZd jk"Vªh;rkdh Hkkouk dks nckus esa yxs gq, FksA tokgjyky usg:] iq#"kksÙkenkl VaMu] [kku vCnqyxÝiQkj [kka vkfn çeq[k usrkvksa dks xkaèkhthds Hkkjr ykSVus ds iwoZ gh fxjÝrkj djfy;k x;k FkkA
xkaèkhth us iqu% vkUnksyu djus dhèkedh nh] vr% xkaèkh lfgr vusd vU;usrkvksa dks Hkh fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;kAdkaxzsl iqu% xSjdkuwuh laLFkk ?kksf"kr dj nh x;hA iqfyl vR;kpkjc<+ x;s] çsl ij ikcafn;ka c<+ x;ha vkSj dkuwu ds cnys vè;kns'k}kjk 'kklu pyk;k tkus yxkA xkaèkhth us cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas^O;fDrxr voKk vkUnksyu* dh ;kstuk cuk;hA ysfdu ljdkj dslkaçnkf;d fu.kZ; ls os grksRlkfgr gks mBsA iQyr% ebZ 1933 esavkUnksyu dks dkaxzsl us LFkfxr dj fn;k rFkk ebZ 1934 eas blsokil ys fy;kA lkjs ns'k es mYykl dh txg fujk'kk Nk x;hAxkaèkhth iqu% jktuhfr ls dVdj gfjtuksa dh rjiQ è;ku nsus yxsA
eSdMksukYM vokMZ rFkk iwuk iSDVeSdMksukYM vokMZ rFkk iwuk iSDVeSdMksukYM vokMZ rFkk iwuk iSDVeSdMksukYM vokMZ rFkk iwuk iSDVeSdMksukYM vokMZ rFkk iwuk iSDVHkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds fodkl dks nckus ds fy, vaxzstksa us cy
ç;ksx ds vfrfjDr Ny&çiap ,oa dwVuhfr dk Hkh lgkjk fy;kAHkkjrh; ,drk dks detksj djus rFkk viuh fLFkfr etcwr djus ds
fy, ljdkj us ^iQwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr viuk;hA ns'khujs'k vkSj iwathifr oxZ dks rks og igys gh viuk fgek;rh cukpqdh FkhA eqfLye yhx ds usr`Ro eas eqlyekuksa dk ,d cM+k oxZHkh mudk fiV~Bw cu pqdk FkkA blds vfrfjDr flD[k] gfjtu] ,aXyksbf.M;u] leqnk; Hkh fo'ks"k lqfoèkkvksa ds fy, ç;kl dj jgs FksAiQyLo:i tc laoSèkkfud leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k gsrq f}rh; xksyestlEesyu cqyk;h x;h rks vaxzstksa us lcls vfèkd egRo lkaçnkf;dç'uksa ds fucVkjs dks fn;kA bl rjg xksyest lEesyuksa ls u rksleL;k dk lekèkku gksuk Fkk vkSj u gqvkA
xksyest lEesyu ds i'pkr~ fczfV'k ljdkj us Hkkjrh;ksa ds chpdh vkilh [kkbZ dks vkSj c<+kus dk fu'p; fd;kA blh mís'; lsçsfjr gksdj fczfV'k çèkkuea=kh eSdMksukYM us 14 vxLr] 1932 dksviuh çfl¼ ?kks"k.kk dh] tks ^lkaçnkf;d fu.kZ;* ;k ^lkaçnkf;d
^lhekUr xkaèkh* vkSj ^ckn'kkg [kku* ds ukels fo[;kr vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku dk tUe 1891esa eqgEentbZ iBku dchys ds ,d lEiUu ifjokjesa is'kkoj ds mÙketbZ xkao esa gqvk FkkA mudhçkjafHkd f'k{kk fe'ku gkbZ Ldwy is'kkoj esa gqbZrFkk mPp f'k{kk çkIr djus ds fy, mUgsa vyhx<+Hkstk x;kA 'kq: ls gh f'k{kk ds çlkj rFkklkekftd lqèkkj esa mudh fo'ks"k #fp FkhA 1941esa mUgksaus mÙketbZ esa vktkn fo|ky; rFkkvatqeu&my&viQxkfuLrku dh LFkkiuk dhAvaxzstksa us iBkuksa ds vanj jk"Vªh;rk txkus ds tqeZesa mUgsa lyk[kksa ds ihNs èkdsy fn;kAHkkjr ds jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa mudk ços'k 1919
esa gqvk] tc mUgksaus jkWysV dkuwu dk f[kykiQfojksèk çn'kZu esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA 1920esa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds ukxiqjvfèkos'ku esa fgLlk fy;k rFkk f[kykiQr vkanksyuesa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA 1929 esa mUgksaus^[kqnkbZ f[knerxkj* uked ,d laxBu dh uhaoj[khA ;g laxBu vfgalkoknh Økafrdkfj;ksa dk,d ny Fkk] ftUgssa yky dqrhZ ;k deht* dsuke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA bl ny us xÝiQkj [kkudk iQØ&,&viQxku* dh mikfèk ls lEekfurfd;kA [kqnkbZ f[knerxkj vkanksyu dk ,d igywlqèkkjoknh Hkh Fkk] D;ksafd ;g lkekftd cnykodk i{kèkj rFkk dêðj eqfLye fopkjèkkjk dkfojksèkh FkkAvaxzsth ljdkj us buds fØ;kdykiksa ls Hk;Hkhr
gksdj bl laxBu dks 1930 esa voSèk ?kksf"kr djfn;k rFkk xÝiQkj [kku dks dSn dj fy;kA bldsiQyLo:i muds }kjk i'rks Hkk"kk esa çdkf'krif=kdk ^i[rwu* dk çdk'ku jksd nsuk iM+kAysfdu dqN o"kks± ckn ;g if=kdk nl jkstk dsuke ls iqu% çdkf'kr gksus yxhA*
[kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku (1891&1988)[kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku (1891&1988)[kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku (1891&1988)[kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku (1891&1988)[kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku (1891&1988)1931 esa xkaèkh&bjfou le>kSrs ds ckn xÝiQkj
[kku fjgk dj fn;s x;sA rRi'pkr dkaxzsl }kjkpyk;s x;s çR;sd jktuhfrd vkanksyu esa oslfØ; :i ls tqMs+ jgsA gkykafd bl vofèk ds14 o"kZ ckn mUgsa dSn[kkus esas xqtkjus iM+sA tc1936 esa pquko gq, rks [kqnkbZ f[knerxkj dksmÙkj&if'pe çkar esa çkarh; lHkk esa vHkwriwoZfot; gkfly gqbZA 1940 esa ljn;kZ ds Nksj ijxÝiQkj [kku us ^edZt&,&vYykg&,&[kqnkbZf[knerxkj* uked ,d fo'kky f[knerxkjHkou dk f'kykU;kl fd;kAxÝiQkj [kku us Hkkjr ds foHkktu dk dM+k
fojksèk fd;kA mUgksaus fliQZ bl edln ls ,dLora=k iBku çkar dh ekax dh] rkfd ml çkardks ikfdLrku esa 'kkfey djus dh eqfLye yhxdh ea'kk ij ikuh isQjk tk ldsA blh dkj.k 1943esa ftUuk us xÝiQkj [kku dks iBkuksa ds fgUnwdj.krFkk mUgsa uiaqld cukus ds dk;Zokgd* dh laKknh FkhAnks'k ds foHkktu ds i'pkr mÙkj&if'pe çkar
dks ikfdLrku esa feyk fn;k x;k Fkk] blfy,^ckn'kkg [kku* us ^i[rwfuLrku* dh ekax dksysdj lfØ; vkanksyu pyk;k] ftlds iQyLo:iikfdLrku dh rkuk'kkgh ljdkj us mUgsas dbZ ckjutjcan fd;kA dqN le; ds fy, ^ckn'kkg[kku* viQxkfuLrku esa 'kj.kkFkhZ ds :i esa HkhjgsA okil ikfdLrku ykSVus ij muds LokLF;esa Øfed ßkl gksrk x;kA dkiQh yacs le; lschekj jgus ds ckn varr% 1988 esa ^ckn'kkg[kku* dk nsgkUr gks x;kA 1987 esa tc os e`R;q'kSÕ;k ij Fks] rc Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa viusloksZPp lEeku ^Hkkjr jRu* ls vyad`r fd;kAvkt Hkh Hkkjr esa mudk uke lEeku ls fy;ktkrk gSA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 65
iapkV* (Communal Award or Macdonald Award) ds uke lsçfl¼ gSA bl vokMZ esa fuEu çkoèkku Fks%(1) çkarh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkkvksa dh lnL; la[;k c<+kdj nksxquh
dj nh x;hA(2) vYila[;d rFkk fo'ks"k fgrksa okys laçnk;ksa dh la[;k c<+k
nh x;hA blds vUrxZr vc eqlyekuksa] flD[kksa] nfyrksa] fiNM+htkfr;kas] Hkkjrh; bZlkb;ksa] ,aXyks bf.M;uksa] ;wjksih;u] O;kikfjd,oa vkS|ksfxd oxks± dks j[kk x;kA
(3) vYila[;dksa ds fy, vyx fuokZpu dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA(4) vNwrksa dks fgUnqvksa ls vyx ekudj muds fy, Hkh fuokZpu
rFkk çfrfufèkRo dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA(5) fL=k;ksa ds fy, Hkh dqN LFkku vkjf{kr fd;s x;sA(6) Je] okf.kT;] m|ksx] pk; cxku la?kksa] tehankjksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa
ds fy, Hkh i`Fkd fuokZpu dh O;oLFkk dh x;h rFkk LFkkuvkjf{kr fd;s x;sA
(7) ftu {ks=kksa eas fgUnw vYila[;k eas Fks] mUgas oSlh fj;k;r ughanh x;h tSlh eqlyekukas dks nh x;h] tgk¡ mudh tula[;kde FkhA ftu çkarkas esa eqlyekuksa dh la[;k de Fkh] ogk¡tula[;k ds vuqikr ls Hkh vfèkd çfrfufèkRo fn;k x;kA ijUrqiatkc vkSj caxky tgk¡ eqlyeku cgqer esa Fks] muds fy, i`FkdfuokZpu dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA blh çdkj mÙkj çns'k] fcgkj]enzkl esa eqlyekuksa dks tula[;k ds vuqikr ls nqxqus ds yxHkxLFkku fn;s x;sAljdkj ds ^lkaçnkf;d fu.kZ;* ls oxZ fo'ks"k ds çfrfufèk ftuds
LokFkksZa dh lqj{kk gqbZ Fkh] çlUu Fks] tcfd jk"Vªoknh yksx] dkaxzslvkSj fo'ks"kdj xkaèkhth vR;ar nq[kh gq,A bl fu.kZ; dh ;kstuk blçdkj cuk;h x;h Fkh fd çkarksa esa okLrfod mÙkjnk;h ljdkj dkfodkl u gks ldsA ;g fu.kZ; i{kikr ij Hkh vkèkkfjr Fkk] ftlesaeqlyekuksa vkSj ;wjksih;u dks fo'ks"k fj;k;rsa çnku dh x;h FkhAfgUnqvksa esa iwQV Mkyus ds mís'; ls vLi`';ksa ds fy, vyx fuokZpudh O;oLFkk dh x;hA xkaèkhth bl fu.kZ; ls vR;ar nq[kh gq,A blfu.kZ; dk lcls nq[kn igyw ;g Fkk fd blus eqfLye lkaçnkf;drkds fodkl dks c<+kok fn;kA 1931 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj caxkyesa eqlyeku dqy tula[;k dk 54-8» vkSj fgUnw 44-8» Fks] ysfduçkarh; foèkkueaMy ds 250 LFkkuksa esa ls 119 LFkku eqlyekukas dksrFkk 80 LFkku fgUnqvksa dks fn;s x;sA bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fdeqlyekuksa ds çfr rqf"Vdj.k dh uhfr viuk;h x;hA 'kh?kz gh yhxeqlyekuksa ds fy, vkSj vkfFkZd lgqfy;rsa ekaxus yxh vkSj varr%ns'k dk foHkktu gqvkA
oSls rks lEiw.kZ vokMZ gh vU;k;iw.kZ Fkk] ysfdu vokMZ dknfyr oxks± (vLi`';) ls lacaèk j[kus okyk micaèk rks egkRek xkaèkhds fy, vlguh; FkkA 18 vxLr] 1932 dks esSdMksukYM dks ,di=k fy[kdj xkaèkhth us bl fu.kZ; dk fojksèk fd;kA mUgksaus ;gHkh èkedh nh fd ljdkj ;fn vNwrksa ds fy, i`Fkd fuokZpu ç.kkyhlekIr ugha djsxh] rks os 20 flrEcj] 1932 ls vkej.k vu'kuvkjaHk dj nsaxsA ljdkj us bl i=k ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;k] mYVsmUgha ij vkjksi yxk;k fd os nfyrksa dk mRFkku ugha pkgrsA vr%xkaèkhth us ;jonk tsy esa gh vu'ku 'kq: dj fn;kA xkaèkhth dsvu'ku ls ns'k ds lkoZtfud thou esa gypy ep x;hA iafMr enu
eksgu ekyoh;] Mk- jktsUnz çlkn rFkk vusd fgUnw usrk igys cEcbZesa] fiQj iwuk esa ,df=kr gq,A Mk- vEcsMdj ls le>kSrk okrkZ 'kq:dh x;h rFkk 24 flrEcj dks ,d gy fudy vk;kA ;g gy gh^iwuk iSDV* ds uke ls çfl¼ gS] ftls ckn esa fgUnw egklHkk vkSjfczfV'k ljdkj ds }kjk Hkh Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA iwuk le>kSrsdh çeq[k O;oLFkk,a fuEu Fkha&
(1) vNwrksa ds fy, i`Fkd fuokZpu ç.kkyh lekIr dj nh x;hAblds cnys muds fy, 71 ds LFkku ij 148 LFkku vkjf{kr djfn;s x;sA bu vkjf{kr LFkkuksa ds fy, pquko nks Hkkxksa eas djkus dhO;oLFkk dh x;hA igys pj.k esa vNwrksa dks gh çR;sd vkjf{kr LFkkuds fy, 4 çR;k'kh pquus FksA nwljs pj.k esa vNwr mPpoxhZ; fgUnqvksads lkFk feydj fdlh ,d lnL; dk pquko dj ldrs FksA
(2) dsUnzh; foèkkf;dk esa Hkh gfjtuksa ;k vNwrksa ds fy, 18LFkku vkjf{kr fd;s x;sA
(3) vNwrksa ds fy, LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ,oa lkoZtfud lsokvksaesa Hkh mfpr çfrfufèkRo nsus dh ckr dh x;hA
(4) muds leqfpr 'kS{kf.kd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy,ç;kl djus dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA
bl le>kSrs ds i'pkr~ xkaèkhth dk è;ku eq[;r% gfjtuks¼kjdh rjiQ yx x;kA muds ç;klksa ls gfjtuksa ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh;kstuk,a cuk;h x;haA vLi`';rk fuokj.k ds ç;kl fd;s x;sA xkaèkhthus vNwrksa ds fy, miokl Hkh j[ksA
rhljk xksyest lEesyu (17 uoEcj] 1932rhljk xksyest lEesyu (17 uoEcj] 1932rhljk xksyest lEesyu (17 uoEcj] 1932rhljk xksyest lEesyu (17 uoEcj] 1932rhljk xksyest lEesyu (17 uoEcj] 1932ls 24 fnlEcj] 1932)ls 24 fnlEcj] 1932)ls 24 fnlEcj] 1932)ls 24 fnlEcj] 1932)ls 24 fnlEcj] 1932)
1932 esa iqu% ,d xksyest lEesyu yanu esa gqvkA bl lEesyuesa eq[;r% çfrfØ;koknh rRoksa us gh Hkkx fy;kA Hkkjr dh dkaxzslrFkk fczVsu dh yscj ikVhZ us bl lEesyu eas Hkkx ugha fy;kA bllEesyu esa Hkkjrh;ksa ds ewy vfèkdkjksa dh ekax dh x;h rFkk xouZjtujy ds vfèkdkjksa dks çfrcafèkr djus dh ekax j[kh x;h] ijarqljdkj us bl ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;kA iQyr% ;g lEesyu HkhfoiQy jgkA
bu xksyest lEesyuksa }kjk Hkkjr ds laoSèkkfud ç'uksa dk gy<wa<+us dk ukVd fd;k x;k] ysfdu dksbZ Bksl dne ugha mBk;k x;kAoxZ fo'ks"k ds fgrksa vkSj ljdkjh uhfr;ksa ds pyrs rhuksa gh lEesyufoiQy jgsA budh foiQyrk ds lkFk&lkFk lkaçnkf;drk dk fodjkyLo:i Hkh Li"V :i ls mHkjdj lkeus vk x;k] ftlus ckn dh?kVukvksa dks çHkkfor fd;kA
'osr&i=k'osr&i=k'osr&i=k'osr&i=k'osr&i=k(The white paper–March 1933)
r`rh; xksyest lEesyu dh lekfIr ds dqN eghus i'pkr~ ekpZ1933 eas fczfV'k ljdkj us ,d ^'osr&i=k* çdkf'kr fd;kA bl'osr&i=k esa laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa ,oa Hkkjr ds fy, ,d lafoèkku dsfuekZ.k dh ckr dgh x;h FkhA blesa tks O;oLFkk Fkh og Hkkjrh;ksadks ekU; ugha FkhA blds çLrko çfrxkeh FksA blesa xouZj tujy;k ok;ljk; ds vfèkdkjkas esa gh c<+ksrjh dh ckr dgh x;h Fkh]ijarq mÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh O;oLFkk djus dh dksbZ ckr ugha FkhA iQyr%
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Hkkjrh; usrkvksa us bldk fojksèk fd;kA ysfdu ljdkj ij bldk dksbZçHkko ugha iM+kA mlus ykMZ fyufyFkxks dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefrxfBr dh] ftlesa fczVsu ds lkalnksa ,oa Hkkjrh; fj;klrkas rFkk fczfV'kHkkjrh; çkarkas osQ çfrfufèk;ksa dks j[kk x;kA blh lfefr dh fliQkfj'kds vkèkkj ij varr% ^Hkkjrh; ljdkj vfèkfu;e 1935* ikl gqvkA
vkUnksyu dk varvkUnksyu dk varvkUnksyu dk varvkUnksyu dk varvkUnksyu dk varftl le; mi;ZqDr ?kVuk,a ?kV jgh Fkh] xkaèkhth viuk lkjk
è;ku gfjtuksa ds m¼kj ds fy, yxk;s gq, FksA 8 ebZ] 1933 dksmUgksaus gfjtu leL;k ij è;ku dsfUnzr djus ds fy, rFkk Lo;a,oa vU; lg;ksfx;ksa ds 'kqf¼dj.k ds fy, 21 fnuksa ds miokldk fu'p; fd;kA mudh bl ?kks"k.kk us ljdkj dks mUgsa tsy lsfjgk djus dks ckè; dj fn;kA xkaèkhth us ljdkj dh neudkjhuhfr;ksa ls vke turk dks cpkus ds fy, ^ukxfjd voKk vkUnksyu*dks LFkfxr dj nsus dk lq>ko fn;kA iQyr% ebZ 1934 eas iVukvfèkos'ku esa dkaxzsl us lfou; voKk vkanksyu dks okil ysus dkfu.kZ; fd;kA dkaxszl ,oa xkaèkhth dh bl uhfr dh dVq vkykspukgqbZA
vkUnksyu dh lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk gksrs gh dqN dkaxzslh usrkvksaus iqu% ^dkSafly ços'k* dh uhfr viukus dh ekax dhA iQyr% dkaxzslus fiQj ls dkSaflyksa ds pqukoksa esa Hkkx ysus dk fu'p; fd;kA 1934bZ- esa gq, fuokZpuksa esa dkaxzsl us Hkkx fy;kA iatkc dks NksM+dj vU;lHkh çkarksa esa mls cgqer çkIr gqvkA blls dkaxzsl dh [kksbZ gqbZ çfr"Bkiqu% LFkkfir gqbZA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;� çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ çkjaHk esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; usrkvksa us fczVsu
osQ ;q¼ çLrkoksa dk Lokxr fd;k FkkA� çFke fo'o ;q¼ us ;wjksfi;uksa dh tkrh; Js"Brk dh Hkkouk dks
lekIr dj fn;kA� fryd us vçSy 1916 esa cEcbZ osQ csyxkao esa vius gkse:y
yhx dk xBu fd;kA bldk xBu cEcbZ çkarh; lHkk esa fd;kx;kA bldh xfrfofèk;ka eè;çkar] egkjk"Vª (cEcbZ dks NksM+dj)]dukZVd vkSj cjkj rd lhfer FkhaA fryd dk ukjk Fkk] ^Lojktgekjk tUefl¼ vfèkdkj gS vkSj eSa bls ysdj jgwaxkA*
� Jherh ,uh cslsaV us flrEcj 1916 esa enzkl osQ xks[kys lHkkxkjesa viuk gkse:y yhx çkjaHk fd;kA tktZ v#.Msy blosQ laxBuea=kh cuk;s x;sA ,uh cslsaV dk yhx fryd osQ yhx osQ çHkkookys {ks=k dks NksM+dj lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa lfØ; FkkA
� ,uh cslsaV rFkk muosQ lg;ksxh oh- ih- okfM;k vkSj v#.Msydks enzkl ljdkj us fxjÝrkj dj fy;k FkkA
� 1916 esa dkaxzsl osQ y[kuÅ vfèkos'ku esa jk"Vªh; egRo dhnks ?kVuk,a ?kVha&(1) dkaxzsl osQ ujeiaFkh vkSj xjeiaFkh usrk vius erHksnHkwykdj ,d gks x;sA vr% 1907 osQ ckn ;g çFke la;qDrdkaxzsl FkhA(2) dkaxzsl vkSj eqfLye yhx esa ^y[kuÅ le>kSrk* gqvkA
� ujeiafFk;ksa vkSj xjeiafFk;ksa dks utnhd ykus esa ,uh cslsaV dkegRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
� dkaxzsl vkSj yhx dks utnhd ykus eas ftUuk] fryd vkSj ,uhcslsaV us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA
� vlg;ksx vkUnksyu osQ lkFk gh jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk rhljkpj.k Hkh 'kq: gqvk] ftldh fo'ks"krk Fkh& xkaèkhth osQ usr`Roesa O;kid tu vkUnksyu dh 'kq#vkrA
� dkaxzsl osQ ukxiqj vfèkos'ku (1920) esa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dhLohÑfr feyhA blh vfèkos'ku esa dkaxzsl osQ lafoèkku esa HkhifjorZu fd;s x;sA
� ukxiqj vfèkos'ku (1920) pkj dkj.kksa ls dkaxzsl osQ bfrgklesa egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gS&ifjofrZr lkèku] ifjofrZr y{;]ifjofrZr usr`Ro vkSj ifjofrZr nyh; lajpukA
� vlg;ksx vkUnksyu osQ fofHkUu pj.k&(1) çFke pj.k (tuojh&ekpZ 1921)&blesa fo|kFkhZ]vè;kid] odhy vkfn ljdkjh O;oLFkk dk cfg"dkj djus yxsAO;kid tulaidZ dk;ZØe pyk;k x;kA(2) f}rh; pj.k (vçSy&twu 1921)&bles a frydLojkt dks"k osQ fy, 1 djksM+ #i, dk y{; iwjk fd;k x;kAvke yksxksa dks dkaxzsl dk lnL; cukus ij tksj fn;k x;k rFkkcM+s iSekus ij [kknh osQ ç;ksx dk çpkj fd;k x;kA(3) rhljk pj.k (tqykbZ&uoEcj] 1921)& blesa fons'khoLrqvksa dk ifjR;kx rFkk fçal vkWiQ osYl osQ vkxeu dkcfg"dkj fd;k x;kA(4) pkSFkk pj.k (uoEcj 1921 ls iQjojh 1922)&blesa ,slh ?kVuk,a ?kVha] ftuosQ dkj.k ljdkj dks >qduk iM+kAnqHkkZX;o'k xksj[kiqj ftys esa pkSjk&pkSjh ?kVuk 5 iQjojh] 1922dks ?kVhA xkaèkhth us 11 iQjojh 1922 osQ fnu vkUnksyu dksjksd nsus dk vkns'k fn;kA
� vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 'kq: djrs le; xkaèkhth us oknk fd;k Fkkfd ;fn mudh uhfr;ksa ij lgh <ax ls vey fd;k tk;s] rks,d lky esa Lojkt dh LFkkiuk gks tk;sxhA
� vyh cUèkq (ekSykuk vyh ,oa 'kkSdr vyh)] ekSykuk vktkn]gdhe vtey [kku vkSj gljr eksgkuh osQ usr`Ro esa f[kykiQrdesVh dk xBu fd;k x;kA
� fczfV'k çèkkuea=kh ykW;M tkWtZ us ;g oknk fd;k Fkk fd] ^gerqdhZ dks ,f'k;k ekbuj vkSj Fkzsl dh ml le`¼ vkSj çfl¼Hkwfe ls oafpr djus fy, ;q¼ ugha dj jgs gSa tks uLyh n`f"Vls eq[; :i ls rqdZ gSA**
� egkRek xkaèkh osQ fy, ^^f[kykiQr vkUnksyu fgUnqvksa vkSjeqlyekukas dks ,drk esa ckaèkus dk ,d ,slk lqvolj Fkk] tkslSdM+kas o"kks± esa ugha vk;sxkA**
� 9 twu] 1920 dks bykgkckn esa f[kykiQr desVh }kjk xkaèkhthdh lykg (vfgald vkUnksyu NsM+us dh) dks loZlEefr lsLohdkj fd;k x;k vkSj xkaèkhth dks bl vkUnksyu dk usr`Rodjus dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;kA
� rqdhZ esa deky ik'kk osQ lqèkkjksa us f[kykiQr osQ ç'u dks ghvçklafxd cuk fn;kA
� vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ls çHkkfor vkUnksyu&1- fenukiqj (caxky) esa la?kh; dj cksMZ osQ fo#¼ vkanksyu
pykA
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2- xqaVwj (vkaèkz çns'k) esa dj canh vkUnksyu pykA3- voèk esa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu us py jgs fdlku vkUnksyu
dks vkSj HkM+dk;kA4- osQjy osQ ekykckj esa vlg;ksx vkSj f[kykiQr lacaèkh çpkj
us eqfLye fdlkuksa dks muosQ tehankjksa osQ fo#¼ [kM+k djfn;kA oqQN le; osQ fy, bl vkUnksyu us lkaçnkf;drk dkHkh jax fy;kA
5- iatkc esa Hkz"V egUFkksa ls xq#}kjs dk fu;a=k.k Nhuus osQ fy,vdkyh& vkUnksyu pykA
6- >kj[k.M ds NksVkukxiqj esa vkfnokfl;ksa us pkSdknkjh dj ojktLo u nsus dh èkedh nhA
� vifjorZuoknh&oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy] Mk- vUlkjh] Mk- jktsUnzçlknA
� ifjorZuoknh&lh- vkj- nkl] eksrhyky usg:] foV~By HkkbZ iVsy� 1922 osQ dkaxzsl osQ x;k vfèkos'ku es ifjorZuoknh ijkftr gq,A� 1 tuojh] 1923 dks lh- vkj- nkl ,oa eksrhyky usg: us
^dkaxzsl f[kykiQr Lojkt ny* dh LFkkiuk dhA� Lojktokfn;ksa dk Hkh ewy mís'; Lojkt çkIr djuk FkkA� eè;çkar vkSj cEcbZ esa Lojkt ny dks iw.kZ cgqer feyk� eè;çkar vkSj caxky esa Lojkt ny us }Sr 'kklu dks fuf"Ø;
cuk fn;kA� osQUnzh; foèkkulHkk esa Lojkt ny dks 145 fuokZfpr lhVkas esa
ls 45 LFkku çkIr gq,A� 1925 esa os foV~By HkkbZ iVsy dks osQUnzh; foèkkf;dk dk vè;{k
fuokZfpr djkus esa liQy jgsA� vkxs pydj Lojkt ny us vlg;ksx dh uhfr dh txg
mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ lg;ksx dh uhfr viuk;h] ftlls ny esa iwQViM+ x;kA
� 1925 esa fprjatu nkl dh e`R;q gks x;hA� ekWUViQksMZ lqèkkj 1919 dh èkkjk 84 esa ;g O;oLFkk Fkh fd
vfèkfu;e osQ fØ;kfUor gksus osQ 10 o"kZ i'pkr~ Hkkjr esamÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh çxfr dh tkap osQ fy, ,d vk;ksx dhfu;qfDr dh tk;sxhA blh osQ rgr lkbeu deh'ku dh fu;qfDrdh x;hA
� blesa vè;{k lfgr 7 lnL; Fks tks lHkh vaxzst FksA blesa fczVsuosQ rhukas çeq[k jktuhfrd ny (datosZfVo] fycjy vkSj yscj)osQ çfrfufèk FksA
� 1927 esa fczfV'k laln esa nks Hkkjrh; lnL; Fks&ykMZ flUgk,oa fe- ldykrokykA
� dkaxzsl }kjk deh'ku osQ fojksèk dk fu.kZ; enzkl vfèkos'ku&(1927)eas fy;k x;kA
� dkaxzsl] eqfLye yhx] fgUnw egklHkk vkSj fycjy iQsMjs'ku us,d Loj ls deh'ku dk fojksèk fd;kA osQoy lj eksgEen 'kiQhosQ usr`Ro esa eqfLye yhx osQ ,d oxZ us deh'ku dk Lokxrdjus dk fu'p; fd;kA
� ;g deh'ku 3 iQjojh] 1928 dks cEcbZ mrjkA blh fnu lEiw.kZHkkjr esa gM+rky j[krs gq, deh'ku osQ cfg"dkj dk Jhx.ks'kdj fn;k x;kA
� Hkxr flag vkSj cVqosQ'oj nÙk us osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk esa ceiQsadkA
� fojksèkkas osQ ckotwn deh'ku us ebZ 1930 dks viuh fjiksVZçdkf'kr dj nhA bls nks o"kZ ls vfèkd le; yxkA
� usg: fjiksVZ] Hkkjr lfop ykMZ cfdZugsM dh pqukSrh osQ tokcosQ :i esa vfLrRo esa vk;kA
� usg: fjiksVZ osQ fy, cuh lfefr esa 8 lnL; Fks&eksrh ykyusg: (vè;{k)] vyh beke] rst cgknqj lçq] lqHkk"k pUnz cksl]Jh ,e- ,l- v.ks] ljnkj eax: flag] Jh 'kks,c oqQjS'kh rFkkth- vkj- çèkkuA
� ^bafMisUMsUl yhx* (Independence League) dh LFkkiuk uoEcj1928 esa tokgj yky usg: vkSj lqHkk"k pUnz cksl }kjk dhx;h FkhA
� ^usg: fjiksVZ* esa ^Mksfefu;u LVsVl* dh ekax dh x;h Fkh ufd ^iw.kZ LojkT;* dhA
� lkbeu deh'ku dh fu;qfDr le; ls nks o"kZ iwoZ gh dj nhx;h FkhA usg: fjiksVZ osQ fojksèk esa ftUuk us vius 14 lw=klkeus j[ksA
� tuojh 1929 eas ^ifCyd lsÝVh fcy* çLrqr fd;k x;k] ftls^dkyk dkuwu* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blh fcy dh foospuk ds le;dsUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk esa Hkxrflag vkSj cVqds'oj nÙk us ceiQsadk FkkA
� ykWMZ bfoZu dh ?kks"k.kk (fnYyh ?kks"k.kk i=k) 31 vDrwcj] 1929dks dh x;hA
� iw.kZ Lokèkhurk dk çLrko dkaxzsl ds 1929 ds ykgkSj vfèkos'kueas ikfjr fd;k x;kA vfèkos'ku ds vè;{k tokgj yky usg:FksA
� lfou; voKk vkUnksyu 'kq: djus ds iwoZ xkaèkhth us viuh11 lw=kh ekaxsa çLrqr dh FkhaA
� lfou; voKk vkUnksyu 12 ekpZ] 1930 dks çfl¼ MkaMh ekpZds lkFk çkjaHk gqvkA xkaèkhth vius 78 lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFklkcjerh vkJe ls MkaMh ds fy, çLFkku gq,A
� lqHkk"k pUnz cksl us MkaMh ;k=kk dh rqyuk usiksfy;u ds ^isfjlekpZ* vkSj eqlksfyuh ds ^jkse ekpZ* ls ,Yck ls dh gSA
� [kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kka (lhekUr xkaèkh) ds laxBu dk uke^[kqnkbZ f[knerxkj* ;k ^yky dqrhZ* FkhA
� x<+okyh iykVwu ds usrk pUnz lsu x<+okyh us fugRFks çn'kZudkfj;ksaij xksyh pykus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA
� ef.kiqj esa jkuh xkSfMY;q us fonzksg dk >aMk mBk;k vkSj vkthoudkjkokl dh ltk ik;hA
� eqfLye yhx us bl vkUnksyu dk lkFk ugha fn;kA� ;jonk tsy ls xkaèkhth ds fjgk gksus ds ckn ekpZ 1931 esa
xkaèkh&bfoZu iSDV gqvkA blh ds ckn xkaèkhth dk f}rh; xksyestlEesyu eas Hkkx ysuk laHko gqvkA bl iSDV dh iqf"V djkaphvfèkos'ku 1931 esa dh x;hA
� djkaph vfèkos'ku dh lcls mYys[kuh; ?kVuk Fkh ^ekSfydvfèkdkjksa* vkSj ^vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa* ls lacafèkr çLrko dk iklgksukA
� çFke xksyest lEesyu (12 uoEcj] 1930 ls 19 tuojh]1931) ds le; Hkkjr ds xouZj tujy ykMZ bfoZu Fks rFkkfczVsu esa jSEls eSdMksukYM yscj ikVhZ ds çèkku ea=kh FksA fczfV'k
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 68
Hkkjr vkSj ns'kh fj;klrkas ds çfrfufèk;ksa dk euksu;u xouZjtujy }kjk gh fd;k x;k FkkA dkaxzsl us bl lEesyu esa Hkkxugha fy;kA
� fczfV'k çèkkuea=kh eSdMksukYM us 14 vxLr] 1932 dks ^lkaçnkf;dfu.kZ;* ;k ^lkaçnkf;d iapkV* dh ?kks"k.kk dhA bleas vNwrksa dksfgUnwvkas ls vyx ekudj muds fy, i`Fkd fuokZpu dh O;oLFkkdh x;h FkhA xkaèkhth us ;jonk tsy eas gh blds fojksèk easvkej.k vu'ku fd;kA varr% ^iwuk iSDV* }kjk blesa lqèkkj fd;kx;kA
� f}rh; xksyest lEesyu (7 flrEcj] 1931 ls 1 fnlEcj]1931) ds le; Hkkjr ds xouZj tujy ykWMZ fofyaxVu Fks rFkk
fczVsu esa jSEls eSdMksukYM gh loZnyh; ikVhZ ds çèkkuea=kh FksAdkaxzsl us bl lEesyu esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk] ftldk çfrfufèkRoxkaèkhth us fd;k FkkA
� rhljk xksyest lEesyu 7 flrEcj] 1931 ls 1 fnlEcj] 1931ds chp gqvk] tks ,d ckj fiQj liQy ugha gks ldkA rhukasxksyest lEesyuksa ds vliQy gks tkus ij ljdkj us ekpZ 1933es ^'osr i=k* tkjh fd;kA
� ebZ 1934 es iVuk vfèkos'ku eas dkaxzsl us lfou; voKkvkUnksyu dks okil ysus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
� 1934 ds dkSaflykas ds pquko eas dkaxzsl dks iatkc dks NksM+djvU; lHkh çkarksa esa cgqer çkIr gqvkA
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Hkkjrh; 'kklu vfèkfu;e (1919 bZ-)Hkkjrh; 'kklu vfèkfu;e (1919 bZ-)Hkkjrh; 'kklu vfèkfu;e (1919 bZ-)Hkkjrh; 'kklu vfèkfu;e (1919 bZ-)Hkkjrh; 'kklu vfèkfu;e (1919 bZ-)
1858 esa dEiuh dh lÙkk gLrxr djus osQ ckn fczfV'k ljdkjus Hkkjr esa lg;ksx dh uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;kA bls dk;Z :insus osQ fy, 1861] 1892 ,oa 1909 osQ vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;s x;sAysfdu ;g uhfr vliQy fl¼ gqbZA vr% fczfV'k ljdkj us viuhHkkjrh; uhfr esa ifjorZu yk;kA ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd osQoyHkkjrh;ksa ls lg;ksx ysuk gh i;kZIr ugha gS cfYd Hkkjr esa Øe'k%mÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh tkuh pkfg,A bl gsrq 1919esa nwljk vfèkfu;e ikfjr dj vkaf'kd mÙkjnkf;Ro (partialresponsibility) osQ fl¼kUr dks viuk;k x;kA bl vfèkfu;e osQtUenkrk Hkkjr lfpo ekW.VsX;q rFkk Hkkjrh; xouZj tujy psEliQksMZFksA vr% bls ekaV&iQksMZ lqèkkj ;k 1919 dk Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;edgrs gSaA 1919 esa Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksus osQfuEufyf[kr dkj.k Fks%
(1) ekWysZ&fe.Vks lqèkkj ls vlarks"k (Dissatisfaction
with the Morley minto Reforme) % ekWys Z&fe.Vks lqèkkj=kqfViw.kZ] ,oa vi;kZIr FkkA muls Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk dksbZ Hkh oxZ larq"Vugha gqvkA Hkkjroklh iw.kZ Lojkt osQ fy, la?k"kZ dj jgs FksAekWysZ&fe.Vks lqèkkj us mudh vk'kk ij ikuh isQj fn;kA vfèkfu;edbZ vFkks± esa çfrxkeh Fkk] mlus lkaçnkf;d çfrfufèkRo dks viukdjHkkjr esa lkaçnkf;drk dk cht cks;kA ;|fi fuokZpu dh çFkkviuk;h x;h Fkh] ysfdu mldk O;kogkfjd egÙo ugha osQ cjkcjjgkA çkarh; rFkk LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ij osQUnzh; fu;a=k.k dks vkSj Hkhn`<+ cuk fn;k x;k] ftlls osQUnzhdj.k dh ço`fÙk dks cy feykAvr% Hkkjrh;ksa dks ;g vfèkfu;e larks"k çnku ugha dj ldk ftldkj.k lqèkkjksa osQ fy, mudk vkUnksyu vkSj Hkh rhoz gks x;kA
(2) ljdkj dh neu uhfr (Government policy of
repression) % fczfV'k ljdkj us lqèkkjksa }kjk mnkjokfn;ksa dks [kq'kdjus rFkk neupØ }kjk mxzokfn;ksa dks dqpyus dh uhfr viuk;hAysfdu og u rks mnkjokfn;ksa dks [kq'k dj ldh u mxzokfn;ksa dksgh dqpy ldhA mlosQ neudkjh dk;ks± dh ?kksj çfrfØ;k gqbZA jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu vkSj Hkh rhoz gks x;k rFkk Økafrdkjh vkSj vkradoknhlfØ; gks x;sA LoHkkor% ljdkj dk è;ku Hkkjrh;ksa dks larq"V djusdh vksj x;kA
(3) ljdkj osQ çfr eqlyekuksa osQ #[k esa ifjorZu(Change in the Muslim attitude towards the government)% 'kq: esa ljdkj osQ i{kikrh uhfr;ksa osQ pyrs eqlyekuksa dks cgqrçksRlkgu feyk vkSj os fczfV'k ljdkj dhs vksj dkiQh >qd x;sAi`Fkd fuokZpu dh ekU;rk us vaxzstksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dh fe=krk dh?kfu"Brk dks Hkh xk<+k cuk fn;kA ysfdu ekWysZ&fe.Vks lqèkkj osQ ckn
dqN ,slh ?kVuk,a ?kVha ftuls eqlyekuksa esa jk"Vªh; tkxj.k gqvk rFkkos vaxzst fojksèkh gks x;sA 1911 esa caxky foHkktu dk var djfn;k x;k] ftlls eqlyekuksa dk ljdkj ij ls fo'okl mBus yxkArqdhZ&bVyh ;q¼ vkSj ckYdu ;q¼ esa vsaxzstksa us rqdhZ osQ fo#¼ uhfrviuk;h ftlls Hkkjrh; eqlyeku cgqr gh l'kafdr gks x;sA nwljhvksj jk"Vªoknh i=k if=kdkvksa us eqlyekuksa osQ çfr lgkuqHkwfr çnf'kZrdhA bldk iQy ;g gqvk fd eqlyeku Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQutnhd vkus yxs] eqfLye yhx ij vyhx<+ vkUnksyu dk çHkkode gksus yxk rFkk dqN jk"Vªoknh eqlyekuksa dk çHkko ml ij c<+x;kA yhx dk n`f"Vdks.k jk"Vªoknh rFkk çxfroknh gks x;kA dkaxzslvkSj yhx dk vfèkos'ku y[kumQ esa ,d gh le; gqvk vkSj nksuksaus lqèkkj dh ;kstuk ,d leku rS;kj dh tks ^y[kumQ le>kSrk*osQ uke ls çfl¼ gSA ;g ,d egku ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk Fkh ftlusHkkjr osQ cM+s laçnk;ksa dks ,drk osQ lw=k esa ckaèk fn;kA
(4) çFke egk;q¼ dk çHkko % 1914 esa çFke egk;q¼vkjaHk gqvkA Hkkjrh;ksa dk ;q¼ esa lg;ksx çkIr djus osQ fy, fczfV'kljdkj us mlosQ lkFk lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj djuk 'kq: dj fn;kvkSj mUgsa thrus osQ mís'; ls vusd ?kks"k.kk,a dh x;haA Hkkjrh;ksaus Hkh mnkjrk fn[kyk;h vkSj fczfV'k 'kkldksa dh ;q¼ esa Hkjiwjlgk;rk dhA ykWMZ gk£Max us Hkkjrh;ksa osQ lkFk çse vkSj lgkuqHkwfrdk crkZo fd;k vkSj nf{k.k vÚhdk esa çoklh Hkkjrh;ksa osQ çfrvU;k;iw.kZ O;ogkj dk fojksèk fd;kA yk;M tktZ us ;g ?kks"k.kk dhfd ¶lHkh jk"Vªksa dks viuk&viuk HkkX; fu.kZ; djus dk vfèkdkjgksxkA¸ fe=k jk"Vªksa us Hkh ;g ,syku fd;k fd os futh LokFkks± osQfy, ;q¼ ugha yM+ jgs gSa] vfirq lalkj osQ tura=k dh j{kk osQ fy,gh mUgksaus ;q¼ esa ços'k fd;k gSA pwafd fczfV'k ljdkj us ckj&ckjbl ckr ij tksj fn;k Fkk fd tura=k dh j{kk djus vkSj ijkèkhujk"Vªksa dks vkRe&fu.kZ; dk vfèkdkj nsus osQ fy, og ;q¼ dj jghgS] blfy, Hkkjrh;ksa dks ;g vk'kk gqbZ fd ;q¼ ds mijkar Hkkjrdks Lo'kklu dk vf/dkj gksxkA ;q¼dky esa Hkkjrh;ksa us Lora=krkvkSj Lo'kklu dk egRo Hkh le>kA bl çdkj çFke egk;q¼ osQçHkko osQ vUrZxr Hkkjrh;ksa esa jk"Vªh; tkxj.k vkSj psruk vk;hA
;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ ckn vaxzstksa us vius vk'oklu dks iwjkugha fd;kA blfy, Hkkjrh;ksa us Jherh ,uh cslsaV rFkk fryd osQusr`Ro esa x`g 'kklu (Home Rule) vkUnksyu pyk;kA ;|fi blvkanksyu dks nck fn;k x;k] fiQj Hkh blls Hkkjrh;ksa esa psruk vkSjtkxj.k dh o`f¼ gqbZ vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk viuh pje&lhek ij igqapx;hA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 70
(5) osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk osQ lnL;ksa }kjk Kkiui=k % tc osQUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dks ykMZ psEliQksMZ}kjk çLrqr lqèkkj çLrkoksa osQ ckjs esa irk pyk rks 19 fuokZfprlnL;ksa] ftuesa ftUuk] Jhfuokl 'kkL=kh vkSj lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZ vkfn'kkfey Fks] us ljdkj osQ ikl ,d Kkiu i=k çLrqr fd;kA mudkdguk Fkk fd osQoy mÙke ljdkj ;k dq'ky 'kklu gh i;kZIr ughagS] cfYd ,slh ljdkj dh vko';drk gS tks turk osQ çfr mÙkjnk;hgks] og gesa Lohdkj gSA muosQ dqN lq>ko bl çdkj Fks&dk;Zdkfj.kh;k O;oLFkkfidk ifj"knksa esa de ls de vkèks Hkkjrh; gksa] foèkkuifj"knksa esa fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dk cgqer gks] vYila[;dksa dks leqfprçfrfufèkRo feys] Hkkjr lfpo dk in gVk fn;k tk, rFkk çkarksa dksLok;Ùkrk feysA
(6) eslksiksVkfe;k dh ?kVuk % eslksiksVkfe;k dh ?kVukdk Hkh Hkkjr osQ laoSèkkfud fodkl ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+kA VdhZosQ fo#¼ dk;Zokgh dh iwjh ftEesnkjh Hkkjr ljdkj ij Fkh] ftlesaog iw.kZr% vliQy jgh] eslksiksVkfe;k deh'ku us viuh fjiksVZ esaHkkjr ljdkj dks nks"kh Bgjk;k rFkk Hkkjr esa jktuSfrd lq/kj dhekax dhA
(7) M~;wd }kjk ;kpuk i=k 1915% fofy;e M~;wd tkscaxky dk HkwriwoZ ysfÝVusUV xouZj rFkk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn dk lnL;Fkk] us Hkkjrh; leL;kvksa ls lacafèkr ,d ;kpuk i=k çLrqr fd;kAmlus çkarksa esa }S/ 'kklu ykxw djus dk lq>ko fn;k tks vkaf'kd:i ls mÙkjnk;h gksxhA mlosQ fopkj ls ;g eè;kUrfjd O;oLFkkgksxh] D;ksafd ,dk,d iw.kZ mÙkjnk;h ljdkj dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr esalaHko ugha FkhA ;|fi bl çys[k dk dgha Hkh mYys[k ugha fd;kx;k] fiQj Hkh 1919 osQ lqèkkj vfèkfu;e dk ;g okLrfod vkèkkjFkkA
ek.VsX;w dh ?kks"k.kkek.VsX;w dh ?kks"k.kkek.VsX;w dh ?kks"k.kkek.VsX;w dh ?kks"k.kkek.VsX;w dh ?kks"k.kk1917 esa fe=k jk"Vªkas dh gkj ij gkj gks jgh Fkh] nwljh vksj
Hkkjr esa x`g 'kklu vkUnksyu us tksj idM+ fy;k FkkA vr% fczfV'kljdkj us Hkkjrh; leL;k dh vksj xEHkhjrk iwoZd è;ku fn;kAeslksiksVkfe;k dh ?kVuk osQ dkj.k psEcjysu us R;kxi=k ns fn;k vkSjmlosQ LFkku ij ekWVsX;w Hkkjr lfpo gqvkA 20 vxLr] 1917 dksmlus yksdlHkk esa viuh çfl¼ ?kks"k.kk dh ftls ^vxLr ?kks"k.kk*(August Declaration) dgrs gSaA bl ?kks"k.kk esa dgk x;k fd]¶lezkV ljdkj dh uhfr] ftlls Hkkjr ljdkj iw.kZr% lger gS] ;ggS fd Hkkjrh; 'kklu osQ çR;sd foHkkx esa Hkkjrh;ksa dk lEidZmÙkjksÙkj c<+s vkSj mÙkjnk;h 'kklu ç.kkyh dk èkhjs&èkhjs fodkl gks]ftlls fd vfèkdkfèkd çxfr djrs gq, Lo'kklu ç.kkyh Hkkjr esaLFkkfir gks vkSj fczfV'k lkezkT; osQ vax osQ :i esa jgsA mUgksaus ;gr; dj fy;k fd bl fn'kk esa ;Fkk 'kh?kz Bksl :i ls dqN dnevkxs c<+k;s tk,aA¸
mlus vkxs dgk fd bl fn'kk esa çxfr Øe'k% vFkkZr lh<+hnj lh<+h gksxhA fczfV'k ljdkj vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj bl ckr dk fu.kZ;djsxh fd dc vkSj oSQlk dne vkxs c<+kuk pkfg,A os mu yksxksaosQ lg;ksx dks ns[kdj gh vkxs c<+us dk fuf'p; djsaxs ftUgsa blrjg lsok dk u;k volj feysxkA lkFk gh ;g Hkh ns[kk tk,xkfd fdl lhek rd vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dks Bhd&Bhd fuHkk;k gSvkSj blfy, fdruk fo'okl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ekW.ViQksMZ fjiksVZ esa bl ?kks"k.kk oQks ;qxkUrdkjh dgk x;k gSA;g mYys[kuh; gS fd ?kks"k.kk esa osQoy ^mÙkjnk;h 'kklu* 'kCn dkç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ^vkSifuosf'kd LojkT;* ;k ^Lo'kklu* 'kCndk dgha Hkh ç;ksx ugha fd;k x;k FkkA fiQj Hkh ?kks"k.kk esa ;gckr fufgr Fkh fd fdlh fnu Hkkjr vkSifuosf'kd Lojkt vo'; çkIrdjsxkA dqy feykdj ;g ?kks"k.kk dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls =kqfViw.kZ Fkh] fiQjHkh ;g ,d egku laoSèkkfud ?kks"k.kk FkhA
ek.VsX;w&psEliQksMZ fjiksVZ % vxLr ?kks"k.kk osQ rhu eghusckn ekW.VsX;w Hkkjr vk;sA Hkkjr esa mUgsa fczfV'k ukSdj'kkgh osQ fojksèkdk lkeuk djuk iM+k D;ksafd vfèkdka'k vaxzsth 'kkld Hkkjr esamÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh LFkkiuk osQ fo#¼ FksA ek.VsX;w us psEliQksMZ osQlkFk ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa dk nkSjk fd;k vusd jk"Vªh; usrkvksa lsckrphr dhA cgqr ls çfrfufèk eaMyksa ls HksaV dh vkSj cgqr ls lqèkkjçLrkoksa ij fopkj fd;kA vUr esa] 1918 esa mlus lqèkkj lEcUèkhviuh fjiksVZ çdkf'kr dh] ftls ^ek.VsX;w&psEliQksMZ fjiksVZ* dgk x;kvkSj tks 1919 osQ lqèkkj vfèkfu;e dk vkèkkj cukA
1919 osQ vfèkfu;e dh çLrkouk1919 osQ vfèkfu;e dh çLrkouk1919 osQ vfèkfu;e dh çLrkouk1919 osQ vfèkfu;e dh çLrkouk1919 osQ vfèkfu;e dh çLrkoukbldh çLrkouk esa os rRo fuèkkZfjr fd;s x, ftuosQ vuqlkj
Hkkjr esa lqèkkj yk, tkus Fks] tks yxHkx ogh Fks tks 20 vxLr1917 dh ?kks"k.kk esa dgs x;s FksA blosQ vuqlkj&(1) Hkkjr dks vaxzsth lkezkT; dk vfHkUu vax jguk FkkA(2) Hkkjr esa mÙkjnk;h ljdkj dh LFkkiuk gksuh Fkh tks fd osQoy
Øe'k% gh vkuh laHko FkhA(3) blosQ fy, Hkkjrh;ksa dks ç'kklu osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa lkgp;Z
c<+kuk pkfg, vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs Lok;Ùk 'kklu vkuk pkfg,A(4) çkarksa esa Lok;Ùk 'kklu osQ c<+us osQ lkFk&lkFk ;g vko';d
gS fd çkarksa dks Hkkjr ljdkj osQ fu;a=k.k ls tgka rd laHkogks vfèkdkfèkd eqDr fd;k tk,Abl çLrkouk dk ewy mís'; ;g Fkk fd tks ?kks"k.kk ekW.VsX;w
us dh Fkh mls vc ,d oSèkkfud :i ns fn;k x;k FkkA vaxzsthljdkj dk Hkkjr ij fu;a=k.k Li"V dj fn;k x;k vkSj ;g Hkh Li"Vgks x;k fd Hkfo"; esa fdl fn'kk esa oSQls tkuk gSA
vfèkfu;e dh eq[; èkkjk,avfèkfu;e dh eq[; èkkjk,avfèkfu;e dh eq[; èkkjk,avfèkfu;e dh eq[; èkkjk,avfèkfu;e dh eq[; èkkjk,a
(d) x`g ljdkj esa ifjorZu %
(I) 1793 esa Hkkjr jkT; lfpo dks Hkkjrh; jktLo ls osrufeyrk FkkA og vc vaxzsth jktLo ls feyus yxkA
(II) jkT; lfpo osQ dqN dk;ks± dks ysdj ,d u;s inkfèkdkjhHkkjrh; mPp vk;qDr (Indian High Commissioner) ftldksHkkjrh; jktLo ls osru feyrk Fkk] ns fn;s x;sA ;g mPp vk;qDrvc lifj"kn xouZj tujy dk dk;ZdÙkkZ (Agent) cu x;kA
(III) çkarksa esa gLrkarfjr fo"k;ksa ij Hkkjr lfpo dk fu;a=k.kde gks x;k] ;|fi osQUnz ij mldk fu;a=k.k cuk jgkA
([k) Hkkjr ljdkj esa ifjorZu %
(I) dk;Zdkfj.kh esa ifjorZu % ;|fi osQUnz esa mÙkjnk;hljdkj ykus dk dksbZ ç;Ru ugha fd;k x;k] ijUrq Hkkjrh;ksa dksvfèkd çHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk nh x;hA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
Y
IAS ACADEM
Y
IAS ACADEM
Y
©Chronicle IAS Academy 71
xouZj tujy dh dk;Zdkfj.kh esa 8 lnL;ksa esa ls 3 Hkkjrh;fu;qDr fd;s x;s vkSj mUgsa fofèk] f'k{kk] Je] LokLF; rFkk m|ksxfoHkkx bR;kfn lkSais x;sA
(II) fo"k;ksa dk caVokjk % bl le; rd lHkh fo"k;ksa ijosQUnz dk vfèkdkj Fkk vkSj og lHkh fo"k;ksa ij vkKk ns ldrkFkk rFkk dkuwu cuk ldrk FkkA bu u;s lqèkkjksa osQ vuqlkj fo"k;ksadks osQUnz rFkk çkarksa esa ckaV fn;k x;kA osQUnzh; lwph esa lfEefyrfo"k;ksa ij lifj"kn xouZj tujy dk vfèkdkj FkkA blesa os fo"k;lfEefyr Fks tks jk"Vªh; egRo osQ Fks vFkok ,d ls vfèkd çkarksals lacaèk j[krs Fks_ tSls fons'kh ekeys] jktuSfrd lacaèk] Mkd vkSjrkj] lkoZtfud ½.k] lapkj O;oLFkk] nhokuh rFkk iQkStnkjh dkuwurFkk dk;Zç.kkyh bR;kfnA lHkh ekeys dsUnzh; lwph esa Fks] ijUrq tksçkarh; egRo osQ fo"k; Fks] tSls_ LokLF;] LFkkuh; Lo'kklu] f'k{kk]fpfdRlk ç'kklu] Hkwfedj ç'kklu] ty laHkj.k] vdky lgk;rk]'kkafr rFkk O;oLFkk] Ñf"k bR;kfn çkarh; lwph esa FksA tks fo"k; Li"VgLrkUrfjr ugha fd, x;s os lHkh osQUnzh; ekus x;sA
(III) foèkku lacaèkh ifjorZu % ,d lnuh; lkezkfT;dfoèkku ifj"kn (Imperial legislative council) osQ LFkku ij bl,sDV osQ vuqlkj osQUnz esa f}lnuh; O;oLFkk LFkkfir dh xbZA ,dlnu jkT; ifj"kn (Council of State) vkSj nwljk lnu osQUnzh;foèkku lHkk (Central Legislative Assembly) FkkA
jkT; ifj"knksa esa tks mQijh lnu Fkk] mlesa 60 lnL; gksrs Fks]ftlesa 26 xouZj tujy }kjk euksuhr gksrs Fks vkSj 34 fuokZfpr gksrsFksA 26 euksuhr lnL;ksa esa ls 19 inkfèkdkjh rFkk 7 v'kklfudgksrs FksA 34 fuokZfprksa esa ls 20 lkèkkj.k fuokZpu {ks=kksa ls pqus tkrsFks] 10 eqlyekuksa }kjk] rhu ;wjksih;ksa }kjk rFkk ,d flD[kksa }kjkAbl jkT; ifj"kn dk çfr o"kZ vkaf'kd :i ls uohdj.k gksrk FkkA;|fi ;s lnL; çk;% 5 o"kZ osQ fy, curs FksA bldk çèkku ok;ljk;}kjk fu;qDr gksrk FkkA lnL;ksa dks ^ekuuh;* (Honourable) dhmikfèk nh tkrh FkhA fL=k;ksa dks lnL;rk osQ mi;qDr ugha le>k x;kAxouZj tujy bl lnu dks cqyk] LFkfxr vFkok Hkax dj ldrkFkkA
erkfèkdkj cgqr lhfer FkkA osQoy ogh yksx ftudh vk;10]000 #i;s okf"kZd Fkh vFkok tks U;wure 750 #i;s okf"kZdHkwfedj osQ :i esa nsrs Fks] er dk vfèkdkj çkIr dj ldrs FksAnwljs] çR;k'kh dks fdlh foèkku eMay dk vuqHko gksuk pkfg, vFkokmls fdlh fo'ofo|ky; osQ lhusV dk lnL; gksuk pkfg, FkkA blosQvfrfjDr og mikfèkdkjh (title holder) Hkh gksuk pkfg,A blosQ
vfrfjDr djksM+ dh tula[;k esa ls osQoy 17]364 O;fDr gherkfèkdkj çkIr dj losQA
fuEu lnu dks osQUnzh; foèkku lHkk dgrs Fks] mlesa 145 lnL;Fks ftuesa 104 fuokZfpr rFkk 41 euksuhr gksrs FksA euksuhr lnL;ksaesa ls 26 'kklfud rFkk 15 v'kklfud gksrs FksA 104 fuokZfpr esals 52 lkèkkj.k fuokZpu {ks=kksa ls] 32 lkEçnkf;d {ks=kksa ls (30eqlyeku] 2 flD[k) vkSj 20 fo'ks"k fuokZpu {ks=kksa ls (7 Hkwfeifr;ksa}kjk] 9 ;wjksih;ksa }kjk] vkSj 4 Hkkjrh; O;kikj leqnk;ksa }kjk)fuokZfpr fd;s tkrs FksA
lHkk dk dk;Zdky 3 o"kZ dk Fkk] ijUrq xouZj tujy dh bPNkij c<+k;k Hkh tk ldrk FkkA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd 1936 esafuokZfpr lHkk 10 o"kZ osQ i'pkr Hkax gqbZA ;gka Hkh erkfèkdkj cgqrlhfer FkkA ernkrk 15 #i;s ekfld fdjk;k nsrk gks vFkok 15#i;s okf"kZd uxjikfydk dk dj nsrk gks vFkok U;wure 2000 #i;sokf"kZd vk;dj nsrk gks vFkok 50 #i, okf"kZd Hkwfedj nsrk gksA,sls yksxksa dh la[;k 1920 esa 9 yk[k osQ yxHkx gh FkhA
çkarksa esa LFkkuksa dk caVokjk tula[;k ij ugha vfirq muosQ egRoij FkkA mnkgj.k osQ :i esa iatkc (lSfud egRo osQ dkj.k) rFkkfcgkj] mM+hlk dks 12] 12 LFkku feys ;|fi iatkc dh tula[;kfcgkj vkSj mM+hlk dk 2@3 FkhA enzkl rFkk cEcbZ çR;sd dks 16LFkku feys ;|fi cEcbZ dh tula[;k enzkl ls vkèkh FkhA cEcbZdk O;kikfjd egRo FkkA
(IV) osQUnzh; foèkku eaMy dh 'kfDr;ka % f}lnuh;osQUnzh; foèkku eaMy dks i;kZIr 'kfDr;ka nh x;haA ;g leLr HkkjrosQ fy, dkuwu cuk ldrk Fkk] Hkkjrh; çtk rFkk ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksaosQ fy, Hkh] pkgs os Hkkjr esa gks vFkok fons'k esaA fdlh Hkh fo|ekudkuwu dks cnyk ;k jí fd;k tk ldrk FkkA lnL;ksa dks çLrkovFkok LFkxu çLrko j[kus dh vuqefr Fkh rkfd fdlh egRoiw.kZfo"k; ij rqjar fopkj fd;k tk losQA mUgsa ç'u rFkk iwjd ç'uiwNus dh Hkh vuqefr FkhA vYidkfyd ç'u Hkh iwNs tk ldrs FksAlnL;ksa dks cksyus dk vfèkdkj rFkk Lora=krk FkhA
ijUrq foèkku eaMy ij dqN fu;a=k.k Hkh FksA fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksaij foèks;d j[kus osQ iwoZ xouZj tujy dh vuqefr çkIr djuhvko';d FkhA(1)fo|eku dkuwu dks vFkok xouZj tujy osQ vè;kns'k dks jí
djuk vFkok mlesa la'kksèku djus ls lacafèkr foèks;dA(2)fons'kh rFkk ns'kh fj;klrksa ls lacaèkA(3)LFky] ukSlsuk rFkk ok;qlsuk dk vuq'kklu cuk;s j[kukA(4)lkoZtfud ½.k rFkk dj(5)turk osQ èkeZ vkSj èkkfeZd jhfr&fjokt(6)mi;qZDr osQ vfrfjDr ;fn xouZj tujy ;g le>s fd fdlh
foèks;d ls ns'k vFkok lkezkT; dh 'kfDr rFkk j{kk dks Hk;gS rks og ml ij fopkj jksd ldrk FkkA;fn xouZj tujy osQ vkns'k ij foèkku eaMy fdlh foèks;d
dks ikfjr ugha djrk rks xouZj tujy Økmu dh vuqefr ysdj mlsikfjr dj ldrk Fkk vkSj og 6 ekg rd ykxw jgrkA bls lkèkkj.kdkuwu dk egRo çkIr FkkA xouZj tujy dh vuqefr fdlh Hkh dkuwuosQ fy, vko';d FkhA blls Li"V gS fd xouZj tujy osQ iklokLrfod fu"ksèkkfèkdkj FksA
çkar dk uke fuok Zfpr 'kklfud v'kklfud dqylnL; euksuhr la[;k
enzkl 98 11 23 132cEcbZ 86 19 9 114caxky 114 16 10 140la;qDr çkar 100 17 6 123iatkc 71 15 8 94fcgkj&mM+hlk 76 15 12 103eè; çkar 55 10 8 73vle 39 7 7 53m-i- lhek çkar 39 7 7 53
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 72
ctV osQ fo"k; esa ;g dgk x;k fd ljdkj foèkku lHkk esamls fofu;ksx ekaxksa osQ :i esa çLrqr djsxhA dqN eqís lHkk osQ erksaij fuHkZj Fks] dqN eqíksa ij cgl gks ldrh Fkh vkSj dqN eqíksa ijcgl ugha Hkh gks ldrh FkhA oksV dks rks NksM+ gh nsaA
vkykspuk % dk;Zdkfj.kh esa ifjorZuksa dk dksbZ egRo ugha FkkA;|fi 8 esa ls 3 Hkkjrh; lnL; rks Fks] ysfdu ,d Hkh egRoiw.kZfoHkkx muosQ vèkhu ugha FkkA ;s lnL; foèkku eaMy osQ çfr HkhmÙkjnk;h ugha FksA ftl ifjfLFkfr esa os Fks] osQoy xouZj osQ gkaesa gka feykus okyh gh FkhA
fo"k;ksa dk foHkktu Hkh Bhd ugha FkkA O;kikj rFkk lEifÙklEcUèkh dkuwu rks osQUnz osQ ikl jgus fn;s x;s] ijUrq vkcdkjh rFkkHkwfe iV~Vs tSls egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; çkar dks ns fn;s x;sA ;|fi çkarh;lwph osQ lHkh fo"k; ç'kklu dh n`f"V ls çkarksa osQ vèkhu Fks] ijUrqdkuwu cukus osQ fy, ,slk ugha FkkA muesa ls dqN osQ fy, tgka,d gh çdkj osQ dkuwu gksus pkfg,] osQoy osQUnz dks gh vfèkdkjFkkA mnkjgj.k osQ fy, LFkkuh; Lo'kklfud fudk;ksa dh dj yxkusrFkk ½.k ysus dh {kerk] flapkbZ] fctyh] dkj[kkus bR;kfn ,slsfo"k; FksA
çeq[k dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ka vHkh Hkh xouZj tujy osQ ikl jghatks Økmu osQ çfrfufèk] Hkkjr lfpo osQ lkFk yxkrkj i=k O;ogkjdjrk FkkA mls vius ik"kZnksa ij iwjk fu;a=k.k Fkk] vFkkZr mldh 'kfDresa dksbZ Hkh deh ugha dh x;hA
;g dFku lR; gS fd bl ,sDV ls osQUnz esa mÙkjnk;h(responsible) ljdkj ugha vfirq vuqfØ;kRed (responsive)
ljdkj cu xbZA dk;Zdkjh ik"kZnksa dks foèkku lHkk dk dksbZ vfo'oklçLrko gVk ugha ldrk Fkk] ijUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha Fkk fd ostks pkgsa djsaA okLro esa mUgksaus dbZ ckj lnu vFkok yksder osQvkxs flj >qdk;kA dqN lnL;ksa dks ljdkj dh LFkk;h lfefr;ksa tSlsfoÙk lfefr vFkok lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr ij fu;qDr fd;k x;k]tgka os ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dks çHkkfor dj ldrs FksA ç'u rFkk iwjdç'u iwNdj vFkok LFkxu çLrko j[kdj ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dksmtkxj dj ldrs FksA os ctV dks vLohdkj dj ldrs Fks rFkkljdkj osQ fo#¼ çLrko ikfjr dj ldrs FksA bl çdkj lclsvfèkd vuqÙkjnk;h dk;Zdkjh ik"kZn Hkh foèkku eaMy dh vuns[kh ughadj ldrk FkkA
(x) çkrksa esa }S/ 'kklu (Dyarchy) dh LFkkiuk %1919 osQ ,sDV ls lcls egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu çkarh; ç'kklu esa vk;kAtSlk fd ek.ViQksMZ fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k Fkk vkSj çLrkouk esa Hkhnqgjk;k x;k FkkA ¶çkar esa mÙkjnk;h ljdkj LFkkfir djus osQ fy,dne mBk, tkus pkfg;s ftlls ge vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dks è;ku esaj[krs gq, mUgsa vfèkdkfèkd oSèkkfud rFkk ç'kklfud Lora=krk çnkudj ldsaA¸ blh mís'; ls çkarksa esa }S/ ç'kklfud ç.kkyh dh LFkkiukdh x;hA blosQ eq[; fcUnq fuEu gSa%
(1) }S/ ç'kklfud ç.kkyh osQ vUrxZr çkarh; fo"k;ksa dks nksHkkxksa esa ckaV fn;k x;k& vkjf{kr (Reserved) vkSj gLrkarfjr(Transfered)A
vkjf{kr fo"k;ksa dk ç'kklu xouZj vius mu ik"kZnksa dhs lgk;rkls djrk Fkk ftUgsasa og euksuhr djrk Fkk vkSj os foèkku eaMy osQçfr mÙkjnk;h ugha FksA
gLrkarfjr fo"k;ksa dk ç'kklu xouZj mu eaf=k;ksa dh lgk;rkls djrk Fkk ftUgsa og fuokZfpr lnL;ksa esa ls fu;qDr djrk FkkA;s yksx lnu osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h Fks] ijUrq xouZj dh bPNk ij ghinksa ij cus jg ldrs FksA lifj"kn jkT; lfpo rFkk lifj"kn xouZjtujy dks bu fo"k;ksa esa gLr{ksi djus dk vfèkdkj cgqr lhferFkkA ijUrq vkjf{kr fo"k;ksa esa ;g vfèkdkj iwoZor cuk jgkA
vkjf{kr fo"k; Fks%& foÙk] Hkwfedj] vdky lgk;rk] U;k;]iqfyl] isU'ku] vkijkfèkd tkfr;ka] Nkik[kkus] lekpkj i=k] flapkbZrFkk tyekxZ] [kkusa] dkj[kkus] fctyh] xSl] Jfed] dY;k.k] vkS|ksfxd>xM+s] eksVjxkfM+;ka] NksVs cUnjxkg] vioftZr {ks=k rFkk lkoZtfudlsok,aA
gLrkarfjr fo"k; Fks %& f'k{kk] iqLrdky;] laxzgky;] LFkkuh;Lok;Ùk 'kklu] fpfdRlk] Ñf"k] lgdkjh lfefr;ka] i'kq fpfdRlklkoZtfud fuekZ.k] vkcdkjh] m|ksx] ekirkSy] euksjatu] èkkfeZd rFkkvxzgkj nku vkfnA
(2) çkarh; foèkku eaMyksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gq,A çkarh; ifj"knksadks vc foèkku ifj"knksa dh laKk nh xbZA mudk vfèkdkj {ks=k c<+kfn;k x;k tks fd lHkh çkarksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu FkkA bu çkarh; ifj"knksaesa de ls de 70 çfr'kr lnL; fuokZfpr gksrs FksA 20 çfr'krls vfèkd 'kkldh; ugha Fks rFkk 'ks"k euksuhr gksrs FksA çkarksa esa la[;kbl çdkj Fkh%
(3) çkarh; foèkku ifj"knksa dh pquko dh fofèk çR;{k(Direct) FkhA çkFkfed ernkrk lnL;ksa dks pqurs Fks] ijarq ernkrkvksaosQ fy, vfèkd laifÙk dh ;ksX;rk,a] lkaçnkf;d rFkk oxhZ; pqukoeaMyksa dks rFkk dqN laçnk;ksa dks fo'ks"k egRo nsuk bu pqukoksa dhfo'ks"krk FkhA
(2) çkarh; foèkku ifj"knksa osQ dk;Z{ks=k esa Hkh foLrkj gqvkAlnL;ksa dks cksyus dk vfèkdkj ,oa Lora=krk FkhA os çLrko çLrqrdj ldrs Fks] ç'u rFkk iwjd ç'u iwN ldrs FksA fdlh Hkh çkarh;fo"k; ij dkuwu cuok ldrs Fks rFkkfi çR;sd ikfjr foèk;sd ijxouZj dh lgefr vko';d FkhA ;|fi lnL; ctV dks HkhvLohdkj dj ldrs Fks rFkkfi xouZj pkgs rks mls mudh vuqefrosQ fcuk Hkh ikfjr dj ldrk FkkA
;g }S/ 'kklu ç.kkyh] tks igyh vçSy 1921 dks vkjaHk dhxbZ] igyh vçSy 1927 rd pyrh jghA ;|fi caxky esa 1924 ls1926 rd vkSj eè; çkar esa 1924 ls 1926 rd ;g dk;Z ughadj ldhA
}S/ 'kklu ç.kkyh ls mRiUu nks"k}S/ 'kklu ç.kkyh ls mRiUu nks"k}S/ 'kklu ç.kkyh ls mRiUu nks"k}S/ 'kklu ç.kkyh ls mRiUu nks"k}S/ 'kklu ç.kkyh ls mRiUu nks"k(1) ç'kklu dks nks Lora=k Hkkxksa esa ckaVuk] jktuhfr osQ fl}kUrksa
rFkk O;ogkj osQ fo#¼ FkkA fo"k;ksa dk vkjf{kr vkSj gLrkarfjr gksukHkh vO;kogkfjd Fkk D;ksafd ea=kh vFkok dk;Zdkjh ik"kZn ,d&nwljsls Lora=k jgdj dk;Z ugha dj ldrs FksA mnkgj.k osQ fy, flapkbZrks vkjf{kr fo"k; Fkk] ij Ñf"k gLrkarfjr_ ijUrq Li"V gS fd nksuksa,d nwljs ls vfHkUu gSaA blh çdkj m|ksx dks tks gLrkarfjr Fkk]ty'kfDr] dkj[kkuksa ,oa [kkuksa tks vkjf{kr Fks] oSQls i`Fkd fd;kldrk FkkA
(2) nksuksa 'kk[kkvksa osQ chp mís'; dh ,drk Hkh ugha gksldrh FkhA mnkgj.k osQ fy, tc flD[k xq#}kjksa dk vkUnksyu pyjgk Fkk rks ç'u 'kkafr vkSj O;oLFkk dk FkkA ijUrq èkkfeZd laLFkku
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 73
pwafd gLrkUrfjr fo"k; Fkk] blfy, 'kkafr vkSj O;oLFkk dks dk;Zdkjhik"kZn dqN ugha dj ldrs FksA dbZ ckj rks ;g Hkh Li"V ugha Fkkfd dkSu lk fo"k; gLrkUrfjr gS vkSj dkSu lk vkjf{krA
(3) çk;% ç'kklu osQ nksuksa Hkkx vkil esa fojksèkh gksrs FksAea=kh yksx turk osQ çfrfufèk Fks vkSj thou osQ fHkUu&fHkUu {ks=kksals vkrs Fks vkSj dk;Zdkjh ik"kZn ukSdj'kkgh osQ yksx gksrs FksA dbZckj os lkoZtfud :i ls ,d nwljs dh vkykspuk djrs Fks vkSjxouZj lnSo dk;Zdkjh ik"kZnksa dk gh leFkZu djrk FkkA
(4) ,d çdkj ls ea=kh dh fLFkfr cgqr xaHkhj FkhA mls nksLokfe;ksa dks çlUu djuk gksrk FkkA xouZj dks tks mls fu;qDr djrkFkk vkSj ftldh bPNk ij og ea=kh cuk jgrk Fkk vkSj foèkkuifj"kn dks tks mls viuk çfrfufèk le>rh Fkh vkSj ftldh bPNkls gh çk;% og ea=kh cuk jg ldrk FkkA vr,o çk;% ea=kh yksxxouZj dh bPNk osQ vuqdwy gh dk;Z djrs FksA pwafd foèkku ifj"knesa dksbZ Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh ny ugha gksrk Fkk] blfy, ea=kh dks viuhfLFkfr lqn`<+ j[kus osQ fy, 'kkld oxZ dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh FkhvkSj ea=kh yksx ljdkj osQ gh i{kikrh gksrs FksA
xoZujksa us Lo;a gh la;qDr mÙkjnkf;Ro dks iuius ugha fn;kAdbZ ckj ea=kh yksx Hkh vkil esa ,d nwljs dh vkykspuk djrs FksA
(5) dbZ egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa esa rks ea=kh ls ea=k.kk Hkh ugha dhtkrh FkhA blosQ vykok eaf=k;ksa dks vius foHkkx ij Hkh iw.kZ fu;a=k.kugha gksrk FkkA foHkkxh; lfpo tks ukSdj'kkgh ls gksrk Fkk] xouZjls lkIrkfgd cSBd djrk FkkA çk;% mldk lq>ko (ea=kh dk ugha)xouZj dks ekU; gksrk FkkA tc dHkh Hkh ea=kh vkSj vfèkdkfj;ksa esaerHksn gksrk Fkk] ekeyk xouZj osQ ikl tkrk] vkSj og vfèkdkjhoxZ dk leZFku djrkA
(6) vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk osru] fuyEcu] inP;qfr vFkokgLrkarj.k Hkkjr lfpo osQ gkFkksa esa FkkA gLrkarfjr foHkkxksa esa dk;Zdjrs gq, Hkh os mlh osQ vèkhu Fks] vr,o os eaf=k;ksa dh jÙkhHkjdh vis{kk ugha djrs FksA
(7) cká :i ls fuekZ.kdkjh foHkkx eaf=k;ksa dks ns fn, x,Fks] ijUrq mlosQ fy, çk;% èku ugha gksrk FkkA vr,o eaf=k;ksa dksfoÙk lnL; osQ ryos pkVus iM+rs Fks vkSj foÙk lnL; vkjf{krfoHkkxksa dh vko';drkvksa dh vksj vfèkd è;ku nsrk Fkk vkSj tcpkgs gLrkarfjr foHkkx osQ dk;Z esa jksM+k vVdk ldrk FkkA
bu lHkh =kqfV;ksa osQ vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh dbZ #dkoVsa FkhaA iatkcesa Hkh"k.k ?kVukvksa osQ dkj.k lkjk okrkoj.k gh nwf"kr gks x;k FkkAo"kkZ osQ vHkko esa lw[kk iM+k rks nwljh vksj e.Mh esa vR;fèkdeUnh vk xbZA blls ljdkj dh vk; ij cgqr cqjk çHkko iM+kAesLVu fu.kZ; osQ vuqlkj çkarksa dks osQUnzh; dks"k esa èku nsuk gksrkFkkA osQUnz viuk iwjk Hkkx ckaVrk Fkk vkSj bl dkj.k foÙkh; ladVvk x;k ftlls çkarh; }S/ 'kklu dks iw.kZ:is.k liQyrk ugha feyhA
leh{kkleh{kkleh{kkleh{kkleh{kkeq[; :i ls bl ,sDV esa rhu =kqfV;ka FkhaA igyh] ;g fd osQUnz
esa vkaf'kd :i ls Hkh mÙkjnk;h ljdkj ugha FkhA nwljh] i`Fkderkfèkdkj dks lqn`<+ fd;k x;k vkSj rhljs] çkarksa esa }S/ 'kklu dksykxw djuk] ftls dk;kZfUor djuk cgqr gh dfBu dk;Z FkkA ijUrqfiQj Hkh ;g ,sDV blls iwoZ dh laoSèkkfud ifjfLFkfr ls fu'p;gh vkxs c<+us okyk ,d ix FkkA blosQ }kjk erkfèkdkj esa dqN
mnkjrk vk;h rFkk lhèks pquko çkjaHk gq,A blosQ vfrfjDr Hkkjrh;ksadks ,d u;k volj feyk fd mudk jktuhfrd çf'k{k.k gks rFkkos 'kkldh; dk;Z dks dqN çHkkfor dj ldsaA
vkjaHk ls gh Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us bls ^fujk'kktud rFkkvlarks"kçn* dh laKk nhA mUgksaus dgk fd çkarksa esa }S/ 'kklu rHkhlgu fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn osQUnz esa Hkh bls ykxw fd;k tk;Adkaxzsl us ;g Hkh xkjaVh ekaxh dh iw.kZ Lok;Ùk 'kklu 15 o"kks± esaykxw fd;k tk,xkA xkjaVh u feyus ij dkaxzsl us 1920 esa vfgalkRedvlg;ksx vkUnksyu vkjEHk dj fn;kA 1923 esa dkaxzsl osQ Lojktny us pqukoksa esa Hkkx fy;k rkfd lafoèkku dks foèkkueaMyksa osQ vUnjls rksM+k tk,A igyk fuokZpu 1920 esa gqvk vkSj }S/ 'kklu 1921ls 1937 rd 9 çkarksa esa pyrk jgkA osQoy caxky esa 1924 ls1927 rFkk eè; çkar esa 1924 ls 1926 rd fuyfEcr jgkA ;gBhd gS fd }S/ 'kklu Hkík] Hkzee; rFkk tfVy Fkk vkSj bldkvliQy gksuk fuf'pr FkkA ijUrq bl ç;ksx dks loZFkk fu"iQy ughadg ldrsA yksdfç; eaf=k;ksa us LFkkuh; fudk;ksa] f'k{kk rFkk lektlqèkkjksa dh vksj è;ku fn;kA ijUrq lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g Fkh fdvaxzstks dk ;g dFku fd Hkkjrh; Lo'kklu osQ ;ksX; ugha] vlR;fl¼ gks x;kA ;g laoSèkkfud vuqHko muosQ fy, cgqr gh ykHkçnrFkk çksRlkgu nsus okyk FkkA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;� dkaxzsl osQ 1916 osQ çLrko esa dgk x;k Fkk fd] ¶Hkkjr ij
'kklu fnYyh vkSj f'keyk ls gksuk pkfg, u fd OgkbZVgky rFkkMkmfuax LVªhV lsA¸
� 1919 osQ vfèkfu;e }kjk ^vkaf'kd mÙkjnkf;Ro* osQ fl¼kUr dksviuk;k x;kA
� bl vfèkfu;e dk tUenkrk Hkkjr lfpo ekW.VsX;w rFkk Hkkjrh;xouZj tujy psEliQksMZ FksA
� çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ le; fczfV'k çèkkuea=kh ykW;M tktZ us ;g?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd] ¶lHkh jk"Vªkas dks viuk&viuk HkkX; fu.kZ;djus dk vfèkdkj gksxkA¸ fe=k jk"Vªksa us Hkh ,syku fd;k fd¶os futh LokFkks± osQ fy, ;q¼ ugha yM+ jgs gSa] vfirq lalkjosQ tura=k dh j{kk osQ fy, gh mUgksaus ;q¼ esa ços'k fd;k gSA¸
� fofy;e M~;wd] tks caxky dk HkwriwoZ ysfÝVusaV xouZj rFkk Hkkjrh;ifj"kn dk lnL; Fkk] us 1915 esa viuh ;kpuk i=k esa çkarksaesa }S/ 'kklu ykxw djus dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA
� ^ekWVsX;w dh ?kks"k.kk* 20 vxLr] 1917 dks yksdlHkk esa nh x;h]bls ^vxLr ?kks"k.kk* (August Declaration) Hkh dgrs gSaA¶lezkV ljdkj dh uhfr] ftlls Hkkjr ljdkj iw.kZr% lger gS];g gS fd Hkkjrh; 'kklu osQ çR;sd foHkkx esa Hkkjrh;ksa dklEioZQ mÙkjksÙkj c<+s vkSj mÙkjnk;h 'kklu ç.kkyh dh èkhjs&èkhjsfodkl gks] ftlls fd vfèkdkfèkd çxfr djrs gq, Lo'kkluç.kkyh Hkkjr esa LFkkfir gks vkSj fczfV'k lkezkT; osQ vax osQ:i esa jgsA¸
� vfèkfu;e osQ Lej.kh; micaèk%(1) Hkkjr jkT; lfpo dk osru vc vaxzsth jktLo ls(2) ,d u;s inkfèkdkjh ^Hkkjrh; mPp vk;qDr* dh fu;qfDr(3) fo"k;ksa dk osQUnz rFkk çkarksa osQ eè; caVokjk(4) osQUnz esa f}lnuh; O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk& jkT; ifj"kn rFkk
osQUnzh; foèkku ifj"kn nksuksa esa fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dk cgqerA(5) çkarksa esa }S/ 'kklu dh LFkkiukA
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(6) çkarh; ifj"knksa dks vc foèkku ifj"knksa dh laKk nh xbZA çkarh;foèkku ifj"knksa dh pquko dh fofèk çR;{k (direct) FkhA
� }S/ 'kklu ç.kkyh osQ vUrZxr 1920 esa pquko gq, ftlesa dkaxzslosQ Lojkt ny us fgLlk fy;kA ;g ç.kkyh igyh vçSy] 1921ls igyh vçSy] 1927 rd pyrh jghA ;|fi caxky vkSj eè;çkar esa ;g dqN o"kZ fuyfEcr jghA
� Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us bls ^fujk'kktud rFkk vlarks"kçn* dhlaKk nhA
� eq[; :i ls bl ,sDV dh rhu =kqfV;ka Fkha%(1)osQUnz esa vkaf'kd :i ls Hkh mÙkjnk;h ljdkj ughaA(2)i`Fkd erkfèkdkj dks lqn`<+ fd;k tkukA(3)çkarksa esa }S/ 'kklu dks ykxw djukA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 75
Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e] (1935 bZ-)Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e] (1935 bZ-)Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e] (1935 bZ-)Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e] (1935 bZ-)Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e] (1935 bZ-)
ljdkj }kjk ikfjr 1935 dk vfèkfu;e ,d O;kid nLrkostFkkA blosQ }kjk Hkkjr esa ,d la?k cukus dh ;kstuk cuk;h x;hAx`g 'kklu esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu fd;s x;sA osQUnz esa }Sèk 'kklu dhO;oLFkk dh xbZA ok;ljk; ;k xouZj tujy dks O;kid vfèkdkjçnku fd;s x;sA osQUnz osQ gh leku çkarksa esa Hkh f}lnukRed foèkkueaMyksa dh jpuk gqbZ] gkykafd dqN çkarksa esa ,d gh lnu j[kk Xk;kAernku dk lhfer vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA çkarksa dks Lok;Ùkrk çnku dhx;h] ns'kh fj;klrksa dks ;g vfèkdkj fn;k x;k fd vxj os pkgasrks Hkkjrh; la?k esa lfEefyr gkasA ewyr% ;s lkjs lqèkkj Hkkjrh;ksa dksmQijh rkSj ij larq"V djus osQ fy, fd;s x;s Fks] iQyr% bu lqèkkjksaij Hkkjrh;ksa dh fofHkUu çfrfØ;k,a gqbZA
vfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksusvfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksusvfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksusvfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksusvfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksusdh ifjfLFkfr;kadh ifjfLFkfr;kadh ifjfLFkfr;kadh ifjfLFkfr;kadh ifjfLFkfr;ka
dkaxzsl us 1919 osQ ekWUViQksMZ lqèkkjksa dks ¶vi;kZZIr] vlarks"ktudrFkk fujk'kkiw.kZ crk;kA blus fnlEcj 1921 esa vlg;ksx vkUnksyuvkjaHk fd;k ftlesa osQUnzh; rFkk çkarh; foèkku eaMyksa dk cfg"dkjHkh lfEefyr FkkA ;|fi 1922 esa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dh okilhosQ ckn dkaxzsl osQ LojkTk ny us 1923 ds pquko esa fgLlk fy;krFkkfi os pquko esa fgLlk foèkku eaMyksa dks vanj ls rksM+us osQ fy,fy;sA bl çdkj 1919 osQ lqèkkjksa dks vkjaHk ls gh fojksèkksa dk lkeukdjuk iM+kA
Lojkt ny osQ dk;Z % vkxs pydj 1919 osQ ,sDV dkfojksèk c<+rk gh x;kA mnkjoknh yksx Hkh] tks lnSo ljdkj dkslg;ksx nsus osQ fy, rS;kj jgrs Fks] bu lqèkkjksa dks vi;kZIr vkSjvlarks"ktud ekuus yxsA dqN dkaxzslh usrkvksa us] ftuesa eksrh ykyusg: vkSj lh-vkj-nkl çeq[k Fks] Lojkt ny dh uhao j[khA Lojktny dk mís'; Fkk fd foèkku eaMyksa esa tkdj lafoèkku dks u"VdjksA ,slk djks fd lHkk vkSj ifj"knksa }kjk ljdkj pykuk vlaHkogks tk,A 1923 osQ pquko esa Lojkt ny dks caxky vkSj eè; çkaresa iw.kZ cgqer feyk vkSj dbZ çkarksa esa ;g lcls cM+s ny osQ :iesa lkeus vk;kA vius pkrq;Z ls mUgksaus ljdkj osQ ik[kaM dkHkaMkiQksM+ dj MkykA
lkbeu vk;ksx (1927&30) % fczfV'k ljdkj us 1919osQ vfèkfu;e dks ikfjr djrs le; ;g ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd os 10o"kZ osQ i'pkr bu lqèkkjksa dh leh{kk djsaxsA ijUrq mUgksaus uoEcj1927 esa gh lj lkbeu dh vè;{krk esa bldh leh{kk osQ fy,,d vk;ksx fu;qDr dj fn;kA dqN yksxksa dk fopkj gS fd ;g'kh?kzrk dkaxzsl osQ vkUnksyu osQ dkj.k gqbZ vkSj nwljh vksj ;g fopkjgS fd ykMZ cdsZugSM dk :f<+oknh ny ;g ugha pkgrk Fkk fd ;gvk;ksx mnkjoknh ljdkj] tks laHkor% u;s pquko esa lÙkk:<+ gksxh]
cuk,A lkbeu vk;ksx fjiksVZ tks 1930 esa çdkf'kr gqbZ mlosQ eq[;lq>ko fuEu Fks%(1)çkarh; {ks=k esa lHkh {ks=kksa esa mÙkjnk;h ljdkj xfBr dh tk,A(2)osQUnz esa mÙkjnk;h ljdkj osQ xBu dk le; vHkh ugha vk;k
gSA(3)osQUnzh; foèkku eaMy dks iquxZfBr fd;k tk, ftlesa la?kh;
Hkkouk gks vkSj lnL; ijks{k (indirect) i¼fr ls çkarh; foèkkueaMyksa }kjk pqus tk;saAusg: fjiksVZ&1928 % lHkh Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd nyksa us
loZnyh; lHkk cqyk;h] ftlesa if.Mr eksrhyky usg: dh vè;{krkesa fu;qDr ,d lfefr us Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk loZvuqeksfnr :i çLrqrfd;kA usg: desVh osQ eq[; lq>ko Fks&lkaçnkf;d pquko i¼fr dksR;kxdj vYila[;dksa osQ fy, tula[;k osQ vkèkkj ij vkj{k.k] ,dbdkbZ okyk lafoèkku leLr Hkkjr osQ fy, rFkk çkarksa esa iw.kZ çknsf'kdLok;Ùkrk@eqfLye yhx us Hkh ftUuk }kjk çfrikfnr 14 lw=k esa viusvkj{k.k çLrqr fd;sA
ykMZ bfoZu dh ?kks"k.kk&1929 % vDVwcj 1929 esa ykMZbfoZu us jSEts eSdMksuYM dh uoxfBr ljdkj ls ea=k.kk djus osQi'pkr ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd] ¶Hkkjr dh mUufr dk vafre pj.k^Mksfefu;u LVsVl* çkIr djuk gSA¸ blosQ vfrfjDr ;g Hkh ?kks"k.kkdh fd baXySaM esa ,d xksyest dkaÚsUl esa foospuk dh tk,xh ftlesavaxzsth ljdkj] Hkkjrh; vaxzsth çns'k] rFkk Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa osQçfrfufèk Hkkx ysaxsA
xksyest dkaÚsl (1930&32) % xksy est dkaÚsUl tksØe'k% 1930] 1931 rFkk 1932 esa gq,A dkaxzsl ml le; lfou;voKk vkUnksyu pyk jgk Fkk] xkaèkh&bfoZu iSDV osQ ckn fliQZ nwljslEesyu esa Hkkx fy;kA dkaxzsl dk çfrfufèkRo xkaèkh th }kjk fd;kx;kA bu dkaÚsUlksa esa ftu eqíksa ij lgefr gqbZ os fuEu gaS%(1)Hkkjr dh u;h ljdkj dk :i vf[ky Hkkjrh; la?k gksuk pkfg,A(2)la?kh; ljdkj dqN vkj{k.kksa osQ lkFk] foèkku eaMy osQ çfr
mÙkjnk;h gksA(3);fn Hkkjrh; çfrfufèk eaMy lkaçnkf;d my>u dks u lqy>k
ldsa] rks çkarksa dks çkarh; Lo'kklu feyuk pkfg,AfczfV'k çèkkuea=kh us vyx fuokZpd eaMyksa dks cuk, j[kk vkSj
fiQj 1932 esa viuk çfl¼ lkaçnkf;d fu.kZ; (Communal Award)
? k k s f " kr fd;k ftlo s Q vu qlkj çk ar h; rFk k o s Q Un z h;foèkku eaMyksa esa lhVksa dk foHkktu lkaçnkf;d vuqikr ls djus dkç;Ru fd;k x;kA lcls çeq[k ckr ;g Fkh fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksad k s H k hfHk laçnk; ekudj vkjf{kr LFkku fn, x,A egkRek xkaèkh us blvU;k; dks jí djokus osQ fy, vkej.k vu'ku j[kk vkSj vUr
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esa iwuk le>kSrk osQ vuqlkj blesa FkksM+k lk ifjorZu dj fn;kA vFkkZrvuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ fy, fgUnw leqnk; osQ vUrxZr lhVksa osQ vkj{k.kdh O;oLFkk dh x;hA
vfèkfu;e osQ eq[; micaèk % 1935 dk Hkkjr 'kkluvfèkfu;e cgqr yEck vkSj tfVy FkkA vfèkfu;e esa 451 èkkjk,a vkSj15 ifjf'k"V FksA vfèkfu;e osQ brus yEcs vkSj isphnk gksus dk ewydkj.k ;g Fkk fd ,d vksj rks Hkkjr esa c<+rh gqbZ jk"Vªh;rk osQdkj.k Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dks lÙkk dk i;kZIr gLrkarj.k vko';d gksx;k Fkk] nwljh vksj fczfV'k ljdkj 'kfDr gLrkarj.k osQ lkFk&lkFkvius fgrksa dh j{kk dh iwjh O;oLFkk dj ysuk pkgrh FkhA blvfèkfu;e osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr elfonksa dh lgk;rk yh x;h&(1)lkbeu vk;ksx fjiksVZ(2)loZnyh; dkaÚsUl (usg: lfefr) fjiksVZ ,oa ftÂk dk 14 lw=k(3)rhuksa xksyest dkaÚsUl esa gq, okn&fookn(4)'osr i=k(5)la;qDr çoj lfefr fjiksVZ(6)yksfFk;u fjiksVZ ftlesa pquko lacaèkh çkoèkkuksa dk fooj.k FkkA
bl vfèkfu;e osQ rhu çeq[k vax gSa%(i) vf[ky Hkkjrh; la?k(ii) laj{k.kksa lfgr mÙkjnk;h ljdkj(iii) fHkUu&fHkUu lkaçnkf;d rFkk vU; oxks± osQ fy, i`Fkd çfrfufèkRo
la?kh; <kapkla?kh; <kapkla?kh; <kapkla?kh; <kapkla?kh; <kapk(The Federal Structure)
(1) çLrkfor la?k % 1935 osQ vfèkfu;e }kjk ;g O;oLFkkdh xbZ Fkh fd fczfV'k çkarksa vkSj ns'kh fj;klrksa dks feykdj ,dla?k dh LFkkiuk dh tk;A ;g la?k 11 fczfV'k çkarksa] 6 phiQdfe'uj osQ {ks=kksa vkSj mu ns'kh fj;klrksa ls feydj cuuk Fkk] tksla?k esa lfEefyr gksuk Lohdkj djsA çLrkfor la?k esa Hkkjrh; çkarksarFkk phiQ dfe'uj (eq[; vk;qDr) osQ çkarksa dks lfEefyr gksukvfuok;Z Fkk] ijUrq Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dk la?k esa 'kkfey gksuk mudhbPNk ij fuHkZj FkkA blfy, la?k ml le; rd vfLrRo esa ughavk ldrk Fkk tc rd fd&(1)de ls de leLr ns'kh fj;klrksa dh dqy tula[;k dh vkèkh
tula[;k] dh ns'kh fj;klrksa osQ 'kkld lfEefyr u gksaA(2)la?kh; O;oLFkkfidk osQ mPp lnu esa] ns'kh fj;klrksa osQ fy,
fuèkkZfjr 104 LFkkuksa esa de ls de 52 çfrfufèk Hkstus dkvfèkdkj lfEefyr u gksA
(3)ftu 'krks± ij ;s fj;klrsa lfEefyr gksrh Fkha os Hkh lc ços'ki=k (Instrument of Accession) esa fy[k nh tkrh FkhaA pwafd ;gugha gqvk] vr% la?k vfLrRo esa ugha vk;kA(2)la?kh; dk;Zdkfj.kh esa }Sèk 'kklu % ftl }Sèk 'kklu
dks lkbeu vk;ksx us çkarksa esa vokaNuh; crk;k Fkk og osQUnzh;dk;Zdkfj.kh osQ fy, fuf'pr fd;k x;kA la?kh; fo"k;ksa esa ls j{kk]fons'kh ekeys] èkkfeZd ekeys rFkk tutkfr&{ks=k xouZj tujy osQgkFk esa lqjf{kr j[ks x;s] ftudk ç'kklu og vfèkdkfèkd rhudk;Zdkjh ik"kZnksa dh lgk;rk ls pyk,xkA tks og Lo;a euksuhr djsxkvkSj tks osQoy mlh osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h gksxkA
'ks"k la?kh; foHkkx xouZj tujy vfèkdkfèkd 10 eaf=k;ksa dhlgk;rk ls pyk,xk vkSj ;s ea=kh la?kh; foèkku eaMy osQ çfrmÙkjnk;h gksaxsA
blosQ vfrfjDr dqN fo"k; ,sls Hkh Fks ftlds fy, xouZjtujy osQ fo'ks"k mÙkjnkf;Ro Fks] tSls fd ns'k dh 'kkafr dks [krjkbR;kfn] ftlesa og eaf=k;ksa dh ea=k.kk Lohdkj djus dks ckè; ughaFkkA
(3) xouZj tujy dh 'kfDr;ka % osQUnz esa xouZj ghleLr lafoèkku dk osQUnz fcUnq FkkA og fHkUu&fHk rFkk çk;% fojksèkhrRoksa dks ,d lw=k esa ckaèkus okyk rFkk mUgsa fn'kk fn[kykus okykO;fDr FkkA mldh rhu eq[; Hkwfedk FkhA(d) mls çk;% eaf=k;ksa osQ ijke'kZ ls gh dk;Z djuk gksrk FkkA([k) mls dqN fo"k;ksa esa O;fDrxr fu.kZ; ysus dk Hkh vfèkdkj Fkk]
ftlesas og eaf=k;ksa osQ ijke'kZ Lohdkj djs ;k u djsA ftufo"k;ksa esa og O;fDrxr fu.kZ; ys ldrk Fkk] os Fks&
(i) ns'k dh foÙkh; fLFkfr vkSj lk[k dh j{kk djukA(ii) Hkkjr ;k mlosQ fdlh Hkkx dh 'kkafr dh j{kkA(iii) vYila[;dksa ,oa ljdkjh lsodksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kkA(iv) vaxzsth vkSj cehZ eky osQ fo#¼ fdlh HksnHkko ls j{kk djukA(v) Hkkjrh; jktkvksa osQ fgrksa rFkk çfr"Bk dh j{kk djukA(vi) viuh foosdkèkhu 'kfDr;ksa dh j{kk djuk bR;kfnA(x) rhljh Hkwfedk esa og dqN fo"k;ksa esa vius eaf=k;ksa dks iwNs
fcuk vius foosdkèkhu 'kfDr ls dksbZ Hkh dk;Z dj ldrk FkkA;s fo"k; Fks&
(i) j{kk] fons'kh ekeys] èkkfeZd ekeys rFkk tutkfr {ks=k] ftlosQfy, mls vfèkdkfèkd rhu dk;Zdkjh ik"kZn fu;qDr djus FksA
(ii) eaf=kifj"kn dh fu;qfDr rFkk mls Hkax djukA(iii) vfèkfu;e cukus rFkk vè;kns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDrA(iv) ,sls enkas dk fu;a=k.k ftu ij ernku ugha gks ldrk Fkk tks
fd ctV dk 80» FkkA(v) xouZjksa dks vkns'k nsuk tks mlosQ fo'ks"k mÙkjnkf;Ro FksA(vi) nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr cSBd] foèkku eaMy dks fn;k tkus okyk
Hkk"k.k vFkok mldks feyh foèks;d osQ fo"k; esa lans'k HkstukA(vii)fo'ks"k çdkj osQ foèks;dksa dks osQUnzh; rFkk çkarh; foèkku eaMyksa
esa çLrqr djus osQ iwoZ LohÑfr çnku djuk vFkok fdlh foèks;dij viuh LohÑfr çnku u djosQ mls egkefge lezkV dhLohÑfr osQ fy, Hkstuk bR;kfnA(4) la?kh; foèkku eaMy % ;g Hkh f}lnuh; gksuk Fkk]
jkT; ifj"kn (Council of States) vkSj la?kh; lHkk (Federal
Assembly)AjkT; ifj"kn ,d LFkk;h lHkk Fkh vkSj mlosQ 1@3 lnL; çR;sd
rhu o"kZ osQ i'pkr pqus tkus FksA blesa 260 lnL; gksuss Fks] ftuesa156 çkarksa ls pqus gq, çfrfufèk vkSj vfèkdkfèkd 104 fj;klrksa osQçfrfufèk gksus Fks] ftUgsa lEc¼ jktkvksa dks euksuhr djuk FkkA
la?kh; lHkk ftldh vofèk 5 o"kZ Fkh blesa 375 lnL; gksusFks] ftuesa çkarksa osQ 250 lnL; rFkk fj;klrksa osQ vfèkdkfèkd 125lnL; gksus FksA
vaxzsth çkarksa osQ lnL; çkarh; foèkku ifj"knksa }kjk pqus tkusFks vkSj fj;klrksa osQ lnL; jktkvksa }kjk euksuhr fd;s tkus FksA
bl lacaèk esa ;g Lej.k jgs fd ;g ,d fofp=k O;oLFkk FkhvkSj yksdra=k dh lkèkkj.k jhfr osQ foijhr Fkh fd mQijh lnu dkpquko lhèkk ernkrkvksa }kjk fd;k tk, vkSj fuEu lnu&tks fdvfèkd egRoiw.kZ Fkk] mldk pquko vçR;{k gksA blh çdkj jktkvksa
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 77
dks mQijh lnu osQ 40 çfr'kr vkSj fuEu lnu osQ 33 çfr'kr lnL;euksuhr djus FksA
blh çdkj fo"k;ksa dk caVokjk fd;k x;kA osQUnzh; lwph] çkarh;lwph vkSj leorhZ lwph cukbZ xbZA osQUnz osQUnzh; fo"k; ij leLrHkkjr osQ fy, dkuwu cuk ldrk Fkk vkSj çkar çkarh; fo"k;ksa ijAleorhZ lwph esa nksuksa dks dkuwu cukus dh Lora=krk Fkh] exj erHksndh fLFkfr esa osQUnzh; dkuwu gh ekU; gksrsA vof'k"V foèkku 'kfDr;kaxouZj tujy esa osQfUnzr FkhA
blh çdkj foèkku eaMy dh 'kfDr;ka Hkh lhfer FkhaA dqN fo'ks"kfo"k; mldh ifjfèk ls nwj j[ks x;s FksA mnkgj.k ds fy, vaxsztksads O;kikfjd ,oa vU; fgrksa ds fo#¼ dkuwu cukus dh eukgh FkhbR;kfnA la?kh; ctV dk 80 çfr'kr ,slk èku Fkk ftl ij foèkkueaMy] erkfèkdkj dk ç;ksx ugha dj ldrk Fkk vkSj ;fn dksbZ ,slken gks ftldks foèkku lHkk us vLohdkj dj fn;k gks] rks Hkh xouZjtujy ;fn pkgs rks mls og jkT; ifj"kn osQ lEeq[kj[k ldrk FkkA ;fn nksuksa lnuksa esa vlgefr gks rks xouZj tujynksuksa lnuksa dk la;qDr vfèkos'ku cqyk ldrk Fkk vkSj dksbZ foèks;dLohÑr Hkh gks tk, rks Hkh xouZj tujy vius fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dkç;ksx dj ldrk Fkk vFkok mls iqufoZpkj osQ fy, Hkst ldrk FkkvFkok lezkV osQ le{k fopkj osQ fy, j[k ldrk FkkA xouZj tujyosQ vius LohÑr vfèkfu;eksa dks Hkh lifj"kn lezkV (King in
Council) vLohdkj dj ldrk FkkA bl çdkj Hkkjrh; la?kh; foèkkueaMy dks çHkqlÙkk lEiUu foèkku eaMy cukus dk dksbZ fopkj ughaFkkA ;g Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa la'kksèku ugha dj ldrk FkkA ;gvfèkdkj osQoy fczfV'k laln osQ ikl jgkA
çkarh; Lok;Ùkrkçkarh; Lok;Ùkrkçkarh; Lok;Ùkrkçkarh; Lok;Ùkrkçkarh; Lok;Ùkrk(Provincial Autonomy)
(1) çkarh; dk;Zdkfj.kh % cká :i ls çkarksa dks Lok;Ùkrkns nh x;h Fkh] ijUrq okLro esa leLr dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ka xouZj osQikl FkhaA mls Hkh yxHkx xouZj tujy tSlh gh 'kfDr;ka feyh FkhaA
çkar dk leLr dk;Z xouZj tujy dks pqus gq, lnL;ksa esa lscuk;s x;s eaf=keaMy dh lgk;rk ls pykuk gksrk FkkA ;g eaf=keaMyHkh xouZj dh bPNk ls gh vius in ij cuk jg ldrk Fkk vkSjbl çdkj ls mls xouZj rFkk foèkku lHkk osQ çfr nksgjk mÙkjnkf;RofuHkkuk gksrk FkkA xouZj tujy dh Hkkafr u osQoy oSèkkfud eqf[k;kosQ :i esa eaf=k;ksa osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrk Fkk cfYddqN fo"k;ksa esa mldk fo'ks"k mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh FkkA xouZj vius^O;fDrxr fu.kZ;* vkSj viuh ^foosdkèkhu 'kfDr;ksa* osQ vuqlkj Hkhdk;Z dj ldrk FkkA fdl ç'u ij mls vius O;fDrxr fu.kZ; vFkokfoosdkèkhu 'kfDr;ksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djuk gS] mldk fu.kZ; Hkh ogLo;a foosdkèkhu 'kfDr;ksa ls gh djsxk vFkkZr ge dg ldrs gaS fd¶eaf=keaMyh; mÙkjnkf;Ro¸ dh O;k[;k ogh Fkh tks xouZj dj ysApkgs rks leLr Hkkj eaf=k;ksa ij Mky ns vkSj pkgs rks viuh fo'ks"k'kfDr;ksa dk ç;ksx djosQ leLr 'kfDr vius ikl j[k ysA
xouZj osQ ikl cgqr lh 'kfDr Fkh ftuesa ctV dk yxHkx40 çfr'kr Hkkx ftl ij ernku ugha gks ldrk Fkk] ml ij fu;a=k.kvkSj cgqr ls dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr;ka lfEefyr FkhaA og eaf=k;ksadks inP;qr dj ldrk Fkk vkSj xouZjksa us ,slk fd;k HkhA ;fn ogvuqHko djs fd çkar dk ç'kklu lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj ugha pyk;ktk ldrk] rks og çkar dk 'kklu iw.kZr;k vius gkFk esa ys ldrk
FkkA blls ;g yxrk gS fd xouZj vkSj xouZj tujy dh foosdkèkhu'kfDr;ksa vkSj muosQ fo'ks"k mÙkjnkf;Ro ,sls Fks fd ftuls mÙkjnk;hljdkj rks osQoy ukeek=k dks jg tkrh FkhA fiQj Hkh blesa dksbZlUnsg ugha fd bl vfèkfu;e osQ vuqlkj eaf=k;ksa dh fLFkfr 1919osQ vfèkfu;e ls vfèkd vPNh FkhA çkarksa esa vc dksbZ vkjf{kr foHkkxugha FksA vU; eaf=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr eq[;ea=kh osQ lq>ko ij gh gksrhFkh vkSj mls foèkku lHkk dk fo'okl çkIr gksrk FkkA xouZj dks;g ns[kuk gksrk Fkk fd vYla[;dksa dks Hkh çfrfufèkRo feysAokLrfod O;ogkj esa ge ns[krs gSa fd eaf=k;ksa rFkk xouZj osQ O;fDrRoij cgqr dqN fuHkZj gksrk FkkA
(2) çkarh; foèkku eaMy % çkarh; foèkku eaMyksa dhvkdkj rFkk jpuk vyx&vyx çkarksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu FkhA dqN çkarksaesa f}lnuh; O;oLFkk Hkh FkhA mPp lnu dks foèkku ifj"kn dgrsFks vkSj muosQ oqQN lnL; xouZj }kjk euksuhr fd;s tkrs FksA
foèkku ifj"knksa dk micaèk 6 çkarksa osQ fy, FkkA foèkku ifj"kndh lnL; la[;k caxky esa 75] enzkl esa 56] la;qDr çkar esa 60]cEcbZ vkSj fcgkj esa 30] vkSj vle esa 22 FkhA
foèkku lHkkvksa esa LFkkuksa dh la[;k bl çdkj Fkh& vle&108]mÙkj if'peh lhek çkar 50] mM+hlk rFkk flUèk esa 60] eè;çkar&112] fcgkj&152 iatkc vkSj cEcbZ esa&175] enzkl&215] la;qDrçkar&228 rFkk caxky esa 250A
(3) lkaçnkf;d çfrfufèkRo % bl vfèkfu;e dh ,dfo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd lkaçnkf;d rFkk vU; oxks± dks i`Fkd çfrfufèkRofn;k x;kA bl çdkj lkèkkj.k] eqfLye] ;wjksih;] ,saXyks bf.M;u]Hkkjrh; blkbZ vkSj fl[k osQ fy, fHkUu&fHkUu ernkrk e.My cuk;sx;sA tgka bu vYial[;dksa osQ fy, LFkku ugha Fks vFkok os i`FkdfuokZpu {ks=k osQ ernkrk ugha Fks] mUgsa lkèkkj.k fuokZpu {ks=k esaernku nsus dk vfèkdkj FkkA lkèkkj.k LFkkuksa esa ls dqN LFkkuvuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr FksA mu fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa ,dvkSj Hkh O;oLFkk viuk;h xbZA ogka vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ ernkrk]pkj çR;kf'k;ksa dk fuokZpu djrs Fks vkSj fiQj os pkjksa çR;k'khlkèkkj.k fuokZpu {ks=k ls [kM+s gksrs Fks vkSj lkèkkj.k rFkk vuqlwfprernkrk feydj muesa ls fdlh ,d dk fuokZpu djrs FksA vledks NksM+ 'ks"k çns'kksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu tkfr;ksa osQ fy, Hkh LFkku fu;rfd;s x;sA blh çdkj Jfedksa] Hkwfeifr;ksa vkSj okf.kT; vkSj m|ksxosQ fy, Hkh i`Fkd&i`Fkd LFkku FksA bl O;oLFkk us u fliQZ yksxksadks ckaVk cfYd vkxs pydj ns'k dks Hkh ckaV fn;kA
bl vfèkfu;e dh vU; èkkjk,a(I) bl vfèkfu;e osQ vuqlkj ,d la?kh; U;k;ky; dh O;oLFkk
dh x;h ftldks lafoèkku dh O;k[;k dk çkFkfed (original)
rFkk iqufoZpkj (appellate) vfèkdkj {ks=k fn;k x;k FkkA vafrefu.kZ; nsus dk vfèkdkj blosQ ikl ugha cfYd fçoh dkSaflydks FkkA
(II) ;g u;k lafoèkku vuE; (rigid) FkkA blesa la'kksèku dk vfèkdkjosQoy fczfV'k laln dks gh FkkA Hkkjrh; foèkku eaMy osQoyçLrko }kjk lafoèkku la'kksèku dk fopkj çdV dj ldrk FkkA
(III);|fi çkarh; Lok;Ùkrk vkSj osQUnz esa vkaf'kd mÙkjnk;h ljdkj}kjk x`g ljdkj dk Hkkjr ij fu;a=k.k de gks x;k Fkk] ijUrqtgka xouZj tujy vkSj xouZj vius O;fDrxr fu.kZ; ;kfoosdkèkhu 'kfDr;ksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrk Fkk rks og lhèksHkkjr jkT; lfpo osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h FkkA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 78
(IV)mu fo"k;ksa osQ vfrfjDr tks Hkkjrh; fj;klrsa vius ços'k i=k}kjk la?k dks ns ns] fj;klrksa osQ Økmu osQ çfr 'ks"k lHkhmÙkjnkf;Ro mlh çdkj cus jgs vkSj bu lcdks Økmu osQçfrfufèk xouZj tujy osQ çfr fuHkkus ij ckè; FkhA
(V) Hkkjr jkT; lfpo dh ifj"kn lekIr dj nh xbZ vkSj mls ea=k.kknsus osQ fy, dqN ijke'kZnkrk ns fn;s x;sA ijUrq og mldkijke'kZ ekuus dks ckè; ugha FkkA bl ifj"kn dks lekIr djusdk ,d dkj.k ;g Fkk fd Hkkjr dk yksder bl ifj"kn dkdM+k fojksèk djrk FkkA
(VI)bl vfèkfu;e osQ }kjk cekZ dks Hkkjr ls i`Fkd dj fn;k x;kAvnu dks Hkkjr ljdkj osQ fu.kZ; ls eqDr djosQ baXySaM osQvkSifuosf'kd dk;kZy; osQ vèkhu dj fn;k x;kA ;|fi cjkjosQ mQij gSnjkckn osQ futke dh ukeek=k dh lÙkk Lohdkj djyh xbZ] ijUrq mldks 'kklu dh n`f"V ls eè; çkar dk vaxcuk fn;k x;kAewY;kadu % tokgj yky usg: us bl vfèkfu;e osQ lacaèk
esa fcYdqy Bhd gh dgk Fkk fd ¶;g vfèkfu;e rks nklrk dk?kks"k.kk i=k gSA¸ oLrqr% ;g ,d ,slk vfèkfu;e Fkk ftlus Hkkjrh;ksadks 'kfDr nsus osQ cnys lEiw.kZ 'kfDr vaxzstksa osQ gkFk esa gh j[khFkhA blesa çLrkfor la?k dh :ijs[kk ,slh cuk;h x;h gS fd fdlhHkh çdkj dk okLrfod fodkl vlaHko gks tk,A 1935 osQ vfèkfu;eesa ftl vf[ky Hkkjrh; la?k dk çLrko fd;k x;k Fkk] ;|fi mlesala?k osQ lHkh vkèkkjHkwr y{k.k tSls 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu] fyf[krvkSj dBksj lafoèkku ,oa fu"i{k U;kf;d lÙkk dh LFkkiuk fo|ekuFks] ysfdu blosQ lkFk gh blesa dqN ,sls xaHkhj nks"k Fks ftuosQ dkj.k;g Lohdk;Z ugha gks ldrk FkkA la?k esa vkdkj] tula[;k] egRovkSj jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh n`f"V ls furkUr fHkUu çdkj dh bdkb;ksaosQ esy dk ç;Ru fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjrh; O;oLFkkfidk dks foèkkuesa la'kksèku djus dk vfèkdkj ugha Fkk vkSj blls Hkh vfèkdvkifÙktud ckr ;g Fkh fd vo'ks"k 'kfDr;ka xouZj osQ ikl FkhaA
çkarh; O;oLFkkfidk osQ lHkh lnL; fuokZfpr gksrs Fks vkSjdk;Zikfydk dks O;oLFkkfidk osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h cuk;k x;k FkkAerkfèkdkj dk Hkh foLrkj fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu okLro esa ;g lc,d Hkze ek=k FkkA xouZj tujy vkSj xouZjksa osQ O;kid o fo'ks"kmÙknkf;Roksa osQ dkj.k çkarh; Lo'kklu ,d etkd cudj jg x;kFkkA çkarh; 'kklu dh okLrfod èkqjh eq[;ea=kh ugha oju lezkV }kjkfu;qDr vkSj mldk çfrfufèk xouZj gh FkkA mi;qZDr dkj.kksa ls ghiafMr tokgjyky usg: us bls] ¶vuSfPNd] vçtkrkaf=kd vkSjvjk"Vªoknh¸ lafoèkku dh laKk nh rFkk bl ,sDV dks] ¶vusd czsdksaokyh exj batu jfgr¸ e'khu dh laKk nhA caxky osQ eq[;ea=khiQT+ky mY+k gd us dgk fd] ¶u rks ;g fgUnw jkt gS vkSj u gheqfLye jkt gSA¸ ;|fi ;g ckr furkar Li"V gks xbZ Fkh fdlkaçnkf;d pquko ç.kkyh Hkkjr osQ fy, vfgrdj gS vkSj lcus ,dLoj ls bldh fuank dh Fkh] fiQj Hkh u osQoy bldks dk;e j[kkx;k cfYd bldk foLrkj Hkh fd;k x;kA
bl vfèkfu;e esa uohu lafoèkku osQ Lofodflr gksus ;kHkkjrh;ksa }kjk vius HkkX; dk fu.kZ; djus dk dksbZ çcaèk ugha FkkA;g vfèkfu;e fczfV'k laln us cuk;k Fkk vkSj Hkkjr dh vkxs dhçxfr dk fu.kkZ;d Hkh fczfV'k laln gh FkhA vfèkfu;e osQ }kjk Hkkjr
ij fczfV'k laln ;k Hkkjr ea=kh osQ fu;a=k.k esa Hkh dksbZ deh ughadh x;hA fe- ,Vyh us Bhd gh dgk Fkk fd] ¶vfèkfu;e esa HkkjrosQ Hkfo"; dh jktuhfrd çxfr dk dksbZ dk;ZØe ugha gSaA¸
1935 osQ vfèkfu;e dk fØ;kUo;u % Hkkjr ljdkjvfèkfu;e dks vxLr 1935 esa lezkV dh LohÑfr fey x;hA fczfV'kljdkj us ?kks"k.kk dh fd la?k dks fØ;kfUor u djosQ çkarh;Lok;Ùkrk dks 1 vçSy] 1937 ls ykxw dj fn;k tk,xkA okLro esala?k rks vfLrRo esa vk;k gh ugha] vr% osQUnzh; ljdkj 1919 dhèkkjkvksa osQ vuqlkj pyrh jghA pquko dh dk;Zfofèk 3 tqykbZ] 1936dks vkjaHk gks x;h vkSj 1 vçSy] 1937 dks çkarh; Lok;Ùkrk ykxwdj nh x;hA la?kh; cSad vkSj la?kh; U;k;ky; Øe'k% 1935 vkSj1937 esa LFkkfir dj fn;s x;sA
1936&37 osQ çFke pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dks ikap çkarksa (enzkl]eè; çkar] la;qDr çkar] fcgkj rFkk mM+hlk) esa iw.kZ cgqer çkIr gksx;kA cEcbZ esa Hkh ;g vU; nyksa osQ lkFk feydj cgqer esa vkxbZ rFkk vle esa ;g lcls cM+s ny osQ :i esa lekus vkbZA dkaxzslosQUnzh; lfefr us blesa çkarksa esa eaf=keaMy cukus ls eukgh dj nh]D;ksafd os vk'oklu pkgrs Fks fd xouZj nSfud dk;ks± esa gLrs{kiugha djsaxsA rhu ekg ckn okbljk; ykWMZ fyufyFkxks dk vk'oklufeyus ij dkaxzsl us] iatkc] caxky] flaèk vkSj vle dks NksM+ 'ks"k7 çkarksa esa ljdkjsa cuk;haA eqfLye yhx us blh chp dkaxzsl osQ fo#¼çp.M çpkj fd;k fd eqlyekuksa dk fgr dkaxzsl osQ gkFkksa esa lqjf{krugha gSA
vDVwcj 1939 esa dkaxzsl eaf=keaMyksa us Hkkjr dks f}rh; fo'o;q¼ esa fcuk lgefr ?klhV fy, tkus osQ fojksèk esa R;kx i=k nsfn;sA mUgsa ;g Hkh f'kdk;r Fkh fd vaxzstksa us vius ;q¼ osQ mís';]ftlesa Hkkjr dks ,d Lora=k jk"Vª osQ :i esa ekU;rk nsuh gksxh]Li"V ugha fd;s gaSA dkaxzsl eaf=keaMyksa osQ R;kxi=k nsus ij xouZjksaus ç'kklu vius gkFk esa ys fy, vkSj ;g O;oLFkk 1946 rd cuhjghA
mÙkj if'pe lhek çkar rFkk vle esa yhx eaf=keaMy LFkkfirgqvk tgka 1945 vkSj 1946 esa dkaxzsl 'kfDr esa vk x;hA mM+hlkesa ,d feyk&tqyk eaf=keaMy cuk;k x;kA flUèk vkSj caxky esa yhxeaf=keaMyksa dh fLFkfr n`<+ gks xbZ] ijUrq iatkc esa la?kh; ny(Unionist Party) dk jkt pyrk jgk vkSj 1946 esa dkaxzsl flD[kksarFkk la?kh; ny dk la;qDr eaf=keaMy cu x;kA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;� 1923 osQ pquko esa Lojkt ny dks cEcbZ vkSj eè; çkar esa
iw.kZ cgqer çkIr gqvkA� lkbeu vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr ykWMZ cdsZugSM dh :f<+oknh ny }kjk
dh x;h FkhA� ykWMZ bfoZu dh ?kks"k.kk 1929& ¶Hkkjr dh mUufr dk vafre
pj.k Mksfefu;u LVsVl çkIr djuk gSA¸� xksyest dkaÚsUl 1930] 31 rFkk 32 esa gq,A dkaxzsl us fliQZ
nwljs (1931) esa Hkkx fy;kA ftlesa dkaxzsl osQ çfrfufèk xkaèkhth FksA
� lkaçnkf;d ?kks"k.kk (Communal Award) jSEls eSdMksuYM }kjkdh xbZ Fkh] ftlesa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dks fgUnqvksa ls fHkUu
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 79
laçnk; ekudj vkjf{kr LFkku fn;s x;s FksA iwuk le>kSrk osQ}kjk blesa FkksM+k ifjorZu dj fn;k x;kA
� 1935 osQ vfèkfu;e esa 451 èkkjk,a rFkk 15 ifjf'k"V FksAbl vfèkfu;e osQ eq[; micaèk fuEu gSa%
1- Hkkjrh; la?k dk çLrko2- la?kh; dk;Zdkfj.kh esa }Sèk 'kklu3- la?kh; foèkkueaMy f}lnuh;&jkT; ifj"kn vkSj la?kh; lHkk4- fo"k;ksa dk caVokjk&osQUnzh; lwph] çkarh; lwph vkSj leorhZ lwph5- çkarh; Lok;Ùkrk6- dqN çkUrksa esa f}lnuh; foèkku eaMy&foèkku ifj"kn~ rFkk foèkku
lHkk7- lkaçnkf;d çfrfufèkRo dk vkSj foLrkj8- la?kh; U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk9- Hkkjr jkT; lfpo dh ifj"kn dh lekfIr10- cekZ dks Hkkjr ljdkj ls i`Fkd rFkk vnu dks Hkkjr ljdkj
osQ fu;a=k.k ls eqDr dj fn;k x;kA� çkarksa esa f}lnuh; foèkku eaMy 6 çkarksa esa FkkA os Fks& caxky]
enzkl] la;qDr çkar] cEcbZ] fcgkj vkSj vleA
� tokgjyky usg: dh mfDr;ka&¶;g vfèkfu;e rks nklrk dk?kks"k.kk i=k gSA¸ mUgksaus bl ,sDV dks ¶vusd cszdksa okyh exjbUtu jfgr¸ e'khu dh laKk nhA¶vfèkfu;e esa Hkkjr osQ Hkfo"; dh jktuhfrd çxfr dk dksbZdk;ZØe ugha gSA¸ µ,Vyh
� çkarh; Lok;Ùkrk dks 1 vçSy] 1937 ls ykxw dj fn;k x;kA� la?k vfLrRo esa ugha vk;k rFkk osQUnzh; ljdkj 1919 osQ
vfèkfu;e osQ vuqlkj pyrh jghA� la?kh; cSad vkSj la?kh; U;k;ky; Øe'k% 1935 rFkk 1937 esa
vfLrRo esa vk;sA� 1936 rFkk 37 osQ çFke pqukoksa esa dkaxzssl dks ikap çkarksa (enzkl]
eè; çkar] la;qDr çkar] fcgkj ,oa mM+hlk) esa cgqer feyk rFkkcEcbZ vkSj vle esa ;g lcls cM+s ny osQ :i esa mHkjdjlkeus vk;kA
� dkaxzsl us iatkc] caxky] flUèk vkSj vle dks NksM+ 'ks"k 7 çkarksaesa ljdkjsa cuk;hA
� vDVwcj 1939 esa dkaxzsl eaf=keaMyksa us Hkkjr dks fcuk lgefrf}rh; fo'o ;q¼ esa ?klhV fy, tkus osQ fojksèk esa R;kx i=kns fn;kA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 80
jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,ajk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,ajk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,ajk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,ajk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa vU; fopkj/kjk,a
Økafrdkjh vkUnksyuØkafrdkjh vkUnksyuØkafrdkjh vkUnksyuØkafrdkjh vkUnksyuØkafrdkjh vkUnksyu20oha 'krkCnh osQ iwokZÉ esa Hkkjr esa mxzokn osQ lkFk&lkFk mxz
Økafrokn dk Hkh fodkl gqvkA Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu osQ mRFkku osQeq[;r% ogh dkj.k Fks] ftuls jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa mxzokn dk mn;gqvkA mxz jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk gh ,d ny Økafrdkjh osQ :i esa mHkjkAHksn osQoy ;g Fkk fd mxz ØkfUrdkjh vfèkd 'kh?kz ifj.kke pkgrsFksA ;|fi Hkkjr osQ fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkxksa esa Økafrdkfj;ksa osQ jktuSfrdn'kZu dks fuf'pr :i ls o.kZu djuk laHko ugha] ijUrq mu lcdk,d gh mís'; ekr`Hkwfe dks fons'kh 'kklu ls eqDr djkuk FkkA lkèkuksaosQ fo"k; esa mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ik'pkR; lkezkT;okn dks osQoyif'peh fgald lkèkuksa ls gh lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy,bu yksxksa us cUnwd rFkk fiLrkSy dk ç;ksx fd;kA mUgksaus vk;jySaMls çsj.kk çkIr dhA ;g vkUnksyu nks pj.kksa esa gqvk& çFke fo'o;q¼ osQ iwoZ vkSj fiQj mlosQ i'pkrA Økafrdkfj;ksa us vius xqIrlaxBu cuk;s] gfFk;kj ,d=k fd;s] ljdkjh [ktkuksa dks ywVk rFkkcnuke vaxzst viQljksa vkSj ns'knzksfg;ksa dh gR;k,a dhA budhxfrfofèk;ka lcls vfèkd rst egkjk"Vª] caxky vkSj iatkc esa FkhAns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa ,oa fons'kksa esa Hkh Økafrdkjh laxBu cuk;s x;sFksA
ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh dk;Z&ç.kkyh % ØfUrdkfj;ksa dk ekuukFkk fd ^vaxzsth 'kklu ik'kfod cy ij fLFkr gS vkSj ;fn ge viusvkidks Lora=k djus osQ fy, ik'kfod cy dk ç;ksx djrs gSa rks;g mfpr gh gSA mudk lans'k Fkk% ^ryokj gkFk esa yks vkSj ljdkjdks feVk nksA* mudh dk;Z&ç.kkyh osQ vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr ckrsa'kkfey Fkha %(i) i=kksa dh lgk;rk ls çpkj }kjk f'kf{kr yksxksa osQ ef"r"d esa
nklrk osQ çfr ?k`.kk mRiUu djukA(ii) laxhr] ukVd ,oa lkfgR; osQ }kjk csdkjh vkSj Hkw[k ls =kLr
yksxksa dks fuMj cukdj muesa ekr`Hkwfe vkSj Lora=krk dk çseHkjukA
(iii)ce cukuk] canwd vkfn pksjh ls miyCèk djuk rFkk fons'kksals 'kL=k çkIr djukA
(iv)pUnk] nku rFkk Økafrdkjh MoSQfr;ksa }kjk O;; osQ fy, /udk çcaèk djukAegkjk"Vª esa ØkfUrdkjh vfHk;ku % vkradokn dh ygj
lcls igys egkjk"Vª ls pyh vkSj 'kh?kz gh blus lewps Hkkjr dksviuh fxjÝr esa ys fy;kA çFke Økafrdkjh laxBu 1896&97 esa iwukesa nkeksnj gfj pkisdj vkSj ckyÑ".k gfj pkisdj }kjk LFkkfir fd;kx;kA bldk uke ^O;k;ke eaMy* FkkA bl xqV osQ }kjk jS.M vkSj,EgLVZ uked nks vaxzst vfèkdkfj;ksa dh gR;k dh x;hA ;g ;wjksih;ksa
dh çFke jktuhfrd gR;k FkhA bl gR;k dk fu'kkuk rks iwuk esaIysx lfefr osQ çèkku Jh jS.M Fks] ijUrq ,EgLVZ Hkh vdLekr~ ekjsx;sA pkisdj cUèkq idM+s x;s rFkk iQkalh ij yVdk fn;s x;sA 'kkldoxZ us vaxztksa osQ fo#¼ fVIi.kh fy[kus osQ fy, fryd dks mÙkjnk;hBgjkdj 18 ekl dh ltk nhA
1918 dh fonzksg lfefr dh fjiksVZ esa ;g dgk x;k Fkk fdHkkjr esa Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu dk çFke vkHkkl egkjk"Vª esa feyrkgS] fo'ks"kdj iwuk ftys osQ fprikou czkã.kksa esaA ;s czkã.k egkjk"VªosQ 'kkld is'kokvksa osQ oa'kt FksA mYys[kuh; gS fd pkisdj cUèkqrFkk fryd fprikou czkã.k gh FksA
lkojdj us 1904 esa ukfld esa ^fe=kesyk* uke ls ,d laLFkkvkjaHk dh Fkh tks 'kh?kz gh estuh ds ^r#.k bVyh* dh rtZ ij,d xqIr lHkk ^vfHkuo Hkkjr* esa ifjofrZr gks x;hA caxky osQØkafrdkfj;ksa ls Hkh bl laLFkk dk lacaèk FkkA bl laLFkk us viusmís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, fons'kksa ls vL=k&'kL=k eaxok;k vkSj cecukus dk dke :fl;ksa osQ lgk;rk ls fd;kA vusd xqIr laLFkk,aacacbZ] iwuk] ukfld] ukxiqj] dksYgkiqj vkfn txgksa esa lfØ; FkhaA 'kh?kzgh ljdkj budh dk;Zokfg;ksa ls ijkftr gks x;hA x.ks'k nkeksnjlkojdj dks Hkkjr ls fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA ftyk eftLVªsV tSDludh gR;k osQ vkjksi esa nkeksnj lkojdj lfgr vusd O;fDr;ksa ij^ukfld "kM~;a=k* osQl pyk;k x;kA mUgsa Hkkjr ls vkthou fuokZflrdj ^dkykikuh* dh ltk nh x;hA ckn esa ljdkj dh neukReduhfr ,oa èku dh deh osQ dkj.k egkjk"Vª essa vkradoknh vkUnksyuBaMk gks x;kA
caxky esa Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu % caxky esa ØkafrdkjhvkUnksyu dk lw=kikr Hknzyksd lekt ls gqvkA ih- fe=kk us ,d xqIrØkafrdkjh lHkk ^vuq'khyu lfefr* dk xBu fd;kA cax&foHkktu dh;kstuk] blosQ fo#¼ tu vkØks'k dh Hkkouk ,oa ljdkjh neukReddkjZokb;ksa us vkradoknh dk;Zokb;ksa dk çlkj fd;kA 1905 esa ckjhUnzoqQekj ?kks"k us ^Hkokuh eafnj* uked dh iqfLrdk çdkf'kr djØkafrdkjh vkUnksyu dks c<+kok fn;kA blosQ i'pkr~ ^orZeku j.kuhfr*uked iqfLrdk çdkf'kr dhA ^;qxkUrj* vkSj ^lkaè;* uked if=kdkvksa}kjk Hkh vaxzst fojksèkh fopkj iQSyk;s x;sA blh çdkj ,d vU;iqfLrdk ^eqfDr dkSu iFks* esa Hkkjrh; lSfudksa ls Økafrdkfj;ksa dksgfFk;kj nsus dks vkxzg fd;k x;kA
iwoZ caxky osQ ysfÝVusaV xouZj lj cSefiQYM iQqyj dh gR;kdk dke çiQqYy pkdh dks lkSaik x;k] fdUrq ;g dke iwjk ughagks ldkA 1907 esa caxky osQ ysfÝVusaV xoZuj dh Vªsu dks esnuhiqjosQ ikl mM+k nsus dk "kM~;a=k gqvk rFkk 1908 bZ- esa pUnzuxj osQes;j dks ekjus dh ;kstuk cuk;h x;hA 30 vçSy dks çiqQYy pkdh
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 81
vkSj [kqnhjke cksl us eqtÝiQjiqj osQ ftyk tt fdaXliQksMZ dh gR;kdjus dk ç;kl fd;k] ijUrq xyrh ls ce Jh osQusMh dh xkM+hij fxjk ftlls nks efgykvksa dh e`R;q gks x;hA [kqnhjke cksl idM+sx;sA tcfd çiQqYy pkdh us vkRegR;k dj yhA cksl ij vfHk;ksxpydkj mUgsa iQkalh ns nh x;hA
ljdkj us voSèk gfFk;kjksa dh ryk'kh osQ lacaèk esa ekfudrykm|ku rFkk dydÙkk esa rykf'k;ka yha vkSj 34 O;fDr;ksa dks cUnhcuk;k] ftlesa nks ?kks"k cUèkq&vjfoan ?kks"k vkSj ckjhUnz ?kks"k lfEefyrFksA bu ij vyhiqj "kM~;a=k dk eqdnek cukA eqdnes osQ fnuksa esaljdkjh xokg ujsUnz xkslkb± dh tsy esa gR;k dj nh x;hA iQjojh1909 esa ljdkjh odhy dh gR;k dj nh x;h rFkk 24 iQjojh]1910 dkss miiqfyl vèkh{kd dh dydÙkk mPp U;k;ky; ls ckgjvkrs le; gR;k dj nh x;hA bl "kM~;a=k esa vusd O;fDr;ksa dksiQkalh dh ltk nh x;hA 1910 esa gkoM+k "kM~;a=k ,oa <kdk "kM~;a=kgq,A ckfjlky esa Hkh vkradoknh dk;Z gq,A jkWysV desVh dh fjiksVZesa 1906 ls 1917 osQ chp eè; caxky esa 110 MkoasQ rFkk gR;kosQ 60 ç;Ruksa dk mYys[k gSA
bu vkradoknh ?kVukvksa dks jksdus osQ fy, ljdkj us foLiQksVdinkFkZ vfèkfu;e (la- VI 1908) vkSj lekpkj i=k (vijkèk çsjd)vfèkfu;e (la- VIII 1908) ikl fd;sA blosQ vykok O;kid neupØ pyk;k x;kA vusd Økafrdkjh iQkalh ij p<+k fn;s x;sA oqQNdks fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;k vkSj vusd dks fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kAbu neukRed dk;ksZa ls vkradoknh laxBu VwVus yxsA
iatkc rFkk fnYyh esa vkradoknh dkjZokb;ka% caxky dh?kVukvksa dk çHkko yxHkx lewps ns'k ij iM+kA iatkc vkSj fnYyhHkh vkradokfn;ksa ls cps ugha jgsA 1907 bZ- osQ vkl&ikl iatkcosQ fdlkuksa esa ^vkSifuosf'kd foèk;sd* osQ dkj.k rhoz vlarks"k O;kIrFkkA bldk usr`Ro vthr flag dj jgs FksA mUgksaus ^efgCckus oru*uked Økafrdkjh laLFkk cuk;hA ykyk gjn;ky vkSj yktir jk; HkhØkafrdkjh xfrfofèk;ksa esa fyIr FksA ykyk yktir jk; vkSj vftrflag dks cUnh cuk fy;k x;k rFkk jsX;qys'ku III osQ vèkhu ns'kls fuokZflr dj fn;s x;sA vftr flag 6 ekg ckn NksM+ fn;s x;svkSj os Úkal pys x;sA
fnYyh esa Økafrdkfj;ksa dk usrRo ekLVjvehjpan us fd;kA 1912 esa fnYyh esa ykWMZgkfM±x ij ce iQsadk x;k] ftlesa ok;ljk;t[eh gks x;k vkSj mldk ,d lsod ekjkx;kA ljdkj us lafnXèk O;fDr;ksa dks fxjÝrkjdj eqdnek pyk;kA vehjpan vkSj ceiQsadus okys clar fo'okl rFkk UeFk fo'okldks iQkalh ns nh x;hA jkl fcgkjh ckslHkkxdj tkiku pys x;s vkSj ogha lsØkafrdkjh xfrfofèk;ka lapkfyr djrs jgsA
Hkkjr osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa Økafrdkjhxfrfofèk;ka % ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa HkhØkafrdkjh xfrfofèk;ka py jgh FkhaA enzklesa Økafrdkjh xfrfofèk;ksa dk lapkyu fofiupUnz iky dj jgs FksA muosQ fopkjksa lsçHkkfor gksdj vusd yksx vkUnksyu esa dwniM+sA 1911 esa frusosyh osQ ftyk eftLVªsVfe- ,s'k dks jsyos LVs'ku ij gh xksyh ekj
nh x;hA uhyadB vÕ;j vkSj oh-ih-,l- vÕ;j us enzkl esa vkUnksyudks vkxs c<+k;kA
jktLFkku esa vkradokn iSQykus esa eq[; Hkwfedk vtqZu yky lsBh]osQljh flag ckjgV vkSj jko xksiky flag us fuHkk;h] çrki flag usvtesj esa Økafr dks thfor j[kkA eè; çns'k osQ çeq[k ØkafrdkjhvejkSrh osQ x.ks'k JhÑ".k [kkiMsZ FksA la;qDr çkar] vkxjk ,oa voèkosQ Økafrdkfj;ksa dk çeq[k osQUnz cukjl cukA fcgkj esa iVuk rFkk>kj[k.M esa nso?kj] nqedk vkfn txgksa ij Hkh ?kVuk,a gqb±ZA iVukesa dkek[;k ukFk fe=k] lqèkhj oqQekj flag] iquhryky] ckcw eaxykpj.k vkfn us Økafrdkjh xfrfofèk;ksa dks viuk lfØ; lg;ksx fn;kA
fons'kksa esa Økafrdkjh laxBu ,oa dk;Z % vusd Økafrdkjhljdkjh paxqy ls cpus osQ fy, fons'k pys x;s vkSj ogha ls viukla?k"kZ tkjh j[kkA fons'kksa esa Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu osQ çlkj dk Js;';keth Ñ".k oekZ dks tkrk gSA yanu esa bUgksaus 1905 esa ^bafM;kgkse:y lkslkbVh* dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus ^bafM;u lksf'k;ksykWftLV*uked i=k fudkydj Hkkjr esa LojkT; çkfIr dks viuk mís'; crk;kAmUgksaus yanu esa ^bafM;k gkml* dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh tks vkradoknhxfrfofèk;ksa dk osQUnz FkkA ckn esa mUgsa yanu NksM+dj isfjl HkkxukiM+kA mudh txg usr`Ro fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdj osQ gkFk esa vkx;kA mUgksaus viuh çfl¼ iqLrd ^1857 bZ- dk Hkkjrh; Lora=krkdk ;q¼* fy[khA tqykbZ 1909 bZ- esa yanu esa gh enu yky <haxjkus Hkkjr lfpo ds ,-Mh-lh-] duZy lj fofy;e dtZu okbyh dksxksyh ekj nhA <+haxjk dks iQkalh ns nh x;h vkSj bl "kM~;a=k esa 'kkfeygksus osQ vkjksi esa lkojdj dks fxjÝrkj dj Hkkjr Hkstk x;k] tgkamu ij eqdnek pykdj ns'k fudkyk dh ltk nh x;hA Úkal esaeSMe Hkhdkth dkek vkradoknh dkjZokbZ;ksa dk lapkyu dj jgh FkhAykyk gjn;ky vkSj muosQ lkfFk;ksa us 1931 bZ- esa lSuÚkaflLdks esa^xnj ikVhZ* dh LFkkiuk dhA laLFkk us ,d lkIrkfgd i=k ^xnj*Hkh çdkf'kr fd;k] tks vkUnksyu dks c<+kok nsrh jgkA xnj osQfoKkiu esa dgk tkrk Fkk] vko';drk gS ohj flikfg;ksa dhsA osru%e`R;qA iqjLdkj% 'kgknr isa'ku% Lora=krk] ;q¼ LFky% HkkjrA xnj ikVhZdk mís'; vaxzsth lÙkk osQ fo#¼ cxkor dks c<+kok nsuk FkkA blhçdkj cfyZu ls Økafrdkjh i=k ^ryokj* çdkf'kr fd;k x;kA
Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa xqIr lfefr;ksa dk xBu
lfefr;k a o" k Z l axBudÙk k Z fo'k s " k
vuq'khyu lfefr (<kdk) 1910 iqfyu fcgkjh nkl caxky dh çFke xqIrvuq'khyu lfefr (dydÙkk) ckjhUnz oqQekj ?kks"k] lfefr;ka ;s nksuksa dh FkhA
trhUnz ukFk cuthZ,oa çeksn fe=kk
fe=k esyk (egkjk"Vª) 1899 oh-Mh- lkojdj egkjk"Vª rFkk iwjs Hkkjrdh ;g çFke lfefr FkhA
vfHkuo Hkkjr (egkjk"Vª) 1904 x.ks'k lkojdj x.ks'k oh-Mh- lkojdj osQcM+s HkkbZ Fks
fgUnqLrku fjifCydu 1924 lfpUnz lkU;ky ,oa bldh LFkkiuk vf[ky,lksfl,'ku ;ksxs'k pUnz pVthZ Hkkjr Lrj ij dh x;h FkhAxnj ikVhZ (vejhdk 1913 ykyk gjn;ky ,oa ;g Hkkjr esa l'kL=k ØkfUrosQ lSuçQakflLdks) lksgu flag Hkduk djokuk pkgrh FkhAbfUM;u bfUMisUMsl 1942 jkl fcgkjh ckslyhx (tkiku)
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 82
Økafrdkfj;ksa us yanu esa deky ik'kk ls HksaVdhA Hkkjr vkSj feÏ ds Økafrdkfj;ksa dklfEefyr lEesyu czqlsYl esa gqvkA cSadkdvkSj phu osQ xq#}kjs Økafrdkjh fopkjksa osQosQUnz cu x;sA
çF ke fo'o ; q¼ o s Q le;vkardoknh xfrfofèk;ka % 1913 bZ- rdHkkjr esa ljdkjh neu pØ] laxBukReddetksfj;ksa ,oa èku&tu leFkZu osQ vHkkols Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu dh xfr èkheh iM+x;h Fkh] ysfdu tc çFke fo'o ;q¼ 'kq:gqvk rks Økafrdkfj;ksa dks vPNk voljfeykA Hkkjr esa vkSj Hkkjr osQ ckgj HkhØkafrdkjh ljdkj dk r[rk iyVus dhrS;kjh tksj&'kksj ls djus yxsA bl ;kstukesa çoklh Hkkjrh; rFkk muosQ laxBuksa usegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA cfyZu esa LFkkfir^Hkkjrh; Lora=krk lfefr* vkSj vejhdk dh^xnj ikVhZ* us Hkkjrh;ksa dks Lons'k Hkstusdh ;kstuk cuk;h rkfd os Hkkjr tkdj LFkkuh; Økafrdkfj;ksa ,oalsuk dh lgk;rk ls fonzksg dj loasQA muosQ fy, [kpZ dh O;oLFkkdh x;h vkSj gfFk;kjksa dk çcaèk fd;k x;kA blosQ vykok ikVhZus lqnwj&iwoZ] nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k rFkk Hkkjr esa fLFkr lSfudksa ls xqIrlEidZ dj mUgsa fonzksg osQ fy, mdlk;kA fonzksg iatkc esa 'kq: gksusokyk Fkk] blosQ fy, 21 iQjojh] 1915 dk fnu Hkh r; gqvkAnqHkkZX;o'k ljdkj dks bl ;kstuk dk irk py x;k vkSj mlus fLFkfrfu;af=kr dj yhA iatkc esa çfl¼ ^dkekxkVk ek: dk.M* us ,dfoLiQksVd fLFkfr iSnk dj nhA ckck xq#nÙk flag us ,d tkikuhtyiksr ^dkekxkVk ek:* dks HkkM+s ij ysdj iatkch flD[kksa rFkkeqlyekuksa dks ysdj dukMk osQ cSadwoj uxj ys tkus dk ç;Ru fd;kAdukMk ljdkj us bUgsa mrjus dh vuqefr ugha nh vkSj tgkt oQksfiQj ls dydÙkk ykSVuk iM+kA ;kf=k;ksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd vaxzsthljdkj osQ ncko ds dkj.k gh mUgsa mrjus dh vuqefr ugha nh x;hAblh çdkj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa osQ ç;kl ls flaxkiqj esa fu;qDr ikapoh ykabVbUiQSaUVªh cVkfy;u us iQjojh 1915 dks fonzksg dj fn;k] ftls ljdkjus fueZerkiwoZd oqQpy fn;kA dkcqy esa jktk egsUnz çrki] cjdrqYykvkSj vkscsnqYyk osQ ç;klksa ls fnlEcj 1915 esa Hkkjr dh çFkevLFkk;h ljdkj cuk;h x;h] ftlosQ vè;{kjktk egsUnz çrki FksA bl ljdkj us dbZfons'kh ns'kksa ls Hkh lgk;rk ekaxh ijUrqliQyrk ugha feyhA 1919 rd varjkZ"Vªh;vkSj Hkkrjh; jktuhfr esa rsth ls cnyko vkjgk FkkA fo'o ;q¼ esa baXySaM dh fot; lsvkradoknh vkUnksyu dks xgjh Bsl yxhAHkkjr ljdkj us Hkh fLFkfr ls fucVus osQfy, dkuwu cuk;sA tSls&1. jktnzksg lHkkvksa dks jksdus dk vfèkfu;e
1908 (The Prevention of Seditions
Meetings Act, 1908)2- foLiQk sVd inkFk Z dku wu&1908
(Explosive Substance Act, 1908)
3- lekpkj i=k (vijkèk çksRlkgu) vfèkfu;e&19104- Hkkjr j{kk vfèkfu;e&1915
bl çdkj 1919&20 rd ljdkj us vkradoknh dkjZokb;ksa dksfu;af=kr dj fy;kA
Økafrdkjh vkanksyu dk nwljk pj.k % vlg;ksx vkUnksyuosQ vliQy gksus ls ØkfUrdkfj;ksa esa iqu% mxzrk vk;hA caxky esa iqjkuhvuq'khyu rFkk ;qxkarj lfefr;ka iqu% tkx mBha rFkk mÙkjh HkkjrosQ yxHkx lHkh çeq[k uxjksa esa Økafrdkjh laxBu cu x;sA bl dkydh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bl le; ;g le>k x;k fd,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxBu gksus rFkk vfèkd mÙke rkyesy gksusls vPNk ifj.kke fudy ldrk gSA vr,o leLr Økfrdkjh nyksadk vDVwcj 1924 esa dkuiqj esa ,d lEesyu cqyk;k x;k] ftlesalfpUnz ukFk lkU;ky] txnh'k pUnz pVthZ rFkk jke çlkn fcfLeytSls iqjkus Økfrdkjh rFkk Hkxr flag] lq[knso] Hkxorh pj.k oksgjkrFkk pUnz'ks[kj vktkn ,oa jktxq# tSls u;s Øakfrdkfj;ksa us Hkkxfy;kA bl vf[ky Hkkjrh; lEesyu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ^Hkkjr x.kra=klfefr ;k lsuk* (Hindustan Republican Association or Army)dk tUe gqvkA bldh 'kk[kk,a fcgkj] ;w-ih-] fnYyh] iatkc] enzkl
i=k if=kdk,ai=k&if= kdk, a o" k Z L F k ku } k j k
;qxkUrj 1906 caxky ckjhUnz oqQekj ?kks"k HkwisUnz ukFk nÙklaè;k 1906 caxky czã okU/o mikè;k;dky 1906 egkjk"VªbafM;u lksf'k;ksykWftLV yUnu ';keth Ñ".koekZ^oUns ekrje* isfjl eSMe Hkh[kkth dkekryokj cfyZu ohsjsUnz ukFk pV~Vksikè;k;Úh fgUnqLrku caSowQoj rkjdukFk nklxnj lSuÚkaflLdks xnj ikVhZ }kjkykaxy rFkk x.kok.kh 1927 caxky xksiq pØorhZ ,oa èkj.kh xksLokehdhfrZ 1926 iatkc larks"k flagØkfUr 1927 egkjk"Vª ,l-,l- fejktdj] osQ-,u- tksxysdj
,oa ,l-oh- ?kkVscUnh thou caxky lfpUnz ukFk lkU;kyvkRe'kfDr caxkylkjFkh ¸èkweosQrq ¸fotksyh ¸
Økafrdkfj;ksa ij gq, eqdnesukfld iM~;a=k osQl 1909&10 fouk;d lkojdj dks fuokZlu] vU; 26 dks
dkjkoklvyhiqj ;k ekfudrYyk 1908 vjfoUn ?kks"k lfgr dbZ O;fDr;ksa ij pyk;k"kM~;a=k osQlgkoM+k "kM~;a=k osQl 1910 trhu eq[kthZ eq[; vfHk;qDr Fks<kdk "kM~;a=k osQl 1910 iqfyunkl dks 7 o"kZ dh ltkfnYyh "kM~;a=k osQl 1915 ekLVj vehj pUnz] voèkfcgkjh ,oa cky eqoqQUn dks
iQkalhykgkSj "kM~;a=k 1929&30 Hkxr flag] jktxq#] lq[knso lfgr 19 dks iQkalhcukjl "kM~;a=k 1915&16 lfpUnz ukFk lkU;ky dks vkthou dkykikuh]dkdksjh "kM~;a=k jke çlkn fcfLey o v'kiQkd dks iQkalh
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 83
vkfn dbZ txgksa ij LFkkfir dh x;h bl ny osQ rhu çeq[k vkn'kZfuEu gSa%(i) Hkkjrh; turk esa xkaèkhth dh vfgalkokn dh uhfr;ksa dh
fujFkZdrk osQ çfr tkx`fr mRiUu djukA(ii) iw.kZ Lora=krk dh çkfIr osQ fy, çR;{k dk;Zokgh rFkk yksxksa
dks Økafr osQ fy, rS;kj djuk(iii)vaxzsth lkezkT;okn osQ LFkku ij lektoknh fopkjèkkjk ls çsfjr
Hkkjr esa la?kh; x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk djukAvius mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, laLFkk us gfFk;kj cukus vkSj
ljdkjh [ktkus ywVus dh Hkh ;kstuk cuk;hAlaLFkk dk çFke egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z dkdksjh dh Vªsu MoSQrh FkhA
bl Vªsu }kjk vaxzsth [ktkuk ys tk;k tk jgk FkkA Øakfrdkfj;ksa usVªsu ij vkØe.k dj mls ywV fy;k] ijarq os tYn gh idM+s x;sAmuij ^dkdksjh "kM~;a=k* dk eqdnek pykdj jke çlkn fcfLey vkSjv'kiQkoQ mYyk lfgr pkj yksxksa dks 1925 esa iQkalh ij p<+k fn;kx;kA 1928 bZ- esa pUnz'ks[kj vktkn vkfn }kjk ^fgUnqLrku fjifCydu,lksfl,'ku* dk uke cnydj ^fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV fjifCydu,lksfl,'ku* dj fn;k x;kA 1928 esa gh Hkxr flag] pUnz'ks[kjvkSj jktxq# us ykgkSj osQ lgk;d iqfyl dIrku lkaMlZ dh gR;kdj nhA mYys[kuh; gS fd lkbeu fojksèkh çn'kZu osQ le; lkaMlZosQ }kjk gh ykBh pyok;h x;h Fkh ftlesa yktir jk; dks pksVyxh vkSj mudh e`R;q gks x;h FkhA vçSy 1929 esa Hkxr flag vkSjcVqosQ'oj nÙk us fnYyh esa osQUnzh; foèkku lHkk esa ce isaQdk] ftldkmís'; Fkk ^cgjh ljdkj dks vkokt lqukuk*A ce isQadus osQ cknnksuksa us gh viuh fxjÝrkjh Hkh nhA 1930 esa lw;Zlsu us pVxkaoosQ 'kL=kkxkj ij vkØe.k dj vusd vaxzst vfèkdkfj;ksa dh gR;kdj nhA bl vfHk;ku esa efgykvksa us Hkh fgLLkk fy;kA lw;Zlsu uspVxkao esa gh vius vki dks çkarh; Lora=k Hkkjr ljdkj dk çèkkuHkh ?kksf"kr fd;kA ljdkj us Hkh viuk neu&pØ pyk;kA ^ykgkSj"kM~;a=k* esa iQalkdj Hkxr flag] jktxq# vkSj lq[knso dks 23 ekpZ]1931 dks iQkalh ij yVdk fn;k x;kA pUnz'ks[kj vktkn Hkh iQjojh1931 esa gh bykgkckn osQ vYÚsM ikoQZ esa ,d iqfyl eqBHksM+ esaekjs x;sA lw;Z lsu dks 1933 bZ- esa iQkalh ij p<+k fn;k x;kAblh chp tsyksa dh nqO;ZoLFkk ds fojksèk esa trhu nkl us 63 fnuksadh vkej.k vu'ku osQ i'pkr~ vius çk.k R;kx fn;sA
bl çdkj 1935 osQ Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksusij vkradoknh xfrfofèk;ksa esa oqQN <hy vk;h vkSj 1939 rd 'kkafrcuh jghA ijUrq tc vaxzsth ljdkj us Hkkjrh; turk dh vuqefrosQ fcuk Hkkjr dks f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ esa èkdsy fn;k rks iqu% voLFkkfcxM+rh pyh x;hA fØIl fe'ku dh vliQyrk rFkk dkaxzsl }kjk^Hkkjr NksM+ks* çLrko dk ikfjr djus ,oa xkaèkhth vkSj muosQlg;ksfx;ksa dh fxjÝrkjh us iqu% ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks viuh xfrfofèk;kavkjaHk djus ij ckè; dj fn;kA
bl vkUnksyu osQ eq[; ik=k lqHkk"kpUnz cksl ,oa t; çdk'kukjk;.k FksA t;çdk'k ukjk;.k rFkk buosQ lg;ksfx;ksa us vkarfjdrksM+iQksM+ dh uhfr viuk;h rFkk lqHkk"k pUnz cksl us ns'k osQ ckgjtkdj teZuh rFkk tkiku dh lgk;rk ls Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; lsuk(Indian National Army or INA) dk xBu dj Hkkjr ij vkØe.kdjus dk iSQlyk fd;kA
ØkfUrdkjh vkUnk syu dh vliQyrk osQ dkj.k %Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu dh vliQyrk ds fuEufyf[kr eq[; dkj.k Fks %
(i) osQUnzh; laxBu dk vHkko % Økafrdkfj;ksa dk dksbZ osQUnzh;laxBu ugha Fkk] tks fofHkUu çkarksa esa vkradoknh dk;ks± dklaxBu vkSj leUo; dj losQA laxBu osQ vHkko esa fofHkUuçkarksa osQ Økafrdkjh usrkvksa esa ijLij lg;ksx rFkk leUo; ughaFkkA
(ii) eè;e oxZ osQ f'kf{kr yk sxk s a rd gh lhfer %ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu yksdfç; ugha cu ldkA ;g osQoy eè;eoxZ osQ f'kf{kr uo;qodksa rd gh lhfer jgkA
(iii)vaxzsth ljdkj dk neu pØ % vkradoknh vkUnksyu dhfoiQyrk dk eq[; dkj.k vaxzsth ljdkj dk neu uhfr FkhAljdkj rjg&rjg osQ dkuwu cukdj vkradoknh vkUnksyu dksfuf"Ø; djus esa liQy jghA vusd yksxksa dks çk.knaM] dkykikuh]ns'k fuokZlu vkSj dBksj 'kkjhfjd ;kruk,a nh x;ha] ftlus turkdks vkrafdr vkSj Hk;Hkhr dj fn;kA
(v) vL=k&'kL=k dk vHkko % ;|fi Økafrdkfj;ksa esa lkgl vkSjmRlkg dh deh ugha Fkh] fiQj Hkh mUgksaus tks pksjh&fNis gfFk;kjbdV~Bk fd;s os fczfV'k ljdkj ls yM+us osQ fy, vi;kZIr FksA
(vi)egkRek xkaèkh dk Hkkjrh; jktuhfr rFkk turk ijçHkko % egkRek xkaèkh dk Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa ços'k ØkafrdkjhvkUnksyu osQ fy, cgqr ?kkrd fl¼ gqvkA xkaèkhth us Lora=krkdh çkfIr osQ fy, 'kkfUr vkSj vlg;ksx dk jkLrk viuk;ktks lR; vkSj vafglk tSls mQaaps fl¼kUrksa ij vkèkkfjr FkkA ;sfl¼kUr Hkkjrh;ksa osQ fy, ljyrk ls xzkÞ; fl¼ gq,A blosQvfrfjDr Hkkjrh; tuekul nf{k.k vÚhdk esa egkRek xkaèkh dhliQyrk ns[k pqdk FkkA vr% egkRek xkaèkh osQ vkUnksyu osQle{k Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu fVd ugha ldkAewY;kadu % vkerkSj ij lkspk tkrk gS fd vktknh dh yM+kbZ
esa vkradoknh vkUnksyu dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gS] D;ksafd bUgsa liQyrkçkIr ugh gqbZA ysfdu ;fn fliQZ liQyrk ls gh fdlh vkUnksyu dhHkwfedk dk fuèkkZj.k gks rks gesa ;g [ksn osQ lkFk dguk iM+sxk fd1920] 1930&34 vkSj 1942 osQ dkaxzsl osQ vkUnksyuksa esa Hkh ftlmís'; dks ysdj vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;s Fks] mu mís';ksa dh çkfIr ughagqbZA vFkkZr~ tks ekaxas xkaèkhths us vkUnksyu 'kq: djrs le; j[kh Fkh](tSls 1920 esa ,d o"kZ osQ vUnj iw.kZ Lojkt] rFkk 1930 esa iw.kZLojkt ,oa 1942 esa Hkkjr NksM+ks) os ekuh ugha x;haA vkUnksyu dkvk'k; rqjar mís'; dh çkfIr u gksdj turk esa tkx`fr] Lora=krkosQ çfr drZO;] lkezkT;okn ij ncko Mkyus ;k myVus vkSj mlosQfy, loZLo U;ksNkoj djus dh Hkkouk rFkk vkRe&R;kx gksrk gSA;fn blh igyw dks lkeus j[kdj ge Øakfrdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk osQckjs esa fopkj djsa rks ;g ekuuk iM+sxk fd ns'k osQ fy, loZLocfynku djus okys] galrs&galrs iQkalh ij p<+us okys rFkk tsyksa esaccZjrkiw.kZ ;kruk,a lgus okys Økafrdkfj;ksa us Hkkjr osQ ;qodksa esatkx`fr iQSykus vkSj lkezkT; osQ fo#¼ la?k"kZ esa tqV tkus osQ fy,rS;kj djus esa tks Hkwfedk fuHkk;h] og fdlh ls de ugha gSA dkaxzslus rks ljdkj dks fparkrqj cuk fn;k] ij vlyh leL;k rks Økafrdkjhvkradokfn;ksa us gh [kM+h dhA Økafrdkjh vkradokfn;ksa us Hkkjr esa,d u;h psruk rks txk;h] exj ,d u;s lekt vkSj lektokndh jpuk dk mís'; dh rjiQ mruk è;ku ugha ns ik;s] D;ksafdLojkT; mudk igyk y{; FkkA blh dkj.k os vkt jk"Vªokfn;ksa osQlkFk ;kn fd;s tkrs gSaA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 84
okeiaFkh vkUnksyuokeiaFkh vkUnksyuokeiaFkh vkUnksyuokeiaFkh vkUnksyuokeiaFkh vkUnksyuchloha lnh osQ nwljs n'kd ds ckn Hkkjr esa ,d 'kfDr'kkyh
okei{k dk mn; gqvkA ekDlZokn vkSj nwljs lektoknh fopkj cgqrrsth ls iQSysA jktuhfrd n`f"V ls bl 'kfDr dh vfHkO;fDr dkaxzslds vanj ,d okeiaFk ds mn; ds :i esa gqbZ] ftlus jk"Vªh; eqfDrla?k"kZ dh èkkjk dks nfyrkas&'kksf"krksa dh lkekftd vkfFkZd eqfDr dhèkkjk ds utnhd ykus dk dk;Z fd;kA bl u;h ço`fÙk ds usrk tokgjyky usg: vkSj lqHkk"k pUnz cksl FksA bl okeiaFk us viuk è;kulkezkT;okn fojksèkh la?k"kZ rd gh lhfer ugha j[kk] cfYd iwathifr;ksavkSj tehankjksa ds vkarfjd oxhZ; 'kks"k.k dk loky Hkh mBk;kAèkhjs&èkhjs okei{k eas nks rkdroj ny mHkjs& Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ(lh-ih-vkbZ) vkSj dkaxzsl lektoknh ikVhZ (lh-,l-ih-)A
Hkkjr esa okeiaFkh fopkjèkkjk çFke] fo'o ;q¼ ds i'pkr~jktuSfrd rFkk vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k mHkjh vkSj ;g vfuok;Z:i ls jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu ds lkFk layXu gks x;hA Hkkjr esa okeiaFkhvkUnksyu ds mn; ds çeq[k dkjd fuEu Fks&
(1) :lh ØkfUr dk çHkko blds ihNs eq[; çsjd 'kfDr FkhA1917 ds 7 uoEcj dks ysfuu ds usrRo esa cksY'ksfod ikVhZ (dE;qfu"VikVhZ) us tkj ds jkt'kkgh 'kklu dks m[kkM+ iQsadk vkSj igyslektoknh jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk dhA :l ds u;s lektoknh'kkldksa us phu vkSj ,f'k;k ds vU; Hkkxksa esa vius mifuos'koknhvfèkdkjksa dks NksM+us dh ?kks"k.kk dhA yksxksa dks çsj.kk feyh fd ;fnvke turk ;kuh etnwj] fdlku vkSj cqf¼thoh oxZ laxfBr gksdjtkj ds 'kfDr'kkyh lkezkT; dk r[rk iyV ldrs gSa vkSj ,slhlkekftd O;oLFkk dk;e dj ldrs gS] ftlesa ,d vkneh nwljsdk 'kks"k.k ugha djrk] rc fczfV'k lkezkT; ls la?k"kZ djus okyhHkkjrh; turk Hkh ,slk dj ldrh gSA bl çdkj yksx ekDlZ dsØkfUrdkjh fopkjksa ls jksekafpr gks x;sA
(2) çFke fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr cgqr'kkspuh; gks x;hA nSfud vko';drkvksa dh oLrqvksa ds ewY; cgqrc<+ x;sA O;kikfj;ksa dhs dkykcktkjh rFkk viQljksa dh csbZekfu;ksa dsdkj.k ns'k esa vdky dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks x;hA bl çdkj yksxksads lkeus lkezkT;okn vkSj iwathokn dk f?kUkkSuk :i çdV gks x;kA
(3) xkaèkhth ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyu eas Hkkx ysus okys cgqrlkjs ukStoku blds urhtksa ls [kq'k ugha Fks vkSj xkaèkhoknh uhfr;ksa]fopkjksa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd oSdfYid Lojktoknh dk;ZØeksa ls Hkhlarq"V ugha FksA blfy, ekxZn'kZu ds fy, mu yksxksa us viuk :[klektoknh fopkjkas dh vksj eksM+kA f'kf{kr eè;e oxZ dk og vaxtks vaxzstksa dh mnkjoknh uhfr esa fo'okl [kks cSBk Fkk vkSj ftlscsdkjh Li"V lkeus nh[krh Fkh] og Hkh vc bl vksj [khap x;kA
(4) vkxs pydj 1929 dh fo'oO;kih eUnh us Hkh ;g Li"Vdj fn;k fd bl nkSM+ eas Hkh lektoknh ns'kksa eas fujarj çxfr gksldrh gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd :l bl eUnh dh pisV ls us fliQZvyx Fkk] cfYd mldh çxfr nj Hkh Åaph FkhA
(5) ysfdu bu lcds Åij tokgj yky usg: ,sls O;fDrFks] ftUgksaus jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dks lektoknh n`f"V çnku dh vkSj1929 ds ckn Hkkjr esa os lektokn vkSj lektoknh fopkjkas dsçrhd cu x;sA viuh iqLrdksa (vkRedFkk] fo'o bfrgkl dh >yd)]ys[kkas vkSj Hkk"k.kksa esa usg: us lektoknh fopkjksa dks çpkfjr fd;k
vkSj ?kks"k.kk dh fd ;fn vke vkneh dks vkfFkZd eqfDr gkflygksrh gS] rHkh jktuSfrd eqfDr lkFkZd gks ldrh gSA bl çdkj usg:us ;qok jk"Vªokfn;ksa dh ,d lewph ih<+h dks eksM+k vkSj lektoknhfopkjksa dks vkRelkr~ djus eas mudh enn dhA
1920&21 ds nkSjku iwohZ mÙkj çns'k ds fdlku vkUnksyu dsle; vkfFkZd eqíksa eas usg: dh #fp c<+hA 1922 esa tsy esa mUgksauslkE;oknh fopkjkas dk vè;;u fd;kA 1927 esa czqlsYl eas ^mifuos'koknhneu vkSj lkezkT;okn* ds fojksèk esa vk;ksftr varjkZ"Vªh; dkaxzsl esaos lewps fo'o ds lkE;okfn;ksa rFkk mifuos'kokn ds f[kykiQ yM+usokys ;ks¼kvksa ds lEidZ esa vk;sA mUgksaus vius fopkjksa dks rkfdZdvatke nsus ds fy, lqHkk"kpUnz cksl ds lkFk lg;ksx dk gkFk c<+k;kA1929 ds dkaxzsl ds ykgkSj vfèkos'ku esa usg: us ?kks"k.kk dh fd]^eSa lektoknh vkSj yksdra=koknh gw¡ vkSj jktkvksa vkSj jktoqQekjksa esaesjk fo'okl ugha gSA esjk ml O;oLFkk esa Hkh fo'okl ugha gS tksm|ksxksa eas vkèkqfud jktkvksa dks tUe nsrs gaSA* 1936 ds y[kuÅdkaxzsl esa mUgksaus lektokn ds çfr viuh çfrc¼rk trkrs gq, Li"V'kCnksa esa dgk fd ^eq>s iDdk fo'okl gks pyk gS fd fo'o dhvkSj Hkkjr dh leL;kvksa ds lekèkku dh ,dek=k oqQ¡th lektokngSA eSa tc bl 'kCn dk bLrseky djrk gw¡ rks vLi"V ekuorkoknhvFkZ esa ugha] cfYd oSKkfud vkSj vkfFkZd vFkZ esa djrk gwa] ftldsvUrZxr dkiQh O;kid vkSj ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZuksa dh t:jr gksrh gSA*
ysfdu lektokn ds çfr usg: dh çfrc¼rk dk ,d fo'ks"k<kapk Fkk] ftlesa jktuhfrd vkSj lkezkT;okn fojksèkh la?k"kZ dks rcrd çeq[k LFkku fn;k x;k Fkk tc rd Hkkjr ij fons'kh 'kfDrdk 'kklu FkkA usg: us 1936 eas lektokfn;kas ls dgk Fkk fd mUgsanks ckrksa us çHkkfor fd;k gSA os gSa jktuhfrd Lora=krk ,oa lkekftdLora=krk] ftudk çfrfufèkRo Øe'k% dkaxzsl vkSj lektokn djrk gSrFkk bu nksuksa dks feykuk gh lektokfn;ksa dh lcls çeq[k leL;kgSA blfy, usg: us dksbZ ,slk laxBu cukus dk çLrko ugha ekuktks dkaxzsl ls vyx vFkok mlls Lora=k gksA eq[; dke Fkk dkaxzsldks çHkkfor djuk vFkok iwjh rjg ls mldk lektoknh fn'kk esa:ikraj.k djuk vkSj bl y{; dks dkaxzsl ds >aMs ds uhps jgdjvkSj fdlkuksa rFkk etnwjksa dks bl laxBu esa 'kkfey djds gh loksZÙke:i ls ik;k tk ldrk FkkA okLro esa usg: okeiaFkh fopkj okysyksxksa dks jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh eq[; èkkjk ls vyx ,d fHkUulaçnk; cuus nsuk ugha pkgrs FksA
bl rjg chloha lnh ds nwljs n'kd esa lkjs ns'k esalektokfn;kas vkSj dE;qfuLVksa ds ny vfLrRo esa vk;sA cEcbZ esaJhikn ve`r Mkaxs us ^xkaèkh vkSj ysfuu* uke dk ipkZ çdkf'kr fd;krFkk igys lektoknh lkIrkfgd ^fn lks'kfyLV* dh 'kq#vkr dhAeqtÝiQj vgen us caxky esa ^uo;qx* fudkyk vkSj dfo dkthut:y bLyke dh lgk;rk ls ^caxky* dh LFkkiuk dhA iatkc esaxqyke gqlSu us oqQN vU; yksxksa ds lkFk feydj ^badykc* dkçdk'ku fd;kA enzkl eas ,e- flaxkjosyq us ^yscj fdlku xtV**dh LFkkiuk dhA blds vykok tokgj yky usg: vkSj lqHkk"kpUnzcksl us iwjs ns'k dk nkSjk fd;kA vius nkSjksa esa mUgksaus lkezkT;okn]iwathokn vkSj tehankjh çFkk dh vkykspuk dh vkSj lektoknhfopkjèkkjk dks viukus dh f'k{kk nhA Hkxrflag vkSj pUnz'ks[kj vktknds usr`Ro okys vfroknh ØkfUrdkjh Hkh lektokn dh vksj >qdsA blçdkj Hkkjr esa okeiaFkh vkUnksyu dh nks eq[; èkkjk,a fodflr gqbZ%
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 85
çFke] lkE;okn (Communism) tks fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkUnksyu dsHkkx ds :i esa mHkjk vkSj ftldks dkfeUVuZ] tks fd :l dkvUrjkZ"Vªh; lkE;oknh laxBu Fkk] fu;af=kr djrk Fkk vkSj nwljk dkaxzsllks'kfyLV ny] tks fd Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk okeiaFkh ny FkkvkSj yksdrkaf=kd lektokn dks ekurk FkkA ;s nksuksa gh vkUnksyu Hkkjresa çpfyr lkezkT;okn fojksèkh Hkkoukvksa ij voyfEcr FksA
lkE;oknh nylkE;oknh nylkE;oknh nylkE;oknh nylkE;oknh ny
(The Communist Party)
lksfo;r :l vkSj mldh ØkfUrdkjh çfrc¼rk ls vkdf"kZrgksdj Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;kas dh dkiQh cM+h la[;k] tks çokl esa Fkh]ogka igqaphA mUgha eas ,d Fks ,e- ,u- jk;] ftUgksaus ysfuu ds lkFkfeydj mifuos'k ds çfr ^dE;qfuLV baVjus'kuy* dh uhfr rS;kj djuseas enn dh FkhA mUgha ds usr`Ro eas lkRk Hkkjrh;ksa us feydj vDVwcj1920 esa rk'kdan esa ^Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ* dh LFkkiuk dhAfnlEcj 1925 eas dkuiqj eas Hkkjr ds vfèkdka'k okeiaFkh feys rFkk,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj dk laxBu cuk;k ftldk uke ^dE;qfuLVikVhZ vkWiQ bafM;k* (lh- ih- vkbZ-) j[kkA lR;HkDr blds lfpocus rFkk ,l- oh- ?kkVs blds egkea=kh cusA Hkkjr dh dE;qfu"V ikVhZus vius lHkh lnL;ksa ls dkaxzsl dk lnL; cuus dks dgkA oLrqr%os dkaxzsl dks vfèkd ØkfUrdkjh vkSj tukèkkj okyk laxBu cukukpkgrs FksA
'kq#vkrh nkSj ds dE;qfuLVkas ds jktuhfrd dk;Z dk eq[; :ietnwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa ds nykas dks laxfBr djds muds ekè;e lsdk;Z djuk gksrk FkkA bl çdkj dk igyk laxBu ^yscj Lojkt ikVhZ*Fkk tks dkaxzsl dk laxBu FkkA bldk xBu 1928 esa caxky esaeqtÝiQj vgen] ut:y bLyke] gsear oqQekj ljdkj rFkk oqQN vU;yksxksa us feydj fd;k FkkA mlh rjg cEcbZ esa ^dkaxzsl yscj ikVhZ*]iatkc esa ^dhfrZ fdlku ikVhZ*] enzkl esa ^yscj fdlku ikVhZvkWiQ fgUnqLrku* cuhA 1928 rd vkdj bu lHkh çkarh;laxBuksa dks feykdj ,d u;k laxBu cuk;k x;k ftldk uke^odZlZ ,.M ihtsaV~l ikVhZ* j[kk x;k rFkk bldks vf[kyHkkjrh; laxBu dk :i fn;k x;kA bldh bdkb;ka fnYyh]jktLFkku vkSj mÙkj çns'k esa Hkh LFkkfir dh x;haA lHkhdE;qfuLV bl ikVhZ ds lnL; gqvk djrs FksA bl ikVhZ dkçeq[k mís'; Fkk dkaxzsl ds vUnj jgdj bls etcwr djuk]ftlls igys Lora=krk gkfly dh tk;s vkSj blds cknlektokn ds y{; rd igq¡pk tk;sA
lkE;oknh vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl dks ge ikap pj.kksa esackaV ldrs gaS&
çFke pj.k % bl dky eas lkE;oknh ny us rhu"kM~;U=kksa esa lacafèkr gksus ds dkj.k fo'ks"k è;ku vkdf"kZrfd;kA ;s Fks is'kkoj "kM~;a=k eqdnek (Peshawar Conspiracy
Case) 1922&23] dkuiqj "kM~;a=k eqdnek (Kanpur Conspiracy
Case) 1924&25] rFkk esjB "kMa;=k eqdnek (Meerut
Conspiracy Case) 1929&33A 1922 ls 24 ds chp lksfo;r:l ls Hkkjr esa ços'k djus okys dE;qfuLVksa dks fxjÝrkj djmUgsa vusd ekeyksa esa iQ¡lkdj jktnzksg dk eqdnek pyk;kx;kA 1924 esa dkuiqj esa Jhikn ve`r Mk¡xs] eqtÝiQj vgen]ufyuh xqIrk vkSj 'kkSdr mLekuh dks "kM~;a=k esa iaQlkdj
eqdnek pyk;k x;kA bu pkjkas dks pkj&pkj lky dSn dh ltklquk;h x;hA buesa ls esjBokyk eqdnek lcls yEck pyk] ftleas27 yksxksa dks n.M fn;k x;kA fxjÝrkj fd;s x;s yksxksa esa ØkfUrdkjhjktuhfrdehZ rFkk VªsM ;wfu;u vkUnksyu ds yksxksa ds lkFk rhu fczfV'kdE;qfuLV Hkh Fks% fiQfyi LçsV] csu czSMys vkSj ysLVj gfpUluA ;syksx Hkkjr esa VªsM ;wfu;u vkUnksyuksa dks laxfBr djus ds fy, vk;sFksA ljdkj dk ewy mís; VªsM ;wfu;u vkanksyu dks lekIr djukvkSj dE;qfuLVksa dks jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ls vyx&Fkyx djuk FkkA esjBjktnzksg esa 32 yksxksa ij eqdnek pyk;k x;k FkkA esjB jktnzksgrRdky jk"Vªh; egRo èkkj.k dj x;kA dSfn;ksa dks cpkus ds fy,vusd jk"Vªoknh lkeus vk;s ftuesa tokgj yky usg:] ,e- ,-valkjh] ,e- lh- Nkxyk Hkh FksA xkaèkhth Hkh esjB tsy tkdj dSfn;ksals feys vkSj viuh ,dtqVrk dk btgkj fd;kA dSfn;ksa us viuscpko esa dpgjh esa tks c;ku fn;s mls jk"Vªoknh lekpkj i=kksa usçeq[krk ls Nkik vkSj bl çdkj lkE;oknh fopkj ls ns'k ds yk[kksayksxksa dks igyh ckj ifjfpr djk;kA
,sls okrkoj.k esa lkE;okfn;ksa dks dsUnzh; foèkku lHkk esa dkaxzslhlnL;ksa dk leFkZu feyk vkSj mUgksaus ljdkj }kjk çLrqr lkoZtfudlqj{kk foèks;d (Public Safety Bill)] tks fd eq[;r% lkE;okfn;ksads fo#¼ Fkk] dks ikfjr ugha gksus fn;kA bl çdkj dE;qfuLVksa dksjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ls vyx&Fkyx djus dh ljdkj dh ea'kk u dsoyvliQy jgh] cfYd blds ,dne mYVs ifj.kke fudysA 1934 rdHkkjr esa lkE;oknh vkUnksyu us cgqr çfr"Bk çkIr dj yh Fkh vkSjge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa lkE;oknh fopkjèkkjk LFkkfir gks pqdhFkhA tqykbZ 1934 esa Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny dks voSèk ?kksf"kr djfn;k x;kA
nwljk pj.k % bl nkSj esa dE;qfuLVksa us vius gh Åij ,d?kkrd çgkj fd;k] ekukas ljdkj dk çgkj ukdkiQh jgk gksA mUgksaus
l axBu o" k Z l aLFk kid LF k ku
Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ 1920 ,e- ,u- jk; ,oa lg;ksxh rk'kdandE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkWiQ bafM;k 1925 lR;HkDr ,oa lg;ksxh dkuiqjfcgkj lektoknh ny 1931 t;çdk'k ukjk;.k] iwQyu iVuk
çlkn oekZ ,oa vU;dkaxzsl lektoknh ikVhZ 1934 t; çdk'k ukjk;.k] cEcbZ
vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso]ehuw elkuh
iQWkjoMZ Cykd 1939 lqHkk"k pUnz cksl ,oalg;ksxh
Hkkjrh; cksY'ksfod ny 1939 ,u- nÙk- etwenkjØkfUrdkjh lkE;oknh ny 1942 lkSE;sUnz ukFk VSxksjcksY'ksfod yksfufuLV ikVhZ 1941 vthr jk; vkSj bUnzlsuvfroknh yksdra=k ny 1940 ,e- ,u- jk;yscj Lojkt ikVhZ 1925 eqgÝiQj vgen] caxky
ut:y bLyke] gsearoqQekj ljdkj
yscj dkaxzsl ikVhZ cEcbZdhfrZ iatkcyscj fdlku ikVhZ vkWiQfgUnqLrku enzklooZQlZ ,.M ihtsaV~l ikVhZ 1928
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 86
vpkud tks dne mBk;k mls okeiaFkh 'kCnkoyh esa ^ladh.kZ jktuhfr*vFkok ^okeiaFkh HkVdko* dh laKk nh tkrh gSA dE;qfuLV baVjus'kuydh NBha dkaxzsl ls funsZf'kr gksdj dE;qfuLVksa us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;dkaxzsl ls viuk ukrk rksM+ fy;k vkSj bldks iwathifr oxZ dh ikVhZ?kksf"kr dj nhA tokgj yky usg: vkSj lqHkk"k pUnz cksl dksiwathifr;ksa dk ,tsaV dgk x;kA 1931 ds xkaèkh&bfoZu le>kSrs dksjk"Vªokn ds lkFk dkaxzslh fo'okl?kkr dh laKk nh x;hA mYys[kuh;gS fd ;gh og le; Fkk tc dkaxzsl us lkbeu vk;ksx dk cfg"dkjfd;k Fkk] iw.kZ Lojkt dk çLrko ikfjr fd;k Fkk rFkk f}rh; lfou;voKk vkUnksyu dk çLrko fd;k FkkA bl rjg tc jk"Vªh; vkUnksyudk foLrkj gks jgk Fkk rc lkE;oknh ny us vius vki dks jktuSfrdeq[;èkkjk ls iw.kZr;k vyx dj fy;k FkkA ^odZlZ vkSj ihtsaV~l ikVhZ*dks Hkh bl vkèkkj ij Hkax dj fn;k x;k fd nks oxks±Z okyk (etnwjvkSj fdlku) ny cuuk mfpr ugha gS] D;ksafd fuEu iwathoknh çHkkoesa blds vkus dh laHkkouk gSA cgjgky dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu egkfouk'kls cp x;k] D;ksafd ,d vksj cgqr ls dE;qfuLVkas us lfou; voKkvkUnksyu ls vius dks vyx j[kuk ukeatwj dj fn;k] rks nwljh vksjHkkjr esa dE;qfuLV vkSj lektoknh fopkj dk çlkj tkjh jgkA
rhljk pj.k&1935 esa ikVhZ dh ifjfLFkfr eas cqfu;knh cnykovk;k] tc ih- lh- tks'kh ds usr`Ro esa dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk iquxZBugqvkA ekLdks esa dE;qfuLV baVjus'kuy dh lkroha cSaBd esa blus,dne u;k #[k vf[r;kj fd;k] ftldk dkj.k iQklhokn dk Hk;FkkA mlus iwathokn vkSj iQklhokn fojksèkh ns'kksa ds lkFk la;qDr ekspkZcukus dh vihy dhA jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds usr`Ro esa pyus okys jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu dh eq[; èkkjk esa dE;qfuLV dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dks iqu% 'kkfeygksuk iM+kA Hkkjr esa dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu esa cnyko dh lS¼kafrd vkSjjktuSfrd cqfu;kn 1926 dh 'kq#vkr esa ,d nLrkost ds tfj, j[khx;h Fkh ftldk uke Fkk ¶Hkkjr eas lkezkT;okn fojksèkh turk dkekspkZA¸ bls vkj- ih- nÙk vkSj csu czSMys us çdkf'kr djok;k FkkAblfy, bls ^nÙk&cSMys Fkhfll* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA blfl¼kUr ds eqrkfcd lkezkT; fojksèkh tuekspkZ ds dk;Z dks dke;kccukus esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl cgqr cM+h vkSj vxz.kh Hkwfedk vnkdj ldrh gSA
pkSFkk pj.k % tc fo'o ;q¼ vkjaHk gqvk rc Hkkjrh;lkE;oknh usrk lHkh çdkj ds lkezkT;okn ds fo#¼ (ftlesa iQkflLVvkSj ukth nksuksa 'kkfey) FksA os u dsoy viuhs la;qDr ekspkZ uhfrdk vuqlj.k djrs jgs] cfYd os dkaxzsl ls Hkh ckth ys x;s] D;ksafdvkjafHkd fnuksa esa dkaxzsl dh uhfr bl ;q¼ ds çfr Li"V ugha FkhAijUrq tc twu 1941 esa fgVyj us :l ij vkØe.k dj fn;k rkslkE;okfn;ksa dh fLFkfr fofp=k&lh gks x;hA Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh tksvc rd bl ;q¼ dks lkezkT;oknh ;q¼ dgrs Fks] vc mls yksd;q¼ (Peoples' war) dgus yxsA os vaxzsth&:lh ;q¼ ç;Ru esa iw.kZlg;ksx djus yxsA Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh rqjar bl laLFkk dks oSèk?kksf"kr dj fn;kA tc vxLr 1942 esa dkaxzsl us Hkkjr&NksM+ks dkukjk yxk;k] rc Hkh os blls vyx gh jgsA lkE;oknh ny osQ blvpkud uhfr ifjorZu dh jk"Vªokfn;ksa us dM+h fuUnk dh vkSj blls;g Li"V gks x;k fd Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny dh uhfr dk lapkyuckgj ls gksrk FkkA
ikapok pj.k&;g og dky Fkk tc 'kfDr ds gLrkaj.k dhckr py jgh FkhA bl dky esa lkE;okfn;ksa us cgqjk"Vªoknh uhfr dk
vuqdj.k fd;kA mudh uhfr eqfLye leFkZu dh FkhA bUgksaus yhx&dkaxzslds Hksnksa dks c<+kok nsus ds lkFk&lkFk lHkh rjg ds i`FkDdj.k dhHkkouk dks çsfjr fd;kA os pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr cgqr ls NksVs&NksVsLok;Ùk jkT;ksa esa caV tk;s vkSj mueas ls de ls de ,d ijvfèkdkj cukdj ogka ls viuk çlkj fd;k tk;sA nqHkkZX;o'k yhxus bl fe=krk ds gkFk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k vkSj Hkkjrh; lkE;oknhny ,d dyafdr laLFkk cu x;hA
dkaxzsl lektoknh ny % xkaèkhth ds jgL;okn vkSjlkE;oknh ny ds :f<+okn ds fo#¼ dkaxzsl ds vUnj okeiaFkh i{k,d foosd;qDr fonzksg (Rationalist Revolt) ds :i esa mHkjkA1930&31 vkSj 1932&34 ds nkSjku ;qok dkaxzsl tuksa ds ,d xqVus twu esa lektoknh ikVhZ cukus dk çLrko j[kkA xkaèkhoknh j.kuhfrls budk eksg Hkax gqvk vkSj lektoknh fopkjèkkjk dh vksj osvkdf"kZr gq, FksA bUgksaus cEcbZ esa 1934 esa ^dkaxzsl lektoknh ikVhZ*dh LFkkiuk dhA blds usrk Fks t; çdk'k ukjk;.k] vkpk;Z ujsUnznso vkSj ehuw elkuhA ;g ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; laLFkk FkhA bldsigys 1931 eas t;çdk'k ukjk;.k] iQwyu çlkn oekZ rFkk vU; yksxksaus fcgkj lektoknh ny dh uhao j[kh FkhA dkaxzsl lektoknh nydksbZ çfr}anh jktuhfrd laxBu ugha Fkk] cfYd bldk xBu dkaxzslds Hkhrj dk;Z djus] mls lqn`<+ cukus vkSj bldh uhfr;ksa dks vkdkjnsus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA
^dkaxzsl lektoknh ikVhZ* us ,dne 'kq: ls gh vius dks dkaxzsldks :ikarfjr djus vkSj lkFk gh bldks etcwr djus ds dke esayxk;kA dkaxzsl dks :ikarfjr djus ds dk;Z dks nks vFkks± esa le>ktkrk FkkA ,d Fkk fopkjèkkjkRed vkèkkj&dkaxzsl tuksa dks èkhjs&èkhjsbl ckr ds fy, jkth djuk fd os Lora=k Hkkjr ds fy, lektoknhn`f"V viuk;sa rFkk orZeku vkfFkZd eqíkas ij mudk #[k fdlkuksa rFkketnwjksa ds i{k eas gksuk pkfg,A nwljk Fkk dkaxzsl dk lkaxBfud vFkZesa :ikraj.k] ftldk vFkZ ekStwnk usrRo dks cnydj mls lektoknhusrRo çnku djukA cgjgky tYnh gh ik;k x;k fd ;g ;FkkFkZijdugha gS blfy, bldks NksM+ fn;k x;k vkSj la;qDr usrRo dk fodYiviuk;k x;k] ftlesa ekuk x;k fd usrRo ds gj Lrj ij lektokfn;ksadks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk;sxkA okLrfodrk Hkh ;gh Fkh fd xkaèkhthdk dksbZ fodYi Fkk Hkh ughaA dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dks Hkkjrh;ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vkèkkj dh csgrj le> Fkh] vr% mlus ;FkkFkZoknhnf"Vdks.k viuk;kA
dkaxzsl lektoknh ny us 1935 ds vfèkfu;e dks tufojksèkhekukA os 1934 esa dkaxzsl ds eaf=keaMyksa dks cukus ds i{k esa Hkhugha FksA okLro esa ;g lektokfn;ksa dk gh nokc Fkk fd 1936esa dkaxzsl us viuh pquko ?kks"k.kk esa turk dh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZddfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus dk ç;kl fd;kA bUgksaus Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyudk leFkZu fd;k RkFkk 1942 ds fonzksg esa çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA;s yksx 'kfDr gLrkarj.k ds fy, Hkh ckrphr djus ds i{k esa ughaFks vkSj pkgrs Fks fd lkezkT;oknh] lkearoknh vkSj lkEçnkf;drkoknhHkouksa dks lewy u"V djus ds fy, ,d ØkfUrdkjh la?k"kZ fd;ktk;sA ;s yksx eqfLye yhx dks vaxzstksa dk lgk;d vkSj ftUuk dksns'knzksgh vkSj lkezkT;okn dk gfFk;kj ekurs FksA bl ny us Hkkjrds caVokjs dks Hkh dkaxzsl }kjk vaxzstksa ds lEeq[k gfFk;kj Mkyus dscjkcj ekuk vkSj ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k fd os Lo;a Hkh foLr`rØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu pykus esa vleFkZ jgsA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 87
vU; èkkjk,a&okei{k esa 1930 ds n'kd esa oqQN vkSj xqV ,oaèkkjk,a mHkjha] ftuesa çeq[k fuEu Fkha&
(1) iQkWjoMZ CykWd&ekpZ 1939 esa lqHkk"k pUnz cksl rFkkmuds lg;ksfx;kas us iQkWjoMZ Cykd dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g rc gqvktc cksl dks dkaxzsl ds vè;{k in ls bLrhiQk nsus ds fy, etcwjfd;k x;kA
(2) ØkfUrdkjh lektoknh ny&bldh LFkkiuk 1940 esagqbZA
(3) Hkkjrh; cksy'ksfod ny&bldh LFkkiuk 1939 esa ,u-nÙk etwenkj }kjk dh x;hA
(4) ØkfUrdkjh lkE;oknh ny&bldh LFkkiuk 1942 easlkSE;sUnz ukFk VSxksj }kjk dh x;hA
(5) cksY'ksfod ysfufuLV ikVhZ&bldh LFkkiuk 1941 esvthr jk; vkSj bUnzlsu }kjk dh x;hA
(6) vfroknh yksdra=k ny (Radical Democratic
Party)& ,e-,u- jk; tks Hkkjr eas lkE;oknh vkUnksyu ds vxzxkehFks] us ekDlZokn ls iw.kZr;k fujk'k gksdj bldk xBu 1940 esa fd;kFkkA
okeiaFk dk ys[kk tks[kkokeiaFk dk ys[kk tks[kkokeiaFk dk ys[kk tks[kkokeiaFk dk ys[kk tks[kkokeiaFk dk ys[kk tks[kk
blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha gS fd okei{k ds dk;ZdÙkkZ lkglh] tq>k#rFkk cfynkuh Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa esa FksA ysfdu okei{k viuk cqfu;knhvk/kjdk;e djus esa vliQy jgk&;kuh jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa oglektoknh fopkjksa vkSj lektoknh ny dk opZLo dk;e ugha djldkA bl tfVy ifjLFkfr ds ckjs esa tks oqQN Li"Vhdj.k fn;s x;sgaS] muesa oqQN laosQr feyrs gSaA çFke rks okei{k dh yM+kbZ dkaxzsl
ds çHkko'kkyh usr`Ro ls ges'kk xyr eqíksadks ysdj gqbZ vkSj tc ruko fc[kjko dsfcUnq rd igq¡prk Fkk] rc okei{k ;k rksmlds ihNs pyus ds fy, ckè; gksrk Fkk;k fcYoqQy vyx&Fkyx iM+ tkrk FkkAdkaxzsl ds nf{k.kiafFk;ksa ds ,dne foijhrokei{k fopkjèkkjk vkSj dk;Zuhfr ds Lrjij yphyk ugha gks ikrk FkkA nf{k.kiaFk dslkFk buds Vdjko dk vkèkkj fopkjèkkjk dslokyksa dks ysdj ugha] cfYd la?k"kZ dsrkSj&rjhdksa rFkk dk;Zuhfr dks ysdj gqvkdjrk FkkA tSls dkaxzsl ds nf.k{kiaFk dsf[kykiQ budk lcls xaHkhj vkjksi ;g Fkkfd ;g i{k lkezkT;okn ls le>kSrk djukpkgrk Fkk vkSj bUgsa vke turk ds la?k"kZesa mrjus ls Mj yxrk FkkA bu vkjksiksa dk[kaMu djus eas nf{k.kiafFk;ksa dks dksbZ fnDdrugha gksrh Fkh] D;ksafd yksxksa dks mu ijfo'okl FkkA okeiaFkh Hkkjrh; ;FkkFkZ dkxgu vè;;u djus esa Hkh vliQy jgsA
tokgjyky usg: ds vfrfjDr lewpkokeiaFk dkaxzsl ds çHkko'kkyh usr`Ro dksiwathifr;ksa dk usrk ekurk FkkA ckrphr dstfj, leL;k lqy>kus dh budh uhfr dkslkezkT;okn ds lkFk le>kSrs dk ç;kl
ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj laoSèkkfud lhek esa jgdj dh tkus okyh fdlhHkh dksf'k'k dks Lora=krk ds fy, la?k"kZ ls eaqg eksM+uk ekuk tkrkFkkA okeiafFk;ksa dh ,d cgqr cM+h deh ;g Hkh Fkh fd FkksM+s le;dks NksM+ nas rks fofHkUu ny] èkM+s rFkk O;fDr la;qDr :i ls dkedjus esa ges'kk vliQy jgsA fiQj Hkh okeiafFk;ksa dks Hkkjrh; lektvkSj jktuhfr ij ,d cqfu;knh çHkko Mkyus esa t:j liQyrk feyhAfdlkuksa vkSj etnwjksa ds laxBu cus] tks budh egRoiw.kZ liQyrkFkhA dkaxzsl ij Hkh okeiafFk;ksa dk vPNk çHkko iM+kA ;fn laxBudh n`f"V ls ns[kas rks] vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh esa ,d&frgkbZer egRoiw.kZ eqíkas ij okeiafFk;ksa ds çHkko eas FkkA 1936 ls 1939ds chp usg: rFkk cksl dkaxzsl ds vè;{k pqus x;sA usg: viuhdk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr ds vUrZxr rhu çeq[k lektokfn;ksa&vkpk;Z ujsUnznso] t;çdk'k ukjk;.k vkSj vP;qr iVoèkZu dks ukfer djus esaliQy jgsA fopkjèkkjk vkSj laxBu nksuksa gh n`f"V;ksa ls ns[kk tk;srks dkaxzsl dk okei{k dh vksj >qdko c<+kA nf{k.kiafFk;kas lfgrdkaxzsl us ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd Hkkjrh; turk dh nfjnzrk vkSjeqlhcrksa dh tM+ fliQZ mifuos'koknh 'kklu ugha gS] cfYd Hkkjrh;lekt dk vkarfjd lkekftd vkfFkZd <kapk Hkh gS] blfy, ;Fkk'kh?kzbleas vkewy&pwy ifjorZu dh t:jr gSA jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ij okei{kdk çHkko ewykfèkdkj vkSj vkfFkZd uhfr dks ysdj ikfjr çLrkoksaesa Hkh >ydrk gS] ftUgsa dkaxzsl ds djkaph vfèkos'ku esa 1931 easikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA blds vykok 1936 esa iQStiqj vfèkos'ku dhvkfFkZd uhfr ij ikfjr çLrko esa] 1936 ds dkaxzsl ds pquko ?kks"k.kki=k esa Hkh okeiafFk;kas dk çHkko Li"V >ydrk gSA fu"d"kZr% gedg ldrs gSa fd ;|fi okei{k vius ewy mís';ksa dks ikus esa vliQyjgk] fiQj Hkh mldh miyfCèk;ka vewY; gaSA
fczfV'k Hkkjr esa "kM~;a=k ds ekeysfczfV'k Hkkjr esa "kM~;a=k ds ekeysfczfV'k Hkkjr esa "kM~;a=k ds ekeysfczfV'k Hkkjr esa "kM~;a=k ds ekeysfczfV'k Hkkjr esa "kM~;a=k ds ekeysekeys o" k Z fo " k;
1- is'kkoj "kM;a=k 1922&27 blesa lksfo;r la?k ls Hkkjr vkus okys lkE;oknh Økafrdkfj;ksaekeyk dk ny] ftls lezkV ds fo#¼ "kM;a=k jpus ds vijkèk esa canh
cuk;k x;kA is'kkoj esa eqdnes pykdj bu Økafrdkfj;ksa dksyEch ltk,a nh x;ha
2- dkuiqj "kM~;a=k 1924 dE;wfuLV usrk Jh iknve`r Mkaxs] eqtÝiQj vgen] ekfyuhekeyk xqIrk ,oa 'kkSdr mLekuh vkfn dks dkuiqj esa fxjÝrkj dj
dkuiqj "kM~;a=k ds rgr pys eqdnes esas 4 o"kZ dk dkjkoklfn;k x;k
3- esjB "kM~;a=k 1929&33 1929 esa ljdkj us 32 mls O;fDr;ksa dks fxjÝrkj fd;keqdnek ftuesa Økafrdkjh] jktuhfrK o VsªM ;wfu;u ls tqM+s yksx ,oa
rhu vaxszt dE;qfuLV (fiQfyi LiszV] csu czsMys ,oa ysLVgfpUlu) vkfn 'kkfey Fks] ij esjB "kM~;a=k ds rgr lk<s+rhu o"kZ rd eqdnek pykA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ;g eqdnek [kwcpfpZr jgkA vfHk;qDrksa dh vksj ls tokgj yky usg:] dSyk'kukFk dkVtw vkfn us iSjoh dh
4- ykgkSj "kM~;a=k 1929&31 iatkch Økafrdkfj;ksa us Hkxr flag ds usr`Ro esa ykyk yktirjk;dsl ij ykBh pktZ dk vkns'k nsus okys ykgkSj ds lgk;d iqfyl
dIrku lkaMlZ dh gR;k dj nh] ckn esa vlsEcyh ij ce fxjkusds vkjksi esa Hkxrflag] lq[knso rFkk jktxq: dks blh "kM;a=kds rgr 1931 esa iQkalh nh x;h
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
Y
©Chronicle IAS Academy 88
VªsM ;wfu;u vkUnksyuVªsM ;wfu;u vkUnksyuVªsM ;wfu;u vkUnksyuVªsM ;wfu;u vkUnksyuVªsM ;wfu;u vkUnksyuHkkjr eas Jfed vkUnksyu dh 'kq#vkr dkiQh igys gqbZ] fdarq
,d laxfBr vkUnksyu osQ :i esa bldk Øec¼ bfrgkl çFke fo'o;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ ckn gh 'kq: gksrk gSA 1850 vkSj 1859 osQchp osQ n'kd esa Hkkjr esa igys rks jsy vk;h] fiQj caxky rFkkcEcbZ jkT;ksa esa vU; lgk;d m|ksxksa dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk tSls dks;yk]mR[kuu] twV vkSj diM+kA Hkkjrh; Jfed oxZ dks de etnwjh] yEcsdk;Z osQ ?kaVs] feyksa esa vLoLFk okrkoj.k] ckydksa ls dke ysuk rFkkfdlh Hkh çdkj dh lqfoèkkvksa dk u gksuk bR;kfn ls fucVuk Fkk]tks baXySaM rFkk fo'o osQ çk;% lHkh Jfedksa dks vkjafHkd fnuksa esalgus iM+s FksA blosQ vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; Jfedksa dks vkSifuosf'kd jkT;dk nqO;Zogkj Hkh lguk iM+rk FkkA bl vkSifuosf'kd ifjfLFkfr osQdkj.k Hkkjrh; Jfed vkUnksyu esa ,d fo'ks"krk vk x;hA ;gvkUnksyu vfuok;Z :i ls jk"Vªh; Lora=krk vkUnksyu dk Hkkx cu x;kvFkkZr~ Jfed oxZ us vius vkfFkZd dY;k.k osQ lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh;Lora=krk osQ fy, Hkh ç;Ru fd;sA
VsªM ;wfu;u Jfedksa dk ,d ,slk la?k gS] ftldk xBu feyksavkSj dkj[kkuksa esa dke djus okys Jfedksa dh voLFkk ,oa fLFkfresa lqèkkj djus osQ fy, fd;k x;kA VsªM ;wfu;uokn eq[;r% nks eqíksavFkkZr~ Jfed la?k ,oa Jfed fopkjèkkjk ij osQfUnzr FkkA
Jfedksa dh n'kk esa lqèkkj djus dk çkjafHkd ç;kl oqQNegRoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;kA lu~ 1877 esa ukxiqj dslwrh fey esa Jfedksa }kjk loZçFke gM+rky] etnwjh dh nj osQ eqísdks ysdj fd;k x;kA Jfedksa osQ dk;Z djus osQ ?kaVs dks de djusosQ eqís dks ysdj ,l- ,l- caxkyh us lu~ 1878 esa cEcbZ foèkkuifj"kn esa ,d fcy is'k fd;k] ijarq mudk ;g ç;kl vliQy jgkAlu~ 1879 esa 'kf'kin cuthZ us caxky esa ,d ^Jfed Dyc*(Working Men Club) dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk 1874 esa mUgksaus ^HkkjrJethoh* uked ,d ekfld if=kdk dh Hkh 'kq#vkr dh ftldkmís'; Jfedksa dks f'kf{kr djuk FkkA ;g fofèk dh foMEcuk gS fdHkkjrh; Jfedksa dh fLFkfr dks lqèkkjus dh vkokt yadk'kk;j osQm|ksxifr;ksa }kjk dh x;hA oLrqr% mUgsa Mj Fkk fd lLrh etnwjhosQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; mRikn dgha muosQ çfr}anh u gks tk;saA mUgksaus,d vk;ksx dh ekax Hkh dh tks Hkkjrh; dkj[kkuksa esa Jfedksa dhifjfLFkfr dk vè;;u djsA igyk vk;ksx 1875 esa fu;qDr gqvk vkSjçFke dkj[kkuk dkuwu 1881 (First Factory Act&1881) ikfjrfd;k x;kA bl dkuwu osQ vèkhu 7 o"kZ ls de mez osQ cPpksa dksdkj[kkuk esa ugha yxk;k tk ldrk Fkk rFkk 12 o"kZ ls de vk;qosQ cPpksa osQ fy, dke djus osQ ?kaVksa dks Hkh lhfer fd;k x;kvkSj ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd [krjukd e'khuksa osQ pkjksa vksj ckM+yxuk pkfg,A nwljk dkj[kkuk dkuwu 1891 esa ikfjr gqvk vkSj mleasfL=k;ksa osQ dke djus dk le; 11 ?kaVs dj fn;k x;kA cPpksa osQdke djus osQ fy, U;wure vk;q 7 vkSj 12 ls c<+kdj 9 vkSj14 dj nh x;hA blh çdkj 1909 esa iVlu dkj[kkuksa osQ fy,Hkh dkuwu cusA
Jfed la?kks a dk mn;Jfed la?kks a dk mn;Jfed la?kks a dk mn;Jfed la?kks a dk mn;Jfed la?kks a dk mn;Hkkjrh; Jfedksa osQ çFke usrk ,u- ,e- yks[kk.Ms us lu~ 1884
es cEcbZ esa ^cEcbZ feygS.Ml ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk dhA bls
çFke Jfed la?k osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS (;|fi ;g VsªM;wfu;u ugha Fkk)A bl la?k us fuEu ekaxs j[kha% (1) dk;Z djusosQ ?kaVs eas deh] (2) lkIrkfgd NqV~Vh rFkk (3) dkj[kkus esa dk;Zdjrs oDr gqbZ nq?kZVukvksa dk gtkZukA yks[kk.Ms us ^nhucaèkq* ukedif=kdk dh Hkh 'kq#vkr dhA 1899 osQ o`gr Hkkjrh; çk;}hih; jsyosgM+rky dks Jfed oxZ dk çFke laxfBr gM+rky ekuk tkrk gSAJfedksa dk nwljk laxfBr fojksèk 1908 dks cEcbZ lwrh fey dhgM+rky FkkA ;g gM+rky fryd dh fxjÝrkjh osQ fojksèk esa dh x;hFkh] tks Jfedksa dh jktuSfrd psruk dk mn~?kks"kd FkhA yks[kk.Ms dhlaLFkk dh rjg vusd ;wfu;usa cuha tSls fçaVlZ ;wfu;u] iksLVy ;wfu;uvkfnA ysfdu buesa ls fdlh Hkh ;wfu;u us (çFke fo'o ;q¼ dhlekfIr osQ igys osQ fdlh Hkh ;wfu;u us) etnwjksa osQ la?k"kZ dksLi"V rkSj ij O;Dr ugha fd;kA
çFke fo'o ;q¼ vkSj Hkkjrh; Vª sM ;wfu;uokn dktUe % çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ fnuksa esa oLrqvksa osQ ewY; c<+s]m|ksxifr;ksa dks vHkwriwoZ ykHk gqvk] ijUrq etnwjksa dh etnwjh U;wuregh jghA eè;e oxZ us bl vlarq"V vkSj ihlrs gq, etnwj oxZ dkcM+h prqjkbZ ls viuh jktuSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd LokFkks± osQ fy, mi;ksxdjus dh dksf'k'k dhA blh chp egkRek xkaèkh dk jk"Vªh; jaxeapij vkxeu gqvk vkSj mUgksaus vius vkUnksyu osQ vkèkkj dks foLr`rdjus dk ç;Ru fd;kA mUgksaus Jfedksa vkSj Ñ"kdksa dks vius vkUnksyuesa lfEefyr fd;kA
,uh cslsaV osQ utnhdh lgk;d ch- ih- okfM;k us vçSy 1918esa ^enzkl Jfed la?k* dh LFkkiuk dhA Hkkjr esa ;g igyk VsªM;wfu;u FkkA xkaèkhth us 1920 esa vgenkckn esa ,d ;wfu;u cuk;h]tks vkxs pydj ^VsDlVkbYl yscj ,lksfl,'ku* osQ :i esa fodflrgqbZA çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ i'pkr ^jk"Vª la?k* vkSj ^vUrjkZ"Vªh; JelaxBu* (ILO) dk xBu gqvk ftuls Jfedksa dh leL;k dksvUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkwfedk fey x;hA vf[ky Hkkjrh; VsªM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl(AITUC) dh LFkkiuk 1920 esa gqbZA bl o"kZ osQ jk"Vªh; dkaxzslosQ vè;{k ykyk yktir jk; dks gh bl VsªM ;wfu;u dk vè;{kcuk;k x;kA bldk igyk vfèkos'ku cEcbZ esa gqvkA bl VsªM ;wfu;udh LFkkiuk dk rkRdkfyd dkj.k Fkk vUrZjk"Vªh; Je laxBu dhlnL;rk xzg.k djukA jk"Vªh; usrkvksa us bl laxBu ls viuk lehidk lacaèk cuk;s j[kk vkSj lh- vkj- nkl] oh-oh- fxfj] ljksftuhuk;Mw] tokgj yky usg: vkSj lqHkk"kpUnz cksl lHkh us ckjh&ckjhls blosQ vfèkos'kuksa osQ çèkku osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;kA
1926 osQ VªsM ;wfu;u ,DV osQ }kjk igyh ckj VªsM ;wfu;udks FkksM+h&lh oSèkrk çkIr gqbZA bl ,DV us VªsM ;wfu;u xfrfofèk;ksaosQ iathdj.k ,oa ;wfu;u osQ xBu osQ fy, 'krs±Z fuèkkZfjr dhaA ijarqlkFk gh mldh jktuSfrd xfrfofèk;ksa ij oqQN fu;a=k.k Hkh LFkkfirdj fn;sA lcls cM+h gM+rky cEcbZ osQ feyksa esa 1924 esa ,oa iqu%1925 esa gqbZA 1926 esa ^cEcbZ lwrh oL=k etnwj ;wfu;u* dh LFkkiukgqbZA blosQ vè;{k ,u- ,e- tks'kh gq,A ;g 1926 osQ ,DV osQvUrZxr çFke iathÑr VsªM ;wfu;u FkkA
1920 osQ ckn lkE;oknh vkUnksyu osQ mRFkku osQ i'pkr~ VªsM;wfu;u vkUnksyu esa oqQN ØkfUrdkjh vkSj lSfud Hkkouk vk x;hAblus VªsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl dks mxz cuk fn;kA 1927 esa cgqr lslkE;oknh nyksa us vius dks Jfed ,oa Ñ"kd ikVhZ osQ :i esa laxfBrdj fy;kA 1926&27 osQ fnuksa esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; VsªM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 89
esa nks xqV gks x;s& ,d lqèkkjoknh vkSj nwljk ØkfUrdkjh] ftUgsaØe'k% ^tsusok ,ElVMZe xqV* vkSj ^ekLdks xqV* Hkh dgrs FksAnqHkkXZ;o'k oqQN le; esa gh vf[ky Hkkjrh; VsªM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl esanks ckj foHkktu gqvkA ,e- ,u- tks'kh osQ vèkhu mnkjoknh xqV ,Vd(AITUC) ls ckgj gks x;k vkSj 1929 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; VsªM;wfu;u iQsMjs'ku (AITUF) dh LFkkiuk dhA foHkktu dk eq[; eqík;g Fkk fd ,Vd (AITUC) dks fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk Jfedksa ijfu;qDr jkW;y deh'ku dk cfg"dkj djuk pkfg, vFkok ughaAmnkjokfn;ksa us lg;ksx nsuk pkgk] tcfd mxzokfn;ksa us cfg"dkj djukpkgkA 1931 esa fiQj nwljk foHkktu gqvk tcfd lkE;okfn;ksa us ,Vd(AITUC) dk ifjR;kx fd;k vkSj ^yky VsªM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl* dkxBu fd;kA bu foHkktuksa us VsªM ;wfu;u vkUnksyu dks detksj djfn;kA
VsªM ;wfu;u dk neuVsªM ;wfu;u dk neuVsªM ;wfu;u dk neuVsªM ;wfu;u dk neuVsªM ;wfu;u dk neuekpZ 1929 esa fczfV'k ljdkj us Jfed oxZ osQ egRoiw.kZ usrkvksa
dks fxjÝrkj fd;k vkSj mu ij eqdnek pykus osQ fy, mUgsa esjByk;k x;kA VsªM ;wfu;u usrkvksa ij eq[; vfHk;ksx ;g Fkk fd mUgksausfczfV'k Økmu dks Hkkjr dh laçHkqrk ls oafpr djus dk "kM~;a=k fd;kAbl eqdnes osQ ifj.kkeLo:i eqtÝiQj vgen] Mkaxs] tksxysdj]fiQyhi LçSV] cSu czSMyh] gfpaxlu ,oa vU; dks ltk nh x;hA1929&31 dk esjB eqdnek dk fo'o Lrj ij çpkj gqvkA ijarqesjB eqdn~nes us rkRdkfyd :i ls Jfed vkUnksyu dks xgjk èkDdkigq¡pk;kA
VsªM ;wfu;u vkUnksyu dk u;k pj.k 1935 osQ ckn çkjaHk gqvkA,Vd (AITUC) dh ,drk iqu% LFkfir dj nh x;hA 1937 esa jkT;ksaesa dkaxzsl ljdkjksa osQ xBu us Jfedksa dks çsj.kk nh ,oa mudhvkdka{kkvksa dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA 1936 ,oa 1939 osQ chp VsªM;wfu;uksa dh la[;k esa Hkh dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZA gM+rkyksa dh la[;k 1936esa 157 ls c<+dj 1939 esa 406 gks x;hA vkxs ,e- ,u- jk; us^bafM;u iQsMjs'ku vkWiQ yscj* uked ,d ljdkj leFkZd ;wfu;udh LFkkiuk dhA 1944 esa ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy us ^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;VsªM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl* (INTUC) dh LFkkiuk dhA vr% Lora=krk osQi'pkr jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk osQ ;wfu;uokn dk èkzqohdj.k gqvkA okLrfod:i esa ;g VsªM ;wfu;u vkUnksyu osQ foLrkj dk u;k pj.k FkkA
vktkn fgan i+QkSt vkUnksyuvktkn fgan i+QkSt vkUnksyuvktkn fgan i+QkSt vkUnksyuvktkn fgan i+QkSt vkUnksyuvktkn fgan i+QkSt vkUnksyu
1942&43 osQ chp ns'k dh lhekvksa osQ ckgj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokndks ,d vuks[kh vfHkO;fDr feyhA ;g vfHkO;fDr jkl fcgkjh cksl]oSQIVu eksgu flag vkSj lqHkk"kpUnz cksl dh mxz ns'kHkfDr osQ :iesa feyhA çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ le; xnj ikVhZ rFkk vU; Økafrdkfj;ksaus rqdhZ rFkk teZuh dh lgk;rk] fczfV'k ljdkj osQ fo#¼ ysuh pkghij os liQy ugha gq,A f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ le; fiQj oSlk ghvolj vk;kA bl le; bl çdkj osQ vkUnksyu osQ usrk lqHkk"kpUnzcksl FksA os Hkkjr osQ fgr esa bl ;q¼ dk ykHk mBkus dk fu'p;dj pqosQ FksA mudh xfrfofèk;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ^vktkn fgan i+QkSt*dk fuekZ.k gqvk vkSj Lora=krk vkUnksyu esa ,d u;k eksM+ vk;kA
tc ;q¼ osQ ckny eaMjk jgs Fks rks Jh cksl us fczVsu ,oateZuh osQ ;q¼ dk ykHk mBkdj Hkkjr dks Lokèkhu djkuk pkgkA
fczfV'k ljdkj dks lqHkk"k pUnz cksl esa ,d [krjukd Økafrdkjh utjvk;k] vr% bUgsa 1940 esa Hkkjr lqj{kk dkuwu osQ varxZr fxjÝrkjdjosQ dydÙkk osQ çslhMsalh tsy esa can dj fn;k x;kA blds cknmuds ?kj esa gh utjcUn dj fn;k x;kA ijUrq usrkth tuojh 1941esa iqfyl dh utjksa esa /wy >ksadj ft;kmn~nhu uked iBku dk Nn~eos'k /kj.k dj dkcqy igqap x;s vkSj ogka ls brkyoh ikliksVZ ysdjos :l igqaps] ysfdu blh chp teZuh us :l ij vkØe.k dj fn;kvkSj :l fe=k jk"Vªksa esa 'kkfey gks x;kA lqHkk"k pUnz cksl :lls teZuh bl mís'; ls pys x;s fd ogka 'kk;n enn çkIr djlosaQA ogka fgVyj osQ nkfgus gkFk jkscsu Vªki us mudk Lokxr fd;kAlqHkk"k pUnz cksl us çLrko j[kk fd&(1) os cfyZu jsfM;ks ls fczfV'k fojksèkh çpkj djsaxs](2) teZuh esa Hkkjrh; ;q¼cafn;ksa ls vktkn fgan iQkSt cuk;saxs vkSj(3) rhu çeq[k jk"Vª teZuh] bVyh rFkk tkiku Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk
dh la;qDr ?kks"k.kk djsaxsAigys nks çLrkoksa dks rks Lohdkj fd;k x;k ij rhljs ij os
jkth ugha gq,A ;gka teZuh esa gh muosQ uke osQ lkFk ^usrkth* 'kCntksM+k x;kA mUgksaus isfjl] jkse esa ^Úh bafM;k lsaVj* LFkkfir fd;kAlqHkk"kpUnz cksl us teZuh esa Hkkjrh; ;q¼cafn;kas dks Hkh laxfBr djusdk ç;kl fd;kA muls mUgksaus ^bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ* esa lfEefyrgksus dk vuqjksèk fd;k rFkk ^t; fgan* dk ukjk viuk;kA ;gka;q¼cafn;ksa dh la[;k FkksM+h gksus osQ dkj.k dksbZ T;knk liQyrk ughafey ldhA blh chp iwoZ esa tkiku dks cM+h liQyrk feyhA 15tuojh] 1942 dks flaxkiqj ij mldk dCtk gks x;k vkSj gtkjksaHkkjrh; lSfud ;q¼canh cuk;s x;sA vr% ogka ls lqHkk"kpUnz cksltkiku pys x;sA
tkiku osQ vapy esa jkl fcgkjh cksl us Hkkjrh; Lora=krk yhx[kM+h djus dh dksf'k'k dhA Jh jkl fcgkjh cksl jk"Vªoknh ØkafrdkjhFks tks çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ nkSjku fxjÝrkjh ls cpus osQ fy, tkikupys x;s FksA mUgksaus ekpZ 1942 esa Vksfd;ks esa ,d lEesyu dkvk;kstu fd;k ftlesas Hkkjrh; lsuk laxfBr djus dk çLrko iklfd;k x;kA jkl fcgkjh us gh twu 1942 esa cSadkd esa ,d lEesyudk vk;kstu fd;k ftlesa Hkkjrh; lSfudksa osQ çfrfufèk Hkh 'kkfeygq,A mUgksaus ^Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk yhx* dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj lqHkk"kpUnzcksl dks iwoZ ,f'k;k esa cqykus dk fu'p; fd;kA blh chp 15iQjojh] 1942 dks flaxkiqj dk iru gqvkA buosQ 40]000 ;q¼cafn;ksadks ysdj dIrku eksgu flag us ^bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ* (Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh; lsuk) uke ls vktkn fgan iQkSt [kM+h dhA vktkn fgan iQkStdks vkjaHk ls gh cgqr lkjh dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA Hkkjrh;viQljksa vkSj tokuksa us tkikfu;ksa }kjk viuh ;q¼ uhfr dk ikyudjus esa mudk bLrseky fd;s tkus dh dksf'k'k dks cqjk ekukA blh
ifjisz{; esa ^vktkn fgan iQkSt* loksZPp deku laHkkyus osQ fy, lqHkk"k
pUnz cksl dks flaxkiqj yk;k x;kA 4 tqykbZ dks jkl fcgkjh cksl
us iwoZ ,f'k;k dh ckxMksj lqHkk"k pUnz cksl dks lkSai nhA mUgsa ^bafM;k
bafMisaMsal yhx* dk vè;{k cuk;k x;kA mUgsa ^usrkth* dgdj
lacksfèkr fd;k x;k tSls teZuh esa loksZPp usrk dks ^Ý;qjj* vkSjbVyh esa ^M;wl* dgk tkrk gSA
lqHkk"k pUnz cksl us flaxkiqj esa Lora=k Hkkjr dh vLFkk;h ljdkjcukus vkSj vktkn fgan iQkSt dks ysdj Hkkjr tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 90
mUgksaus dekaM fy;k rFkk tkikuh ljdkj ls r; fd;k fd nf{k.k&iwoZ,f'k;k esa vktkn fgan iQkSt dk la?k"kZ pykuk gS rFkk Hkkjr osQmÙkj&iwohZ vapy dks Lora=k djkuk gSA vLFkk;h ljdkj dk vkjaHk21 vDVwcj] 1943 dks gqvkA lqHkk"k pUnz cksl çkbe fefuLVj rFkklsuk osQ lqçhe dekaMj cusA foÙk] çpkj rFkk fL=k;ksa osQ foHkkxØe'k% ,-lh-pVthZ] ,l-,- vÕ;j rFkk y{eh LokehukFku dks lkSaisx;sA fL=k;ksa us bl vfHk;ku esa dkiQh la[;k esa Hkkx fy;k rFkk ^>kalhdh jkuh* jsthesaV dk;e dhA vktkn fgan iQkSt dk jk"Vªh; xku VSxksjdh dfork FkhA dkaxszl dk frjaxk >aMk bldk >aMk FkkA rhu fczxsMkasosQ uke Fks& lqHkk"k fczxsM] xkaèkh fczxsM ,oa usg: fczxsMA
tkiku ljdkj us vaMeku rFkk fudksckj }hi ij fot; çkIrdj bldk 'kklu bl vLFkk;h ljdkj dks lkSai fn;kA cksl fnlEcj1943 esa ogka x;s rFkk ogka mUgksaus frjaxk >aMk iQgjk;kA jaxwu esavLFkk;h ljdkj dh jktèkkuh ,oa vktkn fgan iQkSt dk dekaM cukAvktkn fgan iQkSt cekZ esa vaxzstksa osQ f[kykiQ yM+h vkSj vjkdkuekspsZ ij fot; çkIr dj Hkkjr dh lhek esa ços'k dj x;hAtkikfu;ksa dh lgk;rk ls mUgksaus dksfgek ij Hkh vfèkdkj dj fy;kAvktkn fgan iQkSt dk mRlkg fnu&çfrfnu c<+rk tk jgk FkkA oqQNgh l;e ckn mUgksaus bEiQky dks ?ksj fy;k x;kA mUgsa fo'okl Fkkfd oqQN gh fnuksa esa bEiQky dk iru gks tk;sxk] ijarq bl çns'kesa Hkkjh o"kkZ vkajHk gks tkus osQ dkj.k vktkn fgUn iQkSt dk tkikuls lEidZ VwV x;kA mUgsa vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA;q¼ fLFkfr Hkh vc cny jgh FkhA
vktkn fgan osQ iQkSt osQ viQljksa vkSj lSfudksa esa ns'kHkfDr dhHkkouk Fkh vkSj mUgksaus eqfDrnkrk osQ :i esa Hkkjr esa ços'k djukpkgk FkkA ijUrq blh chp ;q¼ esa ,d u;k eksM+ vk;k vkSj iwohZ,f'k;k esa tkiku dh dbZ LFkkuksa ij gkj gqbZA tkiku dh ijkt;osQ lkFk vktkn fgan iQkSt dh ;kstuk vliQy gks x;hA Vksfd;kstkrs gq, ,d gokbZ tgkt osQ nq?kZVukxzLr gks tkus ls usrkth lqHkk"kpUnz cksl dh e`R;q gks x;hA fo'o us lglk bl ?kVuk ij fo'oklugha fd;kA
vktkn fgan iQkSt dk ys[kk&tks[kkvktkn fgan iQkSt dk ys[kk&tks[kkvktkn fgan iQkSt dk ys[kk&tks[kkvktkn fgan iQkSt dk ys[kk&tks[kkvktkn fgan iQkSt dk ys[kk&tks[kk;g lgh gS fd cgqr ls Hkkjrh; usrkvksa us tkiku vkSj blosQ
iQklhoknh fe=kksa dh lgk;rk ls Hkkjr dks Lora=k djkuk ilan ughafd;kA ysfdu ;q¼ osQ vafre o"kks± esa lqHkk"k pUnz cksl vkSj vktknfgan iQkSt us Hkkjr esa mu jk"Vªokfn;ksa dh grk'k Hkkouk dks <k<+lcaèkk;k] tks fujk'kk vkSj vlgk;rk ls xzLr FksA mUgksaus lsuk osQ tokuksavkSj Hkkjrh; turk osQ gj oxZ osQ lkeus lkgl vkSj ns'kHkfDr dh,slh felky j[kh tks çsj.kknk;d FkhA
vLFkk;h ljdkj vkSj vktkn fgan iQkSt us Hkkjr dh Lrra=krkosQ ç'u dks fczfV'k lkezkT; osQ laoqQfpr nk;js ls fudkydj foLrrvarjkZ"Vªh; f{kfrt ij yk fn;kA
vktkn fgan iQkSt us fl¼ dj fn;k fd Hkkjrh; lSfud ek=kiSSls osQ fy, dke djus okys lSfud ugha gSa] vfirq ekr`Hkwfe osQ lPpsliwr gSa vkSj ns'kHkDr gSaA dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa eqdkcyk djus esavktkn fgan iQkSt osQ viQljksa us cjkcj csfelky dke fd;kA
f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn fczfV'k lkezkT; [kks[kyk gks x;krFkk Hkkjr ,oa vU; mifuos'kksa dh Lora=krk fudV vk x;hA fiQjHkh vktkn fgan iQkSt us Hkkjr osQ Lora=krk laxzke esa loZFkk uohu,oa vHkwriwoZ vè;k; tksM+kA tkiku dh ijkt; osQ vfrfjDr vktkn
fgan iQkSt dh ijkt; osQ vU; dkj.k Fks& vi;kZIr çfr{k.k] vi;kZIrHkkstu lkexzh] vi;kZIr onhZ rFkk tkikuh lsuk osQ }kjk cjkcj ;gç;Ru dh os muosQ çpkj nLrs osQ :i esa jgsaA
vktkn fgan iQkSt ij eqdnekvktkn fgan iQkSt ij eqdnekvktkn fgan iQkSt ij eqdnekvktkn fgan iQkSt ij eqdnekvktkn fgan iQkSt ij eqdnektc fczfV'k ljdkj us ^vktkn fgan iQkSt* osQ oqQN viQljksa
osQ fo#¼ 'kklu dh oiQknkjh dh 'kiFk rksM+us vkSj fo'okl?kkr djusosQ vkjksi esa eqdnek pykus dh ?kks"k.kk dh] rks jk"Vªoknh fojksèkdh ygj lkjs ns'k esa iQSy x;hA lkjs ns'k esa fo'kky çn'kZu gq,vkSj viQljksa dh fjgkbZ dh ekax dh x;hA tc ljnkj xq#c['k flagf<Yykas] Jh çse lgxy vkSj Jh 'kkguokt osQ mQij fczfV'k gqdwerus jktnzksg dk eqdnek pyk;k] rks lEiw.kZ jk"Vª esa fonzksg dh HkkoukHkM+d mBh vkSj ;s rhuksa ns'k osQ fofHkUu laçnk;ksa dh lkaosQfrd ,drkosQ çrhd cu x;sA dksVZ ek'kZy dk eqdnek yky fdys esa pyk;kx;k FkkA dkaxzsl us bu viQljksa dh iSjoh dk iQSlyk fd;kA uosQoy dkaxzsl cfYd lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa us Hkh eqdnes dh lquokbZdk fojksèk fd;k vkSj bu rhuksa dh fjgkbZ dh tksjnkj vkokt mBk;hAdkaxzsl us HkwykHkkbZ nslkbZ] Jh rst cgknqj lçq] vkliQ vyh ljh[ksç[;kr odhyksa dks ysdj ^vktkn fgan iQkSt cpko lfefr* dk xBufd;k x;kA 30 o"kZ ckn tokgj yky usg: rFkk Jh ftUuk us Hkhodhy dk pksaxk èkkj.k fd;kA ysfdu vnkyr us rhuksa viQljksa dksvijkèkh djkj nsdj ltk, ekSr ns nhA bu rhuksa osQ çfr turk dhbruh lgkuqHkwfr Fkh fd nLr[krksa osQ vkUnksyu] lHkkvksa osQ nkSj dsvkxs ljdkj dks gfFk;kj Mkyus iM+sA xouZj tujy us viusfo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, mUgsa fjgk dj fn;kA vc rdcksl osQ ç;Ruksa osQ dVq vkykspd dkaxzsl us viuh 'kku c<+k;hA jk"Vªdh eu%LFkfr dks Hkkaidj dkaxzsl us ^vktkn fgan iQkSt* dk leFkZudj lexz vkanksyu dk ;'k ys fy;kA bu cafn;ksa osQ fjgkbZ osQ ;'kdk lsgjk dkaxszl us vius flj ckaèk fy;kA
'kkgh ukSlssuk dk l'kL=k fonzksg'kkgh ukSlssuk dk l'kL=k fonzksg'kkgh ukSlssuk dk l'kL=k fonzksg'kkgh ukSlssuk dk l'kL=k fonzksg'kkgh ukSlssuk dk l'kL=k fonzksgvktkn fgan iQkSt osQ vkUnksyu dk çHkko jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ij
rFkk lsuk ij Hkh iM+kA 1946 esa lsuk esa v'kkafr] 'kkgh lsuk dkfonzksg vR;ar egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk,a Fkh] ftUgksaus fczfV'k 'kklu dh Hkkjresa uhao fgyk nhA
f}rh; egk;q¼ osQ igys Hkkjrh; leqnz rV dh j{kk djus okystaxh tgktksa dks fczfV'k ukSlsuk ls vyx djosQ jkW;y bafM;u usoh(jktdh; Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk) dk xBu gqvk FkkA blosQ vfèkdka'k cM+sviQlj vaxszt FksA ukSlsuk osQ Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dks oks lqfoèkk,a unh tkrh Fkh tks fczfV'k ukS lsuk dks nh tkrh FkhA fczfV'k vDljHkkjrh;ksa dk vieku djrs FksA mUgsa ?kfV;k [kkuk fn;k tkrk FkkAHkÙkk Hkh cgqr de fn;k tkrk FkkA ckj&ckj vuqjksèk djus ij HkhfczfV'k vfèkdkfj;ksa us mudh f'kdk;r nwj ugha dhA
iQjojh 1946 esa ukSlsuk osQ oqQN ukfodksa dh cSjdksa esa çf'k{k.kpy jgk FkkA ogha [kjkc [kkus dh f'kdk;r dks ysdj Bu x;hA'kh?kz gh cSjkdksa dh nhokjksa ij iksLVj yx x;s& vaxzstksa Hkkjr NksM+ks!fgUnqLrku ftUnkckn! oqQN jsfM;ks vkWijsVjksa dks bl lansg esa fxjÝrkjdj fy;k x;k fd os dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ vkneh gSaA bl fxjÝrkjhdk tokc ukfodksa us 18 iQjojh] 1946 dh gM+rky ls fn;kA ;ggM+rky djkph rFkk enzkl esa Hkh iQSy x;hA bl LFkkuksa dh turk
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 91
osQ leFkZu ls ;g fodflr gqbZ rFkk vU; uxjksa esa Hkh iQSyhA ijarqeq[; :i ls ;g cEcbZ esa osQfUnzr jghA ukSlsuk osQ fonzksfg;ksa dkscEcbZ osQ ukxfjdksa dk iw.kZ leFkZu çkIr FkkA muosQ neu dks Hkstsx;s Hkkjrh; iQkSth nLrksa us 'kL=k mBkus ls budkj dj fn;kA rcfczfV'k iQkStsa cqyk;h x;ha vkSj 7 ?kaVs rd fdys dh cSjdksa osQ ckgj;q¼ gqvkA 22 iQjojh dks fczfV'k 'kklu us csfglkc xksfy;ka pyokdjturk osQ eukscy dks rksM+uk pkgkA blh fnu cEcbZ esa vHkwriwoZgM+rky gqbZ Fkh] ftleas 20 yk[k ls Hkh vfèkd etwnjksa us fgLlkfy;k FkkA rhu fnuksa esa yxHkx 200 yksx ekjs x;sA
tcyiqj osQ flxuy lSfudksa us 23 iQjojh dks gennhZ fn[kkusosQ fy, gM+rky dh ?kks"k.kk dhA dydÙkk] cEcbZ rFkk vU; uxjksaesa fo'kky tu çn'kZu gq,A ukSlsuk osQ bl fonzksg osQ ihNs tu&leFkZurFkk Hkkjrh; lsuk dh gennhZ ls fczfV'k 'kkld ?kcjk x;sA cEcbZosQ dkexkjksa rFkk eè;oxhZ; turk us ftl çdkj l'kL=k ØkafrdkjhukSlsuk osQ fonzksfg;ksa dk lkFk fn;k mlls fczfV'k lkezkT; dh uhaofgy x;hA
25 iQjojh] 1946 dks ukSlsuk osQ fonzksfg;ksa dks leç.k dhlykg nsus okys Jh cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy osQ ncko ls ;g vkanksyufc[kj x;kA blh vk'k; dk ncko eqfLye yhx us Hkh MkykA varr%osQUnzh; gM+rky lfefr us gfFk;kj Mky fn;sA gM+rky lfefr usvè;{k us vkf[kjh c;ku fn;k fd ^ge Hkkjr osQ lkeus vkRe&leç.kdj jgs gSa] fczVsu osQ lkeus ughaA* dkaxszl vkSj yhx osQ vk'okluksaosQ ckotwn nks fnu ckn gM+rky lfefr osQ usrk fxÝrkj dj fy,x;sA bl çdkj Hkkjr osQ Lora=krk vkUnksyu dk ,d Lof.kZe nkSjfc[kj x;kA
bl fonzksg dk egRo ;g gS fd blus ;g fn[kk;k fd Hkkjrh;turk vc fons'kh 'kklu osQ vieku dks vkSj vfèkd lgu djusosQ fy, rS;kj ugha FkhA jkW;y bafM;k usoh esa gqvk fonzksg fczfV'k'kklu osQ var dk yxHkx oSlk gh çrhd gS tSlk fd Lora=krk fnolA
bu fonzksgksa dk usr`Ro dE;qfuLV] lks'kfyLV ;k iQkjoMZ CykWdokyksa us ;k rhuksa us feydj fd;kA buosQ vkil osQ lacaèk ;k dkaxszlosQ lkFk lacaèk fojksèk ;k vlg;ksx osQ FksA ,slk yxus yxk fdfoLiQksVd fLFkfr fu;a=k.k osQ ckgj gks tk;sxh] tks jktuhfrd nyksaosQ fy, fpark dk fo"k; gks x;k] D;ksafd Lora=k Hkkjr osQ fy,vuq'kkflr l'kL=k lsuk,a vko';d Fkha vkSj tYnh gh bu nyksa dks'kklu djuk FkkA
,d rjg ls ;g fonzksg dkaxzsl dh çkjafHkd jk"Vªoknh xfrfofèk;ksadk gh foLrkj FkhA okLro esa ;g dkaxzsl }kjk ?kksf"kr lkezkT; fojksèkhHkkouk dh vfHkO;fDr FkhA dkaxszl us bl fczfV'k fojksèkh Hkkoukvksadk fuekZ.k vius pquko çpkj] vktkn fgan iQkSft;ksa osQ lkFk ,dtqVrkdk çn'kZu ,oa 1942 dh T;knfr;ksa dks n'kkZdj fd;kA gkykafddkaxszl us bl fonzksg dk vkàku ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj u gh nwljsnyksa usA ukfodksa osQ neu osQ fo#¼ buosQ çfr lgkuqHkwfr çnf'kZrdjus ,oa jks"k n'kkZus osQ fy, yksx Lor%LiQwrZ :i ls bdV~Bk gksx;sA ;|fi dkaxszl us yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksa dk Lokxr fd;k ,oaljdkjh neu dh fuUnk dh] ysfdu blus vfèkdkfjd :i ls fonzksgdk leFkZu ugha fd;k D;ksafd bloQk rjhoQk ,oa le; xyr FkkAdkaxzsl usrkvksa osQ fy, ;g Li"V Fkk fd ljdkj leFkZ gS ,oafonzksg dks oqQpyus osQ fy, n`<+çfrK gSA blfy, oYyHk HkkbZ iVsyus ukfodksa ls vkRe leç.k osQ fy, dgkA dkaxzsl }kjk bl rjgdh ps"Vk,a okLro esa ;g çnf'kZr djrh gSa fd lafèk ,oa le>kSrs
dkaxzslh la?k"kZ osQ rjhosQ osQ vfHkUu vax Fks rFkk tu vkUnksyu çkjaHkdjus ls igys mUgaas vktek;k tkrk FkkA 1946 esa vkUnksyu çkjaHkdjus ls igys le>kSrs osQ fodYi dh Nkuchu djuk vko';d Fkk]D;ksafd yx jgk Fkk fd fczVsu cgqr tYnh Hkkjr NksM+ nsxkA blosQlkFk&lkFk gh vkUnksyu osQ fy, fczfV'k fojksèkh rS;kfj;ksa dks cuk;sj[kk tkuk FkkA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;
ØkfUrdkjh xfrfofèk;kaØkfUrdkjh xfrfofèk;kaØkfUrdkjh xfrfofèk;kaØkfUrdkjh xfrfofèk;kaØkfUrdkjh xfrfofèk;ka� pkisdj Hkkb;ksa (nkeksnj ,oa ckyÑ".k) }kjk iw.ks esa turk esa
vyksdfç; fe- jS.M vkSj ys- ,EgLVZ dh gR;k 1897 esa dj nhx;hA
� 1906 esa ckjhUnz ?kks"k rFkk HkwisUnz nÙkk }kjk iwohZ caxky osQ ys-xoZuj dh gR;k dk vliQy ç;RuA
� 1908 esa [kqnhjke cksl vkSj çiQqYy pkdh }kjk oSQusMh Hkkb;ksa dhgR;k] tcfd vlyh fu'kkuk fdaXliQksMZ uked Øwj U;k;ewfrZ cpfudykA
� ok;ljk; ykMZ gkfM±x ij jkl fcgkjh cksl rFkk lfpUnzukFklkU;ky osQ }kjk 1912 esa ce iQsadk x;kA gkfM±x cp x;kA
� 1909 esa yanu esa enu yky <haxjk us dtZu ok;yh uked bafM;kvkfiQl osQ vfèkdkjh dh gR;k dh nhA
� 1928 esa Hkxr flag] pUnz'ks[kj vktkn o jktxq# }kjk lkaMlZdh gR;kA
� 1929 vçSy esa osQUnzh; foèkku lHkk esa Hkxr flag vkSjcVqosQ'oj nÙk }kjk ce isQadukA
� fnlEcj 1929 esa fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku osQoqQN lnL;ksa us ykMZ&bfoZu dh jsyxkM+h dks mM+kus dh ps"Vk dhA
� fnlEcj 1932 esa nks Ldwyh Nk=kkvksa 'kkfUr o lquhfr pkSèkjhosQ gkFkksa caxky esa frIisjk osQ U;k;kèkh'k (feLVj LVhou) dhgR;kA
� caxky osQ trhu eq[kthZ (tks ck?kk trhu osQ uke ls çfl¼Fks) osQ usr`Ro esa Vªsu mM+kuk ,oa iQksVZ fofy;e ij dCtk vkfndk vk;kstu] ysfdu flrEcj 1915 esa mM+hlk osQ ckyklksj osQikl vaxzstksa ls yM+rs gq, trhu osQ ejus osQ dkj.k ;g ç;klvliQy jgkA
� fiQjkstiqj] ykgkSj] jkoyfi.Mh osQ fonzksgksa osQ vkèkkj ij 21 iQjojh]1915 dks jkl fcgkjh cksl] lphUnz lkU;ky rFkk vU; fonzksgh yksxksadk lefUor ç;kl vliQy jgkA vliQyrk dk dkj.k fo'okl?kkrFkkA bl ?kVuk osQ ckn jkl fcgkjh cksl tkiku pys x;s rFkklkU;ky dks vkthou fu"dklu dh ltk feyhA
� 1915 esa teZu fons'k ea=kky; osQ lg;ksx ls ^ftEesjku ;kstuk* osQvUrZxr ohjsUnz ukFk pV~Vksikè;k;] HkwisUnzukFk nÙk] gjn;ky vkfn }kjk^bfUM;u bfUMisUMsUl desVh* dh LFkkiukA
� 1915 esa dkcqy esa jktk egsUnz çrki] cjdrqYyk] vkscsnqYykflUèkh (,d nsocUn eqYyk) osQ }kjk ^Lora=k Hkkjr dh vkarfjdljdkj* dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA
� 1930 esa lw;Zlsu us ^bf.M;u fjifCydu vkehZ* osQ uke lspVxkao esa Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
� jktuSfrd oSQfn;ksa osQ Lrj] jgu&lgu dh csgrjh osQ fy, trhunkl us tsy esa vu'ku 'kq: fd;k] tks 64 fnuksa rd pyk vkSjmudh e`R;q gks x;hA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 92
� 23 ekpZ] 1931 dks Hkxr flag] jktxq# vkSj lq[knso dks iQkalhns nh x;hA
� 1931 esa bykgkckn osQ vYÚsM ikoZQ esa pUnz'ks[kj vktkn }kjkvkRe&gR;kA
� 1933 esa lw;Zlsu dks idM+k x;k vkSj iQkalh ns nh x;hA
okeiaFkhokeiaFkhokeiaFkhokeiaFkhokeiaFkh
� cEcbZ esa Jhikn ve`r Mkaxs us ^xkaèkh vkSj ysfuu* uke dk ipkZçdkf'kr djk;k rFkk çFke lektoknh lkIrkfgd ^nh lks'kfyLV*dh 'kq#vkr dhA
� eqtÝiQj vgen us caxky eas ^uo;qx* fudkyk vkSj dkth ut:ybLyke dh lgk;rk ls ^caxky* dh LFkkiuk dhA
� iatkc esa xqyke gqlSu us ^badykc* dk çdk'ku fd;kA� enzkl esa ,e- Jaxkjosyw us ^yscj fdlku xtV* dh LFkkiuk dhA� lkE;oknh nyksa ij pyk;s x;s "kM~;a=k&
is'kkoj "kM~;a=k (1922&23) ckgj ls vk;s dE;qfuLVksa ijjktnzksg dk eqdnekAdkuiqj "kM~;a=k dsl esa(1924&25) Jhikn ve`r Mkaxs] eqtÝiQjvgen] ufyuh xqIrk rFkk 'kkSdr mLekuh dks ltkAesjB "kM~;a=k (1929&33) lcls yEck pyk rFkk 17 yksxksa dksltk
� esjB "kM~;a=k esa rhu fczfV'k dE;qfuLV&fiQfyi LçsV] csu czSMysvkSj ysLVj gfpUlu Hkh FksA dSfn;ksa dks cpkus ds fy, tokgjyky usg:] ,e- ,- valkjh] ,e- lh- Nkxyk us ç;kl fd;sA
� usg: dh dk;Zdkj.kh lfefr esa rhu çeq[k lektoknh&vkpk;ZujsUnz nso] t;çdk'k ukjk;.k vkSj vP;qr iVoèkZu FksA
JfedJfedJfedJfedJfed
� Jfedksa osQ i{k esa 1878 esa ,l- ,l- caxkyh us cEcbZ foèkkuifj"kn esa ,d fcy çLrqr fd;k] ijUrq mudk ;g ç;kl vliQyjgkA
� 1870 esa 'kf'kin cuthZ us caxky esa ,d ^Jfed Dyc* dhLFkkiuk dh rFkk 1874 esa ^Hkkjr Jethoh* uked ekfld if=kdkdh Hkh 'kq#vkr dhA
� çFke dkj[kkuk dkuwu 1881 esa ikfjr gqvk] tks cky JfedksaosQ dk;Z osQ ?kaVs ls lacafèkr FkkA
� nwljk dkj[kkuk dkuwu 1891 eas ikfjr gqvk] tks efgykvksa osQdk;Z osQ ?kaVs ls lacafèkr FkkA
� 1884 esa ,u- ,e- yks[kk.Ms us ^cEcbZ feygS.Ml ,lksfl,'ku*dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus ^nhucaèkq* uked if=kdk dh Hkh 'kq#vkrdhA
� 1899 dk ogr Hkkjrh; çk;}hih; jsyos gM+rky Jfedksa dh çFkelaxfBr gM+rky FkhA
� 1908 dk cEcbZ lwrh fey dh gM+rky fryd dh fxjÝrkjh osQfojksèk esa dh x;h FkhA
� 1918 eas ch- ih- okfM;k us ^enzkl Jfed la?k* dh LFkkiukdhA ;g Hkkjr dk igyk VsªM ;wfu;u FkkA
� 1920 esa ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; VsªM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl* ,Vd (AITUC)
dh LFkkiuk gqbZA bloQk çFke vfèkos'ku cEcbZ eas ykyk yktirjk; dh vè;{krk esa gqvkA
� 1926 osQ ^VsªM ;wfu;u ,DV* osQ }kjk igyh ckj VsªM ;wfu;udks oSèkrk feyhA
� 1926 esa ^cEcbZ lwrh oL=k etnwj ;wfu;u* dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] tks1926 osQ ,DV osQ vUrZxr çFke iathÑr VsªM ;wfu;u FkkA blosQvè;{k ,u- ,e- tks'kh gq,A
� ,u- ,e- tks'kh osQ vèkhu mnkjoknh xqV ,Vd (AITUC) lsckgj gks x;k vkSj 1929 esa ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; VsªM ;wfu;uiQsMjs'ku* (AITUF) dh LFkkiuk dhA
� 1931 esa fiQj nwljk foHkktu gqvk] tcfd lkE;okfn;ksa us ,Vd(AITUC) dk ifjR;kx dj ^yky VsªM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl* dk xBufd;kA
� 1929&31 esa esjB "kM~;a=k }kjk VsªM ;wfu;u dk neu fd;k x;kA� ,e- ,u- jk; us ^bafM;u iQsMjs'ku vkWiQ yscj* uked ,d
ljdkj leFkZd ;wfu;u dh LFkkiuk dhA� 1944 esa ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy us ^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; VªsM ;wfu;u
dkaxzsl* (INTUC) dh LFkkiuk dhA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 93
f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ls Lora=krk çkfIr rd}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ls Lora=krk çkfIr rd}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ls Lora=krk çkfIr rd}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ls Lora=krk çkfIr rd}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ls Lora=krk çkfIr rd
f}rh; egk;q¼ dk çHkko Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkSj Lora=krk laxzkeij Hkh O;kid <ax ls iM+kA blus Lora=krk vkUnksyu dh xfr rhozdj nhA dkaxzsl dks viuh uhfr esa ifjorZu djuk iM+kA eqfLye yhxoQh uhfr esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;kA ljdkj dks Hkh ckè; gksdj fo'o;q¼ vkSj mlosQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr osQ fy, laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa vkSjLora=krk çnku djus osQ ok;ns djus iM+s A bl çdkj f}rh; egk;q¼dk Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ij vfeV çHkko iM+kA
flrEcj 1939 eas fo'o ;q¼ dk nSR; lalkj osQ jaxeap ijvk;kA vaxzsth ljdkj us Hkkjrh; foèkkueaMy ls Hkh ijke'kZ fd;sfcuk] Hkkjr dh vksj ls ;q¼ dh ?kks"k.kk dj nhA fczfV'k laln usHkkjr ljdkj la'kksèku dkuwu }kjk ok;ljk; dks vlhfer vfèkdkjçnku dj fn;sA vc ok;ljk; 1935 bZ- osQ vfèkfu;e osQ LFkkuij Hkkjr j{kk dkuwu osQ vUrxZr fliQZ vè;kns'kksa }kjk gh 'kkludj ldrk FkkA dkaxzsl us bl dkjZokbZ dk fojksèk fd;kA mlus ljdkjls vuqjksèk fd;k fd og igys ;q¼ lacaèkh y{;kasa dks Li"V djs]rHkh dkaxzsl mls viuk leFkZu nsxhA
17 vDrwcj] 1939 dks ok;ljk; fyufyFkxks us ;g Li"V fd;kfd Hkkjr esa ^Mksfefu;u LVsVl* dh LFkkiuk djuk gh ljdkj dkmís'; gSA fczVsu Lo;a rks Lora=krk vkSj çtkra=k osQ uke ij ;q¼dj jgk Fkk] ijarq Hkkjrh;ksa dks blls oafpr j[kuk pkgrk FkkA dkaxzslHkkjr esa iw.kZ tura=k vkSj vius fy, Lo;a lafoèkku cukus dkvfèkdkj pkgrh Fkh] ftls vaxzst nsuk ugha pkgrs FksA blfy, vDrwcj1939 esa dkaxzsl dk;Zdkfj.kh us lHkh çkarh; dkaxzslh ljdkjksa dksR;kxi=k nsus dk vkns'k fn;kA vr,o lkr dkaxzslh eaf=keaMyksa usR;kxi=k ns fn;s vkSj mu çkarksa dk 'kklu 1935 osQ ,DV dh èkkjk93 osQ vèkhu xouZjksa dks lkSai fn;k x;kA
ftUuk us 22 fnlEcj] 1939 dks ^eqfDr fnol* osQ :i esaeuk;k D;ksafd ns'k dks dkaxzsl ls NqVdkjk fey x;k FkkA osQoyflUèk] iatkc vkSj caxky esa yksdfç; eaf=keaMy dk;Z djrs jgsA yhxbrus ls gh larq"V ugha gqbZA mlus txg&txg ljdkjksa esa ços'k djusdh dksf'k'k dhA vle] if'peksÙkj çns'k vkSj flUèk esa yhx osQusr`Ro esa fczfV'k ljdkj osQ lg;ksx ls ljdkjsa cuhaA
;|fi dkaxzsl us ;q¼ esa fczVsu osQ lkFk vlg;ksx dh uhfrviuk;h Fkh] ijarq dkaxzsl dk nf{k.kiaFkh oxZ fj;k;rsa çkIr dj ljdkjls lg;ksx djus osQ i{k esa FkkA dkaxzsl us tqykbZ 1940 esa ljdkjosQ le{k ;g ekax j[kh fd vxj vaxzsth ljdkj osQUnz esa Hkkjrh;ksadks ysdj ,d ,slh ljdkj cuk ns] tks foèkkulHkk osQ çfr mÙkjnk;hgks vkSj ljdkj ;q¼ osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr dks Lokèkhurk çnku djs] rksdkaxzsl ;q¼ esa ljdkj dks lg;ksx ns ldrh gSA vaxzsth ljdkj bu'krks± dks ekuus dks rS;kj ugha FkhA fczVsu osQ çèkkuea=kh pfpZy us
;g Li"Vr;k ?kks"k.kk dh fd ^vVykafVd pkVZj* Hkkjr ij ykxw ughagksxkA
vxLr çLrkovxLr çLrkovxLr çLrkovxLr çLrkovxLr çLrko(The August offer 8 August, 1940)
bl le; rd ;q¼ esa teZuh dh rsth ls fot; gks jgh FkhAMsuekdZ] ukosZ] gkySaM] çQkal vkfn mlosQ vfèkdkj esa vk x;s FksAçQkal esa vaxzsth lsuk dks eqag dh [kkuh iM+h Fkh vkSj Lo;a fczVsuij [krjs osQ ckny e¡Mjk jgs FksA ;q¼ osQ dkj.k fczVsu dhvFkZO;oLFkk Hkh cqjh rjg çHkkfor gqbZ FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa ljdkjdks Hkkjr osQ leFkZu dh vR;fèkd vko';drk FkhA vr% pfpZyls vuqefr ysdj Hkkjrh;ksa dks larq"V djus osQ fy, ok;ljk;fyufyFkxks us 8 vxLr] 1940 dks viuk ^vxLr çLrko* çLrqr fd;kftlesa fuEu ckrsa Fkha&
(1) fczfV'k ljdkj dk mís'; Hkkjr eas vkSifuosf'kd LojkT;dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA
(2) ;q¼ lacaèkh fo"k;ksa ij ljdkj dks lykg nsus osQ fy,^;q¼ ijke'kZnk=kh ifj"kn* (War Advisory Council) cuk;h tk;sxh]ftleas Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk;sxkA
(3) ;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ i'pkr~ lHkh oxks± ,oa jktuhfrdnyksa osQ çfrfufèk;ksa dh ,d lHkk cqykdj laoSèkkfud fodkl dhleL;k ij fopkj fd;k tk;sxkA vFkkZr vaxzsth ljdkj bl ckr lslger gS fd u;k lafoèkku cukuk eq[;r% Hkkjrh;ksa dk viuk mÙkjnkf;RogSA
(4) vYila[;dksa dh LohÑfr osQ vHkko esa ljdkj fdlh HkhlaoSèkkfud ifjorZu dks ykxw ugha djsxhA
(5) ok;ljk; dh dk;Zdkfj.kh dk foLrkj vkSj vfèkdHkkjrh;ksa dks LFkkuA
;g ?kks"k.kk ,d egRoiw.kZ çxfr Fkh] D;ksafd blesa Li"V dgkx;k Fkk fd Hkkjr dk lafoèkku cukuk Hkkjrh;ksa dk viuk vfèkdkjgS vkSj blesa Li"V ^çknsf'kd Lo'kklu* (Dominion Status) dhçfrKk dh x;h FkhA ijUrq dkaxzsl us ;g çLrko vLohdkj dj fn;kAog Lora=krk vkSj viuh ljdkj dh ekax dj jgh Fkh] tks mls ughafeyhA bl çLrko dh lcls cqjh ckr ;g Fkh fd blesa vYila[;dksadks t:jr ls T;knk egRo çnku fd;kA blls dkykarj esa lkaçnkf;drkvkSj ns'k osQ foHkktu dks cy feykA blh dkj.k tgk¡ dkaaxzsl usbl çLrko dk fojksèk fd;k] ogha eqfLye yhx bl çLrko ls larq"VFkhA mlosQ gkFk esa ,d ,slk gfFk;kj vk x;k Fkk] ftlosQ lgkjsog vklkuh ls ikfdLrku çkIr dj ldrh FkhA gkykafd yhx us HkhçLrko ls vlarq"V gksus dk gh fn[kkok fd;k] D;ksafd bleas ikfdLrkudh ekax dks Li"Vr% Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;k FkkA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 94
O;fDrxr voKk vkSj ckjnksyh vfèkos'kuO;fDrxr voKk vkSj ckjnksyh vfèkos'kuO;fDrxr voKk vkSj ckjnksyh vfèkos'kuO;fDrxr voKk vkSj ckjnksyh vfèkos'kuO;fDrxr voKk vkSj ckjnksyh vfèkos'ku;|fi dkaxzsl ljdkj ls lg;ksx djuk pkgrh Fkh] ijarq ljdkjh
joS;s ls {kqCèk gksdj dkaxzsl dks iqu% vkUnksyu dk ekxZ pquuk iM+kA,slk djuk blfy, Hkh vko';d Fkk fd dkaxzsl dh uhfr;ksa ls mldhçfr"Bk turk esa ?kVrh tk jgh FkhA bls cpk;s j[kus osQ fy, dkaxzslosQ lkeus vkUnksyu 'kq: djus osQ vykok vkSj dksbZ jkLrk ugha FkkAdkaxzsl us vxLr 1940 esa egkRek xkaèkh osQ usr`Ro esa O;fDrxrlfou; voKk vkUnksyu 'kq: djus dk fu'p; fd;kA 17 vDrwcj]1940 dks ;g vkUnksyu 'kq: gqvkA igys lR;kxzgh fouksck Hkkos gq,Ausg: us Hkh blesa Hkkx fy;kA xkaèkhth osQ lR;kxzfg;ksa ij fu;a=k.kosQ ckotwn gtkjkas O;fDr tsy x;sA blh chp vxLr çLrko osQvuqlkj ok;ljk; dh dk;Zdkfj.kh dk foLrkj dj mlesa Hkkjrh;ksadh la[;k c<+k nh x;hA dkaxzsl vkSj yhxblesa lfEefyr ugha gqbZA bl le; rd ;q¼esa fczVsu dh fLFkfr uktqd gksrh tk jghFkhA bèkj tkikuh Hk; yxkrkj c<+rk tkjgk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr eas dkaxzsl us ljdkjdks ijs'kku u djus dk fu'p; fd;k vkSjlaHkkfor tkikuh vkØe.k dks vkèkkj cukdjckjnksyh vfèkos'ku esa dkaxzsl us O;fDrxrlfou; voKk vkUnksyu cUn djus dkfu'p; fd;kA
1942 dk fØIl f'k"VeaMy1942 dk fØIl f'k"VeaMy1942 dk fØIl f'k"VeaMy1942 dk fØIl f'k"VeaMy1942 dk fØIl f'k"VeaMy(The Cripps Mission)
grk'kk vkSj fujk'kk osQ okrkoj.k esafczVsu Hkkjr dk lfØ; lg;ksx ikus osQfy, ijs'kku Fkk] rkfd u osQoy tkiku dksvkxs c<+us ls jksdk tk losQ] cfYd ;q¼dh rS;kjh esa mls Hkjiwj enn fey losQAblosQ vykok phu vkSj vejhdk Hkh fczVsuij nckc Mky jgs Fks fd og Hkkjr dhjktuhfrd leL;k dk mfpr lekèkku djsAvr% pfpZy us ;q¼dkyhu eaf=keaMy osQ,d lnL; lj LVsiQksMZ fØIl dks HkkjrHkstus dh ;kstuk cuk;hA fØIl 23 ekpZ]1942 dks fnYyh ig¡qps vkSj 30 ekpZ]1942 dks viuh ;kstuk çLrqr dh] ftlesavU; ckrksa osQ vykok fuEufyf[kr ckrsaFkha&
(1) ;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ rqjar cknHkkjr dks Mksfefu;u LVsVl dh çkfIr]ftlesa jk"VªeaaMy ls vyx gksus dk vfèkdkjHkh 'kkfey gksxkA
(2) ;q¼ osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr osQ fy,,d lafoèkku fuekZ=kh fudk; dk xBu]ftlosQ lnL;ksa dk pquko çkarh; foèkkf;dkls gksxh vkSj ftleas ns'kh fj;klrksa osQ }kjkeuksuhr lnL; Hkh gksaxsA
(3) çkarkas dks Hkkjrh; la?k ls vyx viuk vfLrRo cuk;sj[kus dk vfèkdkj gksxk rFkk os vius Hkfo"; osQ ckjs esa lhèks fczVsuls le>kSrk dj losQaxsA
(4) fczfV'k ljdkj vkSj lafoèkku lHkk esa ,d lafèk gksxh]ftlesa vaxzsth ljdkj }kjk Hkkjrh; èkkfeZd vkSj vYila[;d tkfr;ksadks fn;s x;s vk'okluksa vkSj lqj{kk dk o.kZu gksxkA vFkkZr~ u;slafoèkku esa mu lqfoèkkvksa dks cuk;s j[kuk gksxkA
(5) ns'k dh j{kk dh ftEesnkjh fliQZ fczVsu dh gksxh rFkkvioknLo:i ,d Hkkjrh;] j{kk lnL; osQ :i esa fu;qDr fd;ktk;sxkA
,e- ,u- jk; ,oa ,- ?kks"k tSls oqQN usrkvksa us ldkjkRedçfrfØ;k,a O;Dr dhaA okLro esa ml le; /qjh jk"Vªkas dh ijkt;T;knk egRoiw.kZ Fkh] D;ksafd Hkkjr ,oa fo'o osQ fy, rkuk'kkgh dk
Hkkjr ljdkj us lu~ 1992 esalqHkk"k pUnz cksl dks ej.kksijkar^Hkkjr jRu* ls lEekfur fd;kFkkA ij muds ifjokjtuksa }kjkfojksèk ntZ djus ij loksZPpU;k;ky; us 4 vxLr lu~ 1997
dks bl iqjLdkj dks jí dj fn;kA mudk ekuukFkk fd lqHkk"k pUnz cksl dh eR;q vkt Hkh lafnXèkcuh gqbZ gSA
usrkth lqHkk"k pUnz cksl dk tUe 1897 esadVd esa gqvk FkkA mUgksaus vkbZ-lh-,l- ijh{kk;ksX;rk ds lkFk mÙkh.kZ dh Fkh] ijarq tfy;kaokykckxgR;k dkaM ds fojksèk esa mUgksaus ukSdjh ls bLrhiQkns fn;kA blds ckn mudk >qdko jktuhfr dhrjiQ gks x;kA os lh-vkj- nkl ds nkfgus gkFkcus x;sA dqN le; rd os dydÙkk ds jk"Vªh;egkfo|ky; ds çkpk;Z ds :i esa dk;Z djrs jgsAblds ckn os jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ls tqM+ x;s rFkkmUgksaus xkaèkhth }kjk pyk;s x;s vlg;ksxvkanksyu rds lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA vlg;ksxvkanksyu ds vpkud LFkxu ds ckn mudk >qdkookeiaFk dh vksj gksus yxkA Hkkjrh; Lora=krklaxzke rFkk jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dks lektokn dh vksjeksM+uk mudk è;s; cu x;kA mUgksaus lkjs ns'kdk nkSjk fd;k rFkk lHkh txgksa ij lkezkT;okn]iwathokn rFkk tehankjh çFkk dh HkRlZuk dhA1928 esa tokgj yky usg: ds lkFk ^iw.kZLora=krk* dh çkfIr ds fy, ^bafMisaMsal iQkWjbafM;k yhx* dk xBu fd;kA os vf[ky Hkkjrh;VsªM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl (AITUC) rFkk d`"kd ,oaJfed laxBu (WPP) ds lkFk Hkh tqM+s jgsA1938 esa gfjiqjk dkaxzsl vfèkos'ku esa vè;{k dsin ij gksrs gq, mUgksaus jk"Vªh; fu;kstu lfefr*dh fu;qfDr dhA 1939 esa f=kiqjh esa os iqu% dkaxzslds vè;{k pqus x;s] ijarq jktuhfrd xfrjksèk dsdkj.k mUgksaus bl in ls bLrhiQk ns fn;k] rFkk^iQkjoMZ Cykd* dk xBu fd;kA
lqHkk"k pUnz cksl (1897&1945)tc f}rh; fo'o;q¼ fNM+k rks usrkth dk
fopkj Fkk fd fczVsu dh leL;k ls iQk;nkmBk;k tk;sA mUgksaus jkex<+ vfèkos'ku dslekukUrj cqyk;s x;s le>kSrk fojksèkh lEesyu*esa xkaèkhth ds la;e dh dM+h vkykspuk dhAlqHkk"kpUnz cksl dk vius çkjafHkd thou esa^;qxkarj* Økafrdkjh xqV ls laidZ jgk FkkA tcljdkj us mUgsa ;q¼ ds nkSjku utjcan fd;k rks17 tuojh] 1941 dks os pqipki ogka ls teZuhjokuk gks x;sA 1941 esa gh mUgksaus cfyZu esa ,d^Hkkjrh; lSU; ny* dk xBu fd;kA teZuvfèkdkfj;ksa ls erHksn gksus ds i'pkr usrkthflaxkiqj jokuk gks x;sA eksgu flag }kjk xfBr^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; lsuk* (INA) lqHkk"kpanz ckslds usr`Ro esa ,d dkjxj lsuk cu x;hA 21vDVwcj] 1943 dks mUgksaus flaxkiqj esa Hkkjr dhvLFkk;h ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dhA usrkth us^fnYyh pyks* dk ;q¼ ukjk Hkh fn;kA
usrkth us flaxkiqj rFkk jaxwu esa Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh; lsuk ds nks eq[;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dhAHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; lsuk ds iquxZBu ds i'pkr~mUgksaus xkaèkhth ls vk'khokZn ekaxk vkSj mUgksausgh igyh ckj mUgsa ^jk"Vªfirk* ds uke lslacksfèkr fd;kA mUgksaus t; fgUn* dk ukjk Hkhfn;kA ;|fi Hkkjr dks vktknh fnykus esa osvleFkZ jgs rFkk iQklhokfn;ksa ls rkyesy djusds dkj.k mudh vkykspuk Hkh gqbZ] fiQj Hkh ftlrjg ls mudh lsuk us jk"Vªh;rk rFkk ohjrk dkmnkgj.k çLrqr fd;k] mldk lk{kkr çek.kHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; lsuk ds viQljksa ds eqdnes dsnkSjku gqvk ns'kO;kih çn'kZu gSA lqHkk"kpanz ckslus vius thou ds dqN vuqHkoksa dk ftØ viuhiqLrd ^n bafM;u LVªxy* esa fd;k gSA 1945esa usrkth vpkud ykirk gks x;sA ekuk tkrkgS fd ,d ok;q;ku nq?kZVuk esa mudh ekSr gksx;h] ijarq muds ifjokjtuksa lesr dbZ yksxksa dkekuuk gS fd os vkt Hkh thfor gSaA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 95
[krjk fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ls vfèkd ?kkrd FkkA blsNksM+dj eqfLye yhx lfgr lHkh ny blosQ fo#¼ FksA,d i`Fko~Q eqfLye jk"Vª dh ?kks"k.kk yhx pkgrh Fkh rFkkog varfje ljdkj esa Hkh vkèkh fgLlsnkjh pkgrh FkhAnwljs vYila[;dksa us Hkh vkSj vfèkd lqj{kk dh ekax dhAdkaxzsl dks Mksfefu;u LVsVl] ns'kh jkT;kas }kjk euksuhrçfrfufèk;ksa dh O;oLFkk ,oa çkarksa dks Lora=k :i lsle>kSrk djus ds Lofoosdh; vfèkdkj ij vkifÙk FkhA
fczVsu us çHkkodkjh 'kfDr dks rqjar Hkkjrh;kas osQ gkFkkaseas gLrkarfjr djus o Hkkjr dh lqj{kk esa fgLlk nsus lsbUdkj dj fn;kA varr% bl eqís ij ckrphr VwV x;hAxkaèkhth us bls ^mÙkjfrfFkd psd* (Postdated Check)dh laKk nhA bu lcosQ ckotwn fØIl çLrko us ^vxLrçLrko* ls vkxs laoSèkkfud çxfr dh fn'kk esa oqQN Bksldk;Z fd;s] mnkgj.kLo:i jk"VªeaMy ls vyx gksus osQlkFk&lkFk Mksfefu;u LVsVl dk fuf'pr vk'oklu rFkkfliQZ Hkkjrh; lnL;kas ls cuus okyh lafoèkku lHkkA blrjg fØIl fe'ku Hkkjrh;kas dk lfØ; lg;ksx ikus osQvius çkFkfed mís'; esa vliQy jgk] fiQj Hkh bldkokLrfod ykHk pfpZy dks gh gqvkA mlus :tosYV dkslarq"V dj fn;k fd Hkkjr esa laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa osQ fy,Hkkjrh; usrk gh rS;kj ugha gaSA
11 vçSy] 1942 dks ;g çLrko okil fy;k x;kA blvliQyrk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkj.k ;g Fkk fd fØIl dks ckrphresa yphyk gksus dh lqfoèkk ugha FkhA mls ^çk:i ?kks"k.kk* osQvfrØe.k dk vfèkdkj ugha FkkA fØIl fe'ku dh vliQyrk usHkkjrh;ksa dks dVqrk ls Hkj fn;k rFkk blls varr% ^Hkkjr NksM+ksvkUnksyu* dk tUe gqvkA
Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyuHkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyuHkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyuHkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyuHkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyuvxLr ØkfUr% fØIl f'k"VeaMy dh vliQyrk ls lHkh dks
fujk'kk gqbZA vHkh rd dkaxzsl us dksbZ ,slk dk;Z ugha fd;k Fkk(flok; lafoèkku lHkk dh ekax osQ) ftlls vaxzstksa dks ijs'kkuh gksAblh chp fe=k jk"Vªkas dh fLFkfr vkSj [kjkc gksus yxhA tkiku dhçxfr ns[kdj os l'kafdr FksA blfy, vaxzstkas us Hkh caxky esa ^ihNsgVus dh uhfr* dk ikyu djus dh ;kstuk cuk yhA bu lHkh dkj.kksals Hkkjr esa vkrad vkSj cspSuh O;kIr gks x;hA vr% vc tcfdtkiku Hkkjr osQ }kj ij [kM+k Fkk] dkaxzsl pqi ugha jg ldrh FkhA^gfjtu* eas xkaèkhth us fy[kk fd] ¶Hkkjr esa vaxzstkas dh mifLFkfrtkikfu;ksa dks Hkkjr ij vkØe.k djus dk fuea=k.k gSA¸ blfy,xkaèkhth us ljdkj ls Hkkjr NksM+us vkSj lÙkk Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkSaiusdh ekax dhA dkaxzsl osQ vusd usrk xkaèkh osQ bl dk;Z ls çlUuugha FksA os le>rs Fks fd ftl le; Hkkjr vkSj fczVsu ij foifÙkosQ ckny eaMjk jgs Fks] ml le; vkUnksyu dh ckr vO;kogkfjdFkh ,oa bldh liQyrk lafnXèk FkhA ljnkj iVsy vkSj xkaèkh osQ ç;klkasls varr% tqykbZ 1942 esa oèkkZ esa dkaxzsl dk;Zdkfj.kh us xkaèkh osQvfgald fonzksg osQ dk;ZØe dks LohÑfr çnku dj nhA 8 vxLr]1942 dks cEcbZ esa gqbZ vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh dh cSBd esa^vxLr çLrko* is'k fd;k x;kA çLrko esa dgk x;k fd Hkkjr esafczfV'k 'kklu dh lekfIr ;Fkk'kh?kz gksA Lora=krk çkfIr osQ ckn Hkkjr
esa ,d vLFkk;h ljdkj cuk;h tk;sxhA Hkkjr vius lHkh lkèkuksa dkbLrseky Lora=krk osQ fy, rFkk ukthokn] iQklhokn vkSj lkezkT;oknosQ vkØe.k osQ f[kykiQ djsxkA blh volj ij xkaèkhth us ns'kokfl;kasls ^djks ;k ejks* dk ukjk fn;k vFkkZr~ ge Hkkjr dks Lora=k djsaxs;k blh ç;kl eas ej feVsaxsA
ljdkj igys ls gh dkaxzsl dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij utj j[ks gqbZFkhA 9 vxLr] 1942 dh rM+osQ lqcg gh egkRek xkaèkh] ofd±x desVhosQ lnL; rFkk vU; vusd usrk cEcbZ rFkk ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksaesa fxjÝrkj dj fy, x;sA vaxzstksa us bl dk;Z dks ^vkijs'ku thjksvkWoj* dh laKk nh FkhA xkaèkhth dks iwuk ds vkxk [kk¡ iSysl esaljksftuh uk;Mw osQ lkFk j[kk x;kA jktsUnz çlkn iVuk esa utjcanfd;s x;sA t; çdk'k ukjk;.k dks gtkjhckx osQ osQUnzh; dkjkoklesa j[kk x;kA
bu ?kVukvksa us turk dks Øksfèkr dj fn;kA lkjs usrk tsy esaFks] vr% mudks jksdus okyk dksbZ ugha FkkA iQyr% xqLls esa turkus fgalk vkSj fojksèk dk lgkjk fy;kA txg&txg gM+rky vkSj çn'kZufd;s x;sA bl vkUnksyu esa Nk=kksa] etnwjksa] fdlkuksa] tulkèkkj.k lHkhus Hkkx fy;kA ljdkj dh neukRed dkjZokb;ksa us xqLls dh ygjvkSj Hkh rhoz dj nhA iQyLo:i Øq¼ turk us dgha&dgha vaxzstksadh gR;k Hkh dj nhA ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa] jsyos LVs'kukas] Mkd rkjvkfn dks Hkkjh {kfr igqapk;h x;hA
mÙkj çns'k] fcgkj] mM+hlk] vkUèkz çns'k] rfeyukMq rFkk egkjk"Vªeas dbZ LFkkuksa ij fonzksfg;ksa us vLFkk;h fu;a=k.k vius gkFkksa esa ysfy;kA dbZ ns'kh fj;klrksa esa Hkh yksx bl Øakfrdkjh fgalk ls çHkkforgq, FksA cfy;k (;w- ih-)] rkeqyd (fenukiqj caxky)] lrkjk(cEcbZ) rFkk rkypj (mM+hlk) esa ØkfUrdkfj;kas us lekukarj ljdkjdh LFkkiuk dj yh FkhA rkypj tkrh; ljdkj us cgqr fnuksa rd
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 96
fofHkUu foHkkxksa tSls dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk] LokLF;] f'k{kk] Ñf"k] MkdfoHkkx rFkk U;k;ky;ksa osQ lkFk dk;Z fd;kA
bl vkUnksyu esa fofHkUu ØkfUrdkjh xfrfof/;ksa ds ekè;e lsO;kid tu&çfrfØ;k fn[kkbZ nhA Jfed oxZ cEcbZ] dkuiqj] vgenkckn]te'ksniqj rFkk iwuk vkfn txgksa ij gM+rky ij pyk x;kA O;kidtu çfrfØ;k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i iVuk dk vU; txgksa ls lEidZ VwVx;kA Hkwfexr ØkfUrdkjh xfrfofèk;ksa dh ço`fÙk dks t; çdk'kukjk;.k] jke euksgj yksfg;k rFkk v#.kk vkliQ vyh us ,d u;hfn'kk çnku dhA t; çdk'k ukjk;.k rFkk jkekuUn feJ gtkjhckxlsUVªy tsy ls Hkkx x;s ,oa usiky esa jgdj Hkwfexr vkUnksyu dkslaxfBr fd;kA v#.kk vkliQ vyh cEcbZ eas lfØ; jghaA HkwfexrØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk lcls vfèkd lkgfld dne Fkk& dkaxzsl jsfM;ks dhLFkkiuk] ftldk çlkj.k yEcs le; rd gksrk jgkA ljdkj us Hkhviuk neu pØ pyk;k vkSj yxHkx 10]000 O;fDr;ksa dks ekSr osQ?kkV mrkj fn;kA
eqfLye yhx bl vkUnksyu ls vyx jghA ftUuk us 23 ekpZ]1943 dks ^ikfdLrku fnol* eukus dk vkàku fd;k vkSj leLrHkkjr osQ eqlyekuksa ls dgk fd ikfdLrku gh eqlyekuksa dk jk"Vªh;mís'; gSA ftUuk us vaxsztksa ds f[kykiQ ^ckaVks vkSj Hkkxks* dk ukjkHkh fn;kA yhx us Hkh bldk leFkZu fd;kA :lh çHkko esa vkdjdE;qfu"V ikVhZ Hkh vkUnksyu fojksèkh cu x;hA mlus vius vkidksvkUnksyu ls vyx j[kk vkSj ljdkj dh fgek;rh cu x;hA
iQyr% iw.kZ leFkZu osQ vHkko esa vkSj ljdkjh neu osQ dkj.k1942 dh Økafr vliQy gks x;hA ljdkj us vkUnksyu dks ccZj<ax ls oqQpy fn;kA bl vkUnksyu dkegRo ;gh gS fd blls fczrkuh 'kkldksa osQfnekx esa ;g ckr vPNh rjg vk x;h fdHkkjr esa muosQ lkezkT;oknh 'kklu osQ fnufxus&pqus jg x;s gSaA 'ks"k jg x;h Lora=krkvc lkSns dh ckr ugha Fkh] cfYd vcHkfo"; esa gksus okyk dksbZ Hkh le>kSrk flçQlÙkk gLrkarj.k osQ rjhosQ osQ ckjs esa gksukFkkA
Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu bl n`f"V ls HkhegRoiw.kZ gS fd blus fons'kksa esa Hkkjr i{kh;tuer dks çcy cuk;kA mnkgj.kLo:i phuosQ çèkku P;kax dkb 'ksd us vesfjdhjk"Vªifr :tosYV dks fy[kk fd ¶vaxzstksa osQfy, lcls Js"B uhfr ;gh gS fd Hkkjr dksiw.kZ Lora=krk ns nasA¸ :tosYV us ;gh ckrpfpZy ls dghA
jktxksikykpkjh ;kstuk vkSjjktxksikykpkjh ;kstuk vkSjjktxksikykpkjh ;kstuk vkSjjktxksikykpkjh ;kstuk vkSjjktxksikykpkjh ;kstuk vkSjftUukftUukftUukftUukftUuk
fØIl fe'ku dh vliQyrk osQ i'pkr~ljdkj us vxLr ØkfUr dh fgald ?kVukvksadk nks"kkjksi.k xkaèkhth vkSj dkaxzsl ijfd;kA xkaèkhth brus cM+s >wBs vkjksi dkslgus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha FksA vr% mUgksausbu vkjksiksa dks vLohdkj djrs gq, fu"i{k
U;k;ky; ls tkap djkus dh ekax dhA ljdkj us mudh ekax dksvLohdkj dj fn;kA vr% xkaèkhth us 10 iQjojh] 1944 ls 21 fnuosQ miokl dk fu'p; fd;kA
xkaèkhth dk ;g miokl ljdkj dh ik'kfod fgalk osQ fojksèkvkSj vkRe'kqf¼ osQ fy, FkkA varr% [kjkc LokLF; osQ dkj.k ljdkjus mUgsa tsy ls fjgk dj fn;kA
tsy ls NwVus osQ ckn xkaèkhth us jktuhfrd xfrjksèk dks nwjdjus dh n`f"V ls ljdkj ls le>kSrk okrkZ pykuk 'kq: fd;kA mUgksausok;ljk; dks ,d i=k fy[kk ftlesa dgk x;k Fkk fd dkaxzsl dkHkfo"; esa lR;kxzg djus dk bjknk fcYoqQy ugha gS] c'krsZ fd jk"Vªh;ljdkj dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, dne mBk;s tk;asA ysfdu ljdkj us;g 'krZ j[kh fd dkaxzsl igys Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu okil ys ysvkSj vkUnksyu dh uhfr dk ifjR;kx djsA vr% laoSèkkfud xfrjksèkiwoZor~ cuk jgkA bl xfrjksèk dks nwj djus osQ mís'; ls ekpZ 1944esa Jh jkt xksikykpkjh us ,d ;kstuk rS;kj dhA mlesa eqfLye yhxls lkaçnkf;d leL;k dk fuokj.k djus osQ mís'; ls ,d le>kSrkdjus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k FkkA xkaèkhth us ftUuk ls ckrphr 'kq:dhA fdUrq mlus bl ;kstuk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA ^jkt xksikykpkjh;kstuk* dh eq[; ckrsa fuEu Fkha&1- eqfLye yhx Lora=krk dh Hkkjrh; ekax dks Lohdkj djsxh vkSj
dkaxzsl osQ lkFk laØkfUr dky osQ fy, varfje ljdkj osQ fuekZ.kesa lg;ksx djsxhA
2- ;q¼ lekfIr osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&if'pe ,oa mÙkj&iwoZosQ mu {ks=kksa esa tgka eqlyeku cgqla[;d Fks] ,d vk;ksx }kjkmu bykdksa dks Li"V djuk FkkA bu bykdksa esa tuer laxzg
gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa tgka lkaçnkf;dfopkjèkkjk us dbZ cM+s usrkvksa dks çHkkfor fd;k]ogha vcqy dyke vktkn us vius èkeZfujis{krFkk fczfV'k fojksèkh fopkjèkkjk }kjk viuh ,dvyx igpku cuk;h A bl egku usrk dk tUelu~ 1888 esa eDdk esa gqvk] tgka mudk ifjokj1857 ds Økafr ds nkSjku cl x;k FkkA lu~ 1898esa os Hkkjr vk;s vkSj mUgksaus vius fuokl LFkkuds :i esa dydÙkk dks pqukA budh mPp f'k{kkdSjks ds fo[;kr fo'ofo|ky; vy vtgj esagqbZA Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke esa mudk ços'kLons'kh vkanksyu ds nkSjku gqvk] tc mUgkssausØkafrdkfj;ksa dk leFkZu fd;kA os nsocan Ldwyls tqM+s rFkk vius jk"Vªoknh rFkk rdZoknhfopkjèkkjk dks mUgksaus 1912 esa vius lekpkji=k vy&fgyky* esa çfrikfnr fd;kA 1915 esamUgksaus ,d lkIrkfgd if=kdk vy&cyx* dkçdk'ku çkjaHk fd;kAtYn gh os xkaèkhth ds laidZ ea vk;s rFkk muls
?kfu"B lacaèk LFkkfir fd;kA mUgksaus xkaèkhth}kjk 'kq: fd;s x;s vlg;ksx vkanksyu dkleFkZu fd;kA mUgsa f[kykiQr lfefr dk vè;{kcuk;k x;kA 1924 esa fnYyh esa dkaxzsl ds fo'ks"kvfèkos'ku esa mUgsa] vè;{k cuk;k x;kA
vcqy dyke vktkn (1888&1958)
tfe;kr&my&myek rFkk us'kufyLV eqfLyedkaçQsal ds vè;{k ds :i esa mUgksaus Øe'k%1924 vkSj 1929 esa in Hkkj laHkkykA 1935esa dkaxzsl }kjk fofHkUu çkarksa esa cuk;h x;hljdkjksa ds chp leUo; LFkkfir djus dsmís'; ls cuh lalnh; mi lfefr ds os lnL;cusA 1940 rd os bl in ij cus jgsA 1942ds ^Hkkjr NksMks vkanksyu* ds nkSjku mUgsavgenuxj rFkk cksdqjk tsy esa dSn j[k x;kAf'keyk lEesyu ds nkSjku mUgksaus dkaxzslçfrfufèkeaMy dk usr`Ro fd;kA 1946 esadSfcusV fe'ku ls gqbZ okrkZ dk Hkh usr`Ro fd;kAos lafoèkku lHkk ds lnL; Hkh FksA Lora=krk lsiwoZ cuh varfje ljdkj esa mUgksaus f'k{kk ea=khdk inHkkj laHkkykA Lora=k Hkkjr esa Hkh osf'k{kkea=kh cusAekSykuk vktkn dqN vU; miyfCèk;ksa rFkk
dk;ks± ds fy, Hkh fo[;kr gSaA muds }kjk fy[khx;h iqLrd bafM;k foUl çQhMe* us iwjs fo'oesa [;kfr çkIr dh gSA mUgsa ekSykuk vktknfo'ofo|ky; rFkk ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx dsfu;qfDr] ;w-th-lh- dk xBu rFkk vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-[kM+xiqj dh LFkkiuk esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk vnkdjus ds fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 97
}kjk ;g fuf'pr djuk Fkk fd os Hkkjr esa jguk pkgrs gSa;k mlls vyx gksukA
3- caVokjs dh fLFkfr esa çfrj{kk] lapkj] vkokxeu ,oa tula[;kdk vknku&çnku ,d le>kSrk }kjk r; fd;k tk;sxkA
4- ;s 'krs± rHkh ykxw gksaxh tc fczVsu }kjk lÙkk dk iw.kZ gLrkarj.kdj fn;k tk;A
5- xkaèkhth vkSj ftUuk 'krks± dks Lohdkj djsaxs vkSj dkaxzsl rFkkyhx dh LohÑfr ysus dk ç;Ru djsaxsA
xkaèkhth bl ;kstuk osQ lkFk ftUUkk ls feys] fdUrq ftUuk usbls Lohdkj ugha fd;kA og ikfdLrku esa mÙkj&if'pe lhek çkar]flUèk] cyqfpLrku osQ lkFk&lkFk leLr iatkc] leLr caxky vkSjvle pkgrs FksA blosQ vykok ftUuk tuer laxzg esa osQoyeqlyekuksa dks Hkkx ysus nsuk pkgrk FkkA mlus dgk fd jktkth dh;kstuk osQ vuqlkj ,d ¶vaxghu vkSj nhed yxk gqvk ikfdLrku¸(Maimed, Mutilated and moth-eaten Pakistan) gksxkA vr% xkaèkh&ftUuk okrkZ foiQy gks x;hA okrkZ dh foiQyrk us foHkktu dksvo';aHkkoh cuk fn;kA ftUuk dk jktuhfrd egRo vfèkd c<+ x;kAos eqlyekuksa osQ lcls cM+s usrk cu x;sA Lo;a ekSykuk vcqy dykevktkn us dgk Fkk fd] ¶xkaèkh th dk bl volj ij ftUuk lsckrphr djuk Hkkjh jktuhfrd xyrh FkhA¸ blls ftUuk dks ,du;k vkSj vfrfjDr egRo fey x;k] ftldk mlus vius mís';ksa dhiwfrZ (ikfdLrku dh LFkkiuk) osQ fy, [kwc bLrseky fd;kA
nslkbZ&fy;kdr le>kSrk (1945)% dkaxzsl ds usrk HkwykHkkbZthouth nslkbZ rFkk yhx ds usrk fy;kdr vyh [kku ds chp ,dokrkZ gqbZ rkfd jktuSfrd xfrjks/ dks lekIr fd; tk ldsA bldsvuqlkj] varfje ljdkj dh LFkkiuk fuEu çdkj ls dh tk,&
(i) dsUnzh; dk;Zikfydk esa dkaxzsl ,oa eqfLye yhx ds }kjkleku la[;k esa lnL;ksa dk uketn fd;k tk,]
(ii) vYila[;dksa] [kkldj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa fl[kksa dksçfrfu/Ro fn;k tk,]
(iii) ,d dekaMj&bu&phiQ gksA
oSosy ;kstuk vkSj f'keyk lEesyuoSosy ;kstuk vkSj f'keyk lEesyuoSosy ;kstuk vkSj f'keyk lEesyuoSosy ;kstuk vkSj f'keyk lEesyuoSosy ;kstuk vkSj f'keyk lEesyu
1943 esa ykWMZ fyufyFkxks dh txg ykMZ oSosy Hkkjr osQ u;sxouZj tujy fu;qDr gq,A blosQ igys os Hkkjrh; lsuk osQ loksZPplsukifr Fks] vr% mUgsa Hkkjrh; leL;kvksa dh vfèkd tkudkjh FkhAHkkjr vkrs gh mUgksaus laoSèkkfud xfrjksèk dks nwj djus osQ ç;Ru'kq: dj fn;sA bèkj baXySaM esa pquko gksus okys Fks] vr% pfpZy us1945 esa fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, oSosy dks yUnu cqyk;kA okilvkdj twu 1945 esa oSosy us laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa dh :ijs[kk çLrqrdhA bldh eq[; ckrsa fuEu Fkha&(1) xouZj tujy dh dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn eas lfEefyr gksus osQ fy,
lHkh jktuSfrd nykas osQ usrkvksa dks fuefU=kr fd;k tk;sxkA Lo;axouZj tujy vkSj çèkku lsukifr osQ vfrfjDr bl ifj"kn osQvU; lHkh lnL; Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd nyksa osQ usrk gh gksaxsA
(2) ljdkj dk fons'k foHkkx Hkh ,d Hkkjrh; lnL; osQ gkFkesa gksxkA
(3) dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn esa lo.kZ fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dh la[;kcjkcj gksrs gq, lHkh çeq[k laçnk;ksa dks larqfyr çfrfufèkRoçkIr gksxkA
(4) dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn ,d çdkj dh varfje jk"Vªh; ljdkj osQleku gksxh vkSj xouZj tujy fu"ksèkkfèkdkj dk ç;ksx vdkj.kugha djsxkA
(5) nwljs vfèkjkT;ksa osQ leku gh Hkkjr esa Hkh fczVsu osQ O;kikfjd,oa vU; fgrksa dh ns[kjs[k osQ fy, fczfV'k mPpk;qDr dhfu;qfDr dh tk;sxhA
(6) ;q¼ dh lekfIr ij Hkkjrh; yksx vius lafoèkku dk Lo;afuekZ.k djsaxsA
(7) f'keyk esa 'kh?kz gh Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa osQ usrkvksadk ,d lEesyu cqyk;k tk;sxkA25 twu] 1945 dks f'keyk esa oSosy dh vè;{krk esa lEesyu
çkjaHk gqvk] ftlesa dkaxzsl vkSj yhx osQ vfrfjDr flD[k] nfyr oxZ,oa ;wjksih;u ny osQ çfrfufèk;ksa dks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA lEesyuesa ^oSosy çLrko* ij fopkj fd;k x;kA lEesyu vk'kkiw.kZ okrkoj.kesa çkjaHk gqvk] ysfdu nks fnu osQ mijkUr gh LFkfxr dj fn;k x;kAbldk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd ok;ljk; dh dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn ds fuekZ.kij dksbZ le>kSrk ugha gks ldkA ekSykuk vktkn us dkaxzsl dh vksjls dk;Zdkfj.kh dh tks lwph çLrqr dh] mlesa rhu eqfLye yhx dslnL;ksa ds lkFk nks jk"Vªh; eqlyekuksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;kAftÂk us bls vLohdkj djrs gq, dgk fd dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn dsikapksa eqfLye lnL; eqfLye yhx ds gh çfrfufèk gksus pkfg,A ftÂkds bl nkos dks dkaxzsl us Lohdkj ugha fd;kA bl çdkj ftÂk dsbl gBèkehZ ls Vdjkdj oSosy ;kstuk lekIr gks x;hA 14 tqykbZ]1945 dks ok;ljk; us lEesyu dks vliQy dgdj lekIr dj fn;kA
f'keyk lEesyu us nks ckrsa Li"V dj nhaA çFke] fczfV'k ljdkjvfuPNk ls gh lgh Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hkkjr dk 'kklu lkSaiuk pkgrhgS rFkk nwljk Hkkjr dh laoSèkkfud leL;k dk lekèkku rc rdlaHko ugha gS] tc rd fd lkaçnkf;d leL;k dk fujkdj.k u gkstk;sA
bXySaM ,oa Hkkjr esa pqukobXySaM ,oa Hkkjr esa pqukobXySaM ,oa Hkkjr esa pqukobXySaM ,oa Hkkjr esa pqukobXySaM ,oa Hkkjr esa pqukotqykbZ 1945 osQ vke pquko esa etnwj ny dks vk'kkrhr
liQyrk feyh rFkk pfpZy dh txg ,Vyh çèkkuea=kh cusA ,ejh osQLFkku ij iSfFkd ykWjsal dks Hkkjr ea=kh fu;qDr fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh;ok;ljk; oSosy ls fopkj&foe'kZ djus osQ ckn ,Vyh us Hkkjr esaçkarh; vkSj osQUnzh; foèkkulHkkvksa osQ fy, pquko dh ?kks"k.kk dhA1945&46 osQ pqukoksa esa lkekU; LFkkuksa ij dkaxzsl dks rFkk eqlyekukasosQ fy, vkjf{kr LFkkuksa ij yhx dks vk'kkrhr liQyrk feyhA osQUnzh;foèkku lHkk esa dkaxzsl dks 57 rFkk yhsx dks 30 LFkku feysAiQyLo:i cgqla[;d fgUnw çkarksa esa dkaxzslh eaf=keaMy cusA caxky vkSjflUèk eas yhx dh ljdkj cuh] ijarq iatkc esa f[ktz g;kr [kkaa osQusr`Ro esa dkaxzsl] vdkyh rFkk ;wfu;fu"V ny osQ feys&tqys eaf=keaMy
dk fuekZ.k gqvkA bl fuokZpu }kjk yhx dk ;g nkok lR; gks x;k
fd og eqlyekuksa ds vfèkd Hkkx dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS] D;ksafdfuokZpu eas yhx dks eqfLye ernkrkvksa ds 75» er çkIr gq, FksA
oSQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk 1946oSQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk 1946oSQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk 1946oSQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk 1946oSQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk 1946b a Xy SM e s a ,Vyh o s Q u s r ` Ro e a s etn w j ny
dh ljdkj LFkkfir gks x;hA etnwj ny us vius pquko ?kks"k.kk i=kesa dgk Fkk fd mudh ljdkj cuus ij og Hkkjr dks vkSifuosf'kd
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 98
Lojkt çnku djsxkA ysfdu ;q¼ osQ nkSjku oqQN ,slh ?kVuk,a ?kVhFkha fd fczfV'k ljdkj Hkkjrh; Lora=krk dks Lohdkj djus dks ckè;gks x;hA Hkkjrh; turk esa Hkh vk'kk dh ygj dk lapkj gqvkA oLrqr%nks o"kZ osQ vUnj gh vaxzst Hkkjr NksM+dj pys x;sA
19 iQjojh] 1946 dks ,Vyh us Hkkjr dh leL;k osQ lekèkkuosQ fy, oSQfcusV fe'ku Hkkjr Hkstus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ;g fe'kuHkkjrh; usrkvksa ls Hkkjrh; Lora=krk osQ ç'u ij fopkj fofue; djusds fy, ;gka vk;kA Hkkjr osQ ok;ljk; us crk;k fd fe'ku esa Hkkjrea=kh ykMZ iSfFkd ykjsal] lj LVSiQksMZ fØIl vkSj ,- ch- ,ysDtsaMjgksaxsA blosQ i'pkr~ 15 ekpZ] 1946 dks ,Vyh us fczfV'k gkml vkWiQdkWeUl eas dgk fd] Hkkjr dks ;g r; djus dk vfèkdkj gS fdmldk lafoèkku oSQlk gksxk] og Lokèkhu gksxk ;k fczfV'k dkWeuosYFkdk lnL; gksxkA mUgksaus vYila[;dksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk dhckr Hkh dh] ijarq ;g Hkh dgk fd ¶ge cgqla[;d lekt dhvxzxfr dks jksdus dk vfèkdkj vYila[;dlekt dks ugha ns ldrsA¸ ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ?kks"k.kk FkhA blesa çFke ckj Hkkjr osQ fy,^Lokèkhurk* 'kCn dk O;ogkj fd;k x;kALkkFk gh lkFk vYila[;d vkSj cgqla[;dnksuksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk dh ckr dhx;hA
24 ekpZ] 1946 dks fe'ku fnYyhigq¡pkA Hkkjr vkxeu osQ lkFk gh deh'kuus ;g Li"V dj fn;k fd og Hkkjr easfojksèkh nkoksa dk fu.kZ; djus osQ fy, ugha]cfYd Hkkjrh;ksa dks lÙkk gLrkarj.k dk mik;[kkstus osQ fy, vk;k gSA fe'ku dk mís';Fkk& ¶Hkkjrh; usrkvksa ls feydj Hkkjr esaiw.kZ LojkT; dh çkfIr dks tYnh laHkocukukA¸ blh mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, fe'kuus Hkkjrh; usrkvksa ls ckrphr 'kq: dj nhA;g 17 vçSy rd pyrh jgh] ysfdu fdlhçdkj dk le>kSrk ugha gks ldkA var esafe'ku }kjk f'keyk esa f=knyh; lEesyu dkvk;kstu fd;k x;kA ;g lEesyu Hkh Hkkjrh;leL;k dk lekèkku djus eas vliQy jgkAyhx fdlh Hkh n'kk esa ikfdLrku dh ekaxdks NksM+us dks rS;kj ugha Fkh vkSj dkaxzsl,slh fdlh Hkh ;kstuk dks Lohdkj djus osQfy, rS;kj ugha Fkh] tks ikfdLrku dh LFkkiukdk ekxZ ç'kLr djrh gksA vr% oSQfcusVfe'ku us ,d ;kstuk çdkf'kr dh x;h tks^oSQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk* osQ uke ls çfl¼gSA bl ;kstuk osQ eq[; çkoèkku fuEu Fks&
(1) Hkkjr osQ Hkkoh lafoèkku lslEc¼ çLrko%(d) fczfV'k Hkkjr vkSj ns'kh fj;klrksa dk
,d la?k cus ftlosQ gkFkksa esa fons'khekeys] j{kk vkSj ;krk;kr lacaèkhvfèkdkj gksa] ijarq blosQ fy, vko';dèku tqVkus dh {kerk Hkh la?k esa gksuhpkfg,A
([k) la?kh; fo"k;kas ds vfrfjDr lHkh fo"k; (vof'k"V fo"k;lfgr) çkar osQ fu;a=k.k esa gkasA
(x) ns'kh fj;klrsa] la?k dks lkSais x;s fo"k;ksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; lHkhfo"k;ksa ij viuk vfèkdkj j[ksaxhA
(?k) çLrkfor la?k esa dk;Zdkfj.kh vkSj foèkkf;dk gksxh] ftlesafczfV'k Hkkjr vkSj ns'kh fj;klrksa osQ çfrfufèk gksaxsA foèkku lHkkesa fdlh lkaçnkf;d ç'u osQ iQSlys osQ nkSjku nksuksa eq[;laçnk;ksa osQ foèkk;d vyx&vyx ernku }kjk mldk iQSlykdjsaxsA
(M-) çkarkas dks rhu oxks± eas foHkkftr fd;k x;k&çFke oxZ& enzkl] cEcbZ] la;qDr çkar] fcgkj rFkk mM+hlknwljk oxZ&iatkc] mÙkj&if'pe lhek çakr rFkk flUèk]vafre oxZ&caxky vkSj vleA
usrk dk ukejktuhfrd ,oa
lkekftd laxBuiqLrdsa@
i=k&if=kdk vU; egRoiw.kZ rF;
jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds çeq[k usrkjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds çeq[k usrkjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds çeq[k usrkjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds çeq[k usrkjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds çeq[k usrk
1- 1882 esa pkj ekl dk dkjkokl]D;ksafd vaxzstksa dh dksYgkiqj dsegkjktk ds çfr ?k`"Vrk djus ijfuank dh Fkh
2- 1897 esa bUgsa 18 eghus dk dBksjdkjkokl fn;k x;k
3- ^ Lojkt esjk tUefl¼ vfèkdkj gS vkSj eSabls ysdj jgwaxk** dk çfl¼ ukjk fn;k
4- 1908 esa 6 o"kZ dk dBksj dkjkokl5- lj osysaVkbu fpjksy bUgsa Hkkjr esa
v'kkafr ds tud ekurs Fks6- MkWú iêðkfHk lhrk jeS;k us xks[kys
vkSj fryd dh rqyuk dh gS
cky xaxkèkj fryd(1856&1920)(yksdekU;)
iwuk U;w baxfy'k Ldwy(1900)]v[kkM+s] ykBh DycrFkk xks&gR;k fojksèkhlHkk,sa]gkse:y yhx (iwuk)(1916)
n - ej kB k(vaxzsth)]dsljh (ejkBh)vkdZfVd gksevkWiQ vk;ZUl]xhrk jgL;
1- igyh ckj 1889 ds bykgkckn ds dkaxzslvfèkos'ku ds eap ls jktuhfr esa Hkkxfy;k
2- 1897 esa bUgsa vkSj nhuk'kk okpk dksHkkjrh; O;; ds fy, fu;qDr osYchvk;ksx ds lEeq[k lk{; nsus dks dgk x;k
3- 1902 esa ;s cEcbZ lafoèkku ifj"kn~ds fy, vkSj dkykUrj esa bEihfj;yysftLysfVo dkWmflay ds fy, pqusx,] 1905 esa dkaxszl vè;{k
4- 1909 ds ekjys feaVks lqèkkj vfèkfu;eds fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx] 1912&15 rdHkkjrh; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL;
5- xkaèkhth ds jktuhfrd xq: Fks
xksiky d`".kxks[kys
(1866&1915)
los±V vkWiQ bafM;klkslk;Vh (1905)
n bafM;uLVªxy
nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth(1825&1917)
Kku çlkjd eaMyh(cEcbZ)],d efgyk gkbZLdwy]cEcbZ ,lksfl,'ku cEcbZ(1852)]yanu bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku]bZLV bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku]jguqekbZ ektnk;u lHkk]
ikoVhZ ,.M vufczfV'k :y bubafM;k] (1901)jLr&xksÝrkj
1- Hkkjr ds o;kso¼ usrk ds uke ls çfl¼2- dkaxzsl ds vè;{k (1886] 93 o
1906)3- 1892 esa fczfV'k laln ds dkWeu lHkk
ds lnL; (mnkjoknh ny)4- dydÙkk dkaxzsl (1906) esa budh
vè;{krk esa Lojkt dh ekax dh xbZ5- Hkkjr ds XySMLVksu] Mªsu vkWiQ osYFk
(èku dk fudkl) fl¼kar dsçfriknd
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rhuksa oxks± osQ çkarksa osQ çfrfufèk;ksa dksvius&vius oxZ rFkk çkar osQ fy, lafoèkkucukus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA ;fn dksbZ çkaroxZ ifjorZu pkgs rks u;s lafoèkku osQvUrZxr gq, fuokZpuksa osQ i'pkr~ gh ,slkdj ldrk FkkA nl o"kks± osQ i'pkr~ lafoèkkudks iqu% la'kksfèkr djus dh ckr dgh x;hA
(2) l a foè k ku fuek Z . k lHk k&lafoèkku lHkk esa 389 lnL; gksaxsA buesa292 lnL;kas dk pquko fczfV'k Hkkjr çkarksadh foèkkulHkk,a vçR;{k rjhosQ ls lkaçnkf;dvkèkkj ij djasxhA fczfV'k Hkkjr ds lnL;ksaesa 210 lkekU; (eqlyeku rFkk fl[kksa dksNksM+dj)] 78 eqlyeku rFkk 4 fl[k FksA'ks"k 93 lhVksa ij ns'kh fj;klrksa osQ çfrfufèk;ksadks pquus dk rjhdk ckn esa r; fd;k tkukFkkA
(3) ns'kh fj;klrs a&lafoèkku osQvfLrRo esa vkrs gh vaxzsth loksZPprk lekIrgks tk;sxhA ns'kh fj;klrksa dks vfèkdkj gksxkfd os la?k ls lacaèk LFkkfir djas vFkokçkarksa lsA
(4) lÙkk gLrkarj.k&foèkku lHkkvksadks fczVsu osQ lkFk 'kfDr gLrkarj.k lsmÙiUu ekeyksa ij ,d lafèk djuh gksxhA
(5) ikfdLrku dh ekax&ikfdLrkudh ekax dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;kA
(6) varfje ljdkj&lafoèkku osQfuekZ.k osQ iwoZ ,d varfje ljdkj dhLFkkiuk dk Hkh lq>ko j[kk x;k] ftls çeq[kjktuhfrd nyksa dk leFkZu çkIr gksA bles40» lhVsa fgUnqvksa dks rFkk 40» lhVsa ghyhx }kjk euksuhr eqlyekuksa dks vkSj 20»LFkku flD[kkas] Hkkjrh; bZlkb;ksa] vuqlwfprtkfr;ksa vkfn dks feysxkA ;g Hkh Li"V djfn;k x;k fd vxj dksbZ ny varfje ljdkjesa 'kkfey ugha gksxk rc Hkh ljdkj cuk;htk;sxhA
bl ;kstuk dk eq[; xq.k ;g Fkk fdlafoèkku lHkk yksdra=koknh fl¼kUr&tula[;kij vkèkkfjr Fkh vkSj iqjkuk xq#Ro(Weightage) dk fl¼kUr lekIr dj fn;kx;k FkkA dkaxzsl dks [kq'k j[kus osQ fy,tgka laxfBr Hkkjr dh O;oLFkk Fkh] oghayhx vkSj fj;klrksa dh larqf"V osQ fy, osQUnzdks detksj j[kk x;kA varfje ljdkj esaleLr mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkSai fn;kx;k rFkk lafoèkku lHkk dks iw.kZ Lora=krk,oa vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA çkarksa osQ xqV cukusdh O;oLFkk vO;kogkfjd ,oa nks"kiw.kZ FkhA
1- 1893 esa nf{k.k vfÚdk x,2- 1914 esa okil Hkkjr vk,3- pEikj.k lR;kxzg ds nkSjku gh VSxksj
us bUgsa egkRek dh mikfèk nh4- çFke fo'o ;q¼ ds le; fczfV'k
ljdkj dh lgk;rk ds miy{; esafczfV'k ljdkj us bUgsa dSlj&,&fgUndh mikfèk nh Fkh
5- fØIl çLrkoksa dks mÙkj frfFk; psd dgk
egkRek xkaèkh(1869&1948)(ckiw] jk"Vªfirk)
H k k jr h; dk a x z s l(usVky)]lkcjerh vkJe]xzke m|ksx la?k]rkyheh la?k]xks j{kk la?k
;ax bafM;k]uothou]fgUnLojkt]ekbZ ,DlisfjesaVfon VªwFk
1- Mh- ,- oh- dkyst] ykgkSj dh LFkkiukls laca¼ Fks
2- 1888 esa bykgkckn ds dkaxzsl vfèkos'kuesa Hkkx ysdj jktuhfrd thou dh'kq:vkr dh
3- 1928 esa lkbeu deh'ku ds fo:¼çn'kZu esa ?kk;y] dqN le; ckn e`R;q
4- xkaèkhth us budh eR;q ij dgk Fkk&^^Hkkjrh;lkSj eaMy ls ,d flrkjk Mwc x;k gS**
5- 1925 esa fgUnw egklHkk ds dydÙkkvfèkos'ku ds vè;{k
ykyk yktir jk;(1865&1928)('ksjs& iatkc)
bafM;u gkse:y rFkkbuiQkWjes'ku O;wjks (nksuksavesfjdk esa)]1921 esa yksd lsodeaMy dh LFkkiuk]Lora=k dkaxs zl ny(1923)
iatkch]cans ekrje~]n ihiy];ax bafM;k]baXySaM MsCV VwbafM;k]n;kuan rFkkf'kokth dhthouh
1- 1921 ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dsle; xkaèkhth ls igyh ckj eqykdkr
2- 1923 esa dkaxzsl ds egklfpo fu;qDr3- 1929] 36] 37 esa dkaxzsl vè;{k cus4- 1921 esa fdlku vkanksyu esa Hkkx
ysus ds dkj.k igyh ckj tsy ;k=kk5- 1939 esa dkaxzsl }kjk fu;ksftr jk"Vªh;
;kstuk lfefr ds vè;{k
tokgj ykyusg:(1889&1964)(pkpk usg:)
vf[ky Hkkjrh;dkaxzsl
fMLdojh vkWiQbafM;k (Hkkjr,d [kkst)]fXyElst vkWiQoYMZ fgLVªh]esjh dgkuh
1- 1920 esa Hkkjrh; tuin lsok esa p;u2- 1921 esa ukSdjh NksM+dj jktuhfr esa ços'k3- 1921 esa fçal vkWiQ osYl ds dydÙkk
vkxeu dk fojksèk djus ij tsy ;k=kk4- vDVqcj 1924 esa rhu o"kZ ds fy,
ekaMys tsy fuokZflr5- 1938&1939 esa dkaxszl vè;{k] ijarq
1939 esa xkaèkhth ds fojksèk djus ijR;kxi=k] iQkjoMZ CykWd dh LFkkiuk dh
6- tuojh 1941 esa Hkkjr ls Hkkx fudys7- 21 vDVwcj 1943 dks flaxkiqj esa
Hkkjr dh vLFkk;h ljdkj8- ¶rqe eq>s [kwu nks eSa rqEgsa vktknh
nwaxk dk ukjk fn;k
lqHkk"k panz cksl(1897&1945)(usrkth)
bafMisaMsaV yhx (1928)i Q k joM Z Cy k Wd(1939)
-----------------
1 egku oDrk ,oa jk"Vªoknh usrk2- czEg lekt ds fopkjksa dks iSQyk;k
fofiu panz iky ----------------------- Lojkt(baXySaM)]U;w bafM;k(dydÙkk)]oUnsekrje~(1906)A
1- 1848 esa caxky esa czkã.k ifjokj esa tUe2- 1869 esa bfM;u flfoy lfoZlst
ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ fd;k3- 1895 rFkk 1902 esa dkaxzsl vè;{k jgs
lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZ bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku(1876)
caxkyh
1- Lons'kh vkUnksyu ds tq>k: usrkvksaesa ls ,d
2- us'kuy dkWyst] dydÙkk ds fçafliy cus3- 1910 esa lfØ; jktuhfr ls lU;kl4- caxky esa dkyhiwtk yksdfç; cuk;k
vjfoan ?kks"k ----------------------- ;qxkUrj]deZ;ksxh]èkekZA
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lafoèkku cukus dh ç.kkyh Hkh tfVy FkhA fiQj Hkh fe'ku us ns'kokfl;ksaosQ chp ,d u;h vk'kk ^Lora=krk dh çkfIr* dk lapkj fd;kA iQyr%lHkh nykas us ;kstuk dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA
çkjaHk esa rks dkaxzsl vkSj yhx nksuksa us gh oSQfcusV fe'ku dksLohdkj dj fy;k Fkk] ysfdu varfje ljdkj cukus dh ;kstuk dksdkaxzsl us vLohdkj dj fn;kA yhx us tc dkaxzsl osQ fcuk ghljdkj cukus dk nkok is'k fd;k rks ok;ljk; us yhx osQ çLrkodks vLohÑr dj fn;kA blls ftUuk dkiQh fujk'k gq,A nwljh rjiQlafoèkku lHkk osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl us 214 lkekU; LFkkuksa esa 205çkIr fd;s rFkk yhx dks 78 eqfLye LFkkuksa eas ls 73 LFkku feysAvr% ftUuk us lkspk fd 296 lnL;h; lafoèkku lHkk esa rks mlosQikl osQoy 73 lnL; gaS tks fd 25» ls Hkh de gSA blfy, 29twu] 1946 dks yhx us f'k"VeaMy ;kstuk dks vLohdkj dj fn;kvkSj ikfdLrku dh çkfIr osQ fy, ^lhèkh dkjZokbZ* (Direct Action)djus dh èkedh nhA bl chp 8 vxLr] 1946 dks dkaxzsl us varfjeljdkj cukus dh ;kstuk Lohdkj dj yhA usg: us ftUuk dks Hkhljdkj esa lfEefyr gksus osQ fy, vkxzg fd;k ij os viuh ftnij MVs jgs rFkk 16 vxLr dks ^lhèkh dkjZokbZ fnol* fuf'pr djfn;kA ml fnu dydÙkk esa] tks ml le; yhx ljdkj osQ vèkhuFkk] lSdM+ksa dh la[;k esa fgUnw ywVs vkSj ekjs x;s vkSj uxj foèoaldj fn;k x;kA blosQ çfrdkj esa fgUnw cgqla[;d çkar fcgkj esaeqlyekuksa ij vR;kpkj gq,A mlosQ çfrdkj esa iwohZ caxky easuksvk[kyh vkSj rhu iM+kg eas fgUnqvksa ij vR;kpkj gq,A fiQj ;w-ih- vkSj cEcbZ esa lkaçnkf;d naxs gq,A caxky eas çkar osQ caVokjsosQ fy, fgUnqvksa us vkUnksyu vkjaHk fd;kA 24 vxLr] 1946 dksok;ljk; us varfje ljdkj osQ 14 eaf=k;ksa okys eaf=keaMy dh ?kks"k.kkdj nhA varfje ljdkj dks 2 flrEcj dks dk;ZHkkj laHkkyuk FkkAtokgj yky usg: dks varfje ljdkj dk çèkkuea=kh cuk;k x;kAckn esa ok;ljk; osQ lq>ko ij yhx us Hkh vDrwcj 1946 eas ljdkjesa 'kkfey gksuk Lohdkj dj fy;kA yhx dk ljdkj esa 'kkfey gksusdk mís'; Lora=krk dks fudV ykuk ugha Fkk] cfYd mlosQ mís';viuh fLFkfr dks l`n`<+ djuk] ikfdLrku dh ekax eaxokuk] ljdkjhdk;ks± eas :dkoV Mkyuk vkSj ns'k dh çxfr dks vo#¼ djuk FkkA
yhx ;|fi varfje ljdkj esa lfEefyr gks x;h Fkh] fiQj Hkhmlus lafoèkku lHkk esa lfEefyr gksuk Lohdkj ugha fd;kA lafoèkkulHkk dh cSBd 9 fnlEcj] 1946 dks fnYyh esa vkjaHk gqbZA
yanu dkaçQsal&varfje ljdkj osQ xfrjksèk dks nwj djus osQmís'; ls yanu esa 3&6 fnlEcj] 1996 dks ,d lEesyu vk;ksftrfd;k x;k ftlesa ,Vyh] ykWMZ oSosy] usg: vkSj ftUuk us Hkkx fy;kAblesa dkaxzsl vkSj yhx osQ erHksn nwj djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k]ijUrq liQyrk ugha feyhA vr% yhx us gksus okyh lafoèkku lHkkdh cSBd dk cfg"dkj dj fn;kA
,Vyh dh ?kk s"k.kk (20 iQjojh] 1947)&Hkkjr dhrRdkyhu fLFkfr ls fpafrr gksdj fczVsu osQ çèkkuea=kh ,Vyh us 20iQjojh] 1947 dks ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd vaxzst twu 1948 osQ iwoZlÙkk Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkSai nsaxsA ?kks"k.kk eas ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd vxjlafoèkku lHkk ml frfFk rd dksbZ lafoèkku ugha rS;kj dj losQxhrks vaxzsth ljdkj ;g fuf'pr djsxh fd lÙkk fdls lkaSih tk;sxh&fdlhosQUnzh; ljdkj dks ;k çakrh; ljdkj dksA lÙkk osQ gLrkarj.k osQdk;Z dks iwjk djus osQ fy, ykWMZ oSosy dh txg ykWMZ ekmUVcsVudks u;s ok;ljk; osQ :i esa fu;qDr fd;k x;kA
ekmaVcsVu ;kstuk% ,Vyh dh ?kks"k.kk osQ i'pkr~ ;g fuf'prgks x;k fd vc Hkkjr dks Lora=krk feyus gh okyh gSA vktknhfeyus dh laHkkouk tc lkdkj gksus tk jgh Fkh rks yksxksa ijlkaçnkf;drk dk tquwu lokj gks x;kA cM+s iSekus ij lkaçnkf;d naxsgq, ftlesa yhx] fgUnw egklHkk vkSj vdkyh ny rhuksa us fgLlkfy;kA ykgkSj esa ikfdLrku fojksèkh çn'kZu gqvkA ykgkSj] ve`rlj]r{kf'kyk] jkoyfiaMh] fcgkj] caxky vkfn txgksa esa Hkh"k.k uj&lagkjgqvkA lsuk vkSj iqfyl us Hkh vçR;{k :i ls naxkb;ksa dh enn dhAxkaèkh ,d txg ls nwljh txg lkaçnkf;d ,drk dk;e djus osQfy, ?kwers jgs] ysfdu turk ikxy gks mBh FkhA
blh okrkoj.k eas 24 ekpZ] 1947 dks u;s ok;ljk; us viukinHkkj xzg.k fd;kA mUgksaus 'kh?kz gh tku fy;k fd Hkkjr dk caVokjkvo';aHkkoh gSA
yhx vkSj dkaxzsl osQ erHksnksa dks ikVuk eqf'dy FkkA xkaèkhthekmUVcsVu ls feys vkSj mUgsa foHkktu djus ls jksdkA os ftUuk dksljdkj cukus nsus osQ fy, Hkh jkth FksA ckn esa usg: vkSj iVsyosQ ncko esa xkaèkhth dks Hkh foHkktu Lohdkj djuk gh iM+kA
3 twu] 1947 dks ekmUVcsVsu ;kstuk çdkf'kr gqbZ] ftuesa fuEuçkoèkku Fks&
(1) Hkkjr dk foHkktu Hkkjrh; la?k vkSj ikfdLrku eas djfn;k tk;sA
(2) bu jkT;kas dh lhek fuf'pr djus osQ iwoZ if'peksÙkj lhekçkar çns'k vkSj vle osQ flygV ftys esa tuer laxzg djk;k tk;svkSj flUèk foèkku lHkk esa oksV }kjk ;g fuf'pr fd;k tk;s fdos fdlosQ lkFk jguk pkgrs gSaA
(3) caxky vkSj iatkc esa fgUnw rFkk eqlyeku cgqla[;d ftyksaosQ çkarh; foèkkulHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh vyx&vyx cSBd cqyk;h tk;sAmleas ls vxj dksbZ Hkh i{k çkar dk foHkktu pkgsxk rks foHkktu djfn;k tk;sxkA
(4) fgUnqLrku dh lafoèkku lHkk nks fgLlks esa caV tk;sxh] tksvius&vius fy, lafoèkku rS;kj djsxhA nksuksa jkT;ksa dks Mksfeu;uLVsVl çnku fd;k tk;sxkA
(5) ns'kh fj;klrksa dks ;g Lora=krk gksxh fd os ftlosQ lkFkpkgsa] fey tk;sa ;k viuk Lora=k vfLrRo cuk;sa j[ksaA
yhx rFkk dkaxzsl }kjk bl ;kstuk osQ Lohdkj fd;s tkus osQckn ykWMZ ekmUVcsVu us bls rqjar fØ;kfUor dj fn;kA if'peh iatkcvkSj iwohZ caxky us ikfdLrku esa jgus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA mÙkj if'pehlhek çkar] flUèk] cywfpLrku vkSj vle osQ flygV ftys us Hkh;gh iQSlyk fd;kA bu fu'p;ksa osQ iQyLo:i 15 vxLr] 1947 dksHkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ Lora=k jkT;ksa dk çknqHkkZo gqvkA
Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vfèkfu;e 1947% fczfV'k ikfyZ;kes.Vus 4 tqykbZ] 1947 dks Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vfèkfu;e çLrkfor fd;k]tks 18 tqykbZ] 1947 dks LohÑr gks x;kA bl vfèkfu;e osQ eq[;fcUnq fuEu gSa&(1) nks vfèkjkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk(2) lafoèkku lHkkvksa dks lÙkk lkSaiuk(3) nksuksa osQ fy, vyx&vyx xouZj tujy(4) Hkkjr ea=kh osQ in dk vUr(5) 1935 osQ Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e }kjk 'kklu(6) ns'kh fj;klrksa ij loksZifjrk dk vUrA
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bl çdkj 14 vxLr dks ikfdLrku dk fuekZ.kgqvk vkSj Bhd 12 cts jkf=k dks 15 vxLr] 1947dks Hkkjr Lora=k gqvkA ftÂk ikfdLrku osQ xouZjtujy vkSj fy;kdr vyh çèkkuea=kh cusA Hkkjr osQxoZuj tujy ykMZ ekmUVcsVu vkSj çèkkuea=khtokgjyky usg: cusA
ns'kh fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k% Hkkjrh;jkT;ksa osQ Åij fczfV'k loksZPprk] Hkkjrh; Lora=krkvfèkfu;e&1947 }kjk 15 vxLr] 1947 dks [kRegksuh FkhA ekmUVcsVu ;kstuk osQ rgr jkT;ksa dks;g NwV nh x;h fd os ;k rks Hkkjr ;k ikfdLrkuesa 'kkfey gksa vFkok viuh Lora=k lÙkk cuk;s j[ksaA
ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy us (ftUgksaus tqykbZ1947 esa jkT;ksa osQ foHkkxksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro xzg.kfd;k) vR;ar oqQ'kyrk osQ lkFk bl leL;k dklekèkku fd;k] blfy, mUgsa Hkkjr dk ^fcLekdZ*Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl dk;Z esa mudh lgk;rk oh-ih- esuu us dhA lHkh 652 jkT;ksa osQ 'kkldksa us15 vxLr] 1947 dks foy; i=k ij gLrk{kj djfn;sA viokn Fks twukx<+] d'ehj vkSj gSnkjkcknA
twukx<+ osQ uokc us ikfdLrku esa feyus dh?kks"k.kk dh] tcfd jkT; dh turk us Hkkjr esafeyus dh bPNk O;fDr dhA varr% Hkkjrh; lsukus jkT; ij vfèkdkj dj fy;kA gSnjkckn osQfutke us vius dks Lora=k j[kus dk ç;kl fd;k]ijUrq blosQ dbZ {ks=kksa rsykaxkuk vkfn esa fonzksg osQdkj.k cyiwoZd bldk vfèkxzg.k fd;k x;kAd'ehj osQ egkjktk us Hkh Hkkjr esa feyus esa foyEc fd;kA ;gkard fd lcls 'kfÙkQ'kkyh jktuhfrd ny us'kuy dkaçQsal Hkkjr esafeyuk pkgrk FkkA varr% iBkuksa vkSj ikfdLrkuh geys osQ i'pkr~egkjktk us bldk foy; Hkkjr esa dj fn;kA
Lora=krk çkfIr esa lgk;d rRoLora=krk çkfIr esa lgk;d rRoLora=krk çkfIr esa lgk;d rRoLora=krk çkfIr esa lgk;d rRoLora=krk çkfIr esa lgk;d rRoHkkjr dh Lora=krk ,d egku ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk gSA ;g Hkkjrh;
jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQ usr`Ro esa 62 o"kks± osQ la?k"kZ dk ifj.kke gSA vU;ns'kkas ds Lora=krk laxzke ls bldh çÑfr fHkUu gSA ;g eq[;r% ,dvfglad yM+kbZ FkhA blus u rks çèkkuea=kh ,Vyh vkSj etnwj nydh mnkjrk dk ifj.kke vkSj u gh Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQ ç;Ruksadk ifj.kke dgk tk ldrk gSA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; Lora=krk fofHkUuifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ncko dk ifj.kke FkhA 1947 rd ifjfLFkfr;ka ,slhgks x;h Fkha fd jktuhfrd n`f"V ls lÙkk gLrkarj.k esa nsjh djuklaHko ugha FkkA Hkkjrh; Lora=krk çkfIr esa lgk;d rRoksa dh foospukfuEufyf[kr :i ls dh tk ldrh gS&
(1) ,sfrgkfld mís'; dk fl¼kUr (Historic Mission
Theory)&vaxzsth jktuhfrKksa rFkk ys[kdksa us bl fl¼kUr dksyksdfç; cukus dk ç;Ru fd;k gS fd vaxzstksa dk Hkkjr NksM+us dkfu.kZ; osQoy LoSfPNd Fkk vkSj baXyS.M us Lo;a gh Hkkjr dks LojkT;osQ fy, rS;kj fd;k Fkk vkSj Hkkjr dks Lora=krk nsuk muosQ Hkkjresa ,sfrgkfld mís'; dk lEiUu gksuk gh FkkA
vaxzsth çèkkuea=kh ,Vyh us fczfV'k laln esa tqykbZ 1947 esaHkkjrh; Lora=krk foèks;d çLrqr djrs le; dgk Fkk] ¶bfrgkl esa
,sls vusd mnkgj.k gSa tc jkT;ksa dks ryokj dh 'kfDr ls vU;yksxksa osQ gkFkkas eas 'kklu NksM+us ij ckè; gksuk iM+k gSA fcjys gh,slk gqvk gS fd yksx tks nwljksa ij jkT; djrs jgs gks vèkhuLFkyksxksa dks LosPNk ls 'kfDr dk gLrkarj.k dj nsaA¸ ,Vyh us viusHkk"k.kksa esa bl ckr dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k fd ^vaxzstksa us Hkkjrh;ksadks çtkra=kh; i¼fr dk çf'k{k.k fn;kA* mlus Hkkjrh; Lora=krkfoèks;d osQ fo"k; esa dgk Fkk fd] ^;g ml ?kVuk pØ dh yEchÜkaa[kyk dk pje fcUnq gSA ekysZ fe.Vks] ekWUViQksMZ lq>ko] lkbeuvk;ksx dh fjiksVZ] xksyest dkUçQsalksa] 1935 dk Hkkjr ljdkjvfèkfu;e] fØIl f'k"VeaMy] rFkk eaf=keaMyh; f'k"VeaMy ;g lHkhml ekxZ osQ pj.k gSa] ftldk var Hkkjr dks Lora=krk nsus dk lq>kogSA
(2)Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh 'kfDr % f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ çkjaHk ls jk"Vªh; psruk vius pjeksRd"kZ ij Fkh vkSj 1942dk fonzksg vR;ar Li"V 'kCnksa esa fczVsu dks Hkkjr NksM+ nsus dhpsrkouh gh FkhA laiw.kZ ns'k esa jk"Vªh; tkx`fr O;kIr gks x;h FkhvkSj vktkn fgUn iQkSt osQ uk;dksa ij vfHk;ksx vkSj lSfud fonzksgdh ?kVukvksa us bl jktuhfrd tkx`fr dk ifjp; ns fn;k FkkA fczfV'kjktuhfrKksa us] tks viuh O;ogkj oqQ'kyrk vkSj jktuhfrd nwjnf'kZrk osQfy, çfl¼ gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa lEekuiwoZd Hkkjr NksM+ nsuk gh mfprle>kA
(3) egk;q¼ osQ ckn baXyS.M dh detksj fLFkfr %f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ iwoZ baXyS.M ,d çFke Js.kh dk jk"Vª Fkk]ysfdu ;q¼ osQ ifj.kkeLo:i baXyS.M dh fLFkfr cgqr fucZy gks x;hA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 102
mldh vFkZO;oLFkk dks Hkh"k.k vk?kkr igq¡pk Fkk vkSj mldh tu'kfDrde gks x;h FkhA fczfV'k 'kfDr osQ bl ßkl osQ dkj.k fczVsu blfLFkfr esa ugha jgk fd og Hkkjr ij fu;a=k.k cuk;s j[kus osQ vkfFkZdvkSj lSfud Hkkj dks lgu dj losQA
(4) ,f'k;kbZ uotkxj.k% 20oha lnh esa lEiw.kZ ,f'k;kviuh yEch fuUnzk ls tkx pqdk FkkA vc ,f'k;kokfl;ksa us vuqHkofd;k fd if'peh jk"Vªksa }kjk mudks èkks[ks esa j[kdj mudk 'kks"k.kfd;k x;k gSA tc muesa Lora=krk dh bPNk mRiUu gqbZ] rc eè;&iwoZosQ ns'kksa esa mifuos'kokn dk var djus osQ fy, rsth ls çxfr'khyvkUnksyu çkajHk gks x;sA Hkkjr buesa lcls vfèkd çxfr'khy gksus osQdkj.k LokHkkfod :i ls vxz.kh FkkA fczVsu }kjk Hkkjr dks nh x;hLora=krk ,f'k;kbZ uotkxj.k dh bl çofÙk osQ lEeq[k vkReleç.kFkhA
(5) fczVsu esa Hkkjr&i{kh; tuer% f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQçkjaHk osQ iwoZ ls gh Hkkjr osQ çfr fczfV'k tuer eas rsth ls lqèkkjgksrk tk jgk FkkA 1935 osQ vfèkfu;e ds liQy fØ;kUo;u ls muosQlEeq[k Hkkjrh;ksa dh jktuhfrd {kerk Li"V gks x;h Fkh vkSj çFkeo f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ esa Hkkjrh;ksa ds fczVsu dks fn;s x;s lg;ksx lsmUgsa fczfV'k yksxksa osQ fe=k dk LFkku fey x;k FkkA fczfV'k lektosQ vusd oxks± dk ;g fopkj gks x;k Fkk fd Hkkjr ij fczfV'kfu;a=k.k cuk;s j[kus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA 1945 osQ vke pqukoesa fczVsu esa etnwj ny dh fot; dk ,d dkj.k etnwj ny dhHkkjr osQ çfr lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ uhfr Hkh FkhA
(6) lkE;okn dk [krjk% èkhjs&èkhjs lkE;okn us Hkkjr esaços'k djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ le; bldkçHkko vfèkd c<+ x;kA dkaxzsl osQ usr`Ro eas liQyrk çkIr ugha gksrsns[k mlls turk dk nqjko gksus yxk vkSj og lkE;okn dh rjiQ>qdus yxhA vaxzstksa dks ;g Hk; gks x;k fd tYn lÙkk gLrkarj.kugha djus ij Hkkjr esa lkE;okn dk mn; gks ldrk gSA 1946 esagh 'khr;q¼ çkjaHk gks x;k Fkk vkSj varZjk"Vªh; {ks=k esa fczVsu viuhfojksèkh 'kfDr;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djus dh xyrh ugha dj ldrk FkhaA
(7) nks egku 'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gksuk% f}rh; fo'o;q¼ esa iQkflLV vkSj ukth 'kfDr;kaas rFkk tkikuh lkezkT;oknh 'kfDr;kaiw.kZr;k ijkLr gks pqdh FkhaA ;|fi vkaXy&vesfjdu lkezkT;oknfot;h gks x;k Fkk] ijUrq lkezkT;okn dks cgqr Hkkjh èkDdk yxkAvc lalkj esa nks egku 'kfDr;ka vejhdk vkSj :l osQ :i eas mHkjpqdh FkhaA :l fo'ks"kdj mu lHkh ns'kksa dh vksj Fkk tks Lora=krkçkIr djus dk ç;Ru dj jgs FksA
;q¼ dky esa jk"Vªifr :tosYV vkSj P;kax dkbZ 'ksd us fczVsuij Hkkjrh; Lora=krk osQ fy, dkiQh nokc MkykA ;q¼ dky osQ cknvesfjdh jk"Vªifr VªqeSu us bl ncko esa o`f¼ dj nhA fczVsu osQ }kjkvesfjdh lg;ksx ls gh fot; çkIr dh x;h Fkh vkSj ;q¼ksÙkj dkyesa baXySaM dk vkfFkZd iqu#¼kj vesfjdh lgk;rk ij fuHkZj FkkA ,slhfLFkfr eas baXySaM vesfjdk dhs vogsyuk dk lkgl ugha dj ldrkFkkA
(8) Hkkjrh; lsuk dh LokfeHkfDr esa lansg% f}rh;egk;q¼ dky esa Hkkjrh; lsuk eas fonzksg us fczfV'k lkezkT;okn dksfgyk fn;kA vktkn fgUn iQkSt dk fuekZ.k] ukSlSfud fonzksg vkSjHkkjrh; ok;qlsuk dh gM+rky us fczfV'k ljdkj dks lpsr dj fn;kfd Hkkjrh; lsuk ij fo'okl ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh vksj
vaxzsth lsuk dks Hkkjr esa j[kuk dkiQh [kphZyk FkkA vr% lSfudn`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh fczfV'k lkezkT; dk Hkkjr esa fVdk jguk dfBuçrhr gksus yxkA
(9) fczfV'k jkt vkSj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl% fczfV'kjkT; osQ vUrxZr oqQN ,sls dk;Z gq, ftuosQ pyrs Hkkjrh; Lora=krkdh çkfIr eas lg;ksx feykA ;|fi mlus tku&cw>dj ,slk ç;klugha fd;k] fiQj Hkh mlosQ oqQN dk;Z Hkkjrh; Lora=krk osQ fy,mÙkjnk;h gSa] tSls&ç'kkldh; ,drk] vkokxeu rFkk ;krk;kr osQlkèkukas dk fodkl vkSj f'k{kk osQ ekè;e esa vaxzsth dh ekU;rkAbu lc rRoksa us Hkkjrh;ksa esa ,drk dks Hkkouk dk fodkl fd;kAnwljh vksj jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us egkRek xkaèkh osQ usr`Ro esa jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu dks u;k thou çnku fd;k vkSj leLr jk"Vªh; 'kfDr;ksadk lap; dj mls çxfr çnku dhA dkaxzsl osQ liQy usr`Ro usHkkjrh;ksa esa ns'kHkfDr vkSj jk"Vªçse dh Hkkoukvksa dks tUe fn;kAleLr ns'k esa jk"Vªh;rk dh ygj iQSy x;h vkSj Hkkjrh; Lora=krk çkfIrosQ fy, dfVc¼ gks x;sA la{ksi esa] ¶Hkkjrh; Lora=krk yEcs vjls rdfczfV'k jkt }kjk vutkus esa rFkk dkaxzsl }kjk tkucw>dj jfpr jk"Vªh;psruk vkSj lkekU; mís'; dk LokHkkfod rFkk vo';aHkkoh ifj.kkeFkkA¸
(10) etnwj ny dh fot; rFkk ekmUVcsVu ;kstukdh LohÑfr% ;q¼ ls mRiUu ifjofrZr fLFkfr osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh;ksadks lÙkk gLrkarfjr djuk rks Fkk gh] ysfdu lkSHkkX; ls etnwj nyosQ gkFk esa 'kklu dh 'kfDr vk tkus ls gLrkarj.k dh ;g çfØ;ktYnh gh lEiUu gks x;hA lÙkk:<+ gksus osQ iwoZ etnwj usrkvksa usHkkjrh; leL;k dks lgkuqHkwfriwoZd lqy>kus dk vk'oklu fn;k FkkvkSj lÙkk:<+ gksus osQ ckn mUgksaus bl vk'oklu dks iwjk fd;kA
Hkkjrh; Lora=krk osQ ekxZ dh lcls cM+h ckèkk dkaxzsl vkSjeqfLye yhx dk ikjLifjd fojksèk Fkk] ysfdu tqykbZ 1947 esa dkaxzslvkSj yhx nksuksa osQ }kjk ekmUVcsVsu ;kstuk LohÑr dj fy, tkusls lÙkk gLrkarj.k osQ ekxZ dh ;g vafre ckèkk Hkh lekIr gks x;hAifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ncko osQ dkj.k dkaxzsl us ;g le> fy;k fd Hkkjrdk foHkktu gh xfrjksèk nwj djus dk ,dek=k mik; gSA yhx usHkh bl ^dVs&NaVs ikfdLrku* dks Lohdkj djus dh O;kogkfjdrkviuk yhA lHkh i{kkas }kjk ekmUVcsVu ;kstuk Lohdkj dj fy, tkusij ekmUVcsVu us Hkkjr osQ foHkktu dk dk;Z rhu ekg esa iwjk djfn;kA 14 vxLr] 1947 dks Hkkjr dk nks Lora=k jkT;ksa esa foHkktugqvk vkSj 15 vxLr] 1947 dks Hkkjr Lora=k gqvkA
okLro esa] Hkkjrh; Lora=krk fdlh ,d rRo dk ifj.kke ugha]oju~ vusd rRoksa ds lkewfgd ç;Ruksa dk ifj.kke FkhA la{ksi esa] le;dh xfr vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ncko osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dks Lora=krkfeyhA
jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQ oSpkfjd vk;kejk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQ oSpkfjd vk;kejk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQ oSpkfjd vk;kejk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQ oSpkfjd vk;kejk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQ oSpkfjd vk;keHkkjr dk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ewyr% vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu vkSj
Hkkjrh; turk osQ fgrkas osQ chp ekStwn osQUnzh; ;k cqfu;knh varfoZjksèkdk urhtk FkkA ;g varfoZjksèk bl ckr ls iSnk gqvk Fkk fd fczfV'klÙkk Hkkjr ij vius jktuhfrd çHkqRo dk ç;ksx fczfV'k lekt vkSjvFkZO;oLFkk dh t:jrksa osQ eqrkfcd Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj vFkZO;oLFkkdk 'kks"k.k djus osQ fy, dj jgh FkhA jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQ usrkvksaus èkhjs&èkhjs bl cqfu;knh varfoZjksèk dh lkiQ vkSj oSKkfud le>
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 103
fodflr dh rFkk mlh dks viuk vkèkkj cuk;kA mUgksaus bls le>kfd vkfFkZd n`f"V ls ns'k lexzr% fiNM+ jgk gSA vius bl fo'ys"k.ko fu"d"kZ osQ vkèkkj ij mUgksaus Hkkjrh; okLrfodrk osQ lHkh igyqvksadk okLrfod fp=k.k fd;k vkSj rnuqlkj ,d lexz o lqLi"V çfr&mifuos'koknh uhfr ,oa fopkjèkkjk dks fodflr fd;kA
oLrqr% 19oha 'krkCnh osQ var rd jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQ iqjksèkkvksaus vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k dh rhu ç.kkfy;ksa dh Li"V le> cuk yh];s ç.kkfy;ka Fkha%(1) ywV] VSDl vkSj Hkkjr esa vaxsztksa dh fu;qfDr](2) fo"kerk ij vkèkkfjr Lo=kar iwath dk fuos'k](3) Hkkjr esa fczfV'k iwath dk fuos'kA
mUgksaus fo'ys"k.k fd;k fd Hkkjr dk mifuos'k cuuk u rksbfrgkl dh dksbZ nq?kZVuk gS vkSj u fczfV'k lÙkk dk jktuhfrd iQygSA mifuos'kokn dh mudh vkykspuk dk ,d gh osQUnz fcUnq Fkkfd Hkkjr dh lkjh nkSyr fczVsu pyh tk jgh gSA
vkèkqfud lkezkT;okn osQ tfVy vkfFkZd ra=k dh lkiQ le>1918 osQ ckn vkSj fodflr gqbZ] tc mifuos'kokn fojksèkh tukanksyugksus yxk rFkk ekDlZoknh fopkjksa dk çlkj gqvkA vc jk"Vªoknh usr`RoosQ lkeus ;g Li"V gks x;k fd fczfV'k lekt vkSj Hkkjrh; lektosQ osQUnzh; varfoZjksèk dks nwj djus osQ nks gh jkLrs gaS& (1)mifuos'koknh vkfFkZd lacaèkksa dks ;k rks iwjk dk iwjk cny fn;k tk;s;k (2) bls fcYoqQy u"V dj fn;k tk;sA jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu osQçR;sd pj.k osQ usr`Ro us mifuos'kokn dks vius fo'ys"k.k osQ osQUnzesa j[kkA
mifuos'kokn osQ çfr bl oSpkfjd n`f"Vdks.k dks jk"Vªh; vkUnksyuosQ fupys rcosQ osQ dk;ZdÙkkZvksa us Hkh vkRelkr~ dj fy;k FkkA xkaèkh;qx dh jktuhfr osQ nkSjku mUgksaus bl n`f"Vdks.k dks xkao&xkao vkSj'kgj&'kgj iSQyk;kA Hkk"k.kksa] ijpksa] ukVdksa] xhrksa vkSj i=k&if=kdkvksaesa Nius okys ys[kksa osQ ekè;e ls bl ckr ij [kwc tksj fn;k x;kfd Hkkjr dh laink ywVh tk jgh gS rFkk Hkkjr dks fczVsu ossQ rS;kjeky dk cktkj cuk;k tk jgk gSA
bl rjg Hkkjr vkSj fczVsu osQ cqfu;knh vUrfoZjksèk us jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu dk ewy vkèkkj çnku fd;k] rks mifuos'kokn fojksèkhfopkjèkkjk osQ fodkl us mldk oSpkfjd vkèkkj fufeZr fd;kA blosQdkj.k ,d lqn`<+ rFkk yxkrkj pyus okys lkezkT;okn fojksèkhvkUnksyu osQ fy, jkLrk [kqy x;k] tks dkiQh yphys j.k&dkS'kydk bLrseky dj ldrk Fkk] D;ksafd og vius ewy mís'; osQ çfrxgjs :i ls çfrc¼ FkkA lkezkT;okn fojksèkh jk"Vªh; eqfDr la?k"kZosQ nkSjku tks pht Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh xfr dk ewy dkj.k cuh]og ,d oSKkfud mifuos'kokn&fojksèkh fopkjkèkkjk gh FkhA vr% tcrd fczfV'k vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt osQ cqfu;knh varfoZjksèk rFkkmifuos'kokn fojksèkh jk"Vªoknh fopkjèkkjk dk leqfpr vè;;u vkSjfo'ys"k.k ugha gksrk] rc rd Hkkjrh; Lora=krk la?k"kZ dks le>us dhfn'kk esa ,d dne Hkh vkxs ugha c<+k tk ldrkA
Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh O;kid lekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd^fotu* fliQZ mifuos'kokn fojksèkh fo'o n`f"V rd lhfer FkhA mlosQoqQN vkSj fopkjèkkjkRed igyw FksA eksVs rkSj ij dgk tk ldrkgS fd ;g ^fotu* cqtqZvk ;k iwathokn] Lora=k vkfFkZd fodkl rFkkèkeZ&fujis{k x.krkaf=kd] ukxfjd] vfèkdkjksa osQ çfr mnkj jktuhfrdO;oLFkk dk fotu Fkk] ftldk vkèkkj lkekftd lekurk osQ fl¼kar
FksA fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd bl fotu dks dHkh dksbZ pqukSrh ughanh x;hA
1- yksdra=k osQ çfr çfrc¼rk % jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu lalnh;yksdra=k vkSj ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa osQ çfr iw.kZr% çfrc¼ FkkA tcvkSifuosf'kd 'kkld yxkrkj ;g çpkj dj jgs Fks fd Hkkjr yksdra=kosQ fy, mi;qDr ugha gS vkSj ;gka fliQZ fujaoqQ'k lÙkkoknh <ax lsgh 'kklu pyk;k tk ldrk gS] rc jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk nkf;Rocu x;k fd og yksdra=k osQ fy, la?k"kZ djs vkSj mldk ,dHkkjrh; :i fodflr djs] rkfd Hkkjr dh tehu esa mldh tMa+setcwr gks losaQA 'kq: ls mlus pqukoksa osQ vkèkkj ij cuus okyhçfrfufèk ljdkjksa osQ xBu osQ fy, yM+kbZ yM+hA 1920 osQ igysfryd rFkk vU; jk"Vªokfn;ksa us vkSj ckn esa xkaèkhth rFkk dkaxszlus ckfyx erkfèkdkj dh i¼fr ykxw djus dh ekax dh] rkfd lHkhckfyx L=kh&iq#"k oksV esa fgLlk ys losaQA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl rksvius LFkkiuk dky ls gh yksdrkaf=kd <ax ls py jgh FkhA mlosQreke çLrkoksa ij [kqyh cgl gksrh vkSj fiQj ernku gksrkA fdlhekeys ij fdlh oxZ dh vyx jk; gksrh] rks mls u osQoyLora=krkiwoZd O;Dr djus dh NwV feyrh Fkh] cfYd mls çksRlkfgrHkh fd;k tkrk Fkk] tSls 1920 esa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 'kq: djusdk xkaèkhth dk çLrko ernku osQ ckn gh LohÑr gqvk FkkA (i{kesa 1886 er] foi{k esa 884 erA) 1929 dh ykgkSj dkaxzsl esaok;ljk; dh Vªsu ij Økafrdkjh vkardokfn;ksa }kjk ce foLiQksV dhHkRlZuk okyk tks çLrko xkaèkhth us j[kok;k Fkk] og cgqr ekewyhcgqer ls ikfjr gks ldkA (i{k esa 1942 rFkk fojksèk esa 1794)blh rjg 1942 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxszl lfefr osQ 13 dE;qfuLVlnL;ksa us ,sfrgkfld Hkkjr NksM+ks çLrko osQ fo#¼ ernku fd;kFkkA ysfdu bu yksxksa dh vkykspuk djus dh ctk; xkaèkhth us viuse'kgwj ^djks ;k ejks* okys Hkk"k.k dh 'kq#vkr gh bu iafDr;ksa lsdh FkhA eSa mu 13 fe=kksa dks cèkkbZ nsrk gwa] ftUgksaus çLrko osQ fo#¼ernku fd;kA ,slk dj mUgksaus dksbZ ,slk dke ugha fd;k] ftlosQfy, os 'kfe±nk gksaA fiNys 20 lky esa geus ;gh lh[kus dh dksf'k'kdh gS fd ge vxj ?kksj vYier esa Hkh gks tk;ssa vkSj yksx geij gal jgs gksa] rc Hkh ge lkgl u [kks;saA geus bl vkRefo'oklosQ lkFk viuh ekU;rkvksa ij n`<+ jguk lh[kk gS fd ge lgh jkLrsij gSaA
2- ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dk i{kèkj % jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu'kq: ls gh ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dk i{kèkj FkkA jk"Vªoknh çsl dhvktknh] vfHkO;fDr rFkk laBxuksa dh vktknh ,oa vU; ukxfjdvfèkdkjksa ij vkSifuosf'kd vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ geys dk ges'kk fojksèkdjrs Fks vkSj viuk jkLrk ç'kLr djrs FksA fryd us çsl dh vktknhosQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj ;kruk,a lghaA fryd ukxfjd vfèkdkjksaosQ cgqr cM+s fgek;rh FksA os dgk djrs Fks fd çsl dh vktknhvkSj vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk jk"Vª dks tUe nsrh gS vkSj bls etcwrcukrh gSaA
1922 esa xkaèkhth us ^;ax bafM;k* esa fy[kk ¶ljdkj us ns'kosQ lkeus tks eqík iSnk dj fn;k gS] mldh rqyuk esa Lojkt]f[kykiQr vkSj iatkc dk loky xkS.k loky gSA be vius y{; dhrjiQ ,d dne Hkh c<+ losQa] blosQ igys Lora=k vfHkO;fDr vkSjlaxBu osQ vfèkdkj dks gesa gkfly djuk gh gksxkA gesa bu vfèkdkjksadh j{kk tku nsdj Hkh djuh pkfg,A ------- mudk dguk Fkk fd
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 104
ukxfjd vfèkdkj] ftldk vafglk osQ ikyu ls dksbZ fojksèk u gks]Lojkt dh fn'kk esa igyk dne gSA ;g jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftdthou dh tku gS] Lora=krk dh uhao gSA bl ekeys esa vifeJ.k;k le>kSrs osQ fy, dksbZ txg ugha gSA ;g thou osQ fy, loksZÙkevko';d ty gSA eSaus ikuh esa fdlh Hkh rjg dh feykoV dh ckrdHkh ugha lquhA¸
tokgj yky usg: ukxfjd Lora=krkvksa osQ 'kk;n lcls cM+sfgek;rh FksA os mUgsa mruk gh egRoiw.kZ ekurs Fks] ftruk vkfFkZdlekurk vkSj lektokn dksA djkaph dkaxzsl us 1931 esa ekSfydvfèkdkjksa ij tks çLrko ikfjr fd;k Fkk] mls usg: us gh rS;kjfd;k FkkA mlesa ok.kh rFkk çsl osQ }kjk viuh jk; O;Dr djusvkSj laxBu osQ vfèkdkj dh xkjaVh nh x;h FkhA vxLr 1931 esamUgha osQ ç;Ruksa ls ^bafM;u flfoy fycVhZt ;wfu;u* dh LFkkiukgqbZA ;g ,d xSj nyh; vlkaçnkf;d laxBu Fkk vkSj bldk mís';ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa ij gksus okys geyksa osQ f[kykiQ tuer cukukFkkA tokgj yky usg: us bl volj ij ?kks"k.kk fd ¶tc ukxfjdvfèkdkjksa dk neu gksrk gS rks jk"Vª dh rstfLork lekIr gks tkrhgS vkSj og dksbZ Bksl dke djus yk;d ugha jg tkrkA¸ ekpZ 1940esa mUgksaus dgk fd çsl dh vktknh dk eryc ;g ugha gksrk fdtks phtsa ge Nih gqbZ ns[kuk pkgsa] fliQZ mUgha dh vuqefr nsaA blrjg dh vktknh ls dksbZ vR;kpkjh Hkh lger gks tk;sxkA çsl dhvktknh dk eryc gS fd ge tks pht u pkgsa mudh Hkh vuqefr nsaA*
3- èkeZ fujis{krk % èkeZ&fujis{krk dks jk"Vªoknh fopkjèkkjkdh cqfu;knh rRo cuk;k x;k rFkk fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ij cgqr tksjfn;k x;kA tSlk fd ge ns[k pqosQ gSa] jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu lkaIkznkf;drkdks feVk ugha ldk ;k ns'k osQ foHkktu dks jksd ugha ldk] rksblfy, ugha fd og èkeZ&fujis{k fopkjèkkjk ls HkVd x;k Fkk] cfYdblfy, fd lkaçnkf;drk ls la?k"kZ dh mudh j.kuhfr esa oqQNdetksfj;ka FkhaA vkSj og lkaçnkf;drk dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkkfopkjèkkjkRed tM+kas dks le> ugha ik;kA jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ustkfr&tqYe dk Hkh fojksèk fd;kA 1920 osQ ckn vLi`';rk dk varmlosQ dk;ZØe vkSj jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa dk ,d cqfu;knh vaxcu x;kA ;|fi bl ekeys esa Hkh oqQN xaHkhj oSpkfjd dfe;ka jgha(mnkgj.k osQ fy, tkfr osQ fojksèk esa dksbZ lqn`<+ fopkjèkkjk ughacuk;h x;h)A fL=k;ksa dh Lokèkhurk osQ ekeys dks Hkh xaHkhjrk lsugha fy;k x;kA
4- vkfFkZd fodkl dh fn'kk % Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyuus 'kq: ls gh vkSj yxHkx iwjs erSD; osQ lkFk vkèkqfud m|ksxksa
vkSj Ñf"k fodkl osQ vkèkkj ij lekt osQ iw.kZ vkfFkZd :ikUrj.k
dk y{; Lohdkj fd;kA tfLVl jkukMs osQ okn ls gh jk"Vªoknh bl
ckr ij lger Fks fd m|ksxhdj.k ls gh ns'k dh xjhch dks nwj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA xkaèkhth bl ekeys esa oqQN gn rd viokn
Fks ysfdu iwjh rjg ugha] os fliQZ e'khuksa osQ fojksèkh Fks] tks csjktxkjhiQSykrh gaS ;k oqQN yksxksa dks vehj cukrh gaSA mUgksaus ckj&ckj dgkgS fd os foKku osQ ,sls gj vkfo"dkj dk lEeku djsaxs ftllslcdk Hkyk gksrk gksA mudk dguk Fkk fd cM+s iSekus osQ vkèkqfudm|ksxksa osQ os Hkh fojksèkh ugha gSa] c'krsZ os ekuo Je dk LFkkuu ysdj mlosQ cks> dks de djrs gksaA cM+s m|ksxksa osQ fy, mudh,d 'krZ vkSj Fkh fd mudk LokfeRo vkSj çcaèk jkT; osQ gkFk esagks] iwathifr;ksa osQ gkFk esa ughaA
jk"Vªoknh bl ckr osQ fy, Hkh çfrc¼ Fks fd ns'k vkfFkZdfodkl osQ ekeys esa vkRe&fuHkZj gks rFkk fons'kh iwath dk lgkjku ysA e'khu jk"Vªh; lalkèkuksa ls cuas rFkk Lons'kh foKku ,oaVSDuksykWth dk fodkl fd;k tk;sA
nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth vkSj jkukMs osQ tekus ls gh jk"Vªokfn;ksa us Hkkjrdh Lora=k vkSj vkèkqfud vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fuekZ.k esa lkoZtfud {ks=kdh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk Lohdkj dhA 1930 osQ n'kd esa tokgj ykyusg:] xkaèkhth rFkk okeiaFkh usrkvksa us eqV~Bh Hkj gkFkksa esa èku dkteko jksdus osQ fy, lkoZtfud {ks=k dh [kkl rkSj ls cM+s vkSjcqfu;knh egRo osQ m|ksxksa dh odkyr dhA bl n'kd osQ var esavkfFkZd fu;kstu dks Hkh O;kid LohÑfr feyhA 1938 esa dkaxzsl uslqHkk"kpUnz cksl dh vè;{krk esa Lora=k Hkkjr dh fodkl ;kstuk rS;kjdjus osQ fy, ,d jk"Vªh; ;kstuk cuk;h] ftlosQ vè;{k usg: FksAf}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ nkSjku dbZ vU; ;kstuk,a Hkh lkeus vk;ha] ftuesalcls egRoiw.kZ Fkh ^cacbZ ;kstuk*A bls rhu cM+s m|ksxifr;ksa ts-vkj-Mh- VkVk] ?ku';ke nkl fcM+yk vkSj Jhjke us rS;kj fd;k FkkA bl;kstuk esa Hkh O;kid Hkwfe lqèkkj] o`gr lkoZtfud {ks=k rFkk çHkwrlkoZtfud ,oa futh fofu;kstu dh odkyr FkhA
lektoknh #>ku % jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu çkjaHk ls gh xjhcksa dki{kèkj jgkA 1930 osQ n'kd esa okeiaFkh nyksa osQ mn; ls] ;gi{kèkjrk vkSj etcwr gqbZA
jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh oqQN çeq[k ekaxsa bl çdkj Fkha& vfuok;ZçkFkfed f'k{kk] xjhcksa vkSj eè;e oxZ ij VSDl osQ cks> esa deh]ued dj] Hkw&jktLo vkSj yxku dVkSrh] ½.kxzLr fdlkuksa dks jkgrfnykuk rFkk C;kt dh lLrh njksa ij mUgsa dtZ nsuk] dk'rdkjksa osQvfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk] etnwj osQ dke osQ ?kaVksa esa deh rFkk thusyk;d etnwjh dk vfèkdkj] de osru ikus okys ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksaftuesa iqfyl okys Hkh Fks] dh osru o`f¼] etnwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa osQlaxBu osQ vfèkdkj dh lqj{kk] xzkeks|ksxksa dh lqj{kk vkSj mUgsa c<+koknsuk] vkèkqfud foKku rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk dks çksRlkgu] 'kjkc[kksjhdh lekfIr] fL=k;ksa dh lkekftd gSfl;r esa lqèkkj rFkk mUgsa jkstxkj,oa f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj ,oa iq#"kksa osQ cjkcj jktuhfrd vfèkdkjçnku djuk] vLi`';rk osQ var osQ fy, dkuwuh ,oa lkekftd dnemBkuk rFkk fofèk O;oLFkk e'khujh dk iqulZaLdkjA
1920 osQ n'kd ls gh jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa ,d 'kfDr'kkyhlektoknh #>ku iSnk gqvkA 'kq: osQ lkE;oknh tokgkj yky usg:]lqHkk"k panz cks"k vkSj lektoknh fopkj osQ cgqr ls lewgksa rFkkO;fDr;ksa us fodkl osQ ml cqtqZvk n`f"Vdks.k dks xaHkhj pqukSrh nh]tks jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk vax cu pqdk FkkA 1930 osQ n'kd esadkaxszl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ Hkh] tks dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkSj ekuosUnzukFk jk;osQ vuq;kf;;ksa dk laxBu Fkh] bl èkkjk esa 'kkfey gks x;hA mluslektoknh fopkjksa dk vkSj xgurk ls çpkj fd;kA 1930 osQ n'kdesa iwathoknh nqfu;k esa fojkV eanh] :lh Økafr vkSj lksfo;r :lesa iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dh liQyrk rFkk nqfu;k Hkj esa iQklhoknfojksèkh ygj us lektoknh fopkjksa esa u;k vkd"kZ.k iSnk fd;kA
lektoknh Hkkjr osQ fotu dks yksdfç; cukus esa tokgj ykyusg: us cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA usg: dk dguk Fkk fdjktuhfrd vktknh turk dh vkfFkZd eqfDr osQ fcuk csdkj gSA 1930osQ iwjs n'kd esa os rRdkyhu jk"Vªoknh fopkjèkkjk dh vi;kZIrrk
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 105
dh vksj laosQr djrs jgs vkSj ml ij cqtZqvk fopkjksa osQ opZLodh vkykspuk djrs jgsA mudk tksj bl ckr ij Fkk fd jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu esa ,d u;h lektoknh] cqfu;knh :i ls ekDlZoknhfopkjèkkjk dks çeq[k LFkku fn;k tk;s] rkfd yksx viuh lkekftdfLFkfr dk oSKkfud vè;;u dj losaQ vkSj dkaxzsl dks lektoknhfopkjèkkjk dk okgd cuk losaQA bl ekeys esa 1930 dk n'kd dkiQhvuqdwy lkfcr gqvkA
;|fi okeiaFkh lewg vkSj lektoknh fopkj dkiQh rsth ls iSQys]ij os jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa çHkko'kkyh 'kfDr ugha cu losQA gka] mUgsabruh liQyrk t:j feyh fd os jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk ,d cqfu;knhvax cu x;s vkSj mls yxkrkj okeiaFkh #>ku nsrs jgsA iQyLo:ijk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa Økafrdkjh rRo c<+rk x;kA
;g Økafrdkfjrk djkaph] y[kumQ vkSj iSQtiqj (1931 vkSj1930) osQ dkaxzsl çLrkoksa] 1936 vkSj 1945&46 osQ pquko ?kks"k.kki=kksa rFkk 1937&39 osQ ckn osQ dkaxzsl eaf=keaMyksa }kjk fd;s x;svkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd lqèkkjksa esa Hkyh&Hkkafr O;Dr gqbZA lp rks ;ggS fd dkaxzsl yxkrkj lkekftd&vkfFkZd& jktuhfrd Økafrdkfjrk dhfn'kk esa c<+rh x;hA okeiaFkh tks Hkh ekaxs is'k djrs] mUgsa oqQNo"kks± osQ vUrjky osQ ckn og vius dk;ZØe esa 'kkfey dj ysrhAmlosQ bl fodkl esa okeiaFkh jktuhfr rFkk etnwjksa] fdlkuksa osQla?k"kks± us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
;fn ge dkaxzsl dh Ñf"k uhfr osQ fodkl ij xkSj djsa] rks;g ckr lkiQ gks tk;sxhA vkf[kj Hkkjr dk osQUnzh; loky rksfdlkuksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr ls gh tqM+k gqvk FkkA dkaxzsl us fdlkuksadh ekaxksa dks ysdj vkSifuosf'kd jkT; ls ges'kk la?k"kZ fd;k FkkAysfdu okeiaFk vkSj fdlku vkUnksyuksa osQ vaoqQ'k ls dkaxszl us 1936esa vius iSQtiqj lEesyu esa ,d çLrko ikfjr fd;k] ftlesa yxkuvkSj HkwjktLo dh njksa esa Hkkjh deh] lkearh olwfy;ksa vkSj csxkjosQ [kkRes] dk'rdkjh dh vofèk osQ fuèkkZj.k rFkk [ksfrgj etnwjksaosQ fy, thus yk;d etnwjh dk dk;ZØe viuk;k x;k FkkA
dkaxzsl eaf=keaMyksa us dk'rdkjksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk rFkklwn[kksjksa }kjk dh tk jgh ywV dks jksdus osQ fy, dkuwu cuk;s] tks
oqQN çkUrksa esa T;knk dBksj Fks vkSj oqQN çkUrksa esa de dBksjA varr%
1945 esa dkaxzsl dk;Z lfefr us tehankjh osQ [kkRes dh uhfr Lohdkjdh vkSj ;g ekurs gq, fd tehu mldh gS] tks mls tksrs] ?kksf"kr
fd;k fd ^Hkwfe ç.kkyh osQ lqèkkj esa ;g 'kkfey gS fd fdlku vkSjjkT; osQ chp lHkh fcpkSfy;ksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;sA*
fu"d"kZ Lo:i ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mifuos'kokn fojksèkhfopkjèkkjk vkSj mlosQ lkFk tqM+s gq, ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa osQ fgek;rh]yksdrkaf=kd] èkeZfujis{k] lkekftd :i ls Økafrdkjh] vkfFkZd :i lsfodkl'khy] Lora=k vkSj ,sD;c¼ jktO;oLFkk rFkk lekt osQ xjhcksaosQ çfr i{kèkj Økafrdkjh lkekftd&vkfFkZd #>ku osQ dkj.k ghjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa ;g 'kfDr vk;h fd og jktuhfrd :i ls tkx`rrFkk lfØ; tulkèkkj.k ,oa mldh fgLlsnkjh ij fuHkZj gks ldkvkSj tukanksyu dk Lo:i ys ldkA ;g fopkjèkkjk ;k ^fotu* rFkktulkèkkj.k dh lfØ; jktuhfrd Hkwfedk gh Hkkjrh; turk osQLora=krk la?k"kZ dh lgh fojklr gSA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;� Hkkjr dks fcuk lykg ;q¼ esa ?klhV fy, tkus osQ fojksèk esa lkr
çkarh; dkaxzslh eaf=keaMy us R;kx&i=k ns fn;sA ftUuk us 22 fnlEcj]1939 dks ^eqfDr fnol* osQ :i esa euk;k] D;ksafd ns'k dks dkaxzslls NqVdkjk fey x;k FkkA
� pfpZy us Li"Vr% dgk fd ^vVykafVd pkVZj* Hkkjr ij ykxwugha gksrk gSA blesa Lora=krk vkSj çtkra=k dh ckr dgh x;h FkhA
� fyufyFkxks us 8 vxLr] 1940 dks ^vxLr çLrko* is'k fd;k]ftleas ^Mksfefu;e LVsVl* vkSj ^;q¼ ijke'kZnk=kh lHkk* ds xBudh ckr dgh x;h FkhA
� ^vxLr çLrko* dk egRo blfy, Hkh gS fd blesa Li"V dgkx;k Fkk fd ^Hkkjr dk lafoèkku cukuk Hkkjrh;ksa dk viukvfèkdkj gSA*
� dkaxzsl us vxLr 1940 dks O;fDrxr lfou; voKk vkUnksyuçkjaHk fd;kA igys lR;kxzgh vkpk;Z fcuksok Hkkos FksA
� ckjnksyh vfèkos'ku esa O;fDrxr lfou; voKk vkUnksyu okilys fy;k x;kA
� ekpZ 1942 dks fØIl f'k"VeaMy Hkkjr vk;k] ftlesa vU; ckrksaosQ vykok Hkkjr dk jk"VªeaMy ls vyx gksus dk Hkh vfèkdkjfn;k x;k FkkA xkaèkhth us fØIl f'k"VeaMy osQ çkoèkkuksa dks^mÙkjfrfFkd psd* (Postdated Check) dh laKk nhA
� fØIl fe'ku dh vliQyrk osQ ckn dkaxzsl us ^Hkkjr NksM+ksvkUnksyu* dk fu.kZ; fy;kA Hkkjr NksM+ks dk çLrko 8 vxLr]
Lora=krk ds liQj esa vxz.kh jgk jkT; (1818&1947)
� vaxzstksa dh mifuos'koknh uhfr;ksa ds f[kykiQ tc iwjk ns'kmB [kM+k gqvk Fkk rks eè; çns'k Hkh mlls vNwrk ugha jgkA1818 bZ- esa çns'k ds egkdkS'ky {ks=k esa loZçFke fonzksg dhfpaxkjh fn[kkbZ iM+h FkhA tc ukxiqj ds rRdkyhu ns'kHkDr'kkld vIik th Hkksalys dks vaxzstksa us e.Myk] cSrwy]fNanokM+k] flouh vkSj ueZnk dNkj dk {ks=k NksM+ nsus gsrqckè; fd;kA ,slh fLFkfr esa vIik th us vaxzstkssa ls ;q¼fd;k] ysfdu mUgsa ijkftr gksdj Hkkxuk iM+kA
� 1833 esa jkex<+ ujs'k tq>k: flag ds iq=k nsoukFk flag usvaxzstksa ds fo#¼ ;q¼ fd;k rks] fdUrq os Hkh vliQy jgsA
� nqjkZe dh lafèk ds ukjkt pUnziqj (lkxj) ds tokjgV flagcqansyk] Hkjgqr ds eèkqdj 'kkg] enuiqj ds xksaM eqf[k;kfnYgu 'kkg vkSj ghjkiqj ds ghjsu'kkg us vaxzstksa ds fo#¼1842 esa cxkor ds >aMs xkM+ fn;sA bl çdkj lkxj] neksg]ujflagiqj ls ysdj tcyiqj] e.Myk vkSj gks'kaxkckn rd dslkjs {ks=k esa fonzksg dh vkx HkM+d mBh] ysfdu vkilhlkeatL; vkSj rkyesy ds vHkko esa bl ç;kl dks vaxzstnckus esa liQy jgsA
� vaxzstksa ds fo#¼ Hkkjrh; yksxksa esa tks jks"k iSnk gqvk] mldhpje ifj.kfr 1857 dh Økafr esa ns[kh x;hA rkaR;k Vksis] ukuk
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lkgc] >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ tSls yksxksa us bl çns'k esaØkafr dh vy[k txk;hA
� fonzksg dh 'kq#vkr 3 twu] 1857 dks uhep esa gqbZ tks 14twu dks Xokfy;j ds fudV eqjkj dh Nkouh esa] 20 twudks f'koiqjh {ks=k esa] 1 tqykbZ 1857 dks egw ,oa bankSj esaiSQy x;hA bl nkSjku rkaR;k Vksis vkSj >kalh ds jkuh y{ehckbZnksuksa us ,d lkFk feydj ;q¼ fd;sA
� ysfdu 28 twu] 1858 dks jkuh 'kghn gks x;h rFkk rkaR;kVksis dks ckn esa iQaklh ns nh x;hA
� 1857 ds foIyo ds nkSjku gh lacyiqj jkT; (orZekuNÙkhlx<+) ds 'kkld lqjsUnz lkb± us Hkh vaxzstksa ds f[kykiQekspkZ laxfBr fd;kA bu fonzksfg;ksa us 2 o"kZ rd eaMys'ojij jkt fd;k] ysfdu 1959 esa mudk neu dj fn;k x;kA
� blh le; Hkhek uk;d ds usr`Ro esa vkfnokfl;ksa us lasèkokesa fonzksg dj fn;k]ftls nckus ds fy, vaxzsth lsuk dks dkiQhç;kl djus iM+sA 1856 esa NÙkhlx<+ esa iM+s Hkh"k.k vdkyds nkSjku lku[kku ds jktk ukjk;.k flag us tks jkgr dk;Zpyk;s] mls vaxzstksa us cxkor ds :i esa fy;k vkSj ohjukjk;.k flag dks 19 fnlacj] 1857 dks rksi ls mM+k fn;kAysfdu mudh 'kgknr esa ,d bfrgkl cu x;hA
� laxfBr jktuhfrd vkanksyu ds nwljk nkSj ;gka rc vkajHkgqvk] tc 1885 esa dkaxzsl xfBr gqbZA dydÙkk esa gq, dkaxzslds nwljs vfèkos'ku (1886 vè;{k nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth) esaeè; Hkkjr ls ckiwjko] nknk fdu [ksM+s] xaxkèku] fpVful]xksiky gfj fHkaMs vkSj vCnqy vtht us Hkkx fy;kA
� 1891 bZ- esa dkaxzsl dk lkroka vfèkos'ku ukxiqj esa gqvkAfryd ds çHkko esa eè; çkar] ekyok vkfn txgksa ij x.ks'kmRlo] f'kokth mRlo] v[kkM+ksa vkfn ds ekè;e ls jk"Vªh;Hkkouk dk çpkj gksus yxkA
� ek[ku yky prqosnhZ us vius ^deZohj* ds çdk'ku ls jk"Vªh;psruk ds çpkj dks u;h fn'kk çnku dhA
� 1899 esa ykgkSj esa lEiUu dkaxzsl vfèkos'ku esa eè; çkards MkW- gfj flag xkSM+ us U;k; foHkkx vkSj 'kklu dksi`Fkd&i`Fkd j[kus dh ekax ds leFkZu esa vkokt mBk;hAmUgksaus gh 1904 esa vaxzsth f'k{kk i¼fr dh dVq vkykspuk dhA
� 1907 esa tcyiqj esa Økafrdkjh ny dk xBu gqvk rFkk 1915esa gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA
� 1923 esa ;gka ^>aMk lR;kxzg* vkjaHk gqvkA� flouh ftys esa 1916 esa Lora=krk vkanksyu vkjaHk gqvkA
1920&21 esa ;gka dkaxzsl vkSj f[kykiQr nksuksa us lkFk&lkFkvkanksyu pyk;sA dkaxszl dk usr`Ro Mq.Mhjkt tVkj us rFkkf[kykiQr dk vCnqy tCckj [kka us fd;k
� 1923 ds ^ukxiqj >aMk lR;kxzg* ds flouh ls Hkkjh la[;kesa yksxksa us Hkkx fy;k
� 1930&31 esa ^uex lR;kxzg* ds le; flouh ds JhnqxkZ'kadj esgrk us xkaèkh pkSd ij ued cukdj lR;kxzgfd;kA
� flouh ds tsy esa lqHkk"kpanz cksl] 'kjrpanz cksl] vkpk;Zfouksck Hkkos] iafMr }kfjdk çlkn feJ ,oa ,p-oh- dkeFktSls Lora=krk lsukuh jgs Fks
� 1922 esa Hkksiky fj;klr dh flgksj dksrokyh ds lkeusfons'kh isQYV dSi dh gksyh tyhA
� 1938 esa Hkksiky jkT; çtkeaMy dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] ftlds eapls ekSykuk rjth e'kfjdh lnj ,oa prqj ukjk;.k ekyoh;us Lora=krk dh ekax mBk;hA
� 1923 esa tcyiqj ls vkajHk gq, ^>aMk lR;kxzg* dk funsZ'kunsonkl xkaèkh] jkexksiky vkpk;Z rFkk MkW jktsUnz çlkn usfd;kA
� tcyiqj esa gh lsB xksfoUn nkl vkSj iafMr }kfjdk çlknfeJ ds usr`Ro esa 6 vçSy] 1930 esa ^lR;kxzg* dk vkjaHkgqvkA
� ;gha ij blh o"kZ gq, ^taxy lR;kxzg* ds nkSjku lsB xksfoUnnkl] ia- ek[ku yky prqosnhZ] ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy] ia- }kfjdkçlkn feJ rFkk fo".kq n;ky HkkxZo dks fxjÝrkj dj muij jktnzksg dk eqdnek pyk;k x;kA
� 1939 esa f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds vkjaHk gks tkus ij xkaèkhthus ;gha ls vius lfou; voKk vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr dhA
� 1930 esa jk;iqj {ks=k esa Lora=krk vkanksyu us cgqvk;keh :iys fy;kA bl vkanksyu esa ,d vksj tgka i- jfo'kadj 'kqDy]egar y{eh nkl] ?ku';ke flag xqIr] jRukdj >k] rkeLdj]cSfjLVj Nsnh yky] MkW- jkekpj.k jk;] MkW- f'konqykjs feJ]vksryokj vfXugks=kh] gfjukjk;.k oktis;h tSls yksx dkaxszldh uhfr;ksa dks yksdfç; cuk jgs Fks rks ogha nwljh vksj BkdqjI;kjs yky flag etnwjksa dks laxfBr dj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esamUgsa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, rS;kj dj jgs FksA
� 1938 esa [k.Mok] flgksj] tcyiqj] jk;iqj vkfn uxjksa esaued dkuwu rksM+k x;kA
� oèkkZ esa lsokxzke esa xkaèkhth ds vkJe dh LFkkiuk ls jkT;esa Lora=krk vkanksyu us tksj idM+ fy;kA
� jryke esa Lokeh Kkukuan us vkanksyu dh uhao MkyhA 1920esa jryke dkaxzsl desVh cuk;h x;h ,oa eqgEen mej [kkublds çFke vè;{k cuk;s x;sA
� 1931 esa ;gha ls ,d^L=kh lsokny* rFkk 1935 esa ^çtkifj"kn* dk xBu gqvkA blds ekè;e ls L=kh] fdlku ,oaetnwjksa dks jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ls tksM+k x;kA
� 1934 esa >kcqvk esa çtkeaMy ds usr`Ro esa 'kjkccanh] gfjtum¼kj] fons'kh oLrq dk cfg"dkj tSls vkanksyu fd;s x;sA
� 1934 esa Hkksiky esa ^Hkksiky jkT; fgUnw lHkk* dh uhao Mkyhx;hA ftlls vke turk esa psruk iSQy x;hA
� 1942 esa e.Mys'oj esa Økafrdkjh cafn;ksa }kjk fd;k x;kfonzksg Lora=krk laxzkeesa egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA
� 1942 ds ^Hkkjr NksM+ks* vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr Xokfy;jfj;klr esa lcls igys fofn'kk esa gh gqbZ FkhA
� Lora=krk çkfIr ls iwoZ Hkksiky fj;klr esa vkanksyu dHkh Hkhrst ugha gks ik;k] ijarq 1948&49 ds nkSjku gq, tu fonzksgksaus fj;klr dh lkearh uhaoksa dks fgyk fn;kA etcwj gksdjHkksiky ds uokc us fj;klr dks Hkkjr esa feykus dh ?kks"k.kkdj nh rFkk 1 twu] 1949 dks dsUnz ljdkj us Hkksiky jkT;dh lÙkk vius gkFk esa ys yhA
� oLrqr% eè; çns'k ds lHkh ftyksa us Lora=krk la?k"kZ esa [kqydjHkkxhnkjh dh vkSj varr% 15 vxLr] 1947 dks ns'k dh vktknhds lkFk gh eè; çns'k Hkh vktkn gks x;kA blls fczfV'k çkar,oa fj;klr dh turk nksuksa dks eqfDr feyhA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 107
1942 dks cEcbZ osQ dkaxzsl vfèkos'ku esa ikl fd;k x;kA blhvolj ij xkaèkhth us ^djks ;k ejks* dk ukjk fn;k FkkA
� ^vkWijs'ku thjks vkoj* osQ rgr 9 vxLr dks rM+osQ lqcg ghlHkh çeq[k usrkvksa dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;kA xkaèkhth dks iwukesa vkxk [kka iSysl eas j[kk x;kA
� Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu osQ nkSjku cfy;k (;w-ih-)] rkeqyd(fenukiqj] caxky)] lrkjk (cEcbZ) rFkk rkypj (mM+hlk) esaØkfUrdkfj;ksa us lekukUrj ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dhA
� eqfLye yhx ^Hkkjr NksM+ks* vkUnksyu ls vyx gh jgh rFkk ftUukus 23 ekpZ] 1943 dks ^ikfdLrku fnol* eukus dk vkg~oku fd;k
� lkE;oknh Hkh bl vkUnksyu ls vyx gh jgsA� jktxksikykpkjh iQkewZyk dks ftUuk us ^vaxghu vkSj nhed yxk
gqvk ikfdLrku* crk;kA� 25 twu 1945 dks ososy dh vè;{krk esa f'keyk lEesyu gqvkA
ok;ljk; dh dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn osQ fuekZ.k ij le>kSrk ughagksus osQ dkj.k ;g vliQy jgkA ftUuk dk dguk Fkk fd ifj"knosQ ikapksa eqfLye lnL;ksa dks euksuhr djus dk vfèkdkj fliQZeqfLye yhx dks gSA
� tqykbZ 1945 esa baXySaM esa pquko gq,] ftlesa etnwj ny dksliQyrk feyhA pfpZy dh txg ,Vyh çèkkuea=kh cusA ,ejh dhtxg iSfFkd ykWjsal dks Hkkjr ea=kh fu;qDr fd;k x;kA
� 1945&46 esa Hkkjr esa Hkh pquko gq,& osQUnzh; foèkkulHkk easdkaxzsl dks 57 rFkk yhx dks 30 LFkku feysA cgqla[;d fgUnwçkarksa esa dkaxzsl dh ljdkj cuhA caxky vkSj flUèk esa yhx dhljdkj cuh rFkk iatkc eas f[ktz g;kr [kka osQ usr`Ro esa dkaxzsl]vdkyh vkSj ;wfu;fuLV ny osQ feys&tqys eaf=keaMy dk fuekZ.kgqvkA
� oSQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk& 24 ekpZ] 1946 dks fe'ku fnYyh igqapk&
blosQ lnL; Fks& ykWMZ iSfFkd ykWjsal] lj LVSiQksMZ fØIl ,oa
,- ch- ,ysDtsaMjA blesa çFke ckj Hkkjr osQ fy, Lokèkhurk 'kCn
dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk] lkFk gh lkFk vYila[;dksa vkSj
cgqla[;dksa nksuksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk dh ckr dh x;h FkhA� lafoèkku lHkk osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl us 214 lkekU; LFkkuksa esa
ls 205 çkIr fd;s rFkk yhx dks 78 eqfLye LFkkuksa esa ls 73LFkku feysA
� 29 twu] 1946 dks yhx us f'k"VeaMy ;kstuk vLohdkj dj nhvkSj ikfdLrku dh çkfIr osQ fy, ^lhèkh dk;Zokgh* (Direct
action) djus dh èkedh nhA bèkj 8 vxLr] 1946 dks dkaxzslus varfje ljdkj cukus dh ;kstuk Lohdkj dj yhA
� ;|fi yhx varfje ljdkj esa lfEefyr gks x;h Fkh] fiQj Hkhmlus lafoèkku lHkk eas lfEefyr gksuk Lohdkj ugha fd;kA
� lafoèkku lHkk dh cSBd 9 fnlEcj] 1946 dks fnYyh esa vkjaHkgqbZA
� ,Vyh dh ?kks"k.kk 20 iQjojh] 1947 dks dh x;hA blesa dgkx;k fd vaxzst twu 1948 osQ iwoZ lÙkk Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkSai nsaxsA
� 3 twu] 1947 dks ekmUVcsVu ;kstuk çdkf'kr gqbZ] ftlesa Hkkjrdk foHkktu çLrkfor FkkA dkaxzsl rFkk yhx nksuksa us gh blsLohdkj dj fy;kA
� fczfV'k ikfyZ;kesaV esa 4 tqykbZ] 1947 dks Hkkjrh; Lora=krkvfèkfu;e is'k fd;k x;k] tks 18 tqykbZ] 1947 dks ikfjr gksx;kA
� 14 vxLr dks ikfdLrku dk fuekZ.k gqvk rFkk 15 vxLr dksHkkjr Lora=k gqvkA ftUuk ikfdLrku osQ xouZj tujy vkSjfy;kdr vyh çèkku ea=kh cusA Hkkjr osQ xouZj tujy ekmUVcsVurFkk çèkkuea=kh tokgj yky usg: cusA
� ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy dks ^Hkkjr dk fcLekdZ* Hkh dgk tkrkgSA
� twukx<+] d'ehj vkSj gSnjkckn osQ vykok lHkh ns'kh fj;klrksaosQ 'kkldksa us 15 vxLr] 1947 dks foy;&i=k ij gLrk{kj djfn;sA
� teZuh esa fgVyj osQ nk,a gkFk jkscsu Vªki us lqHkk"kpUnz cksldk Lokxr fd;kA
� lqHkk"kpUnz cksl us isfjl] jkse esa ^Úh bafM;k lsaVj* dhLFkkiuk dhA
� ^bafM;u us'kyu vkehZ* dh LFkkiuk flaxkiqj esa dh x;hA� vLFkk;h ljdkj dh LFkkiuk flaxkiqj esa gqbZA lqHkk"kpUnz cksl
çkbe fefuLVj rFkk lsuk osQ lqçhe dekaMj cusA� vktkn fgan iQkSt dh fL=k;ksa osQ jsthesaV dk uke ^>kalh dh
jkuh* FkkA jk"Vªh; xku VSxksj dh dfork FkhA dkaxzsl dk frjaxk>aMk bldk >aMk FkkA rhu fczxsMksa osQ uke Fks] ^lqHkk"k fczxsM*^usg: fczxsM* vkSj ^xkaèkh fczxsM*A
� tkiku ljdkj us vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi ij fot; çkIrdj bldk 'kklu vLFkk;h ljdkj dks lkSai fn;kA
� vktkn fgan iQkSt osQ rhu viQljksa&xq# n;ky flag f<Yyksa] Jhçse dqekj lgxy vkSj Jh 'kkguokt ij jktnzksg dk eqdnekyky fdyk esa pyk;k x;kA
� dkaxszl us ^vktkn fgan iQkSt cpko lfefr* dk xBu fd;kftlosQ lnL; Fks&HkwykHkkbZ nslkbZ] Jh rst cgknqj lçq] vkliQvyh] usg: ,oa ftUukA
� 16 iQjojh] 1946 dks ^jkW;y bafM;u usoh* dk fonzksg ?kfV;k[kkuk dh f'kdk;r dks ysdj 'kq: gqvkA
� ukSlsuk fonzksfg;ksa dks leç.k dh lykg Jh cYyHk HkkbZ iVsyus nh FkhA
� ,slk dguk fd jkW;y bafM;k usoh osQ fonzksg osQ dkj.k gh oSQfcusVfe'ku (18 iQjojh) Hkkjr Hkstk x;k] ;qfDrlaxr ugha gSA oSQfcusVfe'ku dks Hkkjr Hkstus dk fu.kZ; 22 tuojh] 1946 dks gh ysfy;k x;k Fkk vkSj bldh ?kks"k.kk ,d lIrkg igys ls gh dhtkuh FkhA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 108
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh ço`fÙk;kaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh ço`fÙk;kaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh ço`fÙk;kaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh ço`fÙk;kaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vyxkooknh ço`fÙk;ka
lkaçnkf;drk dk mn; vkSj fodkllkaçnkf;drk dk mn; vkSj fodkllkaçnkf;drk dk mn; vkSj fodkllkaçnkf;drk dk mn; vkSj fodkllkaçnkf;drk dk mn; vkSj fodkl19oha lnh osQ var rd jk"Vªokn osQ mn; osQ lkFk&lkFk
laçnk;okn us Hkh lj mBk;k vkSj blosQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; turk vkSjjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh ,drk osQ fy, lcls cM+k [krjk iSnk gqvkAbldk lcls nq%[kn ifj.kke ns'k osQ foHkktu osQ :i esa lkeus vk;kAHkkjr esa lkaçnkf;drk dh leL;k dks osQoy fgUnw&eqfLye ç'uvFkok fgUnw&eqfLye èkeks± dk fojksèk ekuuk Bhd ughaA lkaçnkf;dç'u dk vkèkkj jktuSfrd vfèkd vkSj èkkfeZd de FkkA bu nks èkeks±osQ vfrfjDr bl f=kHkqt esa ,d rhljk i{k Hkh FkkA vaxzstksa us fgUnwvkSj eqfLye laçnk;ksa osQ chp vius vkidks LFkkfir dj ,dlkaçnkf;d f=kHkqt [kM+k dj fn;kA bl f=kHkqt dks lcls n`<+ rFkkvkèkkj Hkqtk vaxzst FksA os u rks eqlyekuksa osQ fe=k Fks u gh fgUnqvksaosQ 'k=kqA os rks cl fczfV'k lkezkT;okn osQ iks"kd Fks rFkk ^ckaVksvkSj jkt djks* dh jkseu dgkor esa fo'okl djrs FksA laçnk;oknosQ mn; vkSj fodkl dh ppkZ djus osQ igys ;g vko';d fdbl 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk dj yh tk;sA
lkaçnkfdrk ;k lkaçnkf;d fopkjèkkjk osQ rhu rRo ;k pj.kgksrs gSa] ftuesa ,d rkjrE; gksrk gSA bl Øe esa lcls igyk LFkkubl fo'okl dk gS fd ,d gh èkeZ ekuus okyksa osQ lkalkfjdfgr&;kuh jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd lkekftd vkSj laLÑfrd fgr&Hkh ,dgh tSls gksrs gSaA lkaçnkf;d fopkjèkkjk osQ mn; dk ;g igyk vkèkkjgSA blh ls èkeZ ij vkèkkfjr lkekftd&jktuhfrd leqnk;ksa dh èkkj.kkdk tUe gksrk gSA lkaçnkf;d fopkjèkkjk dk nwljk pj.k bl fo'oklosQ lkFk 'kq: gksrk gS fd muosQ lkalkfjd fgr vU; fdlh èkeZosQ vuq;kf;;ksa osQ lkalkfjd fgrksa ls fHkUu gSaA lkaçnkf;drk viusrhljs pj.k esa rc ços'k djrh gS] tc ;g eku fy;k tkrk gSfd fofHkUu èkeks± osQ vuq;kf;;ksa ;k leqnk;ksa osQ lkalkfjd fgr,d&nwljs osQ fojksèkh gSaA vr% cqfu;knh :i ls lkaçnkf;drk gh ogfopkjkèkkjk gS ftlosQ vkèkkj ij lkaçnkf;d jktuhfr [kM+h gksrh gSAfdlh Hkh ny] O;fDr ;k vkanksyu esa lkaçnkf;d fopkjèkkjk dk tUeigys pj.k esa gksrk gSA lkaçnkf;drk osQ nwljs pj.k dks mnkjlkaçnkf;drk ;k ujeiaFkh lkaçnkf;drk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 1937 osQigys vfèkdka'k lkaçnkf;drkoknh tSls fgUnw egklHkk] eqfLye yhx]vyh caèkq lkaçnkf;d <kaps osQ rgr dke djrs FksA lkaçnkf;drk rhljspj.k esa igqapdj iQklhoknh #[k vf[r;kj dj ysrh gSA bls mxzoknhlkaçnkf;drk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
blh pj.k esa vkus osQ ckn lkaçnkf;drkokfn;ksa us ?kks"k.kk djuh'kq: dj nh fd eqlyeku] eqfLye laLÑfr vkSj bLyke rFkk fgUnwèkeZ vkSj mldh laLÑfr osQ vfLrRo ij [krjk gSA lkFk gh mUgksaus;g fl¼kar is'k djuk 'kq: fd;k fd eqlyeku vkSj fgUnw nks
vyx&vyx jk"Vª gaS rFkk muosQ chp LFkk;h }a} gS] ftls dHkh Hkhlekfgr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA 1937 osQ ckn ^eqfLye yhx* vkSj^fgUnw egklHkk* rFkk ^jk"Vªh; Lo;a lsod laa?k* blh mxzoknh ;kiQklhoknh lkaçnkf;drk dh vksj c<+ jgs FksA
;g lgh ugha gS fd laçnk;okn vrhr dh ,d fojklr gSA;g lPk gS fd lkaçnkf;drk çkphu ;k eè;;qxhu fopkjèkkjk dkbLrseky djrh gS rFkk ml ij vkèkkfjr Hkh gksrh gS] ysfdu ewyr%;g ,d vkèkqfud fopkjèkkjk vkSj jktuSfrd ço`fÙk FkhA 1870 osQn'kd osQ igys rd 'kk;n gh fdlh lkaçnkf;d fopkjèkkjk vkSjlkaçnkf;d jktuhfr dk vfLrRo jgk gSA laçnk;okn ,d vkèkqfudço`fÙk gS ftldh tM+sa vkèkqfud vkSifuosf'kd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSjjktuhfrd lajpuk esa fufgr gSA laçnk;okn dk mn; turk vkSjmldh Hkkxhnkjh ij vkèkkfjr ,d u;h vkèkqfud jktuhfr dk ifj.kkeFkhA ,slk Hkh ugha gS fd lkaçnkf;drk tSlh pht dk fodkl fliQZHkkjr esa gqvk gksA ;g Hkkjr osQ fo'ks"k ,sfrgkfld ;k lkekftdfodkl dk vfuok;Z ;k vifjgk;Z urhtk Hkh ugha FkhA ;g muifjfLFkfr;ksa dh mit Fkh] ftlosQ dkj.k nwljs lektksa esa lkaçnkf;drktSlh ?kVukvksa vkSj fopkjkèkkvksa oQks tUe fn;k] tSls iQklhokn]uLyokn] mÙkjh vk;jySaM dk oSQFkksfyd&çksVsLVsaV la?k"kZ ;k yscukudk bZlkbZ&eqfLye la?k"kZA
Hkkjr esa lkaçnkf;d psruk dk tUe mifuos'kokn osQ ncko rFkkmlosQ f[kykiQ la?k"kZ djus dh t:jr ls mRiUu ifjorZuksa osQ dkj.kgqvkA ns'k dk vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ,oa ç'kklfud ,dhdj.k] Hkkjrdh ,d vkèkqfud jk"Vª cuus dh çfØ;k] mifuos'kokn vkfn us ,slhifjLFkfr;ka mRiUu dha ftuosQ dkj.k laçnk;okn dk mn; gqvkA ;gle>uk xyr gS fd ;g fliQZ lÙkk yksyqi jktuhfrKksa ;k èkwrZç'kkldksa osQ "kM~;a=k dk urhtk FkkA bldh tM+ksa vkèkqfud vkSifuosf'kdlkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lajpuk esa fufgr FkhaA Hkkjr esalaçnk;okn osQ mn; osQ fuEu dkj.k Fks%
(1) vkfFkZd dkj.k % Hkkjr esa mifuos'koknh vFkZO;oLFkkosQ dkj.k mRiUu fiNM+siu us lkaçnkf;drk osQ fodkl esa dkiQhlg;ksx fd;kA vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k ls vFkZO;oLFkk esa Bgjko vk;krFkk Hkkjrh; turk [kkldj eè;e oxZ dks blus dkiQh çHkkforfd;kA m|ksx] f'k{kk] LokLF; rFkk vU; lsokvksa dk foLrkj ugha gksusosQ dkj.k csdkjh buosQ fy, ,d Hk;adj leL;k cu x;hA 1928osQ vkfFkZd eanh osQ nkSjku vkfFkZd volj vkSj Hkh floqQM+ x;sAtks oqQN Hkh vkfFkZd volj miyCèk Fks] mudk vfèkdre fgLlkgkfly djus osQ fy, eè;e oxZ osQ yksx 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rkvksa vkSjO;fDrxr xq.kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] ?kwl vkfn dk Hkh
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 109
bLrseky djrs FksA vius la?k"kZ dks foLr`r vkèkkj nsus osQ fy, ostkfr] çkar vkSj èkeZ tSlh lkewfgd igpkuksa dk lgkjk ysrs FksA blrjg lkaçnf;drk us eè;e oxZ osQ yksxksa dks oqQN iQk;nk igaqpk;kvkSj bl rjg mls oSèkrk Hkh feyhA bl rjg 1937 rd lkaçnkf;djktuhfr eq[;r% ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa] 'kS{kf.kd fj;k;rksa vkSj jktuhfrdinksa (foèkkf;dkvksa rFkk uxj ikfydkvksa vkfn esa vkj{k.k) osQbnZ&fxnZ eaMjkrh jghA
(2) oxZ&la?k"kZ dh lkaçnkf;d vfHkO;fDr% lkaçnkf;drkvDlj 'kks"kdksa vkSj 'kksf"krksa osQ chp ruko vkSj oxZ la?k"kZ dks foo`Qrdj flçQ bl ij vkèkkj ij lkaçnkf;d la?k"kZ esa cny nsrh Fkh]fd os vyx&vyx èkeks± osQ ekuus okys FksA ;|fi muosQ la?k"kZ esaèkeZ dk oqQN Hkh ysuk nsuk ugha Fkk] rFkkfi jktuhfrd tkx:drkosQ vHkko esa mUgsa lkaçnkf;d la?k"kks± osQ :i esa foÑr vfHkO;fDrfeyhA okLrfod leL;kvksa dh lkaçnkf;d vfHkO;fDr dk eq[;dkj.k Hkkjr ds lkekftd fodkl dh ;g fo'ks"krk Fkh fd ns'k osQdbZ fgLlksa esa èkkfeZd foHkktu lkekftd vkSj oxhZ; foHkktuksa osQlkFk&lkFk py jgk FkkA buesa vfèkdrj LFkkuksa ij 'kks"kd oxZ]tehankj] O;kikjh vkSj lkgwdkj lo.kZ fgUnw Fks] tcfd xjhcksa vkSj'kksf"krksa esa eqlyekuksa ;k uhph ekus tkus okyh tkfr;ksa osQ fgUnw FksA;gh dkj.k gS fd tc eqlyeku lkaçnkf;drkoknh ;g çpkj djrsFks fd fgUnw eqlyekuksa dk 'kks"k.k dj jgs gSa ;k fgUnw lkaçnkf;drkoknh;g çpkj djrs Fks fd eqlyekuksa osQ dkj.k fgUnqvksa dh laifÙk ;kvkfFkZd fgr [krjs esa gS] rks iwjh rjg xyr gksus osQ ckotwn ;gçpkj dke dj tkrk FkkA mnkgj.k osQ fy, iwoZ caxky vkSj ekykckjesa dk'rdkjksa vkSj tehankjksa rFkk iatkc esa dk'rdkjksa&nsunkjksa vkSjO;kikfj;ksa&lkgwdkjksa osQ la?k"kZ dks fgUnw eqlyekuksa osQ la?k"kZ osQ :iesa vfHkO;fDr feyhA cgqr ls ekeyksa esa ,slk Hkh gksrk Fkk fd fdlhlkeftd la?k"kZ esa Hkkx ysus okys yksxksa us rks lkaçnkf;drk dk ifjp;ugha fn;k] ysfdu mlosQ n'kZdksa] ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa] i=kdkjksa]jktuhfrKksa] bfrgkldkjksa us mls lkaçnkf;d la?k"kZ djkj fn;kA
3- fczfV'k uhfr;ka % vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa lkaçnkf;drk osQfodkl osQ fy, vaxzstksa dh ^iQwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr[kklrkSj ls ftEesnkj gSA ^iQwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr ufliQZ lkaçnkf;drk osQ volj ij gh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ] cfYd Hkkjrh;lekt esa tks Hkh foHkktu ekStwn Fks] mUgsa blfy, çksRlkfgr fd;kx;k rkfd jk"Vªh; ,drk osQ mn; dks jksdk tk losQA lkaçnkf;drkdks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, vaxzstksa us dbZ dne mBk;sA çFker% mUgksausfgUnw] eqlyekuksa vkSj flD[kksa dks yxkrkj vyx&vyx leqnk;ksa dkntkZ fn;kA ckj&ckj bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd Hkkjr u rks ,djk"Vª gS] u jk"Vª osQ :i esa mldk fodkl gks jgk gS& mldk xBurks èkeZ ij vkèkkfjr ,sls leqnk;ksa ls gqvk gS] ftuosQ fgr vkilesa Vdjkrs gSaA nwljs lkaçnkf;drkokfn;ksa dks ljdkjh laj{k.k vkSjfj;k;rsa nh x;hA rhljs lkaçnkf;d i=kksa] O;fDr;ksa vkSj vkUnksyuksa osQçfr vlkèkkj.k lfg".kqrk fn[kyk;h x;haA pkSFks] lkaçnkf;d ekaxksa dksrqjar Lohdkj dj muosQ laxBu osQ usr`Ro dks etcwrh çnku dh tkrhFkhA ikaposa] fczfV'k ljdkj lkaçnkf;d laxBuksa vkSj usrkvksa dksrFkkdfFkr leqnk;ksa osQ çkekf.kd çoDrk osQ :i esa rRdky Lohdkjdj ysrh Fkh] tcfd jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa dks ,d NksVs ls oxZ dkçfrfufèk ekuk tkrk FkkA varr% vkSifuosf'kd gqdwer us lkaçnkf;drkdks bl rjg Hkh c<+kok fn;k fd mlosQ f[kykiQ dksbZ dkjZokgh u
djus dh uhfr cuk yhA blls vçR;{k :i ls lkaçnkf;drk dksc<+kok feykA lkaçnkf;d i=k&if=kdkvksa ij fdlh rjg dk fu;a=k.kugha yxk;k x;k rFkk lkFk gh lkaçnkf;d naxksa ls fucVus esa tkucw>dj nsj dh x;hA bruk gh ugha lkaçnkf;d usrkvksa] cq¼thfo;ksa vkfndks rjg&rjg ls ykHkkfUor fd;k x;kA
(4) fgUnqoknh iqV dh Hkwfedk % 20oha lnh osQ çkjaHkesa jk"Vªh; fopkjksa dk tks çpkj fd;k x;k] mlesa vupkgs ghfgUnqoknh iqV dk lekos'k Fkk vkSj blus Hkh lkaçnkf;drk osQfodkl esa lg;ksx fd;kA cgqr lkjs usrk çkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dhegÙkk ij tksj nsrs FksA os eè;;qxhu laLÑfr dks fcYoqQy Hkwy tkrsFksA fryd us jk"Vªh;rk dk çpkj djus osQ fy, ^x.ks'k iwtk* vkSj^f'kokth egksRlo* dk lgkjk fy;k] rks cax&Hkax osQ f[kykiQvkUnksyu dh 'kq#vkr xaxk esa Mqcdh yxkdj dh x;hA jk"Vªoknhys[kdksa }kjk vius ys[kksa esa vDlj eqlyekuksa dk mYys[k fons'khosQ :i esa fd;k tkuk vkfn us f'kf{kr eqlyekuksa esa vlarks"k iSnkfd;k rFkk mUgsa jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ls foeq[k Hkh fd;kA ;g lp gSfd jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh fopkjèkkjk cqfu;knh :i ls èkeZfujis{k ghjgh vkSj blesa dbZ jk"Vªoknh eqlyeku Hkh 'kkfey gq,A fiQj Hkhlkaçnkf;drk osQ fodkl dks jksdus esa jk"Vªoknh usr`Ro vliQy jgkA
(5) bfrgkl dks lkaçnkf;d jax nsuk% Hkkjrh; bfrgkl[kkldj çkphu vkSj eè;;qxhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks fczfV'k bfrgkldkjtsEl }kjk ^fgUnw&dky* vkSj ^eqfLye&dky* dh laKk nsuk Hkhlkaçnkf;d psruk osQ fodkl esa lgk;d gqvkA fczfV'k vkSj Hkkjrh;bfrgkldkjksa us Hkh bl ekeys esa mldk vuqlj.k fd;kA eè;dkyesa eqfLye turk Hkh mruh gh fuèkZu] 'kksf"kr vkSj neu dk f'kdkjFkh] ftruh dh fgUnw turkA tehankjksa&tkxhjnkjksa rFkk 'kkldksa esafgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa gh Fks] fiQj Hkh bu ys[kdksa us ;g ?kksf"krdj fn;k fd ml nkSj esa lHkh eqlyeku 'kkld Fks vkSj lHkh fgUnw'kkflrA bfrgkl dh fgUnw lkaçnkf;d n`f"V us bl ckr ij cyfn;k fd çkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; Kku&foKku] dyk] laLÑfr vkfn,d egku mQapkbZ ij Fkh] ftldk yxkrkj iru eè;dky esa gqvkAmUgk s au s eè;dky dh miyfCèk;k s a dk s iwjh rjg udkjfn;kA LokHkkfod Fkk fd eqfLye lkaçnkf;drkokfn;ksa ij bldhçfrfØ;k gksrhA mUgksaus if'pe ,f'k;k esa bLykeh miyfCèk;ksa osQ Lo.kZ;qx dk jkx vykiuk 'kq: dj fn;kA bl çdkj Hkkjrh; bfrgkldh lkaçnkf;d rFkk voSKkfud foÑr O;k[;k lkaçnkf;d psruk osQiSQyko dk ,d eq[; vkStkj cuhA
(6) vusd èkeks± dk lgvfLRo % oqQN ykssx vusd èkeks±osQ lekukarj vfLrRo dks lkaçnkf;drk osQ mn; dk ,d dkj.k ekursgSaA ysfdu ;g okLrofdrk ugha gSA Hkkjr esa lkaçnkf;drk osQ fodklesa èkeZ dh dksbZ cqfu;knh Hkwfedk ugha gSA fiQj Hkh pwafdlkaçnkf;drkokfn;ksa us èkeZ dk bLrseky vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks xksycandjus osQ fy, fd;k] vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd blus og tehurS;kj dh] ftl ij lkaçnkf;drk dk ikSèkk iQyk&iwQykA
1870 osQ igys lkaçnkf;drk osQ n'kZu nqYkZHk FksA 1857 dhyM+kbZ esa fgUnw vkSj eqfLye nksuksa gh lkFk&lkFk yM+sA 1857 osQ cknvaxzstksa dh ;g uhfr jgh Fkh fd os fgUnqvksa dks leFkZu nsrs jgsvkSj eqfLyeksa dks nckrs jgsA ijUrq T;ksa&T;ksa fgUnqvksa esa vfèkdkfèkdjktuSfrd tkx`fr vk;h vkSj mUgksaus jktuSfrd vfèkdkjksa osQ fy,vkUnksyu djuk çkjaHk fd;k] vaxzstksa dh bl uhfr esa ifjorZu vk;kA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 110
1880 osQ vkl&ikl ;g Li"V gks x;k fd fgUnw vc jktuSfrd]vkfFkZd vkSj f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa vfèkd fiNM+s eqlyekuksa dh rqyukesa vfèkd Hk; mRiUu dj jgs FksA MCY;w- MCY;w- gUVj (W.W.
Hunter) us viuh iqLrd ^Hkkjrh; eqlyeku* esa Li"V fy[kk fd¶eqlyeku brus nqcZy gSa fd fonzksg dj gh ugha ldrsA¸ ;g iqLrd1871 esa çdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA mlus eqlyekuksa osQ çfr uhfr esa ifjorZudk Hkh lq>ko fn;kA vkjafHkd eqfLye cq¼hthfo;ksa us eqlyekuksa osQfiNM+siu osQ fy, fgUnqvksa dks nks"kh ugha Bgjk;k] cfYd ljdkj dheqfLye fojksèkh uhfr vkSj vkèkqfud f'k{kk osQ çfr mPpoxhZ;eqlyekuksa dh mis{kk dks nks"kh Bgjk;kA
lj lS;n vgen [kkulj lS;n vgen [kkulj lS;n vgen [kkulj lS;n vgen [kkulj lS;n vgen [kkulj lS;n vgen [kku vkjafHkd dky esa fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk
osQ dV~Vj leFkZd Fks] ijUrq dkykarj esa os Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzslosQ dêðj fojksèkh ,oa ljdkjijLr gks x;sA 1860 osQ n'kd esa muosQ}kjk LFkkfir laLFkk,a fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa nksuksa osQ fy, FkhaAvyhx<+ dkyst mUgksaus eqlyekuksa esa vkèkqfud f'k{kk osQ çfr fojfDrdks nwj djus osQ fy, [kksyk] ftlesa mUgsa dbZ fgUnqvksa dk Hkh lg;ksxfeykA vkjafHkd dky esa os fgUnw vkSj eqlyekuksa dks ^,d lqUnjoèkq (Hkkjr) dh nks vka[ksa* dgrs FksA 1884 esa fn;s x;s Hkk"k.kesa mUgksaus dgk Fkk] ¶D;k vki ,d gh ns'k esa ugha jgrs\ D;k ,dgh tehu ij vkidk vafre laLdkj ugha gksrk\ ;kn jf[k;s] fgUnwvkSj eqlyeku 'kCn fliQZ èkkfeZd vUrj crykrs gSaa] vU;Fkk lHkhyksx pkgs os fgUnw gksa ;k eqlyeku] ;gka rd fd bl ns'k esa jgusokys bZlkbZ Hkh& bl ekeys esa ,d gh jk"Vª osQ yksx gSaA¸ ysfdujk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk gksus osQ ckn lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ dkLoj cny x;k vkSj ;gha ls lkaçnkf;drk dh igyh >yd fn[kk;hiM+us yxhA tc ;g tkfgj gks x;k fd dkaxzsl lkezkT;okn osQ fo#¼gS] rks vaxzsth ç'kklu us ml ij geyk cksy fn;kA lS;n vgendks yxk fd ljdkj dk lkFk nsdj gh eqlyekuksa osQ vkfFkZd voljc<+k;s tk ldrs gSa] vr% mUgksaus bl geys esa 'kkfey gksus dk iSQlykfd;kA 16 ekpZ] 1888 dks esjB osQ vius Hkk"k.k esa mUgksaus dgkfd ¶fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku u osQoy nks jk"Vª gSa cfYd fojksèkh jk"VªgSaA¸ ;fn vaxzst Hkkjr ls pys tk;as rks ;s dHkh Hkh ,d lk>kjktuSfrd thou O;rhr ugha dj ldrsA tSls gh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQxBu esa pqukoksa dh çFkk çkjaHk gqbZ oSls gh i`Fko~Q fuokZpd eaMydh ekax çLrqr gqbZA dkaxzsl yksdrkaf=kd pqukoksa dh ekax dj jgh FkhAlS;n vgen us bldk fojksèk fd;k vkSj dgk fd oSlk gksus ijeqlyeku vius fgrksa dh j{kk ugha dj ik;saxsA
,aXyks&bf.M;u ç'kkldksa us bl Hk; dk ykHk mBkdj fgUnw vkSjeqlyekuksa osQ chp ,d [kkbZ cuk nhA vyhx<+ dkyst osQ igys rhufçafliy&csd] eksfjlu rFkk vkpZcksYM] rhuksa us vyhx<+ vkUnksyu dksvaxzstksa osQ i{k dk vkSj fgUnqvksa osQ fojksèk dk :i fn;kA eqlyekuksadks Økmu osQ çfr jktHkfDr dh Hkkouk rFkk jktuhfr ls nwj jgusdh lykg nh x;hA vxLr 1888 esa lS;n vgen us ,d ^la;qDrHkkjrh; jktHkfDr lHkk* (United Indian Patriotic Association)cuk;h ftldk Li"V mís'; dkaxszl osQ çpkj dks fu"iQy cukuk rFkkyksxksa dks dkaxzsl ls nwj j[kuk FkkA oqQN fnuksa osQ ckn mUgksaus^eqfLye&,aXyks vksfj,UVy j{kk lHkk* (Mohammadan Anglo-oriental
Defence Association) dh LFkkiuk dh] rkfd eqlyeku jktuhfr lsnwj jgsa vkSj vaxzzsth jkT; dk leFkZu djsaA
lS;n vgen osQ ckn % lS;n vgen dh e`R;q osQ cknHkh eqfLye laçnk;okfn;ksa us ljdkj osQ çfr oiQknkjh dh uhfr cuk;sj[khA 1905&06 esa tc Lons'kh vkUnksyu fNM+k rks mUgksaus ljdkjdk i{k fy;kA ysfdu mnh;eku eqfLye f'kf{kr oxZ dks fuf"Ø; ;kljdkj leFkZd cuk;s j[kus dh dksf'k'k iwjh rjg liQy ugha gqbZA1887 esa dkaxzsl vè;{k cn:íhu rS;cth cus rFkk ckn esa Hkh dkiQheqfLyeksa us dkaxzsl esa Hkkx fy;kA cax&Hkax vkUnksyu esa Hkh oqQNjk"Vªoknh eqlyekuksa us fgLlk fy;kA oLrqr% 1920 osQ n'kd rdcaxky esa eqlyeku jk"Vªh; èkkjk osQ lkFk tqMs+ jgsA
eqfLye yhx vkSj eqfLye lkaçnkf;drkeqfLye yhx vkSj eqfLye lkaçnkf;drkeqfLye yhx vkSj eqfLye lkaçnkf;drkeqfLye yhx vkSj eqfLye lkaçnkf;drkeqfLye yhx vkSj eqfLye lkaçnkf;drk dk mn; dk mn; dk mn; dk mn; dk mn;
,e-,-vks- dkWyst vyhx<+ osQ fçflaiy vkpZcksYM osQ lq>ko ijvkxk [kka ,d çfrfufèkeaMy ysdj vDVwcj 1906 dks f'keyk esaykMZ es;ks ls feysA bl çfrfufèk eaMy dks ekSykuk eqgEen vyhus ^vkKkuqlkj dk;Z* (Command Performance) dh laKk nhA vU;ckrksa osQ vykok ;gka ;g Hkh ekax dh x;h fd eqlyekuksa dks osQoytula[;k osQ vkèkkj ij LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k ugha feyuk pkfg,AcfYd ;g muosQ jktuSfrd egRo vkSj lkezkT; dh j{kk osQ fy,lsokvksa osQ vkèkkj ij feyuk pkfg,A ykMZ feUVks us bl çkFkZuk i=kdks Lohdkj dj fy;kA 1909 osQ ekysZ&fe.Vks lqèkkjksa us lkaçnkf;dvkèkkj ij ernkrk eaMy cuk;s vkSj blls lkaçnkf;d jktuhfr osQiSQyko dks ,d etcwr vkèkkj feykA bl i¼fr osQ rgr eqlyeku(ckn esa flD[k rFkk vU;) ernkrkvksa osQ fy, vyx pquko {ks=kcuk fn;s x;s] tgka fliQZ eqlyeku mEehnokj gh [kM+s gks ldrs FksvkSj ernku dk vfèkdkj Hkh osQoy eqlyekuksa dks gh FkkA
f'keyk çfrfufèkeaMy osQ le; gh eqfLye usrkvksa us ,d laxBucukus dh lksph] iQyr% 30 fnlEcj] 1906 dks eqfLye yhx dkfofèkor mn~?kkVu fd;k x;kA blosQ laLFkkidksa eas oqQN cM+s tehankj]HkwriwoZ ukSdj'kkg vkSj vkxk [kka rFkk uokc eksgflu my eqYd tSlsvfHktkr oxhZ; yksx FksA eqfLye yhx dk pfj=k ljdkj&ijLr]lkaçnkf;d rFkk vuqnkjoknh FkkA blosQ mís'; fuEufyf[kr Fks%(i) Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa esa vaxzsth ljdkj osQ çfr jktHkfDr dh
Hkkouk dks c<+kok vkSj ;fn ljdkj osQ fdUgha fopkjksa osQ fo"k;esa xyr èkkj.kk mBs rks mls nwj djukA
(ii) Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa osQ jktuSfrd rFkk vU; vfèkdkjksa dh j{kkdjuk vkSj mudh vkdka{kkvksa vkSj vko';drkvksa dks e;kZnkiwoZdljdkj osQ lEeq[k j[kukA
(iii)mís'; (I) vkSj (II) dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ;FkklEHkoeqlyekuksa rFkk vU; Hkkjrh; laçnk;ksa osQ chp ln~Hkko c<+kukA;qok eqfLye oxZ 'kh?kz gh eqfLye yhx osQ vfHktkr oxhZ;
usr`Ro dh ljdkj&ijLr fgUnw&fojksèkh vkSj nklrkiw.kZ ekufldrk lsvlarq"V gks x;kA blh nkSj esa ekSykuk eqgEen vyh] gdhe vtey[kk¡] glu beke] ekSykuk tiQj vyh [kk¡ vkSj etg:y gd osQ usrRoesa ç[kj jk"Vªoknh ^vgjkj vkUnksyu* NsM+k x;kA bls oqQN iqjkruiaFkhmysekvksa dk Hkh leFkZu feykA buesa çeq[k Fks& ekSykuk vcqy dykevktkn] ftudh f'k{kk dkfgjk osQ çfl¼ vy vtgj fo'ofo|ky;esa gqbZ Fkh rFkk tks vius lekpkj i=k ^vy fgyky* osQ tfj,rdZoknh rFkk jk"Vªh; fopkjksa dks çpkj dj jgs FksA 1912 ls 1924osQ chp yhx dkaxzsl dh uhfr;ksa osQ dkiQh utnhd igqap pqdh Fkh]
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 111
ftldk lcls çeq[k dkj.k yhx esa jk"Vªoknh eqlyekuksa dks feyusokyh çeq[krk FkhA ysfdu nqHkkZX;o'k ftUuk tSls oqQN usrkvksa dksNksM+dj vU;ksa dh jk"Vªh;rk iw.kZr% èkeZfujis{k ugha FkhA
1916 esa yhx rFkk dkaxzsl nksuksa osQ okf"kZd vfèkos'ku y[kumQesa gq,A nksuksa laxBuksa us ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s ftls ^y[kumQle>kSrk* dgk tkrk gSA nksuksa laxBuksa us ljdkj osQ lkeus ,d] tSlhjktuhfrd ekaxas j[kha] ftuesa ,d ;g Hkh Fkk fd ;q¼ lekfIr osQckn Hkkjr dks Lo'kklu fn;k tk;sA y[kumQ le>kSrs esa vYila[;dksaosQ fy, i`Fko~Q ernkrk eaMyksa rFkk lhVksa osQ vkj{k.k dks ekU;rknh x;hA dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls ;g le>kSrk çxfr'khy Fkk] ysfdu blosQ}kjk dkaxzsl us lkaçnkf;d jktuhfr dks Lohdkj Hkh dj fy;k FkkAle>kSrs esa ;g fufgr Fkk fd Hkkjr fofHkUu leqnk;ksa dk ns'k gSvkSj muosQ fgr vyx vyx gSaA blosQ urhts [krjukd fudysA
çFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn jkSysV dkuwu osQ fojksèk rFkk f[kykiQrvkSj vlg;ksx vkUnksyu osQ nkSjku jk"Vªoknh èkkjk vkSj etcwr gqbZrFkk fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dks cy feykA blh le; Lokeh J¼kuUnus fnYyh osQ tkek efLtn ls yksxksa dks lEcksfèkr fd;k rks lSiQqíhufdpyq us ve`rlj osQ Lo.kZ eafnj lsA iQjojh 1922 esa vlg;ksxvkUnksyu okil ys fy;k x;kA blosQ volkn osQ nkSj esa lkaçnkf;drkdks flj mBkus dk ekSdk feyk x;kA
1922 osQ ckn ns'k esa lkaçnkf;d naxs tYnh&tYnh gksus yxsAeqfLye yhx fiQj ls vius iqjkus :i esa vk x;hA 1923 esa fgUnwegklHkk dk Hkh iqutZUe gqvkA fgUnqvksa osQ chp ^laxBu* vkSj ^'kqf¼vkUnksyu* rFkk eqlyekuksa esa ^rathe* vkSj ^rcyhx* vkUnksyu pysftudk mís'; lkaçnkf;d FkkA jk"Vªokfn;ksa dks vius&vius leqnk;ksaus nq'eu ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;kA bl lkaçnkf;d ekgkSy dk nckocgqr ls jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa ij Hkh iM+k vkSj mudk Loj lkaçnkf;d;k v¼Z&lkaçnkf;d gks x;kA Lojkt pkgus okyksa dk foHkktu gksx;kA ,d xqV us] ftuesa enu eksgu ekyoh; vkSj ,u-lh- dsydjvkfn Fks] fgUnw fgrksa dh j{kk osQ uke ij ljdkj ls lg;ksx dhis'kd'k dhA mèkj f[kykiQr vkUnksyu osQ iqjkus usrk tSls ekSykukeqgEen vyh vkSj 'kkSdr vyh vkfn lkaçnkf;d gks x;sA lkbeudeh'ku dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj 1922 vkSj 1927 osQ chp djhc112 cM+s lkaçnkf;d naxs gq,A
fgUnw egklHkk rFkk fgUnw lkaçnkf;drkfgUnw egklHkk rFkk fgUnw lkaçnkf;drkfgUnw egklHkk rFkk fgUnw lkaçnkf;drkfgUnw egklHkk rFkk fgUnw lkaçnkf;drkfgUnw egklHkk rFkk fgUnw lkaçnkf;drkdk mn;dk mn;dk mn;dk mn;dk mn;
eqfLye lkaçnkf;drk osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr esa fgUnw lkaçnkf;drkHkh tUe ys jgh FkhA 1870 osQ n'kd ls gh fgUnw tehankjksa] lkgwdkjksavkSj fofHkUu is'ks esa yxs eè;e oxZ osQ yksx eqfLye fojksèkh Hkkouk,aHkM+dk jgs FksA la;qDr çkar vkSj fcgkj esa mUgksaus fgUnh dks lkaçnkf;djax ns Mkyk vkSj dguk 'kq: dj fd;k fd fgUnh fgUnqvksa dh Hkk"kkgS vkSj mnwZ eqlyekuksa dhA mlh rjg 1890 ds n'kd esa xksoèkfojksèkh çpkj fd;k x;kA bUgksaus Hkh eqlyekuksa dh ns[kk&ns[khfoèkkf;dkvksa vkSj ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa fgUnqvksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k dhekax dhA
^iatkc fgUnw lHkk* dh LFkkiuk 1909 esa gqbZA fgUnw lkaçnkf;dfopkjèkkjk vkSj jktuhfr dh uhao blosQ usrkvksa [kkldj ch-,u-eq[kthZvkSj ykypan us j[khA ;g iw.kZr;k dkaxzsl fojksèkh laLFkk Fkh vkSjvius leqnk; osQ ykHk ls fy, ljdkj&ijLr FkhA ykypan us rks
Li"V ?kks"k.kk dh fd ^os igys fgUnw gSaa] Hkkjrh; ckn esaA* fgUnwegklHkk us gfj}kj esa viuk eq[; dk;kZy; LFkkfir fd;kA ^vf[kyHkkjrh; fgUnw egklHkk* dk igyk vfèkos'ku vçSy] 1915 esa dkflecktkj esa egkjktk dh vè;{krk esa gqvkA ysfdu fgUnw egklHkk dkçlkj yhx dh rqyuk esa cgqr èkhjs&èkhjs gh gqvkA yhx dh ftruhetcwr idM+ vius vuq;kf;;ksa ij Fkh] mruh egklHkk dh dHkh Hkhugha jghA vkjaHk esa fgUnw egklHkk us vius vkidks lkekftd&lkaLÑfrddk;ks± rd lhfer j[kk] ysfdu 1938 esa tc ch-Mh- lkojdj blosQvè;{k cus] rc egklHkk us viuk ,d jktuSfrd dk;ZØe Hkh cukfy;kA dkaxzsl dh eqlyekuksa dks çlUu djus dh uhfr ls nq%[kh gksdjlkojdj us ^fgUnw jk"Vª* dk ukjk fn;kA lkojdj dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr~Jh ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ blosQ çèkku cus vkSj mUgksaus bls oqQN vfèkdjk"Vªoknh n`f"Vdks.k fn;kA
ckrphr }kjk ,drk ykus dksf'k'k % lkbeu deh'kudhs pqukSrh dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, lkaçnkf;d eqíksa dks lqy>kukt:jh FkkA vr% jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa us ckrphr }kjk ,drk LFkkfir djusdh dksf'k'k dhA bl mís'; ls jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ vusd lEesyuvk;ksftr fd;s x;s rFkk ,d loZlEer lafoèkku Hkh cuk;k x;kA1927 esa ,d ekax&i=k rS;kj fd;k x;k ftls ^fnYyh çLrko* dgrsgSaA bèkj dkaxszl osQ çLrko ^usg: fjiksVZ* osQ :i esa lkeus vk;kAdydÙkk lEesyu esa usg: fjiksVZ ij lgefr ugha gks ldhA dydÙkklEesyu dh çfrfØ;k ;g gqbZ fd vfèkdka'k eqfLye lEçnk;oknh ,dgks x;s vkSj ftUuk us Hkh r; dj fy;k fd mls blh jkLrs ijpyuk gSA ftUuk us ;g ekurs gq, fd ^usg: fjiksVZ* fgUnw fgrksa dknLrkost gS] viuh 14 lw=kh ekax çLrqr dhA ckn osQ o"kks± esa tksHkh lkaçnkf;d çpkj fd;k x;k] mlosQ ewy esa ftUuk osQ ;gh 14lw=k FksA Li"V gS fd lkaçnkf;d usrkvksa ls ckrphr ;k le>kSrk djgy fudkyus dh j.kuhfr iw.kZr% vliQy jghA
lkbeu deh'ku osQ cfg"dkj rFkk lfou; voKk vkUnksyu osQle; lkaçnkf;drk ,d ckj fiQj usiF; esa tkus dks ckè; gks x;hAjk"Vªh; vkanksyu dk nk;jk c<+k rFkk dbZ eqfLye cgqy çkar Hkh blosQçHkko esa vk x;sA 1930 esa tc xksyest dkUÚsal 'kq: gqvk rkslkaçnkf;d usrkvksa esa fiQj ls lfØ;rk vk;hA fiQj Hkh lkaçnkf;dnyksa vkSj lewgksa dh fLFkfr 1937 rd detksj jghA mudk lkeftdvkèkkj Hkh lhfer FkkA bl c<+rh gqbZ eqfLye lkaçnkf;drk esa lqèkkjykus osQ fy, fczfV'k ljdkj us dE;quy vokMZ dh ?kks"k.kk dh]ftlesa 1927 osQ fnYyh çLrkoksa ls ysdj 14 lw=kksa rd dh eqfLyelkaçnkf;drk dh çk;% lHkh ekaxsa Lohdkj dj yh x;h FkhA vr%vc eqfLye lkaçnkf;drk dks vkxs dk jkLrk <aw<+uk FkkA
mxzoknh lkaçnkf;drk dk nkSjmxzoknh lkaçnkf;drk dk nkSjmxzoknh lkaçnkf;drk dk nkSjmxzoknh lkaçnkf;drk dk nkSjmxzoknh lkaçnkf;drk dk nkSjlkaçnkf;drk dk nwljk ;kuh ujeiaFkh nkSj 1937 rd tkjh jgkA
mlosQ ckn og rsth ls mxzoknh ;k iQklhoknh rkSj&rjhosQ viukusyxh] mxzoknh lkaçnkf;drk dk tUe ?k`.kk] Hk; vkSj vrkfdZdrk dhjktuhfr ls gqvkA dgk tkus yxk fd fgUnw vkSj eqlyekuksa osQ fgrksaesa esy dHkh gks gh ugha ldrkA lkaçnkf;drk dk lkekftd vkèkkjvc rsth ls O;kid gksus yxk rFkk tulkèkkj.k dks viuh fxjÝresa ysus dh dksf'k'k gksus yxhA 'kgjh fuEu eè;eoxZ osQ yksxksa dksmHkkjdj vkØked lkaçnkf;d jktuhfr 'kq: djus vkSj tuvkUnksyudks laxfBr djus ds ç;kl gksus yxsA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 112
1937 osQ pquko esa dkaxszl ns'k dh çeq[k jktuhfrd 'kfDr osQ:i esa mHkjhA pquko us ;g Hkh Li"V dj fn;k fd mifuos'koknosQ lHkh çeq[k lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd vkèkkj u"V gks pqosQ gSaAvr% muosQ gkFk esa vc vkf[kjh iUuk Fkk& lkaçnkf;drk] ftldkmUgksaus iwjk mi;ksx djus dk iSQlyk fd;kA bèkj yhx vkSj egklHkknksuksa osQ fy, 1927 dk pquko ifj.kke fujk'kktud FkkA eqlyekuksaosQ fy, vkjf{kr 482 lhVksa esa ls yhx dks fliQZ 109 lhVsa dhfeyha vkSj mls oqQy eqfLye erksa dk fliQZ 4-8 çfr'kr gh feykAfgUnw egklHkk dh gkyr rks vkSj [kjkc FkhA vr% laçnk;okfn;ksa dks;g yxk fd vxj os mxzoknh] tukèkkfjr jktuhfr dk lgkjk ughaysrs gS rks èkhjs&èkhjs [kRe gks tk;saxsA
;|fi yhx dks 1937 esa pquko esa vfèkd liQyrk ugha feyh]fiQj Hkh yhx us caxky] vle vkSj iatkc esa dkaxzsl ds lkFk feydjfeyh&tqyh ljdkj cukus dh bPNk çdV dh vkSj mUgsa vk'kk Fkhfd ;w-ih- vkSj fcgkj esa Hkh muosQ lnL; eaf=keaMy esa lfEefyrdj fy;s tk;saxsA dkaxszl ftls viuh vlkEçnkf;drk ij ukt Fkk]us bl çLrko dks vLohdkj dj fn;k vkSj dgk fd ;fn yhx osQlnL; ea=kh cuuk pkgrs gSa rks mUgsa dkaxzsl çfrKk i=k ij gLrk{kjdjus gksaxsA
dgk tkrk gS fd ;g dkaxzsl dh lcls cM+h Hkwy FkhA tc1939 esa dkaxzsl eaf=keaMyksa us ;q¼ osQ ç'u ij R;kx i=k ns fn;krks yhx us ^eqfDr fnol* euk;kA çk;% dfo vkSj jktuhfrd fpardeqgEen bdcky dks eqlyekuksa osQ fy, ,d i`Fko~Q jkT; ^ikfdLrku*osQ fopkj dk çoÙkZd ekuk tkrk gSA eqlyekuksa osQ fy, i`Fko~Q Lons'kftls ^ikfdLrku* dgk tk;s] ;g Li"V fopkj oSQfEczt fo'ofo|ky;osQ ,d vuqLukrd fo|kFkhZ jger vyh osQ eu esa mRi gqvkAikfdLrku 'kCn iatkc] viQxku] d'ehj vkSj flUèk osQçFke v{kjksa rFkk CywfpLrku osQ vafre v{kj dks ysdjcuk;k x;kA 1940 ls ysdj foHkktu rd eqqfLye lkaçnkf;drkblh ^f}jk"Vª fl¼kar* vkSj ^ikfdLrku* osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerhjghA
1940 esa eqfLye yhx us ykgkSj vfèkos'ku esa ,d çLrkoikl fd;k ftls ^ikfdLrku çLrko* dgk tkrk gSA ;|fi blesaikfdLrku dk uke ugha Fkk rFkkfi vLi"V 'kCnksa esa ikfdLrkudh ekax dh x;h FkhA
f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ vkSj ikfdLrku ;kstuk dhçxfr % dkaxzsl dh bl ekax ij fd ;q¼ osQ rqjar i'pkr~Lora=krk feys vkSj varfje jk"Vªh; ljdkj dk xBu gks]blosQ cnys esa gh ;q¼ esa iw.kZ lgk;sx fd;k tk;sxkAok;ljk; ykWMZ fyufyFkxks us vxLr 1940 dk çLrkofd;k] blesa ;q¼ osQ i'pkr~ lafoèkku lHkk cukus dh ckrdgh x;h FkhA blosQ lkFk vYila[;dksa dks bl ckr dkfo'okl fnyk;k x;k fd vaxzsth ljdkj fdlh Hkh ,slhjkT; ç.kkyh dk leFkZu ugha djsxh] ftlesa ml ljdkjosQ vfèkdkj dks ns'k dh ,d çeq[k tkfr Lohdkj ughadjsA ;|fi yhx us bl fo'okl dk Lokxr fd;k fiQjHkh ^fØIl ;kstuk* dks vLohÑr dj ikfdLrku dh ekaxdks nqgjk;kA
fØIl fe'ku dh vliQyrk osQ ckn dkaxzsl us tc^Hkkjr NksM+ks* vkUnksyu pyk;k rks ftUuk us eqlyekuksa
dks blls vyx jgus dh lykg nhA yhx bl vkUnksyu ls rVLFkjghA bruk gh ugha fnlEcj 1942 esa tc ykWMZ fyufyFkxks us Hkkjrdh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk cuk;s j[kus dh ckr dgh] rks ftÂk Øksfèkrgks mBsA mlus 1943 bZ- esa mlus djkaph vfèkos'ku esa ^vaxzstksa HkkjrNksM+ks* osQ ukjs osQ tokc esa ^vaxzstksa ckaVks vkSj Hkkxks* dk ukjk cqyanfd;kA jktxksikykpkjh ;kstuk osQ i'pkr~ (10 tqykbZ 1944) egkRekxkaèkh us ftUuk ls HksaVdj mls bl ;kstuk dks Lohdkj djus osQ fy,dgk] ijarq ftUuk us bls vLohdkj dj fn;kA og ,d ^viw.kZ] vaxghuvkSj nhed yxk gqvk ikfdLrku* ugha pkgrs FksA blh çdkj 1945dk ^oSosy ;kstuk* vkSj ^f'keyk lEesyu* Hkh vliQy gks x;k D;ksafdyhx vkSj ftUuk us bl ckr ij cy fn;k fd dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"knosQ lHkh eqfLye lnL;ksa dks euksuhr djus dk vfèkdkj yhx dksgh feyuk pkfg,A f'keyk lEesyu dh vliQyrk osQ ckn oSQfcusVfe'ku Hkkjr vk;kA blus varfje ljdkj dh O;oLFkk dh] fdUrqikfdLrku dh ekax dks Bqdjk fn;kA dkaxzsl vkSj yhx nksuksa us fe'kudh ;kstuk rks Lohdkj dj yh] ijarq varfje ljdkj esa 'kkfey gksusosQ ç'u ij leL;k [kM+h gks x;hA igys dkaxzsl us blesa 'kkfeygksuk Lohdkj ugha fd;k] blfy, yhx us ;g nkok fd;k fd ogdkaxszl osQ fcuk Hkh ljdkj cuk ldrh gS_ ijarq ok;ljk; dkaxzsldks vyx j[kdj ljdkj cukus osQ i{k esa ugha Fks] vr% mUgksausnkos dks Bqdjk fn;kA blij Øksfèkr gksdj yhx us 27 tqykbZ] 1946dks oSQfcusV fe'ku dh ;kstuk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k ,oa 16 vxLr1946 dks ^lhèkh dk;Zokgh* (Direct Action) djus dks fu'p;fd;kA 16 vxLr] 1946 dks dydÙkk esa Hk;kud naxk gqvkA yhfx;ksaus ukjk yxk;k ^yM+dj ysaxs ikfdLrku*A bl lkaçnkf;d naxs us Hkh"k.k#[k vf[r;kj fd;k] ftlesa gtkjksa tkusa x;haA lqgjkonhZ dh ljdkjus naxksa dks nckus dh dksf'k'k ugha dh] cfYd lkaçnkf;d rRoksa dks
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 113
c<+kok gh fn;kA blh çdkj uksvk[kyh] fcgkj ,oa vU; txgksa ijHkh lkaçnkf;d naxs gq,A ckn esa tc dkaxzsl ljdkj cukus osQ fy,rS;kj gqbZ rks usg: us ftUuk dks Hkh ljdkj esa 'kkfey gksus dkvkxzg fd;k] ijarq og viuh ftí ij vM+s jgsA ckn esa ,d fuf'prmís'; osQ lkFk yhx Hkh ljdkj esa 'kkfey gks x;hA og ljdkjesa 'kkfey gksdj dkaxszl dh uhfr;ksa dk fojksèk djuk pkgrh FkhAvarfje ljdkj osQ xfrjksèk dks nwj djus osQ fy, fnlEcj 1946esa yUnu dkWUÚsal dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k ftlesa ,Vyh] oSosy] usg:vkSj ftUuk us Hkkx fy;kA blesa nksuksa (dkaxzsl vkSj yhx) osQ erHksnnwj djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k_ ijUrq liQyrk gkFk ugha yxhA yhxus fnlEcj 1946 esa gksus okyh lafoèkku lHkk dh cSBd dk cfg"dkjfd;kA Hkkjr dh rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr ls fpafrr gksdj fczVsu osQçèkkuea=kh ,Vyh us 20 iQjojh] 1947 dks ;g ?kks"k.kk dj nh fdvaxszt twu 1948 ds iwoZ Hkkjrh;ksa dks lÙkk lkSai nsaxsA lÙkk dsgLrkarj.k ds dk;Z dks iwjk djus osQ fy, ykWMZ oSosy dh txg ykMZekmUVcsVsu dks u;s ok;ljk; osQ :i esa fu;qDr fd;k x;k gSA
vktknh feyus dh laHkkouk tc lkdkj gksus tk jgh Fkh rksyksxksa ij lkaçnkf;drk dk tquwu lokj gks x;kA cMs+ iSekus ijlkaçnkf;d naxs gq, ftlesaa yhx] fgUnw egklHkk vkSj vdkyh ny(ekLVj rkjk flag osQ usr`Ro esa) rhuksa us fgLlk fy;kA ykgkSj esaikfdLrku fojksèkh çn'kZu gqvkA ykgkSj] ve`rlj] r{kf'kyk vkSjjkoyfiaMh] fcgkj] caxky] mÙkj çns'k vkfn txgksa ij Hkh"k.k ujlagkjgqvkA lsuk vkSj iqfyl us Hkh vçR;{k :i ls naxkb;ksa dh enn dhAxkaèkh ,d txg ls nwljh txg ?kwe&?kwe dj yksxksa ls 'kkar jgusdh vihy dj jgs Fks] ysfdu yksxksa ij rks lkaçnkf;drk dk tquwulokj FkkA blh okrkoj.k esa ekmUVcsVsu us inHkkj xzg.k fd;kA mls'kh?kz gh vglkl gks x;k fd yhx vkSj dkaxzsl osQ erHksnksa dks ikVukvlaHko gSA xkaèkhth us vçSy 1947 esa ekmUVcsVsu ls HksaV dj mUgsafoHkktu ls jksdkA os ftUuk dks ljdkj cukus nsus dks Hkh jkth FksAmUgksaus Li"V dgk fd] ¶vxj dkaxzsl caVokjk eatwj djsxh rks mlsesjh yk'k osQ mQij fu.kZ; djuk iM+sxkA tc rd eSa ftank gwa eSaHkkjr osQ caVokjs osQ fy, dHkh jkth u gksmQaxkA vkSj vxj esjko'k pyk rks dkaxzsl dks Hkh bls eatwj djus dh btktr u nwaxkA¸ckn esa usg: vkSj iVsy osQ ncko esa vkdj xkaèkhth dks Hkh foHkktuLohdkj djuk iM+kA varr% 3 twu] 1947 dks ekmUVcsVsu ;kstukçdkf'kr dh x;h ftlesa Hkkjr dk foHkktu ^Hkkjrh; la?k* vkSjikfdLrku esa dj fn;k x;kA
foHkktu dk mÙkjnkf;RofoHkktu dk mÙkjnkf;RofoHkktu dk mÙkjnkf;RofoHkktu dk mÙkjnkf;RofoHkktu dk mÙkjnkf;Ro
Hkkjr dk foHkktu ,d nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ?kVuk FkhA bls vaxzstksa dh^ckaVksa vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr rFkk eqfLye yhx dh lkaçnkf;drkvkSj f}jk"Vª fl¼kar osQ vkn'kZ dk ,d LokHkkfod vafre pj.k ekuktkrk gSA bu nksuksa us feydj ,d lkFk dke fd;k rFkk Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dks foHkktu Lohdkj djus ij ckè; fd;kA foHkktuosQ fy, mÙkjnk;h dkSu Fkk\ blosQ mÙkj esa fofHkUu fopkj O;Drfd;s x;s gSaA oqQN bfrgkldkjksa us xkaèkh] usg:] iVsy vkSj ftUukdks] rks oqQN us vaxzstksa dks blosQ fy, mÙkjnk;h ekuk gSA fu"i{k:i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr foHkktu osQ fy, vaxzst] dkaxzslvkSj yhx rhuksa gh mÙkjnk;h FksA le;≤ ij rhuksa us tks uhfr;kaviuk;ha] os varr% foHkktu osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h cuhaA ;g lp gS fd
foHkktu dh çfØ;k dks çkjaHk djus dk Js; vxj vaxzstksa dks gSrFkk bldk lcls vfèkd ykHk ftUuk us mBk;k vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksadks vius vuqdwy cukdj varr% viuh ftn iwjh dj yhA dkaxzsldh vliQyrk bl ckr esa gS fd og lkaçnkf;drk ls yM+us osQ fy,lqlaxfBr fopkjèkkjk vkSj dk;Z&ç.kkyh fodflr djus esa vliQyjghA
ekysZ&fe.Vks lqèkkj ;kstuk osQ varxZr igyh ckj eqlyekuksa dksjktuSfrd c<+kok nsus vkSj Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa lkaçnkf;d rF;ksa dksmHkkjus dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA ykMZ fe.Vks us ^eqfLye jk"Vª* 'kCndk O;ogkj igyh ckj fd;k rFkk eqlyekuksa osQ fy, i`Fko~Q fuokZpudh O;oLFkk dh] ijarq blosQ ckotwn dkaxzsl vkSj yhx osQ lacaèkvPNs jgsA 1921 esa ftUuk dkaxzszl ls vyx gks x;s ,oa xkaèkh vkSjdkaxzsl dh uhfr;ksa dks lansg dh n`f"V ls ns[kus yxsA dkaxzsl dhuhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± us bl njkj dks c<+kus esa lgk;rk gh igaqpk;hAf}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn foHkktu dh ekax c<+us yxhA xkaèkhthus eqlyekuksa dks larq"V dj rFkk Hkkjr dh v[kaMrk cpk;s j[kusosQ ç;kl esa 1940 bZ- esa jkex<+ osQ dkaxzsl vfèkos'ku esa caVokjsosQ fl¼kar dks Lohdkj dj fy;k] ijarq mudk dguk Fkk fd ;gfoHkktu oSlk gh gksuk pkfg, tSlk fd la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj esa gksrkgSA oLrqr% xkaèkhth vaxzstksa osQ ç;klksa dks foiQy djuk pkgrs FksAysfdu vaxzst xkaèkhth ls vfèkd pkykd fudysA mUgksaus xkaèkh vkSjdkaxzsl osQ çHkko dks de djus rFkk f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ nkSjkuyhx dk lg;ksx ikus dk ç;kl fd;kA bl mís'; ls 8 vxLr]1940 dks ykMZ fyufyFkxks us ftUuk dks vk'oLr fd;k fdvYila[;dksa dh LohÑfr osQ fcuk ljdkj fdlh Hkh laoSèkkfudifjorZu dks u rks ykxw djsxh vkSj u rks 'kfDr }kjk vYla[;dksadks nck;sxhA blls ftUuk osQ gkFkksa esa ohVks dk vfèkdkj çkIr gksx;k] ftldk bLrseky mlus vius mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, fd;kAftUuk dks ;g egRoiw.kZ vfèkdkj fnyokus esa Hkkjr&lfpo fy;ksiksYM,ejh dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku FkkA ftUuk osQ dk;ks± dks lqxe cukusesa lh- jktxksikykpkjh] usg: rFkk HkwykHkkbZ nslkbZ vkfn us ;ksxnkufd;kA jktxksikykpkjh dh rjg usg: us Hkh vçR;{k :i ls foHkktudks Lohdkj dj fy;kA dkaxzsl us 1942 esa ^fØIl çLrko* dks Lohdkjugha fd;k] ysfdu ,d çLrko esa usg: us dgk Fkk fd og çLrkforla?k esa fdlh dks Hkh mldh bPNk osQ fo#¼ j[kus dks lger ughagSaA HkwykHkkbZ nslkbZ us Hkh fy;kdr vyh ls le>kSrk djus dk ç;klfd;kA xkaèkhth us Hkh ^nslkbZ&fy;kdr* iQkewZys ij viuh LohÑfr nhAblesa ;g O;oLFkk Fkh fd iquxZfBr eaf=keaMy esa dkaxzsl vkSj yhxcjkcj&cjkcj LFkku ckaV ysaA oSosy us bl ;kstuk dks fgUnw vkSjeqlyekuksa osQ chp caVokjk dk uke fn;k u fd dkaxzsl vkSj yhxuked nks jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa osQ eè;A blosQ mijkar tc xkaèkhthus ftUuk dks jktxksikykpkjh iQkeZwyk dks Lohdkj djus dks dgk rks]ftUuk us Li"Vr% bUdkj dj fn;kA bèkj ftUuk dks fczVsu ls HkhxqIr vk'oklu fey jgk FkkA oLrqr% vaxzst Hkkjr NksM+us osQ cknHkh viuk çHkko cuk;s j[kuk pkgrs FksA bl mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy,ikfdLrku dk fuekZ.k ,d vko';d 'krZ Fkh] vr% os ftUuk dhihB Bksdrs jgsA
ikfdLrku osQ fuekZ.k esa usg:] iVsy vkSj Mk- jktsUnz çlkn Hkhde mÙkjnk;h ugha FksA xkaèkhth dh lgefr osQ fcuk gh rhuksa us
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 114
ekpZ 1947 esa ftUuk osQ f}jk"Vª fl¼kUr dks LohÑfr çnku dj iatkcdks fgUnw ,oa eqlyeku cgqy bykdksa esa foHkktu djus dk çLrkodkaxzsl dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr esa j[kkA dkaxzsl osQ bl egRoiw.kZ usrkvksadh Hkkoukvksa dk vankt yxkdj ekmUVcsVsu us ebZ 1947 esa foHkktudh iwjh ;kstuk Lohdkj dj yhA oLrqr% ;s yksx Lora=krk dh çkfIrosQ fy, vèkhj gks mBs Fks] os yEcs la?k"kZ ls mQc x;s Fks] vr%mUgksaus foHkktu dh ;kstuk dks LohÑfr ns nhA blosQ vykok mlle; rd lkaçnkf;drk dkiQh nwj pyh x;h Fkh vkSj bl leL;kdk dksbZ funku ugha jg x;k Fkk] flok; blosQ fd jk"Vªh; usr`Rox`g;q¼ osQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrk] ftlesa iqfyl vkSj iQkSt ij fons'kh'kkldksa dk fu;a=k.k gksrkA varr% xkaèkhth dks Hkh foHkktu osQ fy,LohÑfr nsuh iM+hA vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh dh cSBd 14 twu]1947 dks gqbZ ftlesa iafMr xksfoUn oYyHk iar us ekmUVcsVsu ;kstukdks LohÑr djus dk çLrko is'k fd;kA usg: vkSj iVsy us çLrkodk leFkZu fd;k] ijarq ekSykuk vktkn vkSj vU; lnL;ksa us bldkfojksèk fd;kA xkaèkhth us Hkh lnL;ksa ls çLrko Lohdkj djus dkvuqjksèk fd;kA fiQj Hkh çLrko loZlEefr ls ikfjr ugha gks ldkAçLrko osQ i{k esa 29 vkSj foi{k esa 15 er iM+sA fliQZ 14 erksaesa cgqer ls dkaxzsl us Hkkjr dk foHkktu Lohdkj dj fy;kA
mi;qZDr foospuk ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr dk foHkktu ,d yEchçfØ;k dk ifj.kke Fkk] ftlesa le;≤ ij fofHkUu rRoksa us egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkk;hA blosQ fy, u rks vaxzst] u dkaxszl] yhx vFkoklkaçnk;fdrk dh Hkkouk dks gh vosQys mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS]cfYd bu lHkh us pkgs vupkgs <ax ls Hkkjr foHkktu esa lg;ksx fd;kA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;� fczfV'k bfrgkldkj tsEl us Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk foHkktu fgUnw&dky
vkSj eqfLye&dky esa fd;kA� 1857 osQ fonzksg esa fgUnw vkSj eqfLye nksuksa gh lkFk&lkFk yM+s
FksA 1857 osQ ckn vaxzstksa dh ;g uhfr jgh Fkh fd os fgUnqvksadks leFkZu nsrs jgs vkSj eqlyekuksa dks nckrs jgsA
� ^Hkkjrh; eqlyeku* osQ ys[kd MCY;w- MCY;w- gaVj FksA ;g iqLrd1871 bZ- esa çdkf'kr gqbZ] ftlesa eqlyekuksa osQ çfr uhfr esaifjorZu dk lq>ko fn;k x;k FkkA
� lj lS;n vgen [kku fgUnw vkSj eqlyekuksa dks ,d lqUnj oèkq(Hkkjr) dh nks vka[kas dgrs FksA mUgksaus gh vkxs pydj dgk fd]^fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku u osQoy nks jk"Vª gSa cfYd fojksèkh jk"Vª gSaA*
� vxLr 1888 esa lS;n vgen us ,d ^la;qDr çkarh; jktHkfDrlHkk* (United Indian Patriotic Association) cuk;h] ftldkLi"V mís'; dkaxzsl osQ çpkj dks fu"iQy cukuk rFkk yksxksa dksdkaxzsl ls nwj j[kuk FkkA oqQN fnuksa osQ ckn mUgksaus ^eqfLye&,aXyksvksfj,UVy j{kk lHkk* (Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence
Aoosciation) dh LFkkiuk dh rkfd eqlyeku jktuhfr ls nwj jgsavkSj vaxzsth jkT; dk leFkZu djsaA
� vyhx<+ dkyst dh LFkkiuk lS;n vgen }kjk dh x;hA blosQigys rhu fçafliyksa csd] eksfjlu rFkk vkpZcksYM us vyhx<+vkUnksyu dks vaxzstksa osQ i{k dk vkSj fgUnqvksa osQ fojksèk dk:i fn;kA
� vkpZcksYM osQ lq>ko ij gh vkxk [kk¡ ,d çfrfufèk eaMy ysdjvDVwcj 1906 dks f'keyk esa ykMZ es;ks ls feysA blh le;
eqlyekuksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k dh ekax dh x;h rFkk 1909 osQekysZ&fe.Vks lqèkkjksa us lkaçnkf;d vkèkkj ij ernkrk eaMy cuk;sA
� 30 fnlEcj] 1906 dks ^eqfLye yhx* dk fofèkor mn~?kkVugqvkA blosQ laLFkkidksa esa vkxk [kk¡ rFkk uokc eksgflumy&eqYd çeq[k FksA
� jk"Vªoknh vgjkj vkUnksyu osQ çeq[k usrkvksa esa ekSykuk eqgEenvyh] gdhe vtey [kk¡] glu beke] ekSykuk tiQj vyh [kk¡vkfn FksA
� ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn dh f'k{kk dkfgjk osQ çfl¼ vyvtgj fo'ofo|ky; esa gqbZ FkhA
� 1916 esa yhx rFkk dkaxzsl nksuksa dk vfèkos'ku y[kumQ esa gqvkAnksuksa esa ,d le>ksSrk gqvk tks ^y[kumQ le>kSrk* osQ uke lsçfl¼ gSA
� f[kykiQy vlg;ksx osQ nkSjku Lokeh J¼kuUn us fnYyh oQh tkekefLtn ls yksxksa dks lEcksfèkr fd;k] rks lSiQqíhu fdpyq us verljosQ Lo.kZ&eafnj lsA
� fgUnqvksa osQ chp laxBu vkSj ^'kqf¼ vkUnksyu* rFkk eqlyekuksa osQchp ^rathe* vkSj ^rcyhx* vkUnksyu pys] ftudk mís'; lkaçnkf;dFkkA
� lkebu deh'ku dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj 1922 vkSj 1927 osQ chpdjhc 112 cM+s lkaçnkf;d naxs gq,A
� 1890 osQ n'kd esa xksoèk fojksèkh vkUnksyu pyk;k x;kA� iatkc fgUnw lHkk dh LFkkiuk 1909 esa ch-,u- eqdthZ rFkk
ykypan ,oa muosQ lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk dh x;hA ykypan us Li"Vdgk fd ¶os igys fgUnw gSa ckn esa Hkkjrh;A¸ bldk eq[; dk;kZy;gfj}kj esa FkkA
� 1938 esa oh-Mh- lkojdj fgUnw egklHkk osQ vè;{k cus vkSjckj&ckj curs jgsA mUgksaus gh fgUnw jk"Vª dk ukjk fn;kA lkojdjdh eR;q osQ ckn ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ blosQ vè;{k cusA
� dydÙkk osQ loZnyh; lEesyu esa tc usg: fjiksVZ ij lgefrugha gks ldh rc ftUuk us viuk çfl¼ 14 lw=kh ekax i=k çLrqrfd;kA
� 1937 osQ pquko esa yhx dks eqlyekuksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr lhVksa(482) esa ls fliQZ 109 lhVsa gh feyhaA mls oqQy eqfLye erksadk fliQZ 4-8 çfr'kr gh çkIr gqvkA
� 1938 esa eqfLye yhx us ihjiqj esa jktk eksgEen esagnh dhvè;{krk esa ,d tkap lfefr fu;qDr dh] ftldk dk;Z ^fgUnw&dkaxzslhçkarksa* esa eqlyekuksa ij gq, vR;kpkjksa dh tkap djuk FkkA
� 1939 esa ;q¼ osQ ç'u ij tc dkaxzsl eaf=keaMyksa us R;kxi=kfn;k] rks yhx us ^eqfDr fnol* euk;kA
� ikfdLrku dk fopkj oSQfEczt fo'ofo|ky; osQ ,d vuqLukrdfo|kFkhZ pkSèkjh jger vyh osQ eu esa mRiUu gqvkA çk;% eqgEenbdcky dks ^iFkd jkT; ikfdLrku* osQ fopkj dk çoÙkZd ekuktkrk gSA
� 1940 osQ ykgkSj vfèkos'ku esa ^ikfdLrku çLrko* ikfjr fd;k x;kA
;|fi çLrko esa ikfdLrku 'kCn dk mYys[k ugha fd;k x;k FkkA
� ^Hkkjr NksM+ks* vkUnksyu osQ le; ftÂk us ^ckaVks vkSj Hkkxks* dk
ukjk fn;kA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 115
� f'keyk lEesyu (1945) dh vliQyrk dk dkj.k& dk;Zdkfj.khesa lHkh eqfLye lnL;ksa dks euksuhr djus ds vfèkdkj dh yhxdh ekax FkhA
� yhx us 16 vxLr] 1946 dks ^lhèkh dk;Zokgh* djus dk fu'p;fd;kA
� fnlEcj 1946 esa yUnu dkaÚsal esa ,Vyh oSosy] ftUuk vkSj usg:us Hkkx fy;kA okrkZ iw.kZr% foiQy jghA
� 20 iQjojh] 1947 esa yUnu dkaÚsal esa ,Vyh us ;g ?kks"k.kkdj nh fd vaxzst twu 1948 osQ iwoZ Hkkjrh;ksa dks lÙkk lkSainsaxsA
� oSQfcusV fe'ku us ikfdLrku dh ekax dks vLohÑr dj fn;k(ekpZ&1946)A
� vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh dh cSBd esa ekmUVcsVsu ;kstukLohÑr djus dk çLrko xksfoUn oYyHk iar }kjk is'k fd;k x;kAblosQ i{k esa 29 rFkk foi{k esa 15 er iM+sA
� vkxk [kk¡ yhx osQ igys vè;{k FksA� ljksftuh uk;Mw us ftUuk dks ^fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk osQ jktnwr*
dh mikfèk nh FkhA� ekmUVcsVsu us xkaèkhth dks ^ou eSu ckamMªh iQkslZ* dh laKk
nhA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 116
Hkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rdHkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rdHkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rdHkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rdHkkjr dh Lora=krk ls 1964 bZ- rd
fdlh ns'k dk lafoèkku mldh jktuhfrd voLFkk dk ogcqfu;knh lkapk&<+kapk fuèkkZfjr djrk gS ftlosQ vUrxZr mldh turk'kkflr gksrh gSA ;g jkT; dh foèkkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydktSls çeq[k vaxksa dh LFkkiuk djrk gS] mudh 'kfDr;ksa dh O;k[;kdjrk gS] muosQ nkf;Roksa dk lhekadu djrk gS vkSj muosQ ikjLifjdrFkk turk osQ lkFk lacaèkksa dk fofu;eu djrk gSA yksdra=k esaçHkqlÙkk turk esa fufgr gksrh gSA fdarq] ç'kklu dh c<+rh gqbZ tfVyrkasrFkk jk"Vª:ih jkT;ksa osQ c<+rs gq, vkdkj osQ dkj.k çR;{k yksdra=kvc laHko ughaa jgkA
vktdy osQ çfrfufèkd yksdra=k esa turk bl ckr dk fu.kZ;djrh gS fd ml ij fdl çdkj ls rFkk fdlosQ }kjk 'kklu gksAturk viuh çHkqlÙkk dk lcls igyk rFkk lcls cqfu;knh ç;ksxrc djrh gS] tc og vius vkidks ,d ,slk lafoèkku çnku djrhgS ftlesa mu cqfu;knh fu;eksa dh :ijs[kk nh tkrh gS ftlosQ vUrxZrjkT; osQ fofHk vaxksa dks dfri; 'kfDr;ka nh tkrh gS vkSj ftudkç;ksx muosQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA çR;sd lafoèkku mlosQ laLFkkidksa,oa fuekZrkvksa osQ vkn'kks±] liuksa rFkk ewY;ksa dk nç.k gksrk gSA ogturk dh fof'k"V lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ço`Qfr] vkLFkk,oa vkdka{kkvksaa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
lafoèkku osQ Ïksr% Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku osQ Ïksr vusd gSaAog ns'kh Hkh gS vkSj fons'kh HkhA lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us bl ckrdks Li"V dj fn;k Fkk fd furkar Lora=k :i ls ;k ,d ne u,fljs ls lafoèkku ys[ku ugha dj jgs gSaA
mUgksaus tku cw>dj ;g fu.kZ; fy;k Fkk fd vrhr dh mis{kku djosQ igys ls LFkkfir <kaps rFkk vuqHko osQ vkèkkj ij ghlafoèkku [kM+k fd;k tk,A ;g fodkl dfri; ç;klksa osQ ikjLifjdçHkko dk ifj.kke FkkA Lokèkhurk osQ fy, NsM+s x, jk"Vªoknh la?k"kZosQ nkSjku çfrfufèk ,oa mÙkjnk;h 'kklu laLFkkvksa osQ fy, fofHkÂekaxsa mBkbZ xbZ vkSj vaxzst 'kkldksa us cM+h datwlh ls l;e≤ij FkksM+s&FkksM+s laoSèkkfud lqèkkj fd,A okLro esa lafoèkku osQ oqQNmicaèkksa osQ Ïksr rks Hkkjr esa EIC rFkk vaxzsth jkT; osQ 'kS'kodkyesa gh [kksts tk ldrs gSaA
jkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ varxZr xzke iapk;rksa osQ laxBudk mYys[k Li"V :i ls çkphu Hkkjrh; Lo'kklh laLFkkuksa ls çsfjrgksdj fd;k x;k FkkA 73osa rFkk 74osa la'kksèku vfèkfu;eksa esa mUgsavc vkSj vfèkd lkFkZd rFkk egRoiw.kZ cuk fn;k gSA
ewy vfèkdkjksa dh ekax lcls igys 1918 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;dkaxzsl osQ eqacbZ vfèkos'ku esa dh xbZ FkhA 1927 esa dkaxzsl osQ enzklvfèkos'ku esa ,d çLrko ikfjr dj ewy vfèkdkjksa dh ekax dksnqgjk;k x;k FkkA loZnyh; lEesyu }kjk 1928 esa fu;qDr eksrhyky
usg: desVh us viuh fjiksVZ esa ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd Hkkjr dh turkloksZifj y{; U;k; lhek osQ vèkhu ewy ekuo vfèkdkj çkIr djrkgSA usg: desVh dh fjiksVZ esa tks mUuhl ewy vfèkdkj 'kkfey fd,x;s Fks] muesa ls nl dks Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku eas fcuk fdlh [kklifjorZu osQ 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k gSA 1931 esa dkaxzsl osQ djkaphvfèkos'ku esa ikfjr fd, x;s çLrko eas u osQoy ewy vfèkdkjksa dkcfYd ewy dÙkZO;ksa dk Hkh fof'k"V :i ls mYys[k fd;k x;k FkkAewy lafoèkku esa ewy dÙkZO;ksa dk dksbZ mYys[k ugha Fkk fdarq cknesa 1976 esa 42 oka la'kksèku vfèkfu;e }kjk lafoèkku osQ Hkkx IVdosQ vuqPNsn 51d esa nl ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;kA
lafoèkku esa laln osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h lalnh; 'kklu ç.kkyh]vYila[;dksa osQ fy, j{kksik;ksa vkSj la?kh; jkT; O;oLFkk dh tksO;oLFkk j[kh xbZ mlosQ ewy esa Hkh 1928 esa usg: desVh fjiksVZgSA varr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd lafoèkku dk yxHkx 3@4 va'kHkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e] 1935 ls fy;k x;k FkkA mlesa cnyh gqbZifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqdwy vko';d la'kkèku ek=k fd, x;s FksA jkT;O;oLFkk dk cqfu;knh <kapk] rFkk la?k ,oa jkT;ksa osQ lacaèkksa] vkikrfLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk vkfn dks fofu;fer djus okys micaèk vfèkdka'kr;k1935 osQ vfèkfu;e ij vkèkkfjr FksA
ns'kh Ïksrksa osQ vykok lafoèkku lHkk osQ lkeus fons'kh lafoèkkuksaosQ vusd uewus FksA funs'kd rRoksa dh ladYiuk vk;jySaM osQ lafoèkkuls yh xbZ FkhA foèkkf;dk osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h eaf=k;ksa okyh lalnh;ç.kkyh vaxzstksa ls vkbZ vkSj jk"Vªifr esa la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDrrFkk la?k osQ j{kk cyksa dk loksZPp lekns'k (Supreme Command)fufgr djuk vkSj mijk"Vªifr dks jkT;lHkk dk insu lHkkifr cukusdk micaèk vesfjdh lafoèkku ij vkèkkfjr FksA vesfjdh lafoèkku esalfEefyr vfèkdkj i=k (Bill of Rights) Hkh gekjs ewy vfèkdkjksaosQ fy, çsj.kk dk Ïksr FkkA dukMk osQ lafoèkku us vU; ckrksa osQvykok la?kh; <kaps vkSj la?k rFkk jkT;ksa osQ lacaèkksa ,oa la?k rFkkjkT;ksa osQ chp 'kfDr;ksa osQ forj.k ls lacafèkr micaèkksa dk çHkkforfd;kA lIre vuqlwph esa leorhZ vuqlwph] lalnh; fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa lslacafèkr micaèk laHkor%vkLVsªfy;kbZ lafoèkku osQ vkèkkj ij rS;kj fd,x,A vkikr fLFkfr ls lacafèkr micaèk teZuh osQ lafoèkku ls çHkkforgq, FksA U;kf;d vkns'kksa (Writs) rFkk lalnh; fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa osQfookn ls lacafèkr micaèkksa dh lhek rFkk muosQ foLrkj dks le>usosQ fy, vHkh Hkh fczfV'k lafoèkku dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA
lafo/ku dk fuekZ.klafo/ku dk fuekZ.klafo/ku dk fuekZ.klafo/ku dk fuekZ.klafo/ku dk fuekZ.klafoèkku lHkk dh ladYiuk Hkkjr esa lnSo jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu
osQ fodkl osQ lkFk tqM+h jgh gSA ,slh lafoèkku lHkk dk fopkj]
lalnh;] iaFkfujis{k] yk sdrk af=kd x.kjkT; (1950 bZ- dk lafoèkku)lalnh;] iaFkfujis{k] yk sdrk af=kd x.kjkT; (1950 bZ- dk lafoèkku)lalnh;] iaFkfujis{k] yk sdrk af=kd x.kjkT; (1950 bZ- dk lafoèkku)lalnh;] iaFkfujis{k] yk sdrk af=kd x.kjkT; (1950 bZ- dk lafoèkku)lalnh;] iaFkfujis{k] yk sdrk af=kd x.kjkT; (1950 bZ- dk lafoèkku)
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 117
ftlosQ }kjk Hkkjrh; Lo;a vius ns'k osQ fy, lafoèkku dk fuekZ.kdj losQa] 1919 osQ ,sDV osQ fojksèk esa vUrfuZfgr FkkA fdarq Hkkjrdh lafoèkku lHkk dk fuf'pr mYys[k igyh ckj 1922 esa egkRekxkaèkh us fd;k FkkA 1922 esa gh Jherh ,uh cslsaV dh igy ijosQanzh; foèkkueaMyksa osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL;ksa dh ,d la;qDr cSBdf'keyk esa vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA mlus lafoèkku osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy,,d lEesyu cqykus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA
blosQ vykok iQjojh 1923 esa fnYyh esa ,d vU; lEesyudk vk;kstu fd;k x;k ftleas osQUnzh; rFkk çkarh; foèkkueaMyksa osQlnL;ksa us fgLlk fy;kA bl lEesyu us Hkkjr dks fczfV'k lkezkT;dh Lo'kklh Mksfefu;uksa osQ lerqY; j[krs gq, lafoèkku osQ vko';drRoksa dh :ijs[kk çLrqr dhA vçSy 1924 esa lj rst cgknqj lçwdh vè;{krk esa ,d ^jk"Vªh; lEesyu* cqyk;k x;kA bl lEesyuesa ^dkeuosYFk vkWiQ bafM;k fcy* dk çk:i rS;kj fd;k x;k ftls1925 esa loZnyh; lEesyu osQ le{k is'k fd;k x;kA fczVsu dhyscj ikVhZ esa bl fcy dks O;kid leFkZu çkIr gqvkA gkykafd yscjikVhZ dh ljdkj dh ijkt; osQ ckn bl foèks;d dk Hkfo"; vèkjesa yVd x;k] fiQj Hkh ;g Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk 'kkafriw.kZ rFkk laoSèkkfudlkèkuksa dh enn ls Hkkjr osQ fy, laoSèkkfud ç.kkyh dh :ijs[kkçLrqr djus dk ,d çeq[k ç;kl FkkA 1924 rFkk 1925 esa jk"Vªh;ekax osQ lacaèk esa eksrh yky usg: osQ çfl¼ çLrko dk Lohdkjfd;k tkuk ,d ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk Fkh D;ksafd osQUnzh; foèkkueaMyus igyh ckj bl c<+rh gqbZ ekax dk leFkZu fd;k fd Hkkjr dkHkkoh lafoèkku Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk Lo;a cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
uoEcj 1927 eas tc lkbeu vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;k x;k] ftlesadksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh; lnL; ugha Fkk] bykgkckn esa gqbZ ,d loZnyh;cSBd esa dgk x;k Fkk fd ,slk djosQ u osQoy jk"Vªh; ekax dksBqdjk fn;k x;k gS cfYd Hkkjrh;ksa dk vieku Hkh fd;k x;k gSD;ksafd mUgas ¶vius gh ns'k osQ lafoèkku osQ fuekZ.k esas Hkkx ysusosQ vfèkdkj ls oafpr dj fn;k x;k gSA¸ ebZ] 1928 dks eqEcbZesa vk;ksftr loZnyh; lEesyu esa ¶Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku osQ fl¼kUr
fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy,¸ eksrh yky usg: osQ usr`Ro esa ,d lfefrfu;qDr dhA
10 vxLr] 1928 dks is'k dh xbZ lfefr osQ fy, lok±xhulafoèkku cuk;s tkus dk çFke ç;kl FkkA fjiksVZ eas u osQoyledkyhu jk"Vªoknh fopkjèkkjk dk n`f"Vdks.k ifjyf{kr gksrk FkkcfYd Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku osQ çk:i dh ,d :ijs[kk Hkh lekfo"VFkhA mYys[kuh; gS fd laln osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h ljdkj] vnkyrksa }kjkykxw djk;s tk ldus okys ewy vfèkdkj] vYila[;dksa osQ vfèkdkjlfgr eksVs rkSj ij ftl lalnh; O;oLFkk dh ladYiuk 1928 dhusg: fjiksVZ esa dh xbZ Fkh] mls yxHkx T;ksa dk R;ksa 21 o"kZ ckn]26 uoEcj] 1949 dks lafoèkku lHkk }kjk vaxhdkj fd;s x;s LokèkhuHkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa lekfo"V fd;k x;kA
rhljs xksyest lEesyu osQ ckn tkjh fd;s x;s 'osr i=k osQckn twu 1934 esa dkaxzsl dk;Zdkfj.kh us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd 'osri=k dk fodYi ;g gS fd o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ vkèkkj ij fuokZfprlafoèkku lHkk }kjk ,d lafoèkku rS;kj fd;k tk,A ;g igyk voljFkk tc lafoèkku lHkk osQ fy, vkSipkfjd :i ls ,d fuf'pr ekaxis'k dh xbZ FkhA lkbeu vk;ksx rFkk xksyest lEesyu dh ftlfoiQyrk osQ dkj.k] Hkkjrh; vkdka{kkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy,] Hkkjr'kklu ,sDV] 1935 cuk;k x;k] mlus Hkkjr dh turk osQ fy,lafoèkku lHkk dh ekax dks cy çnku fd;kA dkaxzsl us vçSy 1936esa y[kuÅ vfèkos'ku esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd fdlh ckgjh lÙkk }kjkFkksik x;k dksbZ Hkh lafoèkku Hkkjr Lohdkj ugha djsxkA lafoèkku Hkkjrdh turk }kjk o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ vkèkkj ij fuokZpr Hkkjrh;lafoèkku lHkk }kjk cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A bl ekax dks ekpZ 1937esa fnYyh esa gq, dkaxzslh foèkk;dksa osQ vf[ky Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; lEesyuesa n`<+rk osQ lkFk nksgjk;k x;kA vxLr&vDrwcj 1937 osQ nkSjkuosQUnzh; foèkku lHkk rFkk osQanzh; 'kkflr çkarh; foèkku lHkkvksa us,sls gh çLrko ikfjr fd;sA bueas Lora=k Hkkjr osQ fy, ,d u;klafoèkku cukus osQ okLrs lafoèkku lHkk dk xBu djus dh dkaxzsldh ekax dks nksgjk;k x;k FkkA
1939 esa fo'o;q¼ fNM+us osQ ckn lafoèkku lHkk dh ekax dksvkSj vfèkd cy osQ lkFk nksgjk;k x;kA xkaèkhth us 19 uoEcj] 1939dks ^gfjtu* esa ^n vksuyh os* 'kh"kZd osQ vUrxZr ,d ys[k fy[kkftlesa mUgksaus fopkj O;Dr fd;k fd ¶lafoèkku lHkk gh ns'k dhns'kt ço`Qfr dk vkSj yksosQPNk dk lgh vFkks± esa rFkk iwjh rjgls fu:i.k djus okyk lafoèkku cuk ldrh gSA¸ mUgksaus ?kks"k.kk dhfd lkaçnkf;d rFkk vU; leL;kvksa osQ U;k;laxr gy dk ,dek=krjhdk Hkh lafoèkku lHkk gh gSA
1940 osQ ^vxLr çLrko* esas fczfV'k ljdkj us lafoèkku lHkkdh ekax dks igyh ckj vkfèkdkfjd :i ls Lohdkj fd;k] Hkysgh Loho`Qfr vçR;{k rFkk egRoiw.kZ 'krks± osQ lkFk dhA fØIl çLrkoosQ }kjk ^vxLr çLrko* esa mYys[kuh; lqèkkj fd, x;sA bu çLrkoksaosQ vuqlkj u, lafoèkku osQ fuekZ.k dk dke vc iw.kZr;k u fd^çkFkfed :i ls* gksuk Fkk vkSj fczfV'k ljdkj us Li"V opu fn;kfd og çLrkfor lafoèkku&fuekZ.k&fudk; }kjk cuk, x;s lafoèkkudks Lohdkj djsxhA
tqykbZ 1945 esa baXySaM eas u;h yscj ljdkj lÙkk eas vkbZ rFkkykMZ osoy us Hkkjr osQ lacaèk esa ljdkj dh uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dhrFkk ;Fkk'kh?kz lafoèkku& fuekZ.k&fudk; dk xBu djus osQ fy,ljdkj osQ bjkns dh iqf"V dhA
Lokèkhu Hkkjr dk igyk eaf=keaMyia- tokgjyky usg: % çèkkuea=kh] fons'k] dkWeuosYFk
lacaèk vkSj oSKkfud 'kksèkljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy % x`g] lwpuk ,oa çlkj.k vkSj
jkT;MkW- jktsUnz çlkn % [kk| ,oa d`f"kekS- vcqy dyke vktkn % f'k{kkMkW- tku eFkkbZ % jsyos ,oa ifjoguljnkj cynso flag % j{kktxthou jke % Jelh-,p- xkek % okf.kT;jiQh vgen fdnobZ % lapkjjktdqekjh ve`r dkSj % LokLF;MkW- ch-vkj- vacsMdj % fofèkvkj-ds- 'kueq[k psêðh % foÙkMkW- ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ % m|ksx ,oa vkiwfrZ,u-oh- xkMfxy % dk;Z [knku ,oa mQtkZ(ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy mi&çèkkuea=kh cuk;s x;s] 23vxLr 1947)
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 118
1946 esa osQfcusV fe'ku us lafoèkku osQ fy, ,d cqfu;knh <kapsdk çk:i is'k fd;k rFkk lafoèkku& fuekZ.k&fudk; }kjk viukbZ tkusokyh çfØ;k dk oqQN foLrkj osQ lkFk fuèkkZj.k fd;kA fczfV'k HkkjrosQ çkarksa dks vkoafVr 296 LFkkuksa osQ fy, pquko tqykbZ&vxLr] 1946rd iwjs dj fy;s x;sA dkaaxzsl dks 208 LFkkuksa ij fot; çkIr gqbZvkSj eqfLye yhx dks 73 LFkkuks a ij fot; çkIr gqbZAlafoèkku&fuekZ.k&fudk; dh lnL; la[;k 385 fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ FkhAftueas ls 292 çfrfufèk fczfV'k Hkkjr osQ X;kjg çkarksa ls rFkk 93çfrfufèk Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa osQ fy, tkus FksA buesa phiQ dfe'ujksaosQ pkj çkarksa vFkkZr~ fnYyh] vtesj&ekyokj] oqQxZ vkSj fczfV'k cyqfpLrkuls ,d çfrfufèk 'kkfey fd;k tkuk FkkA
14&15 vxLr] 1947 dks ns'k osQ foHkktu rFkk mldh Lora=krkosQ lkFk gh] Hkkjr dh lafoèkku lHkk osQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk osQ caèkuksals eqDr gks xbZ vkSj ,d iw.kZr;k çHkqrklEi fudk; ns'k esa fczfV'klaln osQ iw.kZ çkfèkdkj rFkk mldh lÙkk dh iw.kZ mÙkjkfèkdkjh cuxbZA 15 vxLr] 1947 rd vfèkdka'k fj;klrksa osQ çfrfufèk lafoèkkulHkk esa vk x, vkSj 'ks"k fj;klrksa esa Hkh ;Fkkle; vius çfrfufèkHkst fn,A bl çdkj lafoèkku lHkk Hkkjr esa lHkh fj;klrksa rFkk çkarksaosQ çfrfufèk rFkk fdlh Hkh ckgjh 'kfDr osQ vkfèkiR; ls eqDr iw.kZ&çHkqRolai fudk; cu xbZA lafoèkku lHkk Hkkjr esa ykxw fczfV'k laln}kjk cuk, x;s fdlh Hkh dkuwu dks] ;gka rd fd Hkkjrh; Lora=krk,sDV dks Hkh jí dj ldrh Fkh ;k ifjofrZr dj ldrh FkhA
lafoèkku lHkk dk fofèkor mn~?kkVu fu;r fnu lkseokj 9fnlEcj] 1946 dks çkr% X;kjg cts gqvkA
usg:th us 13 fnlacj] 1946 dks ,sfrgkfld ^mís';&çLrko*is'k fd;kA mís';&çLrko osQ çk:i esa Hkkjr dks Hkkoh çHkqrklaiÂyksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT; dh :ijs[kk nh xbZ FkhA bl çLrko us lafoèkkulHkk dks blosQ ekxZn'khZ fl¼kUr rFkk n'kZu fn, ftuosQ vkèkkj ijbls lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA varr% 22 iQjojh] 1947 dkslafoèkku lHkk us bl çLrko dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA
lafo/ku dh jpuklafo/ku dh jpuklafo/ku dh jpuklafo/ku dh jpuklafo/ku dh jpuklafoèkku lHkk us lafoèkku dh jpuk dh leL;k osQ fofHkÂ
igyqvksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, vusd lfefr;ka fu;qDr dhA blesa la?kh;foèkku lfefr] la?kh; 'kfDr lfefr] ewy vfèkdkjksa vkSj vYila[;dksavkfn ls lacafèkr lfefr;ka 'kkfey FkhA buesa ls oqQN lfefr;ksa osQvè;{k usg: ;k iVsy Fks] ftUgsa lafoèkku lHkk osQ vè;{k us lafoèkkuosQ ewy vkèkkj rS;kj djus dk Js; fn;k FkkA vU; lfefr;ksa dhfliQkfj'kksa ij ckn esa çk:i lfefr }kjk fopkj fd;k x;kA lafoèkkulHkk us laoSèkkfud lykgdkj }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s Hkkjr osQ lafoèkkuosQ ewy ikB osQ çk:i dh Nkuchu djus osQ fy, 29 vxLr] 1947dks Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj osQ lHkkifrRo esa çk:i lfefr fu;qfDrdhA
çk:i lfefr }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k Hkkjr dk lafoèkku dkçk:i 21 iQjojh] 1948dks lafoèkku lHkk osQ vè;{k dks is'k fd;kx;kA lafoèkku osQ çk:i ij çLrkouk lcls ckn esa Lohdkj dhxbZA rRi'pkr çk:i.k lfefr us mlesa vko';d la'kksèku dj mlslafoèkku lHkk osQ lkeus is'k fd;kA lafoèkku dk nwljk okpu 16uoEcj dks iwjk gqvkA 26 uoEcj] 1949 dks Loho`Qr gqvk rFkk blçdkj lafoèkku lHkk us lafoèkku cukus dk egRoiw.kZ dke rhu o"kZ
ls de le; esa iwjk fd;kA lafoèkku lHkk osQ vè;{k Mk- jktsUnzçlkn us vius lekiu Hkk"k.k esa fopkj O;Dr fd;k fd lafoèkkulHkk lc feykdj ,d vPNk lafoèkku cukus esa liQy jgh gS vkSjmUgsa ;g fo'okl gS fd ;g ns'k dh t:jrksa dks vPNh rjg lsiwjk djsxkA lafoèkku ij lafoèkku lHkk osQ lnL;ksa }kjk 24 tuojh]1950 dks lafoèkku lHkk osQ vafre fnu gLrk{kj gLrk}kj fd;s x;sA
gekjs lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa esa oqQN tkus&ekus foy{k.k cqf¼ okysO;fDr] egku U;k;fon~] ns'kHkDr vkSj Lora=krk lsukuh lfEefyr FksA;fn lafoèkku lHkk dk fuokZpu yksxksa }kjk o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQvkèkkj ij Hkh fd;k tkrk rks Hkh ml le; blls csgrj ;kvis{kko`Qr vfèkd çfrfufèkd ifj.kkeksa dh dYiuk djuk dfBu gSA
geus Lora=krk çkfIr osQ ckn ftu laLFkkuksa dks tkjh j[kk rFkklafoèkku esa lekfo"V fd;k os ,sls laLFkku Fks tks Hkkjr dh èkjrhij gh iQys&iQwys FksA lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us iqjkus laLFkkuksa osQ vkèkkjij] tks igys gh fodflr gks pqosQ Fks] ftuls os ifjfpr gks pqosQFks] u, laLFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k djuk ilan fd;kA lafoèkku }kjk fczfV'k'kklu dks Bqdjk fn;k x;k fdUrq mu laLFkkuksa dks ugha] tks fczfV'k'kklu dky esa fodflr gq, FksA bl çdkj lafoèkku vkSifuosf'kdvrhr ls iwjh rjg vyx ugha gqvkA D;ksafd lafoèkku&fuekZ.k rFkklaLFkku fuekZ.k ,d thoar orZeku vkSj lrr~ çfØ;k gSA blfy, blçfØ;k esa 26 tuojh] 1950 dks Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku osQ Jh x.ks'kosQ ckn gh blosQ okLrfod vey] U;kf;d fuoZpu (Judicial
Interpretation) vkSj laoSèkkfud la'kksèkuksaa osQ }kjk blosQ fuekZ.k dhçfØ;k tkjh jghA ;g flyflyk vHkh Hkh tkjh gSA
vkèkkj rRo rFkk n'kZuvkèkkj rRo rFkk n'kZuvkèkkj rRo rFkk n'kZuvkèkkj rRo rFkk n'kZuvkèkkj rRo rFkk n'kZufdlh lafoèkku dh mísf';dk (Preampble) ls vk'kk dh tkrh
gS fd ftu eqyHkwr ewY;ksa rFkk n'kZu ij lafoèkku vkèkkfjr gksa] rFkkftu y{;ksa rFkk mís';ksa dh çkfIr dk ç;kl djus osQ fy, lafoèkkufuekZrkvksa us jkT; O;oLFkk dks funsZ'k fn;k gks] mudk mlesa lekos'kgksA
gekjs lafoèkku dh mísf';dk esa] ftl :i esa lafoèkku lHkk usmls ikfjr fd;k Fkk] dgk x;k gS% ¶ge] Hkkjr osQ yksx¸ Hkkjr dks,d ¶çHkqRo lai yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT;¸ cukus osQ fy, mlosQ leLrukxfjdksa dks U;k;] Lora=krk] vkSj lekurk fnykus vkSj mu lcesa caèkqrkc<+kus osQ fy, n<+ ladYi djrs gSaA U;k; dh ifjHkk"kk lkekftd]vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k; osQ :i esa dh xbZ gSA Lora=krk osQ fopkj]vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] èkeZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora=rk lfEefyr gSS vkSjlekurk dk vFkZ gS çfr"Bk rFkk volj dh lekurkA
okLro esa U;k;] Lora=krk] lekurk vkSj caèkqrk ,d okLrfodyksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk osQ vR;ko';d lnxkeh rRo gS] blfy, muosQ}kjk osQoy yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT; dh ladYiuk Li"V gksrh gSA vafrey{; gS O;fDr dh xfjek rFkk jk"Vª dh ,drk lqfuf'pr djukAbl çdkj mísf';dk ;g ?kks"k.kk djus dk dke djrh gS ¶HkkjrosQ yksx¸ lafoèkku osQ ewy Ïksr gSa] Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk esa çHkqrkyksxksa esa fufgr gS vkSj Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk yksdra=kkRed gS ftlesayksxksa dks ewy vfèkdkjksa rFkk Lora=krkvksa dh xkjaVh nh xbZ gS rFkkjk"Vª dh ,drk lqfuf'pr dh xbZ gSA
vkikr fLFkfr osQ nkSjku] 1976 osQ 42osa lafoèkku la'kksèkuvfèkfu;e osQ }kjk ^lektoknh* rFkk iaFkfujis{k* 'kCn mísf';dk esatksM+ fn, x,A blosQ vykok ^jk"Vª dh ,drk* 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 119
^jk"Vª dh ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk* 'kCn j[k fn, x,A ;g eglwlfd;k x;k fd ;s fo'ys"kd 'kCn fLFkfr dk Li"Vhdj.k ek=k djrsFks rFkk buls jkT; O;oLFkk ;k jkT; osQ Lo:i ij dksbZ Bksl varjugha iM+rk Fkk D;ksafd dkuwu fuekZrkvksa osQ vuqlkj lektokn] iaFkfujis{krk vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk mísf';dk esas rFkk ewy :i esa fufeZrlafoèkku osQ 'ks"k Hkkxksa esa igys ls varfuZfgr FksA
vius mPpre U;k;ky; osQ vusd fu.kZ;ksa esa mísf'kdk dk egRovkSj mldh mi;ksfxrk crkbZ xbZ gSA mísf';dk dks U;k;ky; easifjofrZr ugh fd;k tk ldrkA fdUrq fyf[kr lafoèkku dh mísf'kdkesa os mís'; ys[kc¼ fd;s tkrs gSa ftudh LFkkiuk vkSj çorZu osQfy, lafoèkku dh jpuk gksrh gSA tgka lafoèkku dh Hkk"kk esa lafnXèkrkgksrh gS ogka mísf'kdk lafoèkku osQ fofèkd fuokZpu eas lgk;rk djrhgSA lafoèkku esa lekfgr vkn'kZ vkSj vkdka{kkvksa osQ leqfpr vfèkewY;uosQ fy, mísf'kdk gh ,dek=k Ïksr gSA la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSafd mísf'kdk lafoèkku dk vfHk vax gSA yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu O;oLFkk]la?kkRed <kapk] jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk] iaFk fujis{krk]lektokn] lkekftd U;k; rFkk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu lafoèkku osQcqfu;knh rRo gSaA
yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT;yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT;yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT;yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT;yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT;'kkfCnd n`f"V ls ;wukuh 'kCn 'deoms' dk vFkZ gS turk vkSj
'Kratos' dk vFkZ gS ljdkj ;k 'kkluA blfy, yksdra=k dk vFkZgS turk dk 'kkluA yksdra=k dk cqfu;knh y{k.k gS fd çHkqlÙkkyksxksa esa fufgr gks] èkeZ] tkfr] laçnk;] jax ;k L=kh&iq#"k osQ HksnHkkoosQ fcuk] dkuwu dh utjksa essa lHkh cjkcj gksa vkSj çR;sd O;fDrdks bruk l{ke le>k tk, fd og ml rjhosQ ls] ftls og mfprle>s] Lo;a ij 'kklu dj losQ rFkk vius futh dk;Z O;kikj dkçcaèk dj losQA yksdra=k esa yksx Lo;a vius Lokeh ekus tkrs gSaAmUgsa bl ckr dk gLrkarj.kh; vfèkdkj gksrk gS fd Lo;a ij 'kkludjsa ;k vius eupkgs rjhosQ ls rFkk muyksxksa }kjk 'kkflr gksa ftUgsaos pqusaA
yksdra=k bl ckr dks Hkh Lohdkj djrk gS fd vukfn dkyls euq"; lÙkk ;k loksZPprk osQ fy, ,d nwljs osQ lkFk la?k"kZ djrkjgk gSA yksdra=k la?k"kZ dk vis{kko`Qr lH; rjhdk çLrqr djus dkç;kl djrk gSA ;g l'kL=k la?k"kZ osQ rjhdksa osQ LFkku ij fopkjfoe'kZ rFkk le>kus&cq>kus osQ rjhdksa dks çLrqr djrk gSA dkjrwlksadh isVh dk LFkku yksdra=k esa erisVh dks lkSai nh tkrh gSA çkphuHkkjrh; xzke&x.kjkT;ksa rFkk ;wukuh uxj jkT;ksa esa] lHkh ukxfjd ,dlkFk bdV~Bs gksdj 'kklu osQ elyksa dk iSQlyk djrs FksA bl çdkjdh jktO;oLFkk dks çR;{k yksdra=k dgk tk ldrk gSA fdarq jktuhfrdbdkbZ;ksa osQ vkdkj rFkk mudh vkcknh esa of¼ osQ lkFk yksxksa dks,d LFkku ij bdV~Bk djuk vlaHko gks x;kA blosQ vykok] foèkkucukus rFkk jkT; dk ç'kklu djus dh çfØ;k tfVy ls tfVyrj gksrhxbZA blfy, çR;{k yksdra=k dh ç.kkyh çk;% foyqIr gks xbZA çR;{kyksdra=k dk ,d :i orZeku eas çQkal] vk;jySaM] tkiku vkSjLohVtjySaM osQ lafoèkku esa tuer laxzg osQ çkoèkku osQ :i esa ns[kktk ldrk gSA ysfdu] orZeku le; esa fofHk ns'kksa eas vke yksx vDljvius çfrfufèk;ksa dk p;u djus osQ fy, gh ernku djrs gSaA blçdkj] vkèkqfud yksdra=k eas ijks{k çfrfufèkRo vko';d gks x;k gS]
ftlosQ vUrxZr 'kklu lapkyu rFkk dkuwuksas dk fuekZ.k yksxksa ds pqusgq, çfrfufèk djrs gSaA
yksdra=kkRed jkT; O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ,d cqfu;knhfo'ks"krk gS] ftls fdlh Hkh laoSèkkfud la'kksèku osQ }kjk cnyk ughatk ldrk gSA yksdra=k osQ vusd #ikarj gSa ftUgsa leku :i lsçfrfufèkd rFkk mfpr ekuk tk ldrk gSA
lalnh; ç.kkyhlalnh; ç.kkyhlalnh; ç.kkyhlalnh; ç.kkyhlalnh; ç.kkyhgeus çfrfufèkd lalnh; yksdra=k dks viuk;k gSA Hkkjr ,d
x.kjkT; gSA mldk vè;{k jk"Vªifr gksrk gS] mlh esa lHkh dk;Zikyd'kfDr;ka fufgr gksrh gS rFkk mlh osQ uke ls bldk ç;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA fdarq ;g ekU;rk gS fd jk"Vªifr dk;Zikfydk dk osQoyukeek=k dk ;k laoSèkkfud vè;{k gksrk gSSA og ea=khifj"kn dhlgk;rk rFkk mlosQ ijke'kZ ls gh dk;Z djrk gSA ea=kh lkewfgd:i ls laln osQ tu fuokZfpr lnu yksdlHkk osQ çfr mÙkjnk;hgksrs gSaA bl çdkj fczfV'k çfr:i dk vuqdj.k djrs gq,] HkkjrosQ lafoèkku esa cqfu;knh rkSj ij] la?k rFkk jkT;] nksuksa Lrjksa ijlalnh; 'kklu ç.kkyh dks viuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa lalnh; ç.kkyhesa dk;Zikfydk osQ mÙkjnkf;Ro dh ladYiuk ij vfèkd cy fn;ktkrk gS tcfd jk"Vªirh; ç.kkyh (USA) esa Li"Vr;k dk;ZikfydkosQ LFkkf;Ro dks vfèkd egRo fn;k tkrk gSSA fdarq ;g dguk xyrgksxk fd geus fczfV'k lalnh; ç.kkyh dks iw.kZ:is.k viuk fy;k gSAnksuksa esa vusd ewyHkwr varj rFkk fHkÂrk,a gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, fczVsudk lafoèkku ,dkRed gS tcfd gekjk lafoèkku la?kkRed gsSA ogkaoa'kkuqxr jktk okyk jktra=k gS tcfd gekjk ns'k fuokZfpr jk"Vªifrokyk x.kjkT; gSA fczfV'k osQ foijhr gekjk lafoèkku ,d fyf[krlafoèkku gSA gekjh laln çHkqRolai ugha gS rFkk blosQ }kjk ikfjrfoèkku dk U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k gks ldrk gSA gekjs lafoèkku esa okn;ksX; ,sls ewy vfèkdkjksa dk ,d ?kks"k.kk i=k lfEefyr gS] tks U;k;ky;}kjk u osQoy dk;Zikfydk osQ cfYd foèkkf;dk osQ f[kykiQ Hkh ykxwfd, tk ldrs gSaA fczVsu dh fLFkfr blosQ foijhr gSA lafoèkku fuekZrkvksaus lalnh; ç.kkyh dks blfy, Hkh rjthg nh D;ksafd mUgsa blosQ lapkyudk oqQN vuqHko Fkk vkSj lqLFkkfir laLFkkvksa dks tkjh j[kus osQ vusdykHk FksA
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT; dk tks vkn'kZLFkkfir fd;k x;k gS mls Li"V djus osQ fy, nks funsZ'k i;kZIrgSaA ,d rks lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, erkfèkdkj vkSj nwljs Ïh iq#"k esalekurkA ;g lekurk u osQoy fofèk osQ {ks=k esa gks cfYd jktuSfrd{ks=k esa HkhA yksdra=k osQ vU; rRo gSa& LoPN ,oa fu"i{k fuokZpuç.kkyh] nyh; O;oLFkk] iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk] uxjikfydk O;oLFkkfidkvkfnA
gekjs lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa dh n`f"V esa yksdra=k ;k fu;r le;ij yksxksa }kjk vius çfrfufèk;ksa dks pquus osQ fy, ernku djus dkvfèkdkj ek=k ugha gSA lekftd rFkk vkfFkZd yksdra=k osQ fcuk HkkjrtSls ns'k esa jktuhfrd yksdra=k dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gSA Mk- vEcsMdjosQ vuqlkj] lekftd rFkk vkfFkZd yksdra=k rHkh lkFkZd gksxk tcmldk lnqi;ksx vkfFkZd yksdra=k osQ okLrfod y{; dks çkIr djusosQ fy, fd;k tk,A tokgj yky usg: us ckn eas fopkj O;Drfd;k Fkk fd mudh dYiuk dk yksdra=k y{; dks çkIr djus dklkèku ek=k gSA y{; ;g gS fd çR;sd O;fDr dks ,slk mÙke thou
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 120
feys ftlesa oqQN gn rd vko';d vkfFkZd t:jrksa dh iwfrZ gksAftl ifj.kke esa yksdra=k vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa liQygksrk gS] mlh ifj.kke esa og jktuSfrd {ks=k esa Hkh liQy gksrk gSAblfy, gesa jktuhfrd yksdra=k ls vkfFkZd yksdra=k dh vksj c<+ukpkfg,] ftldk vFkZ gS ¶oqQN gn rd leLr yksxksa osQ dY;k.kosQ fy, dk;Z fd;k tk,A¸ bls dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dgk tk ldrkgSA fdaarq bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS] ¶vkfFkZd {ks=k esa oqQN gn rdvolj dh lekurk osQ fy, dk;Z fd;k tk,A¸ bl ckr dksmísf';dk osQ bu 'kCnksa }kjk Li"V dj fn;k x;k gS fd x.kjkT;osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks ¶lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k;¸feysA
iaFk&fujis{krkiaFk&fujis{krkiaFk&fujis{krkiaFk&fujis{krkiaFk&fujis{krkiaFk fujis{k jkT; og jkT; gksrk gS tks èkeZ dh O;fDrxr rFkk
leosr Lora=krk çnku djrk gS] laoSèkkfud :i ls fdlh èkeZ fo'ks"kls tqM+k gqvk ugha gS vkSj tks èkeZ dk u rks çpkj djrk gS vkSju gh mleas gLr{ksi djrk gSA ,d iaFk fujis{k jkT; O;fDr osQ lkFk,d ukxfjd osQ :i esa O;ogkj djrk gS vkSj mlosQ iaFk dh vksjè;ku ugha nsrkA og fdlh iaFk fo'ks"k ls tqM+k ugha gksrk] vkSj urks og fdlh iaFk dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj u gh gLr{ksi djus dkç;kl djrk gSA vfuok;Z gS fd ,d iaFk fujis{k jkT; dk èkkfeZddk;ks± ls dksbZ lacaèk u gks] flok; ml fLFkfr osQ tc mlosQ çcaèkesa vijkèk] èkks[kkèkM+h varxZzLr gks ;k og jkT; dh ,drk v[kaMrkosQ fy, [krjk cu tk,A
if'pe osQ foijhr Hkkjr esa iaFk fujis{krk dk tUe ppZ rFkkjkT; osQ ijLij la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k ugha gqvkA bldh tM+sa laHkor;kHkkjr esa vius bfrgkl rFkk mldh laLo`Qfr esa fo|eku gSA gks ldrkgS fd blds ihNs lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa dh ;g bPNk gks fd os la[;kosQ HksnHkko osQ fcuk lHkh leqnk;ksa osQ çfr U;k;ksfpr rFkk fu"i{kO;ogkj djsA
lafoèkku lHkk us ftl :i esa mísf'kdk dks Lohdkj fd;k FkkmlosQ ewy ikB esa ^iaFk fujis{k* 'kCn ugha FkkA ^lektoknh* 'kCndh Hkkafr ;g 'kCn Hkh vkikr fLFkfr osQ nkSjku 42oas lafoèkku la'kksèkuvfèkfu;e osQ }kjk ^x.kjkT;* ls iwoZ rd ,d vfrfjDr fo'ys"k.kosQ :i esa tksM+k x;kA bl 'kCn dks bèkj oqQN le; ls ^loZèkeZleHkko* dk vFkZ nsus dk ç;kl Hkh fd;k x;k gS ;kfu lHkh èkeks±dks ,d leku le>uk ;k lHkh èkeks± dk leku :i ls vknj djukAèkeZ fujis{krk tks igys lsD;qysfjTe dk 'kCnkFkZ ekuk tkrk Fkk] vcekU; ugha jgk D;ksafd ,slk ughaa dgk tk ldrk gS fd èkkfeZd ekeyksaesa jkT; lEiw.kZ rVLFkrk dk vkpj.k djsA lafoèkku osQ ikzfèko`Qr fgUnhikB esa vc ^iaFk fujis{k* 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA gekjs lanHkZesa iaFk fujis{krk dk osQoy ;gh vFkZ gS fd gekjk jkT; dksbZ etgchvFkok èkeZra=koknh jkT; ugha gS] jkT; dk bl :i esa viuk dksbZiaFk] etgc ;k laçnk; ugha gS] bldh utjksa esa lHkh iaFk cjkcjgSa vkSj ;g iaFk osQ vkèkkj ij ukxfjdksa osQ chp dksbZ foHksn ughadjsxkA
42osa la'kksèku osQ igys ^lSD;qyj* 'kCn dk ,dek=k ftØlafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 25 (2) esa vk;k Fkk] ftlesa jkT; dks èkkfeZdvkpj.k ls lEc¼ fdlh Hkh ^ykSfdd fØ;kdyki* dk fofu;eu ;kfuc±èku djus dh 'kfDr çnku dh xbZ FkhA Li"V gS fd ;gka ^lsD;qyj*
'kCn dk ç;ksx ^ykSfdd* osQ vFkZ esa vFkok 'kq¼ èkkfeZd ls fHkÂekeyksa ls lacafèkr vFkks± esaa fd;k x;k FkkA 42osa lafoèkku la'kksèkuvfèkfu;e esa] ftlosQ }kjk iaFk fujis{k 'kCn tksM+k x;k Fkk] bldhifjHkk"kk djus dk ç;kl ugha fd;k x;kA fdarq ;g eglwl fd;kx;k fd bl 'kCn dk tksM+k tkuk osQoy ml rF; dks vuqeksnurFkk Li"Vhdj.k djuk Fkk tks] fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd] lafoèkkudh cqfu;knh fo'ks"krk osQ :i esa igys ls fo|eku gSA osQ'kokuUnHkkjrh rFkk feuokZ osQ ekeyksa esa iaFk fujis{krk dks ,d cqfu;knhfo'ks"krk crk;k x;kA blosQ vykok] ;g ewy vfèkdkj osQ :i esaèkeZ dh Lora=krk dh xkjaVh esa varfuZfgr FkhA lasV tsfo;j dkWystlkslk;Vh cuke xqtjkr jkT; osQ ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us 1974esa fu.kZ; fn;k fd Hkys gh lafoèkku esa iaFkfujis{k jkT; dh ckrugha dgh x;h gS] fiQj Hkh bl fo"k; esa dksbZ lansg ugha gS fdlafoèkku fuekZrk blh rjg dk jkT; LFkkfir djuk pkgrs FksA
mísf';dk esa ^iaFk fujis{k* 'kCn ç;ksx djus osQ vykok] gekjslafoèkku esa vU; fdlh Hkh txg Li"V :i ls ;g ugha dgk x;kgS fd èkeZ dks jktuhfr osQ lkFk ugha feykus fn;k tk,xk ;k èkkfeZdleL;kvksa] fufèk;ksa vkSj mikluk osQ LFkkuksa dk ç;ksx jktuhfrdmís';ksa osQ fy, ugha djus fn;k tk,xkA ;g Hkh vHkh r; ugha gksik;k fd dgka ^iaFk* 'kCn dk ç;ksx mfpr gksxk vkSj dgka ^èkeZ*;k ^laçnk;* dkA
'kkgckuksa osQ ekeys eas dkuwu fuekZrk :f<+oknh eqlyekuksa osQncko esa vk x, vkSj iaFk fujis{krk ;k lHkh osQ fy, leku U;k;dh laoSèkkfud lacksèk dh ewy Hkkouk osQ furkar çfrdwy eqfLyeefgyk (fookn foPNsn osQ vfèkdkj dk laj{k.k) vfèkfu;e 1986yk;k x;k rkfd mPpre U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; dks jí fd;k tk losQA
cksEcbZ okys ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us eè;çns'k] fgekpyvkSj jktLFkku esa rhu Hkktik ljdkjksa dh c[kkZLrxh dks mfprBgjk;k vkSj dgk fd iaFkfujis{krkokn dks lafoèkku dk cqfu;knh rRoekuk tkuk pkfg,A
tks Hkh gks] vc Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud fofèk esa ^iaFkfujis{k* 'kCndk ,dek=k çorZuh; fuoZpu ogh gksxk tks lafoèkku osQ fofHkÂçkoèkkuksa tSls vuqPNsn 14] 15] 16] 19 vkSj 25 rFkk 28 ls le>ktk ldrk gSA mísf';dk osQ vla'kksfèkr :i esa Hkh] vU; ckrksa osQlkFk&lkFk fo'okl] èkeZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora=krk 'kkfey FkhA nwljs'kCnksa esa] blesa lHkh osQ fy, èkkfeZd Lora=krk dk lR;fu"Bk osQlkFk opu fn;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr osQ lHkh yksxksa esa çfr"Bk rFkkvolj osQ fl¼kUrksa osQ }kjk bldh iqu% iqf"V dh xbZ FkhA
lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us ,d ,sls jk"Vª dk liuk la;kstk Fkk tksèkeZ] tkfr] iaFk dh lewph fo'ks"krkvksa ls ijs gksxkA os èkeZ osQf[kykiQ ugha Fks] fdarq os vk'kk djrs Fks fd jktuhfrd ,drk tqVkuklaHko gksxk vkSj èkkfeZd erHksn jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ckèkd ugha cusaxsAlafoèkku esa ,d ,slh u;h lekt O;oLFkk dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZFkh tks lkaçnkf;d la?k"kks± ls eqDr gksxh rFkk ftldk vkèkkj gksxklkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k;A lafoèkku esa ,d ,slhjktO;oLFkk dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k Fkk ftlosQ vUrxZr dkuwuksaa esaèkeZ] tkfr vkfn osQ vkèkkj ij ukxfjdksa osQ chp Hksn&Hkko ugha fd;ktk,xkA
;g Hkh t:jh nh[k iM+rk gS fd iaFkfujis{krk 'kCn dh Li"VifjHkk"kk Lo;a lafoèkku esa gh dj nh tk,] fo|eku dkuwuksa dks n`<+rk
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 121
ls ykxw fd;k tk, rFkk vkSj Hkh dM+s dkuwu cuk, tk, rkfd dksbZny ;k O;fDr jktuhfrd ;k vU; fdlh ykHk osQ fy, èkeZ dknq#i;ksx u dj losQA
mísf';dk osQ vykok lafoèkku esa iaFkfujis{k%vuq% 25 var%dj.k dks vkSj èkeZ osQ vckèk #i ls
ekuus] vkpj.k vkSj çpkj djus dh Lora=krk&1- yksd O;oLFkk lnkpkj vkSj LokLF; dks cuk, j[krs gq,
lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks èkeZ dks vckèk :i ls ekuus ,oa çpkj djusdk Lora=k vfèkdkj gksxkA
2- jkT; bl lacaèk esa ,slh fofèk cuk losQxk tks&(d) èkkfeZd vkpj.k ls lacafèkr fdlh jktuhfrd foÙkh; ;k vU;
ykSfdd fØ;kdyki dk fofu;eu ;k fuc±èku djrh gS]([k) lqèkkj ,oa lkoZtfud dY;k.k osQ fy, lkoZtfud çdkj dh
fgUnwvksa dh èkkfeZd laLFkkvksa dks fgUnqvksa osQ lHkh oxks± osQ fy,[kksyus dk micaèk djrh gSA
(x) o`Qik.k èkkj.k djuk vkSj ysdj pyuk fl[k èkeZ osQ ekuus dkvax ekuk tk,xkA
(?k) fgUnqvksa osQ çfr funsZ'k dk vFkZ fl[k] tSu ;k ckS¼ èkeZ osQekuus okyksa osQ çfr Hkh funsZ'k rFkk laLFkkvksa ls rkRi;Z Hkh bulHkh dh laLFkkvksa ls gSAvuq- 26& èkkkfeZd dk;ks ± osQ çcaèk dh Lora=krkyksd O;oLFkk] lnkpkj ,oa LokLF; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,]
çR;sd èkkfeZd laçnk; ;k mlosQ fdlh vuqHkkx dks&(1) èkkfeZd ;k iwtk ç;kstuksa osQ fy, laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj
iks"k.k dk](2) vius èkeZ lacafèkr dk;ks± osQ çcaèk djus dk(3) py vkSj vpy laifÙk osQ vtZu vkSj LokfeRo dk rFkk](4) ,slh laifÙk dks fofèk osQ vuqlkj ç'kklu djus dk vfèkdkj
gksxkAvuq- 27& èkeZ dh vfHko`f¼ osQ fy, djksa osQ lank;
osQ ckjs esa Lora=krk& fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ,sls djksa dk lanL;djus osQ fy, ckè; ugha fd;k tk,xk tks fdlh fof'k"V èkeZ dhvfHko`f¼ osQ fy, fofu;ksftr fd, tkrs gSaA
vuq- 28& oqQN f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa èkkfeZd f'k{kk ;kèkkfeZd mikluk esa mifLFkr gksus osQ fo"k; esa Lora=krk
(1) fyf[kr ,oa fufeZr lafoèkku& lafoèkku lHkk eaasuofufeZr lafoèkku 26 uoEcj] 1949 dks vfèkfu;fer] vkRekfçr rFkkvaxho`Qr fd;k] ukxfjdrk] fuokZpu vkSj varfje laln ls lacafèkrxBcaèkuksa rFkk vLFkk;h vkSj laØe.kdkyhu micaèkksa dks 26 uoEcj]1949 ls ykxww dj fn;k x;kA 'ks"k lafoèkku 26 tuojh] 1950 dksykxw gqvk rFkk blh frfFk dks lafoèkku dks ykxw gksus dh frfFk ekukx;kA blh fnu Hkkjr dks x.kra=k ?kksf"kr fd;kA
2- fo'o dk lcls cM+k lafoèkku& Hkkjrh; lafoèkkufo'o dk lcls cM+k fyf[kr lafoèkku gSA bl lafoèkku esa osQUnz]jkT; ljdkj] ç'kklfud lsok,a] fuokZpu vkfn ç'kklu ls lacaf/r lHkh fo"k;ksa ij foLrkj ls fy[kk x;k gSA çkjaHk esa ewy lafoèkkuesa 395 vuqPNsn rFkk 8 vuqlwfp;ka FkhA lafoèkku esa fujarj la'kksèkugksrs jgus ls lafoèkku osQ vkdkj esa o`f¼ gksrh xbZA 42osa lfoèkkula'kksèku 1976 osQ }kjk blosQ vkdkj esa fo'ks"k :i ls o`f¼ gqbZgSA çFke lafoèkku la'kksèku }kjk 9oha rFkk 52osa la'kksèku }kjk 10
oha vuqlwph tksM+h xbZA xzke iapk;rksa ,oa uxjikfydk fo"k;d 73oasrFkk 74osa la'kksèku dks X;kjgoha ,oa ckjgoha vuqlwph esa lfEefyrfd;k x;k gSA orZeku esa lafo/ku esa 400 ls vfèkd vuqPNsn gSarFkk 12 vuqlwfp;ka gSA
3- lafo/ku dh çLrkouk& lafoèkku esa ,d çHkko'kkyhçsj.kk Ïksr çLrkouk gSA ;g lafoèkku osQ y{; rFkk mís'; fuèkkZfjrdjrh gSA 42oas lafoèkku la'kkèku }kjk çLrkouk esa la'kksèku djrs gq,^lektoknh*] èkeZ&fujis{k* rFkk ^v[kaMrk* 'kCn tksM+s x, gSaA
4- lafoèkku esa fofHk lafoèkkuksa dk lekos'k& lafoèkkulHkk us lafoèkku cukus osQ iwoZ fofHk ns'kksa osQ lafoèkku dk vè;;ufd;k rFkk Lora=krk osQ iwoZ cus vfèkfu;eksa] dkaxzsl osQ çLrkoksa dkHkh vè;;u fd;kA tgka ls tks micaèk vPNk yxk og ys fy;kx;k rFkk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa mls lfEefyr dj fy;k x;kA
5- dBksj rFkk yphysiu dk leUo;& lafoèkku esala'kksèku osQ vkèkkj ij lafoèkku dks nks çdkjksa esa ckaVk x;k gS%dBksj rFkk yphykA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa ;g nksuksa gh çdkj dhfo'ks"krk ik;h tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa lafoèkku la'kksèku dhfuEu rhu çfØ;k gS&(d) laln osQ çR;sd lnu osQ lkèkkj.k cgqer osQ }kjk([k) laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ fo'ks"k cgqer osQ }kjk rFkk(x) la?k rFkk jkT;ksa dh lgefr ls
6- lEiw.kZ çHkqRolai jkT;& Hkkjrh; lafoèkku us ;gO;oLFkk dh gS fd Hkkjr ,oa Hkkjr osQ yksx fdlh Hkh ckgjh vFkokfons'kh lÙkk osQ vèkhu vFkok nokc esa dk;Z ugha djsaxsA Hkkjr dhlaçHkqrk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, gh xqV fujis{krk dh fons'k uhfrdks viuk;k x;k ,oa laçHkqrk dh j{kk djus osQ fy, gj laHkomik; fd, x;s gSaA
7- yksdra=kkRed jkT;& Hkkjr esa fczVsu osQ yksdra=k osQvuq:i yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA ;gka çR;{k yksdra=k dhLFkkiuk u djosQ vçR;{k yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA lafoèkkufuekZrkvksa us u osQoy jktuhfrd yksdra=k dh gh LFkkiuk dh cfYdlkekftd vkfFkZd yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk dk Hkh ladYi fy;kA
8- x.kra=k jkT;& Hkkjr us fczfV'k yksdra=k osQ ekWMy dksrks viuk;k ysfdu jktk osQ vuqokaf'kd in dks ugha viuk;k x;kAjk"Vª dk vè;{k vuqokaf'kd u gksdj dksbZ fuokZfpr O;fDr gksxkAx.kra=k 'kCn dk ;gh vfHkçk; gS fd Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr fuokZfprgksxkA
9- lalnh; ljdkj& lalnh; O;oLFkk esa laln dks vfèkdegRo çnku fd;k tkrk gSA dk;Zikfydk laln osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrhgSA bl O;oLFkk esa nksgjh dk;Zikfydk gksrh gS& ,d ukeek=k dhdk;Zikfydk rFkk nwljh okLrfod dk;ZikfydkA Hkkjr esa ukeek=k dhdk;Zikfydk jk"Vªifr gS rFkk okLrfod dk;Zikfydk çèkkuea=kh osQusr`Ro esa eaf=keaMy gSA çèkkuea=kh rFkk eaf=keaMy laln osQ çFke lnuyksdlHkk osQ çfr lkewfgd :i ls mÙkjnk;h gSA eaf=keaMy lalnh;O;oLFkk esa eaf=kifj"kn gh okLrfod ljdkj gksrh gSA
10- lektoknh O;oLFkk& Hkkjrh; lafoèkku eas lektoknhrÙo igys ls gh fo|eku Fks] ysfdu bls vfèkd egRo çnku djusosQ fy, ^lektoknh* 'kCn lafoèkku dh çLrkouk esa] 42osaa lafoèkkula'kksèku vfèkfu;e }kjk lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA ^lektoknh* 'kCndk vFkZ vR;ar O;kid gS] fiQj Hkh Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa lektoknh
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
Y
IAS ACADEM
Y
©Chronicle IAS Academy 122
dk ewy vfHkçk; vk£Fkd 'kks"k.k dks lekIr djuk gSA oLrqr% ;gyksdrkaf=kd fopkjèkkjk ij vkèkkfjr lektokn gS ftldk vFkZ HkkjrosQ fofHk oxks± esa lekurk çkIr djosQ vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd 'kks"k.kdks lekIr djuk gSA
11- èkeZ fujis{k jkT;& 42osa la'kksèku }kjk ^èkeZ fujis{krk*'kCn dks Hkh çLrkouk esa tksM+k x;k gSA
12- la?kkRed ,oa ,dkRed O;oLFkk dk leUo;&lafoèkku }kjk la?kkRed <+kaps dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k vFkkZr~ osQUnzjkT;ksa eas i`Fkd&i`Fkd ljdkjsa LFkkfir dh xbZ rFkk jkT;ksa ij osQUnzdk opZLo LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
la?kkRed O;oLFkk dh pkjksa çeq[k y{k.ksa& lafoèkku dh loksZPprk]'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu] Lora=k loksZPp U;k;ky; ,oa f}lnukRedlaln] gekjs lafoèkku esa ik;h tkrh gS ysfdu blds lkFk gh oqQN,slh egRoiw.kZ ckrsa Hkh gekjs lafoèkku esa ik;h tkrh gS tks ,dkRedO;oLFkk dks leFkZu djrs gSaA ;fn dkj.k gS fd oqQN vkykspdksa usbls ^v¼Z la?k* crk;k gSA
13- ,dho`Qr U;k; O;oLFkk& la?kkRed O;oLFkk osQlkFk&lkFk Hkkjr esa ,dho`Qr U;k;ikfydk dk xBu fd;k x;k gSAosQUnz esa loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk jkT; eas mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiukdh xbZ gSA osQUnz esa mPpre U;k;ky; 'kklu dk rhljk vax gSysfdu jkT; eas mPp U;k;ky; jkT; 'kklu dk rhljk vax u gksdjloksZPp U;k;ky; dk ,d vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; gSA
14- o;Ld ,oa lkoZtfud erkfèkdkj& Hkkjrh; lafoèkkufuekZrkvksa us fcuk fdlh HksnHkko osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks] ftUgksaus ,dfuf'pr vk;q çkIr dj yh gS] dks erkfèkdkj dk vfèkdkj çnkufd;k gSA
fu"d"kZ Lo:i ge dg ldrs gsSa fd Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,dO;kid nLrkost gSA ;g vusd n`f"V;ksa ls vuwBk gSA bls fdlh [kkl<kaps ;k ekWMy eas fiQV ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA tgka f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn cuk, x, vusd ns'kksa osQ lafoèkku yq<+d x,] oghagekjs lafoèkku us vusd ladVksa dk liQyrkiwoZd lkeuk fd;k gS vkSjog thfor jgk gSA ;g ckr Lo;aes; mldh lquE;rk] lfØ;rk vkSjlaof¼ dh laHkkO;rk dk çek.k gSA
tokgjyky usg: dk fodkloknh]tokgjyky usg: dk fodkloknh]tokgjyky usg: dk fodkloknh]tokgjyky usg: dk fodkloknh]tokgjyky usg: dk fodkloknh]lektoknh n'kZulektoknh n'kZulektoknh n'kZulektoknh n'kZulektoknh n'kZu
tokgj yky usg: lkekftd lekurk ds dV~Vj ifj"kks"kd FksAos Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;kIr tkfrxr ladh.kZrkvksa ds fojksèkh Fkss vkSjmudks lewy fou"V dj nsuk pkgrs FksA os oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k okysO;fDr FksA os vPNh rjg tkurs Fks fd bu ladh.kZrkvksa ds ihNs]os lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk,a gaS tks vkèkqfud fo'o ds lanHkZesa fujFkZd gks pqdh gaSA os o.kZ O;oLFkk ds Hkh fojksèkh Fks vkSj èkeZij vkèkkfjr vkLFkkvksa ij lhèkh pksV djrs FksA leLr tkfrxr]laçnk;xr vkSj èkeZ ij vkèkkfjr ladh.kZrkvksa ds mij mBdj os ,d,sls jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrs Fks] tks viuh vUrZjk"Vªh;rk dhHkwfedk leqfpr :i ls fuHkk ldsA mudh leLr jktuhfrdifjdYiuk,a blh Hkkouk ij fuHkZj gaSA mudk lektoknh n`f"Vdks.k]mudk xqVfujis{krk dk fl¼kUr] muds }kjk fu:fir vkfFkZd O;oLFkkdh lajpuk&;s lHkh jktuSfrd fl¼kUr lekurk vkSj vUrZjk"Vªh;rkds vkèkkj ij fuHkZj gaSA mudh ekU;rk Fkh fd yksdra=k ek=k ,djktuSfrd O;oLFkk ugha gS] cfYd ,d thou i¼fr gSA
muds yksdra=k lacaèkh fopkjksa dk nwljk egRoiw.kZ vk;ke mudhlektoknh fopkjèkkjk gS] mudk n`<+ fo'okl Fkk fd Hkkjr gh ugha]cfYd leLr fo'o dh leL;kvksa dk ,dek=k gy lektoknhO;oLFkk esa gh gks ldrk gSA os bl fopkj ls lger ugha Fks fdyksdra=k vkSj lektokn ,d lkFk ugha iui ldrs vkSj fcuk U;k;iw.kZcaVokjs ds vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk yksdrkaf=kd gy ugha fudy ldrkgSA okLro esa usg:th dh lektoknh fopkjèkkjk ds rhu eq[; ÏksrFks&mudh Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh le>] fczVsu dk iQSfc;u lks'kfyTevkSj ekDlZoknh fopkjèkkjk dk çHkko rFkk bldk :lh ç;ksxA burhuksa ds ekè;e ls mUgksaus ,d u;h i¼fr dh 'kq#vkr dhA
oLrqr% usg:th Hkkjr esa ,d lektoknh lekt (Socialistic
pattern of Society) dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs Fks] ftldh dYiukrHkh lkdkj gks ldrh Fkh tc lektokn ds vkfFkZd igyw dh vksjè;ku fn;k tk;sA mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd Hkkjr esa O;kIr leLrleL;kvksa dk dkj.k ;gk¡ dh xjhch vkSj vlekurk gSA tc rdbl fo"kerk dks fofu"V u fd;k tk;sxk rc rd jk"Vªh; ,drk ;klekurk dh ckr djuk O;FkZ gSA blh voèkkj.kk ds vkèkkj ijusg:th us vius vkfFkZd fopkjksa dk çfriknu fd;k vkSj dbZO;ogkfjd dne mBk;sA
yksdrkaf=kd lektokn dh LFkkiuk ds fy, usg: th us ,dfefJr vFkZO;oLFkk (Mixed Economy) ds fl¼kUr dk çfriknufd;kA os lkE;oknh fopkjksa ds leFkZd gksrs gq, Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dsiw.kZ jk"Vªh;dj.k ds i{k esa ugha FksA fdUrq ns'k dh lkjh vFkZOoLFkkdks iw.kZr;k iw¡thifr;ksa ds mij NksM+ nsus ds i{k esa Hkh os ugha FksAns'k dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk rFkk <+kbZ lkS lky ds 'kks"k.k dh mudksiwjh tkudkjh FkhA xkaèkhth ds ^VªLVhf'ki* ds fl¼kUr dks osvO;kogkfjd ekurs FksA blfy, mudk fopkj Fkk fd tks vFkZO;oLFkkHkkjr ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxh] og u rks iw.kZr;k iwathoknh fl¼kUrksaij vkèkkfjr gksuh pkfg, u gh iwjh rkSj ij lkE;oknhA Hkkjr dsdbZ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dh enn ls mUgksaus Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks nksHkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k&,d Hkkx tks jk"Vªh;dj.k ds vUrZxr vk;sxkvFkkZr~ lkoZtfud {ks=k (Public Sector) vkSj nwljk Hkkx tks futh{ks=k ds vUrZxr vk;sxk vFkkZr~ futh {ks=k (Private Sector)A blhO;oLFkk dks fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk (Mixed Economy) dk uke fn;kx;k gSA
usg:th ds vkfFkZd dk;ZØe dk ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ igywgS& vkfFkZd fu;kstu (Economic Planing)A os le;c¼ vkfFkZd;kstukvksa ds leFkZd FksA blds ekè;e ls os nks fo'ks"k igyqvksa ijè;ku nsuk pkgrs Fks&,d rks ns'k dh vkfFkZd vko';drk,a vkSj nwljk;kstukvksa dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, èku dk leqfpr çcaèkA :lds O;fDrxr vuqHko ls mudh bl Hkkouk dks vfèkd cy feykAmUgksaus ns[kk fd fdl rjg :l ,d lkèkkj.k d`f"k çèkku ns'k lsvkxs c<+dj ,d vkS|ksfxd ns'k cu x;kA laHkor% 1938 esa mudsefLr"d esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu dh ckr loZçFke vk;hA Lora=krk çkfIrds ckn 1950 esa çFke ckj mUgksaus ;kstuk vk;ksx (Planning
Commission) dk laxBu fd;kA ;gha ls iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dh'kq#vkr gqbZ] tks vkt rd tkjh gSA 1950 esa usg:th us dgk Fkk%¶gekjs vkn'kZ Åaps vkSj y{; egku gSaA mudh rqyuk esa iapo"khZ;;kstuk lkèkkj.k 'kq#vkr yxrh gS] ysfdu gesa ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd;g vius <ax dk igyk egku ç;Ru gS vkSj ;g vkt dhvko';drkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gS u fd gekjh bPNkvksa ij**A
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 123
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; (Welf are State) dh ifjdYiuk usg: dsml ç;Ru dk ifj.kke gS] ftlds ekè;e ls os vkfFkZd O;oLFkkds fl¼kUrksa dk ç;ksx lekftd lekurk ds mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy,djuk pkgrs FksA bl voèkkj.kk ds vuqlkj ns'k esa tks Hkh dk;Zfd, tk;sa mudk mís'; turk dh HkykbZ gksuh pkfg,] vkfFkZd ykHkughaA
bl çdkj ge ns[krs gaS fd usg:th dh lcls cM+h nsu gS mudkyksdrkaf=kd lektoknA usgjQ ds igys ;g le>k tkrk Fkk fdyksdra=k vkSj lektokn dk leUo; laHko ugha gSA lektokn esaO;fDr dh vis{kk jkT; dks vfèkd egRo fn;k tkrk gSA fdUrqusg:th dks O;fDr dh xfjek ij cgqr fo'okl Fkk vkSj os lekurkds dk;y FksA os u rks O;fDroknh n`f"Vdks.k R;kxuk pkgrs Fks vkSju gh lkE;oknh lektoknA mUgksaus nksuksa ds feJ.k ls ,d uohulekftd&jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dh ifjdYiuk dhA os xk¡èkh vkSj ekDlZds chp dh ,d ,slh dM+h gaS] ftldh rqyuk laHkor% fdlh vU;fopkjd ls ugha dh tk ldrhA fdUrq mudh okLrfod ekSfydrkbu nks fl¼kUrksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djus ek=k esa ugha gS] mudhekSfydrk rks ;g gS fd mUgkssaus bl uohu i¼fr dks ,d thou i¼frds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k vkSj bldks O;kogkfjdrk dk Lo:i çnkufd;kA usg:th us ftl lektoknh lekt dh ifjdYiuk dh] mldksviuh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa 'kkfey Hkh fd;k vkSj mlh ds vuq:iviuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks <kykA ;g mudh ,d egku nsu gSA
;kstuk O;oLFkk;kstuk O;oLFkk;kstuk O;oLFkk;kstuk O;oLFkk;kstuk O;oLFkkLora=krk çkfIr ds yxHkx 20 o"kZ iwoZ lu~ 1920 ds n'kd
esa tokgjyky usg: rFkk vU; lektokfn;ksa ds çHkko ls Hkkjr esaO;kid ifjorZu ykus ds mís'; ls dkaxzsl esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu dhppkZ gqbZA lu~ 1930 ds n'kd esa xfBr dkaxzsl dh jk"Vªh; ;kstuklfefr us vkèkkjHkwr vkadM+s ,d=k djus rFkk Hkkoh fodkl ds fy,:ijs[kk rS;kj djus dh fn'kk esa ç;kl fd;kA usg: us lu~ 1962esa Lej.k fnyk;k Fkk fd ¶jktuhfrd yksdra=k dk xUrO; vfuok;Z:i ls vkfFkZd yksdra=k gh gSA¸ Hkkjr esa fu;kstu dk eq[; mís';eq[; :i ls jktuhfrd Lora=krk dks vkfFkZd :i nsuk FkkA mldhdYiuk lekftd&vkfFkZd ifjorZu ds ,d midj.k ds :i esa dhx;h FkhA jktuhfrd yksdra=k dks lekftd&vkfFkZd yksdra=k esaifjofrZr djuk vkSj vleku lekt esa O;kIr fojksèkkHkkl dks lekIrdjuk bldk ewy mís'; FkkA ,d Lora=k jk"Vªh; yksdra=k dks vkfFkZdfodkl esa gLr{ksih Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk FkkA ^;kstuk* 'kCn dslkFk dqN jksekap] dqN LoIu tqM+s FksA okLro esa ;kstuk dh ewyçsj.kk iwoZ lksfo;r la?k ls çkIr gqbZ] ftlus ogk¡ ds fiNM+s lektdks dqN gh n'kdksa esa lerkiw.kZ lekt esa cny fn;kA vusd dfe;ka]fod`fr;ksa rFkk lhekvksa ds ckotwn iwoZ lksfo;r la?k uoksfnr jk"Vªksads fy, vuqdj.kh; cu x;kA
ekpZ lu~ 1950 esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk fdlh lalnh;vfèkfu;e ;k fdlh laoSèkkfud vuqPNsn ds vUrZxr ugha cfYdeaf=keaMy ds ,d çLrko }kjk dh x;h FkhA vr% bls dHkh&dHkhlafoèkkusÙkj laLFkk dgk tkrk gSA fl¼kUr :i esa ;g eaf=keaMy dh,d ijke'kZnk=kh lfefr gSA bls fuEu lkr dÙkZO; lkSais x, Fks%&1- ns'k ds HkkSfrd lzksrksa] iw¡th vkSj ekuo lalkèku dk vkdyu
djuk_
2- ns'k esa miyCèk lkèkuksa ds çHkkodkjh ,oa larqfyr mi;ksx gsrq;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djuk_
3- fodkl dh jk"Vªh; çkFkfedrkvksa dks fuèkkZfjr djuk] fodklds lksiku fuèkkZfjr djuk vkSj lalkèkuksa ds leqfpr vkgju ds lacaèkesa lq>ko nsuk_
4- vkfFkZd fodkl ds vo:¼ gksus dh ço`fr ds dkj.kksa dk irkyxkuk vkSj ;kstuk ds liQyrkiwoZd dk;kZUo;u ds fy,vko';d n'kk,a lqfuf'pr djuk_
5- ;kstuk ds çR;sd pj.k ds fy, dk;kZUo;u gsrq ç.kkyh dsLo:i dks lqfuf'pr djuk_
6- ;kstuk dk;kZUo;u ls gksus okyh çxfr dk le;& le; ijewY;kadu djuk vkSj uhfr;ksa ,oa mik;ksa esa vko';d la'kksèkuksads fy, lq>ko nsuk_ vkSj
7- Lo;a vius dk;ksZa dks çHkkodkjh cukus rFkk orZeku uhfr;ksa]mik;ksa_ fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa vkfn ds lacaèk esa vko';difjorZu djus ds lacaèk esa ;k dsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa }kjkijke'kZ ds fy, Hksth x;h leL;kvksa ds lacaèk esa laLrqfr;kadjukA;kstuk vk;ksx dks eaf=keaMy dks viuh laLrqfr;ka Hkstuh gksrh
gaSA bls dsUnz ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkj ds eaf=k;ksa ds lg;ksx oijke'kZ ls dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA uhfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u dk fu.kZ;dsUnzh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk fy;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; jkT; O;oLFkkdh la?kh; ç.kkyh esa dsUnz vkSj jkT; ds chp leUo; lacaèkh dqNleL;k,a vk tkrh gaSA gekjs lafoèkku esa vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftdfu;kstu dk mYys[k lkroha vuqlwph esa nh x;h leorhZ lwph esaØe la[;k 20 ij fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi ;kstuk vk;ksx iapo"khZ;;kstuk dk çk:i rS;kj djrk gS] fiQj Hkh jkT; ljdkjsa viuh&viuhiapo"khZ; ;kstuk vkSj okf"kZd ;kstukvksa ds lkFk mldk la;kstu djrhgSA jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn (National Development Council) ;kstuklacaèkh fu.kZ; ysus dh loksZPp laLFkk gSA bldk vè;{k çèkkuea=kh gksrkgS vkSj jkT; vkSj dsUnz 'kkflr çns'kksa ds eq[;eaf=k;ksa] fo'ks"k :i lsfoÙk ea=kky;ksa ds çHkkjh eaf=k;ksa lfgr lHkh dsUnzh; ea=kh rFkk ;kstukvk;ksx ds lHkh lnL; blds lnL; gksrs gSaA ;kstuk vk;ksx dk lfpobl ifj"kn dk lfpo gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn ;kstuk ds çk:iij fopkj&foe'kZ djrh gS vkSj vko';drkuqlkj la'kksèku HkhA
;kstukvksa ds mís';;kstukvksa ds mís';;kstukvksa ds mís';;kstukvksa ds mís';;kstukvksa ds mís';tcfd çR;sd ;kstuk ds vYidkyhu mís'; rkRdkfyd leL;kvksa
dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fHkUu&fHkUu Fks] lexz ;kstuk çfØ;k lkekU;nh?kZdkfyd n`';ksa ls çsfjr jgh gSA ;s è;s; Fks&1- yksxks ds thou Lrj esa lqèkkj ykus ds fy, mQ¡ph lao`f¼ nj2- lekftd U;k;] rFkk3- vkfFkZd Lokoyacu (vkRe&fuHkZjrk)
1- mQ¡ph lao`f¼ nj& vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku ds'kks"k.k ds dkj.k Lora=krk ds le; ns'k esas thou Lrj cgqr ghfuEu FkkA tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx n;uh; vkSj vekuoh; thouO;rhr dj jgk FkkA blfy, thou Lrjksa esa lqèkkj Hkh iapo"khZ;;kstukvksa dk lkekU; è;s; jgk gSA blds fy, vU; mik;ksa dsvfrfjDr jk"Vªh; vk; dh cgqr maQph lao`f¼ nj vko';d gSA 1950ds ckn tula[;k dh maQph lao`f¼ nj ds dkj.k bldh vko';drkvkSj Hkh vfèkd gks x;h gSA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 124
2- lkekftd U;k; % lafoèkku esa fofgr funsZ'kd fl¼kÙkksaus U;k;& lkekftd&vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd& dks ewyHkwr jk"Vªh;opu ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA D;ksafd ;kstuk,a jkT; uhfr dk ,d cgqregRoiw.kZ lkèku gSa] blfy, lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd U;k; muds ewymís';ksa esa j[ks x;s gSaA ;kstukvksa esa ifjHkkf"kr lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZdU;k; dh vusd fn'kk,a gaS&1- yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfrd <kaps dk laj{k.k]2- vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd lekurk rFkk fodkl esa {ks=kh; larqyu
ds fy, ç;Ru]3- vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds ladsUnz.k dk ifjotZu rFkk4- fiNM+s oxksZa rFkk detksj oxksZa dk fo'ks"k è;kuA
thou Lrj esa lqèkkj rFkk lkekftd U;k; ds ijLij lacafèkrè;s;ksa dks nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa lekfo"V lekt ds lektoknh:i dh ldYiuk esa bdV~Bk dj fn;k x;k gSA bl ladYiuk dklkj ;g gS fd ^^fodkl dk Lo:i vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd lacaèkksadh lajpuk dks bl çdkj vk;ksftr fd;k tk, fd blls u dsoyjk"Vªh; vk; vkSj jkstxkj esa o`f¼ nh gks] cfYd vk; vkSj laifÙkls vfèkd lekurk Hkkh çkIr gks------vkfFkZd fodkl ds ykHkvfèkdkfèkd vis{kkd`r de lqfoèkkçkIr oxksZa dks feys rFkk vk;] èkuvkSj vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds ladsUnz.k esa mÙkjksÙkj deh gksuh pkfg,A**
3- vkfFkZd Lokoyacu% Hkkjr esa ;g fo'okl fd;k tkrk gSfd vkfFkZd Lora=krk ds fcuk jktuhfrd Lora=krk viw.kZ rFkk detksjgksxhA bl fopkj dk rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa lekfo"V vkRe fuHkZjrkds è;s; esa Li"V fu:i.k fd;k x;kA bl O;oLFkkiu ds vfuok;ZrRo fuEu Fks&1- ;|fi fons'kh iwath dk lkekU; vUr%çokg tkjh jgs] ysfdu
fo'ks"k çdkj dh fons'kh lgk;rk dks mÙkjksÙkj de fd;k tkukpkfg, vkSj varr% fujLr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk
2- vkRe&fuHkZjrk ds è;s; dks 10 ls 12 o"kZ dh vofèk vFkkZr1974&75 rd çkIr dj fy;k tkuk pkfg,Arhljh ;kstuk esa ftl vkRefuHkZjrk ds è;s; dh O;k[;k dh x;h
gS og foÙkh; vkRe fuHkZjrk ij cy nsrk gSA bldk lkj ;g Fkkfd vkBosa n'kd ds igys pkj ik¡p o"kksZa esa vFkZO;oLFkk bl ;ksX;gks tk;sxh fd os ?kjsyw lalkèkuksa dh larks"ktud nj ij yxkrkj laof¼ds fy, foÙk tqVk ldsA ftu fufèk;ksa ls /u tqVkus dh vko';drkiM+s] mudh jkf'k bruh lhfer gksuh pkfg, fd futh fons'kh ljdkjh,tsafl;ksa rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkuksa ls fj;k;rh njksa ij èku ysus dhvko';drk ugha gksxhA vr% mUgsa dksbZ ,slk volj ugha feysxk] ftllsos bl ns'k esa dksbZ jktuSfrd gLr{ksi dj ldsaA
fu;kstu ds çeq[k mís'; ;kstuk ds fofHkUu çys[kksa esa gS ftUgsala{ksi esa ge bl çdkj j[k ldrs gaS%1- vkS|ksfxd vfèkjpuk dk fuekZ.k djuk]2- d`f"k mRiknu dk foLrkj rFkk lqèkkj djuk]3- jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa vkRefuHkZjrk dk vkèkkj rS;kj djuk]4- jk"Vªh; iwath esa i;kZIr o`f¼ vkSj mudk leku rFkk larqfyr
forj.k djuk]5- lkekftd U;k; dks c<+kok nsuk]6- csjkstxkjh vkSj fuèkZurk dk mUewyu djuk]7- fuj{kjrk vkSj jksxksa dk mUewyu djuk8- O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dks çksRlkgu nsuk]
9- fu;kZr vfHkeq[k vkSj vk;kr iwfrZ çfrLFkkfir mRiknu ds fy,fuekZrkvksa dks çksRlkfgr djuk rFkk
10- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkèkqfud çHkkoh vkSj çfrLi¼kZRedcukukAfefJr vFkZO;oLFkk& Hkkjr dh fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk lkoZtfud
rFkk futh {ks=kksa dh bdkb;ksa ds lgvfLrRo ij vkèkkfjr gSA ;gnksukas {ks=k cktkj ds ijks{k rFkk fu;kstu ds çR;{k çHkko ds <kapsesa dk;Z djrs gSaA lkoZtfud {ks=k dh Hkwfedk vkSj dk;Z{ks=k 1948vkSj 1956 dh nks vkS|ksfxd uhfr ladYiksa ds vUrxZr lqfuf'pr fd;sx;s gaSA igyh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ladYi&1948 esa Lora=krk çkfIr dsBhd ckn gh vaxhdkj fd;k x;k FkkA nwljk vkS|ksfxd uhfr ladYi1956 esa dkaxzsl ds vkokMh vfèkos'ku ds ckn vaxhdkj fd;k x;kFkk] ftlesa lekt ds lektoknh Lo:i dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k rFkk?kks"k.kk dh x;h fd gj çdkj ds vkèkkjHkwr rFkk egÙoiw.kZ m|ksxksa,oa tu mi;ksxh lsokvksa ds fu;kstu rFkk 'kh?kz fodkl dks lkoZtfud{ks=k esa j[kk tk;sxkA ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fodkldks fdlh fo'ks"k fopkjèkkjk ds vkèkkj ij Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;kA
vke èkkj.kk gS fd lkoZtfud {ks=k ,d lektoknh {ks=k gS fdarq,slh ckr ugha gSA blds foijhr bldk fuekZ.k ,d iwathoknh <kapsds vUrxZr Hkkjr ds fodkl dks rst xfr nsus ds fy, fd;k x;kgSA ;g ,d ,sfrgkfld vko';drk FkhA futh m|fe;ksa ds ikl urks lalkèku Fks] u rduhdh dkS'ky vkSj u mu {ks=kksa esa iwath yxkusesa jQfp Fkh] tgka rRdky ykHk dh dksbZ vk'kk ugha fn[kkbZ iM+rhFkhA vr% lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dsoy jkT; ds iklgh lalkèku vkSj bPNk&'kfDr FkhA
fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa fodkl dk mÙkjnkf;Ro dsoy lkoZtfud{ks=kksa dh bdkb;ksa ij gh gS ftudk mi;ksx Hkkjh m|ksx rFkk vkèkkfjdlajpuk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tSls ;krk;kr] jsyos] tgktjkuh]mM~M;u] lM+d ;krk;kr dh dqN lssok,a] Mkd rkj vkSj nwjHkk"k]lapkj] flapkbZ lqfoèkk,a] ÅtkZ lzksr tSls dks;yk] isVªksfy;e] çkd`frdxSl] fo|qr 'kfDr] ijek.kq ÅtkZ bR;kfn] yksgk vkSj bLikr] [kfutvkSj èkkrq] jlk;u] moZjd vkSj vkS"kfèk;ksa] Hkkjh vfHk;a=k.k e'khufuekZ.k vkfnA
1951 esa lkoZtfud {ks=k ds 5 m|ksxksa esa iwath fuos'k ek=k 29djksM+ #i;k Fkk] tks 1990 esa 246 miØeksa esa c<+dj 1] 13] 234djksM+ #i;k gks x;kA lkoZtfud {ks=k dk fodkl fu;kstu çfØ;kdk ,d çeq[k ;ksxnku gSA
fodkl dh ;qfDr (Strategy of Development) % fodkl;qfDr ls vfHkçk; ml uhfr ds xBu ls gS] ftlesa leL;k dks gydjus ds fy, lHkh mik;ksa vkSj lHkh igyqvksa ij igys ls gh fopkjdj fy;k tkrk gSA y{;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, vusd oSdfYid ekxZlq>k;s tk ldrs gSA vk;kstudrkZ mu lHkh lq>k, x;s ekxks± esa ls,d ekxZ dk pquko dj ysrs gSa vkSj viuh uhfr ml ekxZ ds vuq:irS;kj djrs gSaA bl uhfr fuèkkZj.k dh fØ;k dks fodkl vFkokvk;kstu dh ;qfDr dgk tkrk gSA ^fodkl ;qfDr* rS;kj djus dsçeq[k mís'; fuEufyf[kr gksrs gSa&1- fodkl dh nj vfèkdre laHko gksuh pkfg, rFkk fodkl
dk;ZØe esa U;wure lkèkuksa dk ç;ksx gksuk pkfg,2- vFkZO;oLFkk dk Lo:i ftruk tYnh gks cny fn;k tkuk pkfg,
rFkk3- fodkl dk;ZØe tc ykxw fd;k tk;s rks mlds ekxZ esa fdlh
rjg dh ckèkk ugha vkuh pkfg,A
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 125
Hkkjr dh igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fdlh çdkj dh nh?kZdkyhufodkl ;qfDr dk vHkkl ugha feyrkA bldk eq[; mís'; ;g Fkkfd ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks tM+ ls etcwr fd;k tk;s ftlls fdHkfo"; esa vkSj rsth ls fodkl djuk lEHko gks ldsA [kk|k esavkRe&fuHkZjrk çkIr djus ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k rFkk ;kstuk esa d`f"kds fodkl dks çkFkfedrk nh x;hA
igyh ;kstuk dh liQyrkvksa ls mRlkfgr gksdj vk;kstudrkZvksaus ,d lqfopkfjr fodkl ;qfDr ds xBu dk ç;kl fd;kA ,slh ;qfDrnwljh ;kstuk esa cudj rS;kj gqbZA bl ;qfDr dks rS;kj djus dkJs; çks- ih- lh- egkyuksfcl dks fn;k tkrk gSA nwljh ;kstuk dsvkjaHk ls viuk;h x;h fodkl ;qfDr ds fuEufyf[kr çeq[k nks vaxFks&1- vkS|ksxhdj.k ij cy rFkk2- Hkkjh oLrq m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij cyA
fodkl ;qfDr esa ,d vksj rks vkS|ksxhdj.k ij cy fn;k x;kvkSj lkFk gh vkS|ksxhdj.k esa Hkh ^Hkkjh iwathxr oLrqvksa* vFkok^e'khu fuekZ.k* m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij fof'k"V cy fn;k x;kAvkfFkZd fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls mRiknd oLrq m|ksxksa ds fodklds vusd ykHk gksrs gSaA ;kstuk ds fodkl ;qfDr esa ns'k ds lHkhekSfyd vkSj vkèkkjHkwr m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks=kdks çkFkfedrk nh x;h gSA
ckn dh lHkh ;kstukvksa esa Hkh fodkl dk;ZØe dks rS;kj djusdk vkèkkj ;gh fodkl ;qfDr gh jghA fdUrq bu ckn dh ;kstukvksaesa ,d ekSfyd varj dj fn;k x;k FkkA ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa blfodkl ;qfDr dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k Fkk] rc ;g le>k tk jgkFkk fd d`f"k {ks=k i;kZIr :i ls mUur gks pqdk gS rFkk blesa lrr~fodkl dh uhao iM+ pqdh gSA vr% bl {ks=k esa ;fn vkSj iwath dkfuos'k ugha Hkh fd;k tk;s rks dksbZ fo'ks"k varj ugha iM+us okykA fdUrq nqHkkZX; dh ckr ;g gS fd vk;kstudrkZvksa dh d`f"k lacaèkh;g ekU;rk xyr fl¼ gqbZA [kk|k dh deh us vk;kstudrkZvksa dslHkh vuqekuksa dks xyr fl¼ dj fn;kA blfy, ckn dh ;kstukvksaesa ;g vfuok;Z le>k x;k fd d`f"k dks mfpr LFkku miyCèk djk;ktk;s] vr% bu lHkh ;kstukvksa esa Ñf"k fodkl dk;ZØe dksçkFkfedrk nh x;hA bldk iqu% ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd vkS|ksxhdj.kdh mis{kk dh x;h vFkok vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dk;ZØe ij O;; esadVkSrh dh x;h] oju~ d`f"k ds egRo dks le>rs gq, mls mfprLFkku fn;k x;kA bl rjg vFkZO;oLFkk ds ^larqfyr fodkl*(Balanced growth) dh dksf'k'k dh x;h gSA NBha] lkroha vkSjvkBoha ;kstuk esa fuèkkZfjr y{;ksa dh 'kh?kz çkfIr ds fy, ;g Lohdkjfd;k x;k fd bl nkSjku d`f"k ds fodkl dks çkFkfedrk nsuh gksxhAlkFk gh csjkstxkjh nwj djus ds fy, y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksa dksHkh çsfjr djuk gksxkA blh çdkj ÅtkZ] dks;yk] dPpk rsy vkfnds dk;ZØeksa ds fodkl ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gSA la{ksi esa ;gdgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa ;kstuk,a larqfyr fodkl dh y{;ksadh vksj Bksl dne gSaA
;kstukvksa dk dk;Zdky;kstukvksa dk dk;Zdky;kstukvksa dk dk;Zdky;kstukvksa dk dk;Zdky;kstukvksa dk dk;Zdky;kstuk vk;ksx us ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, igyh
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1 vçzSy] 1951 ls vkjaHk dhA bl ;kstuk dkvkdkj vis{kkd`r NksVk FkkA bldk eq[; mís'; f}rh; fo'o ;q¼
vkSj ns'k ds foHkktu ds dkj.k mRiUu vlarqyu dks nwj djuk FkkAblds ckn dh ;kstuk,a vkdkj esa cM+h vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa vfèkdegRokdka{kk j[kus okyh FkhA nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1 vçSy] 1956ls vkjaHk gksdj 31 ekpZ] 1961 dks lekIr gqbZA rhljh iapo"khZ;;kstuk dh vofèk 31 ekpZ] 1966 rd FkhA ;g ns'k dk nqHkkZX;gh Fkk fd rhljh ;kstuk ds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku nks ckj iM+kslh ns'kksaus ge ij geyk fd;k& 1962 esa phu us vkSj 1965 esa ikfdLrkuusA bu geyksa ds ncko esa gesa cgqr lkjh èkujkf'k fodkl dk;ZØeksals fudkydj j{kk lacaèkh dk;ZØeksa ij [kpZ djus ds fy, ckè;gksuk iM+kA lkFk gh ?kjsyw ifjfLFkfr;ka Hkh çfrdwy jghaA 1965&66ds nkSjku ns'k esa Hk;adj lw[kk iM+k] vdky tSlh fLFkfr ns'k esacuh jghA Ñf"k mRiknu esa Hk;adj fxjkoV ds ifj.kkeLo:ivkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa Hkh deh vk x;hA dhersa rsth ls c<+us yxhaA,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gesa ;kstuk ds dk;ZØeksa dks dqN nsj ds fy,LFkfxr djus ds fy, etcwj gksuk iM+kA blh dkj.k bu o"kks± dks1966 ls 1969 rd ^vk;kstu vodkl* (Plan Holiday) dk dkeekuk tkrk gSA bu rhu o"kks± essa okf"kZd ;kstuk,a rS;kj dh x;hA budkeq[; mís'; rhljh ;kstuk ds nkSjku [kks;s gq, larqyu dks nksckjkçkIr djuk FkkA pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1 vçSy] 1969 dks vkjaHkgqbZA ik¡poh ;kstuk 1 vçSy] 1974 dks 'kq: dh x;h ftls vofèkls 1 o"kZ iwoZ gh lekIr dj 1 vçSy] 1978 ls NBha ;kstuk vkjaHkdh x;hA NBha ;kstuk dks Hkh LFkfxr dj 1 vçSy 1980 ls1980&85 dh vofèk ds fy, u;h ;kstuk rS;kj dh x;h ftls NBha;kstuk dgk x;kA 1 vçSy] 1985 ls lkroha ;kstuk,a gh cuk;h x;hA1 vçSy] 1992 ls vkBoha ;kstuk vkjaHk dh x;hA uoha ;kstuk 1vçSy] 1997 ls vkjaHk gqbZ ftldk dk;Zdky 1997&2002 gksxkA
fu;kstu dh miyfCèk;kafu;kstu dh miyfCèk;kafu;kstu dh miyfCèk;kafu;kstu dh miyfCèk;kafu;kstu dh miyfCèk;ka;g gekjh lqfu;ksftr fodkl ;kstukvksa dk gh ifj.kke gS fd
pkj n'kdksa esa O;kid vkS|ksfxd vkèkkj vkSj mRiknu esa o`f¼ dsdkj.k Hkkjr rhljh nqfu;k dk lokZfèkd LFkk;h yksdrkaf=kd jkT;O;oLFkk ds :i esa mHkjk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk ds vfèkdka'k {ks=kksa esavkRe&fuHkZjrk çkIr dj ysuk ,d cgqr cM+h miyfCèk gSA tks ns'kLora=krk çkfIr ds le; egRo dh fdlh Hkh pht dk vkS|ksfxdmRiknu u djrk jgk gks] vkSj çR;sd vko';d oLrq dk vk;krdjuk jgk gks] ml ns'k dk Bhd pkj n'kdksa esa vkS|ksfxd n`f"Vls vkRefuHkZj gks tkuk lpeqp gh çHkko'kkyh gSA vkt HkkjryksdkseksfVo rFkk iksr fuekZ.k] vkWVkseksckby] midj.k] ÅtkZ mRiknu]jlk;u] vkS|ksfxd e'khu] vkStkj] lHkh çdkj ds ?kjsyw midj.k]vfèkdka'k bysDVªkWfud midj.k rFkk ;a=k vkfn cukus okys m|ksxksa dsfy, e'khuksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA Hkkjr us j{kk mRiknu ds {ks=kesa vkRefuHkZjrk çkIr dj yh gSA lcls vfèkd çHkkodkjh vkSjnwjxkeh ifjorZu vkS|ksfxd vkèkkfjd lajpuk ds {ks=k esa gq,A fo|qrÅtkZ mRiknu ds {ks=k esa dkiQh liQyrk feyh gSA isVªksfy;e vkSjçkd`frd xSl ds O;kid Ïksarksa dh [kkst vkSj rsy dqvksa dh [kqnkbZegku liQyrk dh xkFkk cu x;h gSA foLrkj dh n`f"V ls Hkkjrh;jsy fo'o dh loksZPp fodflr ns'ksa esa ls ,d gSA ;krk;kr ds vU;lkèkuksa dk Hkh foLrkj dkiQh gqvk gSA uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k fuckZèkxfr ls vkxs c<+ jgh gS rFkk uxjksa vkSj dLcksa dh la[;k esa
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 126
vlkèkkj.k o`f¼ gqbZ gSA lk{kjrk dh nj Hkh c<+h gSA oSKkfud vkSjrduhd fodkl Hkh dkiQh gqvk gSA
bruk dqN gksus ds ckotwn Hkkjr dh ;kstukvksa esa vkdka{kkvksavkSj miyfCèk;ksa ds chp varj cuk gqvk gSA blds dbZ dkj.k gSaA;kstuk ds y{; okLrfodrk ls dgha vfèkd nwj gaSA mudk dk;kZUo;ura=k cgqr fucZy vkSj vi;kZIr gSA ukSdj'kkgh vkSj jktuhfrK çk;%;kstuk ds y{;ksa vkSj mís';ksa ds çfr çfrc¼ ugha gaSA ç'kklu dsHkz"Vkpkj vkSj mldh v{kerk ls ifj;kstukvksa dh mis{kk gqbZ gS rFkklalkèkuksa dk nq#i;ksx gqvk gSA èkkfeZd vkSj tkrh; iwokZxzg] lkekftdvkSj ikjaifjd fiNM+kiu] dsUnz vkSj jkT; ds chp fojksèk vkSj fodkllacaèkh xfrfofèk;ksa esa ukxfjdksa dh lkekU; mnklhurk ls ?kksf"kr y{;ksaavkSj miyfCèk;ksa ds chp nwjh c<+h gSA bl rjg Hkkjr ds ;kstukfuekZ.k esa fodkl vkSj fuèkZurk dk varfoZjksèk ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
jkT; fu;af=kr vkS|ksxhdj.kjkT; fu;af=kr vkS|ksxhdj.kjkT; fu;af=kr vkS|ksxhdj.kjkT; fu;af=kr vkS|ksxhdj.kjkT; fu;af=kr vkS|ksxhdj.kmifuos'kh 'kklu ds vèkhu Hkkjr dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl dkiQh
çfrcafèkr rFkk foÑr jgk FkkA vkSifuosf'kd ç'kklu ds foijhr] u,jkT; dh vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa rhoz #fp Fkh vkSj blus blds lao¼Zuds fy, vusd çdkj dh uhfr;ka vkSj mik; viuk;sA Lokra=;ksÙkjdky esa vlkèkkj.k vkS|ksfxd lao`f¼ gqbZ gSA blls Hkh vfèkd egRodh ckr ;g gS fd vkS|ksfxd {ks=k cgqr vfèkd fofoèkhd`r gks x;kgSA vR;fèkd egRo dh ckr ;g gS fd ns'k us Hkkjh m|ksxksa ds,d dkiQh cM+s vkèkkj dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k gSA
1947 esa tc ns'k vktkn gqvk rks bl le; Hkkjr dhvFkZO;oLFkk vLr&O;Lr FkhA m|ksxksa ds uke ij dqN cM+s dkj[kkusLFkkfir fd;s x;s Fks] fdUrq budh 'kfDr f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ dhvko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ esa gh lekIr gks x;hA ns'k ds nks cM+sm|ksxksa& lwrh oL=k vkSj iVlu dks ns'k ds foHkktu dk çdksi lgukiM+k] D;ksafd bu m|ksxksa ds dke vkusokys dPps eky&dikl vkSjiVlu ds mRiknu {ks=k ikfdLrku esa pys x;sA blh rjg nwljs m|ksxksaesa Hkh fLFkjrk NkbZ gqbZ FkhA fons'kh fuos'kdrkZ jk"Vªh;dj.k ls Hk;HkhrvkSj vk'kafdr FksA ;gh eukso`fr ns'k esa cM+s&cM+s futh m|fe;ksa dhHkh FkhA gkykafd Lora=krk ds rRdky ckn gh ns'k esa fefJrvFkZO;oLFkk&ftuesa futh vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=k lkFk&lkFk dke djrsgSa& dh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh xbZ Fkh vkSj fons'kh m|fe;ksads Mj dks nwj djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq dqy feykdjfLFkfr ;g Fkh fd m|eh&ns'kh vkSj fons'kh nksuksa gh ljdkj dhvkS|ksfxd uhfr dh çrh{kk esa FksA ljdkj dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dkigyk çLrko lu~ 1948 esa lkeus vk;k] ftls vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko]1948 (Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948) vFkok (I.P.R, 1948)
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSAvkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko] 1948 dh eq[; ckrsa fuEu
Fkh a%1- m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k& leLr m|ksxksa dks fuEu pkj
Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k&(a) igys oxZ esa os m|ksx lfefyr fd, x;s ftUgsa dsoy dsUnzh;
ljdkj gh pyk;sxhA tSls gfFk;kjksa rFkk xksyk&ck:n dkfuekZ.k] ijek.kq 'kfDr dk mRiknu rFkk fu;a=k.k] jsy ifjoguvkfnA
(b) nwljs oxZ esa mu m|ksxksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k] ftuesa u;sçfr"Bkuksa dh LFkkiuk dsoy ljdkj }kjk dh tk;sxhA mum|ksxksa esa igys ls fLFkr bZdkb;ksa ds ckjs esa ;g çLrko j[kkx;k fd muds foLrkj dh vuqefr nh tk;sxhA bl Js.kh esadks;yk] bLikr] ok;q;ku fuekZ.k] ty;ku fuekZ.k VsyhiQksu]Vsyhxzke vkSj [kfut rsy vkfn 'kfey FksA
(c) rhljs oxZ esa mu m|ksxksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k] ftudkljdkj }kjk vk;kstu rFkk fofu;e vko';d le>k x;kA bloxZ esa dqN vkèkkjHkwr m|ksxksa dks lfefyr fd;k x;kA tSlseksVjxkM+h] fo|qr] bathfu;jh] Hkkjh e'khu] vkStkj] Hkkjh jlk;u]moZjd] jcM+] lhesaV] phuh v[kckjh dkxt vkfnA
(d) pkSFks oxZ ds m|ksx dks futh {ks=k ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kk x;kA2- dqVhj ,oa y?kq m|ksx (Cottage and Small-Scale
Industries) % vkS|ksfxd çLrko esa dqVhj ,oa y?kq m|ksx ds egRodks ns[krs gq, muds fodkl ij cy fn;k x;kA bu m|ksxksa ds le{knks mís'; j[ks x;s&(i) jkstxkj ds vfèkdkfèkd volj çnku djuk rFkk(ii) vk; dh laifÙk ds c¡Vokjs esa fo"kerkvksa dks de djukA
3- fons'kh iwath (Foreign Capital)% bl çLrko esa ;gLohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd ns'k esa fons'kh iwath rFkk m|fe;ksa dhvko';drk gS] fdUrq jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fons'khiwath dk fu;a=k.k Hkh vko';d le>k x;kA çLrko esa bl ckr ijcy fn;k x;k fd fons'kh èkUèkksa dk Øe'k% Hkkjrh;dj.k gksukpkfg,A
4- vkS|ksfxd lacaèk (Industrial Relation) % vfèkdvkS|ksfxd mRiknu ds fy, Jfedksa dk lg;ksx vko';d gS] blfy,Jfedksa dks mfpr etnwjh] vkokl rFkk ykHk esa ls U;k;ksfpr fgLlknsuk vko';d gSA
5- dj ç.kkyh (Tax System)% ns'k esa dj ç.kkyh ,slhgksuh pkfg,] ftlls cpr vkSj fuos'k esa o`f¼ gks lds] u;s m|ksxksadh LFkkiuk gks lds rFkk vkfFkZd fo"kerk,a nwj gksA
la{ksi esa vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko] 1948 esa ns'k ds fy, fefJrvFkZO;oLFkk dh ladYiuk vkSj mlds rRoksa dh igyh ckj O;oLFkkdh x;hA vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk ds fefJr Lo:i ds lkFk&lkFk bluhfr esa futh {ks=k ds fu;a=k.k rFkk fofu;eu dh Hkh O;oLFkk dhx;h ftlls vkS|ksfxd fodkl vFkZO;oLFkk dh vko';drkvksa dsvuq:i gks ldsA
vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko] 1948 dh ?kks"k.kk ds ckn ns'k esa rhuegRoiw.kZ ?kVuk,a ?kVh%(i) lafoèkku dk ykxw gksuk] ftlesa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh xkjaVh
,oa uhfr funZs'kd fl¼kUrksa dk çfriknu fd;k x;k ;(ii) ns'k esa lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk ds mís'; dks Lohdkj
dj fy;k tkuk ; rFkk(iii) igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh liQy iwfrZA
bu ?kVukvksa dks ns[krs gq, ;g vko';d le>k x;k fdvkS|ksfxd uhfr esa vko';d ifjorZu fd, tk;sA vr% vkS|ksfxd uhfrçLrko] 1956 dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA bl çLrko dh eq[; ckrsa fuEuFkha&
vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko] 1956 dh eq[; ckrsa fuEu Fkha&1- m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k % vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko ds
vUrxZr m|ksxksa dks fuEu rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k&
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 127
(a) çFke Js.kh] vFkkZr~ vuqlwph ^d* ds m|ksxksa dks dsoyljdkj ds fy, lqjf{kr dj fn;k x;kA bl Js.kh esa 17 m|ksx'kkfey fd, x;s] tSls& gfFk;kj] xksykck:n] ijek.kq 'kfDr] yksgk&bLikr]fo|qr m|ksx] Hkkjh e'khuas vkfnA
(b) nwljh Js.kh] vFkkZr~ vuqlwph ^[k* esa ,sls m|ksx j[ks x;sftu ij èkhjs&èkhjs ljdkj dk LokfeRo c<+rk tk;sxkA blesa 12m|ksx 'kkfey fd;s x;s ftueas çeq[k gSa& ,Y;qehfu;e e'khuh vkStkj]moZjd] leqnzh ifjogu vkfnA
(c) rhljh Js.kh] vFkkZr vuqlwph ^x* ess os m|ksx j[ks x;sftudk Hkkoh fodkl dk;Z futh {ks=k dh lw>cw> rFkk lkgl dsfy, NksM+ fn;k x;kA
2- dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksx dh Hkwfedk& vkS|ksfxd uhfresa dqVhj vkSj y?kq m|ksxksa dks maQph çkFkfedrk nsus dk çLrko j[kkx;kA çLrko esa ?kks"k.kk dh x;h fd ljdkj fofHkUu rjhdksa] tSlsdj&NwV] uxn vuqnku vkfn ls y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dss fodklesa ;ksxnku nsxhA
3- {ks=kh; vlekurk dks de djus dh vko';drk% bl mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, vkS|ksfxd n`f"V ls ojh;rk ds vkèkkjij ikuh] fctyh rFkk ifjogu dh lqfoèkk,a nsus rFkk ftu {ks=kkas esacsjkstxkjh vfèkd gS] ogka vkS|ksfxd lqfoèkkvksa dk foLrkj djus dkçLrko j[kk x;k
4- rduhdh rFkk çcaèkdh; çf'k{k.k % bl çLrko esa;g vko';drk vuqHko dh x;h fd mi;qDr rduhdh rFkk çcaèkdh;laoxks± dk xBu fd;k tk;s rFkk O;olk; çcaèk ds fy, çf'k{k.klqfoèkkvksa dk foLrkj fd;k tk;sA
5- Je ds fy, lqfoèkk,a % vkS|ksfxd lEcUèkksa dks lqèkkjusrFkk Jfedksa dh dk;Z dq'kyrk esa o`f¼ ds fy, vusd çdkj dhlqfoèkk,a çnku djus ij bl uhfr esa fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA
lu~ 1956 ds çLrko us lu~ 1948 ds vkS|ksfxd çLrko dkLFkku xzg.k fd;kA bl çLrko }kjk ljdkj ds dk;Z {ks=k esa o`f¼gks tkuk LokHkkfod FkkA ;g çLrko ns'k esa lektoknh vkèkkj dslekt dh LFkkiuk dh fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA lu~ 1956 dsckn dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ksa us eksVs rkSj ij vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko]1956 dk gh ikyu fd;k gSA u;h vkfFkZd uhfr ftldh ?kks"k.kk1991 esa dh x;h gS mlesa ge ikrs gSa fd ;g ewy :i ls 1956dh uhfr ls dkiQh fHkUu gSA oLrqr% 1991 dh uhfr dk vkèkkj^mnkjhdj.k* gS ftldk egRoiw.kZ mís'; Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dks fo'odh vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk tksM+uk (Globalisation) gSA
vkS|ksfxd ykblsal O;oLFkk (Industrial Licensing Sys-
tem)% vkS|ksfxd uhfr dks ykxw djus ds fy, ljdkj us vkS|ksfxdykblsal ç.kkyh dh O;oLFkk dh gS&
m|ksx (fodkl rFkk fofu;e) vfèkfu;e& 1951 (Industries
Development and Regulation Act, 1951) vkS|ksfxd ykblsal ç.kkyhdh O;oLFkk m|ksx (fodkl rFkk fofu;eu) vfèkfu;e] 1951 dsvUrZxr dh x;h gSA bl vfèkfu;e ds çeq[k çkoèkku fuEu gaS%&(i) u;s m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk fo|eku m|ksxksa ds foLrkj ds
fy, dsUnzh; ljdkj ls ykblsal ysuk vfuok;Z gSA(ii) ljdkj ,sls m|ksxksa dh tkap djok ldrh gS] tks 'ks;jèkkjdksa
;k miHkksDrkvks ds fgrksa ds vuqdwy u py jgs gkasA
(iii) ljdkj }kjk mRiknu dh dhersa] 'ks;j ckaVus ds rjhds rFkkifjek.k vkSj forj.k dh ç.kkyh fuf'pr dh tk ldrh gSA
(iv) vuqfpr m|ksxksa ds fodkl rFkk fofu;eu ds lacaèk esa ljdkjdks ijke'kZ nsus ds fy, bl vfèkfu;e ds vUrxZr ,dlykgdkj dh fu;qfDr dh x;h gSA;g vfèkfu;e y?kq vkSj lgk;d m|ksxksa dh bdkb;ksa vFkok
,slh bdkb;ka ftudh ifjlEifÙk;ksa esa yxh gqbZ iwath ,d djksM+ lsvfèkd ugha gS] ij ykxw ugha gksrkA
Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk dk foLrkj blh vfèkfu;e ijvkèkkfjr vkS|ksfxd ykblsal ç.kkyh dh lgk;rk ls fd;k x;k gSAvkS|ksfxd ykblsal ç.kkyh dh dk;Z i¼fr dh leh{kk le;≤ij dh tkrh jgh gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk MkW- vkj- ds gtkjh us1966 esa vkS|ksfxd ykblasl ç.kkyh dk iqu% fujh{k.k fd;kA Mk-gtkjh vius vè;;u ds vkèkkj ij bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps fd çeq[kvkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa us dqN gFkdaMks ds tfj, çfr;ksfxrk dks gfFk;kfy;k gS vkSj ,dkfèkdkjh cu cSBs gaSA bl vè;;u ds mijkardk;Zokgh ds fy, ljdkj us 1967 esa Jh ,l- nÙk dh vè;{krkesa ,d lfefr fu;qDr dhA bl lfefr dk dk;Z fiNys 10 o"kks±esa ykblsal ç.kkyh ds dk;Z lapkyu dh tk¡p djuk FkkA nÙk lfefrus tqykbZ 1969 esa fjiksVZ çLrqr dh] ftuesa fuUu çeq[k ckrsa Fkha&(i) ykblsal ç.kkyh cM+s vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa ds foLrkj esa lgk;d
jgh gS_(ii) u;s tkjh fd;s x;s ykblaslkas dk cM+k fgLlk cM+s vkS|ksfxd
?kjkuksa fo'ks"k :i ls fcM+yk dks çkIr gks jgk gS_(iii) cM+s ?kjkuksa us tku&cq>dj ykblsal'kqnk {kerk dks vç;qDr j[kk_(iv) ykblsal ç.kkyh us {ks=kh; vlarqyu de djus esa dksbZ lgk;rk
ugha dh gS_(v) xSj&t:jh miHkksx oLrqvksa dks rjthg nh tkrh jgh_ rFkk(vi) fofHkUu laLFkkvksa }kjk tks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku dh x;h]
mldk ,d cM+k Hkkx cM+s vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa esa pyk x;kAnÙk lfefr us ykblsal ç.kkyh dks etcwr cukus ds fy, vusd
fliQkfj'ksa dha] ftuds vkèkkj ij vkS|ksfxd ykblsal uhfr] 1970 dh?kks"k.kk dh x;h rFkk 1973 esa blesa egRoiw.kZ ifjoÙkZu fd, x;sAiqu% lu~ 1980 vkSj 1982 esa ykblsal uhfr esa ifjorZu fd;s x;sAbu ifjorZuksa dh èkkjk lu~ 1985 ds ckn vkSj rst gks x;h vkS|ksfxduhfr vkSj ykblsal ç.kkyh esa mnkjhdj.k dh ço`fÙk u dsoy Li"Vfn[kkbZ nsus yxh] cfYd bl fØ;k dks rst xfr ls vkxs c<+kus dkç;kl Hkh fd;k tkus yxkA 1991 ess ?kksf"kr u;h vkS|ksfxd uhfrls mnkjhdj.k dh ço`fr dks vkSj vfèkd cy feyk gSA
vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk ewY;kadu%&Hkkjr eass rhoz xfr lsvkS|ksfxd fodkl gqvk gSA lkoZtfud {ks=k vkSj futh {ks=k nksuksa usegRoiw.kZ çxfr dh gSA tgk¡ igys ns'k dks viuh leLr vko';drkvksads fy, fons'kksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk Fkk] ogha vc Hkkjr esa fufeZr;s lc iwathxr vkSj miHkksDrk lkeku u dsoy ?kjsyw vko';drkdh iwfrZ djrs gaS] cfYd ns'k ds fy, ewY;oku fons'kh eqnzk Hkh vftZrdjrs gaSA fu%ladksp dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr ds vkS|ksfxdekufp=k esa vusd egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq, gSa] ftuds ifj.kkeLo:ivFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl ds vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k lEHkogks ik;k gSA fiQj Hkh ns'k esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dh miyfCèk;k¡ fuèkkZfjry{;ksa] vko';drkvksa rFkk vU; ns'kksa ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh rqyukesa de gh jgh gSaA blds vykok Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 128
vusd leL;k,a Hkh mRiUu gqb±] ftudh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tkukpkfg,A ftu leL;kvksa ls vHkh gesa tq>uk gS mUgsa ge la{ksi esafuEu :i ls j[k ldrs gSaA1- ns'k esa LFkkfir m|ksxksa dh mRiknu {kerk dk leqfpr ç;ksx
djuk&blds fy, vko';d gS fd dPpk eky] foÙk] ÅtkZ vkfndk çcaèk fd;k tk;sA
2- vkS|ksfxd ykblsal ç.kkyh ds nks"kksa dks nwj fd;k tk;s gkykafdbl fn'kk esa dkiQh ç;kl fd, x;s gaSA
3- vkS|ksxhdj.k ls ns'k esa mith vkfFkZd 'kfDr vkSj lEifÙk dsdsUnzh;dj.k dh ço`fÙk dks de djukA
4- ns'k esa O;kIr vkS|ksfxd v'kkafr dks lekIr djukA ;g eq[;r%Jfedksa dks mfpr iqjLdkj nsdj gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5- #X.k (Sick) bdkb;ksa dks iquthZfor djuk rkfd yxs gq, iwathdk lnqi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA
6- ;kstuk dky esa {ks=kh; fo"kerk,a igys dh rqyuk esa c<+h gh gSaAfuth {ks=k vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=k nksuksa esa ;g ço`fÙk ik;h x;hgS fd os fodflr {ks=kksa esa gh m|ksx yxkus dks mRlqd jgrsgSaA vr% bl ço`fÙk ij vadq'k yxkuk vko';d gSA
7- m|ksxksa }kjk i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;k x;kgSA çnw"k.k dh leL;k xaHkhj gksrh tk jgh gSA bl lanHkZ esa gkygh essa fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; us egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fn;s gaSA vU;{ks=kks esa Hkh tgk¡ vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k vfèkd gS] ogka ,sls gh fu.kZ;ksadh vko';drk gSAvUr essaa] gekjs m|ksxksa esa 'kksèk vkSj fodkl (Research and
Development) dk;ZØeksa dks Hkh çksRlkgu nsuk vko';d gSAmijksDr dfe;ksa ds ckotwn Hkh gesa ;g rks ekuuk gh gksxk fd
vkS|ksxhdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k ds vkfFkZd <kaps esa ekSfydifjorZu vk;s gaSA vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds foLrkj vkSj fodkl usvFkZO;oLFkk dks u;h LiwQfrZ çnku dh gSA gesa ç;kl djus gksaxs fdns'k esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh xfr esa vkSj vfèkd rhozrk vk;s D;ksafdvkS|ksfxd fodkl gh vkfFkZd fodkl dk iSekuk gSA
d`f"kd lqèkkjd`f"kd lqèkkjd`f"kd lqèkkjd`f"kd lqèkkjd`f"kd lqèkkj(Agrarian Reforms)
Lora=k Hkkjr dks vkSifuosf'kd dky ls ,d d`f"k çèkkuvFkZO;oLFkk feyhA lewps Lora=;ksÙkj dky esa Hkh ;g Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk eq[; vkèkkj jgh gSA Hkkjr tSlh Je vfrjsd okyhvFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa rhoz xfr ls vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, d`f"k dsfodflr <kaps dh vko';drk gksrh gSA d`f"k dk jk"Vªh; vk; esa;ksxnku Hkh vU; jk"Vªksa dh vis{kk Hkkjr esa dgha vfèkd gSA m|ksxksads fy, dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ ds lkFk&lkFk ;g tula[;k ds ,dcM+s Hkkx dks jkstxkj Hkh miyCèk djkrh gSA mi;qZDr ds vykokvkt ;g Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, fons'kh eqnzk vftZr djus dkçeq[k lkèku Hkh gSA okLro esa ;g dguk vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxhfd ns'k esa rhoz xfr ls fodkl ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd d`f"k{ks=k iw.kZr% vkRefuHkZj vkSj LokoyEch gksaA vr% Hkkjr esa fofHkUu;kstukvksa ds dk;ZØeksa esa d`f"k fodkl dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;kgSA oLrqr% f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks NksM+dj lHkh ;kstukvksa esad`f"k dks çeq[krk nh x;h gSA
d`f"k mRikndrk esa o`f¼ vkSj d`f"k ds vkèkqfudhdj.k ds fy,mBk;s x;s fofHkUu dneksa dks d`f"k lqèkkj ds uke ls tkuk tkrkgSA bu lqèkkjksa dks rhu oxks± esa ckaVdj vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrkgS&(i) rduhdh O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj (Technical Improvements)(ii) lajpukRed lqèkkj (Infrastructurel Improvements)(iii) laLFkkxr O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj vFkok Hkwlqèkkj (Institutional
Amangments or Land Reforms)1- rduhdh O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj% rduhdh O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj
ds fy, fuEufyf[kr dne mBk;s x;s gaS&( i) d`f"k esa u;h rduhd vkSj vkèkqfud çcaèk dk viuk;k
tkuk% ns'k esa vusd 'kks?k laLFkku LFkkfir fd;s x;s gaS] tgk¡d`f"k ls lacafèkr fofHkUu igyqvksa ij 'kksèk dk dke fd;k tkrkgS ,oa 'kksèk ls çkIr ifj.kkeksa dks fdlkuksa rd igq¡pkus dsfy, çn'kZu dk;ks± dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA jktLFkku esalwjrx<+] mÙkj çns'k esa iaruxj rFkk fnYyh esa iwlk baLVhV~;wVblh çdkj dh laLFkkvksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA
( ii) fuos'k esa o`f¼ % fcuk fuos'k esa o`f¼ fd, u;h rduhddk ykHk mBk ikuk vlaHko gSA vr% ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka mriUudh tk;sa] ftlls fd fdlku vfèkd fuos'k esa l{ke gks ldasAblds fy, [kkn dh lqfoèkk,a miyCèk djkuk] fu;af=kr eafM;ksadh LFkkiuk] U;wure dherksa dh xkjaVh nsuk] dk'r dks lqj{kkçnku djuk vkfn vko';d gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd bl fn'kkesa Hkh dbZ dne mBk;s x;s gaSA
(iii)flapkbZ&;kstukdky esa flapkbZ dh lqfoèkkvksa dh miyCèkrk esafujarj o`f¼ gksrh jgh gSA tgk¡ 1951 esa 226 yk[k gsDVs;jHkwfe ds fy, flapkbZ lqfoèkk miyCèk Fkh] ogha 1990 esa ;gc<+dj 840 yk[k gsDVs;j Hkwfe gks x;hA
( iv)mUur fdLe ds cht ,oa moZjd% mUur fdLe ds chtksavkSj jklk;fud moZjdksa dk dk;ZØe 1965&66 esa gh vkjaHkgks x;k FkkA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i d`f"k mRiknu esa vHkwriwoZo`f¼ gqbZ gSA mUur cht ,oa moZjd dk ç;ksx fujarj c<+ jgkgSA2 - lajpukRed lqèkkj% d`f"k esa lajpukRed lqèkkj ds fy,
mBk, x, çeq[k dne fuEu gaS&(i) lk[k vkSj foÙk dh O;oLFkk(Credit and Finance)%
fdlkuksa dks viuh fofHkUu vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, Í.k dht:jr gksrh gS] tks eq[;r% vYidkfyd (15 efgus lss de)]eè;dkfyd (15 eghus ls 5 o"kZ) rFkk nh?kZdkyhu (5 o"kZ lsvfèkd) gksrh gSA vYidkfyd Í.k dk mi;ksx os [kk|] cht vkfn[kfjnus esa djrs gaS rFkk eè;dkfyd Í.k dk ç;ksx vkStkj [kjhnus]dq,a dh ejEer Hkwfelqèkkj vkfn ds fy, djrs gSaA nh?kZdkyhu Í.kdk ç;ksx os Hkwfe [kjhnus] y?kq flapkbZ ;kstuk] Hkou fuekZ.k vkfnds fy, djrs gSaA xzkeh.kksa dks Í.k nsus esas egktu] lkgqdkj] tehankjvkfn dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA ysfdu bu yksxksa us d`"kdksa dkvR;fèkd 'kks"k.k fd;kA blfy, ljdkj us lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dsfoLrkj] Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa rFkk vU; O;kikfjd cSadksa ds ekè;e lsd`f"k foÙk dh leL;k dks gy djus dk ç;Ru fd;k gSA 1975 esaxzkeh.k cSadksa dh LFkkiuk ls d`f"k leL;k dks gy djus esa vkSjvfèkd ;ksxnku feyk gSA
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 129
(ii) foi.ku O;oLFkk (Marketing)& Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa dksd`f"k inkFkks± dh fcØh ds lacaèk esa vusd çdkj dh dfBukb;ksa dklkeuk djuk iM+rk FkkA fdlkuksa dh nfjnzrk] Hk.Mkj.k dh vlqfoèkk];krk;kr ds lkèkuksa dk vHkko] egktuksa ,oa ,tsaVksa ds 'kks"k.k rFkkcsbZekfu;ka vkfn ds dkj.k fdlkuksa dks viuh mRikn dk mfpr ewY;ugha fey ikrk FkkA vr% foi.ku O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj ds fy, dbZdne mBk, x;s gSa&(a) laxfBr cktkjksa rFkk ef.M;ksa dh LFkkiuk;(b) lgdkjh fcØh lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk;(c) xksnke rFkk laxzg x`gksa dk fuekZ.k;(d) iQly ds mfpr eki rkSy ds fy, 1949 esa dkuwu cuk;k
tkuk;(e) ewY; fLFkjhdj.k çeaMy (Price Stabilçation Board)dh LFkkiuk;(f) 1965 esa dher cksMZ dh LFkkiuk(g) vkdk'kok.kh rFkk nwjn'kZu }kjk dherksa dk le;≤ ij
çlkj.k;(h) ;krk;kr ds lkèkuksa dk fodkl;
(j) Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe }kjk fdlkuksa dks lgk;rkFkZ ewY; (Support
Price) nsus dk vk'oklu; vkfnA3- laLFkkxr O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj vFkok Hkw lqèkkj% Hkkjr
esa Hkw lqèkkj dk çeq[k mís'; d`f"k O;oLFkk eas fodkl ds vuqdwyifjfLFkfr;ka mRiUu djuk gSA lkFk gh lkFk Hkwfe lqèkkj ds fuEu nksmís'; j[ks x;s gaS&(i) d`f"k mRiknu dks c<+kuk rFkk d`f"k dh mRikndrk esa o`f¼ ds
fy, Hkwfe lacaèkh <kaps ds dkj.k mRiUu gksus okyh #dkoVksaadks nwj djuk] vkSj
(ii) ns'k esa ik;h tkusokyh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa dksnwj djuk] rFkk lekurk ij vkèkkfjr lekt dh LFkkiuk djukAbu mís';ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, ljdkj us Hkw&lqèkkj ls lEcfUèkr
fuEu dne mBk;s gaS%&( i) fcpkSfy;ksa dk mUewyu& Lora=krk çkfIr ds le; Hkkjr esa
Hkw&èkkj.k ls lEcfUèkr çeq[k rhu ç.kkfy;ka ik;h tkrh Fkha&tehankjhç.kkyh] egkyokjh ç.kkyh] vkSj jS;rokjh ç.kkyhA bu rhuksa ghç.kkfy;ksa }kjk fdlkuksa dk tedj 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk FkkA vr%Lora=krk çkfIr ds ckn ljdkj us loZçFke tehankjh çz.kkyh dhlekfIr dks çkFkfedrk nh] D;ksafd bl ç.kkyh esa d`f"k fodkl,oa fdlkuksa ds çfr U;k; dk dksbZ LFkku ugha FkkA blds fy,lHkh jkT;ksa }kjk vyx&vyx dkuwu cuk;s x;sA 1954 rdbl lacaèk esa dkuwu cu pqds Fks vkSj vey eas ykus dk dk;ZHkh yxHkx iwjk gks pqdk gSA vc ljdkj dk fdlkuksa ds lkFklhèkk lEidZ gks x;k gSA
(ii) dk'rdkjh lqèkkj& dk'rdkjksa dks 'kks"k.k ls cpkus rFkkmudh fLFkfr eas lqèkkj ykus ds fy, fuEu dne mBk;s x;sgSa&(d) yxku dk fu;eu& ns'k ds lHkh jkT;ksa esa yxku de
djus ds mís'; ls dkuwu cuk;s x;s gSaA([k) dk'rdkjh dh lqj{kk ls lacafèkr dkuwu(x) eqvkots dh O;oLFkk(?k) dk'rdkjksa dks Hkwfe dk vfèkdkj nsus dh O;oLFkk
(iii) Hkwfe dh mPpre lhek fuèkkZj.k djuk % bldkvk'k; fdlh fdlku ifjokj }kjk vius dCts esa j[kh tkus okyhHkwfe dh vfèkdre ek=kk fuèkkZfjr djuk gSA bl lhek ls vfèkdHkwfe dks ljdkj us vfèkxzg.k dj Hkwfeghu fdlkuksa esa ckaVus dkfu;e cuk;k gSA Hkwfe tksrkas dh mPpre lhek lEcUèkh dkuwu lHkhjkT;ksa esa ikfjr dj fn;s x;s gaSA
(iv) pdcUnh % tksrksa ds fc[kjs gksus dh leL;k dkspdcUnh dh lgk;rk ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA pdcUnh ds vUrxZrfofHkUu fdlkuksa dks ,d gh LFkku ij mlds fc[kjs gq, VqdM+ksa dsewY; ds cjkcj dh bdV~Bh Hkwfe nh tkrh gSA Lora=krk ds ckn vkSjeq[;r% çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk eas gh pdcUnh dk dke vkjaHk gksx;k FkkA 1995 rd 580 yk[k gssDVs;j Hkwfe ij pdcUnh dh tkpqdh gSA
(v) lgdkjh [ksrh % la;qDr :i ls [ksrh djus dh ç.kkyhdks lgdkjh [ksrh dgrs gSaA lgdkjh [ksrh dk çeq[k mís'; tksrksads vkdkj dks c<+kuk gksrk gSA tc fdlku la;qDr :i ls [ksrh djrsgSa rks u dsoy bUgsa cM+s iSekus ij ykHk çkIr gksrk gS] cfYd budheksyHkko dh 'kfDr Hkh c<+ tkrh gS] ftlls lacafèkr lHkh fdlkuykHk dek ldrs gSaSA lgdkfjrk dk foLrkj d`f"k thou ds fofHkUuigyqvksa rd fd;k tk jgk gSA bl mís'; ds fy, ns'k esa cgqmís'kh;lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds fodkl ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gSA ;s lfefr;kalgdkjh [ksrh] lgdkjh foÙk] lgdkjh foi.ku] dqVhj m|ksxksa vkfndh O;oLFkk djrh gSaA lgdkfjrk ,d çdkj ls xzkeh.k thou dkvax cu x;h gS vkSj bls ^lgdkfjrk vkUnksyu* dk uke fn;k x;kgSA fdUrq bl vkUnksyu us vHkh rd fo'ks"k çxfr ugha dh gSA
(vi) Hk wfe LokfeRo lEcUèkh nLrkostk s a dk s Bhddjuk% Hkwfe lqèkkj dk;ZØeksa ds vUrxZr ;g vko';d le>k x;kgS fd Hkwfe ds LokfeRo lacaèkh nLrkostksa dk fuj{k.k fd;k tk;srFkk bl ckr ds ç;kl fd, tk;sa fd tgk¡ dgha vuqfpr rjhdksals vFkok tksj tcnZLrh ls bu nLrkostksa esa vfu;ferrk,a cjrh x;hgaS mUgsa lqèkkjk tk;sA bl fn'kk esa vHkh dkiQh dk;Z gksuk ckdh gSA
Hkwfelqèkkjksa dks xzkeh.k thou esa ekSfyd vkSj vkèkkjHkwr ifjorZuykus dk ekè;e ekuk x;k gSA ,slh vk'kk dh tkrh jgh gS fdHkwfe lqèkkj dh lgk;rk ls xzkeh.k thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa esaokafNr lqèkkj ykuk laHko gks ldsxkA fdUrq liQyrkvksa dk vax cgqrgh rqPN gSA ns'k esa Hkwfe lqèkkj ds vUrZxr mBk, x;s dneksa dsewY;kadu ds fy, ljdkj us ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k Fkk] ftldhvè;{krk ;kstuk vk;ksx ds lnL; çks- oh- ,l- feugkl us dh FkhA;g lfefr (Task force on Agrarian Relations) ds uke ls tkuhtkrh gSA bl lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa mu dkj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;kgS] ftuds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr Hkw&lqèkkj ds dk;Z dks fo'ks"k liQyrkugha feyhA bu dkj.kksa esa çeq[k fuEufyf[kr gaS%&(i) jktuSfrd fu"Bk dk vHkko(ii) NksVs fdlkuksa dh fuf"Ø;rk(iii) ç'kklfud dfe;ka rFkk dkuwuh vM+pusa(iv) Hkwfe ds LokfeRo ds lgh C;kSjs dk vHkko vkSj(v) dk;ZØe dh ewyHkwr dfe;ka
mijksDr lHkh dkj.kksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkw&lqèkkj dk;ZØe usvk'kk ds vuqdwy çxfr ugha dh gSA çxfr rks gqbZ gS] ijUrqHkw&O;oLFkk dk ekSfyd <kapk iwoZor~ gh cuk gqvk gSA iQyLo:i ns'k
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 130
ds vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl dks Ñf"k {ks=k ls ftruk ;ksxnkufey ldrk gS] og ugha fey jgk gSA ljdkj us ?kks"k.kk dh gS fdHkw&lqèkkj dk;Z dks 'kh?kz gh iwjk dj fn;k tk;sxkA
xqV fujis{krk ds fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjrxqV fujis{krk ds fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjrxqV fujis{krk ds fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjrxqV fujis{krk ds fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjrxqV fujis{krk ds fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjrfons'k uhfrfons'k uhfrfons'k uhfrfons'k uhfrfons'k uhfr
fdlh Hkh jkT; dh fons'k uhfr ds fuèkkZj.k esa pkj çeq[k dkjdlgk;d gksrs gSA jk"Vªh; fgr] ml Hkw&Hkkx dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr]iM+kslh ns'kksa ls lacaèk rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfrd okrkoj.kA fopkjèkkjk,a]jktuhfrd ifjçs{; rFkk dfri; varjkZ"Vªh; leL;kvksa ds çfrçfrc¼rk fons'k uhfr ds fuèkkZj.k esa vkèkkjHkwr rRo gksrs gSaA fdlhHkh Lora=k jk"Vª ds fy;s fons'k uhfr ds nks çeq[k y{; gksrs gSaAigyk y{; gS] jk"Vªh; fgr rFkk nwljk y{; gS] fo'oO;kih leL;kvksads çfr çcq¼ n`f"Vdks.k viukukA bu leL;kvksa esa fo'o 'kkafr] jkT;dk lgvfLrÙo] varjkZ"Vªh; vk£Fkd fodkl] ekuoh; vfèkdkj rFkkçR;sd O;fDr vkSj çR;sd ns'k ds fy;s U;k; miyCèk djkuk lfEefyrgSA
Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr ds oSpkfjd vkèkkj vkSj ewyHkwr ifjçs{;dks jk"Vªh; Lora=krk vkUnksyu esa [kkstk tk ldrk gSA chloha 'krkCnhds rhljs n'kd ds vafre o"kks± esa bafM;u us'kuy dkaxzsl us viusLora=k varjkZ"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k vkSj uhfr dk fodkl fd;kA tc 1927esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl lfefr us vius fons'k foHkkx dh LFkkiukdh] rks tokgj yky usg: mlds çeq[k çoDrk fu;qDr fd;s x;sAjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu us fo'oO;kih Lrj ij gks jgh fofHkUu ?kVukvksa tSls,f'k;k vkSj vçQhdk esa jk"VªO;kih vkUnksyu] phu vkSj tkiku dkmn;] ;wjksi esa iQklhokn dk mn;] fo'o dh jktuhfr esa vejhdkdk ços'k] :l dh OkzQkafr esa fufgr lans'k vkSj mifuos'khdj.k dkfo?kVu bR;kfn dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, vius jktuhfrd y{; vkSjvkSj dk;ZØe fuèkkZfjr fd;sA dkaxzsl ds rhu vuqoÙkhZ vfèkos'kuksa&xqokgkVh(1926)] enzkl (1927) vkSj dydÙkk(1928) esa lkezkT;okn dsfojksèk vkSj ,f'k;k vÚhdk dh turk dh ,drk dks etcwr cukusds fy;s muds eqfDr laxzke ds leFkZu esa yxkrkj dbZ çLrko ikfjrfd;s x;sA bUgha fnuksa ,d ,slh çsjd ?kVuk ?kVh] ftlus dakxzsl dhfons'k uhfr dks leqfpr :i ls fodflr gksus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedkvnk dhA IkQjojh 1927 easa ^lkezkT;okn fojksèkh rFkk jk"Vªh; Lora=krklaxBu* dks f}rh; varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu czqlsYl esa vk;ksftr fd;kx;kA bl lEesyu esa fo'o ds 'kh"kZLFk usrkvksa dks u dsoy O;fDrxrlEidZ LFkkfir djus dk volj feyk] cfYd mUgsa ;wjksih; mifuos'kksadh leku leL;kvksa ij [kqydj fopkj djus dk Hkh volj feykAusg:th us bl varjkZ"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds fo"k; esa dgk Fkk fd ^;gijLij lg;ksx dh rhoz vkdka{kk dh cká vfHkO;fDr gS] tks fo'ods leLr 'kksf"krksa vkSj nfyrksa dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA* y[kuÅvkSj IkQStiqj ds dkaxzsl vfèkos'kuksa esa 1936 esa tokgj yky usg:us vius ,sfrgkfld vè;{kh; Hkk"k.kksa esa jk"Vª dh Lora=krk ds fy;slaxfBr gksdj la?k"kZ djus rFkk ,d fo'oO;kih lkezkT;okn fojksèkhekspkZ xfBr djus dk vkg~oku fd;kA f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn 'kh?kzgh fo'o dh 'kfDr;ka nks fojksèkh xqVksa esa foHkDr gks x;haA tokgjyky usg: us fnlEcj] 1946 dks vUrfje Hkkjr ljdkj esa fons'khea=kh dk in laHkkyus ds rqjUr ckn ,d egRoiw.kZ c;ku fn;kAlaHkor% ;g igyk çkekf.kd rFkk O;kid oDrO; gS tks fons'k uhfr
dks Li"V djrk gS vkSj ftlls xqV&fujis{krk dh ladYiuk fodflrgqbZA
ge vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEesyuksa esa fdlh vU; jk"Vª dk mixzg cudjugha] cfYd viuh futh uhfr ds lkFk ,d Lora=k jk"Vª dh gSfl;rls iw.kZ :i ls fgLlk ysaxsA ge vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk çR;{k ?kfu"Blacaèkksa ds fodkl dh vk'kk djrs gSa rFkk fo'o 'kkafr ,oa Lora=krkdks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s mUgsa lg;ksx nsus dh vkdka{kk j[krs gSaA;FkklaHko ge ,d&nwljs ds fo:¼ xqVcanh dh jktuhfr ls vyxjgus ds fy;s Ñr ladYi gSaA ;g xqVcanh vrhr esa fo'o ;q¼ dkdkj.k cuh vkSj vc iqu% blds ifj.kkeLo:i igys ls dgha vfèkdO;kid Lrj ij egkfoink ?kfVr gks ldrh gSA gekjk ;g fo'oklgS fd 'kkafr vkSj Lora=krk vfoHkkT; gSa vkSj fdlh ,d LFkku ijLora=krk udkjus ls fdlh nwljs LFkku ij 'kkafr vkSj Lora=krk dsfy;s [krjk mRiUu gks tk;sxk vkSj ;g gesa la?k"kZ ,oa ;q¼ dh vksjys tk;sxkA fo'ks"k :i ls ge mifuos'kh rFkk ijra=k ns'kksa rFkk mudhturk dh eqfDr esa fnypLih j[krs gSaA ge fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj nksuksaesa lHkh latkfr;ksa dks leku volj fn;s tkus ds i{k esa gSaA ukft;ksads latkfrokn fl¼kar dk ftl :i ls vkSj tgk¡ Hkh ç;ksx fd;ktk;sxk] ge mldk [kqyk fojksèk djsaxsA ge fdlh ij vkfèkiR; tekusds i{kèkj ugha gSa rFkk ge vU; ns'kksa dh turk ij fdlh çdkjds fof'k"V vfèkdkjksa dk nkok ugha djrsA fdUrq ge gj txgvius ns'kokfl;ksa ds fy;s leku vkSj lEekuiwoZd O;ogkj ikus dknkok vo'; djrs gSa] ge muds çfr fdlh çdkj dk HksnHkko Lohdkjugha dj ldrsA
çfr}af}rk] ?k`.kk vkSj vkrafjd dyg ds ckotwn fo'o ds ns'kvfuok;Z :i ls ijLij fudV lg;ksx }kjk ,d fo'o jk"VªeaMyds fuekZ.k dh vksj vxzlj gks jgs gSaA Lora=k Hkkjr ,d ,sls fo'ods fuekZ.k gsrq dk;Z djsxk] ftlesaa Lora=k turk ds chp Lora=klg;ksx dh Hkkouk gksxh vkSj tgk¡ dksbZ oxZ ;k lewg fdlh nwljsoxZ ;k lewg dk 'kks"k.k ugha djsxkA
blh ekSfyd çfrc}rk ds ifjçs{; esa] 1947 esa u;h fnYyh esa,d ,f'k;kbZ lacaèk lEesyu (Asian Relations Conference)
vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA bl lEesyu esa 25 ls vfèkd ns'kksa ls yxHkx250 çfrfufèk;ksa us Hkkx fy;kA 'kkafr] Lora=krk vkSj ekSfyd fodklesa lacaèk LFkkfir djrs gq, mlesa dgk x;k Fkk fd %
^'kkafr dsoy rHkh vk ldrh gS] tc jk"Vª Lora=k gks vkSjekuo dks loZ=k Lora=krk] lqj{kk rFkk fuokl ds leku voljmiyCèk gksaA*
Lora=k Hkkjr dsoy ,f'k;k vkSj vIkzQhdk ls gh lg;ksx dhvis{kk ugha djrk] cfYd ,d ,sls ;qx dh dYiuk djrk gS] ftlesafo'o ds leLr jkT;ksa rFkk jk"Vªksa dks leku çfr"Bk fey ldsA blvolj ij xk¡èkhth us dgk fd os ^,d fo'o* esa fo'okl djrsgSaA mUgksaus dgk] ¶;fn vki if'pe dks ,d lans'k nsuk pkgrs gSa]rks og lR; vkSj çse dk lans'k gSA esjh ;g bPNk gS fd vkibl fopkj dks ysdj okil tk;sa fd ,f'k;k dks lR; vkSj çse dscy ij if'pe ij fot; çkIr djuk gksxkA
xqVfujis{krkxqVfujis{krkxqVfujis{krkxqVfujis{krkxqVfujis{krk1949 dh nks ?kVukvksa ls Hkkjr dh Lora=k vkSj xqV&fujis{k
fons'k uhfr dks n`<+rk çkIr gqbZA igyh ?kVuk Fkh& Hkkjr }kjk phu
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 131
ds lkE;oknh 'kklu dks ekU;rk nsus dhA nwljh ?kVuk Fkh& vDVwcj1949 esa usg:th dh vesfjdh ;k=kkA usg:th us n`<+rk iwoZd dgkA
^Hkkjr us tks uhfr viuk;h gS og udkjkRed vkSj rVLFk ughagSA og ,d ldkjkRed vkSj O;kid uhfr gS] tks gekjs Lora=krkvkUnksyu ds le; ls pyh vk jgh gS* mUgksaus iqu% tksj nsdj dgk&
¶tc ekuo dh Lora=krk ;k 'kkafr [krjs esa gks] rc ge rVLFkugha jg ldrs vkSj rVLFk jgsaxs Hkh ugha 1955 esa ckaMqax lEesyuesa usg:th us dgk] ^ge vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi ds lkFk fe=kor~ O;ogkjdjuk pkgrs gSa vkSj muds lkFk lg;ksx djuk pkgrs gSa] fdUrq mudh;g lkspus dh vknr cu xbZ gS fd muds >xM+s fo'o ds >xM+sgSa] blfy, fo'o ds ns'kksa dks fdlh u fdlh i{k esa 'kkfey gksukgh iM+sxkA gesa muds >xM+kas ;k ;q¼ksa esa D;ksa IkQalk;k tk;s\ eSa vk'kkdjrk gw¡ fd ge lc muls nwj jgsaxs*A
lcls igys 1950 esa dksfj;k dk ;q¼ vUrjkZ"Vªh; egRo dh,d ,slh ?kVuk Fkh] ftlus yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa dh fons'k uhfr dksçHkkfor fd;kA la;qDr jk"Vª esa cgqr ls eqíksa ij Hkkjr us feÏ rFkk;wxksLykfo;k vkfn vU; dbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk feydj ,d 'kkfDr'kkyhxqV ds fo:¼ ernku djrs gq, vius Lora=k fu.kZ; ds vfèkdkjdks v{kq..k cuk;s j[kk vkSj vesfjdk ds usr`Ro okys çHkko'kkyhif'peh ns'kksa ds xqV dk fojksèk fd;kA Hkkjr rFkk mlds lg;ksxhns'kksa us fdlh Hkh xqV dk vuqlj.k djus ls badkj dj fn;k vkSjxqVcanh ds fo:¼ viuh Hkkouk O;Dr dhA ;g xqV&fujis{krk dsLo:i rFkk uhfr&fuèkkZj.k dk çkjafHkd pj.k FkkA tqykbZ 1956 esausg: th] ukflj (feÏ) vkSj VhVks (;qxksLykfo;k) ds eè; czk;uhesa ,d f=ki{kh; lEesyu esa fopkj foe'kZ gqvk rFkk rhuksa usrkvksaesa bl fo"k; ij lgefr gqbZ fd xqV&fujis{k jk"Vªksa ds chp lqlaxfBr<ax ls fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
dksfj;k ds ç'u ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa dks la;fer djus dhfn'kk esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k vkSj mlds ckgj Hkkjr ¼kjk dh x;higy dh cgqr ljkguk dh x;hA baMksusf'k;k vkSj fgUn phu ij]fo'ks"k dj tsusok lEesyu ds nkSjku] Hkkjr }kjk tks igy dh x;h]mlls xqV&fujis{krk dh ,d mHkjrh gqbZ 'kfDr ds :i esa Hkkjr dksfo'oO;kih egRo Li"V gks x;kA bl egRo dks 'kfDr'kkyh xqVksa usHkh Lohdkj fd;kA
xqV&fujis{krk dk ewy vfHkçk; varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa Lora=kvfHkO;fDr rFkk vkpj.k ls gSA vkjaHk ls gh ;g Hkkjrh; fons'kuhfr dh eq[; çÑfr jgh gSA xqV&fujis{krk vUrZjk"Vªh; ekeyksa esaHkkjrh; jktuhfrd laLd`fr dk mlh çdkj vfHkUu vax gS ftl çdkj¶èkeZfujis{k jk"Vªokn¸] ¶lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ yksdra=k¸] ¶lefUor laLÑfr¸]¶lerkoknh lekt¸ vkfn rRo uohu Hkkjr dh mHkjrh gqbZ la?kh;jkT; O;oLFkk ds vfHkUu vax ds :i esa ekxZn'kZd y{; jgs gSaAusg: th us Bhd gh dgk Fkk&
¶eSaus xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr vkjaHk ugha dhA ;g uhfr rks Hkkjrdh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vUrfuZfgr gSA ;g Hkkjr ds tuekul dks vktknhds le; ls gh çHkkfor djrh jgh gS vkSj vkt ds fo'o dhifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ;g vUr£ufgr gS A
xqV&fujis{k vkUnksyu dks çkjafHkd LFkkf;Ro vkSj fn'kk çnkudjus esa Hkkjr ds ;ksxnku dh vc vis{kkd`r vfèkd ç'kalk dh tkrhgS] fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ds f'kYidkj tokgj yky usg:dh jpukRed Hkwfedk dhA bl fopkj ds vxznwr ds :i esa
(1947&1955)] bldks ewrZ:i çnku djus okys tUenkrk ds :iesa (1955&61) rFkk xqV&fujis{k vkUnksyu dh fn'kk rFkk y{;çnkudÙkkZ ds :i esa (1961&64) mudh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSAxqV&fujis{krk ds fdlh Hkh vè;;u esa Hkkjr dh fof'k"V çfr"Bkdks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr dh çfr"Bk dsoy bl dkj.k ughagS fd ;g lHkh xqV&fujis{k ns'kksa esa lcls cM+k ns'k gSA vFkok f}rh;fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn mifuos'kokn ds mUewyu dh ygj ds iQyLo:iblus loZçFke Lora=krk çkIr dh Fkh] cfYd bldh çfr"Bk dk dkj.k;g gS fd Hkkjr us çFke fo'o ;q¼ ls ysdj 1947 rd viuhLora=krk ds fy;s yEck la?k"kZ fd;k Fkk vkSj vU; ns'kksa esamifuos'kokn fojksèkh vkUnksyu dks çsfjr fd;k FkkA
csyxzsM tgka xqV&fujis{k vkUnksyu dk çFke lEesyu 1961 esagqvk Fkk] usg: th us ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ rF; ij cy fn;k FkkAmUgksaus ukfHkdh; ;q¼ ds c<+rs gq, [krjs vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRodh loksZifj vko';drk dk mYys[k djrs gq, dgk fd ;gh vktds ;qx dh ewyHkwr pqukSrh gSA mUgksaus ,d if=kdk esa fy[kk%¶xqV&fujis{krk lHkh jk"Vªksa ds çfr eS=kh Hkko ,oa fdlh Hkh lSU;xqVcanh ls le>kSrk u djus dh uhfr;ksa dk lkj la{ksi çLrqr djrkgSA ewy:i ls xqV&fujis{krk dk vFkZ viuk dk;Z djus dh Lora=krkls gS] tks lEiw.kZ Lora=krk dk gh va'k gSA ------- xqV&fujis{krk vcvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk ds Lo:i dk ,d vfHkUu vax gS vkSj ;gO;kid ,oa oSèkkfud uhfr cu pqdh gS] fo'ks"kdj vÚhdh&,f'k;kbZjkT;ksa ds fy,¸A bl ,sfrgkfld ifjçs{; esa ;g dguk Bhd gh gksxkfd fo'o jktuhfr dh voèkkj.kk ds :i esa vkSj uoksfnr Lora=kns'kksa ds jk"Vªh; fgrksa ds vfèkdre laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dhvUrjkZ"Vªh; ledkyhu jktuhfr esa xqV&fujis{krk dk çeq[k ;ksxnkugSA xqV&fujis{krk 'kfDr'kkyh xqVksa ds detksj gks tkus] cM+h 'kfDr;ksadh çHkqrk ds çfr fonzksg vkSj jktuhfr esa ,d ,d uohu dwVuhfrds iQyLo:i ,d Lora=k fons'k uhfr dh n`<+ vfHkO;fDr FkhA fdUrqbldk eq[; mís'; rRdkyhu vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k esa ;FkkfLFkfr esaifjorZu dh vksj] 'kL=kksa dh gksM+ ds LFkku ij fodkl dh vksj]xqVcanh ls lg vfLrÙo dh vksj rFkk ^,d fo'o* dh Hkkouk dhvksj ys tkuk] tgk¡ vU;ksU;kfJr ,oa lg vfLrRo ds lkFk gh 'kkafr]lekurk] U;k; ,oa ekuorkokn ds ewY; fodflr gks ldsA
gesa xqVfujis{krk vkSj rVLFkrk dks ,d ekudj Hkzfer ugha gksukpkfg,A varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu ds varxZr rVLFkrk og fLFkfr gS] ftlesafdlh ;q¼ esa dksbZ jkT; fdlh dk Hkh i{k ugha ysrk gSA rVLFkrkdh çklafxdrk ek=k ;q¼dkyhu fLFkfr ls tqM+h gksrh gSA xqV&fujis{krkdh çklafxdrk eq[;r% 'kkafr dky esa gksrh gS fdarq ;q¼ dky esaHkh bldh çklafxdrk cuh jgrh gSA xqV&fujis{krk vUrjkZ"Vªh; rukorFkk lSU; xqVksa ,oa 'kfDr;ksa ds chp laHkkfor la?k"kZ esa lfEefyru gksus dh fLFkfr gS] tcfd rVLFkrk ;q¼ esa lfEefyr u gksus dhfLFkfr gSA rVLFkrk dh voèkkj.kk dk mn; 18oha rFkk 19oha 'krkCnhds ml nkSj esa gqvk] tc ;wjksi ds jk"Vª nks ;k nks ls vfèkd jkT;ksads chp la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr ls Lo;a dks nwj j[kus ds bPNqd FksAxqV&fujis{krk dh voèkkj.kk dk mn; 20oha 'krkCnh ds eè; esaf}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn 'khr;q¼ ds nkSj ds vkjaHk ds lkFk gqvkA'khr;q¼ ds nkSj esa lEiw.kZ fo'o nks 'kfDr'kkyh [kseksa esa caVk gqvkFkkA ,d vkSj (NATO) ,oa if'peh ;wjksih; ns'k (vejhdk dsusr`Ro esa ) Fks] tcfd nwljh vkSj okjlk (WARSA) lafèk ,oa
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 132
lektoknh jk"Vªksa (lksfo;r la?k ds usr`Ro esa) dk leqnk; FkkA ,f'k;kvkSj vçQhdk ds uoksfnr jk"Vªksa us fdlh ,d ;k nwljh 'kfDr dkvuqlj.k djus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA mUgsa vius jk"Vª ds vkfFkZdfodkl ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu ds fgr esa èkqozhdj.k dh ;g fLFkfrckèkd çrhr gqbZA mUgsa egk'kfDr;ksa ds vuko';d la?k"kks± ls viusdks lEc¼ djuk Lohdkj ugha FkkA vr% tgk¡ rVLFkrk] ;q¼ esa fdlhdk i{k u ysus ds dkj.k ,d udkjkRed voèkkj.kk gS] ogha nwljhvksj xqV&fujis{krk ,d ldkjkRed voèkkj.kk gS] tks xqVcanh dkfojksèk vkSj egk'kfDr;ksa dh vèkhurk vLohdkj djrh gSA blds lkFkgh ;g Lora=k fons'k uhfr] fo'o&'kkafr] jk"Vªksa ds eè; lekurk ,oaU;k; ij vkèkkfjr ijLij lg;ksx rFkk ekuo dY;k.k gsrq vk£Fkdfodkl tSls eqíksa ds çfr ldkjkRed :i ls opuc¼ gSA ;gk¡ ;grF; jkspd gS fd 1960 rd ljdkjh vfHkys[kksa rFkk oDrO;ksa esa^xqV&fujis{k* 'kCn dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k x;k FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd tqykbZ1956 esa czk;uh esa gqbZ VhVks] usg: rFkk ukflj dh fo[;kr cSBdesa Hkh xqV&fujis{k vkUnksyu dk mYys[k ugha gqvk Fkk ml le;ftl 'kCnkoyh dk ç;ksx gqvk Fkk] og Fkk fdlh xqV dk vuqlj.ku djus okyh uhfrA fdUrq 1961 ds csyxzsM dkaiaszQl esa ^xqVfujis{k*'kCn dk çpyu gqvkA ;g xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk çFke f'k[kjlEesyu FkkA
xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dh çÑfrxqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dh çÑfrxqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dh çÑfrxqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dh çÑfrxqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dh çÑfrlkB ds n'kd ls çkjaHk gksdj yxHkx rhl o"kks± rd xqVfujis{k
vkUnksyu vkt dh fo'o jktuhfr dh ,d çHkkoh fopkjèkkjk jghgSA ,d u;h fo'o O;oLFkk fu£er djus ds mís'; ls blds }kjkfd;s x;s lkewfgd jktuf;d ç;klksa dh ,d fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk jghgSA ;g ledkyhu fo'o dh jktuhfr esa èkzqohdj.k rFkk xqVvfHkeq[kuhfr;ksa ds fo:¼ ,d lkewfgd vkUnksyu FkkA bldk fufgr vFkZ'kL=kksa dh gksM+ vkSj fo'o dks nks [kseksa esa foHkktu djus dh uhfrdk fojksèk djuk FkkA ;g iwoZ mifuos'koknh ns'kksa }kjk viuk;h x;hvk£Fkd vlekurk] lkekftd&jktuhfrd vU;k; ,oa HksnHkko dhuhfr;ksa ds çfr fojksèk dh vfHkO;fDr FkhA xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu fuèkZujkT;ksa dh ,d fo'o Lrjh; VªsM ;wfu;u ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSAfo'o dh leL;kvksa ds lacaèk esa bldk eq[; y{; mu uoksfnrLora=k jk"Vªksa dks ,dtqV djds vkUnksyu laxfBr djuk Fkk] tks phjdky ls vYi fodkl vkSj dq'kklu dh leL;kvksa ls f?kjs jgs gSaA;g ns'k vc vkt ds vU;ksU;kfJr fo'o esa Lora=k vkSj lerk dhfLFkfr ikus dh vkdka{kk ls vfHkçssfjr FksA
fofHkUu Lrjksa ij rFkk fofoèk Lo:iksa esa O;Dr gksus okys tula?k"kks± ds :i esa xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu ikap pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djusds mÙkjnkf;Ro ls foeq[k ugha gks ldrk gSA ;s fu.kkZ;d pqukSfr;kavaxzsth esa ikap ^Mh* }kjk O;Dr dh tk ldrh gSa&1- mifuos'k dh lekfIr Decolonisation
2- eS=kh Detente
3- fodkl Development
4- fu'kL=khdj.k Disarmament
5- varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa dk yksdra=khdj.k (Democratçation of
International Institution)
'kksf"kr jk"Vªksa vkSj mldh turk ds lkFk lerk] U;k; ,oa mfprO;ogkj ds fy;s xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk mn; ,d nkos ds :i
esa gqvkA ;g Lora=krk vkSj vfèkdkj lkoZHkkSfed 'kkafr vkSj lEiUurkdk y{; j[krs gq, ,d u;s fo'o ds fuekZ.k gsrq d`rladYi gSAbl Hkkouk ds vuq:i la;qDr jk"Vª esa xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu ds lnL;ksaus ftu eqíksa ij cy fn;k] os bl çdkj gSa&
(i) mifuos'kksa ds eqfDr vkUnksyu dk leFkZu_(ii) jax rFkk tkfr HksnHkko ds fo:¼ lekurk dk leFkZu_
rFkk(iii) uo mifuos'kokn ds fo:¼ vk£Fkd fodkl dk leFkZuAvU; ftu ckrksa ij blus è;ku vkd£"kr fd;k] os gSa%&(i) rhljh nqfu;k dk dtZ_(ii) çkS|kSfxdh dk gLrkarj.k_(iii) fu%'kL=khdj.k_(iv) fo'o 'kkafr ,oa(v) u;s ,oa NksVs jkT;ksa ds vfèkdkjksa ,oa laçHkqrk dh lqj{kk
xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk mn;xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk mn;xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk mn;xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk mn;xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk mn;xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk mn~Hko f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn
if'peh ;wjksih; lkezkT;okn ds èoLr gksus ls mRiUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esafo'o jktuhfr esa fufgr ço`fÙk ds :i esa gqvk FkkA fo'o esa if'pehns'kksa dh mifuos'kh ç.kkyh dk fo?kVu 1946 esa eq[;r% ,f'k;k esavkjaHk gks x;k] tks fd NBsa n'kd rd vçQhdk rFkk vU; egklkxjh;ns'kksa rd iQSy x;k FkkA vkt mifuos'kksa ds fo?kVu dh çfOkzQ;k iwjhgks x;h gSA Lora=krk çkIr djus ds iQyLo:i u;s jkT;ksa ds lkeusu, mÙkjnkf;Ùo o pqukSfr;ka vk [kM+h gqb±] ftuds fy, os leqfpr:i ls rS;kj ugha FksA mifuos'kdkyhu HkXuko'ks"kksa ij ns'k dsiqu£uekZ.k dk cgqr cM+k vkSj cgqr dfBu dk;Z FkkA Hkkjr tSls vusdns'kksa ds fy;s xqV&fujis{krk mudh fons'k uhfr dk vkèkkj cu x;hA;s ns'k cM+h 'kfDr;ksa dh xqVcanh ls i`Fkd jgdj vkSj la?k"kZ dhuhfr R;kxdj viuh 'kfDr jk"Vªh; fodkl esa yxkuk pkgrs FksAxqVfujis{krk fons'k uhfr esa Lora=k vkpj.k ij cy fn;s tkus dhfof'k"Vrk O;Dr djrh gSA
1911 esa csyxzsM lEesyu esa mldh vkSipkfjd 'kq#vkr dsle; blesa 25 lnL;ksa us Hkkx fy;k FkkA èkhjs&èkhjs bldh lnL;rkesa o`f¼ gksrh x;hA fofHkUu lEesyuksa esa bldh lnL; la[;k blçdkj Fkh% dkfgjk esa 1964 esa gq, f}rh; lEesyu esa 47_ yqlkdkesa 1970 esa gq, lEesyu esa 53_ vYth;lZ esa 1973 esa gq, pkSFkslEesyu es 75_ dksyEcks esa gq, ikaposa lEesyu esa 85_ gokuk esagq, NBsa lEesyu esa 92_ ubZ fnYyh esa 1983 esa gq, lkrosa lEesyuesa 101 (99 jkT; rFkk 2 eqfDr vkUnksyu)_ gjkjs esa gq, vkBosalEesyu 1986 esa rFkk csyxzsM 1989 esa gq, uosa lEesyu esa çR;sdesa 102_ vkSj tdkrkZ esa 1992 esa gq, lEesyu es 109 lnL; FksAxqVfujis{k vkUnksyu ds gksus okys lEesyuksa esa lnL;ksa rFkk i;Zos{kdksa,oa vfrfFk jkT;ksa dks feykdj yxHkx 130 ls ysdj 135 rd lnL;lfEefyr gksrs gSa] tcfd la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh dqy lnL; 188 gSA
1992 esa tdkrkZ esa gq, xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu ds nlosa f'k[kjlEesyu esa mlds lkeus lcls cM+h pqukSrh ;gh Fkh 'khr;q¼ rFkkvkf.od 'kL=k gksM+ dh lekfIr rFkk lksfo;r la?k rFkk ¶nwljhnqfu;k¸ ds èoLr gks tkus ds iQyLo:i ifjo£rr u;s vUrjkZ"Vªh;jktuhfrd okrkoj.k esa bl vkUnksyu ds ewy mís';ksa dks fdl çdkjfOkzQ;kfUor fd;k tk;sA ;gk¡ ;g cy nsdj dguk vko';d gS fd
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 133
xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk mn; dsoy 'khr;q¼ vkSj nks èkzqoh; jktuhfrds dkj.k gh ugha gqvk] cfYd mldk mn; uoksfnr Lora=k ns'kksa ds,dtqV gksus dh çfOkzQ;k Lo:i gqvk gSA ;s ns'k fuèkZu ns'kksa ds lewgds :i esa fodflr ns'kksa ls lkSnk&le>kSrk ds fy, jktuf;d]jktuhfrd rFkk vk£Fkd lEc¼rk ds vkdka{kh FksA ;g vko';d gSfd xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu ,drk ds lw=k esa vkc¼ gks tk;s] ftllsvUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF)] fo'o cSad rFkk gky gh esa xfBrfo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) bR;kfn laxBuksa ls lkewfgd le>kSrkokrkZ vkSj lkSnsckth dj ldsA bl vkUnksyu dks la;qDr jk"Vª la?krFkk mlds vfHkdj.kksa esa Hkh vius lkewfgd fgrksa dh j{kk djuhgksxhA
vkt 'khr ;q¼ vkSj nks xqVksa dk vfLrRo Hkys u jgs] xqVfujis{kvkUnksyu vçklafxd ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd çkjaHk ls gh bldk mís';lnL;ksa dh ,drk lqfuf'pr djuk Fkk] tks vk£Fkd n`f"V lsfodkl'khy] lekftd n`f"V ls fiNM+s] çkS|ksfxdh n`f"V ls fodklds fuEu Lrj ij vkSj jktuhfrd n`f"V ls èkk£ed dV~Vjrk] ltkrh;la?k"kkZs± vkSj loksZifj cká gLr{ksi ds dkj.k iwQV vkSj vfLFkjrk dsf'kdkj jgs gSaA
xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu lqa;Dr jk"Vª la?k ds ckn fo'o dk lclscM+k laxBu gSA ;g fo'o dh çeq[k leL;kvksa ij u, <ax ls vkelgefr O;Dr djus dk vf}rh; ekè;e cu x;k gSA xqV fujis{kvkUnksyu dh ,sfrgkfld Hkwfedk lnk ls rFkkdfFkr ¶mÙkj¸ vkSj¶nf{k.k¸ rFkk ¶if'pe¸ vkSj ¶iwoZ ds eè; lsrq fuekZ.k djus dhjgh gSA mldh viw.kZ Hkwfedk dh iwfrZ gksuk vHkh 'ks"k gSA
fu"d"kZ Lo:i ge dg ldrs gSa fd xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu gekjs;qx dh ,d eu%fLFkfr gSA bl vkUnksyu esa vxqok gksus ds ukrsHkkjr dks lekurk ij vkèkkfjr jkT;ksa ls ;qDr ,d Js"Brj fo'ods fuekZ.k esa u;h fn'kk vkSj u;k çfrcy çnku djuk gksxkA
Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfrHkkjr dh fons'k uhfrHkkjr dh fons'k uhfrHkkjr dh fons'k uhfrHkkjr dh fons'k uhfrf}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn lalkj ds jkT;ksa dh vU;ksU;kfJr
fLFkfr rFkk rRlacafèkr O;OLFkk ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfrdk ,d fof'k"V Lo:i mHkj dj vk;kA ftl le; Hkkjr Lora=kgqvk] ml le; ¶,d fo'o¸ dh Hkkouk lkdkj :i ys pqdh FkhAukfHkdh; çkS|ksfxdh] bysDVªkWfud o varfj{k lacaèkh vuqlaèkku rFkklapkj O;oLFkk dh u;h çxfr ls OkzQkafrdkjh ifjorZu gq, FksA mlhle; 1946 esa mifuos'khdj.k ds fo?kfVr gksus dh çfOkzQ;k çkjaHkgks xbZ FkhA Hkkjr dh Hkkafr lHkh uoksfnr jk"Vªksa ds le{k lcls cM+hpqukSrh ;g Fkh fd os viuh lekftd vk£Fkd O;oLFkk esa O;kidOkzQkafrdkjh ,oa vkewy ifjorZu de ls de le; esa dj ldsaAHkkjrh; jktuf;dksa us fons'k uhfr ds rhuksa ewyHkwr vkèkkj & jk"Vªh;fgr] {ks=kh; vfuok;Zrk,a ,oa fo'o dh leL;k,a] dks è;ku esa j[kdjfons'k uhfr ds vkèkkjHkwr y{; fuèkkZfjr fd;sA ;s vkèkkjHkwr y{;fuEu gS%1- jk"Vª dk vk£Fkd fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkjrk] ftlls ns'k
dh ,drk rFkk lekftd vk£Fkd fodkl lqfuf'pr fd;k tkldsA
2- jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] ftlls fd ns'k dh Lora=krk rFkk çknsf'kdv[kaMrk ij vkOkzQe.k ds [krjs dks jksdk tk ldsA
3- vkRefuHkZjrk rFkk Loiksf"kr vkS|ksxhdj.k ftlls vk£Fkd Lora=krkdh j{kk vkSj çksRlkgu lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA
4- ijLij ykHk ds fy;s nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=k esa eS=kh] ln~Hkko vkSjlg;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k tkukA
5- nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kksa esa vkUrfjd ekeyksa essa cM+h 'kfDr;ksa dsgLr{ksi dks jksdukA
6- fgUn egklkxj dks 'kkafr {ks=k cukus ds ç;kl dh laHkkouk dksc<+kuk vkSj Hkkjr ds fudVLFk leqnzh {ks=kksa dks egk'kfDr;ksa dsukS lSfud Vdjko dh fLFkfr ls cpkus dk ç;kl djukA
7- jk"Vªh; Lora=krk ds fy;s eqfDr vkUnksyuksa o yksdrkaf=kd la?k"kks±rFkk vkRe fu.kZ; ds vfèkdkjksa ds fy;s la?k"kks± dk leFkZu djukA
8- lkezkT;okn rFkk mifuos'kokn] uLyokn] tkrh; i`Fkdrkokn]fujadq'krkokn vkSj lSU;okn dk fojksèk djukA
9- 'kL=kksa dh gksM+] fo'ks"k :i ls ukfHkdh; 'kL=kksa dh gksM+ dkfojksèk djuk vkSj O;kid ,oa iw.kZ fu%'kL=khdj.k dh çfOkzQ;kdk leFkZu djukA
10- mÙkj&nf{k.k laokn rFkk nf{k.k&if'pe lg;ksx ij cy nsukA11- fo'o Lrj ij fodkl ds dk;ks± dk leFkZu djuk vkSj ,d
,slh u;h vUrjkZ"Vªh; vk£Fkd O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djuk ftllsU;k;] lekurk rFkk ekuork ij vkèkkfjr fo'o dk fuekZ.k gksldsA
12- varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr] lqj{kk ,oa vkilh erHksnksa ds 'kkafriw.kZlekèkku dk leFkZu djuk rFkk ,d vfgald ,oa ukfHkdh;'kL=kfoghu fo'o dh jpuk djukA
13- ,d yksdrkaf=kd fo'o ds fy;s vko';d n'kk ds :i esa ekuovfèkdkjksa ds vkn'kZ ,oa mlds fOkzQ;kUo;u dk leFkZu djukA
14- 'kkafriw.kZ] lg&vkfLrRo rFkk iap'khy ds vkn'kks± dks vkxsc<+ukA
15- fo'oO;kih ruko nwj djus] ijLij lgefr dh Hkkouk dksc<+kok nsus] lSU; xqVcanh dk fojksèk djus rFkk bu lHkh lsegRoiw.kZ mís'; Hk;] ?k`.kk] ykyp vkSj vlekurk ls eqDrfo'o dk fuekZ.k djus fy;s xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dks etcwrcukuk rFkk la;qDr jk"Vª dk leFkZu djukA;|fi Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr nwjn£'krk rFkk vkn'kZokn ls ;qDr
gS] fiQj Hkh bls vusd ekeyksa ij vk?kkr lgus iM+sA bldk dkj.kvçR;kf'kr fo'o ?kVukvksa vkSj fo'o ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa u;hço`fÙk;ksa ds mn; gksus esa [kkstk tk ldrk gSA dHkh dqN ekeyksaij usr`Ùo vliQy jgk] rks dHkh gekjs lkspus dk <ax xyr jgkAdksbZ Hkh fons'k uhfr iw.kZ :i ls liQy fons'k uhfr ugha gksrhA gekjhfons'k uhfr Hkh iw.kZ :i ls liQy ugha gSA gks ldrk gS fd blesagekjh vksj ls dksbZ =kqVh u jgh gks] fdarq fiQj Hkh ,d tfVyvU;ksU;kfJr fo'o dk va'k gksus ds dkj.k uqdlku gesa gh mBkukiM+kA fdarq viuh fons'k uhfr dk ys[kk&tks[kk djus ds i'pkr~ geblh fu"d"kZ ij igqapsaxs fd mlesa lHkh nyksa vkSj lewgksa dh vkelgefr jgh gSA 'kkafr] fu%'L=khdj.k rFkk fo'o ds larqfyr fodkldh fn'kk esa ;g fons'k uhfr Hkkjr dks {ks=kh; rFkk fo'o Lrj ijçeq[k rFkk ldkjkRed Hkwfedk vnk djus esa lgk;d gqbZ gSA vktHkkjrh; x.kjkT; ,d jktuhfrd yksdra=k] iaFkfujis{k jkT; O;oLFkkrFkk vkRefuHkZj vkS|ksxhdj.k ds fy;s O;kid :i ls çfrf"Br gSA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 134
phu ds lkFk lhek la?k"kZphu ds lkFk lhek la?k"kZphu ds lkFk lhek la?k"kZphu ds lkFk lhek la?k"kZphu ds lkFk lhek la?k"kZlu~ 1947 esa Hkkjr dks Lora=krk feyh vkSj yxHkx mlh le;
1949 esa phu dks tuoknh x.kra=k (People's Republic) ?kksf"krfd;k x;kA bl çdkj ,d lkFk gh lekukarj :i ls gq, ?kVukOkzQeesa bl 'krkCnh ds eè; ,f'k;k ds nks lcls cM+s ns'kksa esalekftd&vk£Fkd ifjorZu dh çfOkzQ;k çkjaHk gqbZA
Hkkjr vkSj phu ds lacaèk vfr iqjkru gSaA Hkkjr ls ckS¼ èkeZphu x;k rFkk xr 'krkfCn;ksa ds nkSjku dbZ phuh ;k=kh Hkkjr Hkze.kdj pqds gSaA bu ;kf=k;ksa us phuh fo}kuksa ds fy, Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjrh;laLd`fr ds }kj [kksy fn;sA g"kZ vkSj rkax lezkV us jktnwrksa dkvknku&çnku Hkh fd;kA eè; dky esa Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa ds eè; lEidZcus jgsA eqgEen fcu rqxyd us çfl¼ vÚhdh ;k=kh bCuscrwrk dksjktnwr cukdj phuh njckj esa Hkstk FkkA Hkkjr dk ogh ,d 'kkldFkk] ftlus frCcr ij vkOkzQe.k dh ;kstuk cuk;h FkhA rqxyd 'kkldksafeax lezkVksa us jktnwrksa dk vknku&çnku fd;k FkkA eqxy dky esaHkh Hkkjr vkSj phu ds eè; O;kikj esa i;kZIr o`f¼ gqbZA Hkkjr vkSjphu ds chp eS=khiw.kZ vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ lacaèkksa dh ,d yEch Üka[kykgSA bf.M;u us'kuy dkaxzsl us ;q¼xzLr phu ds çfr viuh lgkuqHkwfrO;Dr dh Fkh vkSj phu ds dY;k.k gsrq Hkkjr dh fpark dks vfHkO;Drdjus gq, mldh lgk;rk ds fy, fpfdRlk ny Hkh HkstsA tokgjyky usg: us ¶fMLdojh vkWIkQ bafM;k¸ esa fy[kk gS fd phu esatc dHkh etcwr dsUnz ljdkj cuh] mlus lhek foLrkj dk ç;klfd;kA
vDVwcj 1949 esa tuoknh x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn mlslcls igys fofèkor~ dwVuhfrd ekU;rk nsus okys ns'kksa esa Hkkjr HkhFkkA dksfj;k ;q¼ ds nkSjku Hkkjr phu ds vfèkd fudV vk x;kvkSj la;qDr jk"Vª esa Hkh phu ds i{k esa mlus egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkk;hA mlus phu ds bl nkos dk Hkh leFkZu fd;k fd;k fdmls rkboku (ftls vesfjdh rFkk if'peh 'kfDr;ksa ds jktuhfrdnkaoisap ds ifj.kkeLo:i lqj{kk ifj"kn dk lnL; eku fy;k x;kFkk) ds LFkku ij lqj{kk ifj"kn dk lnL; eku fy;k tk;sA tcmÙkj dksfj;k dks leFkZu nsus ds dkj.k phu dks vkØe.kdkjh ekudjmls la;qDr jk"Vª dk lnL; cuk;s tkus ij vkifÙk mBk;h x;h] rksHkkjr us mls vkOkzQe.kdkjh ekuus ls badkj dj fn;kA
29 vçSy] lu~ 1954 dks Hkkjr vkSj phu us frCcr ls lacfèkr,d le>kSrk fd;k] ftlds vUrxZr Hkkjr us frCcr lacaèkh viusnkoksa dks R;kx fn;k vkSj frCcr dks phu dk ^vfèkjkT;* eku fy;kAphu us Hkh frCcr dh Lok;Ùkrk dh iqu% iqf"V dhA bl le>kSrsds vUrxZr nksuksa ns'kkas us lgvfLrRo ds çfl¼ ikap fl¼karksa dkfu:i.k fd;k] ftUgsa ^iap'khy* dk fl¼kar dgk x;kA ;s ikap fl¼karfuEu gSa&(1) ,d&nwljs dh v[kaMrk vkSj Lora=k lÙkk dks vknjiwoZd Lohdkj
djuk_(2) ,d&nwljs ds Åij vkØe.k u djuk_(3) lekurk ds vkèkkj ij ,d&nwljs dh lgk;rk djuk_(4) ,d&nwljs ds ekeys esa gLr{ksi u djuk_ rFkk(5) 'kkafriw.kZ lgvfLrRo
tsusok lEesyu esa dksfj;k ;q¼ ds çlax esa Hkkjr us phu dksHkjiwj leFkZu fn;kA ckaMqax esa vk;ksftr (vçSy 1955) çFke
vÚhdh&,f'k;kbZ lEesyu esa phu dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus dkeq[; çLrko Hkkjr dk gh FkkA bl çdkj lu~ 1957 rd Hkkjr&phulacaèk lkekU; gh ugha cfYd eS=khiw.kZ Hkh jgsA mlds ckn ls fo'odh jktuhfr ds çfr phu ds n`f"Vdks.k esa ,d cnyko vk;kA lkFkgh :l vkSj Hkkjr ls mlds lacaèkksa esa Hkh cnyko vk;kA fe=k ns'kksals eèkqj] rdZlaxr vkSj lkeU; lgefr dk ;qx lekIr gks x;k vkSjmldk LFkku ¶dêðj fl¼karokfnrk¸ vkSj ¶oSpkfjd mxzokn¸ us ysfy;k] ifj.kkeLo:i 1957&58 ls phu dk :[k vusd ns'kksa ds çfrdM+k gksrk x;kA ekLdks ls lacaèk&foPNsn gqvk rFkk Hkkjr ls eueqVkogqvkA vDVwcj 1957 esa Hkkjrh; çns'k ¶ukFkZ bLVuZ ÚfUV;j ,tsUlh¸vFkkZr~ ¶usiQk¸ (vkt dk v#.kkpy çns'k) dh lhek ij mldsvkOkzQe.k dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ] tks 1959 rd gksrk jgkA flraCkj 1959esa phu us usiQk esa 50]000 oxZehy ds Hkkjrh; {ks=k ij rFkk yík[kesa vkDlkbZ phu okys Hkkx ij viuk nkok çLrqr fd;kA lu~ 1955esa tc usg: us phu ds çèkkuea=kh pkÅ ,u ykbZ dk è;ku phuds mu ekufp=kksa dh vksj vkd`"V fd;k Fkk] ftuesa Hkkjr ds ,dcM+s Hkkx dks phu dk fgLlk vafdr fd;k x;k Fkk] rks pkÅ ,uykbZ mls ;g dgdj Vky fn;k Fkk fd og iqjkuh ljdkj }kjk vafdrlaLdj.k gS vkSj mlesa la'kksèku dh vko';drk gS] fdarq lR; rks;g gS fd phu us Hkkjr dh lhek fuèkkZj.k djus okyh eSdeksgujs[kk dks ekU;rk nsus ls badkj dj fn;k FkkA mldk mYya?ku djrsgq, phu us vkDlkbZ phu dkjkdksje ekxZ dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k] tksHkkjr ds yík[k {ks=k ls ysdj phu ds flu ft;kax {ks=k dks ikfdLrkuds fxyfxV {ks=k ls tksM+rh gSA lu~ 1958&60 dh le>kSrk okrkZ,aliQy ugh gqb±A ekpZ 1959 esa frCcr esa fonzksg gksus vkSj nykbZ ykekds Hkkjr esa Hkkxdj vkus ds dkj.k Hkkjr&phu lacaèk vkSj Hkh fcxM+x;sA blls Hkkjr&phu lacaèkksa dk Lo:i gh cny x;kA Hkzkedèkkj.kkvksa] fo'okl vkSj dBksj :[k dh ifj.kfr vDVwcj 1962 dsHkkjr&phu ;q¼ ds :i esa gqbZA
Hkkjr ds fy, ;g ;q¼ dkiQh fujk'kktud jgkA bl ;q¼ esaHkkjr us tks vkRelEeku [kks;k] og ckn esa 1971 esa ikfdLrku ds;q¼ esa gh fot; }kjk çkIr gqvkA usg: th dks dkiQh èkDdk yxkvkSj viuh e`R;q (1964) rd os bl lnes ls mcj ugha ik;sA mUgsavius jktuhfrd çfr}af};ksa ds vkOkzQe.k Hkh lgus iM+sA bl ;q¼ lslcls cM+k èkDdk xqVfujis{krk ds fl¼kar dks yxkA bl ;q¼ us Hkkjrdh r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks Hkh cqjh rjg çHkkfor fd;kA j{kkvkSj j.kuhfr ls lacafèkr leL;kvksa ij Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k esa HkhifjorZu vk;kA nks o"kks± esa Hkkjr dh lsuk nksxquh gks xbZZA u;s iQkSthnLrs rS;kj fd;s x;sA lsuk dks iqu% çf'kf{kr fd;k x;k rFkk u;svk;q/ midj.kksa ls lqlfTtr fd;k x;kA Hkkjr dh j{kk lacaèkhvko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vk;q/ dkj[kkus [kksys x;sAHkkjr bl {ks=k esa ,d cM+h lSU; 'kfDr ds :i esa mHkj dj vk;kA;g rS;kjh 1965 esa ikfdLrkuh vkOkzQe.k dk lkeuk djus rFkk 1971esa ikfdLrku dks ijkftr djus esa lgk;d gqbZ] tcfd phu dk :[kHkkjr ds fo:¼ ikfdLrku ds i{k esa FkkA phu us ikfdLrkuh lSfudksadks çf'kf{kr fd;k rFkk mls gfFk;kj ,oa vU; lSU; lkexzh ls Hkhlgk;rk dh FkhA lu~ 1970 vkSj 1980 ds ckn okys n'kdksa esa phuo ikfdLrku ds xBcaèku ls Hkkjr dh lqj{kk [krjs esa iM+h jghA
nks n'kkfCn;ksa ds xR;kjksèk ds ckn 1980 esa jktnwrksa dsvknku&çnku gksus ls Hkkjr&phu lacaèk iqu% LFkkfir gq,A lu~ 1981
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 135
ls nksuksa ns'kkas ds chp lacaèkksa dks lkekU; djus dh fn'kk esa ç;klgks jgss gSaA lhek lacaèkh fooknksa dks f'kfFky fd;k tk jgk gSA okf.kT;]çkfofèkdh] laLd`fr vkfn {ks=kkas esa ikjLifjd fgrksa dh iwfrZ ds fy,igys ijLij fo'okl mRiUu djus vkSj mlds ckn LoLFk] f}i{kh;ln~Hkkouk dk l`tu djus ij è;ku dsafnzr fd;k tk jgk gSA
phu vkSj Hkkjr ds chp vkSj vfèkd lg;ksx c<+kus ds 1990ds n'kd esa egRoiw.kZ dne mBk;s x;sA lu~ 1992 esa Hkkjr dsjk"Vªifr dh phu ;k=kk ln~Hkkouk ds çrhd ds :i esa cM+k dneFkkA mlds ckn flracj 1993 esa Hkkjr ds çèkkuea=kh ih-oh- ujflagjko phu x;sA phu us Hkh vius jk"Vªifr] çèkkuea=kh rFkk vU;mPpkfèkdkfj;ksa dks Hkkjr Hkstdj viuh ln~Hkkouk O;Dr dhA 7flracj] 1993 esa ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s x;s] ftlesa mumik;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k] tks nksuks ns'kksa ds ikjLifjd ykHkrFkk dY;k.k dks lqfuf'pr djsaxs rFkk nh?kZdky ls yafcr lheklacaèkh ç'u dks fe=kor~ f}i{kh; 'kkafriw.kZ fopkj&foe'kZ }kjk lqy>k;ktk;sxkA bldk eq[; n`f"Vdks.k lhek lacaèkh çdj.k ugha] cfYdokf.kfT;d] oSKkfud rFkk lkaLd`frd lacaèkkas rFkk jktuhfrd lgefrdk fodkl djuk gSA lu~ 1994 esa phu ds j{kkea=kh dh Hkkjr ;k=kknksuksa ns'kksa }kjk fufeZr dh tk jgh uohu ln~Hkkouk dk çrhd gSA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;� Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k ,d lafoèkku lHkk }kjk 2 o"kZ
11 eghus rFkk 18 fnu esa fd;k x;kA� lafoèkku lHkk dk xBu dSfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk ds çkoèkkuksa ds
vuqlkj vçR;{k :i ls jkT;ksa ds foèkku&lHkkvksa }kjk uoEoj1946 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
� lafoèkku lHkk esa oqQy 389 lnL; Fks] ftuesa 292 çkarksa ls rFkk93 ns'kh fj;klrksa ls pqus tkus FksA 4 lnL; deh'ujh {ks=k dsFksA
� çkarh; foèkku lHkk esa çR;sd leqnk; ds lnL;ksa us ,dylaØe.kh; i¼fr ds vkuqikfrd çfrfufèkRo ds vuqlkj viusçfrfufèk;ksa dk fuokZpu fd;kA
� ns'kh fj;klrksa ls p;u dh i¼fr ijke'kZ ls r; dh tkuh FkhA� 3 twu] 1947 dh ;kstuk ds vèkhu ikfdLrku ds fy, i`Fkd
lafoèkku lHkk xfBr dh x;hA� egkRek xkaèkh us 1922 esa ^Lojkt* dk vFkZ le>krs gq, ;g
ladsr fn;k Fkk fd Hkkjr ds fy, Hkkjrh; ghs lafoèkku cuk;saxsA� 1929 ds ykgkSj vfèkos'ku esa dkaxzsl us iw.kZ LojkT; dk çLrko
ikfjr fd;k FkkA� loZçFke 1914 esa lafoèkku lHkk dh ekax dh x;hA Lojkt ikVhZ
us ebZ 1934 esa rFkk dkaxzsl us iQStiqj vfèkos'ku esa bl ekaxdks nqgjk;kA
� 1942 esa fØIl çLrko esa lafoèkku lHkk dh ekax dks Lohdkjfd;k x;kA
� lafoèkku lHkk esa tula[;k ds vkèkkj ij (yxHkx 10 yk[k ij,d) çfrfufèk fuèkkZfjr fd, x;s FksA
� lafoèkku fuekZ.k ds fy, 60 ns'kksa ds lafoèkkuksa dk vè;;ufd;k x;kA
� foHkktu ds ckn lafoèkku lHkk dh lnL; la[;k 299 jg x;h]ftuesa ls 284 lnL;ksa us 26 uoEoj] 1949 dks lafoèkku ijgLrk{kj fd,A
� lafoèkku lHkk dh çFke cSBd 9 fnlEcj] 1946 dks gqbZ FkhA� çFke cSBd dh vè;{krk Mk- lfPpnkuan flUgk us dh Fkh rFkk
eqfLye yhx us bldk cfg"dkj fd;k FkkA� 11 fnlEcj] 1946 dks Mk- jktsUnz çlkn dks lafoèkku lHkk
dk LFkk;h vè;{k pquk x;kA� Jh ch-,u- jko dks lafoèkku lHkk ds laoSèkkfud lykgdkj in
ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA� 13 fnlEcj] 1946 dks tokgj yky usg: us lafoèkku lHkk
dk ^mís'; çLrko* çLrqr dj lafoèkku fuekZ.k dk dk;Z djukçkjaHk fd;kA ;g çLrko lafoèkku lHkk }kjk 22 tuojh] 1947dks ikfjr dj fn;k x;kA
� lafoèkku fuekZ.k ds fy, fofHkUu lfefr;ka tSls&çfØ;k lfefr]okrkZ lfefr] lapkyu lfefr] dk;Z lfefr] lafoèkku lfefr]>aMk lfefr] çk:i lfefr vkfn dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA
� fofHk lfefr;ksa esa çeq[k çk:i lfefr tks fd 19 vxLr]1947 dks cuh Fkh] ds vè;{k Mk-ch-vkj- vEcsMdj dks cuk;kx;kA bl lfefr ds vU; lnL; Fks& ,u- xksiky] Lokehvk;axj] vYykfn Ñ".k Lokeh vÕ;j] eksgEen lknqYyk] ds-,e-eqa'kh] ch- ,y feÙkj rFkk Mh-ih- [ksrkuA oqQN le; i'pkrch-,y- feÙkj ds LFkku ij ,u- ekèko jko rFkk Mh-ih- [ksrkudh e`R;q ds ckn Vh-Vh- Ñ".kkekpkjh dks bl lfefr esa lfEefyrdj fy;k x;kA
� lafoèkku lHkk dh cSBd dk r`rh; vkSj vafre okpu 14uoEcj] 1949 dks gqvk ;g cSBd 26 uoEcj] 1949 dks lekIrgqbZA
� 26 uoEcj] 1949 dks gh vafre ikfjr lafoèkku ij lHkkifrrFkk mifLFkr lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gq,A blh fnu lafoèkku lHkkus Hkkjr ds lafoèkku dks vaxhdkj dj fy;kA
� ukxfjdrk] fuokZpu vkSj vUrfje laln ls lcafèkr micaèkksa dksrFkk vLFkk;h ,oa laØe.k micaèkksa dks 26 uoEcj] 1949 lsgh rqjar çHkkoh fd;k x;kA
� lEiw.kZ lafoèkku 26 tuojh] 1950 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA 26tuojh] 1950 dks gh Hkkjr dks x.kra=k ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA Mk-jktsUnz çlkn dks Hkkjr dk çFke jk"Vªifr fu;qDr fd;k x;kAlafoèkku lHkk dks gh vkxkeh laln ds pquko rd Hkkjrh; lalnds :i esa ekU;rk nh x;hA
� Mk-ch-vkj- vEcsMdj dks ^ lafoèkku dk firk* (Father of
Constitution) dgk tkrk gSA� Hkkjrh; lafoèkku fo'o dk lcls yEck fyf[kr lafoèkku gSA� Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa çLrkouk ds vfrfjDr 395 vuqPNsn rFkk
8 vuqlwfp;ka FkhaA� lafoèkku dh mísf'kdk (çLrkouk) esa lafoèkku ds è;s; vkSj
mlds vkn'kks± dk laf{kIr o.kZu gSA tgka lafoèkku dh Hkk"kklafnXèk gksrh gS ogka mísf'kdk dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA mísf'kdkdks lafoèkku dh dqath Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
� mísf'kdk dks U;k;ky; esa ço£rr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 136
� Hkkjr dks 26 tuojh] 1950 dks ,d x.kjkT; (Republic)?kksf"kr fd;k x;k] ftldk rkRi;Z gS fd Hkkjr dk jk"Vªkè;{kfuokZfpr gksxk] vuqoaf'kd ughaA
� mísf'kdk esa ^lektoknh*] ^èkeZfujis{k] ,oa ^vkSj v[kaMrk* 'kCn1976 esa 42oka ^lafoèkku* la'kksèku }kjk tksMs x;s gSaA
� laektoknh 'kCn dk vFkZ lektoknh jkT; vFkkZr~ lHkh mRiknu,oa forj.k ds lkèkuksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k ugha gSA cfYd xjhc,oa vehj ds eè; nwjh dks de djuk gSA
� ^iaFkfujis{k* dk vFkZ ljdkj }kjk lHkh èkekZs dk leku laj{k.k,oa lEeku djuk gSA
� Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa Hkkjr dks ^jkT;ksa dk la?k* (Union of
States) dgk x;k gSA la?k (Federation) 'kCn dk dgha Hkhç;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gSA
� Mh-Mh-clq ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,dkRed rFkkla?kkRed dk lfEeJ.k gSA ds-lh- Oghyj ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dklafoèkku la?kh; de vkSj ,dkRed vfèkd gSA muds vuqlkj;g v¼Zla?kh; gSA
� lafoèkku ds la?kkRed y{k.k(i) lafoèkku dh lokZsPprk(ii) 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu(iii) Lora=k loksZPp U;k;ky;(iv) mPp lnu dk jkT; lnu gksuk
� lafoèkku ds ,dkRed y{k.k(1) ,dy ukxfjdrk(2) ,dy lafoèkku(3) dsUnz ljdkj dks jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij Hkh dkuwu
cukus dk vfèkdkj(4) vkikr micaèk(5) dsUnz }kjk jkT; dh lhekvkssa ;k uke ifjorZu dk
vfèkdkj(6) ,dhÑr U;k; O;oLFkk(7) vf[ky Hkkjrh; yksd lsok,a(8) jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr dsUnz }kjk(9) jkT;ksa dk jkT;lHkk esa vleku çfrfufèkRo(10) jkT; foèks;dksa dks jk"Vªifr ds vuqeksnu ds fy, vkjf{kr
djuk(11) ;kstuk vk;ksx dh mifLFkfr(12) jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn dk Lo:i(13) jkT; dh foÙkh; }f"V ls dsUnz ij fuHkZjrk(14) vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka dsUnz ds vfèkdkj {ks=k esa gksuk
� 'kfDr;ksa dk dsUnz rFkk jkT; esa foHkktu bl çdkj gS%dsUnzh; lwph & 97 fo"k;leorhZ lwph & 47 fo"k;jkT; lwph & 66 fo"k;
� vof'k"V fo"k; (Residuary Power) dsUnz ljdkj ds ikl gSA� ewy lafoèkku esa ^ewy drZO;* (Fundamental Duties) dk
lekos'k ugha FkkA 42oka lafoèkku la'kksèku (1976) }kjklafoèkku ds Hkkx IV ds vuqPNsn 51 (d) esa nl ekSfyddrZO;ksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA
� lafoèkku ds Hkkx 3 esa vuqPNsn 13 ls 33 rd ekSfyd vfèkdkjksadk o.kZu gSA
� lafoèkku ds Hkkx 4 esa vuqPNsn 36 ls 51 rd jkT; ds uhfrfunsZ'kd rÙo fn, x;s gSaA
� vfèkdka'k uhfr funZs'kd rÙoksa dk mís'; vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftdyksdra=k dh LFkkiuk djuk gS vFkkZr~ dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dhLFkkiuk djuk gS] ftldk ladYi mísf'kdk esa fy;k x;k gSA
� uhfr funsZ'kd rÙo U;k;ky; esa ifjorZuh; gSaA� 2 vDVwcj] 1952 dks jktLFkku esa ^lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe*
ykxw fd;k x;kA� 2 vDVwcj] 1959 dks usg:th us ukxkSj esa çtkrkaf=kd fodsUnzhdj.k
dh ;kstuk dk Jhx.ks'k fd;kA bls ^iapk;rh jkt* dgk x;kA� jktLFkku çFke jkT; gS] tgka loZçFke lEiw.kZ jkT; esa iapk;rh
jkt O;oLFkk ykxw dh x;hA� cyoarjk; esgrk lfefr rFkk v'kksd esgrk lfefr dk lacaèk
iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ls gSA� ;kstuk vk;ksx ,d xSj laoSèkkfud laLFkk gSA� Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh fo'ks"krk,a%
(1) fyf[kr ,oa fu£er lafoèkku(2) fo'o dk lcls cM+k lafoèkku(3) çHkko'kkyh mísf'kdk(4) Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa fofHk lafoèkkuksa dk lekos'k(5) dBksj ,oa yphysiu dk lekos'k(6) yksdra=kkRed jkT; & çfrfufèk;ksa dk pquko(7) x.kra=kkRed jkT;& fuokZfpr jk"Vªkè;{k(8) lalnh; ljdkj(9) lektoknh ljdkj(10) èkeZfujis{k jkT;(11) la?kkRed rFkk ,dkRed O;oLFkk dk leUo;(12) ,dhÑr U;k; O;oLFkk(13) lkoZtfud erkfèkdkj
� lafoèkku ds lzksr(1) lalnh; ç.kkyh & fczVsu(2) ekSfyd vfèkdkj & l- jk vesfjdk(3) mijk"Vªifr dk in&l- jk vesfjdk(4) lokZsPp U;k;ky; & l- jk vesfjdk(5) la?kkRed O;oLFkk & dukMk(6) uhfr funZs'kd rÙo & vk;jyaSM(7) vkikr micaèk & teZuh(8) ekSfyd drZO; & lks- la?k(9) leorhZ lwph & vkLVªsfy;k
� 1964 rd ds egRoiw.kZ lafoèkku la'kksèku%(1) çFke la'kksèku 1951& ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa lekurk]
Lora=krk rFkk laifÙk dks lkekftd fgr esa lhfer fd;kx;k] Hkwfe lqèkkj dks ukSoha lwph esa j[kdj mls U;k;ky;ds vfèkdkj {ks=k ls ckgj fd;k x;k A
(2) nwljk la'kksèku 1953 & jkT;ksa dk laln esa çfrfufèkRo(3) rhljk la'kksèku 1954& leorhZ lwph esa dqN fo"k;ksa&
tSls dPph dikl] [kk|k i'kqikyu ,oa lao¼Zu tksM+kx;kA
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(4) lkroka la'kksèku 1956& jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu& pkSngjkT; rFkk Ng dsUnz 'kkflr {ks=kksa esa
(5) ukSoka la'kksèku 1960 & c:ckM+h {ks=k ikfdLrku dkslkaSius ls lEcfUèkrA
(6) nloka la'kksèku 1961& nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh dksHkkjr dk vax cuk;k x;k
(7) ckjgoka la'kksèku 1962& xksok] neu] nho dks Hkkjrdk vax cuk;k x;k
(8) rsjgoka la'kksèku 1962& ukxkySaM dks Hkkjr dk u;kjkT; ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA
(9) pkSngoka la'kksèku&1962& ikf.Mpsjh dks Hkkjr dkvax cuk;k x;k rFkk laln dks la?k jkT;{ks=kksa esa foèkkueaMy rFkk eaf=kifj"kn cukus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA
(10) l=kjgoka la'kksèku 1964& ,LVsV (Estate) iqu%ifjHkkf"kr] U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu ls dqN fu;eksa dks NwVA
� usg:th ,d lektoknh lekt (Socialistic Pattern of soci-
ety) dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs Fks] ftldh dYiuk rHkh lkdkjgks ldrh Fkh tc lektokn ds vkfFkZd igyw dh vksj è;kufn;k tk;sA
� yksdrkaf=kd lektokn dh LFkkiuk ds fy, usg:th us ,d^fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk* (Mixed Economy)ds fl¼kUr dk çfriknufd;kA os dqN lkE;oknh fopkjksa ds leFkZd gksrs gq, HkhvFkZO;oLFkk ds iw.kZ jk"Vªh;dj.k (Nationalçation) ds i{k esaugha FksA
� usg:th] xk¡èkhth ds ^VªLVhf'ki* ds fl¼kUr dks vO;kogkfjdekurs FksA
� os dqVhj m|ksx ds fojksèkh ugha Fks] tSlk fd mUgksaus dgk ^gesalnk ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd Hkkjh m|ksxksa dk fodkl gh bl ns'kds yk[kksa yksxksa dh leL;k gy ugha dj nsxk] geas xzkeks|ksxvkSj dqVhj m|ksx Hkh cM+s iSekus ij fodflr djus gksaxsA
� :l ds O;fDrxr vuqHko ls usg:th ds vk£Fkd fu;kstu(Economic Planing)dh Hkkouk dks dkiQh cy feykA 1950esa mUgksaus ;kstuk vk;ksx dk laxBu fd;kA ;gha ls iapo"khZ;;kstukvksa dk flyflyk py iM+kA
� vk£Fkd vk;kstuk dh vko';drk bl ckr ls Li"V gksrh gSfd çR;sd fodkl'khy ns'k vius çkÑfrd la'kkèkuksa vkSj vikjekuo 'kfDr dk iw.kZ mi;ksx djds vk£Fkd fodkl ds mPprjLrj dks çkIr djuk pkgrk gSA
� ;kstuk ds lacaèk esa lcls igys Jh ,e- fo'os'ojS;k us 1934esa ^ Iyk.M bdksukseh vkWiQ bafM;k* (Planned Economy of
India)uked iqLrd esa ;kstuk dh çFke :ijs[kk j[kh FkhA� 1938 esa usg:th dh vè;{krk esa ^us'kuy &Iykfux&desVh*
(National Planning Committee)dh fu;qfDr dh x;h] ftlusns'k ds vk£Fkd fodkl ds fy, ,d elkSnk (Draft Outline)çdkf'kr fd;kA
� mi;qZDr nksukas ds ckn ns'k ds le{k rhu fodkl ;kstuk,a j[khx;hA(1) cEcbZ ;kstuk (Bombay Plan) 1943& ;gHkkjr esa vkB çfl¼ m|ksxifr;ksa }kjk çLrqr dh x;hA bl
;kstuk dk y{; 12 o"kZ esa çfr O;fDr vk; dks nksxquk djukFkkA(2) tu ;kstuk (People's Plan)& ;g Jh ,e-,u- jk;}kjk çLrqr dh x;hA(3) xk¡èkh ;kstuk (Gandhi Plan)& ;g Jh eÂkukjk;.k }kjkçLrqr dh x;hA
� Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ekpZ 1950 esa çèkkuea=kh dh vè;{krk esa^;kstuk vk;ksx* (Planning Commission) dh fu;qfDr dhx;hA
� rhljh ;kstuk ds ik¡p o"kksZa ds nkSjku nks ckj iM+kslh ns'kksa usns'k ij geyk fd;k& 1962 esa phu us vkSj 1965 esa ikfdLrkuusA
� 1965&66 esa ns'k esa Hk;adj lw[kk iM+k ftl dkj.k vdkytSlh fLFkfr ns'k esa cuh jghA
� 1966 ls 1969 rd ds dky dks ^vk;kstuk vodk'k* (Plan
Holiday) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bu rhu o"kksZ esa okf"kZd;kstuk,a rS;kj dh x;hA
� ik¡poha ;kstuk dks Hkh fuèkkZfjr le; lss iwoZ gh LFkfxr djfn;k x;kA
� Hkkjr esa vk;kstu dk ewy ;k dsUnzh; mís'; xjhch dks nwjdjuk vkSj tu lkèkkj.k ds thou Lrj dks ;FkklaHko ÅijmBkuk gSA
� ;kstukvksaa dh liQyrk ds fy, ^fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk* (Mixed
Economy) dks viuk;k x;k vFkkZr~ iwathoknh (Capitalist)vkSj lektoknh (Socialistic) O;oLFkk dk lgvfLrRoA
� igyh ;kstuk ds dqy O;; dk 1@3 Hkkx Ñf"k {ks=k ds fodklij fd;k x;k FkkA
� nwljh ;kstuk rFkk rhljh ;kstuk esa m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij vfèkdcy fn;k x;kA
� nwljh vkSj rhljh ;kstuk ds vuqHko dksbZ mRlkgoèkZd ugha Fks]vr% pkSFkh ;kstuk esa iqu% Ñf"k {ks=k ds fodkl ij vfèkdO;; djus dk fu'p; fd;k x;kA
� Hkkjr dh igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fdlh çdkj dh nh?kZdkyhufodkl ;qfDr dk vkHkkl ugha feyrkA bl ;kstuk esa [kk|kUuesa vkRe&fuHkZjrk ij cy fn;k x;k FkkA
� lqfopkfjr fodkl ;qfDr nwljh ;kstuk esa cudj lkeus vk;hAbl ;qfDr dks rS;kj djus dk Js; çks- ih- lh- egkyuksfoldks fn;k tkrk gSA
� nwljh ;kstuk ds vkjaHk ls viuk;h x;h fodkl ;qfDr dsfuEufyf[kr nks çeq[k vax Fks%(i) vkS|ksxhdj.k ij cy rFkk(ii) Hkkjh&oLrq m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij cy
� vk;kstu dky dh liQyrk,a(1) 1950 dh rqyuk esa [kk|k mRiknu esa mYys[kuh; o`f¼_(2) fodkl nj dk 3-5» ls 6-0 ds yxHkx gks tkuk_(3) vkS|ksfxd o`f¼ nj c<+dj 10» ds vklikl gks x;h_(4) iwath cktkj dk vkdkj dkiQh cM+k gks tkuk(5) xjhch ns[kk ds uhps jgus okys yksxksa dk çfr'kr ?kVdj
20 gks tkuk rFkk(6) eqnzk&LiQhfr ij yxHkx dkcw ik fy;k tkukA
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� vk;kstu dky dh foiQyrk,a(1) tula[;k ij fu;a=k.k ugha_(2) jkstxkj o`f¼ nj dkiQh de jgh_(3) 'kgjh tula[;k ds rsth ls c<+us ls vusd leL;k,a mRiÂ(4) cpr nj ,oa fuos'k nj esa mYys[kuh; o`f¼ ugha_(5) ÅtkZ] ifjogu ds lkèkuksa ,oa foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dk vi;kZIr
fodkl_ rFkk(6) ekuoh; lalkèkuksa ds fodkl esa larks"ktud çxfr ugha A
� vk;kstu dh lhfer liQyrk ds dkj.k &(1) çkÑfrd vkink,a (Natural Calamities)(2) fons'kh eqnzk dh vi;kZIr miyCèkrk
(Inadequacy of foreign Exchange)
(3) çfrj{kk dk Hkkjh cks> (Heavy Defence Burden)(4) Hkkjh ek=kk esa O;; (Heavy Expenditure)(5) rky&esy dk vHkko (Lack of Co-ordination)(6) ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk (Deficit financing )
� ljdkj dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk igyk çLrko lu~ 1948 esalkeus vk;k] ftls vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko & 1948 (Industrial
Policy Resolution, 1948) ;k vkbZ-ih-vkj- 1948 ds uke lstkuk tkrk gSA bl çLrko dh çeq[k fo"ks'krk Fkh fd blesam|ksxksa dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckaV fn;k x;k FkkA
� rhljh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk 1991 esa dh x;hA� vkS|ksfxd uhfr dks ykxw djus ds fy, ljdkj us ykblsal
ç.kkyh dh O;oLFkk dh gSA m|ksx (fodkl rFkk fofu;eu)vfèkfu;e] 1951 ds vUrZxr ykblsal ç.kkyh dh O;oLFkk dhx;h gSA
� Ñf"k Hkkjr dk çeq[k ^m|ksx* gSA Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodklesa Ñf"k ds egRo dks fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ls vkadk tk ldrkgS%(1) jk"Vªh; vk; esa yxHkx 1@3 dk ;ksxnku_(2) jkstxkj dk l`tu vfèkd_(3) m|ksx ds fy, dPps eky dh vkiw£r_ rFkk(4) fons'kh eqnzk vtZu dk eq[; lkèku
� 1950&51 dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku 40» FkkAvk£Fkd fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; vk; esa Ñf"k ds ;ksxnkuesa deh gksuk LokHkkfod gh gSA
� 1991 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj dqy Je 'kfDr dk 65-5»Hkkx Ñf"k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
� mÂr fdLe ds chtksa vkSj jklk;fud moZjdksa dk ç;ksx yxHkx1965& 66 ls vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA ifjek.k Lo:i mRiknu esavHkwriwoZ o`f¼ gqbZA Ñf"k mRiknu esa rst xfr ls o`f¼ dh ?kVukdks ^gfjr ØkfUr* (Green Revolution) dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA
� 1975 esa xzkeh.k cSadkas dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA� iQly dh mfpr eki rkSy ds fy, lu~ 1949 eas ,d dkuwu
cuk;k x;k rFkk 1954 esa ehVj eki rkSy i¼fr dks viuk;kx;kA
� 1965 esa Ñf"k dher vk;ksx (Agriculttural Price Commis-
sion) dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA� Hkwlqèkkj ds çeq[k rRo fuEu gSa%
(1) fcpkSfy;ksa dk mUewyu ;k tehankjh çFkk dk mUewyu(2) dk'rdkjh lqèkkj (Tenancy Reform)
(3) Hkwfe dh mPpre lhek fuèkkZfjr djuk (Ceiling on land
holdings)(4) pdcUnh (Consolidation of land)(5) lgdkjh [ksrh (Consolidation of land)(6) HkwLokfeRo lacaèkh nLrkostksa dks Bhd djuk (Updating of
Land Records)� ns'k dh lHkh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa (dsoy nwljh ;kstuk dks
NksM+dj) Ñf"k dks mPp çkFkfedrk nh x;h gSA ;kstukvksa esaÑf"k dks LokoyEch rFkk vkRe&fuHkZj cukus ds fy, lHkh;FkklaHko ç;kl fd, x;s gSaA bu ç;klksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i Ñf"kmRiknu esa mRlkgo¼Zd o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
� ,d lafoèkku la'kksèku }kjk lHkh Hkwfe lqèkkj dkuwuksa dks lafoèkkudh ukSoha vuqlwph esa Mky fn;k x;k gSA vr% fdlh HkhU;k;ky; esa bldh oSèkrk dks pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh gSA
� 1927 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl lfefr us vius fons'k foHkkxdh LFkkiuk dh rFkk tokgj yky usg: blds çoDrk fu;qDrfd, x;sA
� dkaxzsl ds rhu vfèkos'kuksa xqokgkVh 1926] enzkl 1927 vkSjdydÙkk 1928 esa lkezkT;okn ds fojksèk vkSj ,f'k;k&vÚhdkdh turk dh ,drk dks etowr cukus ds fy, muds eqfDrlaxzke ds leFkZu esa yxkrkj dbZ çLrko ikfjr fd, x;sA
� dkaxzsl dh fons'k uhfr dks fodflr djus esa lkezkT;okn fojksèkhrFkk jk"Vªh; Lora=krk laxBu dk f}rh; varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu 1927dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSA ;g lEesyu cqzlsYl esa vk;ksftr fd;kx;k FkkA
� 1927 esa 23 ekpZ vkSj 2 vçSy ds eè; u;h fnYyh esa ,d,f'k;kbZ lacaèk lEesyu (Asian Relations Confluence) vk;ksftrfd;k x;kA bl lEesyu esa 25 ls vfèkd ns'kksa ds yxHkx 250çfrfufèk;ksa us Hkkx fy;kA
� tqykbZ 1956 esa usg:] ukflj vkSj VhVks ds eè; czk;uh esa ,df=ki{kh; lEesyu esa fopkj&foe'kZ gqvk rFkk rhuksa usrkvksa esa blfo"k; ij lgefr gqbZ fd xqVfujis{k jk"Vªksa ds chp lqlaxfBr<ax ls fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
� dksfj;k ds ç'u ij varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkks dks la;fer djus dhfn'kk esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa vkSj mlds ckgj Hkkjr }kjk dhx;h igy dh cgqr ljkguk dh x;hA
� xqVfujis{krk dk ewy vfHkçk; varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa Lora=kvfHkO;fDr rFkk vkpj.k ls gSA vkjaHk ls gh ;g Hkkjrh; fons'kuhfr dh eq[; çÑfr jgh gSA dkaxzsl dh fons'k uhfr loZ=kjktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd lkezkT;okn ds mUewyu rFkk Lora=k ns'kksads ijLij lg;ksx ij vkèkkfjr FkhA 1920 esa gh dkaxzsl usviuk fons'k uhfr lacaèkh çLrko ikfjr fd;k Fkk] ftlesa nwljsjk"Vªksa ds lkFk lg;ksx ,oa fo'ks"k :i ls iM+kslh ns'kksa ds lkFkeS=khiw.kZ lacaèkksa ij tksj fn;k x;k FkkA
� fdlh Hkh fons'k uhfr ds rhu ewyHkwr vkèkkj gksrs gaS&jk"Vªh;fgr] {ks=kh; vfuok;Zrk,a rFkk fo'o dh leL;k,aA
� xqVfujis{krk lHkh jk"Vªksa ds çfr eS=kh Hkko ,oa fdlh Hkh lSU;xqVcanh ls le>kSrk u djus dh uhfr gSA
� xqVfujis{krk vkSj rVLFkrk ,d ugha gSA vUrZjk"Vªh; dkuwu dsvUrxZr rVLFkrk og fLFkfr gS] ftlesa fdlh ;q¼ esa dksbZ jkT;fdlh dk Hkh i{k ugha ysrk gS vFkkZr~ rVLFkrk dh çklafxdrkek=k ;q¼dkyhu fLFkfr ls tqM+h gksrh gS&tcfd xqVfujis{krk dh
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çklafxdrk eq[;r% 'kkafr dky esa gksrh gS] fdarq ;q¼ dky esaHkh bldh çklafxdrk cuh jgrh gSA
� csyxzsM esa tgka xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk çFke lEesyu 1961esa gqvk Fkk] usg:th us ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ rF; ij cy fn;kAmUgksaus ukfHkdh; ;q¼ ds c<+rs gq, [krjs vkSj 'kkafriw.kZlg&vkfLrRo dh loksZifj vko';drk dk mYys[k djrs gq,dgk fd ;gh vkt ds ;qx dh ewyHkwr pqukSrh gSA
� xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu ds ikap fuEu mís'; gSa&(1) mifuos'k dh lekfIr (Decolonçation)
(2) eS=kh (Detente)(3) fodkl (Development)(4) fu'kL=khdj.k (Disarmament) rFkk(5) (Democratçation of International Institutions) varjkZ"Vªh;
laLFkkvksa dk yksdra=khdj.k� xqV&fujis{k vkUnksyu dk lkroka lEesyu 1983 esa fnYyh esa
vk;ksftr gqvk FkkA bl lEesyu dh vè;{krk Jherh bfUnjkxk¡èkh us dh FkhA
� xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk mn; dsoy 'khr;q¼ vkSj èkzqoh;jktuhfr ds dkj.k gh ugha gqvk] cfYd ml le; uoksfnr Lora=kns'kksa ds ,dtqV gksus dh çfØ;k Lo:i gqvkA ;s fuèkZu ns'klewg ds :i esa fodflr ns'kksa ls lkSnk le>kSrk ds fy,jktuf;d] jktuhfrd rFkk vk£Fkd lEc¼rk ds vkdka{kh FksA
� Hkkjr vkSj phu ds chp eS=khiw.kZ vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ lacèkksa dh ,dyEch Ja[kyk gSA
� ;q¼xzLr phu ds çfr viuh lgkuqHkwfr çdV djrs gq, ogkadkaxzsl us ,d fpfdRlk ny Hkh Hkstk FkkA
� vDVwcj 1949 esa phu esa tuoknh x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn lclsigys fofèkor owQVuhfrd ekU;rk nsus okyksa esa ls Hkkjr Hkh FkkA
� dksfj;k ;q¼ ds le; Hkkjr] phu ds vfèkd fudV vk x;kvkSj mlus la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa phu ds bl nkos dk leFkZuHkh fd;k fd mls rkboku ds LFkku ij lqj{kk ifj"kn dk lnL;eku fy;k tk;sA
� 29 vçSy] 1954 dks Hkkjr vkSj phu us frCcr ls lacafèkr ,dle>kSrk fd;k ftlds vUrZxr Hkkjr us frCcr lacaèkh vius nkosdks R;kx fn;kA bl le>kSrs ds vUrZxr nksuks ns'kksa us lgvfLrRo ds çfl¼ ikap fl¼kUrksa dk fu:i.k fd;k ftUgsa¶iap'khy** dk fl¼kUr dgk x;kA
� iap'khy ds ikap fl¼kUr bl çdkj Fks%(1) ,d&nwljs dh Lora=krk vkSj v[kaMrk dk vknj djuk_(2) ,d&nwljs ds Åij vkØe.k u djuk_(3) lekurk ds vkèkkj ij ,d&nwljs dh lgk;rk djuk_(4) ,d&nwljs ds ekeys esa gLr{ksi u djuk_ rFkk(5) 'kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRoA
� ckaMqax esa vk;ksftr çFke vÚhdh&,f'k;kbZ lEesyu 1955 esaA phudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus dk eq[; çLrkod Hkkjr gh FkkA
� eèkqj] rdZlaxr vkSj lkekU; lgefr dk ;qx (1949&57)lekIr gks x;k vkSj mldk LFkku oSpkfjd mxzokn us ys fy;kAifj.kkeLo:i 1957&58 ds ckn phu dk :[k vusd ns'kksa dsçfr dM+k gksrk x;kA
� 1957 ls 1959 rd phu us Hkkjrh; çns'k ^usiQk* ij dbZNksVs&eksVs vkØe.k fd;sA flrEcj 1959 esa phu us usiQk esa50]000 oxZehy ds Hkkjrh; {ks=k ij rFkk yík[k esa vkDlbZphu okys Hkkx ij viuk nkok çLrqr fd;kA ekpZ 1959 esafrCcr esa fonzksg gksus vkSj nykbZ ykek ds Hkkjr esa 'kj.k ysusds dkj.k lacaèk vkSj vfèkd fcxM+ x;sA bu lHkh dh ifj.kfrvDVwcj 1962 esa Hkkjr&phu ;q¼ ds :i esa gqbZA
� usg:th dh mfDr;ka %(1) ^fgUnqLrku esjs [kwu esa lek;k gqvk gS vkSj mlesa cgqr
dqN ,slh ckr gS tks eq>s mldkrh gSA*(2) ^eSa fdlh èkeZ ;k er ls tdM+k gqvk ugha gaw fdUrq eSa
euq"; dh çkÑfrd uSfrdrk ij iwjk fo'okl j[krk gaw];g dksbZ èkeZ gks ;k u gks] eSa O;fDr dh xfjek esafo'okl djrk gawA eSa pkgrk gaw fd çR;sd O;fÙkQ dksleku volj feys] eq>s ,sls lekt esa iwjk fo'okl gS]ftlesa vfèkd fHkÂrk u gksA eq>s èkuh O;fDr;ksa dhcsgqnxh vkSj xjhcksa dh nfjnzrk vPNh ugha yxrhA*
(3) ^ lalkj dh rFkk Hkkjr dh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku eq>slektokn esa gh feyrk gSA tc eSa bl 'kCn dk ç;ksxdjrk gaw rks fliQZ esjk blds oSKkfud vkSj vk£Fkd egRols vFkZ ugha gksrk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk ls egRoiw.kZ Hkh dqNoLrq gSA lektokn ,d thou n'kZu Hkh gS] blfy, eq>sHkkrk gSA esjh n`f"V esa fuèkZurk] csjkstxkjh] nklrk vkfndks lekIr djus ds fy, lektokn ds vykok vkSj dksbZjkLrk ugha nh[krkA*
(4) ^eSa lkE;oknh ugha gwa] D;ksafd eSa lkE;okfn;ksa ds lkE;okndks ,d ifo=k èkeZ ekuus dh vknr dks cqjk le>rkgaw& eSa le>rk gaw fd lkE;oknh fopkjèkkjk esa fgalk dkcgqr egRo gSA*
(5) ^euq"; dsoy jksVh ls ftUnk ugha jg ldrk] u ghvFkZ'kkL=k mldh iwjh lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA ^;wusLdks*dh LFkkiuk blfy, dh x;h fd mu phtksa dh Hkh j{kkgks] tks ekuo dh çxfr ds fy, vko';d gSaA**
(6) ^tc ge xqVfujis{krk dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjk vFkZgksrk gS lSU;&'kfDr ij vkèkkfjr xqVksa ls vyx jgukA;g ,d udkjkRed uhfr ugha gS] cfYd ,d fuf'prldkjkRed uhfr gS vkSj eSa le>rk gaw fd xfr'khy Hkh gSA*
(7) ^eSaus ckj&ckj dgk gS fd eSa ^rVLFk* (Neutral) 'kCndks ilan ugha djrkA eSa Hkkjr dh uhfr dks ^ldkjkRedrVLFkrk* dh uhfr Hkh ugha dgrkA ge fu'p; ghxqVfujis{k gSa] vkSj lSU; 'kfDr ij vèkkfjr fdlh xqVds lkFk ugha gSa] fdUrq dqN fuf'pr uhfr;ksa vkSj vkn'kksZaij gekjh vkLFkk gSA*
(8) xqVfujis{krk dk vFkZ gS fdlh lSU; 'kfDr çèkku ns'k dhrjiQ u >qdukA bldk vFkZ gS tgka rd laHko gks ldsLora=k :i ls dk;Z djuk vkSj nwljksa ls nksLrh j[kukA*
(9) okLro esa xqVfu'is{krk vius vki esa gekjh ;k fdlhvU; ns'k dh uhfr ugha gks ldrhA ;g rks ledkyhu?kVukvksa ds ifjçs{; esa ,d çfrfØ;k gS] ftldk vFkZgS viuk fopkj Lokra=; dk;e j[kukA*
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 140
ifjf'k"V d* % Hkkjrh; fj;klrsaifjf'k"V d* % Hkkjrh; fj;klrsaifjf'k"V d* % Hkkjrh; fj;klrsaifjf'k"V d* % Hkkjrh; fj;klrsaifjf'k"V d* % Hkkjrh; fj;klrsa
vV~Bkjgoha lnh ds vkjEHk esa egku eqxy lkezkT; dk irugks x;kA çHkkoh fu;a=k.k ds vHkko esa Hkkjr ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa esacgqr lh Hkkjrh; fj;klrsa] Lok;Ùkrk çkIr ;k vèkZLok;Ùkrk çkIrbdkbZ;ksa ds :i esa mHkj dj lkeus vk;haA bu NksVh&cM+h fj;klrksads fodkl us vaxzstksa dk dke vklku dj fn;kA buesa ls gSnjkckn]voèk vkSj jktiwr fj;klrksa us Lor% dEiuh dh çHkqlÙkk Lohdkjdj yhA buesa ls dqN fj;klrksa us eqxyksa ,oa ejkBksa ls la?k"kZ fd;kFkkA vaxzstksa us ;gk¡ gLr{ksi djds mudh j{kk dhA
vaxzstksa ,oa Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds chp lacaèkksa dks ge fuEufyf[krvoLFkkvksa esa ckaV ldrs gSa%&1- daiuh dk Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ls lekurk çkIr djus ds fy, la?k"kZ
(1740&65)2- ?ksjs dh uhfr (1765&1813)3- vèkhuLFk ikFkZD; dh uhfr (1813&57)4- vèkhuLFk la?k dh uhfr (1858&1935)5- lekurk la?kkRed uhfr (1935&1947)
bu voLFkkvksa dk foLr`r fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gS%&1- daiuh dk Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ls lekurk ds fy,
la?k"kZ (1740&65) % bZLV bafM;k daiuh dh LFkkiuk eq[;r% ,dO;kikfjd laLFkk ds :i esa gqbZ FkhA Hkkjr esa vius O;kikfjd fgrksadks c<+kok nsus ds fy, mlus LFkkuh; eqxyksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir fd;krFkk muds vèkhu mudh vuqefr ls ns'k ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa esa viusO;kikfjd dsUnz [kksysA ijUrq 'kh?kz gh bUgsa vU; ;wjksih; 'kfDr;ksa ;FkkiqrZxkfy;ksa] Mp ,oa çQkalhfl;ksa ls çfrLièkkZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+kAbu dEifu;ksa ls çfrLièkkZ rFkk Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd nqO;ZoLFkk lsbUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa dks lqpk: rFkk ykHkçn<ax ls pykus ds fy, dqN gn rd jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k vko';dgSA 'kh?kz gh ,d 'kkafriw.kZ O;kikfjd laLFkk] jkT; foLrkj }kjk viuhèkkd tekus ds fy, mRlqd ,d 'kfDr ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks x;hAvius O;kikfjd fgrksa dh j{kk djus ds fy, bUgksaus çQkalhfl;ksa dkvuqlj.k fd;k rFkk 1751 esa vkdkZV dk ?ksjk Mky dj viuhjktuSfrd lÙkk dks fl¼ djus dk ç;kl fd;kA bl Øe esa bUgksaus1757 esa Iyklh dk ;q¼ thrk rFkk caxky ds uokcksa dks viuhdBiqryh cuk fy;kA bl çdkj 1764 esa cDlj ds ;q¼ esa fot;çkIr dj bUgksaus 1765 esa lezkV 'kkg vkye ls caxky] fcgkj ,oamM+hlk dh nhokuh çkIr dj yhA bu lHkh ;q¼ksa ds ekè;e ls vcog Hkkjrh; fjlk;rksa dh rjg gh ,d jktuhfrd 'kfDr ds :i esamHkj dj lkeus vk;kA
2- ?ksjs dh uhfr (1765&1813)% bl uhfr dks eè; jkT;dh uhfr (Ring Fence) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl dky esa vaxzstksa dh;g uhfr jgh fd os vius iM+kslh jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa dh j{kk djsa]
rkfd mudh viuh lhek,a lqjf{kr jgsaA bl mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy,daiuh us vius pkjksa vksj eè; jkT; cukus dk ç;kl fd;kA daiuhdk ,d vU; mís'; nwljs Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ls cjkcjh dh inohgkfly djuk FkkA bl mís'; dh iwfrZ gsrq okjsu gsfLaVXl us eSlwj,oa ejkBksa ds lkFk ;q¼ fd;kA dEiuh us voèk dh j{kk O;oLFkkdk dk;Z laHkkyk] rkfd caxky dh j{kk dh tk ldsA
osysTyh ds vkus ls bl uhfr esa dqN ifjorZu gqvkA og pkgrkFkk fd Hkkjrh; fj;klrsa viuh j{kk ds fy, daiuh ij fuHkZj jgsa]pkgs blds fy, mUgsa ckè; gh D;ksa u djuk iM+sA 1803 esa tktZckyksZ us dgk Fkk fd ^^dksbZ Hkkjrh; fj;klr ,slh ugha jguh pkfg,tks vaxzsth 'kfDr ij fuHkZj u gks vFkok ftldk jktuhfrd vkpj.kblds iw.kZr;k vèkhu u gks**A ;g uhfr] ?ksjs dh uhfr dk gh foLrkjFkhA osysTyh us çQkal ls vaxzsth fj;klrksa dks cpkus ds fy, lgk;dlfUèk vkjEHk dhA mlus gSnjkckn] eSlwj] voèk ,oa vU; NksVh&NksVhfj;klrksa ls lgk;d lfUèk dhA blds i'pkr~ mlus 1803 esa ejkBksadks vkSj 1805 esa gksYdj dks gjk dj vaxzsth çHkqlÙkk LFkkfir dhA
3- vèkhuLFk ikFkZD; dh uhfr (1813& 57)% ykMZgsfLaVXl ds le; esa fczfV'k uhfr esa dqN vkSj ifjorZu gq,A mlus^^ikjLifjdrk vkSj vkilh fe=krk** dh lfUèk;ksa dks ^^fuEuinLFklg;ksx** dh lfUèk;ksa esa ifjofrZr dj fn;kA vc vaxzstksa esa lkezkT;dh Hkkouk tkx mBh ,oa ^^loZJs"Brk ds fl¼kUr** dk fodkl gksukvkjEHk gqvkA mlus vfèkdka'k Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dks ykpkj dj fn;kfd os ;q¼ ;k lfUèk djus ;k nwljh 'kfDr;ksa ls lqyg djus dsvius loksZPp vfèkdkjksa dks lefçr dj nsaA bl çdkj mlus daiuhdh loZJs"Brk dks Lohdkj djus ij jkT;ksa dks ckè; fd;kAvkSipkfjd n`f"V ls bu jkT;ksa dh vkarfjd loksZPp 'kklu 'kfDrv{kq..k Fkh] ijUrq O;kogkfjd rkSj ij vkarfjd 'kklu ds ekeyksaesa fczfV'k jsftMsUV cgqèkk gLr{ksi fd;k djrs FksA os vc fu;a=k.kvfèkdkjh ds :i esa dk;Z djus yxsA jktk pUnwyky gSnjkckn dsç'kklu esa jsftMsUV duZy yks ls vkKk çkIr fd;k djrs FksA ;ghfLFkfr vU; fj;klrksa ;Fkk cM+kSnk ,oa Vªkoudksj esa Hkh FkhA
1833 ds pkVZj ,DV us daiuh dks viuk O;kikj cUn djusdks dgk rFkk og vc O;kikfjd laLFkk ls jktuSfrd laLFkk esaifjofrZr gks x;hA dksVZ vkWiQ Mk;jsDVlZ us 1834 esa la;kstu dhuhfr dh Li"V O;k[;k dh vkSj 1841 esa bldk iqu% mYys[k fd;kAxouZj tujyksa dks fgnk;r nh x;h fd os lkezkT; esa u;s jkT;ksadks feykus dk dksbZ volj gkFk ls u tkus nsaA blds vykok osokf.kfT;d&oLrqvksa ds ogu vkSj jktLo laxzg ds fy, vfèkdlqfoèkk,a çkIr djsA ykMZ MygkSth us nÙkd iq=k ysus dh vuqefr
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 141
u nsus ds vfèkdkj dk ç;ksx fd;k vkSj ^O;ixr ds fl¼kUr* dkçfriknu ,oa ikyu fd;kA jkT;ksa dk foy; djus esa dqçcaèk dkHkh cgkuk cuk;k x;kA njvly ;g dqçcaèk uhfr] lgk;d lfUèkç.kkyh dk gh ifj.kke FkhA bl çdkj ykMZ fofy;e cSafVd us 1831esa eSlwj] 1832 esa dNkj] 1834 esa dqxZ vkSj 1835 esa tSfUr;k]vkdyS.M us 1839 esa djuwy ,oa ek.Moh] 1840 esa dkyksck ,oatkykSu rFkk MygkSth us voèk] lrkjk] ukxiqj vkfn fj;klrksa dksvaxzsth lkezkT; esa feyk fy;kA bl uhfr ds ckotwn [kSjiqj] cgkoyiqj,oa d'ehj dks NksM+ fn;k x;kA vc dEiuh ds ikl ,d u;kgfFk;kj muds 'kL=kkxkj esa 'kfey gks x;kA ;g Fkk iwoksZnkgj.k dkgfFk;kjA bldk bLrseky mlus jkT;ksa esa gLr{ksi djus ds fy, fd;kAbu lHkh mik;ksa ds }kjk daiuh us viuh loZJs"Brk dk çlkj fd;ktks la;ksxo'k vfuf'pr ,oa vifjHkk"; FkhA
4- vèkhuLFk la?k dh uhfr (1858& 1935) % 1857ds fonzksg esa fj;klrksa us rwiQku ds le; ckaèk dk dke fd;k FkkAvaxzstksa us bl rF; dks le>rs gq, fj;klrksa ds lkFk vius lacaèkksaesa dqN ifjorZu fd,A ^jkuh dh ?kks"k.kk* esa dgk x;k fd fczfV'korZeku jkT; dk foLrkj ugha pkgrs gSaA ftu nks dkj.kksa ls ns'khjkT;] fczfV'k lkezkT; esa feyk;s x;s Fks os Fks& LokHkkfodmÙkjkfèkdkjh dk u gksuk rFkk ns'kh jktkvksa dk dq'kkluA vaxzstksa usO;ixr ds fl¼kar dks lekIr dj fn;kA 1860 esa jktkvksa dks lunsaçnku dh x;haA blds }kjk fgUnw jktkvksa dks nÙkd iq=k xksn ysusdk vfèkdkj çkIr gqvk rFkk eqfLye ljnkjksa dks bLyke dsfu;ekuqlkj fdlh Hkh rjg ls mÙkjkfèkdkj fuf'pr djus dk vfèkdkjçkIr gks x;kA tgk¡ rd dq'kklu dk ç'u gS] ljdkj dh uhfrdq'kkflr çns'k ds jktk dks nf.Mr djuk Fkk] ijUrq mls vinLFkdjus ds ckn Hkh jkT; dks fczfV'k lkezkT; esa ugha feykuk FkkA blhçdkj fczfV'k] 'kklu esa vc Hkh gLr{ksi dj ldrs FksA ljdkj uscM+kSnk ds eYgkj jko xk;dokM+ dks dq'kklu ds fy, xíh lsvinLFk fd;k] ijUrq jkT; dk foy; ugha fd;k x;kA blh çdkjef.kiqj ,oa Vksad esa Hkh jktkvksa dks vinLFk dj fn;k x;kA
bu lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa us jktkvksa ,oa Økmu ds chp cjkcjhdh Hkkouk lnk ds fy, lekIr dj nhA vc fczfV'k rkt gh Hkkjresa loZJs"B 'kfDr FkkA jktk ls çHkqRo dk vfèkdkj Nhu fy;k x;kFkkA vc og rkt ds çlkni;ZUr gh 'kkld cuk jg ldrk Fkk]1876 esa ykMZ fyVu ds dk;Zdky esa fczfV'k egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dksdks tc dSlj&,&fgUn dh mikfèk çnku dh x;h rks bl uohu lacaèkij eqgj Hkh yx x;kA 1881 esa tc eSlwj ds jktoa'k dks eSlwjykSVk fn;k x;k] rks Hkh jkT; dk ykSVkuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj Fkkfd og jktoa'k jktHkDr jgs rFkk Økmu ds vèkhu jgsA blds vykokØkmu bu fj;klrksa ds ckgjh ,oa fons'kh lacaèkksa ij Hkh iwjk fu;a=k.kj[krh FkhA Hkkjr ljdkj budh vksj ls ;q¼ dh ?kks"k.kk] rVLFkrkvkSj 'kkafr lfUèk Lo;a gh dj ldrh FkhA bl lanHkZ esa cVyj lfefrus Hkh dgk Fkk fd varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa fj;klrksa ds çns'k] vaxzsthHkkjr ds çns'k gSa vkSj fj;klrksa ds ukxfjd] vaxzsth Hkkjrh; ukxfjddh fLFkfr esa gh gSaA
bl dky esa vaxzstksa us ^jktuSfrd ijEijkvksa* vkSj ^jhfr;ksa* dsekè;e ls fj;klrksa ds vfèkdkjksa dks vkSj de dj fn;kA Økmuus iqjkuh lfUèk;ksa dh jpukRed O;k[;k dh vkM+ esa fj;klrksa dsvfèkdkj de djus 'kq: dj fn,A
bèkj fczfV'k Hkkjr esa ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cny jgha FkhaA Hkkjr esajk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk tkx mBh Fkh rFkk Lora=krk laxzke tksj idM+usyxk FkkA bl vkUnksyu ds c<+rs çHkko us Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa fj;klrksads lacaèkksa esa dqN ifjorZu fd,A 1905 ls Hkkjr ljdkj us bufj;klrksa ds çfr lkSgknZiw.kZ lgdkfjrk dh uhfr viuk;hA pw¡fdLora=krk laxzke ls Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa fj;klrksa ds jktk] nksuksa dksuqdlku gks ldrk Fkk] blfy, ljdkj us çfrj{kk dh uhfr viuk;hAvc Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa ns'kh jktkvksa us vius fgrksa ,oa fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksads j{kkFkZ ,d feyk&tqyk ekspkZ cuk;kA eksUVsX;w&psEliQksMZ lqèkkjksa esa,d ujsUnz e.My ds xBu dk çLrko j[kk x;k vkSj 1921 esa bldkxBu fd;k x;kA
ujsUnz e.My esa çfrfufèkRo ds ekeys dks ysdj fj;klrksa dksrhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;kA 109 fj;klrsa] ftUgsa iw.kZoSèkkfud ,oa {ks=kkf/dkj çkIr Fks] mUgsa lhèkk çfrfèkfuRo fn;k x;kA127 fj;klrsa] ftuds oSèkkfud ,oa {ks=kkfèkdkj lhfer Fks] mUgsa vkilesa ls pqus x;s 12 çfrfufèk Hkstus dk vfèkdkj feykA 'ks"k 326fj;klrksa dks tkxhjksa ,oa lkear'kkgh tkxhjksa ds ekfydksa dh Js.khesa j[kk x;kA
;g ujsUnz e.My ,d lykgdkj lfefr ds :i esa Fkk] u fd,d dk;Zikfydk laLFkk ds :i esaA Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dh tehuls lacafèkr ekeyksa esa ok;ljk; buls jk; fy;k djrk Fkk] ijUrqeaMy Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds vkarfjd ekeyksa ;k muds 'kkldksa ;kmuds Økmu ls lacaèkksa ij fopkj ugha dj ldrk FkkA og u rksorZeku vfèkdkjksa ;k oknksa esa fdlh çdkj dk gLr{ksi dj ldrkFkk vkSj u gh mudh dk;Z&lacaèkh Lora=krk dks lhekc¼ dj ldrkFkkA bu lHkh eqíksa dks ysdj fj;klrsa] ljdkj ls {kqCèk FkhaA os djlacaèkh uhfr ds fuèkkZj.k ,oa pqaxh ls çkIr jktLo ds laxzg esa fgLlkekaxus yxsA iQyr% fnlEcj 1927 esa jkT; lfpo us Hkkjrh; fj;klrlfefr dh fu;qfDr dhA vius vè;{k ds uke ls ;g lfefr cVyjlfefr dgyk;hA bl lfefr dk mís'; Fkk] vfèkifr 'kfDr vkSjHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds chp lacaèkksa dh tk¡p djuk rFkk fczfV'k HkkjrvkSj fj;klrksa ds eè; vkfFkZd ,oa foÙkh; lacaèkksa dks Bhd djusds fy, fliQkfj'ksa djukA bl lfefr us 1929 ds vkjEHk esa fjiksVZnhA Hkkjrh; ujs'kksa] us lqçfl¼ odhy lj yStyh LdkWV dks lfefrds lEeq[k] mudk n`f"Vdks.k çLrqr djus ds fy, fu;qDr fd;kAlfefr dh eq[; fliQkfj'ksa fuEufyf[kr Fkha %&1- loZJs"Brk] loZJs"B gh jguh pkfg,] bl cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds vuqlkj viuk mÙkjnkf;Ro fuHkkuk pkfg,A2- vLi"V ekeyksa esa jhfr&fjoktksa dk lgkjk ysuk pkfg,A3- fj;klrsa] Økmu ds lkFk lfUèk;ksa }kjk ca/h gqbZ gSaA mUgsa vius
'kkld dh vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh ,slh Hkkjrh; ljdkj dks]tks Hkkjrh; foèkku lHkk ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gks] dj ugha nsukpkfg,A
4- fj;klrksa ds lkFk O;ogkj djus ds fy, Økmu dk ,tsUV gksukpkfg,] u fd lifj"kn~ xouZj tujy dksA bl çdkj ;g Li"Vdj fn;k x;k fd ;fn Hkkjr esa mÙkjnk;h ljdkj cu Hkh tk;srks ujsUnz eaMy lqjf{kr jgsaxsAlfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa dh ;g dg dj vkykspuk dh x;h fd
os ;qx dh Hkkouk ds vuq:i ugha Fkh rFkk mUgksaus Hkkjr ds nksuksavèkksZa ds eè; lacaèkksa dks eèkqj ,oa larks"ktud ugha cuk;kA loZJs"Brkdh ifjHkk"kk Hkh Li"V ugha dh x;hA Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ,oa fczfV'k
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 142
Hkkjr ds chp lacaèkksa dks çxk<+ cukus ds fy, fofHkUu ç;kl fd;sx;sA usg: lfefr ,oa lkbeu deh'ku us blh ckr ij cy fn;kfd nksuksa ds lacaèk e/qj ,oa larks"ktud cuk, tk;saA
5- cjkcj ds la?k dh uhfr (1935& 47)% tc Hkkjrh;lafoèkku ds ç'u ij fopkj djus ds fy, yanu esa çFke xksyestlEesyu cqyk;k x;k] rks Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds lksyg çfrfufèk;ksa usblesa fgLlk fy;kA ns'kh jktkvksa us çLrkfor la?k esa 'kkfey gksusds fy, ;g 'krZ j[kh fd dsUnzh; ljdkj dks mÙkjnkf;Ro feyuhpkfg,A
1935 ds vfèkfu;e ds vuqlkj çLrkfor Hkkjrh; la?k dhla?kh; foèkku lHkk esa mUgsa 375 esa ls 125 LFkku fn, x;s vkSjjkT; foèkku ifj"kn~ esa 260 esa ls 104 LFkkuA la?k rHkh vfLrRoesa vkrk] tc de ls de vkèkh tula[;k vkSj ifj"kn~ esa vkèksLFkkuksa okyh fj;klrsa] la?k esa lfEefyr gks tk;saA ,slk gks u ldkvkSj la?k vfLrRo esa ugha vk ldkA
tc 1937 esa vke pquko gq, rks dkaxzsl us egRoiw.kZ liQyrkntZ dhA bldk O;kid çHkko ns'kh fj;klrksa ij Hkh iM+kA ogk¡ HkhmÙkjnk;h ljdkj ,oa ukxfjd Lora=krkvksa ds fy, vkUnksyu 'kq:gksus yxsA
ns'kh fj;klrksa esa Lora=krk osQ la?k"kZns'kh fj;klrksa esa Lora=krk osQ la?k"kZns'kh fj;klrksa esa Lora=krk osQ la?k"kZns'kh fj;klrksa esa Lora=krk osQ la?k"kZns'kh fj;klrksa esa Lora=krk osQ la?k"kZlHkh NksVs&cM+s ns'kh fj;klrksa esa ,d lkekU; ckr ;g Fkh fd
;s lHkh vaxzsth gqdwer dh çHkqlÙkk dks ekurh FkhaA cnys esa vaxzsthgqdwer us bUgsa vkUrfjd vkSj cká [krjksa esa lg;ksx vkSj lqj{kkdh xkjaVh nh FkhA ;|fi 1857 osQ fonzksg esa oqQN ns'kh jkT;ksa us]ftUgsa O;fDrxr {kfr lguh iM+h Fkh] fonzksfg;ksa dk lkFk fn;k Fkk]rFkkfi vfèkdrj ns'kh ujs'k bl foIyo ls vyx gh jgsA bruk ghugha Hkkjr osQ oqQN çeq[k jktkvksa tSls flafèk;k ,oa muosQ ea=kh]gSnjkckn osQ futke osQ çèkkuea=kh] ifV;kyk ,oa d'ehj osQ ujs'kksaus u fliQZ dEiuh ljdkj osQ çfr viuh jktHkfDr çdV dh] cfYdfonzksg dks nckus esa lSfud ,oa vkfFkZd lgk;rk Hkh çnku dhA 'ks"k19oha 'krkCnh vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh osQ çkjafHkd pj.kksa rd fczfV'kljdkj vkSj ns'kh jkT;ksa osQ lacaèk fuf'pr ,oa eSf=kiw.kZ cus jgsAckn esa mUgsa ljdkj esa çfrfufèkRo Hkh fn;k x;kA oLrqr% vaxzsthljdkj us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Lora=krk vkUnksyu osQ c<+rs çHkko ls viuhlqj{kk osQ fy, ,oa ^iQwV Mkyks jkt djks* dh uhfr osQ vuqlkj buns'kh jkT;ksa dks laj{k.k çnku fd;kA ns'kh jkT; Hkh vius fo'ks"kkfèkdkjdh lqj{kk ,oa 'kku&'kkSdr osQ fy, ljdkj&ijLr cu x;sA
vfèkdrj ns'kh jkT;ksa esa fujaoqQ'k LosPNkpkjh 'kklu dk cksyckykFkkA fczfV'k Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa bu jkT;ksa esa Hkwfedj (yxku) dhnjsa dkiQh maQph FkhA dkuwu&lEer 'kklu vkSj ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dkukeksfu'kku u FkkA vfèkdka'k fj;klrsa lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd,oa 'kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNM+s gq, FksA bl xjhch vkSj fiNMs+iu osQfy, osQoy fj;klrsa gh [kqn ftEesnkj ughaa FkhA chloha lnh esa HkhHkkjrh; fj;klrksa dh bl nqnZ'kk osQ fy, ewyr% vaxzsth gqdwer ghftEesnkj FkhA oqQN foosd'khy ea=kh ;k jktk lqèkkjksa dh ckr lksprsHkh Fks rks mUgsa 'kd dh fuxkg ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu dk çHkko ;gka dh =kLr turk ij Hkh gqvk vkSj oglaxfBr gksuk 'kq: gqbZA ;|fi dbZ dkj.kksa ls vkjaHk esa dkaxzsl usns'kh fj;klrksa dh rjiQ è;ku ugha fn;k] fiQj Hkh vkxs pydj buosQ
vkUnksyuksa dks dkaxzsl dk iwjk leFkZu feykA tc Lora=krk çkIr gqbZrc Hkh ogka dh turk us fj;klrksa osQ ,dhdj.k esa dkaxzsl dkslg;ksx fd;kA
fczfV'k bafM;k esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk çlkj vkSjyksdra=k] ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa rFkk mÙkjnk;h 'kklu ç.kkyh osQ çfrc<+rh jktuSfrd psruk us ns'kh fj;klrksa dh turk dks Hkh çHkkforfd;kA 20oha lnh osQ çkjaHk esa tks vkradoknh fczfV'k bafM;k lsHkkxdj ns'kh fj;klrksa esa vk x;s Fks] mUgksaus ogka dh turk esajktuSfrd psruk txkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA lcls vfèkdçHkko iM+k f[kykiQr vkSj vlg;ksx vkUnksyuksa dkA bu vkUnksyuksaosQ çHkko osQ dkj.k gh yxHkx mlh le; fj;klrksa esa vusd tulaxBuksa dk tUe gqvkA eSlwj] gSnjkckn] cM+kSnk] tkeuxj] bankSj]uokuxj rFkk dfB;kokM+ vkSj nDdu dh fj;klrksa esa jkT; tudkUÚsalksa (State peoples conference) dk xBu gqvkA 1927 esa ;gçfØ;k viuh ijkdk"Bk ij igaqph tc fnlEcj 1927 esa vf[kyHkkjrh; jkT; tu dkaUÚsal (All India State peoples conference)dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA blesa fofHkUu fj;klrksa ls vk;s 700jktuhfrd dk;ZdÙkkZvksa us Hkkx fy;kA blosQ vk;kstd Fks&cyoar jk;esgrk] e.kh yky dksBkjh vkSj th-vkj- vH;adjA
dkaxzsl us 1920 esa ukxiqj vfèkos'ku esa igyh ckj ns'kh fj;klrksaosQ çfr viuh uhfr ?kksf"kr dhA blls igys dkaxszl dh uhfr vgLr{ksidh FkhA vfèkos'ku esa ,d çLrko ikfjr dj fj;klrksa osQ jktkvksals rqjar mÙkjnk;h ljdkj osQ xBu Hkh ekax dh x;hA lkFk gh lkFkdkaxzsl us fj;klrksa dh turk dks dkaxzsl dk lnL; cuus dh vuqefrnhA ysfdu ;g fgnk;r Hkh nh fd ,sls yksx dkaxszl osQ uke lsfj;klr osQ vanj jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ka ugha pyk ldrsA fiQj HkhO;fDrxr gSfl;r ls ;k LFkkuh; jktuhfrd laxBuksa osQ lnL; osQ:i esa jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ka 'kq: djus ;k muesa fgLlk ysus dhiwjh NwV FkhA ,slk djus osQ dbZ dkj.k Fks & fczfV'k bafM;k vkSjns'kh fj;klrksa dh jktuhfrd gkyr dkiQh fHkUu FkhA ;gh ughafj;klrksa dh jktuhfrd gkyr Hkh fHkÂ&fHk FkhA ukxfjd Lora=krkugha FkhA laxBu cukus dk vfèkdkj ugha Fkk vkSj lcls cM+h ckr;g Fkh fd dkuwuh rkSj ij ;s fj;klrsa Lokèkhu fj;klrsa FkhaA blosQvykok ogka dh turk Hk;adj xjhch vkSj fiNM+siu dk f'kdkj FkhA1927 esa dkaxzsl us vius 1920 ds çLrko dks iqu% nqgjk;kA 1929esa ykgkSj vfèkos'ku esa usg: us ?kks"k.kk dh fd] ¶nslh fj;klrsa 'sk"kHkkjr ls vyx ugha jg ldrha ----- bu fj;klrksa dh rdnhj dkiQSlyk fliQZ ogka dh turk gh dj ldrh gSA¸
vf[ky Hkkjrh; fj;klrh turk lEesyu dh çkjafHkd ekaxsa dkiQhmnkj FkhA blus Lora=k U;k;ikfydk] mÙkjnk;h eaf=k;ksa ,oa fofHkUulkekftd ,oa 'kS{kf.kd lqèkkjksa dh ekax dh] ijarq fj;klrh 'kkldksaus bls nckus dh ps"Vk dh vkSj ljdkj us bUgsa lg;ksx fn;kA fczfV'kljdkj us ^cVyj desVh* osQ ekè;e ls jkT; tu lEesyu dh ekaxksadks vLohdkj dj rFkk xksyest lEesyu esa jkT; tu lEesyu dksçfrfufèkRo nsus ls budkj dj vius fojksèkh #[k dk ifjp; fn;kA
pkSFks n'kd osQ eè; esa ijLij tqM+s gq, nks ?kVukØeksa usfj;klrksa dks dkiQh çHkkfor fd;kA igyk&Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e1935 }kjk ,d la?k cukus dh ;kstuk] ftlesa fj;klrsa Hkh lfEefyrgksrhA ysfdu foèkku eaMyksa osQ fy, fj;klrksa osQ çfrfufèk pquus dkvfèkdkj jktkvksa dks fn;k x;kA vaxzstksa dh ea'kk Fkh fd bu
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 143
çfrfufèk;ksa dk bLrseky os jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dks nckus esa dj losQaxsAysfdu dkaxzsl] jkT; tu dkÚsal rFkk vU; laxBuksa us bldk fojksèkfd;k vkSj ekax dh fd fj;klrksa dk çfrfufèkRo djus osQ fy, turk[kqn viuk çfrfufèk pqusxhA nwljh ?kVuk Fkh& 1937 esa vusd çkarksaesa dkaxszlh eaf=keaMyksa dh LFkkiukA blls fj;klrksa dh turk esa u;kvkRe&fo'okl tkxk vkSj jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ka rst gqb±A 1938 rFkk1939 nslh fj;klrksa esa psruk osQ o"kZ FksA mÙkjnk;h ljdkj dh ekaxtksj idM+us yxhA dbZ txgksa ij tgka vc rd dksbZ tu laxBuugha cuk Fkk] cM+h la[;k esa çtkeaMyksa dk xBu gqvkA t;iqj]d'ehj] jktdksV] ifV;kyk] gSnjkckn] eSlwj] Vªko.kdksj vkSj mM+hlkfj;klrksa esa cM+s iSekus ij la?k"kZ 'kq: gqvkA
dkaxzsl us tc ;g ns[kk fd fj;klrksa dh turk esa i;kZIr tkx`frvk x;h gS vkSj og la?k"kZ osQ fy, rS;kj gS rks mlus viuh uhfrcnyhA 1939 osQ fr#ifr vfèkos'ku esa dkaxzsl us viuh u;h uhfrdks eatwjh nhA vc dkaxzsl osQ uke ij fj;klrksa esa vkUnksyu pykusij dksbZ çfrcaèk ugha jgkA 1939 esa gh ^jkT; tu dkUÚsal* usyqfèk;kuk vfèkos'ku osQ fy, tokgj yky usg: dks vè;{k pqukAbl rjg fj;klrh vkUnksyu jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu ls tqM+ x;sA
f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa rsth lsifjroZu gqvkA dkaxzszlh ljdkjksa us bLrhiQk ns fn;k] jktuhfrdxfrfofèk;ka Fke&lh x;ha] ysfdu 1942 esa fiQj ls jktuhfrd la?k"kZus tksj idM+kA Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu osQ le; dkaxzsl us fczfV'kbafM;k vkSj nslh fj;klrksa osQ chp dksbZ Hksn ugha fd;kA fj;klrksadh turk Hkh Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey gks x;hA bèkj ns'kh ujs'kHkh Lora=krk fudV tkudj dkaxzsl osQ fudV vkus dk ç;kl djus yxsAtokgj yky usg: dh vè;{krk esa 1946 esa mn;iqj esa jkT; tudkaÚsal dk vkBoka vfèkos'ku lEeUu gqvkA ;g igyk vfèkos'ku Fkktks fdlh fj;klr esa gqvk Fkk vkSj ftls jkT; dh rjiQ ls lqfoèkk,açnku dh x;h FkhaA
Lora=krk osQ le; vaxzstksa us fj;klrksa dks Lokèkhurk dk ntkZnsdj ,d leL;k [kM+h dj nh Fkh] ysfdu jk"Vªh; usr`Ro us blslw>&cw> osQ lkFk lqy>k fy;kA vfèkdrj fj;klrksa us rks vklkuhls ^foy; nLrkost* ij gLrk{kj dj fn;s] ij oqQN fj;klrsa tSlsVªzko.kdksj] twukx<+] d'ehj vkSj gSnjkckn vafre ne rd dksf'k'kdjrh jgha fd mudh Lokèkhurk vkSj laçHkqrk cjdjkj jgsA ysfduvkf[kj esa fliQZ gSnjkckn us gh Lora=k jgus dk xaHkhj ç;Ru fd;kA
fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa vkUnksyufofHkUu jkT;ksa esa vkUnksyufofHkUu jkT;ksa esa vkUnksyufofHkUu jkT;ksa esa vkUnksyufofHkUu jkT;ksa esa vkUnksyugSnjkckn % gSnjkckn eqfLye 'kkflr jkT; Fkk] tgka 90
çfr'kr inksa ij eqfLye FksA 90 çfr'kr Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh xSj&mnwZ osQ Fks]ijUrq mnwZ ,dek=k jktdh; Hkk"kk FkhA flfoy ,oa jktuhfrdvfèkdkjksa osQ vHkko] csxkj çFkk] lkearh 'kks"k.k vkfn osQ dkj.kgSnjkckn esa eè;e oxZ us Hkk"kk;h laxBuksa osQ ekè;e ls la?k"kZ 'kq:fd;kA dkaxzsl dh vgLr{ksi dh uhfr ls ykHk mBkdj ^vk;Z lekt*,oa ^fgUnw egklHkk* us ogka dh turk dks futke ,oa ^brSgknqyeqlyehu* uked laxBu osQ fo#¼ tkx:d fd;kA vk;Z lekthiafMr ujsfn.kh us fgUnqvksa osQ fy, vfèkd ukSdfj;ksa dh ekax dhAblh le; Lokeh jkekuUn rhFkZ vkSj xksfoUn nkl JkiQ] jfoukjk;.kjsM~Mh vkSj oqQN eqlyekuksa us feydj ^fj;klrh dkaxzsl* dk xBufd;k (vDrwcj 1938)A mLekfu;k fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kksa us Hkh^oans ekrje~ vkUnksyu* pyk;kA xkaèkhth us lkaçnf;drk dk gokyk
nsdj vkUnksyu cUn djok fn;kA blls jkT; esa lkE;okfn;ksa dkçHkko c<+ x;kA 1939 esa xqIr :i ls dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh LFkkiukgqbZ vkSj blh osQ usr`Ro esa rsyaxkuk vkUnksyu pykA 1946 ls 1951rd ;g lokZfèkd yEck xksfjYyk Ñ"kd la?k"kZ FkkA
=kko.kdksj] dksphu % =kko.kdksj] dksphu ,oa ekykckj esaHkh Lora=krk dh ygj tkx mBhA bu {ks=kksa esa ,-osQ- xksikyu] Ñ".kfiYybZ] uEcqnjhikn bR;kfn us ^dkaxzsl lektoknh ny* dh LFkkiukdhA bl ny us vkUnksyu dks tu&leqnk; rd igqapk fn;kA 1938bZ- esa =kko.kdksj LVsV dkaxzsl us jkT; osQ nhoku lh-ih- jkekLokehvÕ;j osQ vR;kpkjksa osQ fojksèk esa vkUnksyu NsM+ fn;kA ljdkj usdM+kbZ ls mudk neu fd;kA vusd O;fÙkQ xksyh ls mM+k fn;s x;svkSj tsy esa cUn dj fn;s x;sA ckè; gksdj nhoku dks neukReddkjZokbZ cUn djuh iM+hA xkaèkhth osQ gLr{ksi ls gh ;gka vkUnksyulekIr gqvkA
eSlwj % eSlwj jkT; esas tu vkUnksyu dk fodkl rsth ls gksjgk FkkA dkaxzsl osQ usrk bl jkT; esa tu&vkUnksyu dks çksRlkfgrdj jgs FksA bl jkT; esa tu vkUnksyu dks çksRlkfgr djus okyhnks laLFkk,a Fkha& osQ-Vh- Hkk";e dh ^LVsV dkaxzsl* ftlesa 'kgjh yksxksa,oa ckã.kksa dk çHkqRo Fkk vkSj osQ-lh- jsM~Mh vkSj ,p-lh- nklIikosQ usr`Ro okyh ^ihiqYl iQsMjs'ku* ftles xSj ckã.k xzkeh.k Ñ"kdksadk ckgqY; FkkA 1937 bZ- esa dkaxzsl dks oSèkkfud :i çnku djus,oa jkT; esa mÙkjnk;h ljdkj LFkkfir djus dh ekax dh x;hA jkT;ljdkj us bl ekax dks nckus osQ fy, neukRed dkbZokbZ dhA vçSy1938 esa dksykj ftys osQ ,d xkao dh HkhM+ ij xksyh pyk;h x;h]ftlesa djhc 30 O;fDr ekjs x;sA bl u`'kal gR;k dh ckr dkaxzslosQ gfjiqj vfèkos'ku esa Hkh mBk;h x;hA iVsy osQ ç;klksa ls jkT;osQ nhoku fetkZ bLekby us dkaxzsl dks ekU;rk rks nh] ysfdu mÙkjnk;hljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh fn'kk esa dksbZ ekax ugha ekuhA
t;iqj % jktLFkku osQ dbZ jkT;ksa dh rjg t;iqj esa HkhvR;kpkjksa osQ fo#¼ vkUnksyu pyk;k x;kA 1939 esa ;g vfèkdmxz gks x;kA xkaèkhth us Hkh vius rjhosQ ls bl vkUnksyu esa Hkkxfy;kA mUgksaus teukyky ctkt dks t;iqj esa lR;kxzg djus dh vkKkçnku dhA ljdkj us ctkt osQ t;iqj esa ços'k djus ij çfrcaèkyxk fn;kA mldk mYya?ku djus ij mUgsa fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;kAblosQ fojksèk esa lR;kxzg gq,A ckn esa ljdkj us le>kSrk dj ctktdks fjgk dj fn;kA
jktdksV % jktdksV osQ nhoku ohjoky osQ vR;kpkjksa ls turk,oa O;kikjh oxZ leku :i ls =kLr FkkA jktdh; vk; dk vfèkdka'kfgLlk jktk osQ Hkksx&foykl ij [kpZ fd;k tkrk FkkA tu fgr osQdk;ks± dh iw.kZr% vogsyuk dh tkrh FkhA blosQ fo#¼ Jh ;w-,u-<+scj osQ usr`Ro esa ^çtk ifj"kn* us vkUnksyu pyk j[kk FkkA xkaèkhthus Hkh jktdksV ds ekeys esa fnypLih yhA muosQ lg;ksfx;ksa JherhdLrwjck xkaèkh] efucsu iVsy us lR;kxzg osQ nkSjku 1939 esa viusvkidks fxjÝrkj djok fy;kA ekpZ 1939 esa egkRek xkaèkh us vu'kuvkjaHk fd;kA ljnkj iVsy us Hkh lR;kxzg esa enn dhA jktuhfrdfoHkkx osQ gLr{ksi ls ;g ekeyk lqy> x;kA
mM+hlk % mM+hlk osQ oqQN jkT;ksa esa Jfedksa dh fLFkfr lqèkkjusosQ fy, rFkk lkearh vR;kpkjksa ls NqVdkjk fnykus osQ fy, vkUnksyufd;s x;sA <sadkuky esa èksuoÑ".k pkSèkjh us ,d lR;kxzg 1938 esaçkjaHk fd;kA blh çdkj uhyfxfj] u;kx<+] rypj vkSj j.kiqj esa tu
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fonzksg gq,A bUgsa nckus dk iwjk ç;kl fd;kA blh nkSjku j.kiqj esa(1939 esa) fu;qDr fczfV'k ,tsaV dh iRFkj ekjdj gR;k dj nhx;hA xkaèkhth us yksxksa osQ fy, oqQN lqfoèkk,a çkIr dj vkUnksyudks lekIr djok fn;kA
d'ehj % d'ehj esa ^us'kuy dkaUÚsal* us lqèkkjksa dh ekaxosQ fy, vkUnksyu dh 'kq#vkr dhA bldk usr`Ro 'ks[k vCnqYyk djjgs FksA d'ehj osQ 'kkld us vkUnksyudkfj;ksa ij Hkh"k.k vR;kpkjfd;sA 'ks[k vCnqYyk lfgr vusd usrk fxjÝrkj dj fy;s x;sA dkaxzslus 'ks[k vCnqYyk dk lkFk Hkh fn;k] ijarq bl vkanksyu dk dksbZLFkk;h ifj.kke ugha fudykA
fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k ,oa foy;fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k ,oa foy;fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k ,oa foy;fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k ,oa foy;fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k ,oa foy;1940 ds n'kd esa Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke viuh pje lhek
ij FkkA bl nkSj us rhoz jktuSfrd xfrfofèk;k¡ ns[khaA fczfV'k ljdkjus xfrjksèk dks lekIr djus ds mís'; ls fØIl fe'ku (1942)]osoy ;kstuk (1945)] dsfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk (1946) vkSj ekmaVcsVu;kstuk ds vUrxZr dbZ çLrko is'k fd,A bu lHkh ;kstukvksa esaHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds Hkfo"; ij fopkj fd;k x;kA fØIl ;kstukesa fj;klrksa dh loZJs"Brk fdlh vkSj dks nsus dk dksbZ fopkj ughaFkkA fj;klrsa] ns'k esa ,d rhljh 'kfDr ds :i esa dk;Z dj viuki`Fkd vfLrRo cukuk pkgrh FkhaA
dsfcusV fe'ku esa ;g fliQkfj'k dh x;h fd Hkkjr ,d la?kgksxk ,oa blesa fj;klrsa Hkh 'kfey gksaxhA la?k dks oSnsf'kd ekeys]çfrj{kk ,oa ifjogu rFkk ckdh fo"k;ksa ij fj;klrksa dks dkuwu cukusdk vfèkdkj gksxkA fj;klr ds 'kkld bl ;kstuk dks Lohdkj djusij jkth gks x;sA ijUrq Hkkjr ds foHkktu lacaèkh ?kks"k.kk gks tkusds i'pkr~ =kkoudksj ,oa gSnjkckn us bl ;kstuk dks vLohdkj dj]Lora=k vfLrRo cuk;s j[kus dk çLrko fd;kA bèkj 20 iQjojh dks,Vyh dh ?kks"k.kk rFkk 3 twu dh ekmUVcSVu ;kstuk us ;g Li"Vdj fn;k fd loZJs"Brk lekIr gks tk;sxh vkSj fj;klrksa dks vfèkdkjgksxk fd os Hkkjr ;k ikfdLrku fdlh ,d esa lfEefyr gks ldrsgSaA bl çdkj ekmUVcSVu us fj;klrksa dks ,d rhljh bdkbZ ds :iesa ekU;rk nsus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA
ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy us 5 tqykbZ] 1947 dks Hkkjr ljdkj}kjk dk;e fd;s x;s Hkkjrh; fj;klr foHkkx dk dk;ZHkkj fy;kAmUgksaus Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dh ns'k HkfDr dks yydkjrs gq, mulsvuqjksèk fd;k fd os Hkkjrh; la?k esa j{kk] oSnsf'kd ekeys ,oa lapkjO;oLFkk dks Hkkjr ds vèkhuLFk cukdj] blesa lfEefyr gks tk;asA15 vxLr] 1947 rd 136 fj;klrsa Hkkjr esa lfEefyr gks x;haAd'ehj us foy; i=kksa ij 26 vDVwcj] 1947 dks twukx<+ ,oagSnjkckn us 1948 esa gLrk{kj fd;sA NksVh&NksVh fj;klrsa dsUnz lsç'kkflr fdlh bdkbZ ;k iM+ksl ds çkarh; ç'kklu esa feyk nh x;haAiwohZ fj;klrsa mM+hlk ds çkar vkSj eè; çns'k esa feyk nh x;ha rFkknDdu ,oa xqtjkr dh fj;klrsa cEcbZ ç'kklu esa feyk nh x;hA,d vU; çfØ;k }kjk dqN fj;klrksa dks feyk dj o`gÙkj ç'kklfudla?k cuk;k x;kA bl çdkj dkfB;kokM+ dk la;qDr jkT;] eRL; dkla;qDr jkT;] jktLFkku dk la;qDr jkT;] foUè; çns'k dk la;qDrjkT; rFkk ifV;kyk ,.M bZLV iatkc LVsV~l ;wfu;u (isIlw) vFkkZrifV;kyk ,oa iwoZ iatkc jkT; la?k ds ç'kklu ds vèkhu fgekpyçns'k vkfn dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
bl çdkj vFkd ç;klksa ds ckn fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k ,oafoy; laHko gks ldkA dkykUrj esa jkT; iquxZBu vfèkfu;e (1956)ds }kjk Hkk"kkbZ vkèkkj ij çkUrksa dk iquxZBu fd;k x;kA blvfèkfu;e ds vuqlkj 14 jkT; ,oa 6 dsUnz'kkflr çns'k cuk, x;sAlEçfr Hkkjr esa 28 jkT; ,oa 7 dsUnz'kkflr çns'k gSaA
Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;Lej.kh; rF;� bZLV bafM;k daiuh dh LFkkiuk 1600 bZú esa gqbZ FkhA� daiuh dk Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ls lekurk ds fy, la?k"kZ dk dky
1740&65 gSA� bl dky esa daiuh us Iyklh (1757) ,oa cDlj (1764) ds
;q¼ksa esa thr gkfly dhA� ?ksjs dh uhfr dk dky 1765&1813 gSA� ykMZ oSystyh us Hkkjr esa daiuh dk lSfud çHkqRo LFkkfir fd;kA� ykMZ gsfLaVXt us Hkkjr esa daiuh dh jktuSfrd loZJs"Brk LFkkfir
dhA� ykMZ gsfLaVXt ds le; ls vèkhuLFk ikFkZD; dh uhfr
(1813&1857) 'kq: gqbZA� ykMZ osysTyh }kjk 'kq: fd;s x;s lgk;d lfUèk dks Lohdkj
djus okys jkT; Fks & gSnjkckn (1798 vkSj 1800)] eSlwj(1799)] ratkSj (1799)] voèk (1801)] is'kok (1801)]Hkksalys (1803)] flfUèk;k (1804)] tksèkiqj] t;iqj] ePNsM+h]cwanh] HkjriqjA
� ykMZ MygkSth ds O;ixr ds fl¼kar ds vuqlkj foy; fd;sx;s jkT; Fks & lrkjk (1848)] tSriqj ,oa laHkyiqj (1849)]c?kkV (1850)] mn;iqj (1852)] >kalh (1853) vkSj ukxiqj(1854)
� dksVZ vkWiQ Mk;jsDVlZ us djkSyh ds foy; dh vkKk ugha nhFkh rFkk ykMZ dSfuax us c?kkV vkSj mn;iqj jkT; okil djfn, FksA
� 1856 esa voèk dks dqç'kklu ds vkèkkj ij fczfV'k lkezkT;esa feyk fy;k x;k FkkA
� blls iwoZ cSafVd us eSlwj (1831)] dNkj (1832)] dqxZ(1834)] tSfUr;k (1835) rFkk vkdyS.M us dqjuwy ,oaek.Moh (1839) rFkk dksykck ,oa tkykSu (1840) dks fczfV'klkezkT; esa feyk fy;k FkkA
� [kSjiqj] cgkoyiqj ,oa d'ehj dk foy; bl le; ugha fd;kx;k FkkA daiuh us mUgsa fo'okl fnyk;k Fkk fd os mudsvkarfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ugha djsaxsA
� 1858 esa ^O;ixr ds fl¼kar* dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k FkkA� 1876 dks egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dks dSlj&,&fgUn dh mikfèk
çnku dh x;h FkhA� ykMZ fjiu ds dky esa eSlwj dks 1881 esa okil LFkkuh; jktoa'k
dks ykSVk fn;k x;k FkkA� Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds vkUrfjd ç'kklu esa fczfV'k gLr{ksi ds
mngkj.k Vksad] xk;dokM+ (cM+kSnk)] d'ehj ,oa ef.kiqj gSaA� bafM;u LVsV~l desVh ;k cVyj lfefr dh fu;qfDr 1927 esa
dh x;h Fkh rFkk bl lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ 1929 ds çkjEHkesa is'k dhA
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� 1935 ds vfèkfu;e esa çLrkfor la?k esa Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dslfEefyr gksus dk çkoèkku fd;k x;k Fkk] ijUrq ;g la?k ughacu ik;kA
� ujsUnz e.My ds xBu dk çLrko eksUVsX;w&psEliQksMZ lq/kjksa esafd;k x;k FkkA bldk xBu 1921 esa gqvk FkkA
� ekmUVcSVu ;kstuk us gh loZJs"Brk dks lekIr fd;kA� d'ehj us 26 vDVwcj 1947 dks rFkk twukx<+ ,oa gSnjkckn
us 1948 esa foy; i=kksa ij gLrk{kj fd;s FksA� Lora=krk çkfIr osQ le; Hkkjr esa fj;klrksa dh la[;k 562 Fkh]
tks Hkkjr osQ 45 çfr'kr HkwHkkx ij iSQyh gqbZ FkhA� lcls cM+h fj;klr gSnjkckn vkSj lcls NksVh fcyckjh FkhA� ^?ksjs dh uhfr* dky esa gq, ;q¼_
çFke ejkBk ;q¼ rFkkf}rh; eSlwj ;q¼ & oksju gsfLVaXlr`rh; eSlwj ;q¼ & dkuZokfylf}rh; ejkBk ;q¼ rFkkprqFkZ eSlwj ;q¼ & osystyh
� ykMZ osystyh us ^lgk;d lafèk* (Supsidiary Alliance) dh'kq#vkr dhA Hkkjr esa çFke ckj ;g lafèk gSnjkckn osQ futkeosQ lkFk rFkk mÙkj Hkkjr esa çFke ckj voèk osQ lkFk dhx;h] eSlwj dks NksM+ lkjh lafèk;ka lekurk vkSj ikjLifjdrk osQvkèkkj ij fd;k FkkA
� ykMZ fe.Vks us 1809 bZ- esa j.kthr flag osQ lkFk ^ve`rljdh lafèk* dhA
� lcls vfèkd lgk;d lafèk ykMZ gsfLVaXl }kjk dh x;h FkhA� ykMZ cSafVd us 1831 esa eSlwj] 1832 esa dNkj] 1834 esa oqQxZ]
vkSj 1835 esa tSafr;k fj;klrksa dk vaxzsth lkezkT; esa foy;dj fy;kA
� 1833 osQ pkVZj ,DV }kjk dEiuh iw.kZr% ,d jktuSfrd laLFkkcu x;hA
� MygkSth us fot; (;q¼) }kjk ekpZ 1849 esa iatkc rFkk 1852esa yksvj cekZ vFkok ihxw dk foy; dj fy;kA
� MygkSth us oqQ'kklu vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dk vkjksi yxkdj 1853esa cjkj rFkk 1856 esa voèk dk foy; dj fy;kA
� MygkSth us O;ixr osQ fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj lrkjk (1848)]tSriqj rFkk lEHkyiqj (1849)] c?kkV (1850)] mn;iqj (1852)>kalh (1853) rFkk ukxiqj (1854) fj;klrksa dk foy; djfy;kA
� MygkSth us ukuk lkgsc is'kok dh isa'ku lekIr dj nh rFkkeqxy lezkV dks yky fdyk [kkyh djus osQ fy, ckè; fd;kA
� ykWMZ dtZu us fj;klrksa osQ jktkvksa osQ fons'k Hkze.k dj jksdyxk nhA
� ekaVsX;w&psEliQksMZ fjiksVZ osQ vkèkkj ij 1921 esa ^psEcj vkWiQfçalsl* cukA
� 1927 esa bafM;u LVsV desVh (cVyj desVh) us viuh fjiksVZis'k dhA
� 1927 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; jkT; tu dkaÚsal (All India State
People Conference) dk vk;kstu gqvkA blosQ vk;kstd Fks& cyoar jk; esgrk] ef.k yky dksBkjh vkSj th-tkj- vH;adjA
� dkaxzsl osQ ukxiqj vfèkos'ku] 1920 esa fj;k;rksa dh turk dksdkaxzsl dk lnL; cuus dh vuqefr nh x;hA
� 1939 esa jkT; tu dkaÚsal dk vk;kstu yqfèk;kuk esa gqvk]ftlosQ vè;{k tokgj yky usg: FksA
� tokgj yky usg: dh gh vè;{krk esa 1946 esa mn;iqj esajkT; tu dkaÚsal dk vkBoka vfèkos'ku gqvkA ;g igykvfèkos'ku Fkk] tks fdlh fj;klr esa gqvk FkkA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 146
ifjf'k"V [k* % 1947 ls 2001 rd dk bfrgklifjf'k"V [k* % 1947 ls 2001 rd dk bfrgklifjf'k"V [k* % 1947 ls 2001 rd dk bfrgklifjf'k"V [k* % 1947 ls 2001 rd dk bfrgklifjf'k"V [k* % 1947 ls 2001 rd dk bfrgkl
jkT;ks a dk Hkk"kkokn iquxZBujkT;ks a dk Hkk"kkokn iquxZBujkT;ks a dk Hkk"kkokn iquxZBujkT;ks a dk Hkk"kkokn iquxZBujkT;ks a dk Hkk"kkokn iquxZBujkT;ksa ds iquxZBu dh vko';drk 20oha 'krkCnh ds 'kq: ls
gh eglwl dh tk jgh FkhA ek.ViQksMZ fjiksVZ 1918 us jkT;ksa dsiquxZBu dh :i&js[kk nh FkhA blesa jkT;ksa dks Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ijfoHkkftr djus dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ FkhA Hkkjrh; laoS/kfud deh'ku]1931 us Hkh jkT;ksa ds Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij iquxZBu dh lykg nhFkhA Hkkjrh; laoS/kfud deh'ku] 1931 dh fjiksVZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i1937 esa mM+hlk jkT; dk xBu fd;k x;kA fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjkujk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us Hkh Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu dk leFkZufd;kA caxky foHkktu dk fojks/ dj dkaxzsl us Hkh vçR;{k :ils Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij jkT; ds xBu dk leFkZu fd;kA dkaxzslus Hkh vçR;{k :i ls Hkk"kk ds vkèkkj ij jkT; ds xBu dk leFkZufd;kA dkaxzsl us lu~ 1920 esa vkSipkfjd :i ls jkT;ksa ds Hkk"kkds vk/kj ij iquxZBu dk leFkZu fd;kA lu~ 1927 esa dkaxzsl us,d çLrko ikfjr fd;k] ftlesa dgk x;k fd vc le; vk x;kgS fd Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu fd;k tk,A lu~ 1928ds usg: fjiksVZ essa Hkh vuq'kalk dh xbZ Fkh fd jkT;ksa dks Hkk"kkds vk/kj ij iqu% oxhZd`r fd;k tk,A
ysfdu Lora=krk ds ckn dkaxzsl ds uhfr esa dqN ifjorZu vk;kAbldk dkj.k ml le; dh vlekU; ifjfLFkfr ls tqM+h leL;k,aFkha] ftudk lkeuk ljdkj dj jgh FkhA tSls&ns'kh jkT;ksa dk Hkkjresa foy;] lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k ,oa foHkktu ls mith leL;k,a ,oans'k ds vkfFkZd fu;kstu }kjk fodkl dh vko';drkA blfy,Lora=krk ds ckn ns'k ds jkT;ksa ds xBu dh rRdkyhu O;oLFkk ,dçdkj ls varfje O;oLFkk gh FkhA blds vUrxZr iwjk ns'k 19 jkT;ksaesa foHkDr Fkk vkSj ;s jkT; rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa caVs Fks& Hkkx ^d* (9jkT;) Hkkx ^[k* (5 jkT;) ,oa ^x* (5 jkT;)A lHkh jkT;ksa dksvyx&vyx ntkZ çkIr Fkk rFkk mudh vyx&vyx fo'ks"krk,s FkhaAlkFk gh vaMeku&fudksckj }hi lewgksa dks Hkkx ^?k* esa j[kk x;kFkk] ftlds vUrxZr dsUnz 'kkflr çns'kksa] ftUgs Hkkjrh; lhek dsvUrxZr feyk;k tkuk Fkk dks j[kk x;kA blh çdkj lafoèkku ^d*lkrosa la'kks/u] 1956 ls iwoZ ns'k esa 27 jkT; FksA
Lora=krk çkfIr ds ckn Hkk"kk ds vk/kj jkT;ksa ds xBu ds fy,çcy ekaxas gksus yxh vkSj eqís dks ckj&ckj lafo/ku lHkk esa mBk;ktkus yxkA lafo/ku lHkk us U;k;ewfrZ ,l-ds- /j dh vè;{krk esa,d vk;ksx dk xBu dj fn;kA /j vk;ksx us bl vk/kj ijHkk"kk;h jkT;ksa ds xBu dh ekax dks Bqdjk fn;k fd blls jk"Vªh;,drk dks ,sls le; esa vuko';d vkSj xaHkhj [krjk mRiUu gkstk,xk] tc bls lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, gj laHko ç;klksa dhvko';drk gSA /j vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k fd bu ekaxksa
dks Lohdkj djuk xSj ftEesnkjkuk rFkk ns'k HkfDr fojksèkh dk;Z gksxkArFkkfi ;g fjiksVZ Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij jkT;ksa ds xBu ds ekax dksnck ugha ldhA fo'ks"k :i ls enzkl] gSnjkckn vkSj eSlwj ds rhujkT;ksa esa rsyqxq Hkk"kkh yksxksa dh mudh i`Fkd vkU/zjkT; dh ekaxcgqr çcy FkhA egkjk"Vª ds yksx xqtjkr dks feykdj cus la;qDrcacbZ ds LFkku ij i`Fkd ejkBh Hkk"kh jkT; cukuk pkgrs FksA blçdkj ds ekaxksa ls dkaxzsl esa cM+h fpark O;kIr gks xbZ vkSj 1948ds var esa dkaxzsl }kjk bl ç'u dks iw.kZr% fo'kq¼ jktuhfrdn`f"Vdks.k ls iquohZf{kr djus ds fy, tokgj yky usg:] oYyHkHkkbZiVsy vkSj iV~VkfHk lhrkjEeS;k dh lnL;rk okyh (ts-ch-ih- lfefr),d la;qDr lfefr xfBr dh xbZA bl la;qDr lfefr dh fjiksVZ esaaHkh dqN ladksp ds lkFk Hkk"kk;h jkT;ksa ds xBu ds fo:¼ jk;O;Dr dh xbZA bl lfefr us jkT;ksa esa ;FkkfLFkfr cuk, j[kus dhodkyr dh vkSj dsoy ek=k vkU/z jkT; laca/h ekax dks gh ,d,slk [kkl eqn~nk ekuk] ftls [kqys eu ls Lohdkj djuk gh Js;Ldjle>k x;kA blh chp JhjkeYyw dh e`R;q gks xbZ tks vkUèkz çns'kdh fuekZ.k dh ekax dks ysdj Hkw[k&gM+rky ij FksA blds ifj.kkeLo:ivkU/z çns'k esa fgalk 'kq: gks xbZ vkSj fLFkfr vR;ar rukoiw.kZ gksxbZA vr% ljdkj us U;k;/h'k Mk- okUpw dks bl ekeys ds tkapds fy, fu;qDr fd;kA iQyr% mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa igys Hkk"kk;h jkT;vkU/z çns'k dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1953 esa gqbZA bl ifjfLFkfr esa Hkk"kk;hvk/kj ij jkT;ksa dh xBu dh ekax iqu% tksj idM+ xbZ vkSj vUresa ljdkj us ^jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx* dh LFkkiuk 1953 esa dh] ftldsvè;{k Jh iQty vyh Fks ,oa ia- ân;ukFk dqat: o ljnkj ds-,e- if.kDdj bl vk;ksx ds lnL; FksA vkf[kjdkj fuEufyf[krdkj.kksa ls ljdkj ns'k dks Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij ckaVus dks foo'k gksxbZ%s(i) ewy :i ls vaxzstksa }kjk gLrxr çkar rkfdZd] oSKkfud vkSj
Hkk"kk;h fopkj dk [;ky fd, cxSj cuk, x, FksA vaxzstç'kkldh; lqfo/k ls eryc j[krs FksA vr% çns'kksa dks gLrxrdjus ds ihNs lkaLd`frd ,d :irk ds ctk; ç'kklfud lqfoèkkgh ewy ea'kk jgrh FkhA
(ii) Hkk"kk;h jkT; loZlk/kj.k dks yqHkkrs Fks] vr% fojksèkh nyksa us
lÙkk/kjh dkaxzsl ds çfr fojks/ iSnk djus ds fy, bl eqnns dks
gok nhA
(iii)Hkk"kk;h lhek fu/kZj.k lkekftd&lkaLd`frd lhek ds vuq:i FkkA
(iv) Hkk"kk;h jkT; dh ekax dkiQh tksj idM+ pqdh Fkh ,oa dbZ LFkkuksa
ij la?k"kZ ,oa ruko dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksus yxh FkhA
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vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ 5 flracj] 1955dks is'k dh] ftls vDVwcj] 1955 esa turkds le{k j[kk x;kA vk;ksx dh dqN çeq[kfliQkfj'ksa fuEukuqlkj Fkha%(i) fo|eku 27 jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu 16
jkT;ksa ,oa rhu la?k 'kkflr çns'kksa esafd;k tk,A
(ii) Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa ds fgrksa dh j{kkds fy, fo'ks"k çko/ku fd;k x;k]ftlesa çkFkfed fo|ky; Lrj ij ekrHkk"kkesa f'k{kk nsus dh O;oLFkk 'kkfey gSA
(iii) jkt çeq[k O;oLFkk dk mUewyuA(iv) vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok dk iquxZBuA bu
lsokvksa ds fy, 50 çfr'kr vf/dkjhjkT; ds ckgj ds gksaxsA
(v) Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds vè;;u dks çksRlkfgr djukA(vi) cacbZ ,oa iatkc ds cgqHkk"kh jkT;ksa dks ;Fkkor] cuk, j[kuk
,oa gkseyS.M dh vo/kj.kk vLohd`rAvk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dks ysdj dqN vlarks"k O;Dr fd;k x;k
vkSj dkiQh fopkj&foe'kZ ds ckn ^jkT; iquxZBu ,DV 1956* çLrqrfd;k x;kA ljdkj us vk;ksx dh lHkh lykgksa dks eq[; :i lsLohdkj dj fy;kA vk;ksx us lykg fn;k Fkk fd 16 jkT; vkSj3 dsUnz 'kkflr çns'k gksus pkfg,A jkT; iquxZBu vkf/fu;e dsvUrxZr Hkkjr dks fuEu 14 jkT; ,oa 5 dsUnz 'kkflr çns'kksa esa ckaVfn;k x;k%
1- vkU/z çns'k 2- vle 3- fcgkj 4- ckEcs 5- tEew ,oad'ehj 6- dsjy 7- eè; çns'k 8- enzkl 9- mM+hlk 10- iatkc11- eSlwj 12- if'pe caxky 13- mÙkj çns'k 14- jktLFkkuA
dsUnz'kkflr çns'k Fks& (i) fnYyh (ii) fgekpy çns'k (iii)efoiqj (iv) f=kiqjk (v) vaMeku ,oa fudksckj rFkk y{k}hi] vehu}hi,oa fefudks; }hiA
bl vf/fu;e ds vUrxZr vkU/z çns'k dks jkT; cuk;k x;k]ftlesa gSnjkckn dk dqN Hkkx tksM+k x;kA gSnjkckn jkT; dk dqNHkkx enzkl jkT; esa tksM+k x;kA ,d u;s jkT; dsjy dk fuekZ.k=kko.kdksj vkSj dksphu dks feykdj fd;k x;kA eSlwj jkT; (orZekudukZVd) esa enzkl] gSnjkckn ,oa cacbZ ds dqN Hkkx vkSj dqxZ dkstksM+k x;kA u, jkT; cacbZ dk fuekZ.k eè; çns'k ml le; dsjkT; cacbZ] lkSjk"Vª vkSj dPN ds dqN Hkkxksa dks feykdj fd;k x;kAblh çdkj eè; çns'k ml le; vfLrRo esa jgs jkT; ,e-ih-] foUè;çns'k] Hkksiky ,oa jktLFkku ds dqN Hkkxksa dks feykdj cuk;k x;kAvtesj dks jkTLFkku esa tksM+k x;k rFkk ifV;kyk vkSj iwohZ iatkcjkT; dks feykdj iatkc jkT; cuk;k x;kA
jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu lHkh i{kksa dks larq"V ugha dj ldk vkSj;g leL;k vHkh Hkh cjdjkj gS] blh dk ifj.kke vlarks"k ,oatutkrh; jk"Vª dh ekax gS rFkk blh ds dkj.k o"kZ 1956 ds cknls ns'k esa dbZ u;s jkT;ksa dk tUe gqvk gSA cacbZ dks nks Hkkxksaesa foHkkftr djds egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr jkT;] cacbZ iquxZBu ,DV1960 ds rgr cuk, x,A o"kZ 1962 esa ukxkySaM dks vyx jkT;,oa o"kZ 1966 esa iatkc iquxZBu ,DV 1966 ds vUrxZr iatkc dksfoHkkftr dj iatkc ,oa gfj;k.kk jkT; cuk, x,A fgekpy çns'kdks jkT; dk ntkZ iwoksZÙkj çns'k iquxZBu ,DV ds vUrxZr fn;k x;kAblh rjg vle dks iquxZfBr dj fetksje vkSj v:.kkpy çns'k dksdsUnz'kkflr çns'k cuk;k x;kA 36osa lafo/ku la'kks/u ds }kjkflfDde dks o"kZ 1975 esa Hkkjr dk 22 oka jkT; cuk;k x;kA
1987 esa v:.kkpy çns'k] fetksje ,oa xksok dks Hkh jkT;dk ntkZ fey x;kA blds ckn jk"Vªh; jkt/kuh {ks=k] fnYyh dks jkT;dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA uoacj 2000 esa 84osa lafo/ku la'kksèku foèks;dds }kjk dsUnz ljdkj us NÙkhlx<+] mÙkjkapy o >kj[kaM uked rhuu;s jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlls orZeku esa 28 jkT; ,oa 7 dsUnz'kkflr çns'kksa dk vkfLrRo lkeus vk;kA
Hkkjr dks Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij ckaVus dk fu.kZ; lkaLd`frd n`f"Vls rks lgh Fkk D;ksafd vf/dka'k ekeyksa esa lkaLd`frd {ks=k HkkSxksfydfoHkktuksa ls esy [kkrs gaSA Hkk"kk;h jkT;ksa us {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dsçpkj&çlkj esa lg;ksx fd;k vkSj bl çdkj cgqrsjs jkT;ksa dh fo'ks"kigpku fodflr gqbZA rFkkfi ;g foHkktu HkkSxksfyd vkSj vkfFkZdn`f"V ls lgh ugha gS] D;ksafd ;g leL;k,a gy djus ds ctk,] iSnkdjrh gSaA iquxZBu us {ks=kh;] lkaLd`frd] ,sfrgkfld ,oa Hkk"kk;h vk/kjksa ij tks tksj fn;k gS] mlls jk"Vªh; ,drk dh Hkkouk [kklhdetksj iM+rh gSA cacbZ dks eqacbZ] enzkl dks rfeyukMq vkSj enzkluxj dks psUubZ uke fn;k tkuk blh LFkkuh;rk dk mnkgj.k gSAHkk"kk;h jkT;ksa ds xBu us ;kstukc¼ vkfFkZd fodkl dh xfr dksdkiQh /heh dj nh gS] D;ksafd jkT; fo'ks"k dh LFkkuh; Hkkouk jkT;ds lalk/uksa dk nwljs jkT;ksa ds ykHk gsrq mi;ksx ij vDlj vkifÙkdjrh gSA flfoy lsokvksa dks NksM+dj varjjkT;h; jkstxkj laHkkoukvksaesa vis{kkuqdwy o`f¼ ugha gqbZ gS] D;ksafd jkT; Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ijxfBr gSaA
vle esa fgUnh Hkkf"k;ksa ds fo:¼ fgalk] egkjk"Vª esa mÙkj&Hkkjrh;ksadk fojks/] nf{k.k ds jkT;ksa esa fgUnh fojks/] rfeyukMq&dukZVdfookn vkfn Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu ds çR;{k ;kvçR;{k ifj.kke gSA
Hkkjr vkfFkZd&lkekftd laØe.k ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gS vkSjvkxkeh o"kksZa esa ;g ,d vkfFkZd egk'kfDr cuus dh laHkkouk j[krkgSA blfy, lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd {kerk ,oa lg;ksx dsmís'; dks çkIr djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd Hkk"kkokn vFkok{ks=kh; vyxkookn laca/h Hkkoukvksa dks grksRlkfgr fd;k tk,Avko';drk gS fd Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij xfBr jkT;ksa ds chp lg;ksx,oa leUo; dks gj dher ij çksRlkfgr fd;k tk,A
{ks=kh;rkokn{ks=kh;rkokn{ks=kh;rkokn{ks=kh;rkokn{ks=kh;rkokn ,oa {ks=kh; vlekurk ,oa {ks=kh; vlekurk ,oa {ks=kh; vlekurk ,oa {ks=kh; vlekurk ,oa {ks=kh; vlekurkfdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k esa jgus okys yksxksa esa vU; {ks=k ds yksxksa
ds çfr n`<+rk dk Hkko gksuk LokHkkfod gSA lkFk gh gj ,d {ks=kdh viuh ,d lkewfgd psruk gksrh gS vkSj ml LFkku ds lkFk yksxksa
{ks=kh; ifj"kn
jkT; iquxZBu ,DV] 1956 ds vuqlkj jkT;ksa rFkk dsUnz'kkflr çns'kksa rFkk dsUnz ds eè;lg;ksx ,oa leUo; ds mís'; ls {ks=kh; ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA dqy ikap {ks=kh; ifj"knsamÙkj] nf{k.k] iwoZ] if'pe ,oa eè; LFkkfir dh xbZA çR;sd {ks=kh; ifj"kn~ esa dsUnzh; ea=kh] çR;sdjkT; ds eq[;ea=kh nks vU; ea=kh rFkk dsUnz 'kkflr çns'kksa ds ç'kkld lnL; gksrs gSaA {ks=kh; ifj"kn~,d lykgdkj laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gS ,oa ml {ks=k ds jkT;ksa ,oa dsUnz 'kkflr çns'kksals lacaf/r ekeyksa ij fopkj djrh gS] tSls& vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fu;kstu] lhek fookn]vUrjkZT;h; ifjogu] jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu ls mBs elys vkSj blh rjg dh vU; ckrsa rFkk budslek/ku ds fo"k; esa jkT;ksa ,oa dsUnz ljdkj dks lykg nsrh gSA {ks=kh; ifj"kn~ dk eq[; mís';laFkky dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsuk ,oa {ks=kokn ,oa Hkk"kk;h {ks=kh;rk dh vyxkooknh Hkkouk dks
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 148
dk ,d HkkoukRed yxko gksrk gSA tc ge u;h {ks=kh;rkokn dhckr djrs gSa rks gekjk eryc bUgha Hkkoukvksa ds çdVhdj.k ;klEçs"k.k ls gksrk gSA {ks=kh;rk ,d ,slk vkUnksyu gS] tks {ks=k dsfgrksa dh lqj{kk vkSj mlds fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djus ds mís';ls ogka dh nqjkoLFkk dks ,d jktuhfrd :i nsus dk ç;kl djrkgSA1- fØ;kRed {ks=kh;rkokn2- {ks=kh; vkUnksyu
fØ;kRed {ks=kh;rk dk rkRi;Z gS fd jkT; dk viuh lqfoèkkds fy, vius Hkw&Hkkx dks ckaV nsukA {ks=kh; vkUnksyu esa lkewfgdpsruk dk vk/kj jkT; }kjk cuk;k u gksdj ogka dh LFkkuh; vfLerkgksrh gSA gka] bruk vo'; gS fd jkT; }kjk cuk;s {ks=k cgq/kjktuhfrdj.k dh çfØ;k dks 'kfDr'kkyh cukus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA{ks=kh;rk dk ,d i{k tkrh;rk Hkh gS] D;ksafd {ks=kh;rk ds lkjs :iksaesa tks ckrsa mHk;fu"B gSa] muesa ls ,d gS] ^çfr laLd`fr* ftldkmís'; Lok;Ùkrk gS vkSj nwljk mHk;fu"B rRo jktuhfrd c;kuckthvkSj LokfLerk dk jktuhfrd js[kkadu gSA
HkkHkkHkkHkkHkkjr esa {ks=kh; psruk dk fodkljr esa {ks=kh; psruk dk fodkljr esa {ks=kh; psruk dk fodkljr esa {ks=kh; psruk dk fodkljr esa {ks=kh; psruk dk fodkl,sfrgkfld :i ls Hkkjr dHkh Hkh ,dhd`r ugha jgk gSA ;|fi
Hkkjr 'kCn dk mi;ksx cgqr igys ls gks jgk gS] ysfdu bldk vFkZle; ds lkFk cnyrk jgk gSA ,d le; Fkk] tc Hkkjr dk foLrkjviQxkfuLrku ls oekZ rd Fkk] ysfdu bl foLrkj dk ;g le; ,dNksVs ls varjky esa gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr dk okLrfod,dhd`r Lo:i vaxsztksa ds le; gh lkeus vk ik;kA vaxzstksa us {ks=kh;'kfDr;ksa dks >qdkdj Hkkjr ij viuk fu;a=k.k LFkkfir dj fy;kAdq'ky ç'kklu ds fy, mUgkasus ;krk;kr ,oa tulapkj ds lk/uksa dkfodkl fd;k vkSj jkT; ds vf/dka'k Hkkxksa dks jkt/kuh ls tksM+fn;kA ysfdu lHkh {ks=kksa dk bfrgkl vyx&vyx FkkA blfy, mudsvkn'kZiwjd Hkkoukvksa vkSj vfLerk dk fodkl Hkh vyx&vyxfn'kkvksa esa gqvkA bfrgkl cks/ dh Hkkouk ls mHkjh lkaLd`frd fHkUurkdh ;g Hkkouk vkt Hkh mlh rjg ls cuh gqbZ gS vkSj gekjs lkeus{ks=kh;rk ds :i esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa {ks=kh;rk nks eq[; :iksa esa fo|ekugSA vius mxz vorkj esa ;g ,d fgald :i ysdj Hkkjr ls ,d{ks=k fo'ks"k ds :i esa vyx gksus dh ekax dks ysdj çdV gksrkgSA ;g vlaoS/kfud ekax Hkkjr dh fLFkjrk ,oa çknsf'kd ,drk dsfy, [krjk gSA {ks=kh;rk dk nwljk :i Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax gS] ftldkmnkgj.k >kj[kaM] mÙkjk[kaM ,oa NÙkhlx<+ esa i`Fkd~ jkT; dh LFkkiukds fy, vkUnksyu ,oa u;s jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k gSA blh rjg dh vU;ekax xksj[kkySaM] iwokZapy] ikapky çns'k] fonHkZ] rsyaxkuk] cksMksySaM vkSjlkSjk"Vª ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ml lkoZtfud /kj.kk dsckotwn Hkh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj NksVs jkT;ksa dh ekax varr% ns'k dksfo[kaMu dhs vksj ys tk ldrh gSA ns'k ds fHkUu&fHkUu fgLlksa esabl rjg ls ekaxksa dk iQSyko yxkrkj tkjh gSA tutkrh; bykdksads fuokfl;ksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij gq, jkT;ksads iquZxBu ls mUgsa dksbZ ykHk ugha feyk gSA mudh lkekftd vkSjlkaLd`frd vfLerk dks cpkus dk ,dek=k rjhdk vyx jkT; dkfuekZ.k gSA
oSls orZeku esa {ks=kh;rkokn dks c<+kok ,d vyx Lo:i dsvUrxZr Hkh fn;k tk jgk gS] tks jktuSfrd nyksa }kjk O;fDrxr LokFkZ
,oa fgrksa ds iks"k.k ds fy, ç;qDr fd;k tk jgk gSA jkT; fo'ks"kvFkok {ks=k fo'ks"k ds LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa ds vkfFkZd fgrksa] jkstxkjvkfn ds laj{k.k ds uke ij vU; çns'k ds yksxksa ds fojks/ dhçd`fr;ksa dks çksRlkgu dh ?kVuk,a egkjk"Vª] vle vkfn esa c<+rhtk jgh gSA
{ks=kh;rk ds dkj.k{ks=kh;rk ds dkj.k{ks=kh;rk ds dkj.k{ks=kh;rk ds dkj.k{ks=kh;rk ds dkj.kHkkjr esaa {ks=kh;rk ds tuu ds ihNs bldk yack bfrgkl]
fo[kafMr HkkSxksfyd voLFkk] ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa çpfyrfHkUu&fHkUu /kj.kk,a vkSj lkaLd`frd fofo/rk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedkjgh gSA
1- jkT;ksa ds iquZxBu dk Hkk"kk;h vk/kj% Hkkjr esaçkphu dky ls gh Hkk"kkvksa dh Hkjekj jgh gS] ysfdu Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij jkT;ksa ds iquZxBu us Hkk"kkvksa ij vk/kfjr varj dks vkSjetcwr djus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij cus jkT; jk"Vªh;,drk ds fy, ,d çdkj ls [krjk gS] D;ksafd ;g {ks=kh;rkokn dhHkkouk dks c<+kok nsrs gSa] lkFk gh jkT;ksa ds chp lg;ksx dks c<+kusesa ckèkk Mkyrs gSa vkSj iM+kslh jkT;ksa ds chp oSeuL; dk Hkko iSnkdjrs gSaA lalk/uksa dks iM+kslh jkT;ksa ds lkFk fey ckaVus ds cnys]mls vius gh jkT; ds vanj j[kus dh çfØ;k ls fofHkUu jkT;ksa dschp ln~Hkko Hkh de gksrk gSA jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu ds nkSjku {ks=kh;]lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ij vf/d tksj nsus dh çfØ;k usjk"Vªh; ,drk dh Hkkouk dks fo'ks"k:i ls çHkkfor fd;k gSA{ks=kh;rkokn ds mn; ds y{k.k 1960 ,oa 70 ds n'kdksa esa çdVgksus çkjaHk gks x;s FksA bldk çR;{k çek.k Fkk rfeyukMq esa fgUnhdk fojks/ ,oa blds ckn pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl ds mij Mh-,e-ds- ikVhZdh fot;A iatkc esa vdkyh vkUnksyu] tEew&dk'ehj esa us'kuydkaÚsal ikVhZ dk xBu] blh {ks=kh;rkokn dk ifj.kke FkkA gky dso"kksZa esa cacbZ dks eqacbZ] enzkl dks psUubZ ,oa caxykSj dks caxyq#dkuke fn;k x;k gSA ;g çkarh;rk dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA
2- lqn`<+ jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk vHkko% yksxksa ds vanj vcigys dh rjg jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ugha gS] D;ksafd lkezkT;okn ds fo:¼py jgs Lora=krk laxzke dks ,dhd`r djus okyk çHkko Mkyuk pkgrkgSA phu }kjk 1962 esa vkØe.k ds nkSjku rFkk 1965] 71 ,oa 99esa Hkkjr&ikd ;q¼ ds nkSjku ,drk ,oa jk"Vªh;rk dk tSlk n`';ns[kus dks feyk gS] og 'kkafr ds le; ugha feyrk gSA
3- çHkkodkjh laca/ksa dk vHkko% HkkSxksfyd ck/kvksa ,oa[kkldj rjkbZ ,oa fiNM+s bykdksa esa ;krk;kr ,oa tulapkj dh dehus fodkl dh xfr dks /hek fd;k gSA ,sls vusd {ks=k gSa] tgkaigqapuk vkt Hkh dfBu gS vkSj vktknh ds 60 o"kksZa ds ckn Hkh;gka ds yksx fiNM+s gq, gSaA mu {ks=k ds yksxksa dk fodkl dh çfØ;kls eksgHkax gks pqdk gS] D;ksafd os u rks eq[; /kjk ls tqM+ ik,gSa vkSj u gh mUgsa fodkl dk dksbZ iQy feyk gSA vU; jkT;ksa ds}kjk mu {ks=k ds lalk/uksa ds 'kks"k.k us leL;k dks vkSj Hkh xaHkhjcuk fn;k gSA bl rjg ds fujarj vyxko] ljdkjh mis{kk vkSjvkfFkZd 'kks"k.k us mUgas f[kUu dj fn;k gSA iwoksZrj ds jkT;ksa dk'ehjds lanHkZ esa ;s ckras fo'ks"k :i ls {ks=kh;rk ds mn~xkj ds dkjdjgs gSaA
4- lqnwj {ks=kk s a dk lkaLd`frd vyxko% yn~nk[k omÙkjk[kaM ds ioZrh; bykds] fgekpy çns'k vkSj mÙkjh&iwohZ {ks=k tSlslqnwj çkUr esa jgus okys yksx vkt Hkh eq[; /kjk esa 'kkfey ugha
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 149
gSaA Hkkjrh; çk;}hi esa gtkjksa o"kksZa ls vkl&ikl ds bykdksa lsçokfl;ksa dk vkuk&tkuk tkjh gSA ;gk fofHkUu tkrh; lewgfHkUu&fHkUu jkLrksa ls Hkkjr vk, vkSj ns'k ds vyx&vyx fgLlksaesa iQSy x,A vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa vyx&vyx tkrh; lewgksa dsdsfUnzr gksus ls ,d ,sls lkekftd ifjn`'; dk fuekZ.k gqvk] ftlesagj {ks=k esa ,d fo'ks"k tkrh; lewg dk cksyckyk LFkkfir gks x;kA,sls rhu {ks=k esa] tgka ,d fo'ks"k tkrh; lewg dh tula[;k dsfUnzrgS] nf{k.k] mÙkj&if'pe esa [kScj vkSj cksyu ls gksrs gq, eè; ,oaif'pe ,f'k;k ds yksx vk, vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ esa eaxksyk;M uLy dsyksx vk,A mu lHkh tutkfr;ksa ds vius fof'k"V lkaLd`frd xq.kFks] ftldk ,d&nwljs ls dksbZ laca/ ugha FkkA mudk bfrgkl cks/vkSj HkkSxksfyd okrkoj.k fcYdqy vyx&vyx FksA bu tkfr lewgksaus Hkkjr dh ân;&LFkyh esa jgus okys yksxksa ls feyus&tqyus dhçfrfØ;k dk fojks/ fd;kA
,d vxE; {ks=k rd igqapus rFkk mls eq[; /kjk esa 'kkfeydjus dk tulapkj cgqr gh çHkkoh ekè;e gks ldrk gSA gky dsfnuksa esa fo'ks"kdj 1980 vkSj 90 ds n'kd ls Vsyhfotu us yksxksadks eq[; /kjk esa 'kkfey djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk fd;k gSAVsyhfotu ds ekè;e ls ,d leku vo/kj.kk dk fodkl gksrk gSD;ksafd ;g yksxksa dh lksp] mudh eukso`fr vkSj muds çR;{khdj.kdks ,d leku :i esa <kyrk gSA lkFk gh ;g turk dks pfj=kfo'ks"k ls tksM+us esa enn djrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa mÙkj&iwoZ ds nksi{k è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSa%
(d) vf/dka'k Vsyhfotu dk;ZØeksa esa ,oa /kjkokfgdksa esacgqèkk ,sls pfj=kksa dk vHkko gS] ftuds u;u uD'k eaxksyk;M yksxksals feyrs gSaA
([k) ,d egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd flusek] ekWMfyax] iQS'ku][ksydwn ,oa jktuhfr esa ,sls yksxksa dh la[;k cgqr de gS] tks bl{ks=k ds yksxksa ds fy, felky cu ldsA
(x) lqnwj ,oa fiNM+s gq, {ks=kksa esa tulapkj ds lk/uksa dkvis{kkd`r de fodkl Hkh gqvk gSA
5- LFkkuh; bfrgkl ,oa LFkkuh; pfj=kks a dh mis{kk%LFkkuh; Lrj ij ogka dk bfrgkl] pfj=k vkSj leL;k,a egRoiw.kZgksrh gS vkSj mlls yksxksa dk tqM+ko gksuk Hkh LokHkkfod gSA vxjfdlh dkj.ko'k LFkkuh; O;fDrRoksa dh mis{kk gksrh gS rks {ks=kh;rkvkSj Hkh çcy gks tkrh gSA caxkfy;ksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd lqHkk"kpUnzcksl dks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa mfpr LFkku ugha fn;k x;kA fcjlkeqaMk ,oa f'kokth ds ckjs esa Hkh NksVkukxiqj ,oa egkjk"Vª ds yksxksadk dqN ,slk gh lkspuk gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij buds bfrgkl vkSjO;fDrRoksa dks egRo ugha fn, tkus ls budh Hkkouk,a vkgr gqbZ ,oabUgksuas vius vfLrRo dks js[kkafdr djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
6- fganh dk fojks/% le;≤ ij xSj fgUnh Hkk"kh jkT;ksaesa jk"VªHkk"kk ds :i esa fgUnh fojks/ dk Loj tksj idM+rk jgrkgSA la;ksxo'k ;g Loj lhekar jkT;ksa ls vf/d eq[kfjr :i esa lkeusvkrk gSA u jkT;ksa dks ,slk eglwl gksrk gS fd fganh dks mu ijFkksik tk jgk gS] ;ks ftlds iQyLo:i mudh le`¼ Hkk"kk;h ,oalkaLd`frd fojklr dks {kfr igqaprh gSA pwafd ;s jkT; viuh Hkk"kkds çfr dkiQh xoZ dk Hkko j[krs gSa vkSj bls fgUnh ls csgrj ekursgSaA blfy, u jkT;ksa esa {ks=kh;rk dh Hkkouk vf/d cyorh gSA
7- vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu% Hkkjrh; ljdkj jk"Vªh; vk; esa gqbZo`f¼ dks fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds chp ,d leku :i ls ckaVus esa vliQyjgh gSA orZeku esa {ks=kh; Lok;Ùkrk ds yxkrkj c<+ jgs ekax vkSj
,d ds ckn ,d ;kstukvksa dk vius ok;ns ij [kjs u mrj ikusdk lh/k laca/ ekuk tk ldrk gSA bldk lcls vfèkd nq"çHkkotutkrh; cgqr {ks=kksa dks mBkuk iM+k gSA fonHkZ] egkjk"Vª] iwoksZrj dsjkT;ksa vkfn ds tutkfr yksx bl ckr dk ,glkl djus ds fy,ckè; gks x, gSa fd muds lalk/uksa dk u rks mUgsa mfpr ykHk feykgS vkSj u gh jk"Vªh; vk; us c<+rh rjDdh dk og va'k gks ikrsgSaA
Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; vlekurkHkkjr esa {ks=kh; vlekurkHkkjr esa {ks=kh; vlekurkHkkjr esa {ks=kh; vlekurkHkkjr esa {ks=kh; vlekurkHkkjr esa çknsf'kd vlekurk dh leL;k cgqr ls fodflr vkSj
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vR;f/d fHkUu jgh gSA ;g u rks,d mrj&nf{k.k dh leL;k gS vkSj u gh bldh O;k[;k çkd`frdlalk/uksa dh miyC/rk ds vk/kj ij dh tk ldrh gSA ;g ,dvk;keh leL;k ugha gS] cfYd cgqvk;keh leL;k gS] ftls cgqr lsdkjdksa ds lanHkZ esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA lkekU; :i ls Hkkjr esaçknsf'kd vlekurk ds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k jgs gSa%
(i) fofo/ lalk/u vk/kj ,oa tfVy Hkwxksy% ns'k dhHkkSxksfyd fLFkfr esa i;kZIr vlekurk gSA dgha igkM+] dgha iBkj rksvU; LFkkuksa ij e:LFky vFkok eSnku gSaA lkekU;r% mitkmQ eSnkuh{ks=kksa dk i;kZIr vkfFkZd fodkl gqvk gSA iatkc] gfj;k.kk] if'pemÙkj çns'k vkfn blds mnkgj.k gSaA mlh çdkj rVorhZ çns'kksa ,oaifjogu ekxksZa ls tqM+s {ks=kksa dks iwjk fLFkfr ykHk çkIr gqvk gSA ns'kds çR;sd {ks=k esa çkd`frd lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk esa varj gSA ;|fios {ks=k ftUgkasus çkd`frd lalk/uksa dk leqfpr :i ls fonksgu fd;kgS ,oa tgka vk/kfjd lajpukvksa dk leqfpr fodkl fd;k x;k gS]vR;ar le`¼ fLFkfr esa gSaA xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª ,oa nf{k.k Hkkjrh; jkT;blds mnkgj.k gSaA nwljh vksj vis{kkd`r nqxZe HkkSxksfyd lajpuk okys{ks=k tSls mÙkjk[kaM ds ioZrh; çns'k] jktLFkku ds e:LFkyh Hkkx]eè;orhZ iBkjh {ks=k ds 'kq"d çns'k ,oa iwoksZÙkj ds jkT;ksa ds fiNM+kiudk ewy dkj.k HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr gh gSaA
(ii) vkSifuosf'kd bfrgkl ls lacaf/r dkjd% lkekU;r%vaxzstksa ds 'kkludky esa vf/d ls vf/d ykHk çkIr djus dsn`f"Vdks.k ls lokZf/d mi;qDr vkS|ksfxd] d`"kd ,oa [kuu lacaèkhLFkkuksa ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k x;k FkkA vaxzstksa dks lewps ns'kds leku fodkl esa dksbZ :fp ugha FkhA mlh çdkj ls çns'k ;k{ks=k] tgka dh turk us muds fo:¼ lfØ; vkUnksyu NsM+k] muLFkkuksa ij neu ,oa fouk'k dh uhfr Hkh viukbZ xbZA ;gh dkj.kgS fd vkt lokZf/d fiNM+k ekus tkus okys jkT;ksa mÙkj çns'k] fcgkj]eè; çns'k] jktLFkku vkfn esa vkSifuosf'kd dky ls gh vkfFkZdfodkl ds leqfpr mik; ugha fd, x,] iQyr% vkt rd ;s jkT;fodkl dh nkSM+ esa fiNM+s gq, gSaA
(iii) fodkl laca/h nks"kiw.kZ ljdkjh uhfr;ka% Lora=krkds ckn ljdkj }kjk ns'k ds lHkh {ks=kksa ds larqfyr fodkl gsrq uhfr;kavo'; cukbZ xbZ] fdUrq fodkl laca/h dk;ZØe ;k rks viw.kZ jgs;k vlarqfyr jgsA oLrqr% fodkl ;kstukvksa dk vf/d ykHk igysls gh vis{kkd`r fodflr çns'kksa dks vf/d feyk] tcfd fiNM+s {ks=kksaesa i;kZIr fodkl ugha gks ik;k iQyr% {ks=kh; vlekurk vkSj c<+xbZ] bu uhfr;ksa esa çeq[k Fks%
(A) lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe(B) gfjr ØkfUr(C) fiNM+s {ks=kksa ds fodkl dks Rofjr djus esa vliQy jgha
;kstuk,a%
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 150
(d) lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe([k) vkS|ksfxd çkaxy ifj;kstuk(x) xzkeh.k m|ksx ifj;kstuk(?k) vkS|ksfxd LFkkuhdj.k ,oa(M+) vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflx uhfr vkfn(D) ljdkj us dqN {ks=kksa ,oa çns'kksa ds fodkl ij cgqr vfèkd
è;ku fn;k] tcfd dqN {ks=kksa dh mis{kk dh xbZA mnkgj.k ds fy,ljdkj }kjk iatkc] gfj;k.kk] egkjk"Vª] xqtjkr ,oa nf{k.k ds jkT;ksa,oa fnYyh] eqacbZ] paMhx<+] caxykSj vkfn fo'ks"k uxjksa dks vkfFkZdlgk;rk ,oa mudh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus esa cgqr vf/d rRijrkfn[kkbZA nwljh vksj fcgkj] mM+hlk] iwohZ mÙkj çns'k ,oa iwoksZÙkj dsjkT;ksa ,oa vR; NksVs uxjksa dh mis{kk dh xbZA
(iv) m|fe;ksa dh {ks=kh; ldsanzrk% Hkkjr ds çeq[k m|ehftuds ikl iwathfuos'k dh {kerk Fkh] mudk ladsanz.k eq[; :i esamUgha LFkkuksa ij gqvk] tgka ;k rks mudk ifjos'k Fkk ;k ftl LFkkuls os og Hkk"kk;h] /kfeZd o jktuhfrd :i ls tqM+s gq, FksA blhçdkj vkS|ksfxd vko';drkvksa ls vuqdwy ,oa igys ls gh vkS|ksfxdtM+Ro çkIr {ks=kksa esa gh ewy :i ls vf/d fuos'k fd;k x;kA bldkj.k ls lalk/uksa dk larqfyr vkSj lokZaxh.k fodkl ugha gks ldkA
(v) lkekftd] euk so SKkfud ,oa {k s= kh; jktuhfrddkjd% tgka turk lkekftd :i ls de xfr'khy ,oa vis{kkd`rde çxfroknh gksrh gSa] ogka fodkl Hkh vo:¼ gks tkrk gSAtutkrh; {ks=kksa ,oa mM+hlk] >kj[kaM vkfn çns'kksa ds fy, ;s ckrsa,d gn rd lR; gSaA mlh çdkj ls çns'kksa dh O;fDrxr ,oa LFkkuh;jktuhfr dk Hkh fodkl dh çfØ;kvksa ij çHkko iM+rk gSA dsjydh mÙke jktuhfr us gh bls fodkl dh js[kk esa vkxs ykdj [kM+kdj fn;k gSA nwljs vksj] mFky&iqFky ,oa ladh.kZ jktuhfrd ifjn`';okys çns'kksa esa fodkl dh çfØ;k Hkh vo:¼ gks tkrh gSA
HHHHHkkjr esa çknsf'kd ;k {ks=kh; vlekurkkkjr esa çknsf'kd ;k {ks=kh; vlekurkkkjr esa çknsf'kd ;k {ks=kh; vlekurkkkjr esa çknsf'kd ;k {ks=kh; vlekurkkkjr esa çknsf'kd ;k {ks=kh; vlekurk dk Lo:i dk Lo:i dk Lo:i dk Lo:i dk Lo:i{ks=kh; vlekurk ds fofo/ i{kksa dh lexzrkiwoZd le>us ds
fy, vko';d gS fd fofo/ ekinaMksa ds vk/kj ij {ks=kh; vlekurkds Lo:i dks le>k tk,A ;gka {ks=kh; vlekurk ds fu/kZjd ekinaMksadks la{ksi esa çLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS%
(i) çfr O;fDr vk;% o"kZ 2003&04 esa Hkkjr esa çfr O;fDrvkSlr vk; (pkyw ewY; ij) 21142 #i;k FkhA fnYyh esa çfr O;fDrvk; 51664 #i;k] iatkc esa 27851 #i;k] gfj;k.kk esa 29963 #i;k,oa xksok esa 52600 #i;k çfr O;fDr vk; FkhA nwljh vksj fcgkj]mÙkj çns'k] ,oa eè; çns'k esa çfr O;fDr vk; Øe'k% 5780 #i;k10814 #i;k ,oa 14012 #i;k gh FkhA
(ii) fu/Zurk vuqikr% jkT; dh tula[;k çfr'kr ds vkèkkjij mM+hlk esa lokZf/d fu/Zurk gS] ;gka 47-5 çfr'kr yksx fuèkZurkjs[kk ds uhps gSaA fcgkj (42-4»)] eè; çns'k (37-4»)] mÙkj çns'k(31») ,oa jktLFkku vkfn esa fu/Zu yksxksa dh la[;k lokZf/d gSAnwljh vksj iatkc] gfj;k.kk] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª vkfn esa fu/Zurk çfr'krdkiQh de gSA
(iii) vkS|ksfxd fodkl% vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k lsegkjk"Vª Hkkjr dk vxz.kh jkT; gS] tks iwjs ns'k ds vkS|ksfxd mRiknudk 25» vdsys djrk gSA egkjk"Vª] if'pe caxky] xqtjkr] >kj[kaM]dukZVd] vkU/z çns'k] mÙkj çns'k ,oa eè; çns'k feydj ns'k dk83» vkS|ksfxd mRiknu djrs gSa] 'ks"k 16-5 çfr'kr vkS|ksfxdmRiknu vU; jkT; djrs gSaA
(iv) uxjhdj.k% ns'k dh dqy tula[;k dh 27-78 çfr'kruxjksa esa fuokl djrh gSA uxjh;dj.k ds n`f"Vdks.k ls xksok (47-77»)] rfeyukMq (43-86»)] egkjk"Vª (42-40»)] xqtjkr (37-5») vkfn vxz.kh jkT; gSaA nwljh vksj flfDde esa 11-1»] fcgkjesa 10-47» ,oa fgekpy çns'k esa 9-79» gh uxjhdj.k Lrj gSA
(v) lk{kjrk Lrj% lk{kjrk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls dsjy (90-92») lcls vkxs gSA fnYyh] paMhx<+] nf{k.k ds vU; jkT;ksa]egkjk"Vª] xqtjkr vkfn esa lk{kjrk çfr'kr] jk"Vªh; lk{kjrk nj (64-62») ls vf/d gSA fcgkj] tEew&dk'ehj] v:.kkpy çns'k] mM+hlk]>kj[kaM vkfn esa lk{kjrk çfr'kr U;wu gSA
(vi) d`f"k fodkl% d`f"k ds {ks=k esa flapkbZ lqfo/kvksa dkfodkl] çfr O;fDr moZjd ç;ksx rFkk çfr gsDVs;j [kk|kUu mRiknuvkfn ds n`f"Vdks.k ls iatkc] gfj;k.kk] if'peh mÙkj çns'k vkfnmÙke fLFkfr esa gSaA d`f"k ds {ks=k esa vk/qfud rduhdksa ,oa flapkbZlqfo/kvksa ds fodkl ds ckn egkjk"Vª] xqtjkr ,oa nf{k.k ds jkT;ksaesa Hkh d`f"k mRiknu esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA nwljh vksj ioZrh; çns'k] 'kq"d,oa e:LFkyh çns'k vkfn d`f"k esa fiNM+s gq, gSaA
(vii) vU; ekinaM% LokLF; lqfo/k,a ,oa thou çR;k'kk]ifjogu lk/uksa dk fodkl jkstxkj Lrj] f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk fodkl,oa vk/qfudhdj.k vkfn vU; ekinaMksa ds vk/kj ij Hkh ns'k dsfofHkUu {ks=kksa esa ?ku?kksj vlekurk ,oa vlarqyu dh fLFkfr gSA
çknsf'kd vlekurk vius vki esa ,d vga fo"k; gSA Hkkjresa mijksDr of.kZr dbZ rF;ksa ds :i esa çknsf'kd vlekurk Li"V:i ls fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] blds fy, gekjs ns'k esa mi;qZDr of.kZr dbZdkjd Hkh fo|eku gSa] ijUrq ;g Hkh lR; gS fd gekjs ns[kus dkutfj;k Hkh çknsf'kd vlekurk ds fo"k; dks vuko';d rwy ns nsrkgS] D;ksafd çd`fr us Hkkjr gh dks ugha iwjs fo'o dks vlekurkvksals ;qDr cuk;k gSA okLro esa vlekurk Hkh fo'o dk;Z ç.kkyh dslapkyu ds fy, ,d vko';d vax gSA ;fn {ks=kh; vlekurk ugks rks fo'o dk vFkZ çokg gh :d ldrk gSA okLro esa] vlekurkds fy, ckgjh 'kfDr ;k dkjdksa dk çHkko de gh gksrk gSA çeq[k:i ls fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k dh çkd`frd çsj.kk gh ogka ds fodkl;k fouk'k vFkok fiNM+siu vkfn ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA fiQj Hkhge çknsf'kd vlekurk dks iwjh rjg ls udkj ugha ldrs gSa] D;ksafdns'k esa pkjks rjiQ O;kIr i`Fkd jkT;ksa dh ekax] jk"Vªh; ,drk esamRiUu gksrh gqbZ ck/k,a] fgalkRed jktuhfr dks çksRlkgu] jkT; dsewy fuokfl;ksa }kjk fo'ks"k laj{k.k dh ekax] {ks=kokn dk mRFkku]tkfrokn] Hkk"kkokn] {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa dk mn; vkfn leL;k,a{ks=kh; vlekurk dh gh nsu gaSA lkekftd ykxrksa esa o`f¼] lqj{kkRed[krjs esa o`f¼] çkd`frd foinkvksa dk rkaMo] lkekftd tfVyrkvksaesa gks jgh o`f¼ ,oa jktuhfrd tfVyrkvksa esa o`f¼ tSlh leL;k,avuk;kl gh gekjk è;ku {ks=kh; vlarqyu tSls egRoiw.kZ fo"k; dsvksj vkd`"V djk nsrh gSaA
{ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus gsrq lq>kko{ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus gsrq lq>kko{ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus gsrq lq>kko{ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus gsrq lq>kko{ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus gsrq lq>kkogesa {ks=kh; fo"kerk ds rF; dks Lohdkj djrs gq, okLrfod
,oa bZekunkj fodklewyd ;kstukvksa dks fØ;kfUor djus dh j.kuhfrviukuh gksxhA {ks=kh; vlekurk gh {ks=kh;rkokn ds fodkl dkloZçeq[k dkj.k gSA vr% {ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djds u dsoyns'k ds rhoz ,oa larqfyr fodkl dks xfr nh tk ldsxh] cfYd{ks=kh;rkokn ,oa vyxko laca/h ço`fr;ksa dk fuokj.k Hkh laHko gksldsxkA Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,fuEufyf[kr ikap Lrjksa ij lq>ko fn, tk ldrs gSaS%
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 151
(i) d`f"k dh mRikndrk {ks=kh; fo"kerkvksa dks de djus esalgk;d gks ldrh gSA ;g rdZ bl rF; ij vk/kfjr gS fd gekjsns'k dk yxHkx 70» Hkkx tks 'kq"d çns'kksa esa gS] mldh mRikndrkjk"Vªh; Lrj ls cgqr uhps gSA bu LFkkuksa dh mRikndrk dks c<+kdjns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds çfr:i esa vkewy ifjorZu yk;s tk ldrsgSaA bu {ks=kksa ds fodkl dk nwljk igyw ;g gksxk fd xzkeh.k uxjh;çokl esa deh vk,xh vkSj uxjh; leL;k esa Hkh deh vk,xhA
(ii) Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; vlekurk dks jksdus ds fy, ;g vko';dgS fd m|ksxksa dk fodsUnzhdj.k gksA m|ksxksa ds ,d LFkku ij vofLFkrgksus ls u rks leL;k dk lek/ku gks ik;k gS vkSj u gksxkA blfn'kk esa nks lq>ko egRoiw.kZ gSa%
(d) vkS|ksxhdj.k dh Hkkoh ço`fÙk esa ;g è;ku nsuk gksxkfd mu m|ksxksa dh vofLFkfr gh fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa dh tk;s ftudkçlkj çHkko lcls vf/d gSA
([k) y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dh vf/d ls vf/d LFkkiukrFkk blds LFkkiuk ds fy, ljdkj ds tksj ls ;Fkk laHko ç;klgksA bl fn'kk esa gky ds o"kksZa esa vPNh çxfr Hkh gqbZ gSA
(iii) gekjs ns'k dh lcls cM+h foMEcuk gS fd blds dqN Hkkxifjogu ds n`f"V ls fodflr gS gh ughaA ifjogu vkSj lapkj lsokvksadk egRo blfy, vf/d gksrk gS fd ;s vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu?kVdksa ds chp dM+h dk dke djrs gSa vkSj LFkkfud vFkZO;oLFkkesa O;kIr cgqr ls fNnzksa dks Hkjus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA ifjogu dsfodkl ls vFkZO;oLFkk dk leUo; gks tkrk gS vkSj çR;sd LFkkudk LFkkfud fo'ks"khdj.k Hkh gks tkrk gSA ,slk blfy, gks ikrk gSfd ,d fof'k"V inkuqØe ij nks dsUnzksa ds chp {kSfrt leUo; gkstkrk gS vkSj NksVs rFkk cM+s dsUnzksa ds chp ifjogu fodkl ds dkj.kNksVs dsUnzksa esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa dks cktkj fey tkrk gS vkSj cM+sdsUnzksa esa fufeZr oLrqvksa ds forj.k dk ,d lkèkuA
ifjogu Hkkjr tSls ns'k ds fy, vU; laLFkkxr <kapksa dh rqyukesa lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dj ldrk gSA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd osLFkku tgka rd czkWM&xst jsyos ykbu ugha igqap ik;k gS] os LFkkuvkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s jg x;s gSaA bl deh dks nwj djus ds fy,;g vko';d gS fd iwjs ns'k dks ,d xst ls tksM+k tk;A mlhçdkj lM+d ,oa ty ifjogu O;oLFkk ds fodkl dh Hkh vko';drkgSA
(iv) ns'k dh çknsf'kd fo"kerk dk ,d çeq[k dkj.k gS] NksVsuxjksa dk vfodflr jg tkuk ,oa budh fLFkfr esa vk jgk fujarjßklA ;g NksVs uxj] tks tula[;k ds LFkkukUrj.k dks lksikuh Lo:insrs gSa] buds detksj iM+ tkus ds dkj.k tula[;k dk çokl lhèksegkuxjksa ds vksj gks tkrk gSA bu NksVs uxjksa dk fodkl djus dsfy, ;g vko';d gS fd bUgsa fo'ks"kd :i ls fodflr fd;k tk,vkSj dqN ,sls o`f¼ dsUnz LFkkfir fd;k tk,] ftlds dkj.k yksxmudh vksj vkdf"kZr gksaA tSls Ldwy] NksVs vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ka vkfnAysfdu ;g mu LFkkuksa ij 'kfDr ds lk/u ugha gksus ds dkj.k çHkkohugha gks ldrkA blfy, vxj fdlh ,d laLFkkxr <kaps dk fodkliwjs ns'k ds vkfFkZd çfr:i dks cny ldrk gS rks og ifjogu dslkFk 'kfDr lalk/uksa dk fodkl gSA
(v) Hkkjr tSls fo'kky ns'k esa jktuSfrd vlekurk,a] vlarqyu,oa fofHkUurkvksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA bl çdkj dh jktuhfrdvlekurk yksxksa ds vkfFkZd ,oa cktkj O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrkgS vkSj fdu LFkkuksa ij m|ksxksa ,oa vU; vkfFkZd çfr"Bkuksa dhLFkkiuk gksxh bl fu.kZ; dks Hkh çHkkfor djrk gSA blds vykok
;g Hkh fu/kZfjr djuk gS fd LFkku fo'ks"k dk LFkkfud fo'ks"khdj.kfdl gn rd gksxk gekjs ns'k ds vkfFkZd çfr:i esa vkewy ifjorZuykus ds fy, dqN jkT;ksa dks ftudk vkdkj cgqr ls if'peh ;wjksih;ns'kksa ls Hkh cM+k gS mUgas dqN Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djuk iM+sxkA bllsvf/d NksVs jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksxk vkSj bu NksVs jkT;ksa ds cgqrls ykHk gksaxs%(d)buesa çfrLi/kZ dh Hkkouk vf/d gksxhA([k)nks jkT;ksa ds chp O;kikj vf/d gksxkA(x) NksVs jkT;ksa ij ç'kklu vPNh rjg fd;k tk ldrk gSA(?k) vxj bu jkT;ksa esa dqN gn rd Lok;Ùkrk gksxh rks budh
dk;Z{kerk Hkh vf/d gksxhA(M+) NksVs jkT; vius lalk/uksa dk vPNh rjg çca/u dj ik;saxsA(p) NksVs jkT; fofHkUu u`tkrh; lewgksa dh leL;k vkSj mudh
vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd Hkkoukvksa dklaj{k.k Hkh dj ik;saxsAmijksDr rF;ksa ds vfrfjDr vko';drk gS fd {ks=kh;rk ,oa
Hkk"kkokn laca/h Hkkoukvksa dks grksRlkfgr fd;k tk,A blds fy, ns'ktulkekU; dks Hkh ladqfpr eukso`fr;ksa ls mij mBdj jk"Vªfgr esalkspuk gksxkA
Hkkjrh; fj;klrks a dk ,dhdj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrks a dk ,dhdj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrks a dk ,dhdj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrks a dk ,dhdj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrks a dk ,dhdj.k
Hkkjrh; fj;klras D;k Fkha\Hkkjrh; fj;klras D;k Fkha\Hkkjrh; fj;klras D;k Fkha\Hkkjrh; fj;klras D;k Fkha\Hkkjrh; fj;klras D;k Fkha\
vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa] djhc&djhc bldk pkyhl çfr'krHkw&Hkkx NksVs vkSj cM+s ,sls NIiu fj;klrksa }kjk f?kjk Fkk] ftl ij'kklu djus okys jktkvksa dks fczfV'k ikjkekmaVlh (loksZPprk) dsvarxZr fofHkUu çdkj dh Lok;Ùkrk çkIr FkhA vaxzsth 'kklu mUgsaviuh turk ls cpkus ds lkFk&lkFk ckgjh vkØe.kksa ls rc rdcpkrh Fkh] tc rd fd os vaxzstksa dh ckr ekurs jgrs FksA
1947 esa ç'u ;g Fkk fd vaxzstksa ds tkus ds ckn bu ns'khfj;klrksa dk D;k gksxkA ysfdu cgqr dq'kyrk vkSj n{krkiw.kZjktuf;drk ds lkFk çyksHku vkSj ncko dk ç;ksx djrs gq, ljnkjoYyHkHkkbZ iVsy] lSdM+ksa jtokM+ksa vkSj fj;klrksa dks Hkkjrh; la?k esanks pj.kksa esa foy; djus esa liQy gq,A dqN fj;klrksa us vçSy 1947dh lafo/ku lHkk esa 'kkfey gksdj le>nkjh vkSj ;FkkFkZrk ds lkFkçk;% dqN gn rd ns'kHkfDr fn[kkbZA ijarq vf/dka'k jktk blds vyxjgs vkSj dqN jktkvksa us] tSls& Vªko.kdksj] Hkksiky vkSj gSnjkckn dsjktkvksa us lkoZtfud :i ls ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k fd os Lora=k ntkZdk nkok is'k djuk pkgrs gSA
Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk çFke pj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk çFke pj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk çFke pj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk çFke pj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk çFke pj.k
f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ds fNM+us ls jktuhfrd ekgkSy esa tcjnLrcnyko vk;kA dkaxzslh ljdkjksa us bLrhiQk ns fn;kA vaxzsth gqdqerus Hkkjrh; çfrj{kk dkuwu ikl fd;k vkSj fj;klrksa esa Hkh jktuhfrdxfrfof/;ka Fke lh xbZaA ysfdu 1942 esa fiQj jktuhfrd la?k"kZ ustksj idM+kA Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu 'kq: fd;kA bl ckj dkaxzsl usigys dh rjg fczfV'k bafM;k vkSj ns'kh fj;klrksa chp igys dh rjgfczfV'k bafM;k vkSj ns'kh fj;klrksa chp dksbZ Hksn ugha fd;kA fj;klrksaesa Hkh la?k"kZ dk 'ka[kukn gqvk vkSj nslh fj;klrksa dh turk Hkkjrh;
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 152
Lok/hurk la?k"kZ esa 'kfey gks xbZA vc fj;klrksa dh turk dk Hkhukjk Fkk ^Hkkjr NksM+ks*A fj;klrksa dks Hkkjr jk"Vª dk vfHkUu vaxekuus dh Hkh ekax mBkbZ xbZA
f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ds lekfIr ds ckn tc lÙkk gLrkarj.k ijckrphr gksus yxh] rks fj;klrksa dh leL;k mB [kM+h gqbZA fØIl;kstuk 1972] csosy ;kstuk 1945] dsfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk 1946 vkSjvar esa 28 iQjojh] 1947 dks ç/kuea=kh bVyh dh ?kks"k.kk esa Hkkjrh;fj;klrksa ds Hkfo"; ij fopkj fd;k x;kA
fØIl ;kstuk esa fj;klrksa dh loZJs"Brk fdlh vkSj dks ns nsusdk dksbZ fopkj ugha FkkA fj;klrksa us iw.kZ çHkqlÙkkiw.kZ la?k] tksfd ns'k esa ,d rhljh 'kfDr ds :i esa dk;Z dj lds] cukus dhfHkUu&fHkUu ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa fopkj fd;kA ijarq 20 iQjojh] 1947dh ,Vyh dh ?kks"k.kk vkSj 3 twu] 1947 dh ekmaVcsVu ;kstuk us;g Li"V dj fn;k fd loZJs"Brk lekIr gks tk;sxh vkSj fj;klrksadks vf/dkj gksxk fd os ikfdLrku vFkok Hkkjr] fdlh esa lfEefyrgks ldrh gSaA ykMZ ekmaVcsVu us ,d fj;klr vFkok vusd fj;klrksads la?k dks ,d rhljh bdkbZ ds :i esa ekU;rk nsus ls badkj djfn;kA
ljnkj iVsy vkSj fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k vkSj foy;ljnkj iVsy vkSj fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k vkSj foy;ljnkj iVsy vkSj fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k vkSj foy;ljnkj iVsy vkSj fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k vkSj foy;ljnkj iVsy vkSj fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k vkSj foy;jk"Vªh; vLFkk;h ljdkj esa ljnkj iVsy fj;klrh foHkkx ds
dk;Zokgd FksA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dh ns'kHkfDr dks yydkjkvkSj vuqjks/ fd;k fd os Hkkjrh; la?k esa viuh j{kk] fons'kh ekeysvkSj lapkj O;oLFkk dks Hkkjr v/huLFk cukdj] lfEefyr gks tk,Abl chp] 1946&47 esa jtokM+ksa esa tu&vkanksyuksa dh ,d ubZ ygjmBh] ftlesa gj txg jktuhfrd vf/dkjksa dh rFkk lafo/ku lHkkesa fuokZfpr çfrfuf/Ro dh ekax dh tk jgh FkhA 15 vxLr] 1947rd 136 {ks=kkf/dkjh fj;klrsa Hkkjr esa lfEefyr gks xbZ FkhaA cgqrlh NksVh&NksVh fj;klrsa tks ,d vyx bdkbZ ds :i esa vk/qfudç'kklfud O;oLFkk esa ugha jg ldrh Fkh] layXu çkarksa esa foy;dj nh xbZA tSls& mM+hlk vkSj NÙkhlx<+ dh 39 fj;klrksa mM+hlk;k eè; çkar esa foy; dj nh xbZ vkSj xqtjkr dh fj;klrsa cacbZçkar esaA bu fj;klrsa ds foy; dk ,d vU; :i ,slh bdkb;ksa ds:i esa Hkh xBu djuk Fkk] tks dsUnz }kjk ç'kkflr dh tk,A blJs.kh esa fgekpy çns'k] foUè; çns'k] f=kiqjk] ef.kiqj] Hkksiky]foykliqj vkSj dPN dh fj;klrsa FkhaA ,d vU; çdkj dk foy;]jkT; la?kksa dk xBu djuk FkkA bl çdkj dfB;kokM+ dh la;qDrfj;klrsa] eRL; dh la;qDr fj;klrsa] foUè; çns'k vkSj eè; Hkkjrds la?k ^ifV;kyk vkSj iwohZ iatkc fj;klrh la?k (PEPSU)]jktLFkku] Vªko.kdksj vkSj dksphu dh la;qDr fj;klrsa vfLrRo esavk;haA
exj ;g lc ,d o"kZ ls dqN gh vf/d dh vk'p;Ztud:i ls vYi vof/ esa iwjk dj fy;k x;kA blds fy, fn;k tkusokyk eq[; çyksHku Fkk& mnkjrkiw.kZ fçohilZA dqN ujs'kksa dks xouZj;k jktçeq[k dh cuk;k x;kA Hkkjr dh rhoz ,dhdj.k fu'p; ghljnkj iVsy dh lcls cM+h miyfC/ Fkh] ;|fi ;g Hkh Lej.kh;gS fd turk ds nckoksa dh Hkh blesa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh FkhA blsge l'kDr çtkeaMy vkanksyu ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk f}rh; pj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk f}rh; pj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk f}rh; pj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk f}rh; pj.kHkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dk f}rh; pj.k15 vxLr] 1947 rd flok; twukx<+] tEew vkSj d'ehj rFkk
gSnjkckn dks NksM+dj] lHkh jtokM+s Hkkjr esa 'kkfey gks x,A gkykafd
1948 ds var rd vkukdkuh dj jgs bu rhuksa fj;klrksa dks Hkh Hkkjresa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, ckè; gksuk iM+kA
1- twukx<+ dk foy;% dkfB;kokM+ esa ^twukx<+* ds eqlyeku'kkld dks] tks ikfdLrku esa lfEefyr gksus dk ç;kl dj jgk Fkk]tks vkanksyu vkSj iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds feys&tqys ç;klksa ls jkLrs esayk;k x;kA 'kq: ls gh tkrh; jk"Vªoknh usrk] jktkvksa ds nkoksa dseqdkcys turk dh la;qDrk dk vf/d vknj djrs FksA vr% blekeys esa Hkh usg: vkSj iVsy bl ckr ls lger Fks fd twukx<+ds lanHkZ esa Hkh fu.kkZ;d Loj turk dk gksuk pkfg,A blds fo:¼ikfdLrku us twukx<+ dk foy;u Lohdkj dj fy;kA tcfd nwljhrjiQ jkT; dh turk] 'kkld ds fu.kZ; dks Lohdkj djus ds fy,rS;kj ugha FkhA mUgksaus ,d tu vkanksyu laxfBr fd;k vkSj uokcdks Hkkxus ds fy, etcwj dj fn;k rFkk ,d rkRdkfyd ljdkjdh LFkkiuk dhA twukx<+ ds nhoku 'kkg uokt Hkwêðks us Hkkjr ljdkjdks gLr{ksi djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA blds ckn Hkkjrh; lsukjkT; esa ços'k dj xbZA iQjojh 1948 esa fj;klr ds vanj ,d tuerlaxzg djk;k x;k tks O;kid rkSj ij Hkkjr foy; ds i{k esa x;kA
2- d'ehj dk foy; % d'ehj fj;klr dh lhek HkkjrvkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa ls feyrh FkhA bldk 'kkld gfjflag ,d fgUnwFkk] tcfd jkT; dh 75 çfr'kr vkcknh eqlyeku FkhA gfjflag HkkjrvkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa esa foy; ls cpuk pkgrk FkkA gkyakfd us'kuydkaçQsal ds usr`Ro esa yksdfç; jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa vkSj blds usrk 'ks[kvCnqYyk Hkkjr esa foy; pkgrs FksA Hkkjrh; usrk pkgrs Fks fd d'ehjdh turk gh fu.kZ; ys fd og vius HkkX; dks Hkkjr ds lkFk tksM+ukpkgrh gS ;k ikfdLrku ds lkFkA ijarq ikfdLrku us vke turk dsfu.kZ; dh vogsyuk djus dh dksf'k'k dhA blus 22 vDVwcj] 1947dks vukf/dkfjd :i esa ikfdLrkuh lSfud viQljksa ds usr`Ro esa dbZiBku dchykb;ksa us d'ehj dh lhek dk vfrØe.k fd;k vkSj rsthls d'ehj dh jkt/kuh Jhuxj dh rjiQ c<+us yxsA ?kcjk dj 24vDVwcj] 1947 dks egkjkt us Hkkjr ls lSfud lgk;rk dh vihydhA 26 vDVwcj] 1947 dks egkjkt us d'ehj dks Hkkjr esa foy;dj 'ks[k vCnqYyk dks fj;klr ds ç'kklu dk çeq[k cukus dks rS;kjgks x,A Hkkjr us ?kks"k.kk dh fd ?kkVh esa 'kkfUr rFkk dkuwu&O;oLFkkcgky gksus ds ckn foy; ds fu.kZ; ij tuer laxzg djk;k tk,xkAHkkjrh; ljdkj us 27 vDVwcj] 1947 dks lsuk d'ehj Hksth] lsukus igys Jhuxj ds ckgj [knsM+ fn;k x;kA gkaykfd fiQj Hkh mUgksausjkT; ds dbZ fgLlksa ij dqN fu;a=k.k cuk, j[kk vkSj eghuksa rdl'kL=k eqBHksM+ gksrs jgsA vUrr% la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ds ,d çLrko ds}kjk Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa us 31 fnlacj] 1948 dk ;q¼ fojkeLohdkj dj fy;k] tks vc rd ykxw gSA jkT; dk foHkktu ;q¼fojke js[kk ds lkFk&lkFk gks x;kA tuer laxzg blfy, ugha gksldk] D;ksafd ikfdLrku us vkt ds rFkkdfFkr vktkn d'ehj lsviuh lsukvksa dks okil cqykus ls badkj dj fn;kA
3- gSnjkckn dk foy; % gSnjkckn Hkkjr dk lcls cM+kfj;klr Fkk vkSj ;g pkjksa rjiQ ls Hkkjrh; Hkw&Hkkx ls f?kjk gqvkFkkA gSnjkckn dk futke 15 vxLr] 1947 ds igys Hkkjr esa 'kkfeygksuk Lohdkj ugha fd;kA cnys esa ikfdLrku }kjk çksRlkfgr gksdj,d Lora=k ntsZ dk nkok fd;k vkSj viuh lsuk dk foLrkj djusyxkA bl chp jkT; esa rhu vU; jktuhfrd ?kVuk,a ?kfVr gqbaaZA igyh;g Fkh fd vf/dkfj;ksa dh lkaBxkaB ls ,d mxzoknh eqfLyelkaçnkf;d laxBu bfrgkj&my&eqlyehu vkSj blds v/ZlSfud vax
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 153
jtkdkjksa dk cgqr rsth ls fodkl gqvk] ftUgksaus la?k"kZjr turk dksHk;Hkhr dj mu ij vkØe.k 'kq: dj fn;kA nwljh ?kVuk Fkh] 7vxLr] 1947 dh futke ls tuoknhdj.k dh ekax dks ysdj gSnjkcknfj;klr dkaxzsl us ,d 'kfDr'kkyh lR;kxzg vkanksyu 'kq: dj fn;kArhljh ?kVuk Fkh] dE;qfuLVksa ds usr`Ro esa ,d 'kfDr'kkyh fdlkula?k"kZ fj;klr ds rsyaxkuk {ks=k esa fodflr gqvkA bu fdlku nyksaus cM+s tehankjksa ij geyk fd;k vkSj mudh tehuksa dks fdlkuksa vkSjHkwfeghuksa ds chp ckaV fn;kA gSnjkckn esa bl vO;oLFkk ,oavjktdrk ds chp 13 flracj] 1948 dks Hkkjrh; lsuk gSnjkckn esaços'k dj xbZA rhu fnuksa ds ckn futke us leFkZu dj fn;k vkSjuoacj esa Hkkjrh; la?k esa foy; dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA futke dksjkT; ds vkSipkfjd 'kkld ;k jktçeq[k ds :i esa cgky j[kk x;kA
gSnjkckn ds vf/xzg.k ds ckn Hkkjrh; la?k esa ns'kh jtokM+ksads foy; dk dfBu dk;Z laiUu gks x;k vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj dhgqdwer iwjh Hkkjrh; tehu ij pyus yxhA
jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'ujk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'ujk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'ujk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'ujk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'u
jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;k gS\jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;k gS\jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;k gS\jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;k gS\jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;k gS\
Hkkjr ,d cgqHkk"kkbZ jk"Vª gSA rfey] ey;kye] ejkBh] mfM+;k]caxky vkfn jk"Vª dh Hkk"kk,a gSa] fgUnh iwjs jk"Vª dh Hkk"kk gSA gekjsusrkvksa us ,d Loj ls blh dks lkjs ns'k dh laidZ Hkk"kk ekudjjk"VªHkk"kk dgk vkSj vU; Hkk"kkvksa dks jk"Vª dh ukuk Hkk"kk,a ekuk]ftUgsa gekjs lafo/ku dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa ifj.kkr dj fn;k x;kA
fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;ksa gS\fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;ksa gS\fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;ksa gS\fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;ksa gS\fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk D;ksa gS\,d jk"Vª esa ,d jk"VªHkk"kk gekjs xkSjo vkSj gekjh jk"Vªh;
çfr"Bk dk çrhd gSA lkoZnsf'kd] loZjk"Vªh; ;k iwjs ns'k dh laidZHkk"kk cuus ;k ekU; gksus ds fy, fo}kuksa us fgUnh dh fo'ks"krk crkbZfd ;g jk"Vª esa cgqla[;d turk }kjk cksyh tkrh gS] bldk vius{ks=k ls ckgj Hkh O;kid foLrkj gSA ;g jk"Vª dh lkaLÑfrd vkSjHkkf"kd fojklr dh l'kDr mÙkjkf/dkjh gSA bldh O;kdjf.kdlajpuk ljy] lqcks/ vkSj oSKkfud gSA bldh 'kCn&lkeF;Z rFkkvfHkO;atukRed {kerk mÙke gSA bles thorark vkSj lthork gS rkfd;g u;s 'kCnksa vkSj ç;ksxksa dks vkRelkr djrh gqbZ fodklksUeq[k jgrhgS] bldh fyfiiw.kZ vkSj oSKkfud gSA
mijksDr vk/kjksa ij fgUnh viuh lkoZnsf'kdrk vkSj loZfç;rkmlds jk"VªHkk"kk gkus dk çek.k gSA
LLLLLora=krk iwoZ fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ds :i esaora=krk iwoZ fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ds :i esaora=krk iwoZ fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ds :i esaora=krk iwoZ fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ds :i esaora=krk iwoZ fgUnh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa
lfn;ksa ls fgUnh iwjs Hkkjr o"kZ esa laidZ Hkk"kk ds :i esafodflr gksrh jgh gSA ckn esa tc fczfV'k ljdkj ds çfrjks/ esaLok/hurk la?k"kZ gqvk] fgUnh us lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dks tksM+us esa egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkdj viuh 'kfDr c<+kbZA vf[ky Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl]egkRek xka/h] Lokeh n;kuan] lqHkk"kpUnz cksl] ljnkj iVsy] lh-jktxksikykpkjh] lj Vh- fot;jk?kokpk;Z] MkW- jktsUnz çlkn] jktf"kZiq:"kksÙke nkl VaMu] dk'kh ukxjh çpkfj.kh lHkk] ys[kdksa] i=kdkjksavkfn us fgUnh dks jk"VªHkk"kk ds :i esa çfrf"Br djus esa vewY;;ksxnku fn;kA lu~ 1942 vkSj 1945 dk le; ,slk Fkk tc ns'kesa Lok/hurk dh ygj lcls vf/d rhoz FkhA tc ftrus jk"VªxhrvkSj ln~Hkkouk ls vksrçksr jpuk,a fy[kh xbaZ] mruh 'kk;n fdlhvkSj Hkk"kk esa brus O;kid :i ls ugha fy[kh xbZA bu fnuksa fgUnh
çsl lcls vf/d lfØ; jgsA jk"VªHkk"kk ds ç;kl ds lkFk jk"Vªh;rkds çcy gks tkus ij vaxzstksa dks Hkkjr NksM+uk iM+kA
Lok/hurk ds ckn jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'uLok/hurk ds ckn jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'uLok/hurk ds ckn jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'uLok/hurk ds ckn jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'uLok/hurk ds ckn jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dk ç'ulu~ 1947 esa Hkkjr dks Lok/hurk çkIr gks xbZA vc jktuhfr
us tksj idM+kA çknsf'kdrk çcy gqbZA lu~ 1956 esa Hkk"kkokj çkarcu x, vkSj gj çkUr dks vius ladh.kZ çns'k dh fpUrk ds lkFkçknsf'kd Hkk"kk dh fpUrk gksus yxhA dqN çns'kksa es ,slk Hkh ughagqvkA viuh&viuh Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh fpUrk lcdks gksrh rks blesafgUnh dk ykHk gh ykHk Fkk] fdUrq dqN çns'kksa dks rks vaxzsth dhfpUrk gksus yxhA ge xka/h dks Hkwy x, vkSj muds fopkjksa dks Hkwyx,A vaxzstksa dh nklrk ls eqfDr rks gqbZ] ijarq ekufld nklrk ughax;hA ge fons'kh Hkk"kk dh nklrk ls eqDr ugha gks ik,A
lafo/ku esa fgUnhlafo/ku esa fgUnhlafo/ku esa fgUnhlafo/ku esa fgUnhlafo/ku esa fgUnhjk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ds eqís dk lek/ku rks lafo/ku }kjk lHkh çeq[k
Hkk"kkvksa dks ^Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk,a* vFkok Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk,aekudj lqy>k fy;k x;kA ijarq ekeyk lekIr ugha gks x;k] D;ksafdns'k dh vf/dkf/d dkedkt bruh Hkk"kkvksa esa ugha fd;k tk ldrkFkkA ,slh Hkk"kk rks t:jh Fkh] ftuesa dsUnzh; ljdkj viuk dk;Zdjs vkSj jkT;ksa ds lkFk laidZ cuk,A loky Fkk fd dkSu lh Hkk"kkbl vf[ky Hkkjrh; laokn dk ekè;e gksxhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa Hkkjrds dk;kZy;ksa vkSj laidZ dh Hkk"kk dkSu lh gksxh\ bl mís'; dsfy, fliQ nks mEehnokj Fks & vaxzsth vkSj fgUnhA ;gh og eqíkFkk] ftl ij lafo/ku lHkk esa dkiQh rh[kh cgl gqbZ FkhA
oLrqr% bldk pquko rks Lora=krk iwoZ gh jk"Vªh; usrkvksa }kjkfd;k pqdk FkkA os blls lger Fks fd Lora=k Hkkjr esa laidZ dhHkk"kk vaxzsth ugha cuh jgsxhA oSls ,d fo'o Hkk"kk ds :i esa vaxszthds egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k] ftlds ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; yksxfoKku vkSj laLÑfr ds vk/qfud ik'pkR; fopkjksa rd igqap ldrsFksA xka/hth bl ckr ls lger Fks fd vke turk dh çfrHkk vkSjmudh laLÑfr dHkh ,d fons'kh Hkk"kk ls ugha f[ky ldrhA
jktHkk"kk vFkok laidZ Hkk"kk ds fy, nwljk nkosnkj fgUnh ;kfgUnqLrkuh jk"Vªh; vkanksyu [kkldj ijorhZ tukanksyuksa ds nkSjku ;gHkwfedk fuHkk pqdh FkhA fgUnh dh bl Hkwfedk dks vfgUnhHkk"kh çns'kds usrkvkas us Hkh Lohdkj dj fy;k Fkk] D;ksfd ;g Hkk"kk iwjs ns'kesa lcls vf/d cksyh vkSj le>h tkrh gSA yksdekU; fryd] egkRekxka/h] lh jktxksikykpkjh] lqHkk"k pUnz cksl vkSj ljnkj iVsy dqNegRoiw.kZ fgUnh leFkZd FksA vius vf/os'kuksa vkSj jktuhfrd dk;ksZads nkSjku jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl vaxzsth dh txg fgUnh vkSj çknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksadk mi;ksx djrh FkhA 1925 esa dkaxzsl us viuk lafo/ku blh çdkjla'kksf/r fd;k FkkA tgka rd laHko gksxk] dkaxzsl viuk dkedktfgUnqLrkuh esa pyk,xhA jk"Vªh; vke lgefr dks çfrfcfEcr djrs gq,1928 esa usg: fjiksVZ esa ;g LFkkfir fd;k Fkk fd nsoukxjh vFkokmnwZ fyfi;ksa esa fy[kk fgUnqLrkuh Hkkjr dh vkeHkk"kk gksxh] ijarq dqNle; ds fy, vaxzsth dk mi;ksx tkjh jgsxkA ;g fofp=k la;ksxjgk fd flok; fgUnqLrkuh dh txg fgUnh j[k nsus ds] varr% Lora=kHkkjr ds lafo/ku us blh er dks viuk fy;kA ifj.kkeLo:i vktknhds igys gh bl ij djhc&djhc iw.kZ lgefr ds dkj.k] lafo/kulHkk esa vly cgl bu nks fHkUu eqís ij gqvk] fd D;k fgUnh vkSjfgUnqLrkuh vaxzsth dh txg ysaxh vkSj bl LFkkukarj.k ds fy, D;kdksbZ fuf'pr le;&lhek fu/kZfjr dh tk,xhA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 154
tSls gh jktHkk"kk ds ç'u ij cgl dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ] rhozerHksn iSnk gks x, vkSj ;g dkiQh eqf'dy leL;k lkfcr gksus yxh][kkldj blfy, fd 'kq: ls gh bl eqís dk vR;f/d jktuhfrdj.kgks pqdk FkkA vaxzsth ls fgUnh esa LFkkukarj.k ds fy, le;&lhekds fu/kZj.k ds eqís us fgUnh vkSj vfgUnh {ks=kksa ds chp ,d erHksnmRiUu dj fn;kA fgUnh çns'kksa ds çoDrk rRdky gh fgUnh viukusdh odkyr dj jgs Fks] tcfd vfgUnh Hkk"kh çns'kksa ds çoDrk ;fnges'kk ds fy, u Hkh lgh] rks dkiQh yEcs le; ds fy, vaxzsthdks cuk, j[kus ds i{k esa rdZ ns jgs FksA njvly ;g eqík vcijLij vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd {ks=kksa dks çHkkfordj jgk FkkA
cgqHkk"kh ns'k ds usrk gksus ds ukrs lafo/ku fuekZrk vPNh rjgtkurs Fks fd fdlh Hkh Hkk"kkbZ {ks=k dh vogsyuk rks nwj] ,slk vkHkklHkh ugha ns ldrs fd os fdlh dh vogsyuk dj jgs gS mUgksaus yxkrkjdke fd;k vkSj ,d le>kSrs ij igqapus esa liQy gq,] gkykafd bldsdkj.k lafo/ku dk Hkk"kk laca/h çkoèkku dqN ekeyksa esa tfVy]vLi"V vkSj Hkzked cu x;kA lafo/ku us ;g çko/ku fd;k fdnsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kh fgUnh varjkZ"Vhª; vadksa ds lkFk Hkkjr dhjktHkk"kk gksxhA vaxzsth dk lHkh ljdkjh dkedktksa ds fy, 1965rd mi;ksx fd;k tk,xk] blds ckn bldk LFkku fgUnh ys ysxhAfgUnh dks dbZ pj.kksa esa ykxw fd;k tk,xk vkSj fiQj 1965 ds cknbls ,dek=k ljdkjh Hkk"kk cuk fn;k tk,xkA gkykafd laln dsk1965 ds ckn Hkh [kkl dk;ksZa ds fy, vaxzsth ds ç;ksx dh vof/c<+k nsus dh 'kfDr nh xbZ FkhA lafo/ku us ljdkj ij ;g ftEesnkjhnh fd ;g fgUnh çlkj vkSj fodkl ds fy, dk;Z djs vkSj ,dvk;ksx ,oa ,d lalnh; la;qDr lfefr dh fu;qfDr dk çko/ku Hkhfd;k] tks bl lanHkZ esa gqbZ çxfr dk ys[kk&tks[kk çLrqr djrk jgsAçns'kksa ds fo/kueaMy] çns'k Lrj ij viuh jktHkk"kk dk fu.kZ; djsaxs]gkykafd la?k dh jktHkk"kk dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa rFkk jkT;ksa vkSj jkT;ksads chp vknku&çnku dh Hkk"kk gksxhA
fgUnh dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kfgUnh dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kfgUnh dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kfgUnh dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kfgUnh dh vliQyrk ds dkj.k1- lafo/ku fuekZrkvksa us vk'kk dh Fkh fd 1965 rd fgUnh
fgek;rh fgUnh dh detksfj;ksa ij fot; çkIr dj ysaxs vkSj vfgUnhHkk"kh çns'kksa ds yksxksa dk fo'okl çkIr dj ysaxsA ;g Hkh vk'kkdh xbZ Fkh fd f'k{kk ds çlkj ds lkFk&lkFk fgUnh Hkh fodflrgksdj ns'k esa T;knk iQSy tk,xh rFkk /hjs&/hjs fgUnh ds fo:¼çfrjks/ {kh.k gksdj xk;c gks tk,xkA ijarq nqHkkZX;o'k f'k{kk dkçlkj bruk /hek Fkk fd bl ekeys ij mldk dksbZ vlj gh ughaiM+kA
2- blds vykok jktHkk"kk ds :i esa fgUnh dh liQyrk dhlaHkkouk dks Lo;a fgUnh ds rjiQnkjksa us cckZn dj fn;kA vfgUnhbykdksa esa fgUnh dks ekU;rk fnykus ds fy, ,d /heh vkSj larqfyrjoS;k viukus ds ctk,] ogka ds dêðjoknh yksxksa us vfr mRlkg];gka rd fd dbZ ckj vfgUnh çns'kksa ds çoDrkvksa ds fo:¼vgadkjiw.kZ funZ;h vkSj vfr mxz joS;k viuk;kA eku&eukSoy dsctk, mUgksaus ljdkjh dkeksa ds ekè;e ls fgUnh dks yknuk pkgkAmuds vfrmRlkg vkSj ç;klksa us ,d fojks/h vkanksyu dks tUe fn;kA
3- fgUnh dh ,d lcls cM+h detksjh ;g Fkh fd bldkç;ksx eq[;r% lkfgR;dkjksa rd gh lhfer FkkA fgUnh dks çÑfrfoKku] lekt foKku] mPp f'k{kk ,oa i=kdkfjrk dh Hkk"kk ds :iesa fodflr djus ds ç;klksa ds ctk; fgUnh ds usrkvksa dk lcls
T;knk è;ku bls ,dek=k ljdkjh Hkk"kk cukus dh rjiQ yxk gqvkFkkA
4- bruk gh ugha] fgUnh ds leFkZdksa dh ,d vkSj cM+hdetksjh ;g Fkh fd os ,d ,slh ljy Lrjh; Hkk"kk] ftls O;kidleFkZu çkIr gks lds vFkok ljy cksypky dh fgUnh ds ctk,fgUnh dk laLÑfrdj.k djus dk ç;kl fd;kA vkerkSj ij le>stkus okys 'kCnksa ds eqdkcys u, laLÑfrd 'kCn cuk, x,A
5- gkykafd usg: ,oa T;knkrj vU; usrkx.k fgUnh dksjktHkk"kk cukus ds çfr lefçr Fks] D;ksafd mudk fo'okl Fkk fdvaxzsth dh i<+kbZ dks çksRlkfgr fd, tkus ds ckotwn vaxzsth ges'kkds fy, Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk ugha cu ldrhA ijarq mudk ;g Hkhfopkj Fkk fd jk"Vªh; ,drk ds fgr esa rFkk vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrdfodkl ds fy, fgUnh esa iwjk LFkkukarj.k le;c¼ ugha gksuk pkfg,Ablds fy, jktuhfrd :i ls ,d 'kqHk rFkk fuoklghu le; dhçrh{kk djuh pkfg,] tc vfgUnh {ks=kksa dh lgefr [kq'kh ls çkIrgks tk,A vc vfgUnh usrkx.k dh eku eukscy dh T;knk ls T;knkvogsyuk djus yxsA mudk fgUnh fojks/ le; ds lkFk&lkFk c<+rkpyk x;kA os fgUnh usrkvksa ds bjknksa ij vkSj vf/d 'kd djusyxsA vfgUnh Hkk"kkbZ lewgksa ds vyxko dk ,d ifj.kke ;g Hkhgqvk fd os fgUnh ds i{k esa rkfdZd vkSj lgh ckrksa dh Hkh vuns[khdjus yxsA blds cnys os yxkrkj ges'kk&ges'kk ds fy, vaxzsth tkjhj[kus ds i{k esa gksrs pys x,A
6- Hkk"kk&fookn ds ihNs bls xfr vkSj 'kfDr nsus okyk çeq[kloky Fkk & ;qokvksa ds fy, ukSdfj;ksa vkSj vkfFkZd volj dhmiyC/rk dkA tgka fgUnh Hkk"kh Nk=kksa dks ;g fo'okl Fkk fd vaxzsthls fgUnh larj.k muds jkstxkj dh laHkkoukvksa dks c<+k,xk] oghavfgUnh Hkk"kh Nk=kksa dsk ;g Mj Fkk fd varr% vf[ky Hkkjrh;jkstxkj cktkj esa muds fy, ,d cgqr cM+h ck/k lkfcr gksxh][kklrkSj ij ljdkjh vkSj lkoZtfud m|e dh ukSdfj;ksa esaA ;ghdkj.k Fkk fd usg: ckj&ckj ;g vk'oklu nsrs jgs fd vfgUnhçns'kksa ds yksxksa dh ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa fdlh çdkj dh ck/k ughavkus nh tk,xhA gkykafd usg: ds mÙkjkf/dkjh ç/kuea=kh ds :iesa ykycgknqj 'kkL=kh us lgh dne mBk;k] ijarq nqHkkZX; ls os vfgUnhlewgksa ds fopkjksa ds çfr laosnuk ugha fn[kk ik,A
fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth Hkk"kk fooknfgUnh vkSj vaxzsth Hkk"kk fooknfgUnh vkSj vaxzsth Hkk"kk fooknfgUnh vkSj vaxzsth Hkk"kk fooknfgUnh vkSj vaxzsth Hkk"kk fookn
tSls&tSls 26 tuojh] 1965 utnhd vkrk x;k vfgUnh Hkk"khbykdksa [kkldj rfeyukMq esa Hk; dh ekufldrk c<+rh pyh xbZ]vkSj ,d l'kDr fgUnh fojks/h vkanksyu fodflr gksrk pyk x;kA17 tuojh dks Mh- ,e- ds- us enzkl jkT; fgUnh fojks/h lEesyuvk;ksftr fd;k vkSj 26 tuojh dks 'kksd fnol ds :i esa eukusdk vkg~oku fd;kA
Nk=kksa us blesa lcls vf/d fgLlk ysdj O;kid vkanksyuvk;ksftr vkSj tuer dks mísfyr djus dk dke fd;k] D;ksafd mUgsavius Hkfo"; ds çfr fpUrk c<+ xbZ Fkh vkSj mUgsa bl ckr dkMj yxus yxk Fkk fd vf[ky Hkkjrh; ukSdfj;ksa esa fgUnh Hkk"kh yksxmUgsa ihNs dj nsaxsA mUgksaus ;g ukjk cuk;k vkSj çpkfjr fd;k &^fgUnh usoj] baxfy'k bojA* mUgksaus lafo/ku esa la'kks/u dh ekaxj[khA Nk=k vkUnksyu 'kh?kz gh jkT;O;kih v'kafr esa cny x;kA cM+siSekus ij naxksa vkSj fgalk HkM+d mBsA cM+s iSekus ij jsyos rFkk vU;
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 155
la?kh; laifÙk dks u"V dj fn;k x;kA dqN rfey uo;qodksa usjktHkk"kk uhfr ds fo:¼ vkRenkg dj fn;kA nks rfeyea=kh lhlqcze.;e vkSj vylsxu us dsUnzh; eaf=keaMy ls bLrhiQk ns fn;kA
tula?k ,oa ,l- ,l- ih- }kjk fgUnh {ks=kksa esa fgUnh ds leFkZuvkSj vaxzsth ds fojks/ esa ,d çfr vkanksyu [kM+k djus dh dksf'k'kdh xbZ ijarq mUgsa T;knk tu leFkZu ugha fey ik;kA
Nk=k vkanksyu dk çHkkoNk=k vkanksyu dk çHkkoNk=k vkanksyu dk çHkkoNk=k vkanksyu dk çHkkoNk=k vkanksyu dk çHkkobl vkanksyu us enzkl] dsUnzh; ljdkj ,oa dkaxzsl ikVhZ] lHkh
dks viuk fopkj cnyus ij etcwj dj fn;kA mUgksaus nf{k.k esa xgutuHkkouk ds lkeus >qdus dk fu'p; dj fy;k vkSj mUgksaus viuhuhfr cnydj vkanksyudkfj;ksa dh T;knkrj çeq[k ekaxksa dks ekuus dkiQSlyk dj fy;kA vUrr% blus ns'k esa lHkh erHksnksa dks 'kkar djfn;kA jktHkk"kk vf/fu;e] 1963 dks la'kkf/r dj jktHkk"kk vf/fu;e 1967 ikfjr fd;k x;kA blesa çko/ku fd;k x;k fd fgUnhds vykok lgk;d Hkk"kk ds :i esa dsUnzh; ljdkj ds dkedkt,oa dsUnz rFkk vfgUnhHkk"kh jkT;ksa ds chp laokn ds fy, vaxzsthrc rd ç;ksx esa ykbZ tk,xhA lanHkZ esa vfgUnhHkk"kh jkT; dks vfUrefu.kZ; dk laiw.kZ vf/dkj çkIr gksxkA bl çdkj ges'kk ds fy,Hkk"kkbZ uhfr Lohdkj yh xbZA
laln us Hkh ,d uhfrxr çLrko ds ekè;e ls ;g Lohdkjdj fy;k fd la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh ijh{kk,a fgUnh vkSj vaxzsthds vfrfjDr lHkh {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa laxfBr dh tk,axh ijarq ;g'krsZa gksxh fd mEehnokjksa dks vaxzsth vkSj fgUnh dh vfrfjDr tkuekuhgksuh pkfg,A jkT;ksa dks f=kHkk"kk iQkewZyk ykxw djuk Fkk] ftlds rgrvfgUnh jkT;ksa esa ekr`Hkk"kk] fgUnh vaxzsth vFkok dksbZ vU; jk"Vªh;Hkk"kk Ldwyksa esa i<+k;k tkuk Fkk vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kh çns'kksa esa xSj fgUnhHkk"kk] fo'ks"kdj nf{k.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk dh f'k{kk vfuok;Z dh tkuhFkhA Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkk"kk ds loky ij ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ dnetqykbZ 1967 esa fy;kA 1666 ds f'k{kk vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ dsvk/kj ij ljdkj us ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k fd vUrr% fo'ofo|ky;Lrj ij lHkh fo"k;ksa ds fy, f'k{kk dk ekè;e Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksadks cuk;k tk,xkA vkSj bl :ikUrj.k ds fy, le; lhek çR;sdfo'ofo|ky; viuh lqfo/kuqlkj r; djsxkA
fookn dk varfookn dk varfookn dk varfookn dk varfookn dk varvusdkusd isapksa vkSj eksM+ksa ds ckn] Hkkjh cgl vkSj NksVs&cM+s
dbZ vkanksyuksa vkSj le>kSrksa ds ckn] ns'k jktHkk"kk vkSj laidZ Hkk"kkdh dfBu leL;k ds O;kid rkSj ij LohÑr lek/ku rd igqapx;kA 1967 ds ckn ;g leL;k Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ls /hjs&/hjs xk;cgksrh pyh xbZA ;g lkiQ rkSj ij lqy>kus dh ,slh rkdr gS] tksjk"Vªh; ,drk dks cuk, j[ksA ;gka ,d ,slk eqík [kM+k Fkk tks turkdh HkkoukRed rkSj ij ekj ldrk Fkk vkSj ns'k dh v[kaMrk dksladV esa Mky ldrk FkkA vkSj ijUrq bldk lek/ku Hkh ckrkphrvkSj le>kSrksa ds }kjk fudky fy;k x;k vkSj ;g ckr fliQZ dkaxzsl}kjk fudky fy;k x;k vkSj ;g ckr fliQZ dkaxzsl }kjk çLrqr jk"Vªh;usr`Ro ds fy, gh lgh ugha gS] cfYd dqN fgpfdpkgV ds ckntc ekeys dks r; djus dk loky vk;k rks fojks/h ny Hkh blekinaM ij [kjs mrjs vkSj vUrr] Mh- ,e- ds- ftlds rfeyukMqds vanj jktuhfrd mn; esa Hkk"kkh dh leL;k us egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkbZ Fkh] us mlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk vax cudj jktuhfrdrkieku ds de djus esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA
fgUnh dk Hkfo";fgUnh dk Hkfo";fgUnh dk Hkfo";fgUnh dk Hkfo";fgUnh dk Hkfo";mYys[kuh; gS fd xSj&fgUnh {ks=kksa esa Hkh f'k{kk] O;kikj] i;ZVu]
fiQYe] jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu ds ekè;e ls fgUnh dh dkiQh çxfrgqbZ gSA lgdkjh dk;ksZ± esa fgUnh dk ç;ksx Hkh igys ls dkiQh c<+kgSA gkykafd vHkh Hkh vaxzsth dk lcls vf/d ç;ksx gksrk gSA lkFkgh lkFk] nwljh Hkk"kk ds :i esa vaxzsth fgUnh bykdksa lfgr iwjs ns'kesa cM+s iSekus ij iQSy pqdh gSA bldk ,d igyw d'ehj ls ysdjdU;kdqekjh rd xkao&xkao esa vla[;k çkbosV vaxzsth ekè;e Ldwyksadk [kqyuk] pkgs muds deZpkjh ,oa lqfo/k,a fdruh Hkh fuEuLrjh;gksA fyf[kr ,oa cksypky dh vaxzsth dk Lrj igys ls dkiQh uhpsvk x;k gS ij vaxzsth tkuus okys oxZ dh la[;k igys ls dbZ xq.kkc<+ xbZ gSA vaxzsth vkSj fgUnh nksuksa fofHkUu Hkk"kkbZ lewgksa dh Hkk"kk;hckrphr vkSj laidZ dh Hkk"kk ds :i esa c<+ jgh gSA Bhd mlhrjg tSls {ks=kh; Hkk"kk,a vf/d ls vf/d jktdh;] 'kS{kf.kd vkSjlapkj ekè;eksa ds fØ;kdyki esa lfØ; gksrh tk jgh gSA fgUnh]vaxzsth vkSj {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa ds rhoz fodkl dk ,d lcwr lHkhHkk"kkvksa esa lekpkji=kksa ds çlkj esa o`f¼ ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tkldrk gSA oLrqr% u dsoy vaxzsth 'kk;n vkus okys lHkh le;ksa dsfy, Hkkjr esa cuh jgsxh cfYd vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnhthfo;ksa ds chplaidZ Hkk"kk ds :i esa dHkh Hkh cuh gqbZ gSA vkxs dh 'kk;n bldkiqLrdky; dh Hkk"kk rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh f}rh; Hkk"kk ds :iesa foLrkj gh gksxkA fgUnh vc rd bu rhuksa Hkwfedkvksa esadjhc&djhc ukdke;kc gh jgh gSA fu'p; gh] fgUnh dks bl ns'kds çR;sd Lrj nj vfHkO;fDr dh Hkk"kk lEidZ dh Hkk"kk vkSjcqf¼thfo;ksa dh Hkk"kk cukus dk vkn'kZ vHkh Hkh v/wjk vkSj cjdjkjgSA ijarq ftl rjg fgUnh ds fgek;fr;ksa us fgUnh ds liuksa dks iwjkdjus dh dksf'k'k dh] mlesa mUgksaus ,slh fdlh {kh.k laHkkouk dksHkh yEcs le; ds fy, ihNs /dsy fn;k gSA
11111947 ds ckn u`tkfrRo947 ds ckn u`tkfrRo947 ds ckn u`tkfrRo947 ds ckn u`tkfrRo947 ds ckn u`tkfrRo
u`tkfrRo D;k gS\u`tkfrRo D;k gS\u`tkfrRo D;k gS\u`tkfrRo D;k gS\u`tkfrRo D;k gS\u`tkfrRo ekuo }kjk vius vkSj nwljksa ds chp varj djus dk
,d lkèku gSA
u`tkfrRo ds vk/kju`tkfrRo ds vk/kju`tkfrRo ds vk/kju`tkfrRo ds vk/kju`tkfrRo ds vk/kju`tkfrRo ds dqN eq[; vk/kj fuEufyf[kr gS& 1- vkuqoaf'kdrk]
2- çtkfr] 3- Hkk"kk] 4- vk;] 5- ;kSu] 6- is'kk] 7- tkfr] 8- o.kZ]9- /eZ] 10- {ks=k] 11- jkT;] 12- 'kfDr] 13- jax] 14- f'k{kk] 15-laaLÑfr] 16- ijaijk] 17- jgu&lguA
mijksDr vk/kjksa ij gh fdlh ekuo dh fdlh ekuo tkfr lslaca/ n'kkZ;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ekuo ekuo tkfr dks n'kkZus ds fy,çkÑfrd rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa dk p;u djrk gSA mnkgj.k Lo:ijDr] jax] vk;q vkfn çkÑfrd xq.k gSa] tcfd Hkk"kk] is'kk] jkT;]tkfr] o.kZ] /eZ] laLÑfr] f'k{kk] ijaijk] jgu&lgu vkfn lkekftd ewY;gSA vr% çkÑfrd ,oa lkekftd nksuksa ds vkèkkj ij ekuo dhutkrh;rk fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gSA
u`tkfrRo ,oa mijk"Vªoknu`tkfrRo ,oa mijk"Vªoknu`tkfrRo ,oa mijk"Vªoknu`tkfrRo ,oa mijk"Vªoknu`tkfrRo ,oa mijk"VªoknLora=krk çkfIr ds ckn dbZ tutkrh; {ks=kksa dh leL;kvksa dk
mfpr lek/ku ugha gks ldkA blds ifj.kkeLo:i mu {ks=kksa esavkØks'k rFkk vlarks"k ds :i esa i`Fkd jkT;ksa ds fy, vkanksyu fd;sx;sA mnkgj.kLo:i >kj[kaM rFkk NÙkhlx<+ uked uohu jkT;
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 156
vfLrRo esa vk;sA fofHkUu jktuSfrd nyksa us vius&vius pquko?kks"k.kki=kksa esa vyx jkT; ds xBu dks Lohdkj dj fy;k FkkA blhçdkj fonHkZ jkT; (egkjk"Vª)] o`gn ukxkySaM] rsyaxkuk (vkaèkz çns'k)]cksMksySaM (vle) dh ekax fHkUu&fHkUu dkj.kksa ls mB jgh gSA buesals gky gh esa cksMksySaM Lok;Ùk ifj"kn~ dk xBu Hkkjr ljdkj usfd;k gSA
u`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vª fuekZ.ku`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vª fuekZ.ku`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vª fuekZ.ku`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vª fuekZ.ku`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vª fuekZ.kLora=krk çkfIr ds ckn gekjs jk"Vª ds fuekZrkvksa us laLÑfr dk
,sfrgkfld iqufuZekZ.k fd;k rFkk Hkkjrh; lH;rk ds vusdrk esa ,drk:ih y{k.k ij çdk'k MkykA fgUnh dks jk"VªHkk"kk dh ekU;rk çnkudh xbZA /eZfujis{k jk"Vªh; lafo/ku dk xBu fd;k x;kA ns'k lHkh{ks=kksa ds fodkl ds fy, jk"Vªh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk rFkk fodkldk;ZØe pyk, x,A lkekftd vf/dkj ls oafprksa] vkfFkZd n`f"Vls ijkfJrksa rFkk jktuSfrd :i ls 'kfDrghuksa ds fodkl ds fy,fo'ks"k dk;ZØe rFkk ;kstukvksa dk l`tu rFkk fØ;kUo;u fd;k x;kAbl çdkj utkfrRo dks vk/kj ekudj jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k vkjaHkdh xbZA
u`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vªh; v[kaMrku`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vªh; v[kaMrku`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vªh; v[kaMrku`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vªh; v[kaMrku`tkfrRo ,oa jk"Vªh; v[kaMrkHkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh igpku gS&vusdrk
esa ,drkA vktknh ds ckn ns'k dks rksM+us ds fy, mxzoknh laxBuksa}kjk gj rjg ls ç;kl fd, x, rFkk fd, tk jgs gSa] mnkgj.kds fy, d'ehj dh leL;kA ysfdu bu {ks=kksa dh turk us pqukoçfØ;k esa Hkkx ysdj Hkkjrh; la?k esa jguk Lohdkj fd;kA mUgksausHkkjrh; lafo/ku dks Lohdkj fd;k rFkk os Hkkjroklh gh jguk pkgrsgaSA
u`tkfrRo ,oa lkekftd ifjorZuu`tkfrRo ,oa lkekftd ifjorZuu`tkfrRo ,oa lkekftd ifjorZuu`tkfrRo ,oa lkekftd ifjorZuu`tkfrRo ,oa lkekftd ifjorZuLora=krk ds iwoZ dqN u`tkfrRo] tSls& vkfnoklh] gfjtu]
efgykvksa dks lekt esa mfpr LFkku çkIr ugha Fkk Lora=krk çkfIrds ckn bu u`tkfrRo lewgksa ds fy, lafoèkku esa fo'ks"kçko/ku fd, x,A muds fy, fodkl ;kstukvksa dk l`tu rFkkfØ;kUo;u fd;k x;kA blds dbZ ldkjkRed ifj.kke lkekftdifjorZu ds :i esa lkeus vk,A vc f'kf{kr gksdj gfjtu rFkkvkfnoklh o efgyk,a dbZ egRoiw.kZ in ij dk;Z dj jgs gSaA /hjs&/hjs lekt esa buds çfr /kj.kk,a ldkjkRed :i ls cny jghgSaA
u`tkfrRo ,oa pqukou`tkfrRo ,oa pqukou`tkfrRo ,oa pqukou`tkfrRo ,oa pqukou`tkfrRo ,oa pqukogekjk ns'k fo'o dk lcls cM+k yksdra=k gSA ysfdu pquko esa
u`tkfrRo dk dq:i psgjk Hkh lkeus vkrk gSA pquko esa lHkh ikfVZ;katkrh;rk] /kfeZdrk rFkk {ks=kh;rk dks mHkkjus dk ç;kl djrh gSaApquko esa pqukoh fgalk dh ?kVuk Hkh ?kfVr gksrh gSaA ,slh fLFkfresa tkrh;rk ds vk/kj ij v;ksX; ,oa fuf"Ø; yksx Hkh pquko thrusesa liQy gks tkrs gSaA
u`tkfrRo ,oa varjtkrh; laca/u`tkfrRo ,oa varjtkrh; laca/u`tkfrRo ,oa varjtkrh; laca/u`tkfrRo ,oa varjtkrh; laca/u`tkfrRo ,oa varjtkrh; laca/Hkkjr xkaoksa dk ns'k gSA ;gka 70 çfr'kr ls vf/d vkcknh
xkaoksa esa jgrh gSA xkaoksa esa dbZ tkfr;ka gksrh gS vkSj os ttekuhO;oLFkk ds ekè;e ls ijLij tqM+h gksrh gSaA 'kgj esa rks fofHkUutkfr rFkk oxZ ds yksx lkFk&lkFk dkWyksuh esa jgrs gaS vFkok fdjk,ij leku ysdj jgrs gaSA ;gka ij tkrh; ca/u mruk etcwr ughajgrk gSA ;g lekt ukrsnkjh ij vk/kfjr u gksdj fe=krk rFkk vkilhO;ogkj ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA
mÙkj vkSifuosf'kd fuomÙkj vkSifuosf'kd fuomÙkj vkSifuosf'kd fuomÙkj vkSifuosf'kd fuomÙkj vkSifuosf'kd fuokZpu & jktuhfr easkZpu & jktuhfr easkZpu & jktuhfr easkZpu & jktuhfr easkZpu & jktuhfr easfiNM+h tkfr;kafiNM+h tkfr;kafiNM+h tkfr;kafiNM+h tkfr;kafiNM+h tkfr;ka
fiNM+h tkfr;ka dkSu gSa\fiNM+h tkfr;ka dkSu gSa\fiNM+h tkfr;ka dkSu gSa\fiNM+h tkfr;ka dkSu gSa\fiNM+h tkfr;ka dkSu gSa\rFkkdfFkr fiNM+h tkfr;ka Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk esa os
eè;orhZ tkfr;ka gSa] ftudh fLFkfr deZdkaMh; <kaps esa czkã.kksa ,oa{kf=k;ksa ls uhps vkSj vNwrksa ls mij gSA
fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds fy, lafo/ku esaçko/ku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vU; fiNM+k oxZ dk mYys[k vuqPNsn15(4) rFkk vuqPNsn 16(4) esa fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu lafo/ku esafiNM+s oxZ dks Li"V ikfjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA ftl çdkjHkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa tutkfr;ksa ds fy,{kfriwjd ykHkksa ds çko/ku vfuok;Z ?kksf"kr dj fn, x, Fks] ysfduvU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds fy, ,sls {kfriwjd ykHk çnku djus ds laca/esa dsanz ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa dks vius foosd ,oa lqfo/k dk è;kuj[krs gq, djus ds funsZ'k fn, x, FksA
Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd mUufrLora=krk ds i'pkr~ fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd mUufrLora=krk ds i'pkr~ fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd mUufrLora=krk ds i'pkr~ fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd mUufrLora=krk ds i'pkr~ fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd mUufr
Lora=krk iwoZ Hkkjr esa mPp tkfr;ksa dks mRiknu ds lk/uksa ij,dkf/dkj çkIr FkkA vktknh ds ckn bl ,dkf/dkj ij jkT; }kjkçk;ksftr vusd ç;klksa&tSls tehankjh mUewyu] xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØevkfn }kjk çgkj fd;k x;kA Hkwfe ,oa mRiknu ds vU; lk/uksa dsiqu% forj.k dh uohu ;kstuk esa lcls vf/d ykHk nfyrksa dks ugha]cfYd vU; fiNM+s oxksZa dks çkIr gqvkA lu~ 1960 ds ckn dh ^gfjrØkafr* us vU; fiNM+s oxksZ± dks vkSj Hkh vf/d lcy cuk;k] ftUgksauslaLÑfrdj.k ds ekè;e ls tkfr inkuqØe esa Åapk LFkku çkIr djfy;k rFkk ns'k ds vusd Hkkxksa esa çHkqrklaiUu tkfr;ksa (Dominantcastes) ds :i esa mHkj dj lkeus vk;sA
Lora=krk ds ckn fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dk jktuhfr esa mn;Lora=krk ds ckn fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dk jktuhfr esa mn;Lora=krk ds ckn fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dk jktuhfr esa mn;Lora=krk ds ckn fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dk jktuhfr esa mn;Lora=krk ds ckn fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dk jktuhfr esa mn;
mijksDr le`f¼ us fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks jktuhfrd ykecanh dsfy, çsfjr fd;kA tSls& vf[ky Hkkjrh; dqehZ lHkk] vf[ky Hkkjrh;vghj lHkk] vf[ky Hkkjrh; tkV lHkk] vf[ky Hkkjrh; ;kno lHkkbR;kfn ds :i esa laxfBr fd;kA blls mudh jktuhfrd 'kfDr esabtkiQk gqvk vkSj çfrfuf/Ro esa HkhA orZeku esa fiNM+k oxZ vk/kfjr vusd jktuSfrd ny jkT; ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij çHkko'kkyh rjhdsls dk;Z dj jgs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i & lektoknh ikVhZ] jk"Vªh; turkny] turk ny bR;kfnA orZeku dh xBca/u jktuhfr esa budh Hkwfedkfu.kkZ;d gksrh tk jgh gSA bl çdkj fiNM+k oxZ dh jktuhfr esa'kfDr fujarj c<+rh tk jgh gSA lafo/ku ds 73 osa lafo/ku la'kks/u ,oa 74 oas lafo/ku la'kks/u ds varxZr fiNM+k oxZ dks iapk;r,oa uxjh; fudk;ksa esa vkj{k.k çnku fd;k x;k gSA blus mUgsajktuhfrd :i ls vkSj lcy cuk;k gSA
eaMy vk;ksx ,oa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh jktuhfreaMy vk;ksx ,oa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh jktuhfreaMy vk;ksx ,oa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh jktuhfreaMy vk;ksx ,oa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh jktuhfreaMy vk;ksx ,oa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh jktuhfr
fiNM+s oxksZ± ;k tfr;ksa dk ç'u 1990 esa eaMy&fojksèkh vfHk;kuds nkSjku eaMy fjiksVZ esa iwjh rjg vk;kA nqHkkZX;o'k eaMy vk;ksxdh fliQkfj'kksa us igys ls gh le`¼ Hkwfe;qDr fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dksgh lcy cuk;k gSA tSls & ;kno] dqehZ] oksYdkfyx] fyaxk;r] yks<+kbR;kfnA blus mUgsa vkSj Hkh vf/d jktuhfrd ykecUnh ds fy, çsfjr
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 157
fd;k gSA nf{k.kh Hkkjr vkSj fo'ks"kdj dukZVd ,oa rfeyukMq ijn`f"V Mkyus ij ge ikrs gSa fd ^eaMyhdj.k* 'kCn dh mRifÙk lsHkh igys bu jkT;ksa ds yksx ^eaMyhÑr* gks pqds FksA
^eaMyhÑr* jktuhfr ds eqís ij lekt'kkfL=k;ksa ,oa ckSf¼d oxZds er ijLij fHkUu gSA ^jktuhfr esa okeiaFkh lewg lekurk dks ,duhfr ds :i esa lokZf/d egRo çnku djrk gS rFkk eaMy vk;ksxds ekè;e ls vkj{k.k esa o`f¼ dk leFkZu djrk gS] tcfd nwljknf{k.kiaFkh oxZ ,d vf/dkj ds :i esa lekurk dk i{k ysrk gSrFkk vkj{k.k esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dh o`f¼ dk fojks/ djrk gSA
okLro esa] fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh jktuhfrlkekftd U;k; ds la?k"kZ dh ctk; lÙkk dh jksVh&ikuh ds fy,vf/d gSA
jktuhfr esa tutkfr;kajktuhfr esa tutkfr;kajktuhfr esa tutkfr;kajktuhfr esa tutkfr;kajktuhfr esa tutkfr;katutkfr dkSu\tutkfr dkSu\tutkfr dkSu\tutkfr dkSu\tutkfr dkSu\
Lora=krk çkfIr ds ckn tutkrh; yksxksa ds ,dhdj.k dk dk;ZdkiQh dfBu Fkk] [kklrkSj ij blfy, fd tutkrh; yksx ns'k dsfofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vyx&vyx ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jg jgs FksA os vyx& vyx Hkk"kk,a cksyrs Fks vkSj mudh viuh&viuh laLÑfr;ka FkhaAmudh lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ka Hkh ,d vyx ls nwljs ls fHkUuFkhA mudk vkfFkZd <kapk [kk| laxzg.k] f'kdkj vkSj >we [ksrh lsysdj LFkk;h dk'rdkjh rd iQSyk gqvk FkkA
lafo/ku esa çko/kulafo/ku esa çko/kulafo/ku esa çko/kulafo/ku esa çko/kulafo/ku esa çko/kuHkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dks ikfjHkkf"kr djrs gq,
dgk x;k gS fd ^vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ka os gSa] ftUgsa jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn342 dh yksd vf/lwpuk }kjk tutkfr;ksa ;k tutkfr&leqnk;ksa vFkoktutkfr;ksa ;k tutkfr leqnk; ds Hkkxksa esa fofufnZ"V fd;k gSA*Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dks nks çdkj ls lqfoèkk,anh x;h gS%
1- laj{k.k laca/h mica/] tSls & vuqPNsn 15(4)] vuqPNsn16(4)] vuqPNsn 164] vuqPNsn 330] 332] 334] vuqPNsn 335]vuqPNsn 338 rFkk vuqPNsn 339(1) bR;kfnA rFkk
2- fodkl laca/h micU/] tSls & 275 vkSj 339] ikapoh vkSjNBh vuqlwfp;ka] ukxkySaM] vle vkSj ef.kiqj ds tutkfr {ks=kksa oioZrh; {ks=kksa ls lacfU/r fo'ks"k micU/ bR;kfnA
Lora=krk ds ckn vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk jktuhfr esa mn;Lora=krk ds ckn vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk jktuhfr esa mn;Lora=krk ds ckn vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk jktuhfr esa mn;Lora=krk ds ckn vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk jktuhfr esa mn;Lora=krk ds ckn vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk jktuhfr esa mn;Hkkjrh; lafo/ku us tutkrh; yksxksa dks iw.kZ jktuhfrd vfèkdkj
çnku fd;kA blds vfrfjDr fo/kf;dk vkSj ç'kklfud lsokvksa esavuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh rjg gh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, Hkh txgvkjf{kr djus dk çko/ku fd;k x;kA tutkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k dsfy, çR;sd jkT; esa tutkrh; lykgdj ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dkçko/ku Hkh buesa fufgr gSA jk"Vªifr us Hkh viuh rjiQ vuqlwfprtkfr ,oa vuwlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, ,d vk;qDr dh fu;qfDr dh]rkfd ges'kk bl ij utj j[kh tk lds fd bu yksxksa ds fy, lqj{kkdh tks O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS] mldk ikyu gks jgk gS vFkok ughaA
ijarq laoS/kfud O;oLFkkvksa vkSj dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa dsç;klksa ds ckotwn nqHkkZX; ls vHkh Hkh tutkrh; yksxksa dks dkiQhrjDdh djuk ckdh gSA mudk fodkl vkSj dY;k.k dh jÝrkj dkiQh/heh] ;gka rd fd vlarks"ktud jgh gSA iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dks NksM+dj'ks"k lHkh txg ds tutkrh; yksx vHkh Hkh xjhc] dtZ ls yns]
Hkwfeghu vkSj T;knkrj le; csjkstxkj jgrs gaSA tgka ,d rjiQlaoSèkkfud dkuwuh vkSj ;kstuk laca/h çko/ku tutkrh; dY;k.k ds{ks=kiQy esa dkiQh ldkjkRed jgs gSa] ogha O;ogkj esa mUgsa ykxw djusdk dke dkiQh fiNM+k jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk çnÙk vkj{k.k dk tutkfr;ksa dk cgqrNksVk fgLlk gh ykHk mBk ikrk gS] D;kasfd os vf/drj xjhc vkSjxzkeh.k gSasA fo/kf;dk esa tutkfr;ksa ds fy, lhVksa ds vkj{k.k dkdqN çHkko t:j gksrk gS] D;ksafd tu&çfrfuf/;ksa dks pqukoh mís';ksadks è;ku esa j[krs gq, dqN dke djuk iM+rk gS] ysfdu O;fDrxrLokFkZ lk/us vkSj blh HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;oLFkk dk fgLlk cu tkus dk:>ku tutkfr;ksa ds çfrfuf/;ksa esa mPprj tkfr;ksa dh rqyuk esadksbZ de ugha gSA vc rks fofHkUu tutkfr;ksa ds chp vkilhçfr;ksfxrk gSA vkj{k.k ds iQk;ns tutkfr;ksa esa csgrj tkfr;ksa dksfeyk tSls & jktLFkku esa eh.kkA blds iQyLo:i vU; tkfr;ksa usvkj{k.k ds vanj vkj{k.k ekaxuk 'kq: dj fn;kA bl çdkj]tutkfr;ksa ds vanj jktuhfrd Vdjko c<+rk tk jgk gSA
dqy feykdj ns[kk tk,] rks ;|fi 1947 ds ckn ls tutkrh;{ks=kksa esa dbZ ldkjkRed fodkl Hkh gq, gSa] ijUrq fiQj Hkh [krjsds dbZ ladsr ekStwn gSaA tutkrh; vf/dkjksa vkSj fgrksa dh j{kk dsfy, oSokfgd çko/ku] tutkfr dY;k.k foHkkx dh xfrfofèk;ksa]iapk;rh jkt] lk{kjrk vkSj f'k{kk ds çlkj] mPp f'k{kk ds laLFkkuksa,oa ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa vkj{k.k vkSj ckj&ckj gksus okys pqukoksaus tutkrh; yksxksa esa psruk tkxzr dj nh gSA mudk vkRe&fo'oklc<+k gS vkSj de ls de muds vanj fodflr eè;oxZ ,oa cqf¼thohleqnk;ksa dh jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh igys ls dkiQh vf/d gks xbZ gSAbu laoS/kfud jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa ds vanj os vius fy, T;knkls T;knk lfØ; jktuhfrd Hkwfedk dh ekax djus yxs gSaA fofHkUujktuhfrd <kaps vkSj laLFkk,a vf/d ls vfèkd çfrfuf/Ro çkIr djrstk jgs gSaA vkSj bu lcls vfèkd os jk"Vªh; vkfFkZd fodkl esaviuk vkSj vf/d fgLlk ekax jgs gSaA
ijUrq fodkl ds vHkko vkSj dY;k.k ;kstukvksa dh vliQyrkvksals fujk'kk vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd 'kks"k.kksa ds tkjh jgus ls {kqC/gksdj ns'k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa tutkrh; yksx yxkrkj laxfBr gksdjmxz fojks/ vkanksyuksa esa lfEefyr gks jgs gSaA tSls& >kj[kaM jkT;,oa NÙkhlx<+ jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds fy, pyk, x, vkanksyuksa esabls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
blds vykok] dqN udkjkRed jktuhfrd xfrfof/;ka Hkh c<+rhgqbZ ns[kh tk ldrh gaSA buesa ls dqN us fojks/ vkanksyuksa esa fgalkdk jkLrk viuk fy;k gSA tSls& iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa esa vle leL;k]o`gn ukxkySaM] fetks leL;k ds :i esa bls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA;g ns'k dh ,drk ,oa v[kaMrk ds fy, [krjukd gSA ;|fi ljdkjus ,sls vkanksyuksa ds fo:¼ dBksj dk;Zokgh dh gSA ,sls vkanksyuturk ds chp viuh txg cukus esa ukdke;kc jgs gSaA ijarq bllsiwjs jk"Vª dk è;ku ukVdh; rjhds ls tutkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr dh rjiQ[khapus esa liQyrk feyh gSA
nfyr vkanksyunfyr vkanksyunfyr vkanksyunfyr vkanksyunfyr vkanksyu
nfyr dkSu gS\nfyr dkSu gS\nfyr dkSu gS\nfyr dkSu gS\nfyr dkSu gS\^nfyr* 'kCn dk ç;ksx lqfo/kvksa ,oa ewy vf/dkjksa ls oafpr
fLFkfr ,oa fuEu dqy esa tUe ysus ds dkj.k 'kks"k.k ds f'kdkj yksxksadks lacksf/r djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 158
Lora=krk iwoZ nfyr vkanksyuLora=krk iwoZ nfyr vkanksyuLora=krk iwoZ nfyr vkanksyuLora=krk iwoZ nfyr vkanksyuLora=krk iwoZ nfyr vkanksyu
nfyr vkanksyu o`gr~ :i esa vNwr tkfr;ksa ds vkanksyu ds :iesa ;k laoS/kfud O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds vkanksyuds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA nfyr vkanksyu dk vH;qn; T;ksfrckiQwys dh çsj.kk ls 19oha 'krkCnh esa tkfr fojksèkh vkUnksyu ds :iesa gqvk vkSj tks 1920 ds n'kd rd egkjk"Vª vkSj rfeykukMq esaxSj&czkã.koknh vkanksyu ds :i esa vk;k rFkk MkW- ch- vkj-vEcsMdj ds usrRo esa bldk fodkl gqvkA
nfyr vkanksyuksa us Lo;a ds O;kid vkSj vk/kjHkwr mís'; cuk;sAleku euq"; ds :i esa ^igpku ds fy, la?k"kZ* dks muds çeq[kvkarfjd mís';ksa ds :i esa ekuk tk ldrk gSA ,d rks ;gvkRefo'okl vkSj vkRe fu/kZj.k ds fy, la?k"kZ gS] ijarq bldko`gÙkj y{; lekt dks cnyuk gSA dsoy vLi`';rk ds fopkj dsmUewyu esa bldh i;kZIr vfHkO;fDr ugha gksrh gS] blls tqM+s gq,leLr HksnHkko] tSls& vR;kpkj vkSj 'kkjhfjd fgalk] ;kSu&'kks"k.k]cU/qvk Jfed] Hkwfeghurk] lkoZtfud v;ksX;rk,a vkSj fuf'prO;olk;ksa vkSj fuf'pr LFkkuksa ;k /kfeZd laxfr ds fu"ks/ vkfn lHkheqís blesa vkrs gSaA
MkW- vacsMdj vkSj nfyr vkUnksyuMkW- vacsMdj vkSj nfyr vkUnksyuMkW- vacsMdj vkSj nfyr vkUnksyuMkW- vacsMdj vkSj nfyr vkUnksyuMkW- vacsMdj vkSj nfyr vkUnksyu
vk/qfud nfyr vkanksyuksa esa MkW- vacsMdj ds vkanksyu dklokZf/d egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA çFke fo'o;q¼ vkSj :lh Økafr dsrqjar ckn ds dky esa vacsMdj us Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftdthou esa ços'k fd;kA ;g ;qx lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd mFky&iqFkydk Fkk ,oa lkekftd Lora=krk ds fy, vkUnksyuksa esa ekDlZoknhlektokn dk fu;a=k.k c<+ jgk FkkA ;|fi vacsMdj us bu vkanksyuksaesa ,d ^egkj* uke ls çfl¼ vkanksyu dks laxfBr fd;k ,oa vkxsc<+k;kA ;g xSj nfyr lektokfn;ksa ds oSpkfjd vkf/iR; vkSj usr`Rodks udkjrs gq,] nfyr eqfDr ds fy, ,d Lok;Ùk vkanksyu ds :iesa eq[;r% fuEu vNwr tkfr egkj rd lhfer Fkk] ijarq os vkthouekDlZokn ls çHkkfor jgsA
MkW- vEcsMdj us nfyr jktuhfr dk Jhx.ks'k djrs gq, lu~1942 bZ- esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; vuqlwfpr tkfr la?k dh LFkkiuk dhAlu~ 1956 bZ- esa vEcsMdj us bls cUn dj vf/d O;kid vkèkkjokyh fjifCydu ikVhZ vkWiQ bf.M;k (vkj- ih- vkbZ-) uked u;kny LFkkfir fd;kA bldk mís'; Fkk & nfyrksa] vkfnokfl;ksa vFkoktutkrh; yksxksa] fiNM+s oxksZ±] Ñ"kdksa ,oa Hkwfeghuksa [ksfrgj etnwjksads fgrksa dk laj{k.k djukA lu~ 1970 bZ- rd fjifCyd ikVhZ vkWiQbafM;k gkf'k, ij vk xbZ vkSj mldh mifLFkfr dsoy nks&rhu jkT;ksaesa gh gSA
mYys[kuh; gS fd vEcsMdj us fu"d"kZ fn;k Fkk fd fgUnw èkeZdks NksM+dj gh vNwr tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kjk tk ldrk gSAmUgksaus Lo;a ckS¼ /eZ Lohdkj fd;k vkSj nfyrksa us bl mís'; dksvkxs c<+kuk tkjh j[kkA
nfyr iSaFkj vkSj nfyr vkanksyunfyr iSaFkj vkSj nfyr vkanksyunfyr iSaFkj vkSj nfyr vkanksyunfyr iSaFkj vkSj nfyr vkanksyunfyr iSaFkj vkSj nfyr vkanksyu
lÙkj ds n'kd ds vkjaHk esa egkjk"Vª esa nfyr iSaFkj uke ls
u;k #>ku iSnk gks x;kA nfyr dk vFkZ gS ihfM+r&nfyrA ns'k ds
fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa tutkfr;ka] vc Lo;a dks nfyr gh dgrh gSaAegkjk"Vª esa ;g mHkkj ns'kO;kih ewyxkeh jktuhfrd mHkkj dk ,d
vax FkkA igys ;g lkfgR; esa fn[kkbZ fn;k] fiQj jktuhfr esaA 1972esa jktuhfrd laxBu ds :i esa LFkkfir gksus ds ckn nfyr iSaFkjoSpkfjd :i ls vacsMdj ij vk/kfjr gksrs x,A mudk eq[; vk/kj 'kgjh dsUnzksa esa Nk=kksa vkSj ukStokuksa ds chp FkkA os Økafr dhckrsa fd;k djrs Fks] ysfdu buds ikl bldh Bksl j.kuhfr gksus dkdksbZ lcwr ugha gSA
vLlh ds n'kd ds vkrs&vkrs nfyr iSaFkjksa esa fofHkUu ç'uksaij xaHkhj erHksn iSnk gks pqds Fks] D;k :[k viuk;k tk,] lkaLÑfrdcuke vkfFkZd la?k"kZ dk ç'u] fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds fxnZ] tSls jktk<kys cuke ukenso <lky bR;kfnA fjifCydu ikVhZ ds leku muesaHkh iQwV iM+us yxh vkSj vf/drj xqV le; ds lkFk dkaxzsl dslkFk gks fy,A
jkeeuksgj yksfg;k] vUuknqjbZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyujkeeuksgj yksfg;k] vUuknqjbZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyujkeeuksgj yksfg;k] vUuknqjbZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyujkeeuksgj yksfg;k] vUuknqjbZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyujkeeuksgj yksfg;k] vUuknqjbZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyu
mÙkj Hkkjr esa nfyr jktuhfr esa jkeeuksgj yksfg;k ds usr`Roesa NsM+k x;k lektoknh vkanksyu xSj&dkaxzslh nyksa dh fot; dkegRoiw.kZ dkjd Fkk rFkk blus 'kwnz tu leqnk; dh psruk ,oavkdka{kkvksa dks vR;f/d c<+k;kA mÙkj çns'k ds lu~ 1993 ds foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa 'kwnz ,drk dk ,d u;k uewuk çLrqr fd;kA blsfiNM+h&nfyr ,drk vFkok 'kwnz&vfr'kwnz ,drk ds uke ls tkukx;kA Mh- ,e- ds- ds lh- ,e- vUuknqjbZ dh jktuSfrd liQyrk dklkekftd vk/kj Hkh ;gh FkkA
dka'khjke vkSj nfyr vkanksyudka'khjke vkSj nfyr vkanksyudka'khjke vkSj nfyr vkanksyudka'khjke vkSj nfyr vkanksyudka'khjke vkSj nfyr vkanksyu
dka'khjke us lu~ 1976 esa ^ckelsiQ* vFkkZr~ ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksads fuEu eè;e tkrh; deZpkjh la?k dh LFkkiuk dhA ckn esa Mh-,l&4 ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk gh bldk vk/kj foLr`r gqvkA nksuksa ghcgqtu lekt ikVhZ dk lu~ 1984 esa xBu djus ds fy, vkxs vk,A
cgqtu lekt ikVhZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyucgqtu lekt ikVhZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyucgqtu lekt ikVhZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyucgqtu lekt ikVhZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyucgqtu lekt ikVhZ vkSj nfyr vkanksyu
mÙkj Hkkjr esa lu~ 1984 esa ,d ubZ ikVhZ] cgqtu lekt ikVhZ(c-l-ik-) dka'khjke vkSj ek;korh ds usr`Ro esa xfBr dh xbZA blikVhZ ds vuqlkj pqukoh rkdr gkfly djuk bldk ewy mís'; vkSjj.kuhfr FkhA vkjaHk esa nfyr fiNM+h tkfr;ksa vkSj vYila[;dksa ds,d cgqtu lekt esa lkFk vkus dh ckr dh tk jgh Fkh] ysfduO;ogkj esa c-l-ik- ,d nfyr&vk/kfjr ikVhZ cu xbZA og oksVksa dsfy, rFkk jktuhfrd lÙkk gkfly djus ds fy, Hkk-t-ik-] dkaxzsl]turk ny] lektoknh ikVhZ bR;kfn fdlh ds lkFk dh fe=krk djusds fy, rS;kj FkhA ek;korh blh çdkj 1995 esa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZds lkFk lkaB&xkaB djds mÙkj çns'k dh eq[;ea=kh cuhaA c- l- ik-mÙkj çns'k iatkc vkSj eè; çns'k esa tutkfr;ksa ds chp i;kZIr vk/kj cuk ldus esa liQy gks xbZ gSA iQyLo:i nwljh ikfVZ;ksa ds fy,og egRoiw.kZ pqukoh dkjd cu xbZ gSA fdlh ,d ikVhZ ds çHkqRou gksus ls c- l- ik- dk rqyukRed egRo c<+ x;k gS] tks vU;Fkk'kk;n mls ugha feyrkA bldh fopkj/kjk dh [kkl fo'ks"krk Åijhtkfr;ksa ds fo:¼ rh[kk] ;gka rd fd vi'kCn Hkjk :[k gS] gkykafdlÙkk ds utnhd igqapus ij bl :[k esa dqN ujeh vkbZ gSA
mÙkj çns'k fo/ku lHkk pquko 2007 esa cgqtu ikVhZ us igyhckj iw.kZ cgqer çkIr dj lÙkklhu gqbZ gSA c- l- ik- us viuhj.kuhfr esa ifjorZu djrs gq, lks'ky bathfu;fjax ,oa cgqtufgrk;&cgqtu lq[kk; ukjksa ds lkFk mÙkj çns'k ds czkã.kksa ,oa Åaph
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 159
tkfr;ksa dks clik ls tksM+k vkSj mUgsa lÙkk esa Hkkxhnkj cuk;k gSA okLroeas] nfyr jktuhfr lÙkk dh jktuhfr cu dj jg x;h gSA
1947 ds ckn tkfr1947 ds ckn tkfr1947 ds ckn tkfr1947 ds ckn tkfr1947 ds ckn tkfr
,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfeHkkjr esa tkfr&çFkk dk mn; djhc <kbZ gtkj o"kZ igys gqvk
FkkA ;g u fliQZ fgUnwvksa cfYd fl[kksa] bZlkb;ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dschp Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA tkfr ds varxZr foHksnhdj.k] Åaph&fupyhtkfr;ka] NqvkNwr ds iQyLo:i lzksrksa dk vleku forj.k gqvk]fupyh tkfr;ksa dk 'kks"k.k vkSj neu gqvk vkSj Åaph tkfr;ksa dhvksj ls fupyh tkfr;ksa ds çfr HksnHkko c<+rk x;kA tkfr&O;oLFkkdk lcls dq:i Lo:i ;g jgk fd mlus dqN rcdksa dks vNwrvkSj tkfr&foghu ?kksf"kr dj fn;k vkSj fiQj blds cgkus mUgsa tehuds LokfeRo] eafnj esa ços'k] xkao ds dqvksa bR;kfn tSls ikuh dslzksrksa ls oafpr j[kkA vNwrksa ds vykok vU; lHkh tkfr;ksa dks] ;gkard fd muds lcls fupys rcdksa dks Hkh vNwrksa ls 'kkjhfjd laidZLFkkfir djus dh eukgh FkhA os muds gkFkksa dk ikuh ;k Hkkstu rdLohdkj ugha dj ldrs FksA
xkaoksa esa lkjs NksVs ntZs ds dke vNwr fd;k djrs] tSls& liQkbZ]ikuh <ksuk] ejs tkuojksa dh [kkyas fudkyuk] pekj dk dke] bR;kfnAlkFk gh] os [ksfrgkj dk dke Hkh fd;k djrs tutkfr O;oLFkk dsrgr mUgsa vius dke ds fy, HkwLokfe;ksa dh vksj ls mRikn dk,d r;'kqnk Hkkx feyk djrkA
mUuhloha lnh ls bl O;oLFkk esa njkjsa iM+us yxhaA cM+s vkfFkZdifjorZu gksus yxsA Ñf"k mRiknu ,oa laca/ksa ds O;kolk;hdj.k]Bsdsnkjh çFkk] iQSfDVª;ksa] eafM;ksa] ljdkjh lsokvksa] iQkSt] f'k{kk bR;kfnesa xkao ls ckgj mHkjrs voljksa ds iQyLo:i vNwrksa dh fLFkfresa ifjorZu vk;kA egkjk"Vª esa T;ksfrck iQwys vkSj dsjy esa Jh ukjk;.kxq: rFkk vU; us tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa vlekurk ij ç'u&fpUgyxk;kA
1920 ds ckn xka/hth us vNwrksa dh leL;k dks jk"Vhª; vkanksyuds lkFk tksM+ fn;kA ok;dkse (1924&25) rFkk xq:ok;wj lR;kxzg(1931&32) tSls vkanksyu laxfBr fd, x,A xka/hth us dksf'k'kdh fd Åijh tkfr;ksa dks vLi`';rk ls lacaf/r vU;k; dh xaHkhjrkls voxr djk;k tk, vkSj muds }kjk dh xbZ bl xyrh dk ,glkldjk;k tk,A mUgksaus vNwrksa ^ncs&dqpys oxksZa* dks fgUnqvksa ls vyxcrkus dh vaxzstksa dh dksf'k'kksa dk fojks/ fd;kA ;g ljdkjh'kCnkoyh vNwrksa ds fy, ç;qDr gksrh FkhA vaxsztksa us 1932 dhlkaçnkf;d ?kks"k.kk ds vk/kj ij fo/kf;dkvksa esa vkjf{kr lhVsa nsusdk lq>ko j[kkA og vyx ernkrkvksa ij vk/kfjr gksrkA blds ihNsmís'; Fkk fd fgUnqvksa ls vyx dj fn, tkus ds ckn fgUnw lektdks mudh vkSj viuk :[k cnyus dh t:jr ugha jg tk,xhA xka/hth us bldk fojks/ dj vaxzstksa dks liQy gksus ugha fn;kA bl çdkjvU;k;iw.kZ tkfr O;oLFkk dks U;k;iw.kZ cukus dk ç;kl fujarj fd;ktkrk jgkA
1947 ds ckn tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa mldk :ikarj.k1947 ds ckn tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa mldk :ikarj.k1947 ds ckn tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa mldk :ikarj.k1947 ds ckn tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa mldk :ikarj.k1947 ds ckn tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa mldk :ikarj.kLora=krk ds ckn tkfr O;oLFkk esa rsth ls ifjorZu fn[kkbZ iM+us
yxk gSA tkfr ds deZdk.Mh; ,oa vkfFkZd i{kksa esa fujarj ifjorZugks jgs gaSA tkfr O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus okys dkjdksa esa lclsegRoiw.kZ ?kVd bl çdkj gS%
1- vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.k2- if'pehdj.k3- lkekftd ,oa /kfeZd lq/kj vkanksyu4- nfyr ,oa fiNM+s oxkasZ dk vkanksyu5- jkT; dh Hkwfedk
lu~ 1947 vFkkZr~ Lora=krk ds ckn tkfr O;oLFkk esa ifjorZudh xfr rst djus es jkT; dh Hkwfedk loZçeq[k jgh gSA tc Hkkjrds lafo/ku us lekurk dh ?kks"k.kk dh] rks blus ,d gh çgkj esa^tkrh; vlekurkvksa ,oa tkrh; mPprk ds Hkko dks iw.kZr% [kafMrdj fn;kA vLi`';rk] tks tkfr O;oLFkk dk ,d vfHkUu vax jghgS] dks O;ogkj esa ykuk n.Muh; vijk/ ?kksf"kr (vuqPNsn 17) djfn;k x;kA çtkra=k ,oa o;Ld erkf/dkj] lkekftd U;k;] lekurk,oa Hkkjrh; lekt ds lqfo/koafpr oxksZa dks lcy cukus gsrqmYys[kuh; dne mBk;s x;sA jkT; }kjk çLrkfor ifjorZu ftldh;kstuk] funsZ'ku ,oa fØ;kUo;u jkT; }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gS] us tkfrO;oLFkk esa fufgr vlekurk ,oa vU;k; ds vk/kj ij rh[kk çgkjfd;kA jkT; }kjk lHkh ds fy, leku dkuwu O;oLFkk ,oa dkuwu dsle{k lHkh ls leku :i ls O;ogkj djus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA
tkfr O;oLFkk ds deZdk.Mh; i{kksa esa ifjorZutkfr O;oLFkk ds deZdk.Mh; i{kksa esa ifjorZutkfr O;oLFkk ds deZdk.Mh; i{kksa esa ifjorZutkfr O;oLFkk ds deZdk.Mh; i{kksa esa ifjorZutkfr O;oLFkk ds deZdk.Mh; i{kksa esa ifjorZuuxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k us tkfr O;oLFkk ds deZdk.Mh; i{k ij
rh[kk çgkj fd;kA varjtkrh; ,oa varj oS;fDrd laca/ksa dsbgykSfddhdj.k esa vusd çdkj ls o`f¼ ds lkFk&lkFk fofHkUutkfr;ksa ds chp deZdk.Mh; ,oa lkekftd nwfj;ka de gks xbaZA yksxksaesa thou dh xq.koÙkk c<+kus ds çfr c<+rh psruk us miHkksx ds Lrjesa c<+ksrjh dhA ;g tkfr O;oLFkk esa le`f¼ ,oa lkekftd & vkfFkZdmPprk ds lsD;qyj ladsrdksa ds ljyre ços'k esa lgk;d fl¼ gqvkAc<+rs gq, vkfFkZd fodkl] fo'ks"kdj Ñf"k ,oa vkS|ksxhdj.k dsiwathoknh :i esa fodkl us ,sls O;kolkf;d volj miyC/ djk,]ftUgas deZdk.Mh; :i ls rVLFk ekuk tkrk FkkA bu O;olk;ksa esaços'k dk vk/kj vk/qfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk }kjk çnÙk rduhdh dkS'kyFkkA lkFk gh] vk; o`f¼ ,oa laifÙk vftZr djus ds vU;lk/u Hkh lkeus vk,A bl çdkj çfLFkfr fu/kZj.k ds bu u, dkjdksaus deZdk.Mh; fu/kZjdksa dks yxHkx fuf"Ø;&lk cuk fn;kA varjtkrh;,oa varj oS;fDrd {ks=k esa fHkUu&fHkUu tkfr;ksa ,oa deZdkaMh; Lrjksaokys yksx vkèkqfud O;kolkf;d {ks=kksa esa ,d&nwljs ds fudV vk,rFkk mUgksaus vkil esa fudV laca/ LFkkfir djrs gq, tkfr O;oLFkkds deZdk.Mh; i{k dks djkjk >Vdk fn;kA /eZfujis{krk ds Lrjij xSj&czkã.k tkfr;ksa us viuh HkkSfrd le`f¼ ds dkj.kvf/d çeq[k LFkku çkIr fd;kA bl Lrjksa ij czkã.k dsoy rHkhmPp LFkku ikrs] tc os HkkSfrd n`f"V ls vf/d le`¼ gksrs FksA'kfDr ds çtkrkaf=kd fodsUnzhdj.k us jktuSfrd çfØ;kvksa esa Hkkxhnkjhdks c<+kok fn;k rFkk vkfFkZd liQyrk ds lkFk&lkFk jktuSfrdHkkxhnkjh fodkl dk ,d vU; lk/u cu x;k gSA
tkfr O;oLFkk ds vkfFkZd i{kksa esa ifjorZutkfr O;oLFkk ds vkfFkZd i{kksa esa ifjorZutkfr O;oLFkk ds vkfFkZd i{kksa esa ifjorZutkfr O;oLFkk ds vkfFkZd i{kksa esa ifjorZutkfr O;oLFkk ds vkfFkZd i{kksa esa ifjorZuçkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa c<+rs uohuhdj.k] cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa
fiNM+s o nfyr oxksZ± dh ykecanh ds dkj.k ttekuh O;oLFkk dkiru gks x;kA uxjh; {ks=kksa esa uohu O;kolkf;d lajpuk ds dkj.k^O;olk; eqDr tkrh; ljapuk* gks x;k] D;kasfd u, O;olk; esa HkrhZrduhdh dkS'ky ds vk/kj ij gksrh Fkh] ftls vk/qfud vkSipkfjdf'k{kk ds }kjk çkIr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA mnkgj.k Lo:i feêðh ds
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 160
crZu cukus dh dyk lh[kus ds fy, vko';d ugha gS fd O;fDrdqEgkj tkfr dk gh gksA blh çdkj vkHkw"k.k cukus dh dyk ogO;fDr Hkh lh[k ldrk gS] tks lqukj u gksA lkFk gh ,d ubZ vo/kj.kk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA dbZ tkfr&lewgksa us vius&viusoxZ&fgrksa dh j{kk djus ds mís'; ls ,d&nwljs dk lkFk nsuk çkjaHkdj fn;k gSA mÙkj çns'k esa Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u o egkjk"Vª dk{ks=kdkjh laxBu bl ckr dk çR;{k çek.k nsrs gaS fd tkfr dsvkfFkZd çdk;Z vc :ikUrfjr gks pqds gSa] fdUrq lkekftd laxBudh ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa tkfr dh vo/kj.kk viuh vuqdwyuh;lkeF;Z ds dkj.k vkt Hkh thfor gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØeHkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØeHkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØeHkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØeHkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØeLora=k Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe ds fuEufyf[kr çeq[k vax
jgs gSa%(i) eè;LFkksa dh lekfIr(ii) dk'rdkjh lq/kj(iii) Hkwfe dh vf/dre lhek dk fu/kZj.k ,oa Hkwfeghuksa ds chp
Hkwfe dk forj.k(iv)tksrksa dh pdcanh djuk
Lora=krk ds ckn Hkwfe lq/kj dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; ç;klfd, x,A bl Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe ds le{k tks ewyHkwr leL;kFkh mlesa] HkwLokfeRo] tksr ds vkdkj vkSj Hkwfe ds fc[kjko lslacaf/r leL;k,a loZçeq[k FkhaA vkSifuosf'kd dky esa dkuZokfyl lq/kj uhfr ij vk/kfjr d`f"k i¼fr }kjk oLrqr% Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lektesa fo"kerk ,oa foHkktu gh mRiUu gqvk FkkA blds ifj.kkeLo:iHkwfe ij çHkko'kkyh tkfr;ksa dk iw.kZ:is.k LokfeRo LFkkfir gks pqdkFkk ,oa fiNM+h tkfr;ka ,oa vuqlwfpr oxZ loZFkk Hkwfeghu ,oa vf/dkj jfgr FksA dkaxzsl ikVhZ }kjk Lora=krk iwoZ vius egklEesyuksa esaHkwfe lq/kj vkSj tehankjh ds mUewyu ds çLrko ikfjr fd, x,FksA d`f"ktU; leL;kvksa ds funku ds fy, ,oa mfpr mik; çLrkfordjus ds fy, ^dkaxzsl d`f"ktU; lq/kj lfefr (dqekjIik lfefr)dks fu;qDr fd;k x;k] ftlus lu~ 1949 esa viuh fjiksVZ nhA bldslkFk gh Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj laca/h O;kid dk;ZØeksa dk 'kqHkkjaHkgqvkA
Lora=krk ds rRdky ckn Hkwfe lq/kj dh fn'kk esa Økafrdkjhdk;Z fd, x,A oLrqr% 1950&60 ds n'kd esa Hkwfe lq/kj ds ftrusdk;Z gq,] mrus dk;Z fdlh vU; n'kd esa ugha gq,A blh n'kdds vUrxZr Hkkjr esa tehankjh çFkk dk mUewyu fd;k x;k rFkk ns'kds djhc 2 djksM+ d`"kd ifjokj dks tksr dk vfèkdkj ,oa 1 djksM+ifjokj dks LokfeRo dk vf/dkj fn;k x;k] blds vUrxZr yxHkx67 yk[k gsDVs;j Hkwfe ij LokfeRo ds vf/dkj dks fuf'pr fd;kx;k FkkA bl çfØ;k dk ykHk Hkh Hkkjrh; d`f"k dks feyk] tks çFkeiapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa d`f"k dh liQyrk ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrkgSA ysfdu bl le; leL;k dk okLrfod lekèkku ugha gks ldkAokLro esa 1950 ds n'kd ds lq/kjksa dk ykHk mUgas çkIr gqvk] tks
tehankjh O;oLFkk ls tqM+s FksA vr% HkwLokfeRo vkSj tksr dk vf/
dkj mUgha ifjokj dks feyk] tks çHkko'kkyh FksA lu~ 1960 vkrs&vkrs
;g Li"V gks pqdk Fkk fd tehankjh mUewyu ,oa Hkwpdcanh dkuwu
laLFkkxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij çHkko Mkyus esa vliQy jgsA bl oDrtEew&d'ehj ,dek=k jkT; Fkk] tgka lu~ 1948 bZ- esa Hkwfe lqèkkj
dkuwu ikfjr fd;k x;k vkSj ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd fdlh dksHkh vf/dre 48 gsDVs;j ls vfèkd Hkwfe ij vf/dkj ugha gksxkA
1960 ds n'kd esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk ,d ç;ksx çkjaHk fd;k x;k;g Fkk Hkw&nku vkUnksyuA ;|fi lu~ 1951 esa gh vkpk;Z fcuksokHkkos }kjk bls çkjaHk fd;k x;k Fkk ysfdu 60 ds n'kd esa blsiqu% xfr çnku dh xbZA pwafd Hkwfe lkekftd vf/dkj Fkk] blfy,lkekftd vkUnksyu }kjk bls fØ;kfUor fd;k x;kA bl vkUnksyuds ifj.kke Lo:i LosPNk ls yxHkx 42 yk[k gsDVs;j Hkwfenku fd;kx;kA ysfdu bl vkUnksyu }kjk Hkh d`"kd leL;k ds lekèkku esadksbZ fo'ks"k çxfr ugha gks ldh] D;ksafd vf/drj lefçr Hkwfe ijrhFkh] nwljh vksj yxHkx vk/h ls Hkh de Hkwfe gh d`"kdksa ds chpforfjr dh tk ldhA bldk çeq[k dkj.k Fkk] Hkwfenku ds ckn mlijRofjr ,oa mfpr dk;Zokgh dk vHkkoA
r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dky esa lexz fLFkfr dk iquohZ{k.k djds;g çLrkfor fd;k x;k fd Hkwfe lq/kjksa dks çHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykxwfd;k tk; vkSj bl laca/ esa fuEu dne mBk, tkus pkfg,%(i) Hkwfe ds LoSfPNd vf/xzg.k vkSj leç.k ds iathdj.k esa dkuwuh
vkSj ç'kklfud dfe;ksa dks nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A(ii) dk'rdkjksa ds HkwLokfeRo laca/h vf/dkj dks l'kDr cukus ds
dk;ZØe dks iwjk fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj(iii) Hkwfe ds gLrkarj.k laca/h O;oLFkk dks nks"keqDr ,oa nq:Lr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A1970 ds n'kd esa (1972 esa) jk"Vªh; Hkwfe lq/kj uhfr dh
?kks"k.kk dh xbZA blds vUrxZr d`f"k Hkwfe dks rhu oxksZa esa oxhZd`rfd;k x;kA ,d ifjokj ds vkdkj dks ikap O;fDr;ksa dh la[;kfu/kZfjr dh xbZA blds vUrxZr ,d ifjokj dh HkwLokfeRo dhfuEufyf[kr lhek fu/kZfjr dh xbZ&
nks iQlyh Hkwfe & 10&18 gsDVs;j,d iQlyh Hkwfe & 54 gsDVs;jckxkuh ,oa vkS|ksfxd d`f"k Hkwfe ij ;g lhek ykxw ugha dh
xbZ] ysfdu bl çdkj ds Hkwfe ij vyx ls dj yxkus dh O;oLFkkdh xbZA
bl uhfr ds vUrxZr ;g Hkh r; fd;k x;k fd fdlh ifjokjesa ikap O;fDr;ksa ls vf/d gksus dh fLFkfr esa mls nks ifjokj dkykHk fn;k tk,xkA blh vk/kj ij Hkkjr ds vf/drj jkT;ksa esa Hkwfelq/kj dk;ZØe fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gSA bl uhfr esa ;g Hkhfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh d`"kd clko LFky ds vfrfjDrnks txg pd cuk ldrk gSA ;|fi mijksDr uhfr;ka cgqr ls jkT;ksaesa çHkkoh ugha gqbZaA fo'ks"kdj fcgkj] >kj[kaM] mM+hlk] NÙkhlx<+]vkU/z çns'k vkfn jkT;ksa esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe dh fLFkfr vR;arvlarks"ktud gSA
vLlh ds n'kd esa pdcanh ij vf/d tksj fn;k x;kA bldkçeq[k mís'; Fkk& pd cukdj d`f"k fodkl ds vk/qfud lajpukRedvo;oksa dk çHkkoh mi;ksx djukA iqu% lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esaHkwfe lq/kj dks xzkeh.k fodkl dk :i fn;k x;kA lkFk gh blsxjhch fuokj.k dk çeq[k midj.k cuk;k x;kA vr% xzkeh.k fodkldk;ZØe ds vUrxZr Í.k ysus ds fy, Hkwfe ?kks"k.kk dks vfuok;Zcuk;k x;kA 90 ds n'kd esa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe dks vf/d xaHkhjrkls fy;k x;kA iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e ds vUrxZr bls iapk;r dknkf;Ro cuk;k x;k gSA iqu% Hkwfe laca/h ekeyksa dks 9oha vuqlwphesa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS] ftlds vUrxZr ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 161
fd Hkwfe forj.k dks U;k;ky; esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk ds lanHkZesa U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh gSA 10oha iapo"khZ; ;kstukesa Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØeksa dks xzkeh.kksa ls lg;ksx }kjk fØ;kfUor djusdh uhfr dks lhfer liQyrk çkIr gqbZ gSA
Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe dh orZeku fLFkfrHkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe dh orZeku fLFkfrHkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe dh orZeku fLFkfrHkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe dh orZeku fLFkfrHkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe dh orZeku fLFkfr
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj ls lacaf/r fofHkUu ifjlheu dkuwuksa dsvUrxZr flracj] 2001 rd 73-66 yk[k ,dM+ Hkwfe vfrfjDr ?kksf"krdh xbZ] ftlesa ls yxHkx 64-95 yk[k ,dM+ Hkwfe dks vfèkxzghrfd;k x;k vkSj 53-79 yk[k ,dM+ Hkwfe dks 55-8 yk[k ykHkkfFkZ;ksaesa forfjr fd;k x;k] ftlesa ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksx 36 çfr'kr,oa 15 çfr'kr ykHkkFkhZ vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksx FksA bldsvfrfjDr vHkh rd 147-7 yk[k ,dM+ ljdkjh Hkwfe Hkwfeghu xzkeh.k
xjhcksa esa forfjr dh tk pqdh gSA ns'k dsvusd jkT;ksa esa dk'rdkjksa ds LokfeRo vf/dkjksa dks çnku djus ;k dk'rdkjksa }kjkeqvkotk Hkjus ij LokfeRo vf/dkjksa dksçkIr djus laca/h oS/kfud çko/ku fd, x,gSaA vc rd 156 yk[k ,dM+ {ks=k ij 124yk[k dk'rdkjksa ds vf/dkjksa dks lqfuf'prfd;k x;k gSA
o"kZ 1988&89 esa Hkw&vfHkys[kksa dsdEI;wVjhdj.k ds fy, ,d dsUnz çk;ksftr;kstuk vkB ftyksa esa 'kq: dh xbZ FkhAorZeku esa ;g ;kstuk ns'k ds 582 ftyksa esaykxw dh xbZ gSA o"kZ 1997&98 ds nkSjku bl;kstuk dks rglhy@ rkyqd Lrj ij ykxwdjus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA ekpZ 2002 rd569 ftyksa ds yxHkx 2426 rglhysa @rkyqdksa esa bl ;kstuk dks ykxw dj fn;k x;kFkkA
oLrqr% Hkkjr tSls d`f"k ç/ku ns'k esalq/kj ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd xzkeh.kcsjkstxkjh de djus dh fn'kk esa dk;Z fd,tk,a] ftlls Hkwfe ds foHkktu vkSj fooknesa deh vk,xhA nwljh vko';drk ;g gS fdHkwfe dk uohu losZ{k.k o pdcanh gksA tksuohu pd cus] mldk iw.kZr% dEI;wVjkbts'kugksuk pkfg,A Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe dks n`<+rkls fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, bafM;u iQWkjsLVlfolsZt dh rdZ ij Hkwfe lq/kj lfoZl çkjaHkdjus dh vko';drk gSA ftlls ftyk ç'kkluij Hkwfe fookn lacaèkh ncko esa deh vk;sxhA;g Hkh vko';d gS fd ,d uohu Hkwfe uhfrcukbZ tk, o ml uhfr ds fØ;kUo;u dkvk/kj xzkeh.k Lrj ij gksA mijksDr ç;klksads lkFk&lkFk jktuSfrd ç'kklfud çfrc¼rk,oa vke yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk Hkh vko';dgSA
;kstuk ,oa xzkeh.k iqujZpuk;kstuk ,oa xzkeh.k iqujZpuk;kstuk ,oa xzkeh.k iqujZpuk;kstuk ,oa xzkeh.k iqujZpuk;kstuk ,oa xzkeh.k iqujZpukdh j.kuhfrdh j.kuhfrdh j.kuhfrdh j.kuhfrdh j.kuhfr
Hkkjr tSls o`gn~ vkdkj ,oa fo'kky tula[;k ls ;qDr ns'kds fy, çkjaHk ls gh ;g ekuk x;k fd fu;kstu ,oa fodkl dhçfØ;k bl çdkj lapkfyr gks] ftlls xzkeh.k {ks=kks a ,oafu/Zu yksxksa dk lokZaxh.k fodkl laHko gks ldsA Lora=krk ds cknHkkjr esa xzkeh.k fodkl dks dkiQh egRo fn;k x;k ,oa vk;kstukvksadh çeq[k j.kuhfr xzkeh.k iqujZpuk ls çeq[krk ls lEc¼ jghA
çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ls gh xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa fodsfUnzrfu;kstu dh çfØ;k çkjaHk dh xbZA bl ;kstuk esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esalkeqnkf;d fodkl ç[kaM dh LFkkiuk dks çLrkfor fd;k x;kA lkFkgh o"kZ 1953&54 esa jk"Vªh; lsok foLrkj dk;ZØe ykxw fd;k x;kA
Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe ds çeq[k vo;o(i) fcpkSfy;ksa dk mUewyu% Lora=krk çkfIr ds le; Hkkjr esa Hkw&/kj.kk ls lacaf/r çeq[k
rhu ç.kkfy;ka ik;h tkrh Fkha (i) tehankjh ç.kkyh] (ii) egkyokM+h ç.kkyh vkSj (iii) jS;rokM+hç.kkyhA bu rhuks gh ç.kkfy;ksa }kjk jS;rksa dk tedj 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk FkkA vr% Lora=krk çkfIrds ckn ljdkj us loZçFke tehankjh çFkk dh lekfIr dh çkFkfedrk nh] D;ksafd bl ç.kkyh esad`f"k fodkl ,oa fdlkuksa ds çfr U;k; dk dksbZ LFkku ugha FkkA loZçFke mÙkjçns'k esa lu~ 1950bZ- esa tehankjh mUewyu dkuwu ykxw fd;k x;kA lu~ 1954 rd bl ekeys esa dbZ jkT;ksa esa dkuwucu x, vkSj bls vey esa ykus dk dk;Z Hkh yxHkx iwjk gks x;kA vc ljdkj dk fdlkuksa dslkFk lh/k laidZ gks x;k gSA
(ii) dk'rdkjh lq/kj% dk'rdkjksa dks 'kks"k.k ls cpkus rFkk mudh fLFkfr esa lq/kj ykusds fy, fuEufyf[kr dne mBk, x, gSa&
(d) ns'k ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa yxku de djus ds fy, vko';d dkuwu cuk, x, gSaA([k)dk'rdkjh lqj{kk ls lacaf/r dkuwu(x) eqvkots dh O;oLFkk(?k) dk'rdkjksa dks Hkwfe vf/dkj nsus dh O;oLFkk(iii) Hkwfe dh mPpre lhek dk fu/kZj.k% bldk vk'k; fdlh fdlku ifjokj }kjk
vius dCts esa j[kh tkus okyh Hkwfe dh vf/dre ek=kk fu/kZfjr djuk gSA bl lhek ls vf/dHkwfe dks ljdkj vf/xzg.k dj Hkwfeghu d`"kdksa ds eè; ckaVrh gSA Hkwfe tksrksa dh mPpre lhek laca/hdkuwu yxHkx lHkh jkT;ksa }kjk ikfjr dj fn, x, gSaA
(iv) pdcUnh% tksrksa ds fc[kjs gksus dh leL;k dks pdcUnh dh lgk;rk ls nwj fd;k tkldrk gSA pdcUnh ds vUrxZr fofHkUu fdlkuksa dks ,d gh LFkku ij mlds fc[kjs gq, VqdM+ksads ewY; ds cjkcj Hkwfe bdV~Bh :i esa nh tkrh gSA Lora=krk ds ckn vkSj eq[;r% çFke iapo"khZ;;kstuk esa gh pdcanh dk dk;Z çkjaHk gks x;k FkkA lu~ 1995 rd 580 yk[k gsDVs;j Hkwfe ijpdcanh dh tk pqdh FkhA
(v) Hkwfe LokfeRo laca/h nLrkostksa dks Bhd djuk% Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØeksa ds vUrxZr;g vko';d le>k x;k gS fd Hkwfe ds LokfeRo laca/h nkLrkostksa dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk;s rFkkbl ckr dk ç;kl fd;k tk;s fd tgka dgha vuqfpr rjhdksa ls vFkok tksj tcjnLrh ls bu nLrkostksaesa vfu;ferrk cjrh xbZ gS] mUgsa lq/kjk tk;A bl fn'kk esa vHkh dkiQh dk;Z gksuk ckdh gSA
(vi) lgdkjh [ksrh% lgdkjh [ksrh ds vUrxZr fdlku la;qDr :i ls [ksrh djrs gSa] bllscM+s iSekus ij ykHk çkIr gksrk gS ,oa budh eksyHkko (foi.ku) dh 'kfDr Hkh c<+ tkrh gS] ftllslacaf/r lHkh fdlku ykHk çkIr dj ldrs gSaA lgdkfjrk dk foLrkj d`f"k thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksard fd;k tk jgk gSA blds fy, ns'k esa cgqís'kh; lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds fodkl ij cy fn;ktk jgk gSA ;s lfefr;ka lgdkjh [ksrh] lgdkjh foÙk] lgdkjh foi.ku] dqVhj m|ksxksa vkfn dhO;oLFkk djrh gSaA lgdkfjrk ,d çdkj ls xzkeh.k thou dk vax cu xbZ gS vkSSj bls lgdkfjrkvkUnksyu* dk uke fn;k x;k gS] fdUrq bl vkUnksyu us vHkh rd fo'ks"k çxfr ugha dh gSA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 162
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa cyoar jk; esgrk desVh dh vuq'kalk dsvk/kj ij xzke ç[kaM ,oa ftyk Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds xBudh lykg jkT; ljdkjksa dks fn;k x;kA ysfdu laoS/kfud çko/kuksa ds vHkko esa dqN gh jkT; ljdkjksa us bls fØ;kfUor fd;kAnwljh leL;k ;g jgh fd iapk;rksa ds fy, fodkl dh çR;{k jkf'kdh O;oLFkk ugha dh xbZ FkhA mlh çdkj r`rh; ,oa prqFkZ iapo"khZ;;kstukvksa esa laoS/kfud çko/kuksa ds vHkko esa xzkeh.k fodkl ,oay?kqLrjh; fu;kstu dh çfØ;k vis{kkd`r lqLr jghA bl nkSjku dbZjkT;ksa esa jkT; ;kstuk cksMZ ,oa ftyk fu;kstu cksMZ dk xBu fd;k,oa bu laLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls xzkeh.k fodkl dh çfØ;k dks Rofjrdjus dk ç;kl fd;kA bl nkSjku xzkeh.k fodkl dh dqN çeq[k;kstuk,a lapkfyr dh xbZA xzkeh.k vkoklh; ;kstuk o"kZ 1957&58]xzkeh.k tu'kfDr dk;ZØe o"kZ 1960&61] vkfnA
ysfdu pwafd bl vof/ esa iapk;r dk egRo yxHkx lekIrlk gks x;k Fkk blfy, ftyk fu;kstu cksMZ dk y?kq Lrjh;vUrZ&vkd"kZ.k lekIr gks x;k Fkk] iQyr% xzkeh.k Lrj dh leL;kvksals voxr u gksus ds dkj.k] ;s vius mís';ksa esa yxHkx vliQyjgsA gkykafd bl vof/ ds nkSjku Hkh gfj;k.kk] iatkc] vkaf'kd :ils mÙkj&çns'k esa o dukZVd ,oa egkjk"Vª esa xzkeh.k fodkl ç[kaMksaus lfØ;rk ls dk;Z fd;k ,oa liQyrk,as Hkh çkIr dhaA
ikapoh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ,d u;k dk;ZØe ^vUR;ksn;* çkjaHkfd;k x;kA bl dk;ZØe dk mís'; Fkk& lcls vafre vFkkZr fu/Zure O;fDr dk mn; gks ,oa varr% laiw.kZ xzkeh.k fodkl dk y{;çkIr fd;k tk ldsA iapk;rh jkT; ds vHkko esa Hkh lkeqnkf;dfodkl ç[kaM dh enn ls bl dk;ZØe dks pykus dk fu.kZ; fy;kx;kA o"kZ 1970 ds n'kd esa lkFk gh lkFk xzkeh.k iqujZpuk lslacafèkr vU; dbZ ;kstuk,a çkjaHk dh xbZaA buesa çeq[k Fkha&U;wurevko';drk dk;ZØe (1974&75) dke ds cnys vukt ;kstuk(1974&75)] Vªkblse (1973) lefUor cky fodkl ;kstuk (1975&76)vkfnA bu dk;ZØeksa esa xzkeh.kksa dks çf'k{k.k rFkk d`f"k vkSj y?kqLrjh; ;kstuk gsrq Í.k dk çko/ku FkkA ;s ;kstuk,a jktLFkku] iatkcvkSj gfj;k.kk esa liQy jghaA vU; jkT;ksa esa fodkl ;kstukvksa ;krks vkf'kad :i ls liQy jgha ;k vliQy jghaA ;kstukvksa dhvliQyrk dk lcls egRoiw.kZ dkj.k jgk Fkk& iapk;r lfefr dkvHkko gksukA
NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fodsfUnzr fu;kstu dh fn'kk esa ,d,sfrgkfld dk;Z fd;k x;k] ftlds vUrxZr lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl;kstuk çkjaHk fd;k x;kA oLrqr% bldh 'kq:vkr o"kZ 1978&79 ds,do"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku gqbZ] ysfdu NBh ;kstuk esa 2400 fodklç[kaMksa esa ,d lkFk lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl ;kstuk çkjaHk dh xbZAbl ;kstuk ds var rd yxHkx 2700 ç[kaMksa esa lapkfyr bl ;kstukesa dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa dh foÙkh; Hkkxsnkjh 50%50 çfr'kr dhFkhA bl dk;ZØe dk ewy mís'; çR;sd ç[kaM esa çfro"kZ 5000 xzkeh.kifjokjksa dks xjhch js[kk ds mQij ys tkuk FkkA bl dk;ZØe dh liQyrkyxHkx 60 çfr'kr vkadh xbZA dk;ZØe ds iw.kZ liQy u gksus dklcls çeq[k dkj.k iqu% iapk;rh lfefr;ksa ,oa O;oLFkk dk vHkkoAbl dk;ZØe dh ,d cM+h deh ;g jgh fd xjhch js[kk ls uhpsjgus okys yksxksa dh lgh igpku ugha gks ldh] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:ivisf{kr oxZ dks i;kZIr ykHk çkIr ugha gks ldkA
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku fodsfUnzr fu;kstu dh vfuok;Zrkij cy nsrs gq, iapk;rh jkt ds laoS/kfud çko/ku dks vko';dekuk x;kA blh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr xzkeh.k fodkl dsn`f"Vdks.k ls egRoiw.kZ tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk dk çkjaHk fd;k x;kA100 çfr'kr dsUnz }kjk çk;ksftr bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr iapk;r dksfu;kstu dk ç'kklfud vf/dkj fn;k x;kA ;|fi bl dk;ZØe dsvUrxZr dqN egRoiw.kZ miyfC/;ka gkfly dh xbaZ ysfdu cgqr lsjkT;ksa esa iapk;rksa ds vHkko esa ;kstuk jkf'k dk mi;ksx ugha gksldk ,oa dbZ jkT;ksa esa bldk nq#i;ksx Hkh gqvkA
vLlh ds n'kd essa xzkeh.k fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls dbZ vU;;kstuk,a pykbZ xbaZA xkaoksa esa ewyHkwr lqfo/kvksa ds foLrkj ds fy,bfUnjk vkokl ;kstuk (1985&86)] xzkeh.k LoPNrk dk;ZØe(1986&87)]dqVhj T;ksfr dk;ZØe (1988&89)] nl yk[k dwi ;kstuk (1989&90)]vkfnA lkekftd lqj{kk ds mís'; ds xzkeh.k dqVhj chek ;kstuk(1989&90)] O;kid iQly chek ;kstuk (1985&86) ,oa Lojkstxkj,oa xjhch fuokj.k laca/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj dk;ZØe (1980&81)]xzkeh.k Hkwfeghu jkstxkj xkjaVh dk;ZØe (1983&84) vkfnA
vkBoh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds çkjaHk esa ;g eglwl fd;k x;kfd fodsafnzr fu;kstu ,oa Rofjr xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, laoS/kfudçko/ku vko';d gSA blh ds vUrxZr 1992 bZ- esa 73oka lafoèkkula'kks/u yk;k x;kA bl la'kks/u ds }kjk vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstukls iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk LFkkfir dh xbZA lafo/ku esa 11oha vuqlwphdks lfEefyr fd;k x;k] ftlesa 29 ,sls fo"k; gSa] tks iapk;rh jktO;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ftyk ifj"kn~ iapk;r lfefr ,oa xzke iapk;rds }kjk vkilh leUo; ds }kjk fØ;kfUor djrh gSA lkFk iapk;rlfefr ,oa xzke iapk;r ds }kjk vkilh leUo; ds }kjk fØ;kfUordjrh gSA lkFk iapk;rksa ds fuokZpu ,oa mudh foÙkh; lqn`<+rk ,oaLok;Ùkk dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh xbZA xzkeh.k iqujZpuk ,oa xzkeh.k fodklds n`f"Vdks.k ls xzke iapk;rksa dks rhu çeq[k dk;Z fn;k x;k gS%(i) iapk;r Lrj ij vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj lkekftd U;k; ds fy,
;kstukvksa dks rS;kj djukA(ii) lafo/ku dh X;kjgoha vuqlwph esa lfEefyr fo"k;ksa ds fodkl
gsrq dk;Z djuk] ftlesa eq[; :i ls d`f"k Hkwfe lq/kj] çkFkfedrFkk ekè;fed f'k{kk fodkl] lkekftd okfudh is;ty O;oLFkk]xzkeh.k ifjogu O;oLFkk] xjhch fuokj.k] ifjokj dY;k.kdk;ZØe vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
(iii) rhljk egRoiw.kZ vf/dkj Lok;Ùkrk ds :i esa nh xbZ gSA dsUnzvkSj jkT;ksa }kjk vkoafVr jkf'k ds vykok ;s xzke iapk;r {ks=kksaesa vfrfjDr dj yxk ldrs gSa ,oa xzke lHkk dh lgefr lsJe nku ys ldrs gSaAvkBoha] ukSoha ,oa nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa ç[kaM Lrjh;
fodkl ds lHkh jkf'k;ksa ds [kpZ dk nkf;Ro xzke iapk;r dks ghfn;k x;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ç[kaM Lrj ,oa iapk;r Lrj ij fu;kstu,oa fodkl O;; dk nkf;Ro xzke lHkk vkSj xzke iapk;r o iapk;rlfefr;ksa dks fn;k x;k gSA mijksDr rhuksa ;kstukvksa ds nkSjku xzkeh.kfodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls lapkfyr dqN çeq[k ;kstuk,a gSa xjhchfuokj.k ,oa Lojkstxkj l`tu ds n`f"Vdks.k ls Lo.kZ t;arh xzkeLojkstxkj ;kstuk (1999&2000) o tokgj xzke le`f¼ ;kstuk(1999&2000) ls laiw.kZ jkstxkj ;kstuk (2000&01) vkfnA xkaoksaesa ewyHkwr lqfo/kvksa ds foLrkj gsrq xka/h xzke ;kstuk (1995&96)]xzkeh.k laidZ ekxZ ;kstuk (1996&97)] xzkeh.k is;ty ;kstuk(1997&98)] Lo.kZ t;arh xzke ;kstuk (1997&98)] lexz vkokl;kstuk (1999&2000)] ç/kuea=kh xzkeksn; ;kstuk (2000&01)
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 163
çèkkuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk (2000&01)] Loty /kjk ;kstuk(2002&03)] lkoZHkkSfed LokLF; chek ;kstuk (2003&04) vkfnAlkekftd lqj{kk gsrq jk"Vªh; ifjokfjd ykHk ;kstuk (1994&95)y{; vk/kfjr [kk|kUu forj.k ;kstuk (1997&98)] jk"Vªh; d`f"kchek ;kstuk (1999&2000)] vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk (2000&01)] loZf'k{kkvfHk;ku] f'k{kk lg;ksx chek ;kstuk (2001)] tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk(2003&04) vkfnA nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku xzkeh.k fodklds mís'; ls Hkkjr fuekZ.k ;kstuk ,oa xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh dk;ZØeuked nks vfr egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk,a çkjaHk dh xbZ gaSA
xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa iqujZpuk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls Loraa=krk ds cknls gh O;kid ç;kl fd, x, gSa ,oa blds ldkjkRed ifj.kke Hkhlkeus vk, gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, xjhch mUewyu ;kstukvksa ds dkj.kxzkeh.k xjhch o"kZ 1973&74 ds 56-44 çfr'kr ds Lrj ls ?kVdjo"kZ 1999&2000 esa 27-09 çfr'kr ds Lrj ij vk x;kA xzkeh.kvkcknh dks is;ty eqgS;k djkus esa egRoiw.kZ liQyrk çkIr gqbZ gS,oa orZeku esa yxHkx 94» vkcknh dks is;ty miyC/ djk nhxbZ gSA blh çdkj Lora=krk ds le; dsoy 6» xkao gh fo|qrhd`rFksA orZeku esa 87» xkaoksa esa fo|qr dh lqfoèkk gSA mlh çdkj xkaoksaesa jkstxkjUeq[k dk;ZØeksa] LoPNrk dk;ZØeksa ,oa lk{kjrk dk;ZØeksadh vPNh liQyrk çkIr gqbZA ifjogu O;oLFkk (lM+d vkfn) ,oanwjlapkj dh O;oLFkk,a Hkh nqjLr gqbZ gSaA lcls c<+dj iapk;rh jktO;oLFkk ds fØ;kUo;u ds ckn ls xzkeh.kksa dh Lo'kklu esa Hkkxhnkjh,oa jktuhfrd tkx:drk nksuksa c<+h gSA
ysfdu ,slk Hkh ugha dgk tk ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k vk;kstuk,oa fodkl uhfr;ka iw.kZr% liQy jgh gSaA Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k fodkldk;ZØe dh viuh lhek,a gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa clus okyh 78 djksM+vkcknh esa ls ,d pkSFkkbZ vFkkZr] djhc 19&20 djksM+ yksx vktHkh xjhch dh js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus dks foo'k gSaA vcrd yxHkx 60 gtkj xkaoksa dks çkFkfed Lrj dh f'k{kk gsrq fo|ky;rd miyC/ ugha gSaA yxHkx 5 djksM+ xzkeh.k ifjokjksa ds fo|qrdh lqfo/k miyC/ ugha gSA fcgkj] >kj[kaM] if'pe caxky ,oa mÙkjçns'k ds 80 çfr'kr xzkeh.k tula[;k dks fctyh miyC/ ugha gSAns'k ds yxHkx 2-5 djksM+ xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dks ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr ekud ds vuqlkj vkoklh; lqfo/k miyC/ ugha gS ,oa xzkeh.k{ks=kksa esa dsoy 17-5 çfr'kr çfr'kr yksx gh 'kkSpky;ksa dk miHkksxdj ikrs gSaA
mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k vk;kstukdks lhfer liQyrk gh çkIr gqbZ gSA vHkh xzkeh.k fodkl ds {ks=kesa cgqr dqN fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gSA vko';drk gS fd xzkeh.k fodkllaca/h ;kstukvksa dks vkSj dq'kyrk ,oa çfrc¼rk ls ykxw fd;k tk;,oa Hkz"Vkpkj rFkk vdeZ.;rk laca/h ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij dM+kbZ ls jksdyxkbZ tk;A xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, dgha vf/d jktuhfrdç'kklfud çfrc¼rk dh vko';drk gSA lkFk gh] xzkeh.k fodkllaca/h uhfr;ksa esa vko';drkuqlkj lq/kj ,oa ifjorZu dh t:jr Hkhcuh gqbZ gSA bl çdkj ds dqN O;kogkfjd dne mBkdj lfn;ksa lsmisf{kr jgs xkaoksa eas LiQwfrZ ykbZ tk ldrh gS rFkk ns'k ds lokZaxh.k,oa lefUor fodkl esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus tSls vge~mís'; dh iwfrZ fd;k tkuk laHko gks ldrk gSA vr% lHkh Lrjksals iwjh çfrc¼rk vkSj leç.k dh Hkkouk ls bl fn'kk esa ç;klfd;k tkuk furkar :i ls vko';d gSA
vkSifuosf'kdksÙkj Hkkjr esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oavkSifuosf'kdksÙkj Hkkjr esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oavkSifuosf'kdksÙkj Hkkjr esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oavkSifuosf'kdksÙkj Hkkjr esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oavkSifuosf'kdksÙkj Hkkjr esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oai;kZoj.k uhfri;kZoj.k uhfri;kZoj.k uhfri;kZoj.k uhfri;kZoj.k uhfr
Lora=krk ds mijkar Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd&lkekftd fodkl dkslqfuf'pr djus ds fy, O;kid uhfr;ka cukbZ xbZ ,oa bls fØ;kfUorfd;k x;kA vkfFkZd fodkl ds Øe esa ,oa c<+rh tula[;k dhvko';drk,a iw.kZ djus dh çfØ;k esa LokHkkfod :i ls i;kZoj.kdk nksgu gksrk gSA dbZ vFkksZa esa fodkl dh çfØ;k ,oa i;kZoj.klarqyu esa O;qRØekuqikfr laca/ gksrk gSA ,sls esa i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k ,oavou;u dh leL;k,a mRiUu gksuk Lok Hkkfod gSA Lora=krk ds cknls gh Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k dh jksd&Fkke ,oa i;kZoj.k mUu;udks ysdj ç'kklfud Lrj ,d psruk vo'; jgh gS] ysfdu cknds o"kksZa] fo'ks"kdj o"kZ 1970 ds ckn ls gh ifjfLFkfr ,oa i;kZoj.kds lanHkZ esa fo'ks"k lfØ;rk fn[kkbZ xbZA loZçFke Hkkjr ljdkj usou lEink ds rhoz ßkl] e`nk vijnu] çkd`frd vkinkvksa ,oafcxM+rs gq, ikfjfLFkfrd vlarqyu dks è;ku esa j[kdj o"kZ 1952esa ou uhfr dks ?kks"k.kk dh] ftlesa%(i) ou laj{k.k ,oa lao¼Zu }kjk 33 çfr'kr Hkkx ij oukPNknu(ii) fu;af=kr ou dVko(iii)csdkj Hkwfe ij ou jksi.k(iv) ?kkl] tkykSuh dk çca/ ,oa ouksRiknu esa o`f¼(v) Hkkjrh;ksa ouksa dks lqjf{kr] vkjf{kr] xzkE; ou vkfn esa oxhZdj.k
vkfn çeq[k çko/ku FksA oukas ds laj{k.k ds çfr tkx`fr mRiUudjus ds mís'; ls o"kZ 1952 bZ ls ou egksRlo çkjaHk fd;kx;kAHkkjr esa le; ds lkFk rhoz vkS|ksfxd fodkl] cgqís'kh; unh
?kkVh ifj;kstukvksa ds dkj.k] cM+s iSekus ij ifjogu fodkl]uxjh;dj.k vkfn ds dkj.k i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,a c<+rh gh pyh xbZaAbu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ljdkj }kjk i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kkFkZ dqN dkuwuksadk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA tSls&(i) bulsDVh lkbM ,DV] 1968(ii) ty vf/fu;e (çnw"k.k çfrca/d ,oa jksdFkke)] 1974(iii) ty çnw"k.k midj vf/fu;e] 1977(iv) ou laj{k.k vf/fu;e] 1980(v) ok;q (çnw"k.k fu;a=kd) vf/fu;e] 1981(vi) okrkoj.k (lqj{kk) vf/fu;e] 1986 ,oa(vii)oU; tho laj{k.k vf/fu;e vkfnA
lrr fodkl dh uhfrlrr fodkl dh uhfrlrr fodkl dh uhfrlrr fodkl dh uhfrlrr fodkl dh uhfrmijksDr dkuwuksa ds ekè;e ls i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k dh jksdFkke ds
mik;ksa dks vo'; gh cy çkIr gqvk] fdUrq Hkkjr esa çnw"k.k lacaèkhleL;kvksa ds fuokj.kkFkZ vkSj O;kid ç;klksa dh vko';drk cuhgqbZ FkhA blh chp fo'ks"kdj o"kZ 1970 ,oa 80 ds n'kd esa lrr~fodkl dh ladYiuk dks cy çkIr gqvkA lrr~ fodkl ;k vfojrfodkl] fodkl dh og çfØ;k gS] ftlds vUrxZr fodkl dh çfØ;kdks i;kZoj.k ds fu;eksa ds vuqdwy vxzlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjreas lrr~ fodkl dh uhfr dks viuk;k ikfjfLFkfrdh larqyu ,oa fodkldh çfØ;k esa leUo;u LFkkfir djus okys bl dk;ZØe ds vUrxZrfuEufyf[kr çeq[k vax gSa%(i) unh csflu fu;kstu(ii) d`f"k tyok;q çkns'khdj.k
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 164
(iii)tho eaMy çca/(iv)okVj'ksM çca/u(v) uxj çns'k fu;kstu(vi)oSdfYid mQtkZ lzksr fodkl
mijksDr dk;ZØeksa ds lapkyu ds fy, ^i;kZoj.k fu;kstu ,oala;kstu dh jk"Vªh; lfefr (NCEPC)* dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA;g lfefr i;kZoj.k dh n'kk ij ,d okf"kZd fjiksVZ çLrqr djrhgS ,oa i;kZoj.k ij iM+us okys vf/çHkko dk vkdyu Hkh djrhgSA dsUnz ljdkj us o"kZ 1980 esa i;kZoj.k foHkkx dh LFkkiuk HkhdhA bl foHkkx dk nkf;Ro eq[;r% okrkoj.k dh xq.koÙkk esa ßkldk ys[kk&tks[kk j[kuk rFkk cM+h vkfFkZd ifj;kstukvksa dk i;kZoj.k ijiM+us okys vf/çHkko dks tkapuk&ij[kuk gSA o"kZ 1981 esa ^lafodklifj"kn~* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA blh o"kZ i;kZoj.k foHkkx dh ns[kjs[kesa 13 tSo eaMy fjtoZ LFkkfir fd, x,A bl le; Hkkjr esackWVhfudy losZ vkWiQ bf.M;kA* ^T;ksykWftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k ,oaus'kuy E;wft;e vkWiQ uspqjy fgLVªh* tSlh laLFkk,a Hkh i;kZoj.kfodkl esa lg;ksx ns jgh gSaA ns'k esa i;kZoj.k foHkkx rFkk jk"Vªh;ty vk;ksx dh leh{kk ds fcuk dksbZ cM+h cgqís'kh; ifj;kstukLFkkfir ugha dh tk ldrhA
Hkkjr esa lafodkl {ks=k esa catj Hkwfe fodkl cksMZ dk dk;ZHkh egRoiw.kZ gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh fodkl dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dks 16d`f"k tyok;q [kaMkas esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA feêðh dVko dks jksdusds fy, ljdkj us dbZ mYys[kuh; ç;kl fd, gSa] ijUrq dksbZmYys[kuh; liQyrk ugha fey ldh gSA mQtkZ ladV ls fuiVus ,oaou fouk'k dks jksdus ds fy;s Hkkjr us xSj ijaijkxr mQtkZ lzksrksadk fodkl fd;k gSA buesa xkscj xSl iou mQtkZ] lkSj mQtkZ] Tokjh;rjaxksa ,oa dwM+s&dpjs ls mQtkZ çkIr dh tkrh gS] xSj ijEijkxr mQtkZlzksr lafodkl dh nf"Vdks.k ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gaSA
ikfjfLFkfrdh uhfr ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds lanHkZ esa vU;ikfjfLFkfrdh uhfr ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds lanHkZ esa vU;ikfjfLFkfrdh uhfr ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds lanHkZ esa vU;ikfjfLFkfrdh uhfr ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds lanHkZ esa vU;ikfjfLFkfrdh uhfr ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds lanHkZ esa vU;uhfr;kauhfr;kauhfr;kauhfr;kauhfr;ka
� lkekftd okfudh% lkekftd okfudh dk;ZØe dk eq[; mís';enk dVko dks jksduk] oukas ds {ks=kiQy esa of¼ djuk] LFkkuh;yksxksa ds fy, bZa/u] iQy] pkjk vkfn dk iwfrZ djrs gq, i;kZoj.kdks LoPN ,oa larqfyr j[kuk gSA lkekftd okfudh ds rhu vaxgSa& (d) df"k okfudh ([k) lkeqnkf;d okfudh ,oa (x)uxjh; okfudhA bl dk;ZØe dks o"kZ 1981&82 ls pyk;k tkjgk gS ,oa o{kkjksi.k dk;ZØe dks blds vUrxZr vPNh liQyrkçkIr gqbZ gSA
� jk"Vªh; ou uhfr 1988% o"kZ 1988 bZ- esa la'kksf/r ,oavf/d çHkkoh ou uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ] uohu ou uhfrds fuEu çeq[k mís'; gSa%(i) ufn;ksa] >hyksa vkSj tyk'k;ksa ds ty xzg.k {ks=kksa esa e`nk
dVko vkSj ouLifr ds cgko ij vadq'k yxkukA(ii) O;kid o`{kkjksi.k vkSj lkekftd okfudh dk;ZØeksa ds
ekè;e ls ou vkSj o`{kkjksi.k esa o`f¼ djukA(iii) e#Hkwfe ,oa rVorhZ {ks=kksa esa jsr ds Vhyksa ds foLrkj dks
jksdukA(iv) xzkeh.k ,oa tutkrh; {ks=k ds yksxksa dks ouksa&mRikn ds
yksxksa dks miyC/ djkuk(v) ns'k dh çkd`frd lEink dk laj{k.k ,oa jk"Vªh; mRikndrk
dh iwfrZ ds fy, ouksa dh mRikndrk esa o`f¼ djukA
(vi) laj{k.k ds ekè;e ls tgka vko';d gks] ogka ifjfLFkfrdhlarqyu iqu% LFkkfir dj i;kZoj.k dh fLFkjrk dks cuk,j[kukA
� ty lalk/uksa dks çnw"k.k eqDr djus ,oa lajf{kr djus ds mís';ls fuEufyf[kr çeq[k ;kstuk,a pykbZ tk jgh gSa%(i) xaxk dk;Z ;kstuk] 1985 ls(ii) ;equk dk;Z ;kstuk] 1933 ls(iii) jk"Vªh; unh laj{k.k dk;Z ;kstuk] 1995 ls(iv) jk"Vªh; >hy laj{k.k dk;Z ;kstuk
� rVh;] lkxjh; ,oa nynyh {ks=kksa esa jk"Vªh; vknzZ {ks=k çca/ulfefr ds usr`Ro esa vknzZ Hkwfe dPN ouLifr;ka] eSaxzkso vkSj çokyfHkfÙk laj{k.k ,oa çca/u dk;ZØe pyk;k tk jgk gSA
� ljdkj }kjk 1978 bZ- ls ^i;kZoj.k çHkko ewY;kadu* dh uhfrviukbZ xbZ gSA blds vUrxZr fdlh cM+h vkS|ksfxd] [kuu]fuekZ.k vFkok cgqmís'kh; ifj;kstuk ds çkjaHk gksus ls igysi;kZoj.k ij iM+us okys buds çHkkoksa dk vkdyu fd;k tkrkgS ,oa i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls ifj;kstuk ds lqjf{kr gksus dh fLFkfresa gh bls eatwjh nh tkrh gSA
� i;kZoj.k okfguh% i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k ds lanHkZ esa ;qokvksa dkstkx:d cukus rFkk ok;q] ty] rFkk vU; çnw"k.kksa rFkk ouksa dhva/k/qa/ dVkbZ tSls ekeyksa esa mUgas lq/kjkRed mik;ksa dh tkudkjhnsus ds fy, ns'k ds 200 ftyksa esa i;kZoj.k okfguh ;kstuk pykbZtk jgh gSA blh çdkj ds mís';ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, fo|ky;Lrj ij yxHkx 2500 fo|ky;ksa esa bdks Dyc dh LFkkiuk dhxbZ gSA
� ns'k ds 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa ok;q çnw"k.k ls fuiVus ds fy, lhlkjfgrisVªksy] lh-,u-th- vkfn fodYiksa dks okguksa esa bZa/u ds :i esa viukusds egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe pj.kksa esa pyk, tk jgs gSaA
� çnw"k.k dh leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy, ljdkj us dqN ç'kklfudmik; fd, gSa] ftlds vUrxZr foHkkxksa] eaMyksa dh LFkkiuk dhxbZ gS] buesa çeq[k gSa%(i) i;kZoj.k foHkkx] 1980(ii) çnw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ(iii) jk"Vªh; vç;qDr Hkwfe fodkl cksMZ ,oa jk"Vªh; Hkwfe mi;ksx
ifj"kn~(iv) Hkkjrh; oU; tho cksMZ(v) i;kZoj.k lwpuk ra=k] 1952(vi) i;kZoj.k i;Zos{k.k cksMZ(vii)gkfudkjd inkFkZ fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe] 1986(viii) i;kZoj.k çHkko ewY;kadu dk;ZØe vkfnA
� i;kZoj.k ds {ks=k esa yksxksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ,oa tkx:drkc<+kus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk i=k&if=kdkvksa ,oa nwjlapkj ekè;eksals lwpuk ,oa çpkj djus dh uhfr viukbZ xbZ gS] lkFk ghi;kZoj.k ds {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku ds fy, fuEufyf[kriqjLdkjksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS%(i) bafnjk xka/h i;kZoj.k iqjLdkj(ii) jktho xka/h i;kZoj.k iqjLdkj(iii) ihrkacj iar jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k iQsyks'khi(iv) egko`{k iqjLdkj(v) i;kZoj.k ,oa ou ea=kky; fof'k"V oSKkfud iqjLdkj vkfnA
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IAS ACADEM
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 165
Hkkjr dh i;kZoj.k uhfr ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksxHkkjr dh i;kZoj.k uhfr ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksxHkkjr dh i;kZoj.k uhfr ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksxHkkjr dh i;kZoj.k uhfr ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksxHkkjr dh i;kZoj.k uhfr ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksxi;kZoj.k vou;u ,d oSf'od leL;k gSA fo'o ds fofHkUu
ns'kksa ds ikjLifjd lg;ksx }kjk gh bl leL;k dk fuokj.k fd;ktk ldrk gSA Lora=krk ds mijkUr ls gh Hkkjr }kjk i;kZoj.k laj{k.kds vUrjkZ"Vªh; ç;klksa dks iw.kZ lg;ksx çnku djus dh uhfr viukbZxbZ gSA Hkkjr ds i;kZoj.k vkSj ou ea=kky; }kjk la;qDr jk"Vªi;kZoj.k dk;ZØe] nf{k.k ,f'k;k lg;ksx i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe] varjkZ"Vªh;lesfdr ioZr ,oa fodkl dsUnz rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; çd`fr ,oa çkd`frdlalk/u laj{k.k la?k ds fy, çeq[k ,tsalh ds :i esa fd;k tkrkgSA Hkkjr us Lora=krk ds ckn ls gh uhnjySaM] ukosZ] :l] LohMu]MsuekdZ] tkiku] fczVsu] vesfjdk] dukMk ,oa teZuh vkfn ns'kksa dslkFk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, f}i{kh; dk;ZØe pyk;k gSA ns'k usfo'o cSad ds lg;ksx ls lkekftd okfudh ,oa vU; laj{k.kdk;ZØe pyk;k gSA Hkkjr }kjk i;kZoj.k ds {ks=k esa fuEufyf[krvUrjkZ"Vªh; laf/;ksa rFkk le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd, x;s gSa&(i) varjk"Vªh; ikni laj{k.k le>kSrk(ii) varjk"Vªh; Ogsy fu;eu le>kSrk(iii) vaVkdZfVdk laf/(iv) eqxhfc;ksa ds çkd`frd fuokl ij (jkelj laf/) vUrjkZ"Vªh;
laf/(v) tgktksa ls çnw"k.k dh jksd&Fkke ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrk(vi) oU; çkf.k;ksa ,oa foyqIr çtkfr;ksa ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj
ij le>kSrk(vii) vkstksu ijr dh laj{kk gsrq fo,uk le>kSrk(viii)çoklh çtkfr;ksa ds laca/ esa le>kSrk(ix) [krjukd inkFkksZa ds vkokxeu ds fy, lhek laca/h osly
le>kSrk(x) tyok;q ifjorZu laca/h lajpuk le>kSrk(xi) tSo fofo/rk laj{k.k le>kSrk(xii) vkstksu ijr dks {kh.k djus okys inkFkksZa ds laca/ esa ekafVª;y
laf/ ,oa(xiii)e:Hkwfe ds jksdFkke ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrkA
Hkkjr esa mijksDr ç;klksa ds ckotwn i;kZoj.k dh leL;k cuhgqbZ gSA bl fn'kk esa vkSj ç;klksa dh vko';drk gSA lkFk esa turkdks f'kf{kr ,oa tkx:d djuk rFkk mudh çfrHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djusdh vko';drk gSA t:jr gS fd Hkkjr Xykscy okfeZax ,oa tyok;qifjorZu lacaèkh leL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds fy, vf/d lfØ;rkfn[kk,A blds vfrfjDr tula[;k o`f¼ dks jksdus ds lkFkZd ç;klrFkk vfr vkS|ksxhdj.k dh fn'kk esa lksp&le> dj fu.kZ; ysukgksxkA vko';drk gS fd ifjfLFkfrdh ,oa i;kZoj.k laca/h uhfr;ksa,oa dk;ZØeksa dks n`<+rkiwoZd fØ;kfUor fd;k tk,A
foKku dh rjDdhfoKku dh rjDdhfoKku dh rjDdhfoKku dh rjDdhfoKku dh rjDdhLora=krk çkfIr ds le; Hkkjr dk oSKkfud ,oa çkS|ksfxdh;
<kapk fodflr jk"Vªksa dh rqyuk esa u rks lqn`<+ Fkk vkSj u ghO;ofLFkrA bl dkj.k ns'k dks Lora=krk ds vkjafHkd o"kksZa esa vU;fodflr ns'kksa esa miyC/ rduhdh fuiq.krk ,oa fo'ks"krk ij fuHkZjjguk iM+kA ,slh fLFkfr esa ns'k ds çFke ç/kuea=kh i- tokgj ykyusg: us Lora=k Hkkjr ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy, foKku ,oaçkS|ksfxdh ds egRo dks le>rs gq, vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq,dgk fd ^Hkfo"; mUgha ds lkFk gS] tks foKku dks c<+kok nsrs gSa
vkSj oSKkfudksa ls fe=krk j[krs gSaA blh ckr dks è;ku esa j[kdjrFkk fczfV'k 'kklu dky esa vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ds dkj.k foKku ,oaçkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa vk;h f'kfFkyrk dks lekIr djus ds mís';ls Lora=k Hkkjr esa ;kstukc¼ fodkl ds fy, lqO;ofLFkr uhfr;kacukbZ xbZ gSaA
oSKkfud vuqla/kuksa ds laxBu ,oa funsZ'ku gsrq oSKkfud vuqlaèkku,oa çkd`frd lalk/uksa ls lacaf/r ea=kky; dh LFkkiuk djus okykHkkjr fo'o dk çFke ns'k gSA 1951 bZ- esa LFkkfir bl ea=kky;us foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl dh lHkh ftEesnkfj;ka vius mQijys yhA bl ea=kky; ds v/hu fuEu çeq[k Ng dsUnzh; foHkkxksa usHkkjr esa foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;kgS&1- foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx2- oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/ku ifj"kn~3- ijek.kq mQtkZ foHkkx4- varfj{k foHkkx5- egklkxj fodkl foHkkx6- tSo çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx
mijksDr foHkkxksa ,oa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky; ds ns[k&js[kesa vktknh ds ckn ns'k esa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh laLFkkvksa dkpkSeq[kh fodkl vkSj foLrkj gqvkA Lora=krk ds mijkUr ijek.kq mQtkZds fodkl vkSj oSKkfud rFkk vkS|ksfxd vuqla/ku ifj"kn~ ds rRok/ku esa ç;ksx'kkykvksa dh Üka[kyk LFkkfir djus ij tksj fn;k x;kAblds vykok fofHkUu ,tsafl;kas@foHkkxksa ds vUrxZr dbZ ç;ksx'kkyk,aLFkkfir dh xbZ gSa vkSj foKku ,oa VsDuksykWth ds reke {ks=kksa dksblds nk;js esa ys fy;k x;k gSA varfj{k vkSj j{kk vuqla/ku dk;ZØedk flyflyk Hkh çkjaHk gqvkA m|ksxksa vkSj vuqla/ku o fodklç;ksx'kkykvksa ds fy, VsDuksykWth ds fo'ks"kKksa dh t:jr iwjh djusds fy, Hkkjrh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkkuksa (vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-) dh LFkkiuk dkflyflyk Hkh usg: ;qx esa çkjaHk gqvkA igyk vkbZ- vkbZ- Vh- 1950esa [kM+xiqj esa LFkkfir gqvkA orZeku esa 8 vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- 20 ls vf/d ,u-vkbZ-Vh- ,oa lSdM+ksa vU; rduhdh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa }kjkHkkjr esa foKku dk çlkj gks jgk gSA Hkkjr esa o"kZ 1958&59 esavuqla/ku ,oa fodkl ij egt 23 djksM+ #- [kpZ fd, x, Fks]tks o"kZ 1996&97 esa 8340 djksM+ #- ds Lrj ij igqap x;kA orZekuesa vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl ds {ks=kksa esa lkykuk 10 gtkj djksM+ #-ls vf/d dk O;; fd;k tk jgk gSA bl le; ns'k dh Ng çeq[koSKkfud ,tsafl;ksa&j{kk vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl laxBu] Hkkjrh; d`f"kvuqlaèkku ifj"kn] varfj{k foHkkx] ijek.kq mQtkZ foHkkx] Hkkjrh;oSKkfud vkSj vkS|ksfxd vuqla/ku ifj"kn~ ,oa tSo çkS|ksfxdh foHkkxdk vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl ij dqy [kpZ 85 çfr'kr jgkA ns'k esavuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl ds dqy [kpZ ds yxHkx 70 çfr'kr Hkkxdk ogu dsUnz ljdkj ,oa mlds vUrxZr vkus okys lkoZtfudmiØe dj jgs gSaA
foKku vkSj VsDuksykWth ds vk/kjHkwr <kaps ds foLrkj ds ihNseq[; mís'; ns'k vkSj ;gka ds yksxksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy,foKku vkSj VsDuksykWth dk mís';iw.kZ mi;ksx lqfuf'pr djuk FkkAçFke ç/kuea=kh tokgj yky usg: us blh ckr dks è;ku esa j[kdjLora=k Hkkjr esa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh laLFkkvksa ds fodkl] muesadke djus okys çf'kf{kr dfeZ;ksa dh t:jr dks iwjk djus ds fy,etcwr vk/kjHkwr <kapk rS;kj djus dh ;kstuk cukbZA Lora=krk dsckn ls gh Hkkjr esa foKku dk eqík nyxr jktuhfr ls mij jgk
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gSA dsUnz esa pkgs fdlh Hkh ny ;k xBca/u dh ljdkj jgh gkslHkh us ns'k vkSj ns'kokfl;ksa ds fgr esa foKku vkSj VsDuksykWth dksc<+kok nsus ds çfr viuh opuc¼rk çdV dh gSA blh nkSjku foKku,oa çkS|ksfxdh ds çlkj dks lqfuf'pr djus ds mís'; ls o"kZ 1958]1983 ,oa 2003 esa oSKkfud uhfr ladYi Hkh cuk, (?kksf"kr) x,AfoKku ,oa VsDuksykWth ds {ks=k esa cqfu;knh <kaps ls lacaf/r {kerkds foLrkj vkSj vuqdwy uhfrxr mik;ksa ls Hkkjr us vPNh çxfrdh gSA foKku ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh rjDdh dks fuEufyf[kr vè;;uksa@rF;ksa ds ekè;e ls le>k tk ldrk gS&
foKku vkSj rduhdh fodkl ,oa d`f"k {ks=kfoKku vkSj rduhdh fodkl ,oa d`f"k {ks=kfoKku vkSj rduhdh fodkl ,oa d`f"k {ks=kfoKku vkSj rduhdh fodkl ,oa d`f"k {ks=kfoKku vkSj rduhdh fodkl ,oa d`f"k {ks=kHkkjr esa foKku ,oa rduhdh ds fodkl ,oa d`f"k {ks=k esa blds
mi;ksx ds mYys[kuh; ifj.kke lkeus vk, gSaA ns'k esa vukt dh?kjsyw ekax iwjk djus ds fy, Li"V uhfrxr <kapk rS;kj fd;k x;kAvuqla/ku vkSj fodkl ds fy, i;kZIr jkf'k dk çko/ku djds tcbl uhfr dks lqfu;ksftr rjhds ls ykxw fd;k x;k rks blds urhtsgfjr ØkfUr ds :i esa lkeus vk;sA ;g ØkfUr vktknh ds ckn,d egRoiw.kZ miyfC/ gSA gfjr ØkfUr us Hkkjr dks cM+s iSekus ij[kk|kUu dk vk;kr djus okys ns'k ls vukt fu;kZrd ns'k esa cnyfn;k gSA tgka o"kZ 1950&51 esa ns'k esa 51 fefy;u Vu vukt iSnkgqvk Fkk] ogha o"kZ 1994&95 esa ;g c<+dj 191 fefy;u Vu ,oao"kZ 2006&07 esa 208 fefy;u Vu gks x;kA bl çdkj d`f"k inkFkksZals i;kZIr vkenuh Hkh gqbZA Hkkjr nqfu;k ds mu ns'kksa esa 'kkfeygS] tgka d`f"k ds {ks=k esa dke djus okys dsUnzh; laLFkkuksa vkSj jkT;fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk lcls cM+k usVodZ gSA d`f"k ds {ks=k esa oSKkfud{kerk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkkjr nqfu;k esa igys LFkku ij vkrk gSAgky ds o"kksZa esa Hkkjr moZjdksa ds miHkksx ,oa mRiknu ds ekeysesa phu vkSj vesfjdk ds ckn fo'o esa rhljk LFkku j[kus okykns'k cu x;k gSA ;gh ugha Hkkjr esa fo'o dh lcls fo'kky flapkbZç.kkyh Hkh fodflr dh xbZ gSA u;h VsDuksykWth ds {ks=k esa O;kidfoLrkj ls Hkkjr us nw/ (çFke LFkku fo'o esa)] eNyh] frygurFkk iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa (fo'o nwljk LFkku) ds mRiknu esa 'kkunkuçxfr dh gSA 'osr ØkfUr ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa lykuk yxHkx 90fefy;u Vu nwX/ dk ,oa uhyh ØkfUr ds dkj.k 63 fefy;u Vu(okf"kZd) eRL; dk mRiknu gksus yxk gSA ihr ØkfUr ds ckn fryguksads iSnkokj esa mYys[kuh; o`f¼ gqbZ gSA lu~ 1986 bZ- ck;ks VsDuksykWthfoHkkx dh LFkkiuk ls d`f"k ds {ks=k esa tSo&çkS|ksfxdh dh vk/qfudfof/;ksa dks c<+kok fey jgk gSA
ijek.kq rduhdh dk fodklijek.kq rduhdh dk fodklijek.kq rduhdh dk fodklijek.kq rduhdh dk fodklijek.kq rduhdh dk fodklçkjaHk esa Hkkjr dk ijek.kq dk;ZØe 'kkafriw.kZ dk;ksZa tSls cM+s
iSekus ij fo|qr djus ds mís'; ls cuk;k x;k FkkA vkt Hkkjrus ijek.kq mQtkZ ds çR;sd {ks=k esa [kklh liQyrk çkIr dj yh gSAvkt Hkkjr ds ikl u;h ijek.kq lkexzh ds bLrseky ls ysdj fo|qriSnk djus esa dke vkus okys fo'kky fj,DVjksa dh LFkkiuk rd dsfy, reke rjg dh VsDuksykWth miyC/ gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa 14ukfHkdh; fj,DVj dk;Zjr ,oa 8 fj,DVj fuekZ.kk/hu gSaA bl le;Hkkjr esa ukfHkdh; fj,DVjksa ls 3800 esxkokV fo|qr mQtkZ mRikfnrgks jgh gSA ;g l{kerk Hkkjr us vius gh ç;klksa ls tqVkbZ gSA Hkkjrus igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k o"kZ 1974 esa ,oa nwljk ijh{k.k o"kZ 1998esa fd;k ,oa vc Hkkjr nqfu;k ds pqfuank ijek.kq vL=kksa ls lEiUuns'kksa ds lwph esa 'kkfey gSA ukfHkdh; {ks=k esa vuqla/ku ls dbZ rjgdh lgk;d VsDuksykWth mHkjdj lkeus vkbZ gaS] ftuls d`f"k] foKku]fpfdRlk ,oa i;kZoj.k çca/ ds {ks=kksa dks cM+k iQk;nk gqvk gSA
j{kk vuqla/ku ,oa rduhdh fodklj{kk vuqla/ku ,oa rduhdh fodklj{kk vuqla/ku ,oa rduhdh fodklj{kk vuqla/ku ,oa rduhdh fodklj{kk vuqla/ku ,oa rduhdh fodklj{kk vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl laxBu dh 50 ls vf/d ç;ksx'kkyk,as
dbZ egRoiw.kZ rduhdh {ks=kksa esa {kerk gkfly dj pqdh gSaA mudsç;klksa ls pkyd jfgr foekuksa] funsZf'kr ç{ksikL=kksa] vfr mUur jkMkjksa]y{; dk irk yxkdj dbZ fn'kkvksa esa ekj djus okys VkjihMks] ;q¼esa dke vkus okys fofHkUu fdLe ds okguksa] ikbyV jfgr foekuksa;q¼d VSad] ,lkYV fczt vkSj thou j{kd ç.kkfy;ksa dk fodklfd;k gSA mUur ç{ksikL=kksa ds fodkl vkSj fuekZ.k dh n`f"V ls orZekuesa Hkkjr fo'o ds vxz.kh ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gSA
varfj{k foKku ,oa mixzg çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa fodklvarfj{k foKku ,oa mixzg çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa fodklvarfj{k foKku ,oa mixzg çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa fodklvarfj{k foKku ,oa mixzg çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa fodklvarfj{k foKku ,oa mixzg çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa fodkl
Hkkjr us mixzgksa ds fuekZ.k dh VsDuksykWth esa Hkh egkjr gkflydj yh gSA nwjlaosnu ds fy, fupyh d{kkvksa esa pDdj yxkus okysvkbZ-vkj-,l- mixzgksa ls ysdj nwjlapkj] çlkj.k] ekSle foKku vkSjçkd`frd vkinkvksa dh psrkouh okys bulSV mixzgksa ds pkSFkh ih<+hrd dk fodkl Hkkjr us dj fy;k gSA Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa }kjk iwjhrjg ls Lons'kh {kerk ls cuk, x, mixzg u dsoy fofHkUu lsokvksadks miyC/ djk jgs gSa] cfYd budh lsokvksa ds foi.ku }kjkfons'kh eqnzk Hkh çkIr fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjr us viuk igyk mixzgç{ksi.k ;ku ,l-,y-oh&3 o"kZ 1980 esa liQyrk iwoZd ç{ksfir fd;kFkkA rc ls ysdj orZeku rd esa bl {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; liQyrkçkIr djrs gq,] Hkkjr us ,-,l-,y-oh-] ih-,l-,y-oh] ,oa th-,l-,y-oh- tSls vfr mUur mixzg ç{ksi.k ;kuksa dk liQyrk iwoZdfodkl dj fy;k gSA buds }kjk u dsoy Lons'kh mixzgksa] cfYdfons'kh mixzgksa dks Hkh O;kolkf;d :i ls çf{ksfir fd;k tk jgkgSA vçSy] 2008 esa Hkkjr }kjk çFke ekuo jfgr varfj{k ;kupUnz;ku&I dks panzek ij Hkstus dh ;kstuk gSA ;g varfj{k foKkuds {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh ,d vkSj cM+h miyfC/ fl¼ gks ldrh gSAdqy feykdj varfj{k foKku ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh rjDdh mYys[kuh;jgh gS ,oa vesfjdk] ;wjksih; jk"Vªksa ,oa phu] :l vkSj tkiku dsckn fo'o esa Hkkjr dk gh LFkku vkrk gSA
lwpuk VsDuksykWth ds {ks=k esa fodkllwpuk VsDuksykWth ds {ks=k esa fodkllwpuk VsDuksykWth ds {ks=k esa fodkllwpuk VsDuksykWth ds {ks=k esa fodkllwpuk VsDuksykWth ds {ks=k esa fodklgky ds o"kksZa esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk vke thou esa
mi;ksxksa ,oa jk"Vª ds fodkl] nksukas lanHkksZa esa egRoiw.kZ gks xbZ gSAHkkjr us dEI;wVj foKku ,oa fo'ks"kdj lkWÝVos;j m|ksx esa 'kkunkjliQyrk çkIr dh gSA Hkkjr esa isl] in~e&10000] ije&in~e tSls
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr lHkh foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdhuhfr;ksa ds eq[; mís';
oSKkfud uhfr ladYi] 1958% lHkh mi;qDr lk/uksa dk mi;ksxdjrs gq, foKku ds fodkl vkSj oSKkfud vuqla/kuksa dks iksf"kr] çksRlkfgrdjuk ,oa mls lrr~ :i esa cuk, j[kukA
çkS|ksfxdh uhfr fooj.k] 1983% jk"Vªh; çkFkfedrkvksa ,oalalk/uksa ds vuqdwy Lons'kh çkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl vkSj vk;kfrrçkS|ksfxdh dk n{k vkesyu rFkk vuqdwyuA
foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh uhfr] 2003% vfHku; ,oaiqu:RFkku'khy Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k djuk] ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd foKku,oa çkS|ksfxdh ls Hkkjr ds yksxksa vkSj lEiw.kZ ekuork dk okLrfod rkSjij mRFkku gksA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 167
vfr mUur lqij dEI;wVjksa dk fodkl fd;k x;k gSA lkWÝVos;j ds{ks=k esa foçks] Vh-lh-,l- lR;e] bUiQksfll tSlh fo'oLrjh; dEifu;ksaus lewps nqfu;k esa viuh vyx igpku cuk yh gSA Hkkjr esa blle; lwpuk&rduhdh esa vfr n{k fo'ks"kKksa dh fo'kky la[;k ekStwngS] iQyr% vkbZ-Vh-b-,l- (ITES) ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh fo'oLrjij /kd te xbZ gSA Hkkjr esa baVjusV ;k beiQkWesZ'ku lqij gkbosdk ç;ksx c<+rk tk jgk gS] bl le; ns'k esa 46 fefy;u ls vf/d baVjusV miHkksDrk gSaA jk"Vªh; dEI;wVj lwpuk usVodZ (uhd usV)vkfn ç.kkfy;ksa ds }kjk lewps ns'k dks ,d nwljs Hkkxksa ls tksM+fn;k x;k gSA ns'k esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk ,oa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk O;kidfoLrkj gks pqdk gSA bl {ks=k esa Hkkjr esa ,d ,slk <kapk [kM+k gkspqdk gS] ftlds ekè;e ls Hkkjr fo'o esa lwpuk&rduhdh ds {ks=kesa ,d vxz.kh jk"Vª ds :i esa viuh igpku cuk pqdk gSA
lapkj ds {ks=k esa çxfrlapkj ds {ks=k esa çxfrlapkj ds {ks=k esa çxfrlapkj ds {ks=k esa çxfrlapkj ds {ks=k esa çxfrLora=krk çkfIr ds i'pkr nwjlapkj dh lsokvksa esa egRoiw.kZ
lq/kj gqvkA nwjlapkj ,Dlpsatksa dh la[;k o"kZ 1947 esa 300 Fkh]tks o"kZ 2001 rd c<+dj 30 gtkj ds yxHkx igqap xbZA orZekuesa ns'k esa lHkh VsyhiQksu ,Dlpsat bysDVªkWfud gaSA nwjlapkj ds {ks=kesa fMftVy ç.kkfy;ksa dk liQyrkiwoZd ç;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSAbl le; ns'k esa 265 fefy;u ls vf/d VsyhiQksu (eksckbZylfgr) miHkksDrk gSaA jsfM;ks ç.kkyh ,oa vkSfIVdy iQkbcj ç.kkfy;ksals ;qDr yxHkx 3-5 yk[k fd-eh- dk nwjlapkj usVodZ fo'o dsfo'kkyre usVodksZa esa ,d gSA mixzg lapkj ç.kkyh ,oa tyxHkhZ;lapkj ç.kkyh ds {ks=k esa Hkh egku çxfr gqbZ gSA
vU; {ks=kksa esa foKku dh rjDdh� fo|qr mQtkZ mRiknu% o"kZ 1947 esa ns'k esa ek=k 1400
esxkokV fctyh dh mRiknu {kerk Fkh] tks 31 ekpZ 2005 rdc<+dj 1 yk[k 18 gtkj esxkokV ds Lrj rd igqap xbZA blnkSjku rki fo|qr ,oa ty fo|qr ds mRiknu esa mYys[kuh; o`f¼gqbZ gSA Hkkjr esa mQtkZ ds xSj ijEijkxr lzksrksa] tSls& lkSj mQtkZ]
iou mQtkZ] Hkwrkih; mQtkZ] ck;ksxSl ,oa lkxjh; mQtkZ mRiknudh rduhdksa dh fodkl ,oa mRiknu dh çfØ;k tkjh gSA
� LokLF; ,oa fpfdRlk foKku% fpfdRlk foKku ds {ks=k esaHkkjr us mYys[kuh; çxfr dh gSA LokLF; n'kkvksa esa lq/kj dsdkj.k ns'k esa yksxksa dh thou çR;k'kk c<+dj 63-5 o"kZ gksxbZ gS] tks 1950 ds vklikl 30 o"kZ ds Lrj ds vkl&iklFkhA f'k'kq e`R;q nj esa deh vkbZ gSA Vhoh] pspd] iksfy;ks vkfnegkekfj;ksa ij fu;a=k.k ikuk laHko gks ldk gSA orZeku esa vf[kyHkkjrh; vk;qfoZKku laLFkku lesr dbZ fo'oLrjh; fpfdRlh;'kks/ laLFkkuksa }kjk ns'k esa fpfdRlk foKku ds {ks=k esavuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl dk;ZØe liQyrkiwoZd pyk;s tkjgs gSaA
� bu lcds vfrfjDr tSo çkS|ksfxdh] egklkxjh; foKku] bysDVªkfuDllesr foKku dh lHkh vk/qfud fo/kvksa esa Hkkjr us çxfr dhgS ,oa bu lcdk çR;{k ykHk ns'k ds vkfFkZd ifjn`'; lesrthou ds çR;sd {ks=k dks çkIr gks jgk gSAHkkjr esa ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lalk/uksa dh dksbZ deh ugha gSA
foKku ds lanHkZ esa gekjk bfrgkl ,oa çkphu dky esa çkIr liQyrk,aegku jgh gSaA mlh ijEijk ds vUrxZr] foKku ds {ks=k esa Hkkjrh;pkgs ns'k esa gks vFkok fons'kksa esa] vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA gekjhdbZ oSKkfud laLFkk,a nqfu;k dh lcls vPNh laLFkkvksa esa fxuh tkrhgSaA ;g ckr lkfcr gks pqdh gS fd ;fn Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa ds fy,Li"V y{; fu/kZfjr dj fn;k tk; rks os okafNr ifj.kke nsus esal{ke gSaA fiQj Hkh Hkkjrh; foKku vkSj VsDuksykWth dh rkdr vf/drj Hkkjrh;ksa dh thou esa >ydrh fn[kk;h ugha nsrhA rkRi;Z ;ggS fd Lora=krk ds ckn ls orZeku rd esa foKku us Hkkjr esa tulkekU;ds fodkl esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;k gS] ckotwn blds lekt dk,d cM+k rcdk] vc Hkh blds ykHkksa ls oafpr gSA ysfdu ;g vk'kkdh tk ldrh gS fd vkus okys le; esa ge bl leL;k ls mcjik;saxs ,oa Hkkjr esa foKku dh rjDdh çR;sd ukxfjd dh rjDdhdk ekxZ ç'kLr djsxhA
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 168
frfFkØefrfFkØefrfFkØefrfFkØefrfFkØe
1763&1800µ laU;klh fonzksg1816&32 µ dPN ds jktk Hkkjey dk fonzksg1844&48 µ lwjr esa fczfV'k fojksèkh vkanksyu1844 µ dksYgkiqj jkT; dk fonzksg1873&76 µ ikcuk fonzksg1875 µ nDdu dk minzo1905 µ caxky dk çFke foHkktu] ykMZ feaVks ok;ljk; cuk]
ekjys Hkkjr lfpo cus1906 µ eqfLye yhx dh LFkkiuk] Lojkt lacaèkh dkaxzsl dh
?kks"k.kk1908 µ lekpkj i=k vfèkfu;e1909 µ ekysZ&feUVks lqèkkj] xouZj tujy dh ifj"kn esa ,l-
ih- flUgk dh fu;qfDr1910 µ ykMZ Øho Hkkjr ds fy, lsØsVjh vkWiQ LVsV cus1911 µ fnYyh njckj] caxky foHkktu jnn~] Hkkjr dh
tux.kuk1912 µ fnYyh esa dsUnzh; jktèkkuh yk;h x;h1915 µ fMiQsal vkWiQ bafM;k ,DV1916 µ lSMyj vk;ksx] yhx ,oa dkaxzsl ds eè; y[kumQ
le>kSrk] gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk] iwuk esa efgykfo'o fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
1917 µ gkml vkWiQ dkWeUl esa eksaVsX;w dh ?kks"k.kk] eksaVsX;wdh Hkkjr ;k=kk
1919 µ eksaVsX;w psEliQksMZ lqèkkj1920 µ f[kykiQr ,oa vlg;ksx vkanksyu] ykMZ flUgk fcgkj ,oa
mM+hlk ds xouZj cuk;s x;s1921 µ pSEcj vkWiQ fçalst] eksiyk fonzksg] Hkkjr esa fçal vkWiQ
osYl dh ;k=kk] Hkkjr dh tux.kuk1922 µ Hkkjrh; dkSaflyksa esa Lojkth igqaps] ued dk çek.khdj.k1925 µ vkWy bafM;k fMçsLM Dykl ,lksfl,'ku] fprjatu
nkl dh e`R;q] ba.Vj ;wfuoflZVhl cksMZ dk xBu1926 µ Ldhu FkfeVh dh fjiksVZ] df"k ij jkW;y deh'ku]
iSQDVªht ,DV1927 µ bafM;u uohxs'ku ,DV] lkbeu deh'ku dh fu;qfDr1928 µ usg: fjiksVZ] d`f"k ij jkW;y deh'ku dh fjiksVZ1929 µ VsªM&;wfu;u iwQV] bEihfj;y dkSafly vkWiQ ,xzhdYpjy
fjlpZ dh LFkkiuk] ykgkSj dkaxzsl Hkkjrh; etnwjksa dselys ij jkW;y deh'ku dh fu;qfDr
1930&34 µ lfou; voKk vkanksyu1930 µ çFke xksyest lEesyu] jkW;y yscj deh'ku dh
fjiksVZ dk çdk'ku
1931 µ f}rh; xksyest lEesyu1932 µ r`rh; xksyest lEesyu] dE;quy ,okMZ ,oa iwuk
le>kSrk] nsgjknwu esa Hkkjrh; lSU; vdkneh dhLFkkiuk
1933 µ vaxzsth ljdkj }kjk 'ors i=k dk çdk'ku1934 µ fcgkj esa Hkh"k.k Hkwdai] Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud lqèkkj ij
la;qDr lfefr1935 µ Hkkjrh; vfèkfu;e1937 µ çkarksa esa dkaxzslh eaf=keaMy1939 µ dkaxzslh eaf=keaMyksa }kjk R;kxi=k] yhx }kjk eqfDr
fnol euk;k x;k1941 µ iyZ gkcZj dh ?kVuk] vesfjdk dk fo'o ;q¼ esa
ços'k1942 µ flaxkiqj dk iru] fØIl fe'ku1943 µ ykMZ ososy ok;ljk; cuk] nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k dk
loksZPp lsukifr ykMZ ekmQaVcsVu dks cuk;k x;k1944 µ laoSèkkfud xfrjksèk nwj djus ds jktxksikykpkjh ds
çLrko ij xkaèkh ,oa ftUuk dh okrkZ (9 flracj)çkjaHk] ikfdLrku ds elys ij okrkZ VwVh (27flracj)
1945 µ vktkn fgan iQkSt ds cafn;ksa dh [kqyh vnkyr esaigyh ckj is'kh (5 uoacj)
1946 µ Hkkjrh; ukS lsuk esa fonzksg (18 iQjojh)] dSfcusVfe'ku ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk] varfje ljdkj dk xBu(2 flracj)] yhx ds lnL;ksa us 'kiFk yh (26vDVwcj)] lafoèkku lHkk dh çFke cSBd (9 fnlacj)
1947 µ fczfV'k ljdkj dh ,sfrgkfld ?kks"k.kk fd twu 1948rd os Hkkjr NksM+ nsaxsA ykMZ ekmQaVcsVu ok;ljk;cusA ekmQaVcsVu ;kstuk ?kksf"kr (3 twu)] Hkkjrh;Lora=krk vfèkfu;e (15 vxLr)
1948 µ egkRek xkaèkh dh gR;k (30 tuojh)] jktxksikykpkjhxouZj tujy fu;qDr (21 twu)] ftUuk dk fuèku(11 flracj)] Hkkjrh; iQkStksa dk gSnjkckn fj;klresa ços'k (11 flarcj)] vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko
1949 µ Hkkjr dk uohu lafoèkku Lohd`r rFkk gLrk{kfjr(26 uoacj)
1950 µ u;k lafoèkku ykxw (26 tuojh)1951 µ çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk mn~?kkVu] Hkkjr dh
tux.kuk
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 169
1952 µ çFke vke pquko1956 µ vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko }kjk m|ksxksa dk rhu Jsf.k;ksa
esa foHkktu
1961 µ csyxzsM esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dk çFke lEesyu1962 µ Hkkjr phu ;q¼ (vDVwcj)1964 µ tokgj yky usg: dh e`R;q
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©Chronicle IAS Academy 170
egRoiw.kZ lgk;d xzaFkksa dh lwphegRoiw.kZ lgk;d xzaFkksa dh lwphegRoiw.kZ lgk;d xzaFkksa dh lwphegRoiw.kZ lgk;d xzaFkksa dh lwphegRoiw.kZ lgk;d xzaFkksa dh lwph
1. S. B. Chaudhuri : Civil Disturbances under British Rule (1757-1857)
2. R.C. Majumdar (Ed.) : British Para mountcy and Indian Renaissance, Vol-IX
3. R.C. Majumdar : The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857.
4. R.C. Majumdar : History and Culture of Indian People, Vols IX, X, XI.
5. S.B. Chaudhury : Civil Rebillions in the Indian Mutinies 1857-59.
6. S.N. Sen : 1857.
7. Ray Chaudhury, : An Advanced History of Indian
Dutta and Majumdar Vol-III.
8. Bipin Chandra : Modern India.
9. Sumit Sarkar : Modern India.
10. Tara chand : History of Freedom Movement in India.
11. M.G. Ranade : Religious and Social Reforms.
12. D.E. Smith : South Asian Politics and Religion.
13. B.L. Grover and : Adhunic Bhartiya Itihasa : Eak Navin
Yash Pal Mulyankan.
14. H.N. Dodwell : Cobridge History of India Vol.-IV.
15. P.E. Roberts : History of British India.
16. S.R. Choudhuri : Left Movements in India, 1917-47.
17. L.P. Sinha : Left wing in India.
18. R.C. Dutt : Economic History of India, 2 Vols.
19. R. Couplaud : The constitutional Problem in India (1944).
20. C.H. Philips (ed.) : The Partition of India, Policies and Perspectives, (1935-47).
21. Kamleshwar Prasad : History of India, 1757 to 1950 A.D.
22. IGNOU Materials on History
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