SS Scifest Special Edition 2015

1Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

AS FAST AS LIGHT

Special Edition | May 2015

SCIENCESTARS

UPCOMING DST EVENTS

BUDGET VOTE NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK

UPCOMING DST EVENTS

BUDGET VOTE NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK

CO

NT

EN

Ts

FEATURES

8 the evolution of the

BLOODHOUND SSC

14 Kyalami race Track

15 research with the csir

18 scifest africa 2015

19 lost in translation

32 DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHT

37 AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT

REGULARS

5 foreword

6 editor's note

17 science news

28 cAREERS

33 QUIZ

34 PUZZLE

CONTENTSCONTENTS

Lunako Mthenjana

theFOREWORD

ing because it gives Science, which can come across as cold and

impersonal, a human face. Scifest allows the guest speakers to

become role models to many young minds that aspire to be in

the same positions as them, and it has the potential to inspire

some who never dreamed that they would be interested in a

career in Science.

We live in a country where not everyone is fortunate enough to

be a part of a school that has fully equipped science laborato-

ries, or even teachers that can bring abstract scientific concepts

to life. Visiting Scifest therefore becomes a great opportunity

because they get to see the applications of the theories that

they learn in class.

Attending Scifest allows one to see the pure beauty of Science

and there is a different theme each year. This year’s theme was

Science Alight, visitors can come year after year and still be filled

with the same awe, excitement and gain new knowledge when

they walk out the doors of Settler’s Monument, just like you did

when you attended Scifest for the first time.

As the youth we all have differing views about Science,

Technology, Engineering and Maths and because of our various

backgrounds and the things we read in magazines or watch on TV.

Some people think that Science investigations are the greatest

things that mankind has ever discovered, some believe that it

is all about blowing things up in a lab and others believe that

Science is only for a select few because only ‘smart’ people can

enjoy it and appreciate its beauty.

Scifest is a great initiative because as you step through the doors

of the 1820 Settlers Monument you are transported to a world

where all your views about Science, Technology, Engineering and

Maths are stripped away and replaced by an exciting curiosity.

The various talks, shows, workshops and exhibitions are great

because they give us opportunities, which we rarely get and we

are able to interact with some of the greatest minds, in the world

of Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths - like Dr Jim Adams,

the Deputy Chief Technologist at NASA. Seeing people that love

Science and are extremely passionate about it is very encourag-Grade 12Victoria Girls’ High School, Grahamstown

Scifest Africa 2015

FEATUREFOREWORD


When I first heard about the Bloodhound, my animal-lover instincts kicked in and I imme-diately pictured a coat of brown and black fur, long floppy ears and bloodshot eyes that are indented in the face of a Bloodhound puppy. This breed of dog was soon overpowered by something much greater and much faster than it. This something had a sharp nose, a smooth blue and orange body and its four legs are made of pure aluminum.

The Bloodhound SSC, in the manmade world, is a creation of genius Engineering and Aerodynamics that aims to chal-

lenge the current World Land Speed Record, leaving all past attempts in the dust of its Hakskeen Pan victory.

Should it be successful, this rocket car will spur a spark of inspiration for all speed lovers. Overwhelmed by the concept of this project, I start-ed thinking about how such a large project came about. How does one start creating a vehicle that is able to travel over 1, 690 km/h without it taking off or falling apart?

When we reached Grahamstown and we walked through the doors of the 1820 Settler National Monument building where Scifest Africa was held, a life-size model of the Bloodhound caught my eye. I realised that a project that big could only be created by a team of passionate indi-viduals who, despite all odds, believe that it can be done.

A simple idea can be turned into a masterpiece through hard work, patience and collaboration. Although your dreams may be daunting at times, persevere and keep building your passion.

In this special issue, we hope to inspire you. We take you through the process of following your dream, whether it be breaking a world record with a new invention or researching ways to improve your world.

Build your passion

Shani Rhoda

Managing Editor • Evans [email protected]

Deputy Editor • Shani Rhoda

Graphic Designer • Cinzia-Joey Swartz

Project Manager • Renata Williams Chairman • Madambi Rambuda

Public Relations • Bongeka Mnotoza

Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga

Subscriptions • [email protected]

Copyright 2015 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.

Science Stars is published by Roswika Media

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LetteR FROMTHE DEPUTY EDITOR

teamScience Stars

Deputy Editor

ED’S NOTE

6 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

FROM CLASSROOM TO BOARDROOM

From building schools to supporting black entrepreneurs, from making university study possible for disadvantaged students to providing work experience for young work seekers, Shanduka Foundation strives to develop South Africa’s human potential.

Over the last decade, Shanduka Foundation has created opportunities for educational development, career growth and entrepreneurial advancement.

Thanks to the ongoing support of many partners in business, government and civil society, Shanduka Foundation is making a significant impact in the lives of young South Africans.

www.shanduka.co.za/shanduka-foundation

• Adopt-a-School Foundation mobilises companies and individuals to invest in education by adopting disadvantaged schools throughout South Africa. Through its model of Whole School Development, the foundation aims to improve the academic, infrastructural, social and security environment in schools, enabling sustainable excellence in teaching and learning. The foundation creates opportunities for temporary employment of community members and for local businesses to get involved in improving schools. It works closely with communities and maintains strong relationships with all stakeholders.

• Kagiso Shanduka Trust (KST) is a collaboration between the Free State Department of Education, Kagiso Trust and Shanduka Foundation to develop and implement a district-wide school development model. It is a five-year programme that will work in over 400 schools, in two districts, utilising

a combination of the best practices of both the Kagiso Trust and the Shanduka Foundation.

• Shanduka Black Umbrellas (SBU) develops qualifying 100% black-owned businesses to a level where they may gain meaningful access to markets, networks and finance. This is conducted via enterprise and supplier development activities within its small business incubators where members are provided with a working environment and support services that will enable them to thrive, and Shanduka Blackpages, an online enterprise and supplier development portal.

• The Cyril Ramaphosa Education Trust provides bursaries to disadvantaged students and organises holistic holiday work programmes for all its students.

• The Shanduka experiential work programme provides opportunities for selected graduates and job seekers within the Shanduka Group and across its partner network.

A DECADE OF EMPOWERMENT

BLOODHOUND SSC

THE EVOLUTION OF THE BLOODHOUND SSC

Speed, light and a new world record

Every person, at some stage in their

life, is exposed to competition. At

schools, there are numerous sporting

events that are held throughout the year.

Some might remember the athletics races

held in primary schools, where an official

gunshot signaled the start and others

might remember playing soccer in their

school clothes during break times.

Since the days of dusty hands and bloody

kneecaps, competition has evolved. At

Scifest Africa 2015, a life-size model of the

Bloodhound Supersonic Car (SSC) stood

its ground. Preparing for its approach

to the arid runway of Hakskeen Pan, the

Bloodhound SSC aims to overtake all

competition in its way to the World Land

Speed Record.

Where did it start?On 23 October 2008, the world of

Science and Technology was intro-

duced to an exciting project that would

inspire all dreamers for years to come.

The Bloodhound SSC team announced

the start of their project during a public

launch at the Science Museum in London.

The reason behind building a car with rocket characteristics? Not only to beat the current World Land

Speed Record (held by Thrust SSC), but also

to encourage youth participation in STEM

- Science, Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics.

The Department of Science and Technology

(DST) welcomed this project into South

Africa and supports the idea behind it.

Inviting a project of this scale into the

country will boost excitement in our youth

and increase interest in the STEM subjects.


FEATUREBLOODHUND SSC

and was unsuccessful at abiding by the

rules. Engineers had to return to the work-

shop with a new task in hand - keeping the

car on the ground using computation fluid

dynamics (CFD).

The first runs of the car will be performed

in the UK in August 2015. The official

launch date in South Africa is set for

September 2015, making the launch of

Bloodhound SSC the world’s largest and

most anticipated Engineering event.

What waits at the end of the road Should the attempt be successful, the

Bloodhound SSC will be internationally rec-

ognised as the fastest moving land vehicle.

Displaying advanced levels of Engineering,

this extreme project will create a spectacle

that will see the emergence of a new breed

of power-hungry Engineers.

Facts:• Roughly 250 organisations are involved

in the project;

• Bloodhound SSC is fitted with three

engines;

• The rocket fuel produced by the

Bloodhound SSC is hotter than a volcano;

• There are cameras positioned on the

inside and outside of the vehicle;

• In the cockpit, the driver’s heartbeat will

be monitored;

• Hydrogen peroxide is used in the vehi-

cle’s hybrid rocket chemistry, enabling the

driver to shut the car down if problems

occur.

Rules:Leaving enough room for creativity and

unimagined growth, the Fédération

Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) has set

out only three major rules. These are:

1. The vehicle must have four wheels and

must stay on the ground at all times;

2. The vehicle must do two runs in opposite

directions within one hour;

3. There must be a driver in control of the

vehicle.

Building the Bloodhound SSC Fitted with three engines, this speed

machine weighs 7786 kg and has a

length of 13.4 metres. With its collection

of Rolls-Royce EJ200 jet engine, NAMMO

hybrid rockets and Jaguar V8 engine, the

Bloodhound SSC will be able to cover a

distance equivalent to four and a half soc-

cer fields in a single second.

The man behind the wheelBeing in control of almost 7,800kgs of

fuelled weight requires a daring amount

of bravery, focused mental and physi-

cal strength, knowledge and experience.

With a history in piloting, Andy Green is

the ideal driver. Judging from his history,

this adrenaline junkie is sure to welcome

this challenge with a focused mind and a

heavy foot.

Currently employed as a Wing Commander

in the Royal Air Force, Green is properly

equipped for this adventure. Naturally,

there are many safety concerns when

embarking on a journey of this scale,

especially around the safety of the people

involved.

Green has learned how to control his

blood flow, enabling him to avoid the

effects of negative g-force. If a driver or

pilot displays no g-force tolerance, it is

likely that they will lose consciousness.

The road to the Northern CapeHakskeen Pan is positioned 260km from

Upington in the Northern Cape. The

runway is the longest of its kind in the

Southern Hemisphere. The pan floods at

least once a year, leaving the land com-

pact yet arid. A team of South African

workers have been employed to clear the

runway of any loose rocks in preparation

for the arrival of the Bloodhound SSC.

Travelling at a speed faster than a bullet,

the vehicle wouldn’t stay on the ground


Displaying advanced levels of Engineering, this extreme project will create a spectacle

BLOODHOUND SSC

Cont

rols

Like

any

car

, the

Blo

odho

und

SSC

has

a st

eerin

g w

heel

cal

led

a yo

ke, l

eft

and

right

foo

t pe

dals

and

a s

peed

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as p

art

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he d

igita

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spla

y sy

stem

.

Addi

tiona

lly, t

he c

ockp

it ha

s a

mul

titud

e

of w

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ays,

fuel

qua

ntity

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unic

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stem

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d

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own

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in c

ase

of p

robl

ems.

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et s

yste

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cket

fue

l pu

mp

is d

esig

ned

to

oper

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11,0

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rpm

, w

ithou

t th

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need

for

oxyg

en.

Pow

er1.

Jet

engi

ne -

Euro

jet

EJ20

0

This

is a

n in

tern

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ombu

stio

n en

gine

that

is re

spon

sibl

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r hal

f the

thru

st o

f the

Blo

odho

und

SSC.

2. A

uxili

ary

pow

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nit -

550

bhp

Jagu

ar S

uper

char

ged

V8

In c

harg

e of

the

roc

ket

oxid

iser

pum

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uxili

ary

pow

er u

nit

sees

that

800

litr

es o

f H

igh

Test

Per

oxid

e (H

TP)

is s

ent

to t

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ocke

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20 s

econ

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3. R

ocke

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- N

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brid

roc

ket

This

eng

ine

will

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a t

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up

to 1

23.7

5kN

whi

ch w

ill

enab

le t

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lood

houn

d SS

C to

acc

eler

ate

to 1

000

mph

.

Brak

ing

syst

ems

1. A

irbra

kes

This

sys

tem

use

s 2

sepa

rate

hyd

raul

ic ra

ms

to re

duce

the

chan

ces

of a

bra

ke fa

ilure

.

Perf

orat

ed a

irbra

kes

redu

ce th

e st

ress

on

the

rear

whe

els

by b

reak

ing

up th

e ai

rflo

w.

2. P

arac

hute

sEq

uipp

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ith a

32m

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iam

eter

bra

ided

line

(cal

led

a st

rop)

, the

par

achu

tes

have

a br

eaki

ng s

trai

n of

23

tonn

es.

3. W

heel

bra

kes

Thes

e br

akes

are

use

d w

hen

trav

elin

g at

a s

peed

bel

ow 2

50 m

ph. A

pply

ing

the

whe

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rake

s w

ill a

llow

the

veh

icle

to

stop

at

the

end

of t

he t

rack

and

pre

pare

the

vehi

cle

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urn

arou

nd.

Susp

ensi

onTh

e su

spen

sion

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desi

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to

with

-

stan

d a

grea

t am

ount

of h

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load

s.

INTE

RIO

R D

ES

IGN


FEATUREBLOODHOUND SSC

Whe

els

The

whe

els

are

mad

e of

sol

id a

lu-

min

ium

so

that

the

y do

not

bec

ome

wor

n ou

t.

Floo

r M

ade

of s

teel

to

avoi

d er

osio

n fr

om t

he

amou

nt o

f ro

cks

and

sand

sho

otin

g up

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m

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grou

nd d

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driv

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Body

wor

kTh

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ont

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is m

ade

of c

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n fib

re a

nd

the

rear

sid

e is

a m

etal

lic fa

bric

atio

n.

Cano

pySi

mila

r to

the

des

ign

of a

fig

hter

jet’s

win

d-

scre

en, t

he c

anop

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otec

ts t

he d

river

fro

m

800g

bird

strik

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100

0 m

ph.

Fin

Resp

onsi

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for

keep

ing

the

vehi

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stab

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and

poin

ting

forw

ard.

Aero

dyna

mic

sTh

e w

ingl

ets

add

to

the

cont

rol

of

the

lift

and

the

dow

nfor

ce (

dow

nwar

ds t

hrus

t),

allo

win

g th

e ve

hicl

e to

tra

vel s

wift

ly.

EX

TER

IOR

DE

SIG

N

Tech

nica

l fac

tsLe

ngth

: 13.

470

met

res

Tailf

in h

eigh

t: 3.

8 m

etre

s

Car

mas

s (fu

lly fu

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d): 7

786

kg

Whe

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t: 95

kg

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Whe

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iam

eter

: 91c

m

Perf

orm

ance

fact

s M

axim

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pow

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35, 0

00

Spee

d: 1

,690

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r 46

9 m

/s

Flyi

ng m

ile: 0

- 1,

000

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cond

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Whe

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peed

: 10,

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rpm


National Science Week 2015Focus week 2015: 3 - 9 August 2015

MAKING SCIFEST POSSIBLE

A brief behind-the-scenes look at Scifest

Walking into an office buzzing

with people and sitting down at

a desk cluttered by papers, I met

the Media Officer of Scifest Africa 2015.

Making space on his desk for my flimsy

notepad, Steven Lang updates the Twitter

page of the event and assures me that he

is listening.

It was a pleasant interview and the busy

setting complemented Lang’s job descrip-

tion. After supplying me with answers

to my questions, Lang smiled for a quick

photo and returned to his Scifest duties.

How did you promote the event?We used a wide range of channels includ-

ing press releases and advertisements in

national newspapers. We also promoted

the event through international channels

such as Facebook and Twitter. Previously,

we relied mainly on press releases but

this time we used social media platforms

more.

How has Scifest grown over the years?Scifest hosted approximately 60 000 visi-

tors in 2014 and has managed to receive

increasing support from both the public

and private sectors. The South African

government (specifically the Department

of Science and Technology) is currently the

main sponsor and there are also private

companies who support the event.

Why is Scifest held at this time of the year?Scifest has been held in the first quarter of

the year for as long as it has been around.

This is a good chance for teachers to find

ways to find inspiration for their classes

and for the youth to gain an interest in

Science.

Are there any plans to extend Scifest to other regions?Although the actual festival takes place in

Grahamstown (and will continue to be here

in the foreseeable future), there are many

activities linked to the event that take place

in other areas. There are also extensive out-

reach programmes that aim to assist train-

ers in teaching Science at rural schools.

What are the positive results of the event (specifically for the youth)?The main purpose of Scifest is to create

an interest in Science and spur curiosity.

The event succeeds in attracting youth to a

career in Science and related subjects.

FEATUREPROFILE

Mr Steven Lang


KYALAMI RACE TRACK Adrenalin and Mechanical Engineering at

their best

If you have ever watched motor racing on television then

you know how much of a spectacle it is. The booming

noises from the engines, screeching brake sounds and

the whole festive atmosphere makes motor racing one of

the top sports in the world.

In South Africa we have several racecourses which include

the Killarney Race Track but we have one that truly stands

out as our very own premier racecourse, this is the Kyalami

Race Track. This course hosted the South African Grand

Prix which is the highest level of motorsport in the world

between 1967 and 1985 and also in 1993. As it is South

Africa’s premier motor racing circuit there are numerous

racing events held at the course throughout the year. If you

love brakes, speed, adrenalin and the excitement then try to

make sure you go there one day.

Did you know?• ThelastSouthAfricanGrandPrix,heldatKyalamiin1993,

was won by Alain Prost.

• KyalamiisisiZulufor“myhome”,thisisbecausethe

course is regarded as the home of South African motor

sport.

• KyalamiwasapopularFormulaOneGrandPrixcircuitfor

many years. Its last race was in 1993 but today it still hosts

A1 racing and superbike events as well as a lot of other

motorsports.

The 4.263km anti-clockwise Kyalami circuit includes 11

turns and is a heady mix of long straights, tricky corners and

the infamous mine shaft, which continues to test even the

world’s best drivers.

Kyalami hosts a variety of domestic racing events, as well

as driver training and vehicle testing. Most weekends the

sounds of racing engines can be heard as fans flock to a

variety of events featuring all kinds of wheels from motor

bikes to racing cars.

In addition to watching motorsport, you can also test your

own skills in various high-speed activities at Kyalami. Super

karts can be rented for 30-minute or one-hour sessions,

for drivers to test their stamina and reflexes around the

circuit. Single-seater racing cars can also be hired through

Fantastic Racing.

BMW and Audi use the track to teach their drivers the skills

of defensive driving , skidding, aquaplaning and blowouts.

Fun Fact

Did you know that

the Formula 1 series

will hold 20 races for

the calendar year and

these races will be in

different exotic cities

all over the world?

KYALAMI


CSIR

RESEARCH WITH THE CSIR

The main research areas

The CSIR deals with many ideas,

problems and solutions on a daily

basis. Various research projects that

can improve the daily lives of individuals

and communities in Africa are a major ele-

ment of what they do.

The key research areas are: Robotics This includes, among others, building

robots that can work in mines through

artificial intelligence. Mining robotics are

designed to avoid obstacles and are also

used to aid search and rescue projects,

enabling assistance in the case of a mine

collapse.

Nanotechnology

This is a new branch of research that has

resulted in Nanomedicine. Research in the

field has resulted in a unique way of treat-

ing Tuberculosis through a single pill that

acts as an alternative to multiple pills and

lasts for up to two weeks.

Another example of Nanotechnology

research is a fire-resistant paint that can

be applied to lessen the damage of house

fires. This form of fire prevention could

be supplied to areas prone to unforeseen

fires.

Laser TechnologyLasers are used in many ways in profes-

sions such as Medicine and Engineering.

Laser technology can be seen in objects

that are used daily, such as CD and DVD

players and is also used in additive manu-

facturing (3D printing).

BiosciencesThis section involves indigenous knowledge

and its significance in modern technologi-

cal advancements. The remedies used by

traditional healers can be considered when

developing new products. For example, tra-

ditional healers’ knowledge on indigenous

plants can be used to develop a pill or

drink with nutritional value.

Biometrics Biometrics involves using human features

for security purposes. Developing a feature

that scans the human eye when withdraw-

ing money from an ATM is a project that

can fall under this category. Within this

category is the accurate use of fingerprints,

even in cases where the skin is burnt.

Rabies vaccine produced using tobacco leaves

Lobsight technology used by the SA Army


Call for Applications The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is one of the leading multidisciplinary research and development organisations in Africa with a sterling and proud track record of developing ‘Ideas that work’ to address a wide range of challenges. With some of the best and brightest minds in the world, we provide solutions that help improve the lives of all South Africans and make a significant contribution to the global wealth of scientific knowledge.

The CSIR hereby invites bursary applications from talented young people wishing to pursue careers in science, engineering, research, technology development and innovation. The CSIR Undergraduate Bursary Programme is open to all academically qualified young people and aims to attract and increase the participation of women and black people in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers.

If you are a South African citizen successfully pursuing a degree in a STEM field at a South African university or a Grade 12 learner aiming to study for a degree in a STEM field in 2016, the CSIR bursary may just be for you.

This is a comprehensive bursary that covers all the costs associated with university studies for the duration of the approved degree programme. Costs include:

Requirements GRADE 12 LEARNERS:• A minimum of a Level 5 for English First Language or a Level 4 for English Second

Language in Grade 11. • Preferably at least a Level 6 for Mathematics and Physical Science in Grade 11. UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: • Must have passed all courses for the study period already completed.

UNDERGRADUATE

PEOPLE BEHIND IDEAS THAT WORK

To apply for a bursary:

Go to www.bursary.csir.co.za to complete and submit your application or email [email protected] for an application form or send your application by registered mail to CSIR Bursary Office, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001 or visit your nearest university.

Should you experience any problems in submitting your application, please contact the CSIR bursary office on [email protected] or (012) 841 3256

The CSIR is a responsible employer; we have put measures in place to ensure that equity is implemented such that it best serves the interests of the organisation and South Africa as a whole. Preference will be given to applicants from previously disadvantaged backgrounds and people living with disabilities. This speaks to the CSIR’s commitment to the Employment Equity Act of 1998.

Ideas that workwww.csir.co.za

CLOSING DATE: 15 JUNE 2015

TUITION FEES BOOKS

LAPTOP ALLOWANCELIVING ALLOWANCE

REGISTRATION FEES

ACCOMMODATION

CSIR BURSARY PROGRAMME 2016

Bursary Advert UNDERGRAD(215x275).indd 1 2015/04/22 10:48 AM

SCIENCE NEWS

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope is currently in the design phase but will soon be entering its final preconstruction phase. The decision was taken unanimously by the SKA board of directors.

The Department of Science and Technology has made

a call for nominations to recognise the work done by

women in Science. The awards aim to highlight these

women as role models for the youth.

Aaron Mostoledi, South Africa’s Minister of Health, addressed the issue of Tuberculosis (TB) at the National TB screening campaign launch in Orkney in the North West province. He said; “Anybody who comes to hospitals for any ailment, we will ask them to subject themselves for TB screening”.

If one should jump through the centre of the Earth, how long would it take to reach the other side? Physics students have previously calculated the correct answer as 42 minutes. Recently, however, 4 minutes have been deducted from that estimated time.

Psychologists claim that boredom is good for stimulating creativity. Although being bored creates feelings of frustra-tion, it urges the creation of other activities and leaves you feeling motivated.

International organisations, namely the Howard Hughes Medical

Institute (HHMI), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Simons

Foundation have joined forces. The partnership announced the new

Faculty Scholars Program. Funding from this programme aims to

support American scientists in their early careers.

SCIENCE NEWS

DST

SCIFEST AFRICA 2015A celebration of Science, inventions and selfies

We arrived in Port Elizabeth on

a bumpy ride and as we dis-

embarked the Aeroplane we

witnessed a rumour come to life. With hair

blowing in all directions, we had safely

made it to the Windy City. Our 1-hour

flight left little time for browsing through

the air company’s on-board magazine but

our excitement and anticipation grew as

we saw a Scifest advertisement in the

plane’s magazine.

Looking back, my first Scifest Africa expe-

rience officially started with office talks

about the annual event and creative prep-

arations for our exhibition as well as our

workshop. While trying to come up with

a way of attracting people to our exhibi-

tion, the Science Stars team came up with

a plan. Our selfie board, as we refer to it,

was a simple frame-like cutout that united

funky hats, colorful hair and oversized sun-

glasses. This simple apparatus proved to

be our most popular attraction.

Surrounded by exhibitions with like-

minded ideas, we realised the true extent

to which Science affects the lives of all.

Everything we see has somehow evolved

from the branches of Science, Technology,

Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).

Hopeful pupils and students were intro-

duced to the key players within each

industry. Public and private organisa-

tions were represented and the union of

the two rewarded interested youth with

bursary and career opportunities. For all

those wanting to pursue a career in any

of the STEM professions, Scifest is a good

stepping stone from which one could plan

their next academic move.

The event’s main sponsor, the Department

of Science and Technology (DST), succeeded

in creating a world where all spectrums of

the studies could gather. There are career

opportunities in Research, Engineering,

Astronomy, Agriculture and many other

fields of study. From airshows outside to

the interactive workshops inside, Scifest

exceeded all my expectations. Scifest

opened our minds to endless possibilities.


WORKSHOP

LOST IN TRANSLATION A review of Science Stars magazine's

workshop at Scifest

Have you ever heard someone

speak and not understood a word

they said? Does it seem like your

teacher is explaining the new Physics

work in French? Their thoughts might

be lost in translation. Science Stars has

noticed a cloud of misunderstanding and

developed a workshop to clarify this type

of confusion.

With the aim of helping the youth trans-

late their thoughts (and the thoughts of

others) into words, Lost in Translation had a

daily slot throughout Scifest. The response

to the workshop was interesting - we spot-

ted all aspiring writers immediately as

they attentively listened and engaged with

the team.

After spending some time going through

the workshop and accepting questions

from our learners, it was our turn to ask a

few questions. We decided to keep it sim-

ple - we asked the crowd simple questions

about what was covered throughout the

workshop, as well as random questions.

The correct answers were rewarded with

a gift pack courtesy of the Department of

Science and Technology.

What was coveredThe workshop guided attendees through

the magazine process, including advice

on how to interview scientists and write

factual articles. Speaking from personal

experience, the Science Stars team walked

learners through the intricate walk to pro-

duction. We covered six main steps:

1. Brainstorming ideas;

2. Researching topics;

3. Collecting data;

4. The interviewing process;

5. Content creation;

6. Distribution of the publication.

But what if you’re not a writer?Because we know that not everyone enjoys

writing, we decided to give our audience

advice on how to tackle those dreaded

school essays. Rewriting an abstract piece

of information can be challenging, so

Science Stars magazine gave eager listen-

ers advice on how to make Science interest-

ing, exciting and understandable for other

readers.

Until next yearScience Stars wishes you well on the rest

of your academic journey. Remember, if

you experience any hiccups along the way,

contact us for help on any of your writing

assignments.

You can reach us on our Facebook page

(Science Stars Magazine) or on Twitter

(@ScienceStars2). Lucky winner of a DST hamper


ARC

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AND PERFECT POTATOES Not as simple as it tastes

A plate of Sunday food is not com-

plete without me and a packet

of chips would remain empty if it

wasn’t filled with me. What am I?

If you haven’t already guessed it and your

cravings haven’t begun yet, the answer to

this riddle is, of course, a potato. Potatoes

are an irreplaceable South African favou-

rite, but have you ever wondered how

farmers keep up with the never-ending

demand for these protein-rich vegetables?

With the rise of problematic crops and the

shift away from organic produce, there is

an ongoing debate on how healthy human

interference is in the cycle of nature. Are

we sure that using artificial light for plant

growth is a healthy, sustainable process?

Dudley Rowswell, a professional in the

field of Meteorology, answers with positive

feedback.“It’sawayofgrowingfoodwhen

you haven’t got the time to keep up with

thedemand,”heexplains.

Previously, Rowswell’s job would be to

control the weather stations and send

out forecasts. Inevitably, natural conditions

such as soil, sun and water affect the rate

at which crops can be produced. Recently,

researchers were able to mimic these char-

acteristics and produce identical

Ms Nokuthula Myeza in the lab


ARC

ways of producing potato mother material.

In charge of agricultural research projects,

the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

has implemented a strategy to keep this

South African tradition going. Nokuthula

Myeza, manager of the in-vitro genebank,

takes us through the process of potato

production in the laboratory.

The process, which is the start of

the whole South African Seed Potato

Certification Scheme, begins with the

preparation of an artificial growth medium

which is made up of 95% water and 5%

nutrients. This medium is bound together

with a gelling agent called agar. The pota-

to tissue is then placed on the gel-like

growth medium under sterile conditions.

Sterile instruments are used to cut the

tissue which is then placed in the growth

room.

In the growth room, the tissue is exposed

to artificial lighting. The intensity of light

changes throughout the various stages of

production. When the tissue is still in its

early development, it is exposed to cool

white fluorescent light (similar to natural

sunlight) which aids its growth and multi-

plication. The tissue is exposed to purple

fluorescent lights during its final growth

stages in order for the leaves to open up

and for the plantlets to become stronger

prior to being transferred to the green-

house for seed potato production.

The standard growth time is 4 weeks and

all the material that is produced is virus-

free and certified upon leaving the labora-

tory. Between the laboratory and the field,

production of seed potatoes takes place in

the greenhouses. Farmers then use these

seed potatoes to produce potatoes in the

field.“TheARCservicestheSouthAfrican

potato industry and assists seed potato

producers in producing virus-free seed

potatoes which in turn lead to production

of disease-free and high yielding potatoes

bytheSouthAfricanfarmers”saidMyeza.

Promoting food security and food safety,

creating virus-free mother material is a

way of increasing production without los-

ing any of the essential attributes of the

natural environment. After being planted

in local fields, seed potatoes grow into big

potato tubers that are sold in commercial

markets.

Natural processes are being duplicated

and improved so that they occur faster

and affect a larger target market. Farmers

no longer need to suffer from drought or

Potato plants placed in test tubes and positioned under fluorescent white lights

Potato mother material stored in the lab Fully grown in vitro potato plants

unsuitable soils. With the help of biotech-

nology, crops can now be multiplied faster

in a lab, throughout the year and irrespec-

tive of the season. Along with an increased

yield of production comes job creation, a

greater food supply, a competitive market

and therefore cheaper cost prices for the

general public.

So, the next time you bite into a forkful of

warm, mushy potato or crunch your fingers

into a packet of flavoured potato crisps,

remember the extensive process that goes

behind the production of these vegetables.


SCIFEST GALLERY


TOP 10

TOP 10: SUPERCARSThe fastest cars on the market

These cars are based on standard

models, without any modifications,

and are completely legal (that’s if

the national speed limit will allow them

on the roads). They reach a speed of more

than double that of most average cars.

These supercars have made it onto the

most recent list of the world’s fastest cars.

1Hennessey Venom GT (435km/h)

The world’s fastest car has a price tag

of more than $1,000,000 (roughly R 12,

000, 000). The 7.0 litre LS7 Turbocharged

V8 Twin Turbo V8 Engine produces a stag-

gering 1244 hp, and the body is unforget-

table too.

2Bugatti Veyron Super Sport (431km/h)

After being placed at the top spot

for 3 years, this German-designed vehicle

is fitted with an 8.0 litre quad-turbo-

charged petrol engine.

3Koenigsegg Agera (418km/h)

Ideal for outdoor enthusiasts, this

car not only has an impressive 5.0-

liter V8 Engine with twin turbos, but can

also be fitted with special tyres and a Ski

Box for snow sports.

4A tie between SSC Ultimate Aero and 9ff GT9-R (413km/h).

Previously recognised as the fast-

est production car in the world by the

Guinness World Records, the SSC Ultimate

Aero reaches the same speed as the

German 9ff GT9-R sports car.

5Saleen S7 Twin-Turbo (399km/h)

Made entirely from carbon fibre,

this American car has boot space in

the front and the rear due to the engine’s

position in the middle section of the car.

6Koenigsegg CCX (394km/h)

With no extra features or unneces-

sary gadgets, this American car is

committed to speed.

7McLaren F1 (386km/h)

Light and streamlined, the McLaren

F1 has maintained a spot on the list

of the world’s fastest cars since 1998.

8Zenvo ST1 (374km/h)

Developed by a small team of

automotive workers, this Danish

vehicle had been sold to only 15 approved

customers after the first prototype was

produced in 2009.

9Pagani Huayra (370km/h)

Featured in the movie Transformers:

Age of Extinction, this Italian vehicle

also received positive feedback from Top

Gear magazine in 2012.

10A tie between Gumpert Apollo and

Noble M600 (362km/h).

The fibreglass body of the Gumpert Apollo

and the carbon fibre finish of the Noble

M600 are tied at 10th place, each reaching

a maximum speed of 362km/h.


AWARD WINNERS

THE BEST OF SCIFEST The list of award winners

At an event like Scifest, many companies are represented and with all the inter-

esting activities and workshops, attracting people to your exhibition can be chal-

lenging. The following exhibitions and workshops stood out and were rewarded

during a special awards ceremony held on the evening of 24 March 2015.

Best Workshop Presentation: Tic Tactical ToebytheUniZuluScienceCentre

Best Workshop Curriculum: Foam Gnomes by Dr Jeanita Pritchett

Best exhibition:1st place: The Agricultural Research Council (ARC).

2nd place: Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO).

3rd place: KwaZulu-NatalSharksBoard.


CAREERS

CAREERS AND BURSARIES Your keys to entering the

field of Science

Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa and Minister Naledi Pandor

At Scifest, Science Stars was intro-

duced to several companies and

organisations that deal with youth

upliftment. Offering bursaries, funding,

advice and support, these professional

entities help the youth in following a

career in Science, Technology, Engineering

and Mathematics.

The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)The CSIR offers various opportunities for

Undergraduate and Postgraduate students

to complete their studies in Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.

Bursaries are available for students study-

ing full-time towards a BSc, BEng or BSc

Honours qualifications. Applications are

accepted between May and July each

year and bursaries are available to South

African students enrolled at a public high-

er education institution.

In partnership with most of the universi-

ties in South Africa, as well as certain

international universities, the CSIR offers a

scholarship programme. Targeted at post-

graduate students studying at any of these

universities, the CSIR scholarship pro-

gramme covers tuition funding and access

to the necessary equipment and facilities

needed for research projects.

The CSIR also offers a studentship pro-

gramme which funds graduates based

on their research

conducted at

the CSIR, as well

as an internship

programme which

offers graduates a

year-long working experience

at one of the national research facilities.

For more information contact Nokuthula

Zamaat(012)8413256or

[email protected]

South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) As part of the National Research

Foundation (NRF), the SAAO encourages

the youth to take up a career that investi-

gates the unknown. A career in Astronomy

requires research in Astrophysics and

Space Science. Undergraduate Astronomy

courses are offered at the University of

Cape Town (UCT) and the University of

South Africa (UNISA).

Postgraduate studies can be pursued

through UCT in the National Astrophysics

and Space Science Programme (NASSP).

Undergraduate and postgraduate bursa-

ries are available from the NRF (www.

nrf.ac.za), SAAO (www.saao.ac.za) and the

Square Kilometre Array, also known as SKA

(www.ska.ac.za).

Youth Technology Innovation Fund (YTIF)Have you ever had an idea but no one to

support it? The Department of Science and

Technology (DST) has come up with a way

of supporting young people with extraordi-

nary ideas. Without the need for any plan-

ning or funds, you can pursue your techno-

logical dreams, thanks to an entity of DST

- the Technology Innovation Agency (TIA).

More information is available at

www.tia.org.za

Engenius Formed in conjunction with the standards

of the Engineering Council of South Africa

(ECSA), this youth outreach programme tar-

gets schools on a national level.

More information is available at

www.engenius.org.za

Other places to considerBursaries and other learning opportunities

are also available through:

• South African National Roads Agency

Limited (SANRAL) - www.nra.co.za

• Old Mutual - www.oldmutual.co.za/

accounting.

• Council for the Built Environment (CBE) -

www.cbe.org.za


FEATUREDST

MEERKAT ANTENNA

Deputy President visits Carnarvon

On 28 February 2015, Deputy

President Cyril Ramaphosa was

guided through a site visit of the

MeerKAT and Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

SA project in South Africa’s Karoo desert.

Positioned in the small town of Carnarvon,

the world’s largest and most sensitive

radio telescope is being built.

The SKA Organisation is an international

team of professionals in the fields of

Science and Technology. This project aims

to uncover the hidden mysteries of the

Universe by studying the sky at a rate

much faster than any existing telescopic

system is able to.

Alongside the Minister of Science and

Technology, Ms Grace Naledi Mandisa

Pandor, Mr Cyril Ramaphosa officially

unveiled the second MeerKAT antenna

during the site visit. Still in its early stages

of development, the MeerKAT is set to

have a total of 64 antennas which is

expected to be completed in 2016.

The SKA SA project, which was established

in 2003, saw its first MeerKAT antenna

inaugurated in 2014. The MeerKAT pro-

gramme is an SKA precursor and was

known as the world’s largest array radio

telescope before the development of SKA.

The project aims to encourage skills

development in the fields of Science and

Technology and attract young people to

the studies. Employing a South African

team of researchers and engineers, the

project is supported by the Department of

Science and Technology.

Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa and Minister Naledi Pandor


We use communication satellites every day when we watch Digital Satellite television (DStv), access the internet or use our cell phones.

Navigation apps use GPS satellites to accurately steer you to your requested destination.

There are boundless opportunities when you consider a career in space.

However you look at it, there is SPACE for you!

Spacecraft are launched into space on rockets and need to be monitored along the way. SANSA provides launch support and recently assisted two Mars launches – NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory and India’s Mars Orbiter Mission.

Weather in space can damage satellites and interfere with our technology like GPS, cell phones and internet. SANSA keeps a close eye on space weather to protect our technology in space and on Earth.

Images from satellites are used to develop maps and monitor natural disasters like floods and droughts.

SAT

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South African National Space AgencyTel +27 12 844 0398 | Fax +27 12 844 0396Email [email protected] | Website www.sansa.org.za

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DST

DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHTIt all begins with a spark

So we all know about light and how

it works.. Wait.. Do we actually?

Maybe, just maybe there are a few

more things we could learn about light.

There are many different types of light. And we are going to try to explore a few of these:

AmbientThis is that type of light that gives the

room a soft and warm glow. It doesn’t cre-

ate a lot of shadows. You can create this

type of light by using a dimmer or some

Japanese paper shades which you can usu-

ally find in Chinese stores.

AccentThis is also known as directional light-

ing. It focuses on lighting a particular

object and bringing it out as opposed to

the other objects in a room. It could be

a picture, painting or a piece of furniture.

A light-bulb and a paper shield can help

you achieve this type of lighting. The good

thing is its perfectly cheap to recreate.

TaskTask lighting is the lighting normally used

to perform daily activities such as reading,

cooking or looking closely at something.

It normally ensures the eyes are not hurt

by direct light. A reading lamp is a perfect

example of this.

AestheticThis is the type of light used to highlight

decorative elements. A blue neon table

would be a perfect example of this type of

lighting. A spotlight illuminating a statue

on a pedestal or portrait on the wall is

also artistic and a good example of this

type of lighting.

NaturalSunlight, candlelight and firelight; this is

light that moves and is sometimes referred

to as kinetic. The quality of natural light,

sunlight in particular, depends on many

things - the time of the day, weather and

the time of the season. Next time see how

the different seasons affect the type of

natural light you see.

These are just a few of the many types of

light we have. Can you name any other

types of light?

Did you know?There are about five different methods

of light bulb light generation. These are

Incandescent, Luminescent, Combustion,

Electric Arc, Gas discharge and High

Intensity Discharge.

ActivityCan you try to find objects that recreate

these different methods and name them?

Terminology Light bulb light generation - The process by which a light bulb pro-

duces its light.

Incandescent - An electric light which produces light with a wire

thread-like structure heated to a high temperature by an electric cur-

rent passing through it until it glows.

Luminescent - This is light produced without generating heat. The light

is generated through a chemical or biochemical reaction.

Combustion - This produces light through a reaction between oxygen

and another chemical to produce a higher temperature and light.

Electric Arc - This type of light comes to be when an electric arc leaps

the gap between two electrodes thereby producing light.

Gas Discharge - This is light generated through sending an electrical

discharge through an ionised gas i.e fluorescent lighting.

High Intensity Discharge - This basically replaces the filament of a light

bulb with a gas caps

Ambient lighting: A Japanese paper shade gives off ambient lighting

Natural lighting: Sunlight occurs naturally and depends on no artificial factors


Reflection happens when light strikes and then _____ a sur-

face.

A. Breaks

B. Bounces off

C. Reflects

Which of the following would reflect the most light?

A. Wooden table

B. Ceramic cup

C. Mirror

The law of reflection involves two light rays. They are?

A. Light and dark

B. Incoming and outgoing

C. Soft and hard

Which three things can light rays travel through?

A. Solids, liquids, gases

B. Air, water, outer space

C. Humans, plants, animals

What property allows light to pass through a material without

the material being scattered in different directions?

A. Translucency

B. Reflection

C. Transparency

QUIZ

1

7

8

9

10

3

4

5

6

QUIZTest your brain

What is light?

A. What we see with our eyes

B. A form of energy that travels in waves

C. A form of material that reflects

Which tool can be used to separate white light into differ-

ent colours?

A. Mirror

B. Telescope

C. Prism

The colours that make up white light are called _____?

A. Prism

B. Visible spectrum

C. Energy waves

What do light rays do as they pass from one transparent

material to another?

A. Bend

B. Disappear

C. Reflect

What does a lens do?

A. Refracts light

B. Magnifies light

C. Takes pictures

2

Bongi eats at a local restaurant during his first visit to Hakskeen Pan...

May I have a light snack

please?

Lost in Translation

Lost in Translation is produced by Roswika Media


DOWNCROSSWORD PUZZLE

WORD SEARCH

1. The high speed wheels are forged

from _______?

2. Who will drive the Bloodhound SSC?

3. How many engines does the

Bloodhound SSC have?

4. Bloodhound SSC travels faster than a

________?

5. How much does each wheel weigh?

6. Where will the testing of the

Bloodhound SSC be held?

ACROSS

PUZZLE

1. What is the Bloodhound SSC?

2. The ______ provides a degree of control,

the lift and downforce?

3. Who holds the current land speed

record?

4. What jet engine is installed in the

Bloodhound SSC?

5. What is the acronym of these subjects:

Science, Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics?

6. Is 1, 610 km/ph (1000 m/ph) possible,

yes/no?

SPEED

SCIFEST

WORKSHOP

ROCKET

BLOODHOUND

SUPERSONIC

ENGINE LIGHT

GRAHAMSTOWN

WHEELS

RACECOURSE

JET

HORSEPOWER

CAR

WORD SEARCH

E U T O R A C K A C S N

P O H S K R O W I W D W

T R D H R P Q N Y N E O

E O C O L B O E U S E T

N C R R S S W O T C P S

I K B S R W H N E I S M

G E Y E L D E B J F O A

N T P P O B E V E E N H

E U J O K K L T M S P A

S N L W K H S L U T D R

Y B Z E E D T H G I L G

M E S R U O C E C A R T

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Health Word Scramble

ANSWERS

1. ACATRBEI- BACTERIA2. LBDOO - BLOOD3. ELGYALR - ALLERGY4. IEXEESRC - EXERCISE5. ISVUR - VIRUS6. LPSHIOAT - HOSPITAL7. IEIMDECN - MEDICINE8. EIHYGEN - HYGIENE

9. ULGSN - LUNGS10. REAWT - WATER11. ERTHA - HEART12. XGYNEO - OXYGEN13. IESADSE - DISEASE14. OSTYMMSP - SYMPTOMS15. ESNUR - NURSE

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ANSWERSHealth and Medical Science magazine

LIFE WITHIN HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCE

ISSUE 08SCIENCESTARS

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1. Cerebrum

2. Liver

3. 206

4. Skin

5. Liver

6. 70 beats

7. Brain

8. Myopia

QUIZ


DST

SANSA explores light in all its formsAT THE SPEED OF LIGHT

What SANSA doesStudying what happens

between the earth and the

sun, the South African National Space

Agency (SANSA) is made up of a team

of professionals in the fields of Physics,

Mathematics, Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science.

Established in 2010, the agency has four programmes. These include;• Earth Observation Programme -

researches agricultural factors such as soil,

water and vegetation;

• Space Operations Programme - provides

ground station facilities and services;

• Space Science Programme - based in

Cape Town, this programme facilitates the

study of the space environment and the

effects of the sun on it;

• Space Engineering Programme - in

charge of building satellites through

research on Physics, Maths, Electronics and

Mechatronics.

The classes of the electromagnetic spectrum and examples of everyday objects they exist in:Radio - Televisions, Telephones, Radio sta-

tions, Telescopes.

Microwave - Microwaves, Cellular phones.

Infrared - TV remotes, body heat, security

cameras, health services.

Visible - Anything we see with our naked

eye.

Ultraviolet - Banks use this to detect any

Electromagnetic spectrum

fraudulent notes.

X-rays - Medical purposes.

Gamma rays - Nuclear power plants, nucle-

us of an atom, Sun and stars.

TaskResearch the differences between longitu-

dinal and transverse waves.

Did you know?Listening to the radio and watching TV

is made possible when a satellite dish

amplifies frequencies and sends it back to

a receiving earth station. The satellite sub-

mits with one frequency and receives with

one frequency so that there is no interfer-

ence in the channels.

TerminologyElectric field: The electric force per unit charge.

Electromagnetic spectrum: Putting waves in order of

wavelength.

Electromagnetic wave: A wave produced by the accel-

eration of an electric charge and propagated by the

periodic variation of intensities.

Magnetism: Physical phenomena that are mediated by

magnetic fields which arise due to temperature, pres-

sure and other variables.

Wavelength: The frequency of a wave.


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DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E

ACTIVITY

A workshop by UniZulu Science CentreTHE STORY OF LIGHT

Covering various topics centred on

light (such as the types of light,

the energy and intensity of light),

the Science Centre of the University of

Zululand(UniZulu)hostedaninteractive

workshop named; The Story of Light.

Light behaves in different ways when exposed to various situations. Study the

What happened?When the glass is empty, the coin is visible. Once water

is poured into the glass, the coin is no longer visible

through the side of the glass. What is the reason for this?

A. Reflection

B. Refraction

C. Diffraction

D. Interference

following terms and then use them to do the activity:A. Reflection - this occurs when light

bounces off a surface (for example, when

it shines through a mirror).

B. Refraction - this occurs when light

bends in different mediums or densities

(like when you look through a magnifying

Your task:Do further research on the four behaviours of light and compile

a list of examples of each that can be seen in everyday life.

glass).

C. Diffraction - this occurs when light

bends because of an obstacle or a slit.

D. Interference - this is a result of con-

structive or destructive light (responsible

for the colours that are formed at the back

of a CD).

• PlacetheR1coinundertheglass.

• Lookthroughthesideoftheglass.

What do you see?

What you need:

• Ajugwithwater

• Anemptyglass

• AR1coin

• Slowlyfilltheglassupto1/3 with

water.

• Lookthroughthesideoftheglass

again. What do you see now?

Activity


Cu

t o

ut

and

pla

ce o

n y

ou

r w

all f

or

easy

ref

eren

ce

DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E

Visit www.adoptaschool.org.za/get-involve/backtoschoolfortheday/ for help in identifying a school to support and for more information on how to plan a

successful corporate volunteering event for Mandela Day.

TOGETHER WE CAN MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE IN EDUCATION!

ANYBODY CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE THROUGH DONATING

THEIR TIME, KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND RESOURCES.

Join Adopt-a-School Foundation to celebrate Mandela Day by going back to a school in need of a makeover! Save the Date and start

planning your Back to School for a Day on Mandela Day.

PLEASE JOIN ADOPT-A-SCHOOL FOUNDATION AS WE CELEBRATE MADIBA’S LIFE AND HIS PASSION FOR EDUCATION BY GOING BACK TO SCHOOL FOR A DAY.

gardening / landscaping

sports / recreation

educational resources

minorrenovations

educator admin

feeding schemes

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

aas_back_to_school_magazine_ad_WIP01.pdf 1 2015/05/22 11:14 AM

SS Scifest Special Edition 2015

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Transcript of SS Scifest Special Edition 2015