Revista Natura Ciclo 14-2013

7/22/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 14-2013

1/102

_GYK^TJ

www.rgvkstj`jturj.nam.mx

NKNCA :4?6:>

@JTW_J

GHA^

NWKDJDAG BKD_JTJNK@

VJ_J TW^ MJ@A^


2/102

(DG@^J

Naàng cjs dkigrg`tgs tgxturjs dg cjs pucpjs dg mjàs y gckeg cj tuyj!?6:># A OKG@ BJ^TJ JEATJ_ GRK^TG@NKJ^. CA^ V_GNKA^ DG G^TG MJTG_KJC Â@ ÂCJMG@TG ^WEG_G@NKJ^ ZWG CG^ AI_GNGMA^J NA@^WCTA_J^ [ NA@^WCTA_G^ DG @JTW_J# ZWKG@G^ A@ JOÂCWTJMG@TG CKO_G^ DG _GYG@DG_ CA^ V_ADWNTA^ NA@ CA^ V_GNKA^ ZWG M^ CG^ NA@YG@EJ@. K T @A G^T^ JTKÎGNBANA@ CA^ V_ADWNTA^ DG @JTW_J# VWGDG^ NJMOKJ_CA^ A VGDK_ GC _GGMOACÂ. NAA_DK@JNK@ J@J JCGLJ@D_J CVG\ CG@# J@D_^ @NBG\ CA\J@A [ MJ_KJ@GCJ TA__G. V_ADWNNK@J_K\A@J CJTK@ ^.J. _G^VA@^JOCG ÂIKJ EJ_JT# CA_G@J NJ__J^NA. NA@NGVTA N_GJTKYA T_KV GDKTA_J [ J_K\A@J CJTK@ ^.J. KMV_G^K@ _GV_ADWNNKA@G^ IATAMGN@KNJ^ ^.J. DG N.Y.CA^ NACA_G^ DG CA^ V_ADWNTA^ VWGDG@ YJ_KJ_ G@ CJ KMV_G^K@. @jturj Nasmtknas ^.J. gs cj tktucjr dg nujcqukgr dgrgnba dg prapkgdjd k`tgcgntujc y dg jutar saorg gc na`tg`kda dg gstj _gvkstj y sg rgsgrvjtadas sus dgrgnbas. @jdj dg ca k`ncukda a na`tg`kda jqu# tjcgs nama mjtgrkjc pratgekda par dgrgnbas dg jutar# mjrnjs# caeas y dgms k armjnk` saorg cj nujc rgnjkej u` dgrgnba dg prapkgdjd k`tgcgntujc# k`ncuyg`da pgra àckmktjda j tgxtas# ataerjjs# kcustrjnka`gs y cj tatjckdjd dg cas na`tg`kdas dg cj _gvkstj# padr sgr rgpradunkda# jctgrjda# madkinjda nama u`j aorj dgrkvjdj# rgdkstrkoukda# trj`smktkda a usjda pjrj i`gs namgrnkjcgs# g` tada ag` pjrtg# g` nujcqukgr armj a kdkamj a par nujcqukgr mgdka# gcgntr`kna a mgn`kna# k`ncuyg`da atanapkjda# erjojnk` a par nujcqukgr atra mgdka tkc pjrj eujrdjr kàrmjnk` a rgnupgrjrcj# sk` jutarkzjnk` prgvkj# gxprgsj ypar gsnrkta dg @jturj Nasmtknas ^.J. Nujcqukgr usa à jprapkjda dgc na`tg`kda dg gstj _gvkstj gst prabkokda yj qug pugdg vkacjr cj cgekscjnk` jpcknjocg g` cj mjtgrkj y sgr dgù`nkjda j`tg cjs jutarkdjdgs narrgspa`dkg`tgs.

Z_ NADG JNNGDG J @WG^T_A^KTKA UGO DG^DG TW NGCWCJ_.

Vjrj usjr gstg ndkea gngsktjs u` ngcucjr na`nmjrj y cj jpcknjnk` dg Z_ nadg k`stjcjdj.Jpu`tj cj nmjrj bjnkj gc ndkea y jpravgnbjtada gc na`tg`kda dkspa`kocg.

DG^NWO_G CJ^ @AYGDJDG^ G@ CJ^_GDG^ ANKJCG^DGÂDA_J@TG^ HJKJH@ugvas dgsadarj`tgs racc-a` HjkjhWrog y Hjkjh Jvg`turj. Nampcgmg`tjgc usa dg tus rjej`nkjs jvarktjs*

pramank`CJ@\JMKG@TA

@DKNG

VJ_J GC BAMO_G56

^YG54

VG_IWMG_J74

N_GG_ VJ_J YG_59

MJM [ OGO>5

@JTW_46

VCJ@T44

NB_A@A^9*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

IATAGZWKCO_KA4?

GHA^:9

G_YJ DANG>9

TADADKJ?2

EJ_J@TJ @JTW_J>66Dg< $ :;6.66


11/102

MJ_NA^^W

EWKA

Vjcamj Capgs# >:

Bkdrjtj`tgpratgntardkjrka pjrjgc rastra 76 mc$ :2;.66

dj">7924+

Vratgnnk`sacjr WYJ!WYO

IV^ >6

ànbg">94??+

Jnnk`dgrmanjcmj`tg

Jbarj na` gignta ta`jckzj`tg Atarej u`kiarmkdjd jc taà dg cj pkgc Dkskmucj algrjs g kmpgrignnka`gs Bkdrjtj bjstj par ?4 barjs Na` jnnk` j`tkaxkdj tg

tgxturj ckvkj`jV_AOJDA DG_MJTACEKNJ

[ AITJCMACEKNJMG@TG

Bkdrjtj`tg

ta`jckzj`tgpjrj gc rastraIV^ >6 76 mc$ :;;.66

tkgrrj ">95;9+K`dknjda pjrjpkgcgs marg`js.

jrg`j ">9975+K`dknjda pjrjpkgcgs ncjrjs.

Vjrj qukg` qukgrg bkdrjtjr y pratgegr cj pkgc# y tjmok`prgvg`kr gc g`vglgnkmkg`ta prgnaz# Nbraàs Bydrj

airgng u`j sacunk` nampcgtj dg bkdrjtjnk` na`tgxturj cgvg y à acgasj.

V_ATGNNK@ WYJ

IV^ >6IATAG^TJOCG

pramanka`gs

Durj`tg gc dj# bkdrjtj y pratgegdgc sac y dg cjs jergska`gs dkjrkjs

Bkdrjtjnk` ?4 barjs Jyudj j prgvg kr gc g`vglgnkmkg`ta prgnaz IV^ >6. Vratgeg na`trj cas rjyas WYJ!WYO

Durj`tg cj ànbg tu pkgc `gngsktj

ms bkdrjtjnk`

Nampcgmg`tj gc usa dgc Bydrj IV^ >6 Jnnk` dgrmanjcmj`tg Vkgc sjcudjocg g bkdrjtjdj par ms tkgmpa

NB_A@A^

;

BKD_JTJ_> BKD_JTJNK@ Nbraàs Bydrj


12/102


13/102

Dj IV^ :7

>6( jas">76?5+ rgpugsta ">76?2+47( jas ">76?;+ rgpugsta ">76>6+

96( jas ">76>:+ rgpugsta ">76>?+

@anbg

>6( jas ">9?29+ rgpugsta ">9?2?+Vraparnka`j ùtrknk` y rgg`grekzj cj pkgc.47( jas ">76>>+ rgpugsta ">76>4+Vramugvg ùtrknk` y rgna`struyg cj pkgc.

5>

V_ATGNNK@ WYJ

IV^ :7IATAG^TJOCG

,Varng`tjlg dg vacu`tjrkjs dg ms dg 47 jas qug pgrnkokgra` cas rgsuctjdas utkckzj`da @jturj Nbraàs packtg`sar dg salj Dj IV^ :7 47(.

HKT 47( "4>:?9+_GVWG^TA VACKTG@Â_DG Â[J DJ 47( "IV^ :7+( @ANBG 47(

Var76

Dg< $ 7>2.66

HKT >6( "4?;5;+_GVWG^TA VACKTG@Â_DG Â[J DJ >6( "IV^ :7+( @ANBG >6(

Var76

Dg< $ 7>2.66

(

(

>6( jas"IV^ :7+rgpugsta

>6( jasrgpugsta

47( jas"IV^ :7+

rgpugsta

47( jasrgpugsta

HKT _GVWG^TA^< DKJ ( @ANBG

>6' ms gna`mkna57' mgàs kmpjnta

jmokg`tjcAVNK@ NA@

_GVWG^TA

NB_A@A^

::

pramanka`gs


14/102

Vkgc na` oug`j jpjrkg`nkj#sk` cjs prkmgrjs sgjcgsvkskocgs dg g`vglgnkmkg`ta.

V_KMG_A nukdjdas

BKD_JTJ_> BKD_JTJNK@ j`tksgjcgsGc j`tksgjcgs ms tgnàcekna dg @jturj Nbraàs

GCKEG ^GE@TW VKGC# GDJDG K@TG@^KDJDDG ^GJCG^

V_ADWNTA^ VJ_J GC DJ V_ADWNTA^ VJ_J CJ @ANBG

@ANBG_G^TJW_JNK@

VJ_JTADJ^ CJ^gdjdgs

Nrgmj j`tksgjcgsànbg >6 e$ 4;6.66 "?6;>>+rgpugsta

$ >92.66 "?6;>9+

Nampcgmg`tj tu trjtjmkg`tana` cj Nrgmj J`tksgjcgs@antur`j.

TJTG_HJ

Igr`j`dj Nautk`ba# >>

V_GYG@NK@ Nrgmj j`tksgjcgs?7(IV^ :7 >6 e$ 4?9.66rgpugsta

$ >?6.66

Vrgvkg`g djasy prkmgrjs sgjcgs."?6;7?+

rgpugsta"?6;42+

>6' ms gna`mkna57' mgàs kmpjntajmokg`tjc

AVNK@ NA@_GVWG^TA

OG@GIKNKA^ ? vgngs ms bkdrjtjnk` Ms irmgzj Vratgnnk` sacjr IV^ >6 WYJ, Mgàs sgjcgs Ocaquga dg cas rjdknjcgs ckorgs


15/102

Jpjrknk` dg cjs prkmgrjsc`gjs dg gxprgsk` yijnkdgz cgvg g` cj pkgc.

VANJ^sgjcgs ^gjcgs

Jpjrknk` dg sgjcgs#c`gjs dg gxprgsk` yijnkdgz madgrjdjg` cj pkgc.

IWG_\J

MWNBJ^sgjcgs

^gjcgs jng`tujdjs#munbjs c`gjs dg gxprgsk`#ijnkdgz k`tg`sj y prdkdj dgcj rgskstg`nkj g` cj pkgc.

Dksmkùyg cjs sgjcgs yrggqukckorj cj pkgc.">:;44+

rgpugsta ">:;4>+

Ork`dj rmgzj# dksmkùygsgjcgs y rggqukckorj cj pkgc.">:;4?+

rgpugsta ">:;4:+

Ork`dj rgskstg`nkj# trjtjjrruejs y rggqukckorj cj pkgc.">:;46+

rgpugsta ">:;>;+

Ork`dj rmgzj# artjcgng cjojrrgrj dg pratgnnk` dg cjpkgc y trjtj jrruejs.">?66?+

rgpugsta ">?66:+

Ork`dj rgskstg`nkj# artjcgngcj ojrrgrj dg pratgnnk` dgcj pkgc y trjtj jrruejs.">?666+

rgpugsta ">:;;;+

V_GYG@NK@

Nrgmj j`tksgjcgs47( IV^ >6 >6 e$ 4;6.66 rgpugsta$ >92.66

Nrgmjj`tksgjcgs 96(IV^ >6 >6 e$ 4;6.66 rgpugsta$ >92.66

Vraparnka j ms rmgzj

y trjtj cjs sgjcgs dgg`vglgnkmkg`ta.">:;49+

rgpugsta ">:;47+

Vrgvkg`g pgqugas djas#

rgdung tg`ska`gs y trjtjsgjcgs cgvgs.">:;42+

rgpugsta ">:;45+

_G@AYJNK@

Nrgmjj`tksgjcgs >6(IV^ >6 >6 e$ 4;6.66rgpugsta

$ >92.66

_G^WCTJDA^G@

5 djs,,

,âca g` cjs nrgmjs >6(# 47( y 96(. ,,_gsuctjdas aotg`kdas ojsjdas g` cj pgrngpnk` dg mglarj dg cjs vacu`tjrkjs qug utkckzjra` gc pradunta.

_gùgvj cj ojrrgrj pratgntarjdg cj pkgc ork`dj`da rgskstg`nkj#y trjtj cjs jrruejs.">:7>?+

rgpugsta ">:7>:+

_G K TG@NKJ

Nrgmjj`tksgjcgs 56(IV^ >6 >6 e$ 4;6.66rgpugsta

$ >92.66

NB_A@A^

:>


16/102

^jojs qug njdj rgek` dgc rastra g`vglgng dg u` mada dkigrg`tg1Gs par gsa qug g` gstj gtjpj dgogs gcgekr praduntas jdgnujdaspjrj cjs gngskdjdgs ms gspgninjsdg tu pkgc. Kdg`tknjcjs.

trjtjmkg`ta

gspgnnag k`tg`skva

Msnjrjdg bkdrjtjnk`k`tg`skvj 76 e

$ ?69.66 "?6;75+Bkdrjtj cj pkgc bjstj par ?4

barjs# praparnka`j`dasujvkdjd y cumkàskdjd.

W^J_ ? YGNG^ VA_ [email protected]_ JNTWJ_ VA_

7 MK@WTA^ [ _GTK_J_ NA@JCEAD@ BMGDA.

55'GIGNTAtg`sar

K@MGDKJTA,,,

;:'jtgùjnk`DG C@GJ^ DG GRV_G^K@ G@TADJ^ CJ^ _GEKA@G^ DGC

^rumna`ng`trjda >6 mc$ 4;;.66"?6;77+

Jctj na`ng`trjnk`dg jntkvas qug sujvkzjsgjcgs y pramugvg u` ggntatg`sar k mgdkjta.

:66'MGLA_J CJ

BKD_JTJNK@DG CJ

pkgc,,,

rastra,,,

_A^T_A

_GJ GRNG^KYJMG@TG

_G^GNJ

_A^T_A

^GJCG^ K@TG@^J^

:66'MGLA_J DG CJCWMK@A^KDJD

DG CJpkgc,,

26'JNCJ_JMKG@TA

DG CJpkgc,

;5'GIGNTAtg`sar

K@MGDKJTA,,W^J_ DW_J@TG CJ@ANBG# [ DG DJ WTKCK\J_V_ATGNNK@ ACJ_.

^rum k`tg`skvajncjrjdar j`tksgjcgs >6 e$ 777.66">62?4+Jncjrj# atarej u karmkdjd g kcumk j cj pkgc.ûjvkzj cjs sgjcgs y jumg`tj cj irmgzj.

,Varng`tjlg dg vacu`tjrkjs qug pgrnkokgra` mglarj utkckzj`da gc Nbraàs pbjrmj jncjrjdar j`tksgjcgs namok`jda na` u` pratgntar sacjr.,,Varng`tjlg dg vacu`tjrkjs g` cjs nujcgs cj mglarj ug pgrnkokdj nc`knjmg`tg utkckzj`da gc Nbraàs pbjrmj jncjrjdar j`tksgjcgs.,,,_gsuctjdas ojsjdas g` cj pgrngpnk` dg mglarj dg cj pkgc dg cjs vacu`tjrkjs qug utkckzjra` cas praduntas.

Nbraàs Vbjrmj

_A^T_A

_GJ^ A^NW_GNKDJ^


17/102

59'dg jtgùjnk` g`c`gjs dggxprgsk`,,,

95'DK KMWCJ

k mgdkjtjmg`tgalgrjs,,,

5;'jtgùjnk` g`c`gjs dggxprgsk`,,,

2?'rgdunnk` dg

rgsgnjmkg`ta yerkgtjs,,,

Gmucsk` j`tksgjcgs rgjirmj`tgpjrj na`tarà dg alas :7 e

$ ?;;.66 "?6;72+Dkskmucj y sujvkzj oacsjs# algrjs y sgjcgs.Vramugvg ggnta tg`sar k mgdkjta.

ALA^

ALG_J^# OAC^J^[ C@GJ^ DGGRV_G^K@

Nrgmj pjrj cjokasy na`tarà dg cjokas :7 e$ ?;;.66 "?6;79+_gstjurj y pratgeg cas cjokasna`trj gc rgsgnjmkg`ta ycjs erkgtjs. ûjvkzj cjs sgjcgs.

CJOKA^

_G^GNJMKG@TA[ ^GJCG^JNG@TWJDJ^

Trjtjr gc rastra dkjrkjmg`tg gsgsg`nkjc pjrj u`j pkgc sjcudjocg.Vgra tu nugrpa tjmok` rgqukgrgdg nukdjdas gspgnkjcgs. Jqug`na`trjrs tadj cj tgnàcaej@jturj Nbraàs pjrj tada

gc nugrpa.

Nrgmj dg ckmpkgzjoka-gxackj`tg :76 mc

$ :;;.66 ":95;?+Gxackj y rgmugvg ncucjs mugrtjsg kmpurgzjs dg cj pkgc.

Nrgmj pjrjmjàs

oka-rgeg`grjdarjIV^ :7 76 e

$ ?:;.66 ":92>2+Dgvugcvg cj irmgzj y

gcjstknkdjd j cj pkgcdg cjs mjàs.

^rum narparjcoka-rgduntar :66 mc

$ 49;.66 ":9:?5+rgpugsta

$ >55.66 ":92>7+Jyudj j rgdunkr mgdkdjs# js namacj jpjrkg`nkj dg cj pkgc dg `jrj`lj.

@jturj Nbraàs nugrpa

NB_A@A^

:7


18/102

K`spkr`daàs g` cj sjokdurj

papucjr# trj`siarmjmas cjs

trjdknka`gs g` nasmtknas qug

dgspkgrtj` cas sg`tkdas y às

na`gntj` ùgvjmg`tg na`ùgstras areg`gs. Vrjntknjmas

y dkiu`dkmas cas prk`nkpkas dgc

dgsjrracca sustg`tjocg nama

iugrzj trj`siarmjdarj.Nudjtg#

nukdj`da jc pcj`gtj.

GHA^pktjèjCj pktjèj gs u` iruta rgnaànkda nama

smoaca dgc nckmj trapknjc orjskcga. Iruta dg

sjoar ntrkna rgirgsnj`tg# sus baljs gxbjcj`

u` pgriumg sujvg y jerjdjocg# erjnkjs j sus

ùmgrasas nj`jcgs praduntargs dg jngktgs

jramtknas.

Ljoa`gssurtkdaspktjèj4 u`kdjdgs dg

:66 e njdj u`j2?2:+

DG^NWG@TA?7'DG

g` `ntjrbkdrjtj`tg

pjrj gc nugrpa

BKD_JTJy rgirgsnj

cj pkgc

@ntjr bkdrjtj`tgpjrj gc nugrpa 466 mc

">5;:2+

Var;5?9+rutjc

g`vacvg`tg

baljs dg pktjèj

pktjèj">4947+rutjc

vkorj`tg

baljs dg pktjèj

pktjèjprgtj">4949+iarjc

rgrgsnj`tg

baljs dg pktjèj

BKD_JTJy pgriumj

bjstj par

?4 BA_J^

Ljo` g` ojrrjpura vgegtjc> u`kdjdgs nrgmasjs

dg :66 e njdj u`j.

> gmpjqugs k`dkvkdujcgs.

$ :7;.66">995;+

LJOA@G^

tadas ej`j`

Cjs pktjèjs dg cas praduntas @jturj Ghas

pravkg`g` dg cj Bjnkg`dj Jcpk j# canjckzjdj g` â

Vjuca# Orjskc# y gs rgnaànkdj g` cj rgek` par sus

prntknjs sustg`tjocgs. Dgsdg bjng :7 jas trjojlj

g` cj gxtrjnnk` dg jngktgs gsg`nkjcgs jramtknas

g` skstgmj are kna. Durj`tg cj nasgnbj# cjs

baljs dgc pktjèugra sa` rgtkrjdjs mjùjcmg`tg.

Dgspus# sg dglj` sgnjr y g` ? djs sg nacanj` g`

u`j mquk j dg jctj prgsk` qug gxtrjg u` jngktg

jramtkna pura# utkckzjda g` cas praduntas.

Ljo` cqukdapjrjmjàs ?76 mc$ :96.66">4962+rgpugsta

$ :?2.66">496;+

Ljo` cqukdapjrj gc

nugrpa ?76 mc$ :46.66

">49:?+rgpugsta

$ ::?.66">49:>+

Ljo` cqukdagxiackj`tg ?66 mc$ :97.66">49:5+

gxiackjnk`^WJYG

gmpjqugsK@DKYKDWJCG^

DG^NWG@TA

?6'DGg` irgsnargs

gju dg takcgttgpktjèj

Irgsnar gjudg takcgttg :76 mc

Var?66

Dg< $ ?;6.66


20/102

NWG_VA

Jngktg trkisknanarparjc ?66 mc

pktjèj">475>+rgpugsta

">4754+

pktjèj prgtj">4775+

rgpugsta">4772+

pktjèjjmjrgcj

">4495+rgpugsta

">5;?6+

NJOGCCA

Njogcca erjsa

^bjmpaa >66 mc$ ::7.66

">472;+rgpugsta$ ;?.66">47;6+

Jna`dknka`jdar >66 mc$ ::7.66

">47;:+rgpugsta$ ;?.66">47;>+

DG^NWG@TA

>6'DGg` jngktgstrkisknaspktjèj

Var6

Dg< $ ?>;.66

rgpugsta$ :;:.66

BKD_JTJy pgriumj

bjstj par

?4 BA_J^


21/102

GHA^

:;

GHA^

Gc dj gmpkgzj y cj sgcvj gst dg igstj. G` ca jcta

dg cas jjkzgkras# cas jerknuctargs ngcgorj` cj

ccgejdj dg u`j ugvj nasgnbj dg jj rgnaekg`da

gc ruta# qug gs munba ms qug u` sustg`ta pjrj

cas pugocas dg cj Jmjza kj. Vjrj gccas# gc jj gs

trjdknk . Gs cj mj kgstjnk` dg u`j nucturj qug

mgrgng sgr ngcgorjdj.

tadas ej`j`

G`trj jwww.`jturjghas.nam.mxy naàng ms.

GHA^jjNama cas irutas dg cj `jturjcgzj#gstas praduntas gst` dkspa`kocgspar u` pgrkada `kna dgc ja.Vrugoj cjs tgxturjs# irjej`nkjsy nacargs `knas qug cj nasgnbjdg gstg ja às airgng.

Vucpj bkdrjtj`tgpjrj gc nugrpa 466 mc$ ?47.66">472>+

NWG_VA

NWG_VA

Jngktg trkisknanarparjc ?66 mc$ ?>;.66">4755+

Njdj nasgnbj dg jj gs`knj. Njdj pradunta gs

pjrtg dg u` dgsnuorkmkg`ta.Naàng ms g`

www.`jturjghas.nam.mx

VG_IWMG_J

Irgsnar gju dgtakcgttg :76 mc$ ?;6.66">4942+rutjc

jsnk`j`tg

jj

tgxturjckvkj`j

_VKDJJOÂ_NK@

pramanka`gs


22/102

Gc `ntjr bkdrjtj`tg dgmjrjnuy pasgg u`j tgxturjcgvg y rgirgsnj`tg. û irmucjairgng bkdrjtjnk` bjstj par >6barjs# dglj`da cj pkgc na` u`jsg`sjnk` dg sujvkdjd. Gc g`vjsg

na` vcvucj ijnkcktj cj jpcknjnk`.

VG_IWMG_Jtkps

@ntjr bkdrjtj`tgpjrj gc nugrpa 466 mc

$ ?47.66">4796+rgpugsta

$ :;9.66">479:+

BKD_JTJNK@K@MGDKJTJBJ^TJ VA_

>6 barjs

Irgsnar gjudg takcgttg :76 mc$ ?;6.66 ">;5>6+irutjc | sujvg | mjrjnuy

Jngktg trkiskna

narparjc ?66 mc$ ?>;.66">475:+

rgpugsta$ :;:.66

">475?+

Vucpj bkdrjtj`tgpjrj pkgr`js y

pkgs :66 e$ :7;.66">479>+

NWG_VA GHA^mjrjnuyGc mjrjnuy gs rgnaànkdapapucjrmg`tg par su vjcarjckmg`tknka y sus prapkgdjdgsnjcmj`tgs. Dg su iruta gs

gxtrjda gc jngktg dg mjrjnuy#rkna g` amgej 9# qug tkg`gjnnnka`gs gmackg`tgs y dglj cjpkgc sujvg.

Vucpj bkdrjtj`tgpjrj mjàs 57 e

$ :47.66 ">479?+


23/102

GHA^

?:

GHA^

gmpjqugsK@DKYKDWJCG^

Ljo` g` ojrrjpura vgegtjc

> u`kdjdgs nrgmasjs

dg :66 e njdj u`j.

Gmpjqugs k`dkvkdujcgs.

$ :7;.66">9952+

Ljo` cqukda pjrjmj`as ?76 mc

$ :96.66">4969+

rgpugsta$ :?2.66 ">4965+

Nuj`da utkckzjs u` pradunta dg

Ghas# gsts jyudj`da jc pcj`gtj.

^jogs nj`ta1

Vjrtknkpj dg `ugstra

lugea pjrj g`tgrjrtg66 mc$ ::7.66">4725+

rgpugsta$ ;?.66">4722+

@ntjrna`ng`trjda

j`tkirkzz :66 mc$ :>7.66

">49>5+

LJOA@G^

NA@ JNGKTG

[ ^GMKCCJ^ DG

mjrjnuy

Ljo` cqukdagxiackj`tg ?66 mc

$ :97.66">49:9+

Ljo` cqukdapjrj gcnugrpa ?76 mc$ :46.66">49:6+rgpugsta

$ ::?.66">49::+

NJOGCCA

Njogcca rgogcdg

y na` irkzz

^bjmpaa >66 mc$ ::7.66

">4727+rgpugsta$ ;?.66">4729+


24/102

NWG_VA

ùtrgG BKD_JTJ CJ VKGC

bjstj par>6 barjs

GHA^njstjjGc roac dg cj njstjj gs gc rgy dgcj sgcvj jmjz`knj. Dg su iruta sggxtrjg u`j cgnbg ocj`nj muy ùtrktkvj#qug gs u`j dg cjs prk`nkpjcgs iug`tgsdg jckmg`tjnk` dg cas pugocas dgcj rgek`. Dgokda j cjs prapkgdjdgs

bkdrjtj`tgs dgc jntkva# cas praduntasairgng` ùtrknk` y iugrzj jcj pkgc y cas njogccas.

NWG_VA

Oja dg cgnbgbkdrjtj`tg ?66 mc$ ??7.66">7:27+

Vucpj bkdrjtj`tgpjrj mjàsy ujs 57 e

$ :47.66">4?49+

Vucpj bkdrjtj`tgpjrj pkgs 57 e$ :47.66 ">4>95+

Vucpj dg ckmpkgzjgxiackj`tg pjrj

pkgs 96 e$ :>;.66 ">4?47+

Vucpj bkdrjtj`tgpjrj gc

nugrpa 466 mc$ ?47.66">4>97+

rgpugsta$ :;9.66

">4>99+

VKGC M^


25/102

GHA^

?>

GHA^

NJOGCCANjogcca sgna y qugorjdkza

@WT_KNK@

y iugrzj

Cgnbg na`ng`trjdjrgpjrjdarj dgpu`tjs :66 mc$ :>7.66">4?45+

^bjmpaa >66 mc$ ::7.66">4?4:+

rgpugsta

$ ;?.66">4?4?+

Jna`dknka`jdar >66 mc$ ::7.66">4?4>+

rgpugsta

$ ;?.66">4?44+

Msnjrjbkdrjtj`tg pjrjgc njogcca ?66 e$ ?:6.66">49>9+

LJOA@G^

gmpjqugs

K@DKYKDWJCG^

TGRTW_Jnrgmasj

Ljo` g` ojrrjpura vgegtjc> u`kdjdgs nrgmasjs

dg :66 e njdj u`j.

Gmpjqugs k`dkvkdujcgs.

$ :7;.66 ">992?+

Gcjoarjda na` jngktg dgnjstjj.

Ljo` nrgmasapjrj gc nugrpa ?76 mc

$ :46.66 ">4?76+rgpugsta

$ ::?.66">4?7:+

VG_IWMG_JIrgsnar gju dgtakcgttg :76 mc$ ?;6.66">;5>:+ducng

rgirgsnj`tg

njstjj


26/102

GHA^ njnjaMuy vjcarjda par cas pugocasj`tkeuas# sus sgmkccjs eujrdjù`j mj`tgnj prgnkasj# rknj gàmgej ;# jctjmg`tg gmackg`tg#qug airgng bkdrjtjnk`pracaèjdj j cj pkgc y jc njogcca.

BKD_JTJNK@pracaèjdjbjstj par

>9barjs

Vucpj bkdrjtj`tgpjrj pkgr`js y pkgs :66 e$ :7;.66 ">4792+

Mj`tgnj bkdrjtj`tgpjrj gc nugrpa ?66 e

$ ?7;.66 ">4795+

Irgsnargju dgtakcgttg :76 mc$ ?;6.66">;5?5+ducng

dgcknjda

njnja

VG_IWMG_J

NWG_VA

g` pucpjbkdrjtj`tgpjrj mjàs

DG^NWG@TA

?6'DG

Vucpj bkdrjtj`tgpjrj mjàs 57 e">475;+

Var26.66">4945+bgrojc

rgirgsnj`tg

mjtg vgrdg

GHA^mjtg vgrdg@jtkva dgc sur dg Orjskc# gc mjtg vgrdg pasgg

prapkgdjdgs vkearkzj`tgs y g`grekzj`tgs.

K`spkrjdj g` gsg jntkva# @jturj Ghas

dgsjrracc u`j irjej`nkj dg jramj irgsna

y dkstkèukda# qug nacanj jc bamorg g`

sk`ta`j na` su `jturjcgzj.

vacumg`

na`tracjda

BJ^TJ VA_

?4barjs

Nrgmjàntur`j pjrjnjogcca :76 mc$ :97.66">49>;+

Nrgmj pjrj

pgk`jr :76 mc$ :>7.66

">49>2+

Jna`dknka`jdar >66 mc$ ::7.66

">47;9+rgpugsta$ ;?.66">47;5+

NJOGCCAYacumkàsa y sgna

^bjmpaa >66 mc$ ::7.66">47;4+

rgpugsta$ ;?.66">47;7+

Msnjrjbkdrjtj`tg pjrjnjogcca ?66 e$ ?:6.66">49>7+

NA@

MJ@TGNJ DG

NJNJA

bkdrjtj`tg


28/102


29/102

GHA^

?5

GHA^

LJOA@G^

rgirgsnj`tgs">496?+: mjtg vgrdg

: ourktk

: mjrjnuy

:pktjèj

gxiackj`tgs">4964+: ourktk

: mjrjnuy

: j`dkraoj

: pktjèj

pramanka`gs

nrgmasas">496>+: njnja

: njstjj

: j`dkraoj

: nupuju

dgsnug`tagspgnkjc

Ljoa`gs g` ojrrjpura vgegtjc surtkdasNjlj na` 4 u`kdjdgs

dg :66 e njdj u`j.

Var2.66"?;;>>+Njlj na` > u`kdjdgsdg ;6 e njdj u`j.

IW@TAA@G^

VG_IWMG_J

Naca`kj :66 mc$ :;;.66@a na`tkg`g jcnabac.

NJOGCCA

Tk` k` k`sbjmpaa njogccarkzjda ?76 mc

$ ;;.66 "?5>29+rgpugsta

$ 5;.66"?246;+

Tk` k` k`jna`dknka`jdarnjogcca rkzjda ?76 mc$ ;;.66 "?24::+

rgpugsta$ 5;.66"?24:6+

njogcCa

cksamsorkcca

^pcjnh*sbjmpaanjogccacksa ?76 mc

$ ;;.66"?5>25+

rgpugsta$ 5;.66"?5>2>+

^pcjnh*jna`dknka`jdarnjogccacksa ?76 mc

$ ;;.66"?5>27+rgpugsta

$ 5;.66"?5>2?+

njogcCarkzjda

tadas castkpas dgnjogcca

Yjpt vuptsbjmpaa? g` : ?76 mc$ :6;.66"?5>24+

rgpugsta$ 25.66"?5>2:+

pradunta?g` :

ogm oam`kjs

"::2>:+irutjc

vkorj`tgmj`zj`j

ogm oam`kas"::2>?+bgrojc

naìartjocgramgra

IW@TAA@G^


44/102

^V_J[^narparjcgsIcukda y cank` sprjy :?6 mcAirgng bkdrjtjnk` bjstj par ?4 barjs y rgskstgjc jeuj y jc sudar bjstj par > barjs.

@jturj Iatagqukcorka pratgeg

cj sjcud dg cj pkgc pjrj nukdjr cj

rgcjnk` `knj dg njdj k`dkvkdua

na` gc sac bay# mjj`j y j

ca cjrea dg tadj cj vkdj. W`j

c`gj dg pratgntargs sacjrgs

nampcgtj g k`àvjdarj# na`

irmucjs dg jctj pratgnnk` yg`vjsgs madgràs. @jturj

Iatagqukcorka. âca ca

mglar dgc sac.

V_ATGNTA_G^

kìj`tkcgsNa` irmucjs gxncuskvjs pjrj

cj pkgc dgcknjdj dgc `ka y dgc ogo.

ùgvj

I_MWCJ^GNJDA

rpkda

Cank` pratgntarjpjrj ogos 76 mc$ ?:6.66 "?7;2;+_gskstg jc jeuj bjstjpar 9 barjs.

96IV^

Cank` pratgntarjsprjy pjrj `kas :?6 mc$ ?76.66 ">7>>9+_gskstg jc jeuj y jc sudarbjstj par 9 barjs.

>6IV^

Cank` pratgntarjpjrj `kas :?6 mc

$ ?>7.66 ">7>>2+Airgng jctj pratgnnk` WYJy WYO. _gskstg jc jeuj bjstjpar 9 barjs.

96IV^

Cank`pratgntarj$ ?:7.66">94>5+

>6IV^

Cank` pratgntarj$ ?76.66">94>2+

Icukda pratgntar

$ ?57.66">7>>5+

IV^96IV^

Dgsnuorg nma gcgekr gc ijntar dg pratgnnk` sacjr jdgnujda6IV^

96IV^

$ ?:6.66"?7;2:+

$ :26.66"?7;2?+

>6IV^

HKHAI

G__KTG

prgvkg`g_G^GNJMKG@TA

DG CJOKA^

Cank`pratgntarj :?6 mcAirgng bkdrjtjnk` pracaèjdj y rgskstgjc jeuj y jc sudar bjstj par > barjs.Na`tkg`g NJA# qug jyudj j namojtkr

gc iatag`vglgnkmkg`ta.

NA@

jcagvgrj

96IV^

Vratgntar cjokjcbkdrjtj`tg 7 e

$ :66.66"?7;54+

$ ?>6.66

">7>46+96IV^

IATAGZWKCO_KA

4>


46/102


47/102

tkps

Naàng ms saorg cj nrgmjprg-jcksjda55:>+

rgpugsta$ 92.66

">55:?+

Var< $5::6Dg< $ 5;.66

^bjmpaa>66 mc

">55:7+

rgpugsta$ 92.66

">55:4+

Var< $5::6

Dg< $ 5;.66

cj`zjmkg`ta

, G`nugstj nuj`tktjtkvj rgjckzjdj na` :?6 vacu`tjrkjs.

Nuj`da ccgva gcpgca sugcta mg skg`tams ckorg y sgeurj. Ca

skg`ta par dg`tra y sgvg par iugrj.

Var< $::2:7Dg< $ :>;.66

HKT: sbjmpaa( : jna`dknka`jdar( : nrgmj njpkcjr"4>:?2+

Var55?6+rgpugsta

$ 92.66 ">55:;+Ckmpkgzj y irgsnurjpracaèjdj.

Jna`dknka`jdar>66 mc

$ 5;.66">5569+rgpugsta

$ 92.66 ">5567+ûjvkdjd ydgsg`rgda

sk` pgsjdgz.

NBAZWGrgeg`grjtkvaDJ

YKD^K^Â[

EWKDAN

BAWGCJ

VJ_J NJOGCCA MW[ DJJDATrjtjmkg`ta rgeg`grjtkva k`tg`skvaqug rgstjocgng cj sjcud y cj ogccgzjdgc njogcca bjstj g` das sgmj`js#dgvacvk`dacg mavkmkg`ta y vktjckdjd._gnamg`djmas gc usa jctgr`jda naàtrjs c`gjs dg @jturj Vcj`t.

Nrgmj pracaèjdarjdg rgsuctjdas:56 mc$ :>>.66"?:>6?+

^bjmpaajna`dknka`jdar >66 mc$ ;7.66

"?:>6:+

Mk njogcca gs mk njrtjdg prgsg`tjnk`. Mgeustj mj`tg`grcasjà y qug orkccg na`cuz prapkj.J@TA@GCCJ OJ^KCG# ?;

NA@ANG AT_JC@GJ @JTW_J VCJ@T

ctkma

NKNCAdg vg`tjs

ctkma

NKNCAdg vg`tjs

VCJ@T

7>


56/102

VG_IWMG_J


57/102

Gc mu`da dg cj pgriumgrj

gs ijsnk`j`tg# as na`gntj

na` rgnugrdas# mamg`tas

y sg`tkmkg`tas. Cj gcgnnk`

dg u`j irjej`nkj jorg cj

paskokckdjd dg sarprg`dgr

`ugstras sg`tkdas y djrcg

u` taqug gspgnkjc j njdj

mamg`ta.

Vjsk`par cjsirjej`nkjs

VG_IWMG_J

VG_IWMG_J

7777


58/102

Vgrumgs qug pravanj`sg`sjnka`gs# dgspkgrtj`sg`tkmkg`tas y pradung`gstmucas qug as rgna`gntj`na` ugstrj gsg`nkj. @jturjnrgj mjrnjs na` na`ngptaskdg`tkinjocgs qug `as jyudj` j

gxprgsjr gmanka`gs prau`djs.@jdj sg nampjrj na` cjiarmj @jturj dg nrgjrpgriumgs.

tgxturj

JE_JDJOCG

JM

Jm xadnbj`tkccybkdrjtj`tgnarparjc ?66 e ,

$ ?:7.66"??79;+

Jm xadgju dg takcgttgigmg`k`j 57 mc$47;.66

">2524+iarjcg`vacvg`tg

jvj`dj

Jm gsqug`tjocsjma pastojroj :66 mc$ :?7.66">>;;?+

Jm gsqug`tjgju dg takcgttgmjsnuck`j 57 mc$ 47;.66">2527+jmjdgrjda

sg`sujc

raocg

,pradunta a namgstkocg


59/102

g` cj naca`kj

jmnbjmgea

DG^NWG@TA

46'DG

Jm nbjmgeacga pjrj

mjsjlgs :66 mc

$ ?6;.66"??4?;+

Jm jmjssagju dg takcgttgmjsnuck`j 57 mc$ 47;.66">45>:+bgrojc | sg`sujc | ngdra

Jm jmjssaljo` g` ojrrjNjlj na` ? u`kdjdgs dg

:66 e njdj u`j

$ :4>.66"??4>?+

Jm nbjmgeagju dg takcgttg

igmg`k`j 57 mc">45>?+

jmjdgrjdasg`sujc

pkmkg`tj

Var:4+rutjc

g`vacvg`tgnkrugcj gerj

irmucj da bumarmjsnuck`j"?;>:7+ducng | g`vacvg`tg | mojr

bumar 5igmg`k`j"?79>:+iarjc

jsnk`j`tg

ckrka dg jeuj


61/102

H_K^HJ

Naca`kjigmg`k`j

hrkshj lgj`s :66 mc$ >6;.66":>:?>+ducng | rgcjlj`tg | ljzm`

bumar 9pjz g bumarmjsnuck`j"?7?>6+sg`sujc

egrj`ka

bkgrojs

bumar ?mjsnuck`j"5;;7+jmjdgrjda

sg`sujc

s`djca

bumar 7igmg`k`j"?:59?+iarjc | sg`sujc | ngrgzj

VG_IWMG_J

7;7;


62/102

EWJ^

njmpa dg

vkacgtjs":74>7+iarjc

jtrjntkva

ljzm

ljoutknjoj":;;26+

rutjc

rgrgsnj`tg

ljoutknjoj

Naca`kjigmg`k`j :76 mc$ ?6;.66

EWJ^


63/102

_GYGCJ_

Naca`kj igmg`k`j 57 mc$ 49>.66":>4?+ducng

jsnk`j`tg

s`djca

ptjcjs

dg vj`kcj">:7?:+ducng

rgrgsnj`tg

vjk`kccj

Naca`kjigmg`k`j :76 mc$ ?6;.66

iacbjs dgpkmg`tj":2?2>+jmjdgrjda

rgrgsnj`tg

pkmkg`tj

ngdrarasj">:7?6+jmjdgrjda

g`vacvg`tg

ngdra

rasjsvgrmgcbjs"?6?::+iarjc

rgrgsnj`tg

rasj

pamjr dgntrknas">94?4+ntrkna

g`vacvg`tg

ckm` sknkckj`a

musns`djca":744>+ducng

na`artjocg

s`djca

YCYWCJ$ 42.66":7444+

VG_IWMG_J

9:9:


64/102

g` hjkjhncskna g`

njlj

DG^NWG@TA

?6'DG

HJKJH

Jc mavgr gc nugrpa gc bamorg

mj`kigstj sus gmanka`gs

y dgspkgrtj sus sg`tkdas.

[ J TK ZW TG MWGYG1

Naca`kjmjsnuck`j :66 mc

hjkjh ncsknagmpjnjdj g` njlj

"??796+bgrojc

vkorj`tg

ogrejmatj

Var7;?6

Dg< $ 44;.66

HJKJH

hjkjh iukr">52?;+iarjc

rgrgsnj`tg

ogrejmatj

hjkjh":>:?6+iarjc

rgcjlj`tg

ogrejmatj

Naca`kjgmg`k`j :66 mcgmpjnjdj g` njlj4+

ntrknj

ijsnk`j`tg

mj`djrk`j


67/102


68/102

Naca`kj dg mjtgvgrdg gju dgtakcgttg :66 mc$ >26.66">4945+bgrojc

rgrgsnj`tg

mjtg vgrdg

_KTWJC

Gju dg pjriumigmg`k`j76 mc$ >2;.66"?427>+iarjc

sg`sujc

mj`djrk`j

GHA^


69/102

irgsnardg jj">4942+rutjc

jsnk`j`tg

jj

irgsnardg njnja">;5?5+ducng

dgcknjda

njnja

irgsnar dgnjstjj">;5>:+ducng

rgrgsnj`tg

njstjj

irgsnar dgmjrjnuy">;5>6+rutjc

sujvg

mjrjnuy

Gju dg takcgttgigmg`k`j :76 mc

irgsnar dgpktjèj prgtj">4949+iarjc

rgrgsnj`tg

baljs dg pktjèj

irgsnardg pktjèj">4947+rutjc

vkorj`tg

baljs dg pktjèj

g` irgsnargsdg pktjèj

DG^NWG@TA

?6'DGVar?66Dg< $ ?;6.66

pramanka`gs

irgsnar dgpktjèj jmjrgcj

">;5?9+rutjc

g`vacvg`tg

baljs dg pktjèj

ctkmaNKNCAdg vg`tjs

VG_IWMG_J

9595

Trjdknka`gsrgu`kdjs g`

dgcknkasjs rjej`nkjs#pjrj qug pugdjssg`tkr# sarprg`dgr

y rgejcjr.

Naàng ms*saorg cas atraspraduntas dg@jturj Ghas

GHA^pes.:2-?;


70/102

Irgsnar dgpktj`ej :76 mc">4947+rutjc

vkorj`tg

baljs dg pktj`ej

Var< $?>?66Dg< $ ?;6.66

Var< $?5746Dg< $ 47;.66

Jm nbjmgeagju dg takcgttgigmg`k`j 57 mc">45>?+

jmjdgrjdasg`sujc

pkmkg`tj

Var< $>7;?6Dg< $ 44;.66

Naca`kjhjkjh ncskna :66 mcgmpjnjdj g` njlj

"??796+bgrojc

vkorj`tgogrejmatj

Naca`kjnjmpas ja sucigmg`k`j :66 mc"?2?67+iarjc

g`vacvg`tg

mjtg

Var< $?5;66Dg< $ >4;.66

NA@ANG JZW

pramanka`gs

DG VG_IWMG_J`jturj

jpravgnbj


71/102

Naca`kj

bamgm a` :66 mc">6926+mjdgrj g`vacvg`tg pjnbuck

Naca`kjnjmpas ja sucigmg`k`j :66 mc"?2?67+iarjc

g`vacvg`tg

mjtg

Var< $?5;66Dg< $ >4;.66

Irgsnar dgpktjèj

prgtj :66 mc">4949+

iarjc

rgrgsnj`tg

baljs dg pktjèj

Var< $?>?66Dg< $ ?;6.66

Irgsnar dgpktjèjjmjrgcj :66 mc">;5?9+

rutjcg`vacvg`tg

baljs dg pktjèj

Var< $?>?66Dg< $ ?;6.66

pramanka`gs

Var< $>6746Dg< $ 76;.66

VG_IWMG_J

9;9;


72/102


73/102

VJ_J

GCBAMO_G

5:

^bjmpaa ? g` :

$ 2;.66 ">5597+Na` gstg sbjmpaa aotkg`gsbkdrjtjnk` k tg`sj j cj vgz

qug rgpjrjs gc njogcca djjda.

^bjmpaaj`tknjspj

$ ;;.66 ">5599+

^bjmpaana`trac dg erjsj

$ 2;.66 ">5594+

_jijgc @jrdk# >:HKHAI

G__KTG

NJOGCCA

GIGNTAk`mgdkjta

^bjmpaa :66 mc

pratgnnk`O_KCCA

y rgskstg`nkj jcqukgorg

pramanka`gs


74/102


75/102

VJ_J

GCBAMO_G

5>

OJ_OJ

^r @Ngdra

">646;+bgrojc

g`vacvg`tg

ngdra

^r @">64:6+

ntrknamkstgrkasa

pjnbuck

Nrgmjdg jigktjrgspumj`tg:66 mc ! 26 e

$ ::9.66

"?;;97+

Gspumj dgjigktjrsg

??> mc ! ?66 e

$ :;>.66"?;;9>+

Egc pjrj dgspusdg jigktjrsg 57 e$ :?;.66 "?;;96+

Ocsjma pjrjdgspus dg

jigktjrsg 57 mc$ :?;.66 "?;;9:+

@JTW_Jsr `

K spkrjdj g` cjs nasjs qugpgrmj`gng # ^r @ gs u`jc`gj qug vjcarj cjstrjdknka gs y cj rgcjnk

g`trg eg`grjnka`gs.

VG_IWMG_J

Naca`kjmjsnuck`j :66 mc$ >;;.66


76/102

Jngktgnarparjc?66 mc$ ??9.66

W`j c`gj dg praduntas na`

jngktgs :66' vgegtjcgs# qug

praparnka`j` bkdrjtjnk`#

gignta jtgrnkapgcjda y jramjj cj pkgc. ^us tgxturjs y

irjej`nkjs gxncuskvjs rgsjctj`

cj sg`sujckdjd y igmk`gkdjd.

@jturj ^vg. Dglj bjocjr

j tu nugrpa.

JNGKTGnarparjc

rasjs dgnbjmpje`g

"?25?4+


77/102

VJ_J

GCBAMO_G

57

^YG

57

jcmg`drjsmjrnj`tgs

"?>255+

rgpugstabgnba dg

pkmkg`tjrasj"?6?:4+rgpugsta

"?774>+

mg`tjy ramgra":;69>+rgpugsta

":29?9+

Jngktgnarparjc?66 mc$ ??9.66rgpugsta

$ :2:.66jcmg`drjs

ducngs":;62:+

rgpugsta":29?4+

BKD_JTJ [ VG_IWMJtu pkgc g` > pjsas. Gs rgnamg`djocg g`lujejr dgspus dgsu usa. Vkgc pratgekdj g bkdrjtjdj bjstj par?4 barjs.

Ljqugck`g Ckmj# ?5

GDWJ_DAD

GCIKM

JNGKTGnarparjc

ctkma

NKNCAdg vg`tjs


78/102

Cpkngs dg erjta$ 59.66 ">;72?+

Njlj dg 9 cpkngs dg erjitana` eamj# bgnbas na` mjdgrjngrtknjdj g` I^N. Dksga ms

j`jtmkna dg nugrpa trkjèucjr.

W`j sankgdjd ms lustj sgna`struyg par mgdka dg cjgdunjnk . Na` gstj na`vknnk #@jturj nrg cj c gj Nrggr pjrjYgr# qug k vkgrtg cj ej`j`nkj

aotg kdj par cj vg`tj dg suspraduntas dkrgntjmg`tg g`praerjmjs dg gdunjnk` g`ùgstra pjs.Og`gnkj`daj cj namu`kdjd gdunjtkvjpjrj trj`siarmjr ùgstrjsankgdjd.

VJVGCG_J

Vcumj oknacar$ :?.66 ">4>4?+

Nujdgrà$ 27.66 ">7?4?+:66 baljs rjyjdjs. Vartjdj rekdj.Gspkrjc dg pcstkna ocj`na.: pek`j na` stknhgrs.: saorg k`tgrkar.Mgdkdjs< :> x ?: nm

ùgva


79/102

JNNG^A_KA^

`jrj`lj">4>49+

jzuc">47::+

Tjzj dg ngrmknj$ 5;.66Jnjojda orkccj`tg pardg`tra y mjtg par ugrj.Mgdkdjs< ;.4 x :6.9 nm

Njrrkta$ ?66.66">7?47+Na` 4 rugdktjs iljs#

partjoatgccjs ynampjrtkmkg`ta

na` nkgrrg.Mgdkdjs4>>;+Mjtgrkjc.66

pcjygrjmarjdj">5:56+

ckoravgrdg

">5>2;+

mj`zj`j`jrj`lj

">5:5:+

N_GG_

VJ_JY

G_

55


80/102


81/102

Vg`sj`da g` gc na`suma

na`snkg`tg# g` :;2? gmpgzjmas

j ijorknjr rgpugstas. W`j

k`knkjtkvj pka`grj g` gc mgrnjda

dg nasmtknas. Bay sa`

iu`djmg`tjcgs g` ùgstrjs

c gjs y às jyudj` j dksmk ukrgc dgspgrdknka y prgsgrvjr cj

`jturjcgzj.Ougà pjrj tk#

ougà pjrj gc pcj`gtj.

_GVWG^TADGC NKNCA

_GVWG^TAD

GCNKNCA

5;

pramanka`gs

g` rgpugstasdg nrgmj egcpacktg`sar

dg sayj

DG^NWG@TA

:7'DGJV_AYGNBJ

Egc g` nrgmj j`tksgjcgs

packtg`sar dg sayj 76 ergpugsta

Var6'ms ojla qug cas g`vjsgs

rgeucjrgs.Gnaàmj dg jeuj# g`grejgcntrknj y mjtgrkj prkmjdurj`tg cj pradunnk`.

Dj IV^ :7

>6( jasrgpugsta ">76?2+

47( jasrgpugsta ">76>6+

96( jasrgpugsta ">76>?+

@anbg

>6( jasrgpugsta ">9?2?+

Vraparnka`j ùtrknk`y rgg`grekzj cj pkgc.

47( jasrgpugsta ">76>4+Vramugvg ùtrknk`y rgna`struyg cj pkgc.

Njrack`jNjstra#

?>


82/102

@jturj Ykvj gs u`j c gj dgmjqukccjlg pjrj mulgrgs qugvjcarj sus trjdknka`gs yrgk vg`tj sus bkstarkjs na jkrgmadgr`a y na`tgmpar`ga.

Vrgsg`tj u`j ejmj dg nacargspjrj trjdunkr tadj cj jcgerjy cj igmk gkdjd dg cj mulgrcjtk ajmgrknj`j.Vjrj cj mulgr qug vkvg su

igmk gkdjd na jrtg.

Cpkz pjrjalas :#> e

$ 5;.66

nacar :"?4>;2+

nacar ?"?4>54+

@arj Jcojljrk#>?# usj ojsg IV 2 nacar :9# pacvanampjnta njstja sujvg# ruoar da nacar ># da dgsamorjs zke zje nacar 4# cpkz pjrj alas mjrr #msnjrj pjrj pgstjjs mjrr` y ecass nacar 65.

G^VG_J `avgdjdgsg` gc V_RKMA NKNCA


83/102

^jnjpu`tjs daocg$ 99.66 ">>:+Vjrj cpkz dg pu`tji`j a erugsj.

Msnjrj pjrjpgstjjs 5 mc

$ :67.66`gerj

"?4>;9+

Da dgsamorjszke zje:#? e$ ::7.66

Gstunbg dg samorjsy dgck`gjdar g` pacvapjrj alas >#9 e$ :76.66

nacar :">2:;:+

^amorjs y dgck gjdar g`pacva g` u` saca pradunta.

Na` pk ngc gxncuskva# qugpgrmktg dkumk jr y bjngru` trjza na`tk ua.

nacar 5">2>>9+nacar 4

">2>>>+

nacar 7">2>>4+

nacar 9">2>>7+

YKYJ

2:

YKYJ

2:

YKYJ

2:

YKYJ

2:

ALA^


84/102


85/102

nacar :5"?44:>+

nacar 7"?44:2+ nacar ::

"?44:7+

nacar :6"?4>56+

nacar 4>"?44::+

CjokjcIV^ 2>#7 e

$ 2;.66

nacar :2"?4>5:+

OANJCpkz pjrjcjokas :#4 e$ 5;.66

YKYJ

2:

YKYJ

2>

nacar 5"?44:5+

nacar :?"?4>92+

nacar >"?44:;+

ng`tgccj`tg

gxtrjorkcca

nrgmasa

Ecasscjokjc 5 mc$ ;9.66 NACA_G^

YKYA^[ O_KCCAk`tg`sa

nacar ?"?4462+

nacar ?vk`a"?4>57+

nacar :mjrr`"?4466+

G^VG_J `avgdjdgsg` gc V_RKMA NKNCA


86/102

@jturj W`j gs u`j c`gj dg

mjqukccjlg prgmkum y sastknjdj

qug dgspkgrtj gc pcjngr par

cas sg`tkdas u`kg`da

pgriarmj`ng# tgnàcaej

g kèrgdkg`tgs `jturjcgsg` u`j namok`jnk` `knj.

@jturj W`j. Cj mglar

gxprgsk` dg tk mksmj.

âmorj da jctaorkcca nacar 7 :#5 e

Msnjrjpjrj pgstjjsj prugoj dg jeujWCT_J

jcjrejdarj 2 mc

Ojsg iukdjIV^ :7ggnta

`jturjc >6 mc

Jmgckj Mjrtk`gz# >6# usj

ojsg ukdj gignta jturjc mgdkj#ruoar kcumk jdar rasj ?# samorj

da jcta orkcca nacar 7# dgck gjdar

cqukda `gera# msnjrj uctrj

jcjrejmkg`ta j prugoj dg jeuj

y cjokjc mjtg rasj 7:.


87/102

WCT_Jjcjrejdarj 2 mc

"46?:4+

WCT_J

vacumg` :6 mc">7>9:+

WCT_Jjcjrejdarj 2 mc"46?:7+

WCT_J

vacumg` :6 mc">7>7;+

`ugva

OG@GIKNKA^WCT_J JCJ_EJDA_J

Jcjrejdak`mgdkjta":+

Bjstj:?barjsdg durjnk` ":+Cgvj`tjcjmkrjdj"?+

Msnjrjspjrj pgstjjscjvjocgs 2 mc y :6 mc$ :;;.66

Msnjrjs pjrjpgstjjs j prugojdg jeuj 2 mc y :6 mc

$ :;;.66

OG@GIKNKA^WCT_J YACWMG@

:69'msvacumg`dgsdgcj? jpcknjnk` ":+

Bjstj:?barjsdgdurjnk`":+ Gignta pgstjjs muctkpcknjdjs ":+

":+_gsuctjdasaotg`kdasjtrjvsdgmgdknka`gsaolgtkvjsg`:?6vacu`tjrkjs."?+_gsuctjdaspgrnkokdasg`gc2:'dgcjsvacu`tjrkjs.G`nugstjna`:?6vacu`tjrkjs.

W@J

27


88/102

Jicjdar dg pu`tj

OG@GIKNKA^

Tgxturjsujvg#ptkmadgsckngVu`tjpjrjgsiumjr

OG@GIKNKA^

Nacark`tg`sadgsdg cjprkmgrj jpcknjnk`

Durjnk`praca`ejdj

mjrr`

"?4?2:+

mjrr`"?556>+

`gera

"?4?2?+

`gera"?5>5:+

Cpkz hjljc :#:4 e$ :76.66

Cpkz r gtrntkcj prugoj dgjeuj ?26 me$ :96.66

Nujrtgtadg samorjs ?#7 e

$ 45>.66

OG@GIKNKA^

Nacargsmjtgsy orkccj`tgs

Cjrejdurjnk`Yktjmk`jGptkmjnaogrturj

nacar 4"?5>:6+

ALA^


89/102

pramanka`gs

W@J

25

nacar 9">46;:+

g` samorjsda jcta orkccasgcgnnka`jdjs,

DG^NWG@TA

?6'DG

Lgzjogc Yjskcg# >?#

usj samorj da jcta orkccanacar 5 y msnjrj uctrjvacumg`cjvjocg.

K`ncuyggspgladgctjmja dg cj tjpj

nacar 5">46;?+

nacar :">755;+

OG@GIKNKA^

Namok`jnk`dgpkemg`tasy pgrcjs qug atarej` nacarna` dkmg`sk`

Tgxturjjtgrnkapgcjdj

Durjnk`bjstjpar2barjs

^amorjs dajcta orkcca :#5 e$ >67.66

nacar 7">752:+

Var< $?4466Dg< $ >67.66

nacar 2">46;>+

Var< $?4466Dg< $ >67.66

nacar >">7576+

Var< $?4466Dg< $ >67.66

nacar 4">7526+

Var< $?4466Dg< $ >67.66

,^acapjrtknkpj`dgcjpramank`casnacargs>#4#7y2.


90/102

OG@GIKNKA^

Jctjdurjnk`y nacar k`tg`sa

Ikrmgzjg`cjjpcknjnk`

`gera"?9>4:+

N_K^TKJ@UGCNAMMG

Dgck`gjdarcqukda :#2 mc$ :;6.66

ALA^

OG@GIKNKA^

Nacark`tg`sa

Gigntakcumk`jdaDasgigntas6799+

vgrdg ?">6795+

^amorjs jctaorkcca :#5 e$ >67.66

Cjurj Hjysgr# ?7#usjsamorjjctaorkccajzuc:# ruoar nampjnta narjc y

cjokjcbkdrjtj`tgrasj4.


91/102

W@J

2;

OG@GIKNKA^

Jnjojdasjtk`jday pgrcjda g` u` sacapradunta

JctjnaogrturjDurjnk`2barjs

nacar :">4>55+

^amorjs trajcta orkcca :#5 e$ >67.66

nacar ?

">4>52+ nacar >">49;7+

ng`tg

ccj`tg

mjtg

CJOKA^

ALA^

ALA [

NGLJ^Hkt dg pk`ngcgs,$ ?5;.66"?4?5;+

ctkma

NKNCAdg vg`tjs

Cpkz cjrej durjnk` `gera :#? e$ :96.66"?4>64+OG@GIKNKA^

Nacark`tg`sana`ptkmjljnk`2barjsdgdurjnk`

,Caspk`ngcgsdgchkt`asa`vg`dkdas

dg iarmj sgpjrjdj.


92/102

_A^T_A

Cjprkmgrjvgzekrj cj ojsg dgc pradunta

jpraxkmjdjmg`tg>6vgngs.

OG@GIKNKA^

VrgpjrjgbkdrjtjcjpkgcMk`kmkzjcjjpjrkg`nkjdgc`gjsdg gxprgsk`yparasVracaèjgcgigntadgcmjqukccjlgVjrjtadascastaàsytkpasdgpkgc

Tgnàcaejj`tksgjcgs

Vrg-mjqukccjlg ?6 e$ ?9>.66"?4?2>+

OG@GIKNKA^

Irmucjjojsgdgjeuj#ckorgdg jngktgs

Naogrturjsujvgyjnjojda`jturjc

TgnàcaejNbraàsgcjstkàc (_

mgdkj"?4?42+

ncjrj"?4?4;+

njstjj">:?;7+

Ojsg iukdj IV^ :7ggnta `jturjc >6 mc

mgdka"?4?7>+ncjra

"?4?7:+

OG@GIKNKA^

Dkskmucjalgrjspraiu`djs gkmpgrignnka`gs

Na`tkg`gvktjmk`jG

y jnnk`j`tkaxkdj`tgmgdka

"?5?;7+

ncjra"?5?;>+

Namojtgcjssgjcgsdgcg`vglgnkmkg`ta.Vraparnka`jrmgzj#gcjstknkdjdyrgàvjnk`ngcucjr j cj pkgc.

Narrgntar jctjnaogrturj :6 e

$ ::9.66

OG@GIKNKA^

5;'rgdunnk` dgalgrjs

"g` :4 djs+

5;'rgdunnk`dg oacsjs"g` ?2 djs+,

Narrgntarkcumk`jdar :#7 mc$ :59.66

,V_WGOJDGGI

KNJNKJ6# usjojsgcqukdjIV^:7ogkeg

ncjra#ruoarg`pacvarasjyecass pgrcj :66.

N_K^TKJ@UGCNAMMG

g` pk`ngcpjrj ojsg

cqukdj

DG^NWG@TA?6'DG

V_ATGNNK@

WYJ

IV^:7

Ojsg cqukdjIV^ :7 >6 mc

$ >:;.66

Vk`ngc pjrjojsg cqukdj

"?4?57+

Dg< $ ?7;.66

Var9 e$ ?;7.66

nacar K">62>9+

OG@GIKNKA^

NaogrturjcgvgBkdrjtjnk`#cumkàskdjdy u`kiarmkdjd

dg cj pkgc

OG@GIKNKA^

Gigntaora`ngjdarJnjojda`jturjc


95/102


96/102

N_K^TKJ@UGCNAMMG

OrojrjusjojsgukdjIV^:7mgdkj#ruoarg`pacvarasjy cjokjc rasj 2.

OANJ

vkà ?">>>6;+

rasj 2">>>:?+

rala 4">>>:>+

Cjokjc k`tg`sa IV^ :7iar >#7 e$ :26.66

OG@GIKNKAÎV^:7ypratgnnk`WYJ

7;'dgjntkvasvgegtjcgsVrgvkg`gsgjcgsBkdrjtjnk`k`mgdkjtj.Jyudjjrgstjurjrcas

cjokas dgsdg cj prkmgrjbarjdgusa

tgnàcaejNB_A@A^ngrjmkdjsdgmjrjnuyyNJA

OG@GIKNKA^

Tgxturjsujvg#j prugoj dg jeuj

Cpkz rgtrntkcpjrj cjokas :#? e$ :96.66

nacar dg oanj"?5?2;+


97/102


OG@GIKNKA^

Bkdrjtjnk`k mgdkjtj.JyudjjrgstjurjrcascjokasdgsdgcjprkmgrjbarjdgusaVrgvkg`gsgjcgs7;'dgjntkvasvgegtjcgsIV^:7ypratgnnk`WYJ

vk`a 76

">49;?+

oanj 76

">49;>+

rala 76

">4925+

oanj 7:

">49;4+

mjrr` 7:

">49;:+

rasj 7:

">49;6+

pramanka`gs

rala 7:

">4922+

ng`tgccj`tg

mjtg

Cjokjcgs mjtg >#7 e$ :26.66

W@J

;7


98/102

Bkdrjtj`tgcjokjc >#? e"?5992+

rala :"?4??>+

rala ?"?9>77+

OG@GIKNKA^

Bkdrjtjnk`k`mgdkjtj

_gstjurjcascjokasdgsdg cjprkmgrjbarjdgusaVrgvkg`gsgjcgs7;'dgjntkvasvgegtjcgsIV^:7ypratgnnk`WYJ


oanj ?

"?4??4+

narjc ?

"?9>47+

,Gigntap

grcj

da.

Cjokjcgs k`tg`sasg bkdrjtj`tgs >#7 e$ :26.66

rasj 7"?5?25+

rasj 4"?5?27+

rasj >"?4??9+

rasj ?"?9>96+

naorg ?

"?4??7+

mjrr :"?4??:+


ng`tgccj`tg nrgmasa

OANJ

Cjokjcgs k`tg`sasy pgrcjdas >#7 e$ :26.66


99/102

rala :66"?5:7?+

oanj :66"?5:76+

rasj :6:"?5:7:+

narjc :66"?5:45+

OG@GIKNKA^

Na`iartyorkccaBkdrjtjyjyudjjdksmk`ukrcjsc`gjs`jsdgcascjokasNacargsvkvasna`pu`tas

dg orkcca

Ecass IV^ :7 9 mc$ :2;.66


ng`tgccj`tg nrgmasa

Ecass gignta pgrcjda IV^ :7 9 mc$ :2;.66

narjc :4: ">>6>>+

oanj :46 ">>6>5+

rasj :46 ">>6>9+

rasj :4: ">>6>7+

@jtjckj Oattk# >6#usjecassrala:66.N

_K^T

KJ@UGCNAMMG

naorg :66"?5:42+

pgrcj :66"?5:44+

rasj :66"?5:49+

W@J

;5

ctkma

NKNCAdg vg`tjs


100/102

:

?

>

@jturj Nbra`as tg k`vktjj na`angr cas > pjsas qug rgvgcj`

cj ogccgzj `knj dg njdj mulgr

Nukdjr tg gs gc prkmgr pjsapjrj sg`tkrtg ogccj

:C KMVKG\J_gmugvg dg mj`grj sujvg

y ginjz cas rgskduas dg cj pkgc.

? TA@KIKNJNK@Mj`tkg`g gc gqukckorka `jturjc dg cj

pkgc# jntkvj cj mknrankrnucjnk`#

i`jckzj cj ckmpkgzj y prgpjrj

gc rastra pjrj cj bkdrjtjnk`.

> BKD_JTJNK@Vratgeg# bkdrjtj y jntj g`

cas mgnj`ksmas dgg`vglgnkmkg`ta dg cj pkgc.


101/102

J`drgj Mg`da`j# >4.

G`nug`trj gstas praduntas

pramanka`jdas g`trg cjs pek`js 9 y :>

HKHAI

G__KTG


102/102

@JTW_J

VCJ@T

@

JTW_JCG\J[

T

GN@ACAEJ

V

J_JT_JTJ_

T

WNJOGCCA

Irmucjsqugejrj`t

ùtrknk`yrgsuctjda

prkmgrjjpcknjnk`.

@jturjVcj`t.

W`jùgvjrgcjnk`

Tnjmokjs#

àsatrastgnukdj

mas

NjrackjMa

rjcgs#?2

NA@ANG

TADJ^CJ^

@AYGDJDG^

CKÂ

ysugcta

_K\A^

dgi`kdas

Revista Natura Ciclo 14-2013

Documents

Transcript of Revista Natura Ciclo 14-2013