CONTROL SYSTEMCONTROL SYSTEMCONTROL SYSTEMCONTROL SYSTEM

Prof Yasmeiny YazirProf Yasmeiny YazirProf. Yasmeiny YazirProf. Yasmeiny YazirDr.Abdul Majid SpPDDr.Abdul Majid SpPD--KKVKKV

IntroductiDepartment of Physiology

Faculty of Medicineon

University Sumatera Utara, MedanIndonesia

Function of Control System:

• Activities of all tissues must be co-ordinated to maintain be co-ordinated to maintain normal function and to ensure survival of the organismsurvival of the organism.

• The organism must respond to chemical and physical changes in environment

H t iH t iHomeostasisHomeostasisMaintenance of constancy of the internal environment ( milieu ) Changes in the internal

environment around cells i th b d t ti ll

“ Dynamic steady state of the internal environment “

in the body automatically initiate responses to minimize effects of the changechange.

“Regulation of the internal “Regulation of the internal Regulation of the internal Regulation of the internal environment in order environment in order to to environment in order environment in order to to maintain life processes”maintain life processes”

H• The maintenance of

relatively stableHomeostasis yconditions inside the body.S ll h d • Small changes do occur within narrow limitslimits.

• These changes occur in response occur in response to changes in the external environment.

• Involves careful control and integration of bodily functions

Control &Control &Control &Control &IntegrationIntegration

NervesNerves HormonesHormonesrapid responserapid response

millimilli--secondssecondsh t d tih t d ti

slower responseslower responseminutes/hours/daysminutes/hours/dayst i d d tit i d d tishort durationshort duration

secondssecondssustained durationsustained duration

days/months/yearsdays/months/yearsEg Pain/withdrawal reflex Eg Growth/pregnancyEg. Pain/withdrawal reflex Eg. Growth/pregnancy

The Nervous and Endocrine SystemsThe Nervous and Endocrine SystemsThe Nervous and Endocrine Systems The Nervous and Endocrine Systems are are Integrated.Integrated.

Regulation fof

Body Function

Negative feedbackNervous systemEndocrine system

Negative feedbackPositive feedback

Homeostasis and Feedback Control

Regulates mainly muscular and secretory activities

Regulates mainly the metabolic function Feedback Control

Nervous SystemNervous System

• The master controlling and communicating system of the body

• Functions• Sensory input – monitoring stimuli

i i id d t id th b d occurring inside and outside the body • Integration – interpretation of sensory

inputinput• Motor output – response to stimuli by

activating effector organs

Endocrine systemEndocrine system

• Maintenance of the internal environment in the body

• Integration and regulation of growth and development.

• Control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including

t i it f tili ti gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth and development and nourishment of the newborn. nourishment of the newborn.

NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

Endocrine tissue innervatedEndocrine tissue innervatedEndocrine tissue innervatedEndocrine tissue innervatedSome neurons produce hormonesSome neurons produce hormonesNeurosecretory cells do Neurosecretory cells do notnot make make synaptic connections, but insteadsynaptic connections, but insteadsynaptic connections, but instead synaptic connections, but instead release neurohormones into blood release neurohormones into blood streamstreamstream.stream.Thus, a part of the nervous system is Thus, a part of the nervous system is a part of the endocrine system.a part of the endocrine system.

NERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEMPROPERTIYPROPERTIY NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM

AnatomicAnatomic “wired” system; specific structural “wired” system; specific structural arrangement between neurons & arrangement between neurons &

“wireless” system, widely “wireless” system, widely dispersed & not structurally dispersed & not structurally gg

their target cellstheir target cellsp yp y

related to their target cellsrelated to their target cellsType of Chemical Type of Chemical messengermessenger

Neurotransmitter released into Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleftsynaptic cleft

Hormones release into bloodHormones release into blood

Distance of action Distance of action of chemical messengerof chemical messenger

Very short distanceVery short distance Long distance (carried by Long distance (carried by blood)blood)

Means of specificity Means of specificity f i llf i ll

Dependent on close anatomic Dependent on close anatomic relationship between nerve cell &relationship between nerve cell &

Dependent on specifity of Dependent on specifity of target cell binding &target cell binding &of action on target cellof action on target cell relationship between nerve cell & relationship between nerve cell &

their target cellstheir target cellstarget cell binding & target cell binding & responsiveness to a particular responsiveness to a particular hormonehormone

Speed of responseSpeed of response Rapid (milliseconds)Rapid (milliseconds) Slow (minutes to hour)Slow (minutes to hour)p pp p p ( )p ( ) ( )( )

Duration of actionDuration of action Brief (millisecond)Brief (millisecond) Long (minutes to days or Long (minutes to days or longer)longer)

Major functionMajor function Coordinates rapid, preciseCoordinates rapid, precise Controls activities that requireControls activities that requireMajor functionMajor function Coordinates rapid, precise Coordinates rapid, precise responsesresponses

Controls activities that require Controls activities that require long duration rather than long duration rather than speed.speed.

"F l l t ""From molecules to man"

Levels of Organization:Organization:

♠ CHEMICAL LEVEL - includes all chemical substances necessary for life; together form the next higher levelsubstances necessary for life; together form the next higher level

♠ CELLULAR LEVEL - cells are the basic structural and functional units of the human body & there are many differentand functional units of the human body & there are many different types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, and so on)

♠ TISSUE LEVEL - a tissue is a group of cells that perform a specific function and the basic types of tissues in the human body include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues

♠ ORGAN LEVEL - an organ consists of 2 or more tissues that perform a particular function (e.g., heart, liver, stomach, and so on)

♠ SYSTEM LEVEL - an association of organs that have a common function; the major systems in the human body include di ti d i i l t i t i ddigestive, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive.

•• Organs are Organs are classified intoclassified into

Control of BodyControl of Body

classified into classified into systems systems

based onbased onControl of Body Control of Body FunctionsFunctions

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

based on based on their function.their function.

O t dOrgan SystemsOrgan Systems Organ systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a

common function.

There are 10 10 major organmajor organmajor organ major organ systemssystems in the

human body, they arehuman body, they are the:

Skeletal System:

Nervous System:

Excretory System:

Muscular Circulatory Endocrine Muscular System:

Circulatory System: System:

R d ti Respiratory System:

Digestive System:

Reproductive System:

Lymphatic/Immune System:

Skeletal System:

Major Role:

The main role of the skeletal system is to provide support for the body to protect delicatethe body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs.

Major Organs:j gBones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

Muscular System: Major Role:The main role of the muscular systemThe main role of the muscular system is to provide movement. Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility. Muscles also control the movement of materials through some gorgans, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory systemcirculatory system.

Major Organs:Sk l t l l d thSkeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body.

Circulatory System:

Major Role:The main role of the circulatory

t i t t t t i tsystem is to transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the body.

Major Organs:Heart, blood vessels and blood

Nervous System:

Major Role:The main role of the ner o s s stemThe main role of the nervous system is to relay electrical signals through the body. The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiologicalsystem, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc.

Major Organs:Brain, spinal cord and peripheral , p p pnerves

R i t S tRespiratory System:

Major Role:The main role of the respiratory system is to provide gassystem is to provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from pthe body

Major Organs:.Major Organs:Nose, trachea and lungs.

Digestive System:

M j R l

Digestive System:

Major Role:The main role of the digestive system is todigestive system is to breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenancefor growth and maintenance.

Major Organs:Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestinessmall and large intestines.

Excretory System:

Major Role:

Excretory System:

Major Role:The main role of the excretory system is to filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory systemcirculatory system.

Major Organs:Kidneys, ureters, bladder and yurethra.

Endocrine System:Major Role:The main role of the endocrine

Endocrine System:

The main role of the endocrine system is to relay chemical messages through the body. In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient pabsorption, growth, etc.

Major Organs:Major Organs:Many glands exist in the body that secrete endocrine hormones. Among these are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

Reproductive System:

Major Role:f

p y

The main role of the reproductive system is to manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the male, p ,sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female.

F l Male:Major Organs:Female (top): ovaries, oviducts, t i d

Female: Male:

uterus, vagina and mammary glands.Male (bottom): testes, seminal ( ) ,vesicles and penis.

Lymphatic/Immune System:Lymphatic/Immune System:

Major Role:The main role of the immune system is to destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body The lymphaticfrom the body. The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood.

Major Organs:Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, y p y pwhite blood cells, T- and B- cells.