jkpof ePH Nkyhz;ik

- 2 -

goe;jkpofk;

1960-y; jpU juk;ghy;> murpay; nfhs;if ika ,af;FeH> nrd;id

mtHfs;>jQ;ir jkpo; gy;fiyf;fof Xiyr;Rtbfis Ma;T nra;J> jkpof

Ntshz;ik Fwpj;J> Kd; ,jopy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy mhpa cz;ikfis fz;lwpe;jhH.

fp. gp.1762 - 1766 Mfpa Ie;J tUl thf;fpy;> Mq;fpNya mjpfhhpfshy;>

nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy;> 2000 fpuhkq;fspy; tho;e;j 62>500 FLk;gq;fspd;>

Ntshz; cw;gj;jp Kjy; NtW gy tplaq;fs; mlq;fpa> gy juTfs; Fwpj;J>

tphpthd Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mt;tha;T KbTfspd;gb> Nkw;fz;l

FLk;gq;fspd; tUl ruhrhp czT cw;gj;jp> XU FLk;gj;jpw;F 5 ld;fshf ,Ue;jJ.

,J ,d;iwa ,e;jpaf; FLk;gk; xd;wpd;> tUl ruhrhp czT cw;gj;jpahd ¾

ld;idtpl MW klq;Ff;Fk; mjpfk;. mJ Nghd;Nw md;iwa xU jdp kdpjdpd;

tUl ruhrup czT cw;gj;jp> ,d;iwa jdp kdpj cw;gj;jp msit tpl Ie;J klq;F

mjpfk;.

1997-y; Nkw;fz;l epWtdj;jpd; ,af;FeH lhf;lH S.K. g[h[; mtHfs;> ,J

Fwpj;J ‘jkpo; rKjhak; 18-k; Ehw;whz;by; vt;tsT rpwg;Gld; ,aq;fp te;jJ

vd;gij ,t;tha;T KbTfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Mf

jkpoHfshfpa ehk;> ekJ gz;ila njhopy; El;gj;ijAk;> mjd; mwpthH;e;j mDgt

mwpitAk; Mq;fpNya Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; KOikahf ,oe;J tpl;Nlhk;> vd;gijNa

,j;juTfs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd. ’,d;iwa ,e;Jtpak;” vd;w gj;jpupf;if> jdJ 1997

Nk khj ,jopy; ,j;jfty;fis ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

kio msT

“thd; ,d;W mikahJ xOq;F” mjhtJ kio ,y;yhtpby;> kdpj tho;tpy;

xOf;fKk; ,y;yhJ Ngha;tpLk; vd;fpwhd; ts;Std;. kio ,y;yhtpl;lhy; twl;rp>

gQ;rk; Kjypad Vw;gl;L> jpUl;L> Vkhw;W Kjypa xOf;fkpd;ikfs; Njhd;Wk;

vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;J. me;j kio Fwpj;j mstpay; Kiwia> mwpe;J nfhs;tJ

mtrpak;. kio nga;Ak; msit> nghJthf ,d;W kpy;yp kPl;lH(kp.kP) my;yJ

nrd;bkPl;lhpy;(nr.kP) Fwpg;gpLfpwhHfs;. xU mb vd;gJ 30nr.kP.> xU nr.kP vd;gJ

10kp.kP.> xU kPl;lH vd;gJ 100nr.kP my;yJ 1000kp.kP. ,e;ePl;lysitfis> ed;F

GHpe;J njsptJ mtrpak;.

fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;> kioapd; msit xU coT kio> ,uz;L coT kio

vdf; Fwpg;gpLthHfs;. xU coT kio vd;gJ> xU coT cOk; mstpw;F> kz;

<ukhfpAs;sJ vd;gJ nghUs;. xU coT kio vd;gJ RkhH xU mq;Fyk; my;yJ

..2..

xU ,d;r; (2½nr.kP)> Mo kio MFk;. cyf;if nfhz;L khT ,bf;Fk; cuy;>

kioahy; epuk;Gk; nghOJ> xU coT kio nga;jjhf fpuhkq;fspy; fzf;fpLtJ

tof;fk;.

xU Vf;fH kio msT:

xU nr.kP my;yJ xU kp.kP kio vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? kio nga;j

,lq;fspy; xU nr.kP my;yJ xU kp.kP cauk; ePH epw;Fk; msT kio nga;jjhf

mHj;jk;. cjhuzkhf xU tptrhapDila xU Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; xU coT kio>

mjhtJ xU ,d;r; (2½ nr.kP) kio nga;jjhff; fUJNthk;. mg;nghOJ me;j xU

Vf;fhpy; nga;j kioapd; msit ypl;lhpy; fzf;fplyhk;. mjw;FKd; ePiu

msf;fg;gad;gLk; fdmsTfshd fdmb> fdkPl;lH(f.kP) vd;gd Nghd;W>

epyj;jpd; gug;ig msf;fg; gad;gLk; gug;gsTfshd rJumb(r.mb)> rJukPl;lH(r.kP)

vd;gd Fwpj;J mwptJ mtrpak;. xU mb mfyk;> xU mb ePsk; cs;s gug;G xU

rJumb MFk;. mJ Nghd;Nw xU kPl;lH mfyk;> xU kPl;lH ePsk; cs;s gug;G> XU

rJukPl;lH MFk;. cjhuzkhf 30 mb mfyk;> 50 mb ePsk; nfhz;l xU tPl;bd;

gug;G 1500 rJumbahFk; ( 30 x 50 = 1500). ,JNt rJukPl;lUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. xU

rJukPl;lH vd;gJ RkhH 10.764 rJumbahFk;. ,dp NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l xU Vf;fhpy;

nga;j kio msit ypl;lhpy; fhz;Nghk;. XU Vf;fH vd;gJ 4047 rJukPl;lH my;yJ

43>560 rJumbahFk;. mjpy; nga;j kioapd; msT xU ,d;r; mjhtJ 2 ½ nr.kP.

Mf xU Vf;fhpy; nga;j kioapd; nkhj;j ePH msT = gug;G x cauk; = 4047 r.kP x 2 ½ nr.kP

= 4047 r.kP x 0.025 kP (100nr.kP =1kP)

= 101.175 f.kP (m)1>01>175 yp (1f.kP =1000yp)

my;yJ xU ,yl;rk; ypl;lH.

,jid NtW tpjj;jpYk; fzf;fplyhk;. xU Vf;fhpy; nga;j kioapd; nkhj;j ePH msT = gug;G x cauk; = 43560 r.mb x 2 ½ nr.kP

= 43560 r.mb x 1/12 mb

= 3630 fd mb (m) 3630 x 28.32 ypl;lH

= 1>02>800 ypl;lH (m) xU ,yl;rk; ypl;lH

..3..

Mf xU Vf;fhpy; xU coT kio nga;jhy; (xU,d;r;my;yJ 2½nr.kP)> RkhH

xU ,yl;rk;ypl;lH kioePH> me;j xU Vf;fhpy; nga;jjhf MFk;. XU Vf;fhpy; xU

,d;r; (2½nr.kP.) kio nga;j msit> xU Vf;fH,d;r; vd;gH. mijg; NghyNt xU

Vf;fhpy; xU mbkio nga;j msit> xU Vf;fHmb vd;gH. xU mb vd;gJ 12 ,d;r;

vd;gjhy;> xU Vf;fh;mb vd;gJ> RkhH 12,yl;rk; ypl;lH MFk;. mJ Nghd;Nw> xU

vf;lhpy;> XU kPl;lh;; kio nga;j msit> xU vf;lHkPl;lH vd;gH. xU vf;lH

vd;gJ>100kP ePsk; x 100 kP mfyk; nfhz;l 10>000r.kP gug;ghFk;> my;yJ 2.471 Vf;fH

MFk;. mjpy; xU kPl;lh; cau ePH ,Ug;gjd; kio msT my;yJ fd msT> 10>000

f.kP my;yJ 10>000 x 1000 ypl;lH= xU Nfhb ypl;lH MFk;.

jkpof kio msT :

jkpofj;jpd; tUl ruhrhp kiomsT> 945 kpkP my;yJ 94.5nrkP MFk;.

MfNt jkpofj;jpy; tUlk; KOtJk; nga;Ak; nkhj;j ruhrhp kio msT> vd;d

vd;gij fzf;fpLNthk;. jkpofj;jpd; gug;G vd;gJ 325 ,yl;rk; Vf;fH my;yJ 1.30

,yl;rk; rJu fpNyh kPl;lH MFk;. xU rJu fpNyhkPl;lH vd;gJ> xU fpNyhkPl;lH

ePsk;> xU fpNyhkPl;lH mfyk; nfhz;l gug;G MFk;. ,J RkhH 250 Vf;fUf;Fr; rkk;;.

XU Vf;fH vd;gJ 4047r.kP (m) 4000 r.kP.

Mf jkpofj;jpy;; nga;Ak; = gug;G x cauk; nkhj;j kio msT (b.vk;.rp apy;) = 325 ,yl;rk; Vf;fH x 945kp.kPP

= 325>00>000 x 4000 x 0.945 f.kP

= 12>285 x 107 f.kP

= 12>285 x 107 x 35.316 fd mb

12>285x 107 x 35.316 b.vk;.rp

109

= 4338.6 (m) 4340 b.vk;.rp

,jpy; 830 b.vk;.rp ePH kl;LNk Mw;W ePuhff; fpilf;fpwJ. 440 b.vk;.rp

ePH> epyj;jb ePuhff; fpilf;fpwJ. kPjpAs;s RkhH 3000 b.vk;.rp ePH gad;glhky;>

..4..

gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; tPzhfpwJ. Mf jkpofj;jpy; nga;Ak; nkhj;j kio ePhpy;> 30

rjtPjk; kl;LNk gad;gLfpwJ. kPjpAs;s 70 rjtPj ePH> gad;gLtjpy;iy.

ehk; ,Jtiu gy msTfis mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;. mitfis %d;W tpj

msTfshf gphpf;fyhk;.

1. ePH Nghd;w jputq;fisAk; rpy rkaq;fspy; fhw;W Nghd;w thAf;fisAk;

msf;fg; gad;gLgit> fd msTfs; MFk;. ,it ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk;

Mfpa %d;W ghpkhzq;fisAk; nfhz;lit. MfNt me;j %d;W

ghpkhzq;fisAk; ngUf;fpf; fpilg;gJ jhd; fd msT MFk;. ,jd;

myFfs; fdkPl;lH> ypl;lH Kjypad.

2. epyk; Nghd;w Nkw;gug;Gfis msf;fg; gad;gLgit gug;gsTfs; MFk;. ,it

ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk; Mfpa %d;W ghpkhzq;fspy; VjhtJ ,uz;L

ghpkhzq;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;lit. vdNt me;j ,uz;L ghpkhzq;fis

kl;Lk; ngUf;fpf; fpilg;gJ jhd; gug;gsT MFk;. ,jd; myFfs; rJu

kPl;lH> Vf;fh; Kjypad.

3. ,U ,lq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd Jhuj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLgit

ePl;lysitahFk;.,it xNunahU ghpkhz msTfshFk;. ,jd; myFfs;>

kPl;lH> mb> fp.kP Kjypad.

mwpe;j msTfs;

1. ePl;lysitfs;:

xU kPl;lH = 100 nr.kP (m) 100 kp.kP

xU mb = 30 nr.kP (m) 300 kp.kP (1nr.kP = 10kp.kP)

xU ,d;r; (m) xU mq;Fyk; = 2 ½ nr.kP (1/12 mb)

2. gug;gsTfs;: xU rJu kPl;lH = 10.764 rJu mb

xU Vf;fH = 4047 (m) 4000 r.kP (m) 43>560 rJu mb

xU vf;lH = 10>000 rJu kPl;lH (m) 2.471 Vf;fH

xU rJu fpNyh kPl;lH = 250 Vf;fH (m) 10 ,yl;rk; r.kPl;lH.

3. fd msTfs;: xU coT kio = xU Vf;fH ,d;r;; (m) xU ,yl;rk; ypl;lH

xU Vf;fH mb = 12 ,yl;rk; ypl;lH

xU vf;lH kPl;lH = 10>000 f.kP (m) xU Nfhb ypl;lH.

,itfis ed;F fw;W czHe;J nfhs;sTk;.

..5..

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W tif msitfs; Nghf vilia msf;fg;gad;;gLk;

vilasTfs;> ntg;gj;ij msf;fg;gad;gLk; ntg;g msTfs;>rf;jpia

msf;fg;gad;gLk; rf;jpasTfs; cz;L. mitfis Njitg;gLk; NghJ

fhz;Nghk;.

czT cw;gj;jpapd; epiy :-

,d;iwa ,e;jpaf; FLk;gk; xd;wpd;> ruhrhp czT cw;gj;jpia tpl>

MW klq;Ff;Fk; mjpfkhfTk;> ,d;iwa ruhrhp jdpkdpj czT cw;gj;jpia tpl>

Ie;J klq;F mjpfkhfTk;> ,d;iwa ruhrhp xU Vf;fH ney; cw;gj;jpia tpl %d;W>

ehd;F klq;F mjpfkhfTk;> Ke;ija jkpofj;jpd; czT cw;gj;jp ,Ue;jJ. ,jid

mwpAk;nghOJ> cw;gj;jp Vd; Fiwe;jJ? etPd njhopy; El;gq;fs; gytw;iw

ifahz;Lk>; ,d;iwa czT cw;gj;jp Fiwthf ,Uf;f fhuzk; vd;d? Nghd;w

gy Nfs;tpfs; vOfpd;wd.,d;iwa czT cw;gj;jp Fiwe;J Nghdjw;F Ntjpapay;

nghUl;fis kpfmjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;JtNj fhuzk; vd> xw;iwf; fhuzj;ij

kl;Lk; nrhy;y KbahJ. mJTk; xU fhuzk;. mJ Nghy gy fhuzq;fs;

,Uf;fyhk;. gUt epiyfis czHe;J> jf;f tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jhjJ> gUt

fhyj;Jf;Fk;> kz;Zf;Fk;> #o;epiyf;Fk;> ,d;Dk; ,J Nghd;w gytw;Wf;Fk; Vw;w

tpijfis> gpw njhopy;El;gq;fis gad;gLj;jhjJ> ,aw;if Kiwapy;

Neha;fisAk;> g+r;rpfsiAk; fl;Lg;gLj;j mwpahjJ> Nghd;w ,d;Dk; gy

fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; Xd;W kl;Lk; epr;rak;> gy mwpthHe;j

mDgtq;fis> njhopy; El;gq;fis ehk; ,oe;J tpl;Nlhk; vd;gNj mJ.

Xiyr;Rtbfs;

jkpo; xiyr;Rtbfspd; Ma;Nt ,t;tplaq;fis ekf;Fj; je;Js;sJ.

,d;Dk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd jkpo; xiyr; Rtbfs; gbnaLf;fg;glhky;>

gbf;fg;glhky>; Vd; ghJfhf;fg;glhky; mope;J nfhz;;Ls;sd. gz;ila jkpofj;jpd;

mwpTr; nry;tq;fs;> gy tl nkhop Ehy;fspYk; (rkw;;fpUjk;> ghyp> gpuhfpUj

nkhopfs;) Gije;J fplf;fpd;wd. ,d;W jkpoHfs; vg;gb Mq;fpy Nkhfk; nfhz;L

Mq;fpyj;j;py; mwpT Ehy;fis vOJtJ NghyNt> rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpd;>

tlnkhopfspy;; mwpT Ehy;fis vOJk; gof;fk;> jkpofj;jpy; epytp te;jJ. vdNt

jkpofj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; midj;J nkhop Xiyr;RtbfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L>

gbnaLf;fg;;gl;L> gbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ekJ jkpof mwpTr;; nry;tk; kPl;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. gpw nkhop Xiyr;Rtbfis tpl jkpo; Xiyr;Rtbfs; gy klq;F

mjpfkhf cs;sd. Mbg;ngUf;fpy; Mw;NwhL NghdJ Nghf> mLg;Gfspy; jPapl;L

..6..

nfhSj;jpaJ Nghf> fiuahd;fSf;F czthf;fg;gl;lJ Nghf> vQ;rpAs;s jkpo;

Xiyr;Rtbfs; ,d;Dk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fpy; cs;sd. cyfpd;; gy ehLfspYk; jkpo;

Xiyr;Rtbfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. [g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfspYk; jkpo; Xiyr;Rtbfs;

cs;sd.

[g;ghdpy; jkpo; Xiyr;Rtb

jkpo; NghHf;fiyapy; ,Ue;J jhd;> rPd> [g;ghdpa NghHf;fiyfshd

ghf;rpq;> Fq;g+> fuhj;Nj> [{Nlh Nghd;w NghHf;fiyfs; cUthfp tsHe;jd vd;why;>

mjid cq;fshy; ek;g KbAkh! Mdhy; mJjhd; cz;ik. fshp vd;w jkpo;

NghHf;fiyapd;; cl;gphpTfs;jhd;> rpyk;gk;> th;kf;fiy Kjypa jkpo;

NghHf;fiyfshFk;. ,e;j tHkk;> rpyk;gk; Mfpa jkpo; NghHf;fiyfspy;; ,Ue;J

cUthditjhd;> ghf;rpq;> Fq;;g+> fuhj;Nj> [{Nlh Nghd;w> rPd> [g;ghdpa

NghHf;fiyfshFk;. rPd> [g;ghdpa tuyhw;W Ehy;fs;jhd; ,f;fUj;Jf;fis

njhptpf;fpd;wd. ekJ jkpo; Ehy;fspy; ,ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; vJTk; ,y;iy.

jkpofj;jpy;> fp.gp. 520y; (1500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;)> fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; Gfo; ngw;W

tpsq;fpa fhQ;rp efuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ‘ NghjpjHkH; “ vd;w jkpo; Gj;j kjj;Jwtp> Gj;j

kjj;ijr; rPd [g;ghdpa ehLfspy; gug;Gtjw;fhf> me;ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;whH. mq;F

Gj;j kjj;Jwtpfspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf> ekJ jkpo; NghHf;fiyfshd tHkk;> rpyk;gk;>

Kjypatw;iw mtHfSf;Ff; fw;Wf; je;jhH. mg;NghHf;fiyfspd; topahfNt>

ghf;rpq;> Fq;;G+> fuhj;Nj> [{Nlh Nghd;w rPd [g;ghdpa NghHf;fiyfs; cUthfp

tsHe;jd vd;fpd;wd> rPd> [g;ghdpa tuyhw;W Ehy;fs;. ehk; mij mwpahJ> ekJ

NghHf;fiyfspd; top cUthd> fuhj;Nj> Nghd;w me;epa ghJfhg;Gf;fiyfis fw;W

tUfpNwhk;. ekJ rpyk;gk;> tHkk; Kjypa Nghh;f;fiyfNs> ekf;fhd kpfr; rpwe;j> kpf

caHe;j> ghJfhg;GfiyfisfshFk;. ehk; mitfis fw;Nghkhf!

jkpo; tHkf;fiyapy; ,Ue;J jhd;> rPd> [g;ghdpa ghJfhg;Gf;fiyfs;

cUthfpd vd;gjw;F milahskhf> [g;ghd; ehl;by;> fpahl;Nlh vd;w efuj;jpy;

cs;s ‘fpahl;Nlh Mrpatpay; Ma;Tf;fhd mfpy cyf epWtdk;”> tHkf; fiy

Fwpj;j> ‘tHk#j;jpuk;” vd;w %yj; jkpo; Xiyr;Rtb xd;iwg; ghJfhj;J tUfpwJ.

,e;j tHk#j;jpuk; vd;w jkpo; tHkf;fiy Ehy;> jkpofj;jpy; ,y;iy.

Mapuf;fzf;fhd> mope;J Nghd jkpo; Ehy;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whfpapUe;jJ. 20-k;

Ehw;whz;by;> [g;ghd; NguhrphpahH lhf;lH ‘#cwpNfhrfh’ vd;gtH tHk#j;jpuk;

vd;w jkpo;Ehiy> gbnaLj;J nrd;idapy; cs;s “Mrpatpay; Ma;T

epWtdj;jpw;F” xg;gilj;jhH. me;j epWtdk;> me;j tHk#j;jpuk; vd;w tHkf;fiy

..7..

Fwpj;j jkpo; Xiyr;Rtb Ehiy> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa ,uz;L nkhopfspYk;

NrHe;;J xU EhyhfTk;> [g;ghdpa nkhopapy;> xU EhyhfTk; 1994 y;

ntspapl;Ls;sJ. 400 gf;fj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;;gl;l me;Ehy; tHk#j;jpuk; vd;w Xiyr;

Rtbapd; xt;nthU jkpo; ghtpw;Fk;> jkpo; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy tpsf;fq;fis

toq;fpAs;sJ. mjd; 11-k; gf;fj;jpy; ghf;rpq;> Fq;;g+ fuhj;Nj [{Nlh Nghd;w rPd>

[g;ghdpa NghHf;fiyfs;> jkpo; tHkf;fiy top te;jdNt vd;gJ

nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; ,Wjpapy; 295 tifahd tHkq;fs; Fwpj;j ml;ltid

njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mf th;kf;fiy Nghd;w jkpof Ntshz;ik Fwpj;Jk; mjd; cl;gphpTfs;

Fwpj;Jk; gy jkpo; Xiyr;Rtbfs; jkpofj;jpYk;> cynfq;fpYk; ,Uf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.

jkpofnkq;Fk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd Xiyr;Rtbfs; ,d;Wk; gbnaLf;fg;glhky;>

gjpg;gpf;fg;glhky; cs;sd. ,e;j ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd Xiyr;Rtbfspy; ,Ue;J>

Ntshz;ik Fwpj;j E}y;fis> fz;Lzh;e;J gbnaLj;J> gjpg;gpg;gJ vd;gJ kpfg;

nghpa gzp. vdNt jkpof muR cldbahf ,jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp> ,jw;nfd xU

jdp epWtdj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ tptrha mikg;Gfs; xd;W Nrh;e;J

xU jdpahh; epWtdj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd;%yk; kl;LNk gz;ila

jkpofj;jpd;> Ntshz; njhopy;El;gq;fisAk;> mjd; mwpthh;e;j mDgtq;fisAk;

mwpaKbAk;. gz;ila jkpof Ntshz; Fwpj;j mwpthh;e;j mDgtq;fisAk;

njhopy; El;gq;fisAk;> etPdj; njhopy; El;gj;NjhL ,izf;Fk;nghOJ kl;LNk>

ekJ Ntshz;ikia ,d;iwa ,op epiyapypUe;J fhg;ghw;w KbAk;. vdNt

gz;ila jkpof njhopy; El;gq;fs; juk; jho;e;jit vd;w jtwhd

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L> ekJ goe;jkpo; njhopy;El;gk; rhh;e;j Xiyr;

Rtbfis ghJfhf;fTk;> gbnaLf;fTk;> gjpg;gpf;fTk; eltbf;if vLg;Nghkhf!

njhlUk; - fzpad; ghyd;.