Waarvoor wordt Myke Tyson geschorst in de wedstrijd tegen Evander Holyfield bij de wereldtitel zwaargewicht boksen?

© Amsterdamse Media Vragenlijst. Paulien Klomps

Two forms of amnesia

Syndromes leading to Organic Amnesia Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Alzheimer’s Anoxia, tumors, accidents, everything

that damages or blocks the blood flow to certain regions

What regions? Medial temporal lobe Basal forebrain

Medial diencephalon Frontal lobes

Ribot gradient

0

0.5

1

75-'84 65-'74 55-'64 45-'54 35-'44

Controls (n=16)

Korsakoff's (n=6)

Alzheimer's (n=8)

Adapted from: Kopelman (1989). Neuropsychologia.

TracelinkModeling consolidation and amnesia

M Meeter

The TraceLink model

Simulation model

Stochastic neurons, firing likelihood determined by input and inhibition

Both layers connected to itself and each-other

Hebbian learning Patterns consist of a

random collection of trace nodes and link nodes

Scheme of a simulation

Learning phase: acquisition of 15 patterns

After acquisition of a pattern, 3 consolidation trials

Consolidation: one random attractor strengthened

Simulated with TraceLink Retrograde amnesia with Ribot gradient

(damage to link structures) Anterograde amnesia correlated with RA

(damage to link structures) Anterograde amnesia without RA

(damage to modulatory structures) Temporary amnesia (TGA)

(hypo-perfusion of link structures) Isolated retrograde amnesia

(damage to trace-link connections) Implicit memory in amnesia Consolidation of arousing stimuli Levels of processing Semantic dementia

(damage to trace connectivity)

Simulating retrograde amnesia through a lesion of the link system

0

0.5

1

0 5 10 15

newest patterns oldest patterns

Control

Lesion

Chance level

Simulating semantic dementia through diminished trace connectivity

0

1

0 5 10 15

recent remote

Control

R.A.

Sem. Dem.

Empirical claims Lesions to link structures (e.g., medial

temporal lobe) produce correlated AA and RA, with the RA showing a Ribot gradient

Discrete lesions to modulatory structures (e.g., basal forebrain) produce AA without RA

Lesions involving both the link and modulatory system produce lowly correlated AA and RA

Only strong patterns are consolidated

Meten & vergetenMeetinstrumenten voor retrograde amnesie

Two forms of amnesia

Measuring retrograde amnesia (RA)

RA can only be measured indirectly, by comparing memory of patient with what is normal

Items must assess memories that every respondent has

Items must be dateable: it must be clear which period is assessed

Three test types

Public events tests AMV: Amsterdamse Media Vragenlijst DNMT: Daily News Memory Test

Autobiographical tests AGI: Autobiografisch Geheugeninterview

Vocabulary tests NVT: Nieuwe Vocabulairetest

Public events tests I

Amsterdamse Media Vragenlijst I.c.w. Paulien Klomps & Denny Borsboom Questions from ’70s, ’80s and ’90s, that at

least 70% of controls have correct Has been tested on normal controls

Example from ’70s: Waardoor komt het Drentse plaatsje Beilen in

december 1975 in het nieuws?

Public events tests II

Daily News Memory Test (in prep.) I.c.w. Steve Janssen & Jaap Murre Available on internet (http://memory.uva.nl) Questions about news events Selected from daily expanding database

Example from Feb. 9th

NL: tegen wat botste de Amerikaanse onderzeeer USS Greeneville op 9 februari?

Int.: with what did the American submarine USS Greeneville collide on February 9, 2001?

Autobiographical Tests

AGI, Autobiografisch Geheugeninterview I.c.w. Jaap Murre Adaptation from AMI (Kopelman, Wilson &

Baddeley, 1989) Questions about life events Is being tested in normal controls

Example (recent period): Waar heeft u het afgelopen jaar kerstmis

gevierd?

Vocabulary test

Nieuwe Vocabulaire Test (in prep.) I.c.w. Eveline de Wilde Consists of neologisms from ’70s, ’80s and

’90s Participant has to define the neologisms, and

later choose correct definition from 3 distracters

Example (’90s): Wat betekent Euro

Goals of the battery

Practical goals Offer doctors tests for retrograde amnesia

that may be helpful in diagnosis Developing memory test portal for

neuropsychologists

Theoretical goals Open up Dutch amnesic populations for

research on retrograde amnesia Characterize remote memory in given patient

populations in precise ways Test for Ribot gradients on short time scales

in patients with limited retrograde amnesia.