Case Study on Case Study on the Maria the Maria

Hertogh Riots, Hertogh Riots, 19501950

Instruction:Click on the

butterflies onthe right to assess

this lessonPackage!

1. Lesson Objecti

ves

3. Characters

4. The Story

2. Video

5. Activity A

6. Activity B

7. Quit

By the end of the lesson, you must…

1. indicate the causes of the Maria Hertogh Riots through reading the story in this package as well as through assessing the given websites

2. state the consequences of the Maria Hertogh Riots through the reading of the story, assessing the given websites as well as through the video clips.

3. be able to relate the case-study with world issues through discussion forums and group-work.

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Watch a video on the riots by clicking on the green icon on the left.

Look out for the following:1. The general storyline on the Maria Hertogh Riots2. Some of the reasons for the Riots3. The effects of the Riots

You have to open this handout to guide you through the video and the Maria Hertogh story. Remember to type down important notes along the way! You will be required to print your handout.

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Let’s recall the main characters in the Maria Hertogh Riots…

Mansoor

Karim Ghani

Che Aminah

Maria Hertogh

Adeline &

Husband

Judge Brown

Click on the name

for character’s information

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Let’s recall the storyline…

Maria Hertogh was separated from her Dutch parents during the Japanese Occupation

She was raised a Muslim under the care of Che Aminah.

After the war, Maria’s natural parents claimed custody.

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Maria was put in a convent during the trial.

Press reports on the Maria Hertogh trials made people even more emotional, henceforth worsening the issue.

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More Press Reports…

December 3, 1950:The Sunday Times reproduced 2 photographs of Maria crying in the convent.

December 4, 1950:The Singapore Standard reproduced a photograph of Maria smiling happily with her Dutch mother and a friend.

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More Press Reports…

December 5, 1950:

The Straits Times showed Maria playing dominoes with her biological mother and her friend… Maria was also shown in The Singapore Standard kneeling before a statue of the Virgin Mary.

December 7, 1950:Utusan Melayu reproduced 3 photographs of Maria weeping and one showing her talking very seriously to 2 nuns. One article even said the she was miserable and wanted news of Che Aminah.

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Karim Ghani started the Nadra Action Committee. He saw the trial as a portrayal of injustices against the Muslims - truly an act of disrespect towards the Muslim law and culture.

He wrote in the newspaper, “Dawn”, henceforth spreading the news around and instill anger among readers against the Europeans. Previous

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Che Aminah appealed for Judge Brown and the colonial authorities to allow Maria to be under her care.

Maria was returned to Che Aminah for a short while.

During that time, Maria was married to Mansoor.

This angered Maria’s natural parents, making the issue more complicated.

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The Colonial authorities were insensitive to the Malays. They ignored the Muslim laws and refused to acknowledge Maria’s marriage

Maria’s natural parents eventually won the case.

But many were unhappy with the verdict. Riots broke out eventually.

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Maria HertoghMaria Hertogh- Daughter of Adeline and Adrrianus Hertogh

- Adopted by Che Aminah and was later known as Nadra Ma’arof

- The 1950 Racial Riots were centered around her

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Che AminahChe Aminah- Maria’s foster mother

- Adopted Maria back in Java in 1942

- No offspring of her own

- Left Java with Maria and settled down in Malaya

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Adeline and Adeline and Husband Husband - Maria’s biological parents

- Eurasian of Scottish descent

- Brought up in Indonesia

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MansoorMansoor- Maria’s “husband”

- Married to Maria on 1 August 1950

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Karim Karim GhaniGhani- Muslim political activist from Rangoon

- He started the Nadra Action Committee and publicized the Maria Hertogh trial case in the “Dawn” newspaper

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Judge Judge BrownBrown- A British

- Was in charge of all the Maria Hertogh trials

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Below are websites with excerpts and real-life accounts on the Maria Hertogh Riots.

Click on the links and read the sources to answer the questions on Section 1 of your handout for Activity A.

Activity A: Download and print this handout for this section.

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Website 1

Website 2

Website 3

Section 2 of Activity A

The Maria Hertogh Riots exposed us to both the perspectives of Maria’s natural mother and Che Aminah. Click on the following icons to read on their perspectives.

Adeline’s Perspective

Che Aminah’s PerspectiveMaria’s thoughts and feelings about the

trials and the riots are completely missing. Your task is to imagine that you are Maria and write out Maria’s thoughts on your handout. Go to the next slide for more instructions.

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Adeline Hertogh's version

According to Adeline Hertogh, in the version

given in evidence before the court at the hearing

in November 1950, she was persuaded by her mother after the birth of her sixth

child to allow Maria to go and stay with Aminah in

Bandung for three or four days. Consequently,

Aminah arrived on 1 January 1943 to fetch

Maria. When the child was not returned, Mrs. Hertogh borrowed a bicycle on 6

January and set out to retrieve her daughter. She

claimed that she was arrested by a Japanese

sentry on the outskirts of Bandung as she did not

possess a pass and was thereupon interned.

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From her internment camp, she smuggled a

letter to her mother, requesting for her children

to be sent to her. This Nor Louise did, but

Maria was not among them. So Mrs. Hertogh

asked her mother to fetch Maria from Aminah.

Her mother later wrote and told her that

Aminah wanted to keep Maria for two more days, after which she herself

would bring the child to the camp. This did not materialize and Mrs.

Hertogh did not see Maria throughout her

interment. After her release, she could find neither

Maria nor Aminah.

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Aminah binte Mohamed's version

The above version was rejected by Aminah binte Mohamed in her affidavits and sworn testimony

to the High Court on several occasions.

She claimed that Adeline Hertogh had given

Maria to her for adoption in late 1942. She asserted that she, without

offspring of her own, told Mrs. Hertogh then

that she would regard Maria absolutely as her

child, whom she would bring up in the

Muslim faith. To this, according to Aminah,

Mrs. Hertogh replied that she would be glad as

she herself had been brought up as a Muslim.

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Aminah also contested the truth of Adeline Hertogh's internment by

the Japanese. She testified that she and Mrs. Hertogh continued to visit

each other frequently after the adoption until the latter left for

Surabaya to look for a job "about the end of 1943 or the beginning of

1944." Thereafter the two never saw each other again till 1950.

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Now close your eyes and take a moment to imagine that you are Maria - a 13 year old teenager who loves to play with the other children in your kampong and who also shares a love-hate relationship with your “mother”, Che Aminah…

Like other children in the kampong, you have many hopes and dreams on who you want to be and what you want to do in the future…

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Now, open your eyes. Try picturing yourself being transported into a chaotic world where you are placed on trial and where your every move is being watched and commented by others.

Throw into this mess is also the possibilities of you losing

1. Che Aminah – the one whom you called “mother”. The one whom you have spent 9 years of your life with…

2. Your future in the land you grew up in for a future in a foreign land with strangers who call themselves your parents…

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Now refer to the second section of your handout.

Write a diary account on Maria’s thoughts and feelings with regards to the events that took place after she was brought to Singapore. Share also on her impression of the two accounts provided by Adeline Hertogh and Che Aminah.

An audio file is also embedded in this slide to provide you with the atmosphere as you write the diary-entry. You may click on the green icon below to play the music.

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Activity B: Group work

Attention Students…

For this section, you are expected to get into your assigned History groups. You have to work together as a group to complete Activity B.

Before proceeding on, you need:

1. To find out from your teacher which topic your group will be researching on

2. Your password to log in to the forumPrevious

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Aside from Singapore, racial/ religious conflicts also plagued other societies. In this activity you must research (by reading the given websites) on 1 of the 3 conflicts stated in the next slide.

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USA: Civil Rights Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955-1968) http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcivilrights.htm

South Africa: Apartheidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheidhttp://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/apartheid.htm

Bosnia and Herzegovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1066886.stm http://www.dtic.mil/bosnia/

Northern Irelandhttp://cain.ulst.ac.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland

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The following are the tasks to be completed by each group:

1. Do a group write-up, based on the research, on why racial/religious harmony is important for any societies

2. Present to the class using PowerPoint

3. Contribute in online discussion forum

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Discussion Forum

Please go to the website given below. You are to actively discuss the given question in the forum and exchange ideas with your friends.

You are reminded to sign in using the password which has been given to you earlier.

http://asia.groups.yahoo.com/group/teacher-supervisor/messages

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Credits

Done by:Celisa Lin

Fadhzila Binte Ja’affar

Slide Design:Fadhzila Binte Ja’affar

Main Reference:Understanding Our Past

Singapore: from Colony to Nation (Teacher’s Resource)

by the Curriculum Planning & Development Division Ministry of

Education, Singapore

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