lgxLt lg0f{o g+= · 2011. 8. 19. · lg0f{o g+= %(;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; – ))#(*%** -

545545545545545

lg0f{o g+= *%**

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdLdfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfxdfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/Lcfb]z ldltM @)^*.@.!!.$

ljz]if l/6 g+= )^^–WS– ))%^ljifo M– g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg vf/]h ul/kfpFm .lgj ] bs M s f7d f8 f } + lhNn f , s f7d f8 f } +

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=#@ a:g] clwjQmfafns[i0f g]pkfg]

lj?4ljkIfLM /fi6«kltsf] sfof {no, dxf/fhu~h,

sf7df8f}F ;d]t

§ lgodfjnLn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] Go"gtd\;+Vofdf g36\g] u/L clwstd\ sltdfggLo GofofwLzx¿ /x]sf] ljz]ifOhnf; tf]Sg] eGg] s'/f ;jf]{Rr cbfntlgodfjnL, @)$(, lgod ( adf]lhdk|wfg GofofwLzsf] :jljj]sdf lge{//xg] b]lvG5 . s'g} d'2fsf] ljifoj:t' /To;sf] ufDeLo{tfsf] cfwf/df Go"gtd\tLg ;b:ob] lv ;jf ] {Rr cbfntdfpknAw eP;Ddsf ;Dk"0f { dfggLoGofofwLzx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] Ohnf;u7g x'g] u/]sf ljutsf b[i6fGt /Goflos cEof; /x]sf]n] o; ;DaGwdfs'g} låljwf x'g'kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_§ ;fj{ef }d clwsf/cGtu{t hgtfaf6

agfOg] ;+ljwfgdf ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gLlj i foj:t 's f ; fy } / fhg L lts

cf}lrTotfsf ljifoj:t'x¿ cGt/\lgxLt/xg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;DaGwdfsfg"gL jf j}wflgs ?kdf s'g} k|Zgp7fpg] clwsf/ sf]xL s;}nfO{ gx'g] .

§ ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ;f]xL ;+ljwfgn]l;h {g f u/ ]s f ] lgsfo cyf {t \Joj:yflksfaf6 x'g] x'Fbf lg/k]If 9+uaf6;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ /efjgfk|lts"n d"n ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns:j?k / ;+/rgf g} IftljIft x'g] u/L;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ ;+ljwfgcGtu{ts}lgsfo Joj:yflksfnfO{ klg gx'g] .

§ ;fdfGotM ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wgn] xfl;nug{ vf ]h ]sf ] /fhgLlts p2]Zo jfk | o f ]hgsf ;DaGwdf Go f losk'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg] dfGotf /x]sf]eP tfklg To;df lgxLt /x]sf sfg"gLjf ;+j}wflgs j}wtfsf k|Zgx¿ Goflosk'g/fjnf]sgsf] bfo/feGbf aflx/ kg{g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=*_§ ;+ljwfg /fhgLlts / sfg"gL ljifox¿

;lDd>0f ePsf] ;femf b:tfj]h x'Fbfo;df cGt/\lgxLt ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gLkIfdf k|Zg p7fO{ cbfnt;dIf NofOPsf]ljjfbdf /fhgLlts k |Zgx¿ klg;lGglxt /x]sf] / ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gLj }wtfsf k |Zgsf ] lg?k0fsf ] k |efj/fhgLlts ;+ljwfgjfbdf (PoliticalConstitutionalism) kg{ ;S5 eGg]s'/fsf] cf8df ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd AofVofug ] { clwsf/ ePsf ] o; cbfnt;+ljwfgk|bQ ;+j}wflgs bfloTjaf6 kl5x6\g g;Sg] / gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=(_§ s'g} klg lgsfon] ;+ljwfgadf]lhd g}

cfk\mgf sfdsf/jfxLx¿ ;~rfng ug'{;+j}wflgs / j}wflgs ck]Iffleq} kg]{ x'Fbf;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf cGtl/d

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)^*, ;fpg^*, ;fpg^*, ;fpg^*, ;fpg^*, ;fpg

546546546546546

;+ljwfgsf] bfo/f gfl3Psf] xf], xf]Og /pQm ;+zf]wgdf s'g} k|lqmofut q'l6ePsf] 5, 5}g eGg] h:tf ;+j}wflgs /sfg"gL j}wtfsf k|Zgx¿sf] lg?k0f o;cbfntaf6 x'g g;Sg] s'g} j:t'ut /ljj]s;Ddt sf/0f gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!)_§ s'g} klg ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{

Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgaf6 lemlslbFbfs'g} cd's ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf] d"np2]Zo, :j?k / rl/q g} sfod /xg;Sb}g eg] To:tf] ljifonfO{ cfwf/e"tljz]iftf dfGg' kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=!#_§ ;++ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ ;fdfGo

Joj:yfksLo clwsf/eGbf ljlzi6 ePklg ;f] clwsf/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{clwsf/ (Constituent Power) ;/xdfGg ldNb}g . Tof] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]clwsf/cGtu{t ;Lldt ?kdf k|Tofof]lhtclwsf/ dfq} xf] . k|Tofof]lht clwsf/k|of]u ubf{ ;++ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] gfddf;+ljwfgsf] df}lns :j?k g} kl/jt{gug]{ cyf{t\ cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfdf g}kl/jt{g Nofpg] u/L clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf]dfGg ldNb}g . of] ;LdfnfO{ ;++ljwfg;+zf]wgsf] qmddf ljz]if?kdf ljrf/ug'{kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=!%_§ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg]

s'/fsf] pb\3f]if cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]k|:tfjgfb]lv g} ul/Psf] / lgjf{rg x'g'k"j{sfo{sfn lglZrt ul/Paf6 ;f] Joj:yfhgtfaf6 ;d]t cg'df ] lbt ePsf ]dfGg'kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=!(_§ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /fHosf x/]s cËsf]

sfd sf/jfxL ;+ljwfgsf ] cIf/ /efjgfcg's"n ul/g' kb{5 / ;f]cg'¿k

gul/Pdf To:tf ] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{j}wflgstf lbg ldNb}g . t/ /fi6«sf]hLjgdf klg c;fwf/0f / c;xhkl/l:ylt cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .o:tf] c;xh kl/l:yltaf6 /fi6«nfO{hf]ufpg tTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf lglZrtsfd sf/jfxLx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .o:tf ] l:yltdf ;/sf/af6 ePsfsfdsf/jfxLx¿ ;+ljwfgn] ;fdfGocj:y fs f n f lu lgw f { / 0 f u/ ]s fk | f jw fgcg 's "n gb ] lvP k lgcfjZostfsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine ofNecessity) cg';f/ cf}lrTok"0f { x'g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=@$_§ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g pTkGg

ePsf] clgjfo{tf sfg"gn] ;Ddfg ug]{v fnsf ] x ' g ' c fjZos x ' G5 .clgjfo{tfsf] s'/f p7fpg] kIfn] To:tf]36gf jf kl/l:yltaf6 aRgsf] nflu ug{;lsg] ;a} pkfo u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg' k5{ .h'g clgjfo{tfsf] sf/0fn] sfd x'gg;s]sf] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo ;fljtx'g'kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=@^_§ cGtl/d ; + ljw fgdf cGt/ \ lgx Lt

hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] hgtfn] cfk\mgf] ;+ljwfgcfkm}+ agfpg] efjgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf]nflu wf/f ̂ $ sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtk|ltcljrlnt cf:yf /fvL /fVg h?/L b]lvgcfp F5 . km ] l / o;sf ] k |o f ]u ub } {sfo{sfnnfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf nDAofpFb}hfg] jf cgGttf lbg] k|oTg ul/of] eg]Tof] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / ;fj{ef}dhgtfsf] dtbfgaf6 JoQm O{R5f tyflgb]{zljk/Lt x'g hfg] .

-k|s/0f g+=#%_

547547547547547

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx¿ >Lb]j]]Gb|nfn g]kfnL, >L ;'zLns'df/ kGt,>L nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnf, >L kjgs'df/cf]emf / ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ 8f=>LrGb|sfGt 1jfnL, >L /fdhL lji6, >Lafns[i0f g]pkfg], >L ljho/fh zfSo,>L lqnf]rg uf}td / >L gf/fo0fs[i0fhf]zL

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmfåo>L /fhgf/fo0f kf7s, >L k|]d/fh sfsL{,ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmfåo >L ls/0fkf}8]n, >L 7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6L, ljåfgpkGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh kf}8]n,

cjnlDat ghL/M§ g]sfk :j0f{ z'ehGdf]T;j ljz]iffÍ,

@)%@, k[i7,@§ g]sfk @)^@ lg=g+=&$(@, k[i7 !$)

;Da4 sfg"gM§ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

wf/f $%, $^, $&, $*, $( / %), %(,^$, *@, *#-!_, *%-!_, -@_, !$*-!_

§ ;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf]lgod ^@, ^&, !%&

cfb]zk|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ldlt@)^&.@.!$ df ul/Psf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfljk/Lt ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd vf/]hul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t dfu bfjL lnO{ o; cbfntdfbfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKttYo Pjd\ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M–

ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf] g]kfn /fhkqdfk|sflzt ePsf] g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#sf] -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ sf] k|:tfjgfdf g]]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *# sf] pkwf/f-!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn] of] ;+zf]wg hf/L

u/]sf] 5 elgPsf] 5 . wf/f *#-!_ ;+ljwfg;+zf]wg ug]{ wf/f xf]Og . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{clwsf/ lbg] wf/f !$* xf] . pQm wf/f !$*-!_df ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]hug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't ug{;lsg] / pkwf/f -@_ df pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdk]z ePsf] ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf tTsfnsfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{;b:osf] jx'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/tePsf] dflgg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 . ljkIfLlgsfonfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* n] dfq ;+ljwfg;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ lbG5 . wf/f *# eg]sf];+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] klg sfdug{ kfpg] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/lbg] wf/f dfq xf] . of] wf/f ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgug{ kfpg] wf/f xf]Og .

;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]x}l;ot cnu–cnu 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7sa;]sf] a]nf gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fsf] 5nkmndfq x'G5 eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otn]a;]sf] a}7sdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{, ljw]oskfl/t ug]{ / ;+ljwfgsf] efu * adf]lhdsf]sfd x 'g ] ub {5 . ; + ljwfg;efsf ] a }7sn];+ljwfgsf] efu & adf]lhdsf] sfd ug]{ x'Fbfefu * sf] sfd ug{ kfpFb}g . ;+ljwfg;efsf]sfd ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^%5 '§ } 5 eg ] Joj:yf lksf ; +;bsf ] nf lu; + ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf ; +;bsf ] sfo {;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% 5'§} 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]bf ]; | f ] ; +zf ]wgdf wf/f *# pNn]v gu/LJoj:yflksf ;+;bn] hf/L u/]sf] ;+zf]wg elgPsf]5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* -!_ df Joj:yflksf;+;bdf dfq ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ljw]os k]z ug{kfpg]df Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+;+zf]wg g} u/]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf]lgod *$ df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* adf]lhd;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljw]os ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwpNn]v 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% df;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|fjwfg g} 5}g .

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t


548548548548548

ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut] /flt !!=$% dfz'? eO{ @)^&.@.!% ut] laxfg !=#) ah];DdJoj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7s g} a;]sf] 5}g . pQm;dodf ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s dfq a;]sf]df; + ljwfg;efaf6 ul/Psf ] pQm ; +zf ]wgclwsf/If]qljxLg eO{ ab/efuL 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn ;+ljwfg;efsf]klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] @ jif{ x'g] Joj:yf5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s @)^%.@.!% dfa;]sf] x' Fbf @)^&.@.!$ ut] /flt !@ ah];+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . ldlt@)^&.@.!$ ut] /flt !@ ah]eGbf !% ldg]6cufl8 ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s a;]sf] / ;+ljwfg;+zf]wg ljw]osdfly @)^&.@.!% ut] laxfg !=#)ah] dfq dtbfg ePsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ?kdfk|ToIf k|;f/0f ePsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf/ sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] dfGotf /fVg] ljkIfLlgsfon] @)^&.@.!$ ut] /flt !@ ah] kl5;+ljwfg;efsf] x}l;ot ;dfKt ePkl5 gful/ssf]x}l;ot ePsf] e"tk"j{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:on]u/]sf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgnfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNb}g .

ldlt @)^&.@.!% ut] laxfg !=#) ah]kfl/t ePsf] ;+zf]wg ljw]osnfO{ /fhkqdfk|sflzt ubf{ / /fi6«kltn] k|df0fLs/0f ubf{@)^&.@.!$ df kf; eO{ k|dfl0ft eof] eGg'hfn;fhLk"0f{ sfd xf] . ;/sf/, ;+ljwfg;ef //fi6«kltn] @)^&.@.!% ut] laxfg !=#) ah] kf;ePsf] s'/fnfO{ @)^&.@.!$ ut] kf; ePsf] eGg';Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ 9fF6\g' ;/x xf] .

g]kfnL hgtf;Fu ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:on]dt dfUbf g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# nfu"eO{ wf/f ^$ adf]lhd @ jif{leq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fu5'{ egL dt dfu]sf] / hgtfn] klg @ jif{sf]nflu ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ cfˆgf] jf/]; lgo'lQmu/]sf]df cfˆgf] sfo{sfn cfkm}+n] yk ug]{ sfo{cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt 5 . @jif{sf] sfo{sfnnfO{ # jif{ yk ug{ lbg] xf] eg]ljkIfL lgsfox¿ %) jif{;Dd Dofb yk ub}{ hfg]x'G5g\ . ;+;f/sf s'g} klg b]zdf cfˆgf] sfo{sfn

cfk}m+n] yk ug]{ kl/kf6L 5}g . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g g;s]kl5 gofF lgjf{rg ug'{g} k|hftGqsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] .

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os k]z ug{g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *%-!_ cg';f/ % lbg cufl8 ;"rgf lbg'kg]{, pkwf/f-@_ n] ljw]os k]z x'g] lbgeGbf @ lbg cufj}k|To]s ;b:onfO{ ljw]ossf] k|lt lbg'kg]{df To:tf]s'g}klg sfo{ljlw k"/f ul/Psf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg;ef-Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% sf] lgod !%& n] ljkIfL ;efd'vnfO{Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf ljrf/fwLg s'g} sfo{sf];DaGwdf nfu" gx'g] u/L lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yflgnDag ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgljw]os ljrf/fwLg ljw]os xf] . o:tf] ljrf/fwLgs'/fnfO{ lgodfjnL lgnDag u/L kfl/t ug{ldNb}g . To;df klg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% nfO{lgnDag ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g .

ctM dfly plNnlvt tYo tyf sfg"gsfcfwf/df ljkIfL lgsfosf] sfo{ g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *#, *$, *% tyf;+ljwfgsf] efu & / * Pjd\ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f^$ / !$* sf] pNn+3g e} uDeL/ ;fj{hlgsxs / ;/f]sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL k|Zgp7]sf] / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !, #@, !)& sf] pkwf/f-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0f jf cGo hf] rflxg]cf1f, cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L u/L @)^&.@.!$ dfg]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf] g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg @)^& k|f/Deb]lv g}ab/ u/L cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]zjf k"lh{ hf/L ul/kfpFm .

;fy } o f ] d ' 2 fsf ] c l Gtd lsgf/ fgeP;Ddsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:onfO{;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf x}l;otn] kfpg] s'g} tnaeQf / ;'ljwf gvfg' gv'jfpg' eGg] ;jf]{Rrcbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhdljkIfL lgsfosf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/Lul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf]

549549549549549

of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s!% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\;DdfggLo /fi6«klt afx]s, /fi6«klt sfof{no;d]tsf cGo ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dfuu/L lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . ;fy} k|:t't d'2fdf cGtl/dcfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu ePsf] b]lvFbf ;f] ;DaGwdf5nkmn ug{ ldlt @)^&.#.#! ut]sf] k];L tf]sL;f]sf] ;"rgf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{lbg' . o; d'2fsf] ljifo / uflDeo{tfnfO{ ljrf/u/L x]bf{ cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]tJoxf ]/ fsf ] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf ]Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^&.#.@@ df ePsf] cfb]z .

lgj]bsx¿n] ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !$ut] ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfq a}7s a;]sf ] t/Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7s a:b} ga;]sf] eGg]k"0f{ ?kdf c;To, em'7f / skf]nslNkt lhsL/lng' ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] !)! cf}+ a}7sldlt @)^^.!@.@% ut] a;]sf ] / To;kl5;+ljwfg;efsf] s'g} a}7s ga;]sf] Joxf]/f lgj]bgub{5' . o; lnlvt hjfkm;fy ;+nUg @)^& h]7!$ ut]sf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7ssf] sfo{;"rL/ a}7ssf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0faf6g} pQm s'/f :ki6 x'g]5 .

;fy} g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f];efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{5eGg] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^%.@.!% ut]; + ljwfg;efsf ] klxnf ] a }7s a; ]kZrft \;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *#-!_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] x}l;otaf6 ;+ljwfg;efn] g] ]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df rf}yf], kfFrf}+, 5}7f}+,;ftf}+ / cf7f}+ u/L kfFr k6s ;+zf]wg ul/;s]sf]5 eg] o; aLrdf s/La @^ j6f eGbf a9LP]gx¿ kfl/t ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf]a}7s a;]kZrft\ xfn;Dd kfl/t ePsf tL ;a};+ljwfgsf ;+zf]wgx¿ / P]gx¿sf] ljlw lgdf{0f;"qdf æg]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f *# sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn]of] P]g agfPsf] 5÷of] ;+zf]wg hf/L u/]sf] 5Æ

eGg] Ps?ktfk"0f{ Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . olblgj]bssf] lhsL/adf]lhd o;nfO{ cglws[t /c;+j }wflgs dfGg] xf ] eg] plNnlvt ;a};+ljwfgsf ;+zf]wgx¿ / P]gx¿ ab/ ug'{kg]{cj:yf x 'G5 . o;af6 ljBdfg g ]kfnsf ];+j}wflgs / sfg"g k|0ffnL g} vnalng k'uLGoflos c/fhstfsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g] lglZrt5, h'g s'/fsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . g]kfnLhgtf / /fi6«sf] ;fj{hlgs lxt x'g] /rgfTdsp2]Zon] bfo/ gePsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] p2]Zo g}ljgfzs k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .

lgj]bsx¿n] r'gf}tL lbg' ePsf] Joxf]/fk|:tfjgf geO{ To;nfO{ d:of}bfsf] efiffdf ljlwlgdf{0f ;"q elgG5 . ljqmd ;+jt\ @)$& ;fnsf];+ljwfg nfu" /x]sf] cjlwdf ag]sf P]gsf] ljlwlgdf { 0 f ; "qdf æ>L % dxf/fhf lw/fhsf ]zf;gsfnsf]=== cf}+ jif{df ;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf]5Æ eGg] /x]sf] lyof] eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]cl:tTj /x'~h]n Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 lgdf{0fePsf P ]g / ; + ljwfgsf ; +zf ]wgx¿dfæJoj:yflksf ;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf] 5Æ eGg]Joxf]/f /x]sf] kfOG5 . clxn] g]kfndf ljlw lgdf{0fug]{ cnUu} cËsf] cl:tTj geO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fug{ u7g ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g] ]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *#-!_ n];+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f] ;efn]Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{5 egLlgoldt Joj:yfksLo lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ;'lDkPsf]oyfy{tfaf6 lgj]bsx¿ klg cgle1 x'g'x'Gg .

;+ljwfg;efn] s'g} sfo{ ub}{df o;sf]df}lns x}l;ot / gfd kl/jt{g x'g] xf]Og .;+ljwfgn] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgoldt Joj:yfksLosfo{ ubf{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] gfddf g} pQmsfo{ ug'{kg]{ jf cnu–cnu sfo{ljlw lgdf{0fug'{kg]{ clgjfo{tf u/]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsfo{ / sfg"g lgdf{0f sfo{aLrsf] leGgtf :ki6ug{, ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{ ;~rfng Jojl:yt?kdf ug{ ;lsof];\ egL ;+ljwfg;efn] cnu–cnu lgodfjnL lgdf{0f u/]sf] cj:yf xf] . of];+ljwfg;efsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ljlwsf] ljifo klg



550550550550550

xf] . lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef-Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% klg ;+ljwfg;efn] g} lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf]eg] o;sf] gfdsf] cufl8 klg ;+ljwfg;ef pNn]vePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf]cjlwe/ g]kfndf ljlw lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+j}wflgsk|flwsf/o'Qm cË ;+ljwfg;ef ePsf]df s'g} ljjfbx'g ;Sb}g . o;} cfwf/df ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf]a}7s a;]kZrft\ xfn;Dd kfl/t ePsf ;a};+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wgx¿ / P]gx¿sf] ljlw lgdf{0f;"qdf æg]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f *# sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn]of] P]g agfPsf] 5÷of] ;+zf]wg hf/L u/]sf]5 .Æ eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] xf] . ljlw lgdf{0f;"q to ug]{ Psnf}6L clwsf/ ljlw lgdf{qL cËs}xf] . ;dsIfL cËsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/sf o:tfljifodf lg0f{o ug{ ;Ddflgt cbfntnfO{ Goflos?kdf kQf nufpg ;Sg] dfkb08sf] cefj /xg]ePsf] x'gfn] of] Gofoof]Uo ljifo x'g klg ;Sb}g .

g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ljw]os, @)^& g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]tk{maf6 dfggLo sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqLn];+ljwfgsf] wf/f *%-!_ adf]lhd ldlt @)^&.@.#ut] Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnodf btf{ ug'{ ePsf],pQm ljw]os ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *%-@_ adf]lhdldlt @)^&.@.& ut] k|To]s dfggLo ;b:onfO{ljt/0f ul/Psf] / ldlt @)^&.@.( df pQmljw]osdfly dfggLo b]jk|;fb u'?Ë ;d]t /dfggLo ;l/tf lu/Lsf] u/L b'O{j6f lj/f]wsf] ;"rgfbtf{ ePsf] oyfy{ l:yltaf6 ldlt @)^&.@.!$ dfkfl/t ;+ljwfg ;+zf ]wg ljw]ossf ] xsdf;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% sf] s'g} k|lqmof cjnDaggul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg Joxf]/f k"0f{tof em"7f xf]eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . o;df s'g} ;+j}wflgs q'l6ljBdfg /x]sf] 5}g . ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut] a;]sf]Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] klxnf] a}7sdf ;+ljwfg;ef-Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% sf] lgod ^! sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd;j{k|yd lj/f]wsf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ lg0f{ofy{ /flvPsf]/ To;kl5 dfq sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqLn] g]]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)^&nfO{ a}7s;dIf k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] xf] . ljw]osdflyljrf/ ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug]{ / dfggLo;b:ox¿nfO{ ljw]osdfly s'g} ;+zf]wg eP /fVglbg] ;dofefj ePsf]n] lgodfjnLsf] lgod !%&n] lbPsf] clwsf/adf]lhd lgod ^@ / ^& nfO{a}7ssf] lg0f{oåf/f lgnDag ul/Psf] xf] . oL ;a}Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw;DaGwLlji fo eO { Joj:yf lksf ; +;bsf ]ljz]ifflwsf/cGtu{t kg]{ ePsf]n] Gofoof]Uo ljifox'g} g;Sg] Joxf ]/f ;Ddflgt cbfnt;dIfljgd|tfk"j{s lgj]bg ug{ rfxG5' .

Joj:yflksf ; +;bsf ] a }7s ldlt@)^&.@.!$ ut] laxfg * ah]sf nflu lgwf{/0fePsf]df ljljw /fhgLlts sf/0faf6 a}7sk|f/De x'g l9nfO{ eO{ ;f]xL lbg /flt !!=$%ah] k|f/De ePsf] oyfy{tf xf] . sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] P]gx¿ nfu" x'g]af/];DaGwL bkmf # sf] v08 -ª_ df ;+jt\ @)^%;fn ;fpg * ut] b]lv ag]sf] xsdf g]]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *# sf] pkbkmf-!_ adf ] lhd ;+ ljwfg;efaf6 kfl/t eO {/fi6«kltn] k|df0fLs/0f u/]sf] lbgb]lv eGg]Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;dosf] ;DaGwdfs'g} sfg"gdf :ki6 Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOb}g .xfd|f] ;+;bLo Oltxf;df a}7s nlDaP/ s'g}ljifodf lg0f{o ug{ l9nfO{ eP klg ePsf] lg0f{oa}7s k|f/De ePsf] lbg g} ePsf] dflgg] cEof;/x]sf] 5 . ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf] /flt !!=$%ah] k|f/De ePsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7slg/Gt/ ;~rfng eO{ ;f]xL lbg a;]sf] bf];|f]a}7saf6 g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# dfcf7f } + ;+zf ]wg ug] { ljw]osnfO{ b'O { ltxfO{ax'dtn] kfl/t u/]sf]n] o;df s'g} ;+j}wflgs/ sfg"gL q'l6 ljBdfg gx'Fbf dfuadf]lhdsf]s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . lgj]bgvf/ ]h u l/k fp F m eGg ] ;d ]t Jox f ] / fs f ];+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno / P]hgsf cWoIfsftkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] Ps} Joxf]/f ldnfgsf]5'6[f5'6[ } lnlvt hjfkm .

551551551551551

Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 kfl/t ljw]osk|df0fLs/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *&n] æ;bgaf6 kfl/t ljw]os /fi6 «kltåf/fk|df0fLs/0f ePkl5 P]g aGg]5Æ egL :ki6Joj:yf u/ ]cg '¿k Joj:yflksf ; +;bsf;DdfggLo cWoIfHo"åf/f ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf]kqåf/f g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgljw]os k|df0fLs/0f ug{sf] nflu lnlvt cg'/f]weO{ cfPsf]n] ;f]xL wf/fåf/f k|bQ clwsf/sf]cwLgdf /xL ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6 ldlt@)^&.@.!$ df ;f] ljw]os k|df0fLs/0f ePsf]Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]/fi6«kltsf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .

k |:t't lgj]bg ;+ljwfg ;+zf ]wgsf ]ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvPsf] / o;df ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f ^$ Pj+ wf/f !$* ;d]tsf] JofVofTdsk|Zg lgxLt /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf] k|Zgsf] lg?k0f;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ / -@_cGtu{taf6 x'g ;Sg] xf], xf]Og eGg] ;d]tsf;Gbe{df l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO{sf avtdfq lg?k0f ug{ ;lsg] x' Fbf xfn lgj]bgdfuadf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L /xg'k/]g . o:t} ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^&;fnsf] l/6 g+=!)($ sf] lgj]bg ;d]t ;fy}/fvL lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.$.!# sf] cfb]z .

g ] ]kfnsf ] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zon]hf/L ePsf] / ;f] ;+ljwfg hf/L geP;Ddsf]nflu /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ul/Psf]cGtl/d Joj:yf xf] . ;fy} ;+ljwfg;ef g]]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] Ps cfwf/e"t;+/rgf (Basic Structure) leqsf] ljifo ePsf]n];+ljwfg;ef lagf g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf ] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lsFb }g .;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ̂ $ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] b'O{jif{sf] x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] eP tfklg;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *@ cg';f/ ;+ljwfg;efn] kfl/t

u/]sf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv dfq;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd ;dfKt x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]kfOG5 . o; cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* -!_df ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]hug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't ug{;lsg] Joj:yf ePcg';f/ wf/f ^$ sf] ;f]Joj:yfnfO{ c;+zf]wgLo (Non-amendable) dfGgklg ;lsFb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ nfO{ :jtGq?kdf x]g{, cy{ ug{ / JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . wf/f^$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf /cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf ;fy} wf/f *@ / !$*;Fu ;fy} /fvL JofVof ul/g' kb{5 . t;y{g ] ] k fnsf ] cGt l/d ; + ljw fg , @)^# sf ]k|:tfjgfsf] dd{ / efjgf, wf/f *@ / !$*;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;+ljwfg;efdfk{mt\cfˆgf ] nflu cfk } m + ; + ljwfg lgdf {0f ug ] {gful/ssf] xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yfdf ;+zf]wgug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f} +;+zf]wg k|:tfj Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf btf{ eO{Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6kfl/t eO{ nfu" ;d]t eO;s]sf]n] lgj]bssf]dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg] { xf]Og .cf}lrToxLg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyfdlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf tk{maf6 k]z x'gcfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df;+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f] ;efn]Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{5eGg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /x]sf]n] lgj]bssf] egfOts{;+ut b]lvFb}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# df ;+zf]wg ug]{ ;+j}wflgs cEof;cg'¿kg} ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] kfFrf}+, 5}7f}+ / ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wgsf;DaGwdf ljkIfLx¿af6 s'g} k|Zg gp7fOPsf]x'Fbf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ljw]os, @)^& sf] ;+j}wflgstf ;DaGwdfp7fOPsf] k|Zg sfg"g;Ddt 5}g eGg] ;d]tJoxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf tkm{af6k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .



552552552552552

lgj]bsn] g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# df cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ubf{ pQm ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f !$* adf]lhd Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] lg0f{oug'{ kg]{df ;+ljwfg;efn] wf/f *$ adf]lhdsf]k|lqmof ckgfO{ lg0f{o u/]sf]n] u}/;+j}wflgs ePsf]egL ab/ u/L kfpg lgj]bg lbg' ePsf] b]lvG5 .pQm k|Zg ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf]egL ldlt @)^&.$.!# sf] ljz]if Ohnf;sf]cfb]zdf klg pNn]v e}/x]sf] b]lvPsf]df o:t}k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] lgj]bs ljho/fh zfSoljkIfL ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt ;d]t ePsf] )^^–WS-))%) sf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf o; cbfntsf]ljz]if Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o x'Fbf k|:t't d'2f klg;fy} k]z x'g g;s]sf]af6 o; d'2fsf] /f]xdfljrf/ x'g g;sL afFsL /xg uPsf] b]lvPsf]5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ljBdfg ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gLk|Zgx¿df k"0f{ ?kn] clGtd JofVof ug{ capk/f]Qm plNnlvt d'2fsf] lg0f{o ubf{ u7g ePsf]tLg hgf GofofwLzx¿ ;lDdlnt ePsf] ljz]ifOhnf; ;/xs} ; +Vofsf ] GofofwLzx¿sf ]Ohnf;af6 plrt gx'g] x'Fbf ;f]eGbf a9L cyf{t\tLg hgfeGbf a9L GofofwLzx¿ ;+nUg ePsf]ljz]if Ohnf; u7g ug{ dgfl;a b]lvPsf] 5 .;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $sf] pklgod -!_ n] tLg jf ;f]eGbf a9LGofofwLzx¿ ePsf] Ohnf; u7g ug{ ;Sg]Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / d'2fsf] hl6ntf x]/Lk|wfgGofofwLzn] tf ]sL lbPsf] d'2f ljz]ifOhnf;af6 x]l/g] u/L pk/f]Qm lgod $ sf]pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ df Joj:yf e} lgod$ sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{tsf] d'2f;d]t ljz]if Ohnf;af6 x]l/g] Joj:yf ePsf]b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf ljBdfg ;+j}wflgsk|Zgx¿sf] lg0f {osf nflu ;jf] {Rr cbfntlgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $ sf] pklgod-!_ adf]lhd tLgeGbf a9L GofofwLz ePsf]l jz ] i f Ohnf; u7g ug { ;Dd fgg Lok|wfgGofofwLz ;dIf k]z ug'{ .

k|:t't d'2f ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu ;dodf k]zx'g g;sL lanDa e}/x]sf] b]lvPsf] / ljjflbt

;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfnklg clGtd cj:yfdf k'u]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf caclanDa ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu cfufdL @)^*.@.*ut} g} lgodadf]lhd k]z ug' { eGg] ;d]tJoxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.@.% sf]cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]zx'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^*.@.*/ ( ut]sf lbgx¿df ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbf kIf ljkIfsf]tkm {af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg sfg"gJoj;foLx¿n] cf–cfk\mgf] kIfsf] ;dy{gdf k|:t'tug'{ ePsf] ax; a"Fbfsf] ;f/ ;+If]k b]xfo adf]lhd/x]sf] 5 M–

lgj]bssf tkm{af6jl/i7 clwjQmf >L b]j]]Gb|nfn g]kfnLM

;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf ;+;b Ps}lgsfo xf]Ogg\ . ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]sfo { ug ] { x f ] eg ] Joj:yf lksf ; +;bn ]Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ug]{ x}l;ot /fVb5 . g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$* / *#nfO{ k/:k/ t'ngf ubf{ klg of] leGgtf k|i6x'G5 . wf/f !$* adf]lhd ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]k|:tfj Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf dfq k]z x'g;Sb5 . ;+ljwfg pNn+3g u/]sf] k/Dk/f ghL/x'g ;Sb}g . ljkIfLx¿sf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{nfO{;Rofpg o; cbfntdf k|j]z ug'{ ljgfzs sfo{xf]Og . ;+zf]wgdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% sf] k|lqmofk "/f ul/Psf ] 5}g . ljrf/fwLg ljw]ossf;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] lgod !%&adf]lhd k|lqmof lgnDag ug{ ldNb}g . nuftf/a}7s a;]s} 5}g . h]7 !% ut] dfq k|:tfj kfl/tePsf] 5 . !% ut] kfl/t ePsf] ;+zf]wgnfO{ !$ut ] k |df0f Ls/0f u/ ]sf ] eGg ' unt 5 .ljkIfLx¿nfO{ h] u/] klg x'G5 eGg] k/]sf] 5 .;+s6sfn nufOPsf] cj:yfdf dfq 5 dlxgfDofb yKg ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf]df ;+s6sfn g}gnufO{ Ps jif { yKg] u/L ePsf] ;+zf]wgc;+j}wflgs 5 . ljz]if Ohnf;df Go"gtd\tLghgf dfggLo GofofwLz /xg ;Sg] eGg]

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;jf] {Rr cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf x' Fbf;f]eGbf a9L ;b:o ePsf] Ohnf; u7g ePsf]s'/fdf cfklQ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . wf/f ^$cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf xf] eGg] k|wfgdGqLsf] lnlvthjfkmdf g} :jLsf/ ul/Psf]n] To;df ;+zf]wgx'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f && sf] ljz]ifflwsf/;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] qmddfp7fpg ldNb}g . cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtnfO{Principle of Compulsion n] lgolGqt ub{5 .cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt ck|fs[lts jf u}/sfg"gLx'g' x'Fb}g . h]7 !$ ut] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]a}7s af]nfOPsf] lyof] eGg] k|df0f cfpg ;s]sf]5}g . gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] ;+/If0fsf] nfluklg cbfntn] ljkIfLnfO{ lg/+s'z x'g af6 /f]Sg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . To;}n] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf]cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 .clwjQmf 8f=>L rGb|sfGt 1jfnLM

o;cl3sf] ljz]if Ohnf;n] wf/f ^$nfO{ Directory eg]sf] 5 . To;}u/L pQm wf/fnfO{;+ljwfgsf] nIo xf] elgPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfggagfP;Dd ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g x'g} g;Sg] ts{ul/Psf] 5 . km};nfdf cleJoQm ePsf tLljifox¿ unt 5g\ . t/ :j]R5frf/L ?kdflg/Gt/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yKb} uPdf Goflosk'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] ts{ klg pQm km};nfn]c f + } No fPsf ] / ; + ljw fg;efn ] t f ] lsPsf ];do;Ldfdf ;+ljwfg agfpg] ck]Iff ;d]t pQmkm};nfdf cleJoQm ePsf] s'/f plrt 5 . wf/f^$ lgb]{zgfTds geP/ afWofTds xf] . d"n;+ljwfgdf g} Tof] Joj:yf lyof] . To;}nfO{ dfg]/ljkIfLx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf efulnPsf x'g\ . wf/f ^$ df pNn]v ePsf] ;f]Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;efsf] nflu Cut of Date g}xf] . ;+s6sfn nfu]sf] cj:yfdf dfq ;f] 5dlxgf cjlw yk ug{ ldN5 . ;+s6sfn g} nfu]sf]5}g eg] Ps jif{ yKg s;/L ldN5 < ;+ljwfg;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf JoQm / cJoQm u/L b'O{j6f;Ldfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . JoQm ;Ldf 5}gg\ eGb}df;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf ljwflosfnfO{ c;Lldtclwsf/ x'Fb}g . c;Lldt clwsf/ hgtfnfO{ dfq

x'G5 . Cut of Date leq x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{;lsPnf t/ gf3\g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfg;ef b'O{ jif{sf] nflu ;fj{ef}dxf], To;kl5 xf]Og . b'O{ jif{leq sfo{;DkGg x'gg;s]sf] cf}lrTo lbg ;Sg'k5{ . To;}n] wf/f ^$/ *@ nfO{ Ps} ;fy /fv]/ ;dGjofTds 9+uaf6JofVof ug'{k5{ . b'O{ jif{leq sfd ug{ g;s]kl5k'gM hgtfdf uO{ ;xdlt lng ;Sg' kb{5 .cfk\mgf] cfo' a9fpFbf hgtfsf] ;xdlt glnPsf]n];+zf]wg j}w 5}g . t;y{ l/6 hf/L x'g' kb{5 .jl/i7 clwjQmf >L kjgs'df/ cf]emfM

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; + l jw fg;ef ;j ] { ;j f { x f ] Og .;+ljwfg;ef gx'Fb}df b]zdf ;+s6 klg cfpFb}g .cGtl/d ;+ ljwfg / o; cGtu{tsf ] cGo;+/rgfaf6 d'n's rNg ;S5 . tf]lsPsf] ;doleqsfd ug{ g;Sg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb k6s–



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k6s yKg]eGbf tfhf lgjf{rg u/]/ hgfb]z k|fKtug{' ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'G5 . /fhgLlts cf}lrTonfO{x]/]/ u}/sfg"gL sfo{nfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNb}g .tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ldfleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfdklg gug]{ clg tna / eQf lnO{ /xg s;/LldN5 < z'?s} sfdsf/jfxL u}/sfg"gL 5 eg]To;kl5sf] sfo{n] j}wflgstf kfpg ;Sb}g .ljkIfLx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgfljk/Ltcfk\mgf ] sfo{sfn cfkm } +n ] yk u/]sf ] x ' Fbfdfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 .lgj]bs clwjQmf >L afns[i0f g]pkfg]M

;efd'vsf ] lnlvt hjfkmdf ldlt@)^^.!@.@% ut]b]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s g}a;]sf] 5}g eGg] 5 . ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf]/fhkqn] ;+ljwfg;efn] cf7f} + ;+zf]wg u/]sf]eG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s g} a;]sf] 5}g eg]s;/L ;+zf]wg u¥of] < ;+ljwfg;ef;DaGwLJoj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] efu & df /x]sf] 5 .Joj:yflksf;DaGwL Joj:yf efu ^ df ul/Psf]5 . ;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ]sfo{;~rfng lgodfjnL klg cnu–cnu /x]sf5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgodfjnLdf ljw]os k]zug] { Joj:yf g} 5}g . Joj:yflksf ;+;blgodfjnLsf] lgod *$ df dfq o; k|sf/sf]Joj:yf 5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ljw]os k]zug]{, kfl/t ug]{ cflb ljlw / k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf;+ljwfgsf] efu * df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* adf]lhd dfq ;+ljwfgsf];+zf]wg x'g ;Sb5 . wf/f *# n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5}g . wf/f !$* adf]lhdsf]k|:tfj klg Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf k]z x'g]Joj:yf 5 . ;lhnf] / ;/n af6f] 5Fbf5Fb} lsgunt / 3'dfp/f] af6f] k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] eGg]af/]df lnlvt hjfkm k|i6 5}g . ;ef;b\x¿ Wff/f^$ sf] Joj:yf x]/]/} ;+ljwfg;efdf uPsf x'g\ .b'O{ jif{leq ;+ljwfg agfpF5' eGg] jfrf u/LuPsf] t/ gagfPsf]af6 lhDd]jf/L af]w u/]sf]dfGg ;ls+b}}g . ;+ljwfgsf cGo wf/f ;+zf]wgx 'g ;Sg ] eP tfk lg lgjf { lrt lgsfo;+ljwfg;efn] cfk\mgf] Dofb cfkm}+ a9fpg] u/L

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gofF ;+ljwfg gagfP;Dd ;+ljwfg;eflj36g ug{ ldNb}g eGg] xf] eg] wf/f ^$ dfsfo{sfn tf]Sg'sf] s'g} k|of]hg x'g] b]lvFb}g .;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf wf/f ^$ sf];do ;LdfnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnOg' kb{5 .;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf s]xL cJoQm ;Ldf 5g\ egL;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 o;cl3 g} af]nL ;lsPsf]cj:yf 5 . wf/f ^$ klg ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t;+/rgfdWo]sf] Ps x' Fbf o;df ;+zf]wg ug{ldNb}g . :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 sfo{sfn a9fpg]u/L ePsf] ;+zf]wg cdfGo 3f]lift ul/g' kb{5 .jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ;'zLns'df/ kGtM

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ug]{ clwsf/ g} lbOPsf] 5}g . hltj]nf h'gx}l;otn] h'g sfo{ u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL s'/f n]lvg'kb{5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ug{ kfpg] sfd;+ljwfg;efn] ug{ kfpFb}g . ;+ljwfg;ef /Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cnu–cnu x}l;ot ePsf]n]Tof] sfof{Tds ?kdf g} b]lvg' kb{5 . Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] a}7s g} cfJxfg ePsf] 5}g eg] ;f] x}l;otn]s;/L sfd ug{ ;S5 < ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ n]cufj} lj36g ug]{ tyf ;+s6sfn nfu]sf] cj:yfdfa9Ldf 5 dlxgf;Dd Dofb cfkm}+ a9fpg ;Sg]u/L ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g} clwsf/ lbPsf]n] To;nfO{;+zf]wgsf] bfo/faflx/ /fv]sf] 5 . ;dosf] u0fgf;DaGwdf /fli6«o sfg"gdf k|i6 Joj:yf 5}g eg]cGt/f{li6«o k|rng / dfGotfnfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 ./flt !@ ah]af6 z'? x'g] @$ 306fsf] cjlwnfO{Ps lbg dfGg] k|rng ;+;f/el/ /x]sf] 5 . @)^&h]7 !% ut]sf] ljxfg !=#) ah] ;+ljwfg;efn]u/]sf] pQm ;+zf]wg ;+ljwfgljk/Lt 5 . ;fj{ef}dhgtfn] lbPsf] DofG8]6ljk/Lt cfk\mgf] sfo{sfncfkm} + a9fpg ldNb}g . hgefjgfsf] ljk/Lt;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/G5 eg] Tof] cfwf/e"t;+/rgfcg's"n x'Fb}g .clwjQmf >L lqnf]rg uf}tdM

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clwjQmf >L gf/fo0fs[i0f hf]zLMcGtl/d ;+ ljwfgsf ] wf/f ^$ sf ]

k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+znfO{ ljz]if ?kdf x]l/g'kb{5 . ;+s6sfn nfu]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t 5dlxgfeGbf a9L Dofb yKg kfOb}g eg] ;fdfGocj:yfdf clgolGqt ?kdf Ps jif{ cfk\mgf]sfo{sfn cfkm}+n] yk ug{ s;/L ldN5 < To;}n]l/6 hf/L x'g' kb{5 .k|ToyL{x¿sf] tkm{af6Mgfoa dxfGofoflwjQmf >L k|]d/fh sfsL{M

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cbfntsf] lg0f{oåf/f :yflkt ePsf cJoQm ;Ldfx'g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf xf]/ o;df wf/f !$* adf]lhd ;+zf]wg x'g g;Sg]egL JoQm jf cJoQm s'g} klg ;Ldf /flvPsf]5}g . To:tf] ePsf] eP wf/f !$* df wf/f ^$nfO{ afx]s ul/Psf] x'g' kb{Yof ] . ;+zf ]wgk|lqmofdf s'g} q'l6 5}g . lgod !%& n] ljrf/fwLgsfo{df nfu" gx'g] u/L lgodsf Joj:yf lgnDagug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] x'Fbf o;df ljjfb u/L /xg'kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . ;do u0fgf ;DaGwdf sfg"gn]k|i6 Joj:yf gu/]sf] x'Fbf s7f]/ JofVof ug{ldNb}g . ;+zf]wg k|:tfj b'O{ ltxfO{eGbf a9L;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bgvf/]h ul/g' kb{5 .;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]nM

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kl5 ljwflosLsfo { ug ] { b ' O { lgsfo b ] lvPsf 5g \ .; + ljwfg;efsf ] lgjf {rgcl3 of ] clwsf/Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] k |of ]u u/]sf ] lyof ] .;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 Joj:yflksfsf] u7g;DaGwL wf/f $%, $^, $&, $* / $( vf/]hu/L Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ klg ;+ljwfg;efnfO{g} lbOPsf]n] To;kl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] gfdaf6P]g ;+zf]wg / hf/L x'g yfn]sf] xf] . wf/f *# n];+ljwfg;efn] g} Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ug]{eg]sf] 5 . lgsfo Pp6} 5 sfd b'Oj6f dfqxf] . xfn Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] k[ys cl:tTj g}5}g . wf/f !$* n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofsf;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ clwsf/ wf/f*# n] lbPsf] x'Fbf ;f] clwsf/cGtu{t ;+zf]wghf/L ul/Psf] eGg'df s'g} q'l6 5}g . lgj]bgvf/]h x'g' kb{5 .;xGofoflwjQmf >L 7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6LM

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *@ adf]lhd gofF;+ljwfg kfl/t ePkl5 dfq ;+ljwfg;efsf]sfo{sfn ;dfKt x'g] b]lvG5 . tf]lsPsf] b'O{ jif{sf]cjlwdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg x'gg;]skl5 cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 Dofb yk ul/Psf]xf] . o;nfO{ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtn] j}wtflbG5 . cgGtsfn;Dd yk ul/Psf] klg xf]Og .

ljlw;Ddt ?kdf k|:tfj k]z eO{ kfl/t ePsf]5 . ;+;bsf] k|lqmof lgoldt jf clgoldt ePsf]eGg] af/]df cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfpg]eGg] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %^ / && sf] ;+j}wflgsJoj:yf 5 . lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf sltko k|Zgx¿;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gLeGbf klg /fhgLlts k|s[ltsfx'Fbf cbfntaf6 lg?k0f x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgdf;+zf]wg x'Fb}df j}wtf ;dfKt x'g] / ;+zf]wggx'Fb}df sfod /xg] eGg] x'Fb}g . Ps k6s klg;+zf]wg gePsf] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg klg;dfKt ePsf] b[i6fGt 5 . ;+ljwfg hgtfn]agfpg] x'Fbf hgO{R5f /x];Dd of] sfod /xG5 .o;sf] clGtd lg0f{ostf{ hgtf g} x'g\ . cf7f}+;+zf]wg sfof{Gjog e};s]sf]n] xfn cfP/ cGoyfug{ ldNb}g . s'g} klg sfo{ z'? ePsf] ldltnfO{g} sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] ldlt dflgG5 . a}7s;dodf g} a;]sf] 5 / lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] cj:yf5 eg] k|:tfj s'g ;dodf kfl/t eof] eGg] s'/fuf}0f x'g hfG5 . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 .GffoadxfGofoflwjQmf >L /fhgf/fo0f kf7sM

ldlt @)^*.@.% sf] cfb]zdf a[xt ljz]ifOhnf;df k7fpg' kg]{ cfwf/ pNn]v x'g ;s]sf]5}g . s'g} sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs hl6ntfsf] k|Zgv8f eof] eGg] k|i6 5}g . o;cl3sf] ljz]ifOhnf;af6 ePsf] lg0f{o clGtd 5 . cGtl/d;+ljwfgadf]lhd clGtd ePsf] pQm lg0f{o ghL/x'g] x'Fbf ;a}nfO{ dfGg s/ nfU5 . pQm lg0f{odfcleJoQm /fo;Fu c;xdt e} /fo;lxt cfPsf]eP Pp6f cj:yf x'GYof] . k|:t't lgj]bgaf6 l/6hf/L eP klg pQm lg0f{o sfod /xL /xg] cj:yfk5{ . ;/sf/ jf ;+ljwfg;efn] s'g lg0f{onfO{dfGg] eGg] cGof}ntf /xg ;Sb5 . ;+zf]wg ug{kfpg] xf]Og eGg] / sfo{ljlwut q'l6 u/L ;+zf]wgul/Psf] 5 eGg] b'O{ k/:k/ lj/f]wL bfjL Ps};fy lnOPsf] 5 . o;af6 lgj]bs :jo+ :ki6x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ldlt @)^&.@.!$ df ePsf];+zf]wg ab/ dfu ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ;+zf]wgePsf] !! dlxgf @% lbg k"/f e};s]sfn] ab/ug'{sf] cf}lrTo 5}g . cj s]jn kfFrlbg dfqafFsL 5 . clxn] cfP/ pQm ;+zf]wg ab/ ug]{ xf]

557557557557557

eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;b / ;+ljwfg;efn] jif{lbg e/L u/]sf sfdsf/jfxLsf] j}wtf s] x'g]eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;Sb5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] cfjlwsr'gfj u/fpg ] Joj:yf ; + ljwfgdf 5 }g .k|:tfjgfdf gofF ;+ljwfg gag];Dd ;+ljwfg;ef/xg] elgPsf] 5 . To;}n] gofF ;+ljwfg gag];Ddo;} ;+ljwfg;efn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] cj:yf 5 .l56} ;+ljwfg agfpg ;s]sf] eP b'O{jif{ cufj}lj36g x'g ;SYof] eg] l9nf x'Fbf Dofb yKggkfpg] eGg] xF'b}g . sfg"gL l/Qmtf / To;n]kfg]{ c;/sf ;DaGwdf ;d]t Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 .

kIf ljkIfsf tkm{af6 ljåfg sfg"gJoj;foLx¿n] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ts{k"0f{ ax;;'gL, l/6 lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkm tyf ;Da4;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ ;d]tsf] ;du|cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgaf6 d"ntMb]xfosf k|Zgx¿df s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lg?k0fx''g' kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M—1. g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

wf/f ^$ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfna9fpg] u/L ;+zf]wg x'g ;S5, ;Sb}g <

2. ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb Ps jif{ a9fpg]u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f ^$ df cf7f} + ;+zf]wgåf/f ePsf];+zf]wg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]k|lqmofadf]lhd ePsf] 5, 5}g < /

3. lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/Lx'g'kg]{ xf], xf]Og <@= o; Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o lg?k0f x'g'kg]{

egL lglb{i6 ul/Psf pk/f]Qm lg0ff{os k|Zgx¿sf]cf}lrTodf k|j]z ug'{cl3 k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]tk m { a f6 ax; ug ' { x ' g ] ljå fg g fojdxfGofoflwjQmfx¿n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf;'g 'jfO { ug{ ] o; Ohnf;sf] If ]qflwsf/sf;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fpg' ePsf]n] ;j{k|yd To;;DaGwdf :ki6 x'g'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o;cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.@.%df ePsf] cfb]zadf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg o;Ohnf;df k]z x'g cfPsf] t/ pQm cfb]zdf

o:t} k|s[ltsf] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf]lgj]bs ljho/fh zfSo lj?4 ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+=)^^–WS-))%) sf] pTk|]if0fd'2fdf cleJoQm /fo;Fu c;xdlt hgfOPsf] jfcfk\mgf] s'g} 5'§} /fo JoQm gul/Psf] / sfg"gL tyf;+j}wflgs hl6ntfsf] cj:yf lrq0f gePsf]n] k|:t'tl/6 lgj]bgnfO{ a9L ;b:o ePsf] ljz]if Ohnf;dfk7fpg] u/L ePsf] cfb]z g} lgod;Ddt 5}g eGg]lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

#= ljåfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿sf];f] lhsL/sf] ;DaGwdf k|i6 x'gsf] nflu ;jf]{Rrcbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] Joj:yfx¿b[li6ut ug'{kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf]kl/R5]b–@ df Ohnf;x¿sf] u7g;DaGwL Joj:yfePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] kl/R5]bcGtu{t ul/PsfJoj:yfx¿ dWo] lgod $ df ljz]if Ohnf;af6x]l/g] d'2fx¿sf] af/]df pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .lgod $ sf] pklgod -!_ n] æb]xfodf n]lvPsfd'2fx¿ tLg jf ;f] eGbf a9L GofofwLzx¿ePsf] Ohnf;af6 x]l/g]5Æ eGb} b]xfo v08 -u_df æ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_cGtu{tsf] d'2fÆ nfO{ klg ljz]if Ohnf;af6x]l/g] d'2fsf] ?kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

$= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+;+zf]wg ljw]osnfO{ d"n ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfljk/Lt ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f-!_ adf]lhd vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t bfjLlnOPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO{ ;jf]{Rrcbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( lgod $ sf] pklgod-!_ sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{tsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6x]l/g' kg]{ eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ;Gb]x /x]g . hxfF;Ddljz]if Ohnf;df /xg] dfggLo GofofwLzx¿sf];+Vofsf] ljifo 5, lgod $ sf] pklgod -!_ n]ljz]if Ohnf;df /xg] dfggLo GofofwLzx¿sf]Go"gtd\ ;+Vof tLgeGbf sd x'g gx'g] s'/f;DdO+lËt u/]sf] eP tfklg tLg hgfeGbf a9LdfggLo GofofwLzx¿ /xg] u/L ljz]if Ohnf;u7g ug{ /f]s nufPsf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . o:tf]l:yltdf lgodfjnLn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] Go"gtd\;+Vofdf g36\g] u/L clwstd\ slt dfggLo



558558558558558

GofofwLzx¿ /x]sf] ljz]if Ohnf; tf]Sg] eGg]s'/f lgod ( adf]lhd k|wfg GofofwLzsf]:jljj]sdf lge{/ /xg] b]lvG5 . s'g} d'2fsf]ljifoj:t' / To;sf] ufDeLo{tfsf] cfwf/dfGo"gtd\ tLg ;b:ob]lv ;jf] {Rr cbfntdfpknAw eP;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ dfggLo GofofwLzx¿;dfj]z ePsf] Ohnf; u7g x'g] u/]sf ljutsfb[i6fGt / Goflos cEof; /x]sf]n] o; ;DaGwdfs'g} låljwf x'g'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g .

%= o; cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;sf] pQmldlt @)^*.@.% sf] cfb]zdf klg tLg hgfeGbfa9L dfggLo GofofwLzx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] ljz]ifOhnf; u7g x'g;Sg] lgod $-!_ sf] ;f] Joj:yfpNn]v ub}{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] h:t};dfg k|s[ltsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ljjfbsf]ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] lgj]bs ljho/fh zfSolj?4 ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt ;d]t ljkIfL ePsf]l/6 g+=)^^–WS-))%) sf] pTk|]if0fsf] d'2fdfo; cbfntsf] tLghgf dfggLo GofofwLzePsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o e};s]sf]n];f]eGbf a9L ;b:o /x]sf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6;'g'jfO{ x'g' plrt x'g] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]b]lvG5 . l/6 g+=)^^–WS-))%) sf] ;fydf ;f]xLOhnf; ;dIf Ps} lbg nufpsf] ?kdf k]zePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6k];L :ylut u/fPsf] sf/0f lg0f{o x'g g;sLPp6} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z /x]sf] e} ;Fu} k]z ePsflgj]bgx¿ dWo] Pssf] lsgf/f eO{ k|:t't l/6lgj]bg eg] ljrf/fwLg g} /xg uPsf] kfOof] .To; kl5 klg lgj]bssf tkm{af6 k6s–k6sk];L :ylut u/fPsf] sf/0f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf;'g'jfO{ x'g l9nf ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . Ps}k|s[ltsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z eO{Ps} ;fy lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ egL nufpsf] ?kdf k]zePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg x6fpg dfu u/]kl5 ;DalGwtOhnf;af6 nufpdf /x]sf ;a} lgj]bg :ylutug]{ jf :ylutsf] lgj]bg c:jLsf/ u/L ;a}lgj]bgdf Ps} ;fy ;'g'jfO{ x'g' Goflos k|lqmofsf]b[li6sf]0faf6 ;'ljwfhgs / plrt x'g]df nufpk'm6fO{ lg0f{o u/]s} sf/0f Pp6} ljifodf o;

cbfntn] k6s–k6s lg0f{o lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yfcfPsf ] / tLghgf dfggLo GofofwLzsf ]Ohnf;af6 Psk6s lg0f{o lg?k0f e};s]sf]cj:yfdf ;f ]xL ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf]lgj]bgdf ;f] eGbf a9L ;b:o /x]sf] ljz]ifOhnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ ul/g' lg0f{o Ps?ktfsf]b[li6sf]0f ;d]taf6 pko'Qm x'g] x' Fbf ldlt@)^*.@.% sf] cfb]znfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg]b]lvPg . To;df klg lgod $ sf] pklgod -!_sf] cwLgdf /xL lgod ( adf]lhd k|wfgGofofwLzaf6 kfFrhgf dfggLo GofofwLzx¿/x]sf] Ohnf; u7g ePsf] s'/fdf lgodfjnLsf]Joj:yfsf] s'g} q'l6 b]lvg gcfPsf]n] ljåfg gfoadxfGofoflwjQmfx¿sf] pQm ax; lhsL/;Fu;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

^= dfly pNn ]v ePadf ] lhd o;Ohnf;sf] u7gdf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 ljBdfg/x]sf] gb]lvPsf] / k|:t't ljifodf ;'g'jfO{ ug{sf]nflu o; Ohnf;sf] ;Ifd If]qflwsf/ /x]sf]eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 e};s]kl5 ca lg0f{o lbg'kg]{x'g cfPsf] pk/f]Qm klxnf] k|Zgsf] ljifoj:t'leqk|j]z ug'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .

&= ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsx¿n]ljkIfL ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿n] hgtf;Fu b'O{jif{leq ;+ljwfg agfpg] egL dt dfu]sf /hgtfn] klg ;f]xL cjlwsf] nflu lghx¿nfO{cfk\mgf] k|ltlglw lgo'Qm u/]sf]df cfk\mgf] sfo{sfncfkm}+ a9fpg] sfo{ cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] l;4fGt;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 . o:tf] ug{ 5"6 lbFb} hfg] xf]eg] ljkIfLx¿n] cgGtsfn;Dd ;+ljwfg;efsf]Dofb a9fpg ;S5g\ . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;+ljwfgagfpg g;s]kl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] gofF lgjf{rgug'{sf] ljsNk 5}g eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg lhsL//x]sf] kfOG5 . k|ToyL{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno /cWoIfsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf cfk\mgf] sfo{sfncfkm}+n] a9fpg] u/L wf/f ^$ df ;+zf]wg ug{ldNb }g eGg ] pQm lgj ]bg lhsL/sf ] s 'g }v08go'Qm cfwf/ pNn]v ug{ g;sL s]jn;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofdf s'g} sfo{ljlwut q'l6gePsf] eGg];Ddsf] Joxf]/f k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

559559559559559

k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]lnlvt hjfkmdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$*-!_adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] h'g;'s} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wgjf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k]zug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf x'Fbf wf/f ̂ $ sf] Joj:yfnfO{c; +zf ]wgLo dfGg gldNg ] / ; + ljwfgsf ]k|:tfjgfsf] dd{, efjgf, wf/f *@ / !$*;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbO{ hgtfsf] cfk\mgf] ;+ljwfgcfkm}+ agfpg kfpg] xssf] ;Ddfgsf nflu g]kfn;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f} +;+zf]wg k|:tfj btf{ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] ;d]tJoxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ tkm{sfljåfg GofoflwjQmfx¿n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]ljifo ;+j }wflgs / sfg"gL ljifosf ;fy}/fhgLlts cf}lrTotfsf] ljifo klg ePsf]n]cbfntaf6 lg?k0f x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t cfzosf]ax; k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

*= plNnlvt lgj]bg lhsL/, lnlvthjfkm / ax;df p7fOPsf ljifox¿ ;d]tsf]kl/k| ]Iodf k|ydtM ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg;DaGwL;}4flGts cjwf/0ffsf] af/]df s]xL :ki6 x'g'jf~5gLo b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . l;4fGttM k|hftGqdf;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f hgtfaf6 x'G5 . hgtf:jo+åf/f cfk\mgf] nflu cfkm}+n] ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fug]{ ePsf]n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;fj{ef}dclwsf/sf] k|of]u ePsf] dflgG5 . o;/L ;fj{ef}dclwsf/cGtu{t hgtfaf6 agfOg] ;+ljwfgdf;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL ljifoj:t'sf ;fy} /fhgLltscf}lrTotfsf ljifoj:t'x¿ cGt/\lgxLt /xg] x'Fbf;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL jf j}wflgs?kdf s'g} k|Zg p7fpg] clwsf/ sf]xL s;}nfO{x'Fb}g . k/Gt' ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ;f]xL ;+ljwfgn]l;h{gf u/]sf] lgsfo cyf{t\ Joj:yflksfaf6x'g] x'Fbf lg/k]If 9+uaf6 ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}g .;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgfk|lts"n d"n ;+ljwfgsf]df}lns:j?k / ;+/rgf g} IftljIft x'g] u/L;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ ;+ljwfg cGtu{ts} lgsfoJoj:yflksfnfO{ klg xF'b}g . To;}n] ;+ljwfg;+zf]wgsf] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg lgb] {lzt s]xL;Ldfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdfGotM ;+ljwfgsf]

;+zf]wgn] xfl;n ug{ vf]h]sf] /fhgLlts p2]Zojf k|of]hgsf ;DaGwdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgx'g g;Sg] dfGotf /x]sf] eP tfklg To;dflgxLt /x]sf sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs j}wtfsfk|Zgx¿ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] bfo/f eGbfaflx/ kg{ ;Sb}gg\ .

(= ; + ljwfg /fhgLlts / sfg "gLljifox¿ ;lDd>0f ePsf] ;femf b:tfj]h x'Fbfo;df cGt/\lgxLt ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL kIfdfk|Zg p7fO{ cbfnt;dIf NofOPsf] ljjfbdf/fhgLlts k|Zgx¿ klg ;lGglxt /x]sf] /;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL j}wtfsf k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf]k |efj /fhgLlts ;+ljwfgjfbdf (PoliticalConstitutionalism) kg{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf] cf8df;+ljwfgsf] clGtd AofVof ug]{ clwsf/ ePsf]o; cbfnt ;+ljwfgk|bQ pQm ;+j }wflgsbfloTjaf6 kl5 x6\g ;Sb}g / ldNb}g klg . o;cbfntn] lgj]bs clwjQmf /lj/fh e08f/L lj?4;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg clwsf/L ;d]tePsf] ;+jt\ @)%@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#!)% ;d]tsf]l/6 lgj]bgdf pk/f]Qm dfGotfnfO{ :yflktul/;s]sf] klg 5 . pQm lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf]!! hgf dfggLo GofofwLzx¿ /x]sf] ljz]ifOhnf;af6 l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ub}{ elgPsf] 5M–æ;+ljwfg Pp6f /fhgLlts lnvtsf] ;fy} sfg"gLlnvt k lg ePsf ]n ] ; + ljwfgcGtu {tsfljjfbx¿df /fhgLlts k|Zgx¿ ;fy} ;+j}wflgsjf sfg"gL j}wtfsf k|Zgx¿ klg p7\g ;Sb5g\ .t/ ljj fbsf ] lj i fo sfo { k f lnsf j fJoj:yflksfsf ] ; + ljwfgk |bQ clwsf/; Fu;DalGwt ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq tT;DaGwL ;a}k|Zgx¿ /fhgLlts k|Zg x' Fb }gg\ . ljjfbdfpkl:yt ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zg;Fu /fhgLltsk|Zg klg ufFl;Psf] cyjf ;+j}wflgs ljjfbnfO{/fhgLlts /+udf /+ufOPsf] sf/0fn] ;+j}wflgsjf sfg"gL j}wtfsf] k|Zg /fhgLlts k|Zgdf?kfGtl/t x'g] klg xf]Og . To;}n] s'g} klg;+j }wflgs ljjfbdf /fhgLlts k|Zgx¿sfcltl/Qm ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgx¿ klgd'l5Psf 5g\ / ljjfbsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu tL



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;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgx¿sf] lg?k0f x'g'cfjZos b]lvG5 eg] /fhgLlts k|Zg;DaGwLcjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3;f/]/ o; cbfntn] ;+j}wflgs/ sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg0f{o ug]{ cfk\mgf] cleef/fnfO{kG5fpg klg ldNb}g . To; cj:yfdf o;cbfntn] /fhgLlts k|Zgx¿nfO{ cnu kG5fP/;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|Zgx¿sf] lg0f{o ug'{ g};+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf / efjgfcg'¿k x'G5Æ -g]sfk:j0f{ z'ehGdf]T;j ljz]iff+Í, @)%@, k[i7,@_ .

!)= k|:t't lgj]bgdf klg ;+ljwfg;efsf]lgjf{rg x'g' cufj} cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$df ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn b'O{jif{ x'g] egL ls6fgul/Psf] / ;+s6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf]cj:yfdf ;d]t 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L sfo{sfn a9fpggldNg ] afWofTds Joj:yf ;f ]xL wf/fsf ]k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf ePsf]df ;+ljwfgsf] pQmk|fjwfgljk/Lt ljkIfLx¿n] Ps jif{ sfo{sfn yKg]u/L u/]sf] ;+zf]wgsf] sfo{ ;+ljwfgljk/Lt ePsf]eGg] ;d]tsf ;+j}wflgs j}wtfsf k|Zgx¿ lgj]bstkm{af6 p7fOPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ubf{ ;+ljwfg lgb]{lzt k|lqmof k"/fgul/Psf] jf pNn+3g ul/Psf] eGg] ;d]t lgj]bglhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg;efn] pQm b'O{ jif{sf]cjlwleq s] slt sfd u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g, s] sltsf/0fn] ubf{ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6ul/Psf] pQm ;dofjlwleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{x'g g;s]sf] xf] cflb h:tf k|Zgx¿ lglZrt ?kdf;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gLeGbf klg /fhgLlts tj/af6;Daf]wg ul/g' kg] { ljifox¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ .;+ljwfg;efn] o; s'/fsf]] hjfkm o; cbfntnfO{eGbf klg ;fj{ef}d hgtfnfO{ g} lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . t/; + ljwfgcGtu {tsf s 'g } klg lgsfon ];+ljwfgadf]lhd g} cfk\mgf sfdsf/jfxLx¿;~rfng ug'{ ;+j}wflgs / j}wflgs ck]Iffleq} kg]{x' Fbf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] bfo/f gfl3Psf] xf], xf]Og / pQm;+zf]wgdf s'g} k|lqmofut q'l6 ePsf] 5, 5}g eGg]h:tf ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL j}wtfsf k|Zgx¿sf]lg?k0f o; cbfntaf6 x'g g;Sg] s'g} j:t'ut /ljj]s;Ddt\ sf/0f b]lvFb}g .

!!= olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]ljifodf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] If]qflwsf/k|of]u ubf{ cbfnt Hofb} g} ;+j]bgzLn / ;+oldtx 'g ] ub {5 . ; + ljwfg ;+zf ]wgsf ] ljifodfcbfntaf6 x:tIf]k ubf{ Joj:yfksLo cËsf]clwsf/If]q cltqmldt gxf];\, ;+ljwfg cGtu{tsfb'O{ cËx¿ aLr cgfjZos åGåsf] l:ylt / yk;+j}wflgs hl6ntf gcfj;\ eGg] s'/fdf cbfnt;b}j rgfvf] /xg] ub{5 .

!@= j:t 't M ; + ljwfg ; +zf ]wgsf;DaGwdf b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ cjwf/0ff /x]sf 5g\ .o;dWo] klxnf] cjwf/0ff ;+ljwfg hgtfsf];fj{ef}d clwsf/cGtu{t aGg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgåf/fl;lh{t lgsfo cyf{t\ ;+;bnfO{ ;+zf]wgsf]clgolGqt clwsf/ x'Fb}g, ;Lldt ljifox¿dfdfq ;+zf]wgsf] clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] /x]sf] 5 .ljwflosfnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] clgolGqtclwsf/ lbFbf ;+ljwfgsf] d"n dd{ / efjgf tyfdf}lns:j?k g} ;dfKt x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /xg]x' Fbf o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+zf]wg ug'{eGbf gofF;+ljwfg n]Vg' g} pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] dfGotf/x]sf] 5 . s7f]/ ;+ljwfgsf] juL{s/0fdf kg]{o; k|s[ltsf] ;+ljwfgsf s'g s'g Joj:yf;+zf]wgLo x'g\ / s'g s'g k|fjwfg c;+zf]wgLox'g\ eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 ?kdf pNn]vul/g] xF'bf ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf vf;} ljjfbp7\g] cj:yf kb}{g . o;/L k|i6 ?kdf ;+ljwfgdfg} pNn]v ul/Psf ;+zf]wgsf ;Ldfx¿nfO{ 3f]liftjf JoQm ;Ldf (Expressed Limitation) sf] ?kdfa'e\mg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf];+ljwfg, @)$& nfO{ o; cjwf/0ffcGtu{tlgdf{0f ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] b[i6fGtsf] ?kdf lng;lsG5 . ;f] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ n] k|:tfjgfsf]dd{ / efjgfljk/Lt x'g] u/L pQm ;+ljwfg;+zf]wg x'g} g;Sg] u/L ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]3f]lift ;Ldfx¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] .

!#= o; cjwf/0ffsf] 7Ls ljk/Lt cyf{t\;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf s'g} k"j{zt{ jfaGb]h g/flvPsf ;+ljwfgx¿ klg k|rngdf/x]sf] b[i6fGt kfpg ;lsG5 . clkt' ;+ljwfgdf

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3f]lift ?kdf s'g} s'/fnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfegL pNn]v ul/Psf ] 5 }g eGb }df To:tf ];+ljwfgsf] s'g} ljz]iftf g} xF 'b}g eGg klgldNb}g . d"ntM s'g} klg ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf s]xLdxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgaf6 lemlslbFbfs'g} cd's ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf] d"n p2]Zo,:j?k / rl/q g} sfod /xg ;Sb}g eg] To:tf]ljifonfO{ cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf dfGg' kb{5 eGg]dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . km/s oltdfq xf], klxnf]k|sf/sf] ;+ljwfgdf o:tf ljz]iftfx¿ 3f]lift?kdf g} pNn]v ul/Psf x'G5g\ t/ bf ];|f ]juL {s/0fdf kg] { ;+ljwfgleq lgxLt /x]sfcfwf/e"t d"No dfGotf s] x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg]s'/f kQf nufpg' kb{5 . ;+ljwfgsf] clGtdJofVoftfsf] x}l;otn] ;f] cleef/f Gofokflnsfdf/x]sf] x'G5 .

!$= ef/tLo u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfgdf klg;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} k"j{zt{ jf;Ldf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyPg . t/ ef/tLo;jf]{Rr cbfntn] s]zjfgGb ef/tL lj?4 s]/nf/fHo ;d]t ljkIfL ePsf] (AIR,1973, SC 1461);+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg d"n ;+ljwfgljk/Lt ePsf]eGg] d'2fdf ef/tLo ;+ljwfgdf k/f]If ?kdf(Impliedly) g} eP tfklg u0ftGq, k|hftGq, ljlwsf]zf;g, :jtGq Gofokflnsfnufotsf cfwf/e"t;+/rgfx¿ lgxLt /x]sf] / ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn];+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ g} ;'ljrfl/t ?kdf /fv]sfTo:tf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf]] k|lts"n x'g] u/L;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] c;Lldt clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn]g} l;h{gf u/]sf] ef/tLo ;+;bnfO{ gx'g] eGg];d]t JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

!%= d'VotM ;+ ljwfgsf ] cfwf/e"t;+/rgf +;+ljwfg lgdf{tfsf] df}lns O{R5fsf] ?kdflnOg] x'gfn] To;df kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/ c?nfO{x'Fb}g . ;++ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ ;fdfGoJoj:yfksLo clwsf/eGbf ljlzi6 eP klg ;f]c lwsf/ ; + ljwfg lgdf { 0 f ug ] { c lwsf/(Constituent Power) ;/x dfGg ldNb}g . Tof] t;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] clwsf/cGtu{t ;Lldt ?kdfk|Tofof]lht clwsf/ dfq} xf ] . k|Tofof]lht

clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ ;++ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] gfddf;+ljwfgsf] df}lns :j?k g} kl/jt{g ug]{ cyf{t\cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfdf g} kl/jt{g Nofpg]u/L clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf] dfGg ldNb}g . of] ;LdfnfO{;++ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] qmddf ljz]if?kdf ljrf/ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

!^= pk/f]Qm ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffx¿sf]k[i7e"lddf k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgsf;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+qmd0fsfnsf] Joj:yfkg u/L;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ d'Vop2]Zosf ;fy hf/L ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg xf] eGg]s'/f o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf cleJoQm ePsf] ;du|Joj:yfsf] dd{ / efjgfaf6 k|i6 b]lvG5 . cGos ' / fs f c lt l /Q m cGt l /d ; + ljw fgn ]; + q md0 fs fnsf ] Joj:y fkg u/ L;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] d'Vop2 ]Zo /fv ]sf ] 5 . cGtl/d ; + ljwfgaf6; +q md0 fs fnsf ] Joj:y fkg ug ] { /;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] pk/f]Qmcfwf/e"t ljifonfO{ x6fO lbg] xf] eg] o;sf]df}lns rl/q ;dfKt k|foM x'G5 . oL b'O{ ljifoafx]s klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /fHo ;~rfngsf;DaGwdf cGo k|jGw ul/Psf] 5, cg]s lgsfo/ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 t/ pk/f]Qmb'O { cfwf/e"t p2]ZonfO{ kG5fP/ cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] ;fy{stf vf]hL ug{ ldNb}g .

!&= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#sf] k|:tfjgfdf cGo ljifosf cltl/Qm g]kfnLhgtfn] cfk\mgf] nflu ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ cfkm}+; + ljwfg agfpg] / To;/L gof F ; + ljwfggag];Ddsf] cGtl/d sfnsf] d'n'ssf] zf;gJoj:yf ;~rfngsf] nflu pQm ;+ljwfg hf/Lul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePsf]pk/f]Qm d"n efjgf / p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] lgldQpQm ;+ljwfgsf] efu & cGtu{t ;+ljwfg;efsf]u7g / sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ;+j}wflgsJoj:yfx¿ ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f



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^# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df æg]kfnL hgtf cfkm}+n]gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ o; ;+ljwfgsf]cwLgdf /xL Ps ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g]5ÆeGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] pkwf/f -@_df æof] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf]lgjf{rg g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ldltdf x'g]5ÆeGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]lgjf{rg, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / lgjf{rg If]q, dtbfgug{ kfpg] cj:yf cflb ljifodf qmdzM pkwf/f-#_ b]lv -*_ ;Dd lj:t[t Joj:yf ul/Psf]kfOG5 . tbg '?k ldlt @)^$.!@.@* df;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf {rg ;d]t ;DkGg eO{;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g ePsf] / ldlt @)^%.@.!%df o;sf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g}ljjfb 5}g .

!*= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#sf] wf/f ^$ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfnsf;DaGwdf Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't l/6lgj]bg d"ntM wf/f ^$ df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf];+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfns} ljifonfO{ lnP/ k/]sf]b]lvFbf pQm ^$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ug'{kg{]x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yflgDgadf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 M–æ^$= ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfnM ;+ljwfg;efn]

k|:tfj kfl/t u/L cufj} lj36g u/]sf]dfa fx ]s ; + ljw fg;efsf ] s fo {s fn;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf]ldltn] b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]5 .

t/ d 'n 'sd f ; +s6sfn Lgl:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] sf/0fn] ;+ljwfglgdf{0f ug] { sfd k"/f x'g g;s]df; + ljwfg;efn ] k |:tfj kfl/t u/L; + ljw fg;efsf ] s fo {s fn yk 5dlxgf;Dd a9fpg ;Sg]5 .Æ!(= ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g'eGbf k"j{

g} hf/L ePsf] jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] pk/f]Qm wf/f ^$ n] ;+ljwfg;efsf]sfo{sfn klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{ x'g]egL ls6fg u/L tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]sfo{sfnsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf]

klxnf] jfSof+zdf pNn]v ePsf] pQm æb'O{ jif{sf]Æcjlw ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] nflu xf] . ;fdfGotM;+ljwfg;efn] pQm cjlwleq} ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fu/L ;Sg' kg]{ eGg] ;+ljwfgsf] j}w ck]Iff klgx f ] , h f ] :jo +d f k | i 6 / a f ] wuDo 5 .;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] s'/fsf]pb\3f]if cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfb]lv g}ul/Psf] / lgjf{rg x'g'k"j{ sfo{sfn lglZrtul/Paf6 ;f] Joj:yf hgtfaf6 ;d]t cg'df]lbtePsf] dfGg' kb{5 . ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf b'O{ jif{leqgofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] egL hgtf;dIf uO{tb\g'?k hgtfaf6 cg'df]lbt e} lgjf{rg ;d]taf6u7g ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efn] afWofTds ?kdf ;f]lglZrt ul/Psf] cfˆgf] b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{sfnleq};+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg]{ u/L cGtl/d;+ljwfgn] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

@)= k/Gt' ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf]k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn]] ckjfbsf] ?kdf d'n'sdf;+s6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] sf/0fn];+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd k"/f x'g g;s]df;+ljwfg;efn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf]sfo{sfn yk ^ dlxgf;Dd a9fpg ;Sg]5 eGg]klg Joj:yf u/]sf ] kfOG5 . k|ltjGwfTdsjfSof+zdf /x]sf] pQm k"/s Joj:yf c;fdfGocj:yfsf ] ;Daf ]wgsf nflu xf ] . ;+ljwfglgdf{0fsf] nflu ;dofjlw ls6fg ul/Psf] wf/f^$ sf] pQm d"n cjlw cyf{t\ b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{sfnd'n 'sdf ;+s6sfnLg l:yltsf ] 3f ] i f0ffsf ]c;fdfGo cj:yfsf sf/0f ckof{Kt ePdf;+ljwfg;efn] g} k|:tfj kfl/t u/L yk 5 dlxgfsfo{sfn a9fpg ;Sg] u/L pQm k|ltjGwfTdsjfSof+zn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

@!= ;fdfGotof ts{;+ut 9Ëaf6 ug{;lsg] s'/fx¿ ug{sf nflu g} ;a} ;fdfGocj:yfx¿ l;h {g f ePsf x ' G5g \ . o; }cjwf/0ffaf6 k|]l/t eP/ s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsfJojxf/ jf lqmofsnfkx¿ Jojl:yt, ;~rflnt/ lqmofzLn x'g] ub{5g\ . /fHosf cËx¿;+ljwfgåf/f l;lh{t lgsfo ePsf] / ;+ljwfgn]g} o:tf cËx¿sf] clwsf/, st{Jo / bfloTj

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lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] x'Fbf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfˆgf]lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{ ;a}sf] bfloTj x'G5 . t/;fdfGo eGbf k/ ck|Toflzt jf c;fdfGo jfc;xh s'/fx¿ pTkGg ePdf :jefjtM To;sf]c;/ c;fdfGo, c;xh tyf c:jfefljs x'G5 .;fdfGo / ;xh lqmofsnfk e}/x]sf] cj:yfdfc;fwf/0f jf c;fdfGo cj:yf pTkGg ePdfTo;sf] c;/ klg laNs'n gofF lsl;dsf] x'G5 /Tof] ;xh klg x'Fb}g . hxfF ;fdfGo cj:yf /xG5Tof] ;xh / :j]lR5s x'G5 eg] hxfF c;fdfGocj:yf /xG5 Tof] c;fwf/0f x'g'sf] ;fy} clgjfo{klg x'G5 .

@@= sltko o:tf cj:yfx¿ x'G5g\ hxfFlhDd]jf/L lng] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] Ifdtfjf sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:yltsf sf/0fn] cfk"mn]lnPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] cfˆgf]IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf] kl/l:yltaf6 l;h{gf ePsf]cj/f]wsf sf/0f cfk"mn] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] sfdk"/f ug{ g;s]sf] kl/l:yltnfO{ cfˆgf] ;fdYo{eGbfaflx/sf] 36gf 7flgG5 / o:tf] kl/l:yltaf6pTkGg c;dy{tfnfO{ IfDo dflgG5 . o:tf] IfDox'g] cjwf/0ffnfO{ g} cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt(Doctrine of Necessity) n] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .clgjfo {tfsf ] l;4fGtcg '¿k kfpg ' kg ] {IfDotfnfO{ sfg"gn] dfGotf lbG5 / cbfnt;dIfclgjfo{tfsf] s'/f c;n k|lt/Iffsf] a'Fbfsf] ?kdfj}w 9Ëaf6 p7fpg ;lsG5 .

@#= clgjfo{tf To:tf] s'/f xf] h'gs'/fnfO{ g t pk]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 g To;nfO{/f]Sg g} ;lsG5 . clgjfo{tfn] h;/L s'g} lg0f{oug{nfO{ afWo kfb{5 To;/L g} ;f] afWotfnfO{7Ls 5 eg]/ k|lt/Iff ;d]t ub{5 (Necessitydefends and just i fy what i t compels) .c lgj fo {t f tTsfn Lg cj:y f ljz ] i f /:yfgljz]ifsf] sfg"g x'G5 (Necessity is the lawof the time and the place) . clgjfo{tfn] klxn]h'gs'/f sfg"gL x'Fb}gYof] ;f] s'/fnfO{ sfg"g;DdtagfO{ lbG5 . To;}n] clgjfo{tfnfO{ sfg"gn] afFWg;lsb}g . lsgsL h'gs'/f clgjfo{ gePsf] ePsfg"gL 7xb}{gYof] ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ clgjfo{tfn]

sfg"gL agfO{ lbG5 . clgjfo{tfsf] l:yltsf]pTklQn ] :jefjtM cGo ;fdfGo sfg " "gLJoj:yfx¿ lgliqmo x ' G5g \ / sfg "gnfO {clgjfo{tfn] pl5G5 .

@$= ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /fHosf x/]scËsf ] sfdsf/jfxL ; + ljwfgsf ] cIf/ /efjgfcg's"n ul/g' kb{5 / ;f]cg'¿k gul/PdfTo:tf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ j}wflgstf lbg ldNb}g .t/ /fi6«sf] hLjgdf klg c;fwf/0f / c;xhkl/l:ylt cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o:tf]c;xh kl/l:yltaf6 /fi6«nfO{ hf]ufpg tTsfnLgkl/l:yltdf lglZrt sfdsf/jfxLx¿ ;~rfngug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] l:yltdf ;/sf/af6 ePsfsfdsf/jfxLx¿ ;+ljwfgn] ;fdfGo cj:yfsfnflu lgwf{/0f u/]sf k|fjwfg cg's"n gb]lvPklg cfjZostfsf ] l;4fGt (Doctrine ofNecessity) cg';f/ cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g ;S5 .

@%= c;fdfGo cj:yfdf hxfF s'g} ljsNkg} 5}g eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g}k|i6 k|fjwfgsf] pNn3+g u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s;+ljwfgåf/f cjnlDat cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf jfd"ne"t cjwf/0ffk|lts"n Go"gtd\ ?kdf /fHoJoj:yf ;~rfngsf] l;nl;nfdf /fHoaf6;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{x¿nfO{ ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf(Inevitable necessity) sf] cfwf/df ;DkGgul/Psf] dfGg' Goflos pko'Qmtfsf] b[li6n] ;d]tpko'Qm x'G5 egL o; cbfntaf6 -lgj]bsclwjQmf ljgf]b sfsL{ ;d]t lj?4 cy{ dGqfno;d]t ljkIfL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] l/6g+=%( sf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf ldlt @)^@.@.@& dflg0f{o e} -g]sfk @)^@ lg=g+=&$(@, k[i7 !$)_l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

@^= t/ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt nfu"x'g pTkGg ePsf] clgjfo{tf sfg"gn] ;Ddfgug]{ vfnsf] x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . clgjfo{tfsf]s'/f p7fpg] kIfn] To:tf] 36gf jf kl/l:yltaf6aRgsf] nflu ug{ ;lsg] ;a} pkfo u/]sf] eGg]b]lvg' k5{ . h'g clgjfo{tfsf] sf/0fn] sfdx'g g;s]sf] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo ;fljtx'g'k5{ .



564564564564564

@&= j:t'tM ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfncufj} k|:tfj kfl/t u/L lj36g u/]df afx]s;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sa;]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{sf] x'g] eGg] g} wf/f ^$sf] ;Lwf, ;/n / k|i6 cy{ cleJoQm e}/x]sf]b]lvG5 . of] b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{sfn eg]sf] ;fdfGocj:yfsf] nflu xf] . b]zdf ;+s6sfnsf] l:yltcfO{ k/]df ;+ljwfg;efn] g} k|:tfj kfl/t u/Lyk ^ dlxgf sfo{sfn a9fpg ;Sg] egL wf/f^$ sf] k|ltjGwfTds v08n] u/]sf] Joj:yfc;fdfGo cj:yfsf] nflu xf] . o;/L ;+ljwfglgdf{0fsf] sfo{ tf]lsPsf] b'O{ jif{] sfof{jlw cufj};DkGg x'g ;s]df b'O{ jif{;Dd kv{g gk/L ;f]cufj} lj36g x'g ;Sg] tyf c;fdfGo kl/l:yltn]ubf{ b'O{ jif{df ;f] sfo{ ug{ g;lsPdf cfkm}+n]k|:tfj kfl/t u/L ^ dlxgf;Dd sfo{sfn yKg;lsg] wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yf :jo+df k"0f{ /x]sf]x'Fbf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf pQm wf/fsf] ;Ldf aflx/u} ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . To;}n] wf/f ^$df pNn]v ePsf] pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdfs'g} låljwf jf c;fd~h:odf kg'{kg]{ s'g} sf/0fb]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsfzAb jf jfSof+z :jo+df :ki6 5g\ / ltgn] k|i6/ :jfefljs cy{ lbO/x]sf 5g\ eg] ank"j{sJofVof u/L cGo p2]Zo vf]hL ug' {sf] s'g}u'~hfO; x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf zflAbs JofVofg} kof{Kt x'g] x'Fbf JofVofsf cGo lgodsf] ;xf/flng' kb}{g .

@*= plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgsf]kl/k] |Iodf ljrf/ ubf{ wf/f ^$ df /x]sf]; + ljwfg;efsf ] sfo {sfn;DaGwL Joj:yfafWofTds (Mandatory) ePsf]n], l/=g+=)^^–WS–))%), lgj ] bs ljho/ fh zfSo lj?4;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf]l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] tLg ;b:oLo ljz]ifOhnf;af6 elgP h:tf] ;f] Joj:yf lgb]{zfTds(Directory) jf tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf sfd ug]{ nIodfq xf] tyf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 kfl/t ePsf] gofF;+ljwfg nfu" geP;Dd ;+ljwfg;ef lj36gx'g g;Sg] egL cleJoQm ePsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt

x'g;Sg] s'g} ljj]s;Ddt sf/0f gb]lvPsf]n] ;f]?lnË sfod /xg ;Sb}g .

@(= hxfF;Dd ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf]Joj:yfnfO{ dfq Psf+sL ?kdf x]/L cy{ ubf{;+ljwfg;efn] g} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ eGg]cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf cleJoQm ePsf]efjgf, ;+ljwfg;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfgk|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn;dfKt x'g]5 eGg] wf/f *@ sf] k|fjwfg /;+ljwfgsf] h'g;'s} wf/f ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] egLwf/f !$* df ul/Psf] Joj:yf lgik|of]lht x'g]x ' F b f wf/f ^$ sf ] Joj:yfnfO { pk/f ]QmJoj:yfx¿sf] ;fb[Zotfdf ;du| ?kdf JofVoful/g' kb{5 eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm /ljåfg GofoflwjQmfx¿sf] ax; lhsL/ 5, o;af6;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn k"/fx'Fbf klg gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g ;s]g eg]To;df ;+zf]wg u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfna9fpg ;lsG5 jf ;lsGg eGg] k|Zg pkl:ytx'g cfPsf] 5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf k|i6 x'g ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f *@ / !$* sf] k|fjwfgx¿ klg x]g'{kg]{ x'gcfPsf] 5 . wf/f *@ / !$* df qmdzM b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5M–æ*@= ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36gM ;+ljwfg;efn]

kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf]lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd ;dfKtx'g]5 .

t/ ;+ljwfg;efn] kfl/t u/]sf]; + ljwfg adf ] lhdsf ] Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf nfluJoj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfd sf/jfxL ;f];efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]vePadf]lhd x'g]5 .

!$*= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgM -!_ ;+ljwfgsf] s'g}wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]osJoj:yf lksf–; +;bdf k | :t 't ug {;lsg]5 .

-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]zePsf] ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+;bdftTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f { ;b:o

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;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox¿sf]ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/tePsf] dflgg]5 .Æ#)= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *@ sf]

d"n zLif{s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g eGg] pNn]vePsf] b]lvPaf6 dfly p4[[t ul/Psf] wf/f ^$sf] sfo{sfn;DaGwL Joj:yf;Fu o;sf] ;fb[Zotf/x]sf] xf] ls eGg] h:tf] b]lvg cfpF5 . t/ wf/f*@ sf] cGt{j:t' x]bf{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36gsf;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvO{ s]jn;+ljwfg;efaf6 kfl/t ePsf] gofF ;+ljwfg k|f/DeePsf] lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd ;dfKt x'g]eGg];Dd Joxf]/f k/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfd ;dfKtx'g] eGg] / lj36g x'g] eGg] b'O{ km/s–km/ss'/f / cj:yf x'g \ . j:t'tM wf/f *@ n];+ljwfg;efsf] lj36gsf] Joj:yf g} u/]sf]b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfg;efsf] Go"gtd\ / clwstd\sfo{sfn ls6fg u/L cufj} lj36g x'g ;Sg]cfwf/ / cj:yf ;d]t wf/f ^$ df pNn]ve };s ]sf ]n ] wf/f *@ df ; + ljwfg;efsf ]lj36g;DaGwL Joj:yf k'g/f]lQm ug{ cfjZosgeO{ d"n zLif{s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g /fVbf/fVb} klg cGtj{:t'df ;f] s'/f gk/]sf] a'e\mg;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg;efn] wf/f ^$ df plNnlvtb'O{ jif{sf] ;dofjlw cufj} ;+ljwfg n]vg sfo{k"/f u/L gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L u/]sf] t/ k|:tfjkfl/t u/L lj36g eg] gu/]sf] cj:yfdf wf/f^$ sf] ;do;Ldf;Dd ;+ljwfg;efsf] cl:tTjsfod /lx/xg] x'G5 . o;/L gofF ;+ljwfg hf/LePkl5 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd afFsL g/xg]x'Fbf To:tf] l:yltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd ;dfKtx'g] eGg] wf/f *@ sf] Joj:yfsf] cfzo b]lvG5 .To;}n] o; wf/fn] ;+ljwfg;efn] slxn];Dd sfdug{ kfpg] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] dfq pNn]vg / Joj:yfu/ ]sf ] kfOG5 . ; + ljwfgsf ] wf/f ^$ df;+ljwfg;efn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L cufj} lj36gePdf afx]s===eGb} k|i6;Fu Go"gtd\ / clwstd\;dofjlw;lxt ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn ls6fgePsf] b]lvPaf6 wf/f ^$ sf] sfo{sfnsf] ;Ldfjf bfo/f;Dd dfq wf/f *@ sf] Joj:yf lj:tfl/t

x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 Tof] eGbf aflx/ xf]Og . wf/f^$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ wf/f *@ n] ;Lldt jflj:tfl/t u/]sf] ;Demg jf cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .wf/f *@ wf/f ^$ eGbf kl5af6 ;+ljwfgdf;dfj]z ePsf] x'Fbf olb pQm wf/fn] wf/f ^$df ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn ;DaGwLJoj:yfnfO{ cGoyf ug{ vf]h]sf] eP ;f] s'/fwf/f *@ df :ki6;Fu pNn]v x'g' :jfefljs /jf~5gLo x'g ;SbYof] .

#!= To;} u/L wf/f !$* sf] pkwf/f-!_ n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg wf/fnfO{;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ k|:tfj Joj:yflksf;+;bdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvof] .pkwf/f -@_ n] To:tf] k|:tfj Joj:yflksf ;+;bdftTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ltxfO{ ax'dtn] kfl/t x'g'kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]afx]s ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf pQm wf/fn]s'g} k"j{ zt{ jf aGb]h /fv]sf] kfOPg . pkwf/f-!_ sf] Joj:yf ;f/jfg / pkwf/f -@_ sf]Joj:yf sfo{ljlwut k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsf] x' Fbf;f/e"t ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdfcGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] s'g} 3f]lift ;Ldf lgwf{/0fu/]sf] kfOPg . o;/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] pQm;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf s'g} 3f]lift;Ldf lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s]xL df}lnsJoj:yf afx]s wf/f !$* adf]lhd cGtl/d;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g;Sg] g} x'G5 .

#@= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf];DaGwdf d f ly u l /Psf ] ljZn ] i f 0 fa f6;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn ;fdfGo cj:yfdfklxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{ / ;+s6sfnLgl:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] c;fdfGo cj:yfdf yk5 dlxgf x f ] eGg ] k | i6 e };s ]s f ] 5 .;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g'k"j{ g} ls6fgL ?kdft f ] lsPsf ] ; f ] Joj:y f ; + l jw fg;efsf ]lgjf{rgdfkm{t\ hgdtaf6 cg'df]lbt ePsf]cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf avtJoj:yf ePsf] / hgtfsf] cg'df]bg k|fKt ePsf]wf/f ^$ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] Pp6fdxTjk"0f{ s'/fsf] lbzf lgb]{z u/]sf] kfOG5, Tof]



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xf] ̂ dlxgf;Dd ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fpg;lsg], cgGtsfn;Dd xf]Og .

##= ;fdfGotM hgtfaf6 cg'df]bg ePsf];+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn;DaGwL wf/f ^$ sf]o:tf] afWofTds Joj:yfsf] ;Ldf gf3\g] u/Lwf/f *@ / !$* sf] cf8df ;+zf]wg u/L sfo{sfnhlt klg yKg ldN5 eGg] JofVof ug]{ xf] eg]hglgjf{lrt lgsfosf] hgtfk|lt /xg' kg] {pQ/bf loTj lgwf { /0 f ug ] { k | lt:kwf { Tdsnf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, aflnu dtflwsf// cfjlws lgjf{rgnufotsf nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfk|lt cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfn] JoQmu/]sf] k|lta4tf dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ s] x'g ;Sb5eGg] k|Zg p7\g' c:jfefljs x'Fb}g . o:tf] l:yltsf]ljBdfgtfn] hglgjf{lrt lgsfosf] hgtf;Fusf]lgs6tf jf hjfkmb]lxtfdf k|Zg p7g'sf ;fy}hgtfn] nf]stGq, ljlwsf] zf;g / cfk\mgf xsclwsf/sf ] ; +/If0 f / ;Da {4gsf lgldQ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg k|fKt ug{ ]clek|fosf ;fy hf/L u/]sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]d'Vo p2]Zo 6fl9Fb} hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o:tf]s fo { ; + q md0 fs fnsf ] Joj:y fkg u/ L;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug] {cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf ] efjgf /dd{cg's"n x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{clglZrt x'Fb} uPdf ;+qmd0fsf] klg Joj:yfkgx'g ;Sb}g / o:tf] l:yltsf] lg/Gt/tf eg]sf]Jofks clg0f{o / clglZrttfsf] l:ylt xf] . h'gcGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]s} xf]Og .

#$= clkt' ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ Pp6fsl7g sfo{ xf] . ljleGg ljrf/wf/f / l;4fGtaf ]s]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿ aLraf6 ;femfb:tfj]h aGg cjZo klg ;lhnf] 5}g . ;+ljwfglgdf{0fsf] sfd ;Fu} zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ lgisif{dfk'¥ofpg' kg]{ cleef/f klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsf] x'g;Sb5 . o; cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{dfs]lGb|t eO{ clwstd\ k|of; ubf{ub}{ klg ;f] k"/fug{ ;do ckof{Kt eof] / ;+ljwfg;efsf]sfo{sfn a9fpg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ̂ $ df ;+zf]wgug { cfjZostfsf ] l;4fGt (Doctrine of

Necessity) cg'¿k ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf /cj:yf kg{ uof] eg] wf/f ^$ sf] k|ltaGwfTdsjfSof+zn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ;do ;LdfnfO{ dWogh//fvL dfq ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug'{ jf~5gLo /pko'Qm x'G5 . lsgeg] d'n's ;+s6df k/]sf]a]nfdf ;d]t ;f] sf/0f b]vfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf]sfo{sfn s]jn ^ dlxgf;Dd a9fpg ;lsg];do;Ldf ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] 5 eg] ;fdfGocj:yfdf cGo sf/0f b]vfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fug]{ sfd k"/f x'g ;s]g eGb} ^ dlxgfeGbf a9Lcjlw;Ddsf] nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfna9fpg ldNg] x'Fb}g .

#%= ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ePsf] cjlwdf;+ljwfg;ef cfkm}+n] 5 dlxgf;Ddsf] sfo{sfna9fpg ;Sg] u/L lgsf; vf]n]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]a fx ]s cGo sf/0 fn ] ; + l jw fg;efsf ]sfo {sfn;DaGwL Joj:yf g} ;+zf ]wg u/Lsfo{sfn a9fpg' kg] { l:ylt :jLsf/ ubf {;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fpg] PseGbf a9Lpkfo l;lh{t x'g;Sg] l:ylt b]lvG5 . cltcfjZos sf/0f k/]sf] v08df klg wf/f ^$ sf]Joj:yfdf cGtlg{lxt l;4fGtsf] pk]Iff ug{;Dej b]lvFb}g . lsgeg] ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn]h:tf];'s} k|s[ltsf] ;+s6sfn eP klg ;f] sf/0fn];+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fpg] cjlw ̂ dlxgfls6fg u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] eGbf a9L x'g ;Sg]b]lvFb}g . ;+s6sfnsf] gfddf cg'lrt ?kn]cfk\mgf] sfo{sfn a9fpg g;lsof];\ eGg] lx;fan]sfo{sfn lglZrt Pj+ ;Lldt kfg]{ clek|fon]pQm Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;+ljwfglgdf{tfn] b]zsf] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{cljnDa ;DkGg u/fpgsf nflu /fv ]sf ]k|fyldstfsf] sf/0faf6 o:tf] k|fjwfg ;dfj]zul/Psf] x''g' kb{5 . wf/f ^$ df cGtlg{lxtl;4fGtsf] pk]Iff u/L hlt;'s} cjlwsf] nfluklg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgåf/f sfo{sfn a9fpg;lsG5 eGg] JofVof ul/Pdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfsf]df}lns cfsf+Iff / cleJolQmdf t'iff/fkft x'ghfG5 . ;+ljwfgadf]lhd rNg] zf;g Joj:yfdfJoj:yflksf nufotn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'Fbfsf

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avtsf df}lns O{R5f / ;+/rgfnfO{ lj:yflktgx'g] u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o:tf]s'/fsf ] cg';/0f :jo+ ;+ljwfg ;+zf ]wgsf]k|lqmofdf a:bfsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] klg ug'{kg]{x'G5 . cGoyf ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ffsf] dfWodaf6jf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] dfWodaf6 Ps jf csf]{pkfo u/L ;+ljwfg;efn] cfk\mgf] sfo{sfnnfO{clglZrtsfn;Dd nDAofpg] u'~hfO; l;h{gfug{ lbPsf] kl/0ffd lg:sg hfG5 . cGtl/d;+ljwfgdf cGt/\lgxLt hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] hgtfn]cfk \mgf ] ; + ljwfg cfkm } + agfpg] efjgfsf ]sfof{Gjogsf] nflu wf/f ^$ sf] cfwf/e"tl;4fGtk|lt cljrlnt cf:yf /fvL /fVg h?/Lb]lvg cfpF5 . km]l/ o;sf] k|of]u ub}{ sfo{sfnnfO{cgfjZos ?kdf nDAofpFb} hfg] jf cgGttflbg] k|oTg ul/of] eg] Tof] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]dd{ / ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf] dtbfgaf6 JoQm O{R5ftyf lgb]{zljk/Lt x'g hfG5 .

#^= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf lgdf{tfn] /fv]sf]ck ]Iffsf ] ;Gbe{df ;+ ljwfg ;+zf ]wg u/LcfjZostfsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;+ljwfg;+zf]wg u/]sf] eg]sf] cj:yfdf klg To:tf] l:yltl;h{gf ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg p7\g;Qm5 . oyfy{df of ] ljifo ;b}j Goflosk'g/fjnf]sg (Judicial Review) sf] ljifo x'G5 .To;}n] ;+ljwfg;efn] cfˆgf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]d"n sfo{ ug{df ljz]if ;lqmotf b]vfO{ cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo, dd{ / efjgf tyf hgck]Iffk"/f ub}{ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg]{x'G5 .

#&= ca, ;+ljwfg;efsf] Ps jif{ DofbyKg] u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ̂ $ df ul/Psf]cf7f } + ; +zf ]wg ;+ ljwfgn] lgwf {/0f u/ ]sf ]k|lqmofadf]lhd ePsf] 5, 5}g eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ubf{, lgj]bsn] d"ntM ;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf;+;b Pp6} eP klg sfd ug]{ x}l;ot km/s–km/s 5, ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7sn] ;+ljwfgsf] efu& adf]lhd ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd dfq ug{;Sb5 eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] efu * adf]lhd

Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5, ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!$* df ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj Joj:yflksf;+;bdf dfq k]z x'g] Joj:yf 5, ;+ljwfg;ef-Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% sf] lgod *$ df ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgk|lqmofsf] af/]df pNn]v 5 t/ ;+ljwfg;eflgodfjnL, @)^% df o:tf ] Joj:yf 5}g,/fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ ;+ljwfg;efaf6hf/ L u l/Psf ] e lgPsf ] c f7 f } + ; +z f ] wg;+ljwfg;efn] u/]sf] x'Fbf If]qflwsf/ljxLg 5,;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% sf]pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ sf] k|lqmof k"/f ul/Psf] 5}g/ ;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod !%&adf]lhd ljrf/fwLg ljifodf lgodfjnLsf]Joj:yf lgnDag ug{ gldNg]df lgnDag ul/Psf]tyf ;dofjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 ldlt @)^&.@.!%ut] ljxfg !=#) ah] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj kfl/tu/]sf] k|lqmofdf sfo{ljlwut q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sf]5 eGg] ;d]t lgj]bsn] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

#*= ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *# n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g}Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug]{ clwsf/lbPsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf]ldltb]lv ;f]xL lgsfosf] gfdaf6 P]gx¿ hf/Lug]{ / ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5,;f] s'/f ljlw lgdf{0f ;"qsf] Pp6f k|lqmof dfqxf ] , cGtl/d ; + ljwfgsf ] cf7f } + ; +zf ]wgJoj:yf lksf ; +;baf6 } ePsf ] xf ] , ldlt@)^^.!@.@% b]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s g} a;]sf]5}g, ldlt @)^&.@.# df ;f] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj btf{eO{ @)^&.@.& df ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;"rgf lbOPsf]/ ldlt @)^&.@.( df lj/f]wsf] ;"rgf ;d]tk|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% sf] pkwf/f-!_ / -@_ sf] k|lqmof gk'u]sf] cj:yf 5}g,; + ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf ; +;bsf ] sfo {;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod !%& dfJoj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf ljrf/fwLg s'g} sfo{sf;DaGwdf lgodfjnLsf] s'g} Joj:yf nfu" gx'g]u/L lgnDag ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePcg'¿k lgod



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^@ / ^& lgnDag ul/Psf] xf], /flt !@ aHg'cufj} a}7s z'? eO{ lg/Gt/ rfn" /x]sf]n] s'g;dodf k|:tfj kfl/t eof] eGg] s'/fsf] s'g}dxTj x'Fb}g eGg] ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

#(= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu ̂ cGtu{tJoj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf]kfOG5 eg] efu & ;+ljwfg;efsf] af/]df Joj:yfePsf ] 5 . e fu & d f pNn ]v ePsf ]ljifoj:t'x¿af6 ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|d'v sfo{; + ljwfg agfpg ] g } x f ] eGg ] b ] lvG5 .;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, kb l/Qmtf,a}7s, ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfj k]z ug]{, kfl/t ug]{cflb ljifox¿df o; kl/R5]bcGtu{t pNn]vePsf]n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{, P]gx¿sf]lgdf{0f ug]{ nufotsf] Joj:yfksLo sfo{x¿;+ljwfg;efsf ] If ]qflwsf/cGtu{t ;dfj]zul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f &* adf ] lhd ;+ljwfg;efn] cfk\mgf ]sfo{ljlw lgoldt ug{ ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,@)^% agfPsf] / pQm lgodfjnLdf ;d]tJoj:yflksf cËn] ug]{ Joj:yfksLo sfo{x¿sf;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvFbf ;+ljwfg;eflgoldt Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ug]{ cË xf]Og eGg]tYo k|i6 x'G5 .

$)= csf]{tkm{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfghf/L x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf efu ^ sf] wf/f $% dfJoj:yflksf ;+;bsf] u7g;DaGwL 5'§} Joj:yf/x]sf]df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ldlt @)^%.#.@(df ul/Psf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wgn] wf/f $% nufotwf/f $^, $&, $*, $( / %) ;d]tsf Joj:yfx¿vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm ;+zf]wgkZrft\cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ]u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf afFsL /x]sf] b]lvg cfpFb}g .kfFrf} ;+zf]wgaf6 vf/]h ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f$% sf] pkwf/f -$_ df æJoj:yflksf ;+;bsf]sfo{sfn ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]kl5;dfKt x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf eO{ wf/f %( dfæo; ;+ljwfgadf]lhd Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 o; ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf]Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] clwsf/ ;+ljwfg;efn]

k|of]u ug]{5Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o;Joj:yfaf6 ; + ljwfg;efsf ] lgjf {rg eO {;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s ga;];Ddsf] nflu;+ljwfg hf/L x' Fbfsf] wf/f $% adf]lhdsf]Joj:yflksf ;+;b sfod /xg] kl/sNkgf cGtl/d;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To;} u/L wf/f*# n] ;+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f];efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{ u/L;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g} bf]xf]/f] x}l;otdf sfd ug]{lhDd]jf/L lbPsf ] kfOG5 . ; + ljwfg;efn]Joj:yflksfsf] x}l;otdf sfd ubf{ efu * sfJoj:y fx¿ cfjZos x ] /k m ] /; lxt;+ljwfg;efnfO{ nfu" x'g]5g\ eGg] wf/f *# sf]pkwf/f -$_ df pNn]v ePsf] Joj:yfaf6;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdfsfd ubf{ efu * cGtu{tsf] Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlwcjnDag ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu;+ljwfg;efn] wf/f &* n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]uu/L wf/f *# adf]lhd Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]x } l;otn] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;+ljwfg;ef-Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] / oxL lgodfjnLsf]Joj:yfadf]lhd Joj:yfksLo sfo{x¿ ub} {cfO/x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg;DaGwLljw]ossf] sfo{ljlw o;} lgodfjnLsf] lgod*$ df /x]sf] b]lvPaf6 Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]x}l;otdf dfq ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] s'/f:ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 .

$!= ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;efsf]u7g gePsf] t/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cl:tTj/x]sf]n] oL b'O{ lgsfox¿nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn]efu ^ / & cGtu{t k[ys cl:tTj / x}l;otdf/fv]sf] b]lvP tfklg ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf]a}7skZrft\ wf/f $% adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] cl:tTj :jtM ;dfKt ePsf]n] xfnJoj:yflksf ;+;b / ;+ljwfg;efsf] cnu–cnucl:tTj b]lvg cfpFb}g . Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]u7g;DaGwL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $% nufotsfk|fjwfg kfFrf} ;+zf]wgn] vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvPtfklg efu ^ cGtu{t clwj]zgsf] cfJxfg /

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$@= ldlt @)^%.@.!% df ;+ljwfg;efsf]klxnf] a}7s a;]kl5 cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/Lx'Fbfsf avt u7g ePsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]sfo{sfn wf/f $% sf] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd;dfKt ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg . pQm ldlteGbfcufl8 ul/Psf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf], bf];|f]/ t];|f] ;+zf]wgdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] pQm;+zf]wgx¿ hf/L u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f /fhkqdfk|sflzt ;"rgf / ljlw lgdf{0f ;"qdf pNn]vePsf] klg b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sa;]kl5 wf/f $%-$_ adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf]n] wf/f %( /wf/f *# adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn] g} Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] x}l;otdf Joj:yfksLo sfd ug'{kg]{x'G5 . tbg'?k ldlt @)^%.@.!^ sf] g]kfn/fhkqdf k|sflzt ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfg -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_, @)^% sf] ;"rgf tyfljlw lgdf{0f ;"qdf æg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] wf/f *# adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] x}l;otdf ;+ljwfg;efn]Æ pQm ;+zf]wghf/L u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvg cfPaf6;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdfu/]sf] sfo{sf ;DaGwdf k|i6tf x'g cfO{ s'g}

c:ki6tf /x]sf ] b ]lvFb }g . To;} u/L ldlt@)^%.#.@( sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg_, @)^% ;DaGwL;"rgfsf] Joxf]/fdf klg dfly rf}yf] ;+zf]wgx'Fbf pNn]v ePsf] jfSof+z g} pNn]v ePsf]b]lvg cfpF5 . t/ ;f] ;+zf]wgsf] ljlw lgdf{0f;'qdf æJoj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdf u/]sf]ÆeGg] Joxf]/f x6fO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f *#-!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn] ;f] ;+zf]wghf/L u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] /To; kl5sf ;+zf]wgx¿df ;d]t ;f]xL Joxf]/fnfO{lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] b]lvof ] . ;+ljwfg;efn]Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdf klxnf] k6scGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgubf{ pQmx}l;ot ;d]t k|i6 pNn]v u/L ;"rgf hf/Lu/]sf]df To; kl5 klg ;f]xL Joxf]/fn] lg/Gt/tfkfpg' Joj:yflksfsf] sfdsf/jfxLdf Ps?ktf/xg' kg] { b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t plrt x'g]dfljjflbt cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgsf] ;"rgfdf ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f *#-!_ sf] pNn]vg u/L ;+ljwfg;efaf6;+zf]wg hf/L ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 låljwfpTkGg ePsf] kfOof] .

$#= o;k|sf/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{txfn Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] 5'§} cjl:ylt geO{;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *#-!_ n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g}Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;d]t x}l;otdf sfd ug]{clwsf/ lbPsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . ljjflbtcf7f}+ ;+zf]wgsf] ;"rgf / ljlw lgdf{0f ;"qdfpQm wf/f *# -!_ sf] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvP klg;+ljwfg;efaf6 pQm ;+zf]wg hf/L ul/Psf] eGg]Joxf]/f k/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ s]xL cGof}ntf pTkGgx'g hfg' c:jfefljs xf]Og . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f *#-!_ n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g} Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{ u/L clVtof/L k|bfgu/]sf] b]lvP klg ;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] sfd, st{Jo / If]qflwsf/ ;+ljwfgtMcnu–cnu tf]lsPsf], sfo{ ;~rfng ljlw /k|lqmof ;d]t leGg–leGg /x]sf] tyf j}wflgstf/ x } l;ot ;d]t km/s–km/s x'g 'sf ;fy}Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt e};s]kl5

*%** -clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t


570570570570570

;+ljwfg;efn] g} ;f] x}l;otdf u/]sf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgdf pQm x}l;ot k|i6b]vfOPsf]df To; kl5sf ;+zf]wgx¿df ;f] s'/fc:ki6 x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 .

$$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!$* df ;+ljwfg ;+zf ]wg;DaGwL k|:tfjJoj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf dfq k]z x'g ;Sg] Joj:yfePsf] b]lvG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] kf Frf };+zf]wgkZrft\ ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]u7g;DaGwL 5'6[} Joj:yf g/xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f*#-!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn] g} Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] ;d]t sfd ug'{kg]{] cj:yf 5 . To;/L;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;d]t clwsf/k |of ]u ug] { u/L ul/Psf ] wf/f *#-!_ sf ]pNn]vg;Dd u/L ;+ ljwfg;efn] cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] cf7f} + ;+zf]wg hf/L u/]sf] egL/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvof ] .;+ljwfg;efn] g} wf/f *#-!_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf;+;bsf ] x } l;otaf6 sfd ug] { b ] lvP klgJoj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otaf6 sfd ubf{sf]cj:yfdf ;f] x}l;ot klg b]lvg' kg]{ x'G5 .;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* df ;+ljwfg;efaf6;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf g/x]sf]cj:yfdf ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf] g]kfn /fhkqdfk|sflzt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *#-!_ adf]lhd;+ljwfg;efaf6 hf/L ePsf] eGg] pNn]v x'g'jf6cfd hgdfg;df cGof}ntf pTkGg ePsf] / ;f];d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf]cj:yf b ] lvPsf ] 5 . t;y { ca pk | f Gt;+ljwfg;efn] u/]sf] ljwflosL sfo{ / ;+ljwfglgdf{0fsf] sfo{aLrsf] cGt/ :ki6 a'lemg] Joxf]/fkf l/t ljw ]osdf pNn ]v u/L ;fj {hlgshfgsf/Ldf Nofpg]tkm{ ljkIfLsf] Wofgfsif{0f x'g'h?/L 5 .

$%= g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfaf6pk/f]Qm l:yltsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvPsf] eP tfklgk|ToyL{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm;fy k]z ePsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf dxf;lrjdgf]x/k|;fb e§/fO{af6 k|dfl0ft ul/Psf cGtl/d

;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg;DaGwL sfdsf/jfxLsf];+lIfKt ljj/0faf6 cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f} +;+zf]wg ljw]os ldlt @)^&.@.# df Joj:yflksf;+;b;dIf btf{ ePsf], ;f] ;+zf]wg k|:tfjsf];"rgf ldlt @)^&.@.& df ;b:ox¿nfO{ lbOPsf]/ ldlt @)^&.@.( df dfggLo b]jk|;fb u'?Ë /;l/tf lu/Ln] ;f] k|:tfjpk/ lj/f]wsf] ;"rgf ;d]tJoj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf g} k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvPsf]/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj ;d]t ;+ljwfg;efn]]Joj:yflksf ;+;bs} x}l;otdf kfl/t u/]sf] eGg]b]lvPsf]n] ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg;efs} x}l;otdfpQm ;+zf]wg kfl/t u/]sf] eGg] cj:yf b]lvPg .s]jn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePsf]Joxf]/fn] ubf{ o; k|sf/sf] cGof}ntf;Dd pTkGgePsf] b]lvof] . ldlt @)^&.@.# df ;+zf]wg k|:tfjbtf{ e} ldlt @)^&.@.& df k|To]s ;b:ox¿nfO{;f]sf] k|lt pknJw u/fOPsf] eGg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f *% sf] pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ sf] k|lqmof gk'u]sf]eGg] cj:yf klg b]lvPsf] 5}g . To:t} ;+ljwfg;ef-Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% sf] lgod !%& df Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIfljrf/fwLg s'g} sfo{sf ;DaGwdf lgodfjnLsf]s'g} Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] u/L ;bgsf] cg'dlt lnO{;efd'vn] lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePcg'¿kg} ;f] lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^@ / ^& sf] k|fjwfglgnDag u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgljw]os kfl/t ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] pQm ;+zf]wgk|lqmofdf ;+ljwfg tyf lgoddf pNn]v ePsf]s'g} sfo{ljlwsf] pNn+3g ePsf] cj:yf ;d]tb]lvg cfPg .

$^= o;sf ;fy} ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut]/flt !!=$% ah] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|of]hgsf]nflu a;]sf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7s lg/Gt/rfn" /xL ;+zf]wg k|:tfj b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6kfl/t ePsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] !@ ah] kl5k|:tfj kfl/t ePsf] eGg] k|fljlws s'/fn] dfqpQm sfdsf/jfxL af/] j}wtfsf] k|Zg p7fO{To;nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . k/Gt' s'g}klg sfo{ ubf{ ;do;Ldf / To;sf] cf}lrTotftkm{ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' jf~5gLo x'G5 . ;+;bLo

571571571571571

Joj:yfdf ;+;b;dIf k]z x'g] x/]s ljw]osx¿dfo;sf ;b:ox¿n] uDeL/ 5nkmn / ax; u/LTo;sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sfaf/]df lgisif{df k'Ugsf] nflu kof{Kt ;dosf]cfjZostf kb{5 klg . Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]sfo{ ;~rfng / k|lqmofx¿ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu; + ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf ; +;bsf ] sfo {;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% th'{df ePsf] klgb]lvG5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;b :jo+n] lgdf{0f u/]sf]pk/f]Qm lgodfjnL sfof{Gjogsf] ljifodf cGolgsfodf k|Zg p7fpg gldNg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf/x ]sf ] ePtf klg Joj:yf lksf ; +;bsf ]sfdsf/jfxL pQm lgodfjnLsf] dd{ / efjgfcg'¿k ;xh / :jfefljs ?kdf ePsf] b]lvg'kb{5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ljw]oskfl/t ePsf] ;do;Ldfs} ;DaGwdf cgfjZos;+zo, låljwf / l6sfl6Kk0fL hGdg] u/L ;f]ljifon] cbfntdf k|j]z kfpg] cj:yf cfpg'nfO{uDeL/tfk"j{s lnOg' kb{5 . sfo{sfn ;dfKtx'g] clGtd 38Ldf cfP/ ;do;Ldf Pjd\;dofjlwsf] Vofn g/fvL xtf/ xtf/ ;+ljwfg; +z f ] wg h:tf ] b L3 {s fn Lg k |e fj lbg ]hg;/f]sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ ljw]os kfl/t ug'{kg]{afWotfnfO { ghL/ agfpFb } hf Fbf To;af6hgdfg;df ;d]t ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx gx'g]cj:yf /xg hfG5 . To;}n] o; vfnsf cj:yfx¿cfpg glbg]tkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg ljkIfLx¿sf]Wofgfsif{0f u/fOPsf] 5 .

$&= ca lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]zhf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf]clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6lgj]bg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf]cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgnfO{ lnP/ ;f] ab/ ug{ dfu u/Lk/ ]sf ] b ] lvG5 . j:t 'tM xfn pQm cf7f } +;+zf]wgadf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{ cl3 a9L;+zf]wgaf6 yk ul/Psf] Ps jif{sf] cjlw ;d]t;dfKt x'g] l:ylt eO{ cfh !! dlxgf @* lbgJotLt e};s]sf] / tLg lbg dfq afFsL /x]sf]b]lvG5 . cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ul/Psf] cjlw ;lsO{;s]sf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f

^$ df ;+zf]wg u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn b'O{jif{af6 a9fP/ tLg jif{ u/]sf] sfo{ ;+ljwfgljk/Lteof] eGg] lgj]bsx¿sf] lhsL/sf] k|of]hg g} ;dfKte};s]sf] 5 . o:tf] kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;efn]xfn;Dd u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxL k|efljt x'g] / ;fy{skl/0ffd glbg] ;d]t cj:yf x'Fbf pQm cf7f}+;+zf]wgsf] cf}lrTotf af/] o; Ohnf;n] c? ljrf/ug]{ cj:yf /x]g . ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hx'g] 7x5{ . ljkIfLx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf]Ps k|lt dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ k7fO{bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L kmfon lgodfg';f/ u/La'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxGof=sNof0f >]i7Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/L

Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn h]7 !! ut] /f]h $ z'ed\Ohnf; clws[tM– gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL

lg0f{o g+= *%*(

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdLdfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7

dfggLo

lgxLt lg0f{o g+= · 2011. 8. 19. · lg0f{o g+= %(;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; – ))#(*%** -

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Transcript of lgxLt lg0f{o g+= · 2011. 8. 19. · lg0f{o g+= %(;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; – ))#(*%** -

lgxLt lg0f{o g+= · 2011. 8. 19. · lg0f{o g+= *%*(;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; – ))#(*%** -

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Transcript of lgxLt lg0f{o g+= · 2011. 8. 19. · lg0f{o g+= *%*(;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; – ))#(*%** -

lgxLt lg0f{o g+= · 2011. 8. 19. · lg0f{o g+= %(;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; – ))#(*%** -

Transcript of lgxLt lg0f{o g+= · 2011. 8. 19. · lg0f{o g+= %(;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; – ))#(*%** -