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2007 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv? trSwf 155

REVIEW

159 Okami

163 The Legend of Zelda: TwilightPrincess

PREVIEW

168 Silverfall

121 War Rock

SPECIAL REPORT

173 Top Games of 2006International PC Games

175 Top Games of 2006

International PS2 Games

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104 uGefysLwmpepfawGudk b,fvdk toHk;cs&rvJ

121 2006 ckESpf\ ykH&dyfrsm;

NewProducts54 New product

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CONTRIBUTORS

OD;rsdK; (tdkifwDtef;wdwf)? armifarmifMuD;?

pkdif;wifhxl;? atmifaomfESifh Modula-2

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132 2006 ckESpftwGuf

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182 Registry odkY

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205 pdwftaESmifht,Sufjzpfp&m

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uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2007 ckESpf

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15 INTERNATIONAL

DESKTOP

NOTEBOOK

HARDWARE

PERIPHERAL

SOFTWARE

34 LOCAL

BRANDED PCBLUETOOTH KEYBOARD

iPOD NANO

POCKET PCCOOLING SYSTEM

UPSMOTHERBOARD

NOTEBOOK

PC GAME

SOFTWARE


14

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21

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22

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24

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2840


28

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29

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LogitechCardless

Zone AlamInternet

Security Suit


32

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network jzifh csdwfquf toHk;csEkdifjcif;aMumifh ESpfvkdzG,f&m

aumif;aeaponf/ yHkpHcGufxJodkY pm&Gufa& 100 cefYom xnfh

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10 page ADF

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jzpfap toHk;csEkdifonf/

BUSINESS

a':vmwpf&mwef uGefysLwm odkYr[kwf

Nicholas Negroponte's machine

Laptop Per Child) [kvnf;

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pmtkyfrsm;pGmudk wpfaygif;wpf

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acRwmrI&Sdaom chip ESifhdisplays

unit wkdYudk oHk;xm;jcif;ESifh Linux

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Edkifa&; taetxm;txd pdwf0if

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rsm;xkwfvkyfa&mif;csEkdifa&;twGuf

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tcg wifjyEkdifchJ&NyD jzpfonf/

tqkdyg prototype wGif

system ESifh display wkdY tjyef

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input rsm;udk vufcH&,ljcif; cif;

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Nicholas Negroponte's ma-

chine [k ac:wGifMuouhJodkY

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Product News

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65


66

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laptop twGuf vkdtyfrnfh

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EkdifiHrsm;wGif toHk;jyKMurnfh

tajctaersm;udk qufvuf

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server wpfckrQ rvkdtyfaom

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platter rsm;aeap&efE Si f h

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drive wpfckrQ roHk;pGJapbJ

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memory udkom toHk;cs,l

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player av;rsm;wGif toHk;

jyKavh&Sdonhf flash memory

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pDrHcsufpwifcsdefu ay:jyL

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67

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monochrome mode jzihf

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onhfyHkpHjzifh uGmjcm;pGm &Sdae

apjcif; jzpfonf/

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rsm;'Pfudk cHEkdif&nf&Sdojzifh

uav;i,frsm; toHk;jyK&m

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memory udk toHk;csxm;

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rene ESifh rubber bumper

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display ay:wGif 2 rDvDrDwm

txl&Sd xkd;azmuf jrifEkdifaom

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Ref : Ref : Ref : Ref : Ref : TTTTTechnologyechnologyechnologyechnologyechnology

ReviewReviewReviewReviewReview

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ayonf/ xkdYtjyif HDL

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rnf/ xkdokdY acRwmrIrsm;

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mode aMumifh resolution

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laptops trsm;pkwGif

toHk;jyKavh&Sdaom fluo-

rescent backlight rsm;

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LEDs ukd toHk;jyKxm;onf/



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&S daom Arctic Cooling

Freezn 64 Pro onf

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right S1-120 onfvnf;

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Weekend Project :

Power supply

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Hard disk

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Case

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case wpfckudk a&mif;cs&m

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aygif; rsm;pGm wnf&SdaeEkdifMu

yHkeJY qubit udk yrmjyK awG;q

MunhfEkdifygw,f/ rlv *E¦0if

1 u ajrmuf0if½kd;pGef;rSm&SdNyD;

0 u awmif0if½kd;pGef;rSm &Sdae

w,f qkdygawmh/ tJ'DMum;

xJ&Sd tpufwpfpuf (point)

wkdif; qubit t& 0 eJY 1 wkdY&JU

taetxm;aygif; rsm;pGmeJY

jzpfxGef;EkdifwhJ udef;wefzkd;

awG&Sd&m a'oawGygyJ/ tJ'D

vkd &Snfvsm;whJ ae&mwpf

avQmuf vSnhfvnfoGm;vm

EkdifwhJ qubit &JU vGwfvyfrI

u uGrfwrfuGefysLwmawG

twGuf xl;jcm;whJ aqmif

&GufEkdifpGrf;awGudk ay;quf

aewm jzpfw,f/

'gayr,fh uHraumif;

csifawmh uGrfwrfuGefysLwm

wnfaqmufzkdYqkdwm tvGef

cufcJEkdifzG,f&m &SdaewmyJ/

wpfoD;yk*¾v tufwrftkdif;

,Gef;okdYr[kwf tDvufx&Gef

awGuhJokdY xnhfydwfxm;whJ

trIefawGeJY jyKvkyfxm;whJ

uGrfwrfypönf;ud&d,mawGeJY

qubit awGudk yHkpH azmfjyrSm

jzpfw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvkd

0 eJY 1 tMum; rsm;jym;vGef;

whJ jzpfEkdifajctaetxm;awG

[m uGrfwrf uGefysLwmudk

wnfaqmufxm;whJowåKawG

tygt0if taESmifht,Suf

jzpfapr,fh ywf0ef;usifeJY

rqk dpavmuf NidoGm;&if

awmifrS rIef0g;oGm;Ekdifw,f/

ysufpD;oGm;Edkifw,f/ qubit

awG[m olwkdY&JU ywf0ef;

usif&Sdt&mawGeJY oD;jcm; jzpf

aeatmif *½kwpkduf raqmif

&Gufay;Ekdifbl;qkd&if taESmifh

t,SufawG ay:aygufvmNyD;

wGufcsufrIudk trSm;t,Gif;

jzpfapvdrfhr,f/

'gaMumifh uGrfwrf uGef

ysLwm wnfaqmufa&;

twGuf 'DZ k di f;y H kp Hazmfz k d Y

trsm;qHk; tav;xm;aqmif

&Guf&wmuawmh qubit awG

eJY olwkdY 0ef;usif&JU wkHYjyefrI

tedrfhqHk; taetxm;&&Sda&;

jzpfw,f/ tqifh 10,000

wkdif; trSm;t,Gif;wpfck 0ef;

usifavmufom jzpfapwhJ

EIef;txd avQmhcsEkdifr,fqkd

&if ysufpD;oGm;whJ qubit awG

udk oufom&m&apNyD; tpm;

xkd;ay;&r,fhtpm; jyifqif

csufud&d,m xnhfay;vkduf

&if tqifacsmapEkdifw,f

qkdwmudk okawoDawGu

od&Sdxm;Muw,f/ rSm;,Gif;rI

&mckdifEIef;enf;NyD; vHkavmuf

pGm oD;jcm;&Sdaeapr,fh qubit

udef;*Pef; trsm;tjym; &Sd

aeapr,fh tvkyfvkyfwhJ puf

wpfck wnfaqmufa&;[m

½lyaA'ynm&SifawG tvSrf;

a0;aeqJ aMumufrufzG,f&m

tvkyfwpfck jzpfw,f/

uGrfwrfuGefysLwmudk

tjcm;enf;vrf;awG toHk;jyK

NyD; wnfaqmufr,fh enf;

vrf;awGudk &SmazG MuHqae

MuwhJ okawoD tenf;i,f

vnf; &SdaeMuygw,f/ uGrf

wrftajctaeawGudk ukdif

wG,fzkdY csOf;uyfEkdifa&;[m

½lyaA'ynm&yfqkdif&m enf;

pepfwpfckxJu ae&m tajc

taejy*kPfowådawGudk b,f

vkd od&Sdem;vnfxm;ovJ

qkdwhJ tcsufay:rSm rlwnf

aeygw,f/ ae&mtajctae

jyynm topology qdkwmu

jzwfawmufjcif; okdYr[kwf

qufoG,fyl;aygif;jcif;r[kwf

bJ qGJqefYjcif;? zdn§pfjcif;

eJY auG;nGwfjcif;wkdYaMumifh

t&m0w¬Kwpfck&JU odrfarGUpGm

oP²mef ajymif;vJ&mwGif

ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdwhJ *kPf

owådawGudk ocsFmaA'eJY avh

vmwhJynmygyJ/ tJ'Dbmom

&yfawGu txHk; (uspfqHNrD;)

oDtkd&Dudk ajz&Sif;zkdY vufcH

aqmif&Gufay;rSmjzpfw,f/

ao;i,fwhJ aESmifh,SufrIawG

u topology qkdif&m *kPf

owådawGudk ajymif;vJrypf

bl;/ BudK;wpfacsmif;ay:rSm

txHk;rygwhJuGif;eJY txHk;yg

whJ uGif;awG&JU *kPfowådawG

[m topology t& jcm;em;rI

&Sdw,f/ BudK;uGif;wpfckxJudk

BudK;uGif;wpfck xyfvQKdNyD;xHk;

&if BudK;udk jzwfypf&rSmyJ/

tJ'Denf;vrf;t&om BudK;udk

xHk;vkdY&rSmyg/ NyD;awmh BudK;p

ESpfzufudk jyefqufay;&

r,f/ tvm;wlyJ topology

t& wnfaqmufxm;wh J

qubit wkdif;udk jcm;em;whJ

tajctaewpfck jzpfvm

atmif ajymif;vJay;whJenf;

pepfeJ Y jyif;xefwhJ jywf

awmufrItcsKdU &SdyH kawGudk

avhvm&rSm jzpfw,f/ ywf

0ef;usifrSm jzpfay:vmwhJ

wGef;tm;tenf;i,faMumifh

'Dvkd jywfawmufrIrsKd; jzpf

ay:vmrSm r[kwfbl;/

yxr ½IjrifoHk;oyfcsuf

t& topology enf;t&

wnfaqmufxm;whJ uGrf

wrfuGefysLwmqkdwm ,ck

uGefysLwmawGeJY trsm;pk wl

nDEkdifzG,f&Sdw,fvkdY rxif&

bl;/ olu uspfqHNrD;&JU BudK;

rQifawGay:rSm vkyfief;awG

jyKvkyfrSmjzpfw,f/ 'gayr,fh

a&S;½kd;pOfvm tm½HkcHpm;rIrsKd;

awG&S dwhJ ½lyaA'pepft&

wnfaqmufxm;whJ BudK;

rQifawGr[kwfbl;/ olwkdYawG

u ½lyaA'ynm&SifawG nTef;

qkdMuwhJ tcsdefeJY ae&mt&

a&GUvsm;aeMuwhJ trIefav;

awG pD;qif;ae&m urÇmay:

uBudK;vkdif;awGxuf tenf;

i,f vGefuJpGm uGJjym;rI &SdMu

w,f/ «'DBudK;rQifawGxJu

BudK;rQifwpfck&JUtvsm;jzpfwhJ

]pdwful;}[m tcsdefumv

wpfcktwGif; trIefwpfck&JU

vIyf&Sm;rIudk azmfjyw,f/

tJ'D BudK;rQif&JU txljzpfwhJ

]pdwful;}u tJ'DtrIef&JU ½ly

aA'qkdif&m jrifuGif;buf

(dimension) awGudk azmfjy

ay;w,f/» 'ghtjyif vleJYywf

ouf qufET,fvmwhJ trIef

awGawmifrS yxr trIefxJ

u tDvufx&Gef? y½kdwGef

awGeJY rwlnDMubl;/ olwkdY

awG[m uGmqDtrIefawG jzpf

&r,fhtpm; tqifhjrifhpGrf;

tif ½lyaA't&trIefawGeJY


uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

qefYusifbuf trIefawG[m

oihfavsmfwhJ vIyf&Sm;rIeJY ESpf

zufjrifuGif;&Sd tDvufx&Gef

epfpepftwkdif; vIyf&Sm; cHpm;

aeMuw,f/ uGmqDtrIefawG

[m vkdovkd wGufvkdY&whJ

ocFsm*kPfowådawG&SdNyD; an-

yons vdkY ac:whJ txl; wnf

aqmufxm;whJ yHkoP²mef

wpfrsKd;jzpfw,f/

tJ'g[m uGefysLwm

wGufcsufa&;wpfck toGifwl

aewhJ udpöwpfck jzpfw,f/

yxrqHk; anyons pHkwGJav;

awG zefwD;&w,f/ NyD;awmh

olwkdYudk BudK;rQifwef;xJrSm

tvsm;vkduf ae&mcsxm;ay;

&w,f/ anyons pHkwGJav;

[m trIefwpfckeJY ydkwlw,f/

anyon wkdif;rSm trIefwpfckeJY

olY&JU oufqkdif&m qefYusif

buftrIefwpfckwkdY yg&SdMu

pjrJ jzpfw,f/ olwkdYawGu

pGrf;tifoefYoefYawGudk zef

wD;ay;ygw,f/

NyD;awmh aocsmpGmowf

rSwfykdif;jcm;ay;xm;whJ quf

vufjzpfay:rIt& olY rsuf

apmif;xkd;&Sd trIefawGudk a&GU

vsm;apw,f/ Anyons

wef; urÇmtoD;oD;udk BudK;

wpfacsmif;pDtjzpf zGJUwnfae

apw,f/ tJ'Denf;twkdif;

trIefawG[m tcsif;csif;

zvS,faeMuwmaMumifh an-

yons awG&JU vIyf&Sm;rIawGu

tJ'DBudK;awGudk pkpnf;xm;

whJ uspfqHNrD;wpfck jzpfvm

apw,f/ tJ'Dvkd txl;jyKrI

toD;oD;eJY wnf&SdaewhJ uspf

qHNrD;xJrSm uGefysLwm wGuf

csufrIawG jyKvkyfMuvdrf h

r,f/ uGefysLwm wGufcsufrI

&v'fawGudk yHkazmfay;Mur,fh

anyons wkdY&JU aemufqHk;

tajctaeawGudk qHk;jzwf

ay;r,fholuawmh tJ'D uspf

qHNrD;ygyJ/ b,fvkd tDvuf

x&Gef okdYr[kwf b,fvkd oH

vkdufawG&JU wkHYjyefrIurQ qHk;

jzwfay;rSm r[kwfbl;/ NyD;

awmh tJ'D uspfqHNrD;udk to-

pology enf;t& wnf

aqmufxm;wmaMumifh BudK;

rQifawGudk wGef;tm; tenf;

tusOf;om oufa&mufap

vdrfhr,f/ 'gaMumifh uspfqH

NrD;udk ajymif;vJaprSm r[kwf

bl;/ NyD;awmh jyifyrS taESmifh

t,SufawGudk umuG,fay;

NyD;om; tarGudkvnf; cH,l&

ayvdrfhr,f/ anyons awGudk

toHk;jyKNyD; uGefysLwm wGuf

csufrI zefwD;a&;pdwful;[m

]tvufaZ; udkifwmbJAf} u

1997 ckESpfrSm tqkdjyKchJwm

jzpfw,f/ ]rkdufc½kdaqmhzf

ukrÜPD} u r[kwfbl;/

tck rkduf c ½kd aqmhzf

ukrÜPDrSm a&muf&Sdaeol ]rkduf

u,fcsm;csf z&D;ref;} u uGef

ysLwm wGufcsufa&;twGuf

]uGrfwrf wkday:vkd*sD} ynm

&yfudk toHk;jyK&if jzpfEkdifajc

&Sdw,fvkdYawmh 1988 ckESpf

ukefykdif;avmufu [m;Awf

wuúodkvfrSm oifMum; ydkYcschJ

zl;w,f/ ,ckpdwful;udkawmh

1998 ckESpfrSm okawoe

pmwrf;wpfapmiftjzpf yHkESdyf

xkwfa0chJw,f/ tcsdefumv

wpfcktwGuf ESpfzuf rsufESm

jyif&JU wa&GUa&GU wkd;wuf

ajymif;vJrIqkdif&m uGrfwrf½ly

aA'enf;ynmt& zGJUpnf;

xm;whJ txHk;xm0&jzpfrIawG

udk od&SdapwhJ wdus aocsm

aom ocsFmynm&yfqkdif&m

ta&twGufawGudk &SmazG

awGU& S da&;twGuf wnf

aqmufchJMuwmygyJ/ ½lyaA'

pepft& pHjyKavmufatmif

uGif;ydwfpuf0kdif; (a) &JU topology [m tJ'DBudK;uGif;udk wGef;xkd;NyD; yHkoP²meftopf (b) tjzpf ajymif;ayr,fh

rajymif;vJbl;/ 'gayr,fh txHk; xHk;vdkufwhJ C u jcm;em;rI &Sdvmw,f/ tJ'DtxHk;u BudK;uGif;udk jzwfawmufrI

rjyKvkyfbJ txHk;xHk;vkdY r&Ekdifbl;/ tJ'DjzpfpOft& BudK;udk wGef;½HkavmufeJY jzpfay:vmwhJ taESmifht,Sufay;rIudk

BudK;uGif;&JU topology u cHEkdif&nf&Sdw,f/

Topology eJY txHk;rsm;


87

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

wkday:vkd*sDenf;ynmoHk; uGrfwrfuGefysLwmwGufcsufyHk

tajzxkwfay;whJ uspfqHNrD;

uspfqHNrD;uspfjcif;

av,mOfwpfpif;rSm tajccHa&GUvsm;rI 2 ck &Sdw,f/ em&DvufwH vSnhfwhJtwkdif; zvS,fjcif;eJY em&DvufwHajymif;jyef

vnfwhJtwkdif; zvS,fjcif;wkdYygyJ/ urÇmhavaMumif;vkdif;awG[m jzpfEdkiforQ uspfqHNrD;awG uspfapzkdY vSnfhajymif;

wGef;tm;ay;aeMuw,f/

em&DvufwH vnfwhJ

twkdif; zvS,fjcif;

tajzxkwfay;whJ uspfqHNrD;

em&DvufwH ajymif;jyef

vnfwhJtwkdif; zvS,fjcif;

uGefysLwm wGufcsufjcif;

yxrOD;pGm anyons pHkwGJav;awGudk zefwD;NyD; uGefysLwmwGufcsuf&mrSm

toHk;jyKwhJ qubit awGudkazmfjyzkdY twef;vkduf ae&mcsxm;&w,f/ wpfpHk

wpf&maomjzpf&yf&JU tpOfqufwkdif;rSm eD;pyfpGm anyons awG zvS,f

aejcif;jzifh anyons awGudk vSnhfywfa&GUvsm;aeapw,f/ tJ'Da&GUvsm;rI

awGu qubits awGtay: tm;xm;aqmif&Guf&whJvkyfief;awGudk jzpfap

w,f/ aemufqHk;rSmawmh eD;pyf&m anyons av;awG[m pHkwGJjzpfoGm;whJ

tcgrSm uGefysLwmwGufcsufrIawG xGufay:vmapwhJ twkdif;twmawG

aqmif&Gufvmygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd xGufay:vmwhJtajz[m anyons awG&JU

tudkiftwG,faumif;pGm xkwfvkyfrIjzpfwhJ wpfoD;yk*¾v uspfqHNrD;

uspfjcif;qkdif&m topology tay:rSm rlwnfaeygw,f/ Anyons

awG&JU aESmuf,SufrIawGu topology udk rajymif;vJapbl;/ 'gaMumifh

trSm;t,Gif;awGjzpf&whJ yHkrSeft&if;tjrpfawG uif;pifwhJ uGefysLwm

wGufcsufrIudk jyKvkyfapygvdrfhr,f/

wuúaA'uswhJ *dwfaygufudk CNOT *dwfaygufvkdY odxm;Muw,f/ Anyons 6 ck uspfxm;whJ uspfqHNrD;wpfck&JU xkwfvkyfrIvkdY

&nfnTef;w,f/ CNOT wpfcku qubit 2 ck ,loGif;w,f/ NyD;awmh qubit 2 ckudk xkwfvkyfay;w,f/ Fibo-nacci anyon vkdY

ac:qkdavmufwhJ tpdrf;eJYtjym anyon 3 `rTmyl;awGu tJ'D qubits awGudk vma&mufae&m,lapw,f/ uspfqHNrD;uspfwhJtcgrSm

xl;jcm;whJpH &Sdw,f/ ae&mwpfae&mrSm anyons 3 `rTmyl;wpfck csefxm;&pfw,f/ NyD;awmh tJ'D anyon awG&JU ywfywfvnfrSm

&SdaeMuwhJ tjcm; 3 `rTmyl; wpfckxJrS anyon 2 ckudk a&TUypfvkdufw,f/ txl;pDrHxm;whJ uGefysLwmwGufcsufjcif;[m *dwfayguf

'DZkdif;yHkpH wnfaqmufjcif;eJY qufET,f ywfoufaew,f/ 'Dvkd uspfqHjrD;uspfjcif;jzifh CNOT wpfck xkwfvkyfay;whJtcgrSm

rSm;,Gif;EkdifrIyrmPu 10-3 yJ &Sdw,f/

wuúaA'uswhJ *dwfayguf wpfck wnfaqmufjcif;


uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

zefwD;EkdifNyD; twkdif;twm

awGudk qufvuf wGufxkwf

EkdifNyDqkd&ifawmh ]txHk;xm0&

jrJrI}t& ,ck uGefysLwmawG

ydk&Snfvsm;pGm wGufcsuf rae

&awmhbJ tajzxkwfay;EkdifzkdY

eD;pyfvmygvdrhfr,f/

tvm;wl cufc Jwh J

jyóemawGudkvnf; ajz&Sif;

ay;Ekdifygvdrhfr,f/ rMumrDu

jyKvkyfchJMuwhJ uGrfwrf Hall

½lyaA' udef;*Pef;awGeJY

vufawGU prf;oyfrIawGt&

anyon toHk;jyKenf;pepf[m

ykdNyD;tajcckdifvmw,f/ wkd

ay:vkd*sDqkdif&m uGrfwrf uGef

ysLwm wGufcsufa&; tajccH

oabmw&m;awG qufvuf

azmfxkwfEkdifa&;twGufvuf

awGU prf;oyfrIawG xyfrH

jyKvkyfMu&ayvdrfhr,f/

Anyon qkdwhJ trIef

trIefawGeJY wnfae&m

awGudk zvS,fjcif;jzifh wdkay:

vkd*sDenf;pepfoHk; uGrfwrf

uGefysLwmu uspfqHNrD;awG

xHk;Muw,f/ uGrfwrf½lyaA'

eJY *E¦0if ½lyaA'wkdY&JU jcm;

em;rIaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmxJ

u wpfckjzpfwhJ trIefzvS,f

MuwhJtcgrSm trIefawGu

b,fvkd jyKrlvIyf&Sm;MuovJ/

*E¦0if½lyaA'ynmt& ae&m

a'oawGtwGif;rSm &SdaeMu

whJ tDvufx&Gef 2 ck A eJY

B &JU wnfae&mawGudk tjyef

tvSef pD;ul;apchJ&if aemuf

qHk;jzpfay:vmwhJ tajctae

[m t&iftajctaetwkdif;

&S daeayvdrf hr,f/ tDvuf

x&GefawG&JU uGJjym;jcm;em;rI

r&SdvkdYygyJ/ 'gaMumihf wlnD

aeMuwmjzpfw,f/ uGrfwrf

enf;pepfoHk; pufawGu tJ'D

avmuf odyfr½kd;pif;vSay

bl;/ uGrfwrf enf;ynmoHk;

pufawGuawmh vdIif;zef&Sif

vkdYac:whJ ta&twGuf wpfpk

ygwhJtrIefwpfckudk azmfjyay;

wmaMumifh jcm;em;rIjzpfap

w,f/ ae&m,lxm;whJ vIdif;

wpfpku ae&maygif; ajrmuf

jrm;pGmrSm &SmazG awGU&SdEkdifajc

&SdwhJtrIefwpfck&JU *kPfowåd

tm;vHk;udkz,fxkwfxm;w,f/

ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tvsif

awGxJrSm tJ'D jzpfEkdifajc

twkdif;twmudk wGufcsuf

w,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh vTJcGif

tus,fBuD;&SdwhJ vdIif;zef&Sif&Sd

whJae&ma'oxJrSm tJ'DtrIef

udk tawGU&qHk;jzpfvdrfhr,f/

aygif;pnf;xm;whJ vdIif;

zef&Sifwpfcku tDvufx&Gef

wpfpH kudk azmfjyay;w,f/

tJ'D tDvufx&Gef 2 ckudk

ajymif;vJ ae&mcsxm;ay;

Anyon awGukd,fwkdif rsKd;wkH;roGm;ao;cifrSm uGefysLwm wGufcsufay;r,fh

uspfqHNrD;xJ vrf;vGJvmaeMuwhJ anyon awGudk vSnhfxkwfay;whJ tylaMumifh

]wkday:vkd*sD}enf;t& uGefysLwmwGufcsufrIrSm trSm;t,Gif;jzpfvmMuwmyJ/ tJ'D

vrf;vGJvmaeMuwhJ anyon awGu uGefysLwmwGufcsufaerIudk zsufqD;ypfvdrfhr,f

(teDa&mifrsOf;awG ay:vmr,f/) 'gayr,fh anyon awG&JU c&D;tuGmta0;tay:

rlwnfNyD; olwkdY&JU 0ifa&muf pGufzufrIawG avsmhenf;wwfygw,f/ Anyon awGudk

vHkavmufatmif cGJjcm; a0;uGmaeMuapjcif;jzifh tJ'D tvsm;ukd tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif

aqmif&GufEkdifygw,f/ (atmufajc&Sd yHk 2ckrSm vrf;vGJvmMuwhJ anyons awG&JU

aqmif&GufrIudk jyoxm;ygw,f/)

y&rf;ywm trSm;t,Gif;awGudk umuG,fjcif;


uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

&Sdcsufudk aMunmchJwmygyJ/

udef;pOfawG&SdaewhJ uGrfwrf

Hall taetxm;rSm jzpfay:

vmwhJ uGmqDtrIefawG[m

anyons awGjzpfMuaMumif;eJY

tJ'Dvkd awGU&Sdcsuf[m uGrf

wrfuGefysLwm wGufcsufa&;

vkyfief;twGuf yxrajc

vSrf;jzpfaMumif; zGifh[chJMu

w,f/ 'gayr,fh tjcm; ok

awoDawGuawmh uGmqD

trIefav;awG&JU anyon

oabmaqmifwhJ oufaocH

csufudkjyoa&;twGuftjcm;

enf;vrf;awG oHk;NyD; &SmazG

aeMuqJjzpfw,f/ ]*dk;vf'f

ref;} wkdY&JU awGU&Sdcsuf tajz

&v'fawG[m uGrfwrfenf;

vrf;ruswhJ oufa&mufrI &Sd

aeEkdifw,fvkdY olwkdYu ,lq

xm;MuvkdYygyJ/

ESpfzufjrif 0ef;usifrSm

trIef 2 ck zvS,faeMuwkef;

ta&;ygwhJ xkwfjyefrIwpf&yf

u xif&Sm;pGm ay:xGufvm

w,f/ olwkdYawG[m tcsif;

csif; tajymif;tvJ jzpfae

MuwmaMumifh trIefawG&JU

vrf;aMumif;awG[m em&D

vufwHvSnhfovdk vnfywf

aeMuovm; od k Yr[kwf

ajymif;jyef vSnhfvnfaeMu

ovm;/ vdIif;zef&Sifu &,l

xm;whJ qifhuJ tykdaqmif;rI

[m tJ'D *kPfowådawGtay:

rSm rlwnfaeygw,f/ vuf

awGU prf;oyfMuolawGu

vrf;aMumif;awGudk jzwf

oef;jcif; rjyKwhJtjyif tcsKdU

ae&mawGrSm trIefwG aqmifh

wkd;rI r&SdapbJ em&DvufwH

vkdufwhJtcgrSm aygif;pnf;

vdIif;zef&Sif&JU tajzu rlv

taetxm;xuf tBudrf

wkdif;rSm (-1) jyoay;ae

w,f/ tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh

vIdif;cGufxJa&muf&ifawmh

tJ'Dajymif;vJrIaMumifh vdIif;

awG[m tjrifhqHk;ae&m ,l

xm;Muvdrfhr,f/ 'gayr,fh

z,f,rf;aewhJ vIdif;awG&JU

vTJcGifay:rSm oufa&mufrI

&SdrSm r[kwfbl;/ 'gaMumifh

tDvufx&Gef 2 ck&JU twkdif;

twmawGudk ajymif;vJaprSm

r[kwfbl;/

tJ'Dvkd tajymif;tvJ

jzpfapjcif;[m tDvufx&Gef

awGu tjcm;tDvufx&Gef

awGeJY pGufzufrIawG &SdaeMu

yHkudk zGifhqkdaew,f/ vdIif; 2

ckaygif;oGm;&if tJ'Dvkd pGuf

zufrIawG ay:aygufvmavh

&Sdw,f/ vIdif; 2 ck pGufzuf

rIawG&SdaecsdefrSm tjcm;tjrifh

ydkif;a&mufaeMuwhJ vdIif;awG

eJY twef;vdkuf&SdaewhJ tjrifh

qHk; vdIif;awG aygif;pnf;oGm;

Muw,f/ vdIif;cGufxJrSm

awmh vIdif;awGu edrfhusae

Muw,f/

tJ'DvdIif;awGxJu vdIif;

wpfckeJY (-1) &JU qifhuJjzpfrI

wkdYudk ajr§muf&if vTJpif tedrfh

tjrifhudk tjyeftvSef ajymif;

vJapw,f/ 'gaMumi f h

tajymif;tvJawGu pGuf

zufrIudk wnfaqmufwhJ

tcgrSm awmufywhJ tpuf

tajymufwpfck jzpfay:vm

NyD; zsufqD;ypfwhJtcgrSm

awmh arSmifrnf;whJ tpuf

tajymufwpfck jzpfwnfvm

w,f/

tJ'Dvkdenf;eJY tEkwf

vu©Pm (-) awG&JU udef;pOf

udk &,lxm;whJ tDvufx&Gef

awG &Sdraeygbl;/ 'gayr,fh

y½dkwGef? EsLx&GefeJY fermion

qkdwhJ trIeftrsKd;tpm;awG?

trIeftqifhtwef;jrif hwhJ

]bkdqif} awGrSm trIef 2 ck

zvS,fwhJtcsdefrSm tajymif;

tvJrjzpfwhJ vdIif;zef&SifawG

&Sdw,f/ tJ'D vdIif;zef&SifawG

udk (+1) udef;pOfeJY ajr§muf

xm;wmvkdYajymvkdY&ygw,f/

oHk;zufjrif 0ef;usifxJ

&Sd uGrfwrftrIefav;awG[m

zmrDtGefvnf; jzpfEkdifovkd

]bkdqif} vnf; jzpfEkdifw,f/

olwkdYawGudk euf½dIif;whJocsFm

ynm&yfqkdif&m taMumif;

jcif;&mawGtjzpf vkdtyfaeyg

w,f/ ESpfzufjrif0ef;usif

rSmawmh tJ'Dudef;pOf[m ½Iyf

axG;whJ qifhuJ xyfaqmif;rI

jzpfaerSmyJ/ tJ'D ½IyfaxG;

whJ qifhuJ xyfaqmif;rIudk

]axmifh} wpfcktaeeJY awG;

xifMunhfEkdifygw,f/ 0 'D*&D

[m udef;*Pef; 1 eJY wlnD

aew,f/ 180 'D*&Du (-1)

eJY wlnDw,f/ tJ'Daxmifh 2ck

Mum;&Sd axmifhawG[m ½Iyf

axG;whJudef;*Pef;awG jzpf

aeMuw,f/ Oyrmqkdygawmh

90 'D*&Du i eJY wlnDae

w,f/ i qd kwmu √-1

jzpfw,f/ −1 udef;pOfwpfck

jzpfwmaMumifh vdIif;zef&Sifudk

qihfuJtydkaqmif;rIeJY ajr§muf

&r,f/ tJ'Dvkdqkd&if tJ'D

*kPfowådawG jzpfvmapwhJ

udpötm;vHk;[m tJ'DvIdif;

z,f,rf;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:

vmwhJ vTJcGifawGjzpfaewm

aMumifh wpfoD;yk*¾vtrIef

wpfck&JU *kPfowådawGudk

wkdif;wmvkdY r&Ekdifbl;/ bmyJ

jzpfjzpf qifhuJtykdaqmif;rI

u ½IyfaxG;whJ vdIif; 2 ck&JU

pGufzufMuyHkawGudk ajymif;

vJay;Ekdifw,f/

tDvufx&Gef zvS,fae

MupOf jzpfay:vmwhJ? ½Iyf

axG;whJ qifhuJtydkaqmif;rI

udk &,lxm;whJ trIefawGudk

anyons vkdYac:w,f/ ½Iyf

axG;whJ tydkaqmif;rIrSeforQ

[m (-) a&m (+) yg jzpfEkdif

ordkY anyon (anyon) vkdY

ac:wmyJ/

ajrjyifnDay:u tDvufx&Gef

rsm;

Anyons awG[m ESpf

zufjrif urÇmxJrSmyJ wnf&Sd

Muwm jzpfw,f/ uRefawmf

wkdYu oHk;zufjrifpepf toHk;

jyKcsdefrSm wkday:vkd*sDenf;t&

uGefysLwm wGufcsufa&;

twGuf olwkdY&JU 'dGpHkawGudk

b,fvkdxkwfvkyfEkdifygovJ/

'Dtajz[m uGrfwrftrIef

awG pkd;rkd;xm;&m ajrjyifnD

e,fajrxJrSm &Sdaeygw,f/

2005 ckESpfrSm Stony

Brook wuúodkvfrS ]zmeef 'dk

tD;umrDEd k}? ]a0aZmif} eJY

]Avm'Drm a*s *kd;vf'fref;} wkdY

u aMunmcsufwpf&yfxkwf

aechJygw,f/ wkduf½kduf tcdkif

trm&SdwhJ olwkdY&JU &SmazGawGU


91

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

wkday:vkd*sD enf;ynmoHk; uGefysLwmwGufcsufrI trSm;rsm;

NOT *dwfayguf

Anyon awG&JU NOT *dwfayguf[m tDvufx&GefwpfvHk; pD;qif;tm;&JU 4 yHk 1 yHk&Sd anyons awGeJY

ywfoufaewhJ udef;pOfuGrfwrf Hall ay:rSm tajccHxm;w,f/ tDvufx&Gef pD;0ifvmrIaMumifh e,fajr 2 ck

xJ&Sd anyon awG[m n§dKUac:,ljcif;cH&NyD; axmifacsmufxJ a&mufoGm;apEkdifw,f/ e,fpyfwpfavQmufrSm

pD;qif;aeMuw,f/ 'gayr,hf rSefuefpGm jzpfxGef;aewhJ tajctaeawGrSmawmh uRef; 2 uRef;&JUtuGmta0;

tusOf;qHk;ae&mudk a&G;cs,fNyD; a&atmufOrifvkdPfacgif;eJY jzwfoef;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/

Anyon axmufvSrf;ol (pHkprf;ol)

ta&mifjc,fxm;whJ rkdufu½kd*&yfxJu ud&d,mudk ]Avm'Drm a*s *dk;vf'fref;}

eJY olYvkyfazmfukdifzufawGudk toHk;jyKMuNyD; uGmqDtrIefawG&JU jyKrlvIyf&Sm;

yHkawG[m anyon awGeJYwlaMumif; o½kyfazmf jyochJMuw,f/ 'Dud&d,mudk

10 milikelvins txd tat;cHxm;w,f/ NyD;awmh tm;aumif;whJ

oHvkdufpufuGif;xJrSm csxm;vkdufw,f/ tDvufx&Gef 4 vHk; vSnhfywf

zGJUpnf;xm;whJ ESpfzuf jrifuGif;&Sd tDvufx&Gef"mwfaiGUawGeJY t0geJY

tpdrf;a&mif {&d,mawGxJudk a&mufvmMuwhJ uGmqDtrIefawGuvnf; rwl

jcm;em;whJ yHkoP²meftoD;oD;eJY a&muf&SdvmMuw,f/ t0ga&mif{&d,mxJ&Sd

uGmqDtrIefawGudk tckdiftrmjzpfapwhJ e,fpyfwpfavQmufrSm pD;qif;

vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIawG[m anyon awG&JU vIyf&Sm;rIyJjzpfygw,f/

1/ uRef;wpfuRef;ay:rSm anyon 2 ckxm;NyD; tjcm;uRef;wpfcktay:udk anyon wpfck vTJajymif;ay;EdkifwhJ

AkdYtm;udk toHk;cs&if; *dwfaygufudk vufOD;rI &,lxm;&r,f/ 'D anyon pHkwGJwpfcku vufOD;rI&,lxm;whJ

tajctaerSm qubit tjzpf xrf;aqmifw,f/ teD;tem;rSm pD;qif;aewhJ vQyfppfyrmPudk wkdif;wm

wGufcsufMuvdrfhr,f/

2/ Qubit (NOT aqmif&GufrIjzpfpOf)&JU½kdufcsufu e,fpyf(tpdrf;a&mif)rS OrifvdkPfacgif;jzifh 'Dudpöudk jzwfoef;

vmapatmif anyon wpfckudk n§dKUiifac:aqmifvma&;twGuf AkdYtm;jr§ifhud&d,mudk toHk;csMuw,f/

3/ 'D anyon &JU jzwfvrf;[m anyon 2 ckeJY ywfoufaewhJ qifhuJyHkaqmif;rIudk ajymif;vJapw,f/ 'gaMumifh

'D qubit &JU wefzkd;udk ta0;qefYusifbuftajctaeu uRrf;oEÅmvefatmif vSefypfvkdufygawmhw,f/

vm;&mtwkdif; vnfywf&m

rSm vm;&m ajymif;jyef vnf

ywfrIrsKd;awG tqufrjywf

jzpfay:aeapatmif zefwD;

EkdifpGrf; r&SdMubl;/

wkday:vkd*sD enf;t&

uGrfwrfuGefysLwm wnf

aqmufa&;twGuf vkdtyf

csufwpfck&Sdw,f/ Anyons

awG[m abelian jzpfraea&;

ygyJ/ olY&JU*kPfowådutrIef

awGudk zvS,frI jyKapwhJ udpö

[m tpDtpOfusezkdY ta&;

BuD;w,f/

A, B, C twef; 3 ck&Sd

anyons 3 ck &Sdw,f qkdMu

ygpdkY/ Anyons u A eJY B

twef;rSm zvS,fMuvdrh f

r,f/ aemuf B eJY C twef;

awGrSm anyons awG zvS,f

Muvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Daqmif&Guf

rIrS xGufay:vmwhJ tajz

&v'f[m tcsKdUudef;awGu

rGrf;rH jyKjyifay;vkdufwhJ rlv

vdIif; zef&SifawG jzpfaeMuyg

vdrfhr,f/ B eJY C rSm an-

yons awGu yxrqHk; pwif

zvS,fMur,fqkd&ifvnf; A

eJY B rSm aemufxyf zvS,f

Muygvdrfhr,f/ zvS,frI jyK

vkyfMuwhJ tpDtpOftay:

rSDwnfNyD; udef;awG jcm;em;rI

&Sdae&ifawmh olwkdYawG[m

abelian r[kwfwhJ anyons

awG jzpfaeayvdrhfr,f/

]*kd;vf'fref;} wdkYtzGJU&JU

prf;oyfrIu mabelian an-

yons awGeJY qufET,f ywf

oufwhJ prf;oyfrI jzpfw,f/

bmyJjzpfjzpf oDtkd&DawG xkwf

azmfay;aeMuol ynm&SifawG


uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

uawmh uGmqDtrIefawG[m

abelian trSefwu,f uif;

pifw,fvkdY ckdifckdifrmrm ,Hk

MunfaeMuw,f/

uspfqHNrD;zsm;eJY *dwfaygufrsm;

Abelian uif;whJ an-

yons awG &NyDqkdwmeJY wpf

NydKifeufwnf; uspfqHNrD;tkyf

pkvkdYac:whJ ½lyaA'qkdif&m

wifjycsufwpfckudk pwif

toufoGif;EkdifygNyD/ tJ'D

ocsFmynm&yfqkdif&m wnf

aqmufxm;rIu BudK;rQifawG

ukd uspfqHNrD;uspfwhJ enf;

vrf;tm;vHk;udk azmfjyay;ae

ygw,f/ em&DvufwHtwkdif;

vSnhfvnf&ifjzpfap? ajymif;

jyef vSnhfvnf&ifjzpfap eD;

pyf&m BudK;rQif 2 ckudk a&GU

vsm;apwhJtcgrSm tajccH

aqmif&GufrIawG tquf

rjywf qufwkdufjzpfay:vm

NyD; uspfqHNrD; uspfay;Ekdifyg

vdrfhr,f/ Anyons awG BudK;

ukdifjc,fvS,fEkdifjcif;aMumifh

jzpfay:vmwhJ jzpfEk difajc

tpOfwkdif;[m uspfqHNrD;wpf

acsmif;eJY wlnDaeygw,f/

uGrfwrf uGefysLwm

wpfcktwGif;rSm qubits tm;

vHk;&JU pwifOD;aqmif vIyf&Sm;

whJ tajctaerS aemufqHk;

tajctaetxd oGm;vm

vIyf&Sm;chJwhJ vkyfief;pOfudk

qubits tm;vHk;&JU aygif;

pnf; vdIif;zef&Sif&JU ajr§muf

azmfudef; Matrix uGef&uf

wpfckeJY azmfjyay;ygw,f/

tvm;wlyJ wkday:vkd*sDenf;

ynmoHk; uGrfwrfuGefysLwm

xJu tjzpftysufawGudk

&Sif;vif;pGm od&SdEkdifygw,f/

tJ'Dvkd jzpfysufaepOfrSmawmh

anyon awG udkifwG,faqmif

&GufaeMuwhJ tpOftqufeJY

eD;pyfvmaewhJ oD;jcm;uspf

qHNrD;wpfacsmif;eJY zGJUpnf;

xm;whJt&mwpfck[m tJ'D

uGef&ufyJ jzpf yg w,f/

'gaMumifh uGrfwrfuGefysLwm

wGufcsufjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:

vmwhJ anyons awG&JU tajz

udk qufvuf azmfxkwfwhJ

vkyfief;pOf jzpfay:vmyg

w,f/

aemufta&;BuD;whJ zGJU

pnf;yHkuawmh ckdifrmaocsm

rI&Sda&; jzpfw,f/ uRefawmf

wkdY&JU uGrfwrfuGefysLwm[m

rlvvufa[mif;uGefysLwm

uhJodkY uGefysLwmwkdif;vkdyJ

aqmif&Gufay;Ek difovm;/

2002 ckESpfrSm tif'D,m;em;

wuúodkvfrS ]rkdufu,fvm

qif} eJY ]pif[efa0gif} (,ck

rkdufu½kdaqmhzfukrÜPD) wdkYu

oufaojyochJwm&Sdygw,f/

wkday:vkd*sD enf;ynmoHk;

uGefysLwmawG[m uGrfwrf

uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;wpfck

&JU wGufcsufrIyHkpHrsKd;udk trSef

wu,f wlnDoa,mif &Sdyg

w,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'g[m

teD;pyfqHk; [efaqmifwkyrI

om jzpfw,f/

2005 ckESpfrSm zavmf&D

'g wuúodkvfrS ]eDudkvyfpf

tD;bGefeJpwD;vf} eJY tzGJUom;

awGu txl;jyKaqmif&GufrI

awG ay;pGrf;r,fh uGefysLwm

wGufcsufa&;twGuf uspfqH

NrD;awG &SmazG&whJ jyóem

wpf&yfudkwifjyvmMuw,f/

ajz&Sif;zkdY tm;xkwfMuw,f/

olwkdYawGu wdusrSefuefwhJ

jyorIwpfckjyKvkyfchJMuw,f/

Anyons 6 ckudk uspfqHNrD;

uspfxm;jcif;jzif h 2/103

wdus rSefuefapr,fh *dwf

ayguftjzpf NOT odkYr[kwf

CNOT ukd xdef;csKyfxm;½Hk

jzpfaprIwpfck&JU wnfaqmuf

yHkudk jyochJwm jzpfw,f/

CNOT *dwfaygufu tenf;

i,f xde f;cs Ky fr Iwpfc ke J Y

tenf;i,fypfrSwfay;rIwpfck

wkdYudk &,lw,f/ xdef;csKyfrI

control u 1 qkd&if ypfrSwf

target u 0 rS 1 udk a&GUvsm;

aer,f/ 'grSr[kwf tjyef

tvSefajymif;vJrIjzpfpOf jzpf

aevdrfhr,f/ Oyrm target 1

qkd&if control 1 u 0 rS 1

udk a&GUvsm;r,f/ Control

bit, forget bit vkdYac:whJ bits

awGu ajymif;vJ jzpfay:

rvmbl;/ Qubits awGudk

vIyf&Sm;apjcif;jzifh b,fvkd

uGefysLwm wGufcsufrIrsKd;

rqkd CNOT *dwfaygufawG&JU

tom;wifvkyfief;wpfckrS

aeNyD; &,l wnfaqmufEkdif

ygw,f/ ½IyfaxG;whJ qifhuJ

tyd kaqmif;r Iu wpfoD;

yk*¾v qubits awG&JU udkif

wG,f aqmif&GufrIvkyfief;

jzpfwhJ tjcm; vkyfief;wpfck

udk aqmif&Gufygvdrfhr,f/

olwkdY&JUwifjyrIaMumifh wkday:

vkd*sDenf;ynmoHk; uGrfwrf

uGefysLwmawG[m tjcm;

uGrfwrf uGefysLwmawGvkd

aqmif&GufEkdifaMumif; ckdifrm

tm;aumif;pGm azmfxkwfcsuf

topfwpfckvnf; jzpfw,f/

uGrfwrfuGefysLwmawG

[m vuf&Sd *E¦0ifuGefysLwm

awG aqmif&GufEkdifrIr&SdwhJ

t&mawGudk pGrf;aqmifay;

Ekdifw,fvkdY ,HkMunfxm;Mu

w,f/ tJ'Dvkdqkd&if wkday:

vdk*sDenf;ynmoHk; uGefysL

wmwpfvHk;u omref uGrf

wrfuGefysLwmwpfvHk;xuf

pGrf;tm;ydkaumif;aew,fqkd

wm jzpfEkdifyghrvm;/

z&D;ref;? uDwmtJAfeJY

a0gifwkdY oufaojyxm;whJ

aemufxyf oDtkd&Dwpfckt&

jzpfEkdifajcr&Sdbl;vkdY qkdyg

w,f/ omref uGrfwrfuGef

ysLwmwpfvHk;udk t<uif;rhJ

wdusrSefuefapwhJ pGrf;tm;

wyfqifay;NyD; wkday:vkd*sD

enf;ynmoHk; uGefysLwmvdk

aqmif&GufapEdkifaMumif; ol

wkdYu o½kyfjyochJMuw,f/

t"dyÜm,fuawmh wkday:vkd*sD

enf;ynmoHk; uGrfwrfuGef

ysLwm&JU wGufcsufEkdifpGrf;

rsKd;udk omref uGefysLwmu

vnf; aqmif&GufEkdifw,fvkdY

qkdvkdygw,f/ tJ'D &v'ft&

a,bk,s oDtkd&Dwpfck xGuf

ay:vmw,f/ ]uGr fwrf

t&if;tjrpfawG toHk;jyKzkdY

zefwD;ay;xm;whJ jynhfpH k


93

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

acwfrDwhJ uGefysLwm wGuf

csufrIrSeforQrS wlnDwhJ uGef

ysLwmwGufcsufrI t&nf

taoG;awG &Sdaew,fqkdwm

ygyJ/}

trIefawGtxJxnhf tajz awG

xkwf,l

vufawGU aqmif&Guf

r,fh wkday:vkd*sD enf;ynm

oHk; uGrfwrf uGefysLwm

wpfvHk; wnfaqmufa&;rSm

ta&;ygwhJ tqifh 2 ckudk

uRefawmf rSwfwrf;wifchJ

w,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh uGef

ysLwm wGufcsufrI rpwifrD

qubits awG&JU a&SUaqmifa&SU

&GufjyKEkdifa&;eJY aemufqHk;

tajzxkwfay;Ekdifa&;wkdYygyJ/

a&SUaqmif a&SU&GufjyK

Ekdifa&;tqifhrSmawmh uGmqD

trIef pHkwGJawGudk vSnhfxkwf

armif;ESifay;jcif;eJY ywfouf

aew,f/ tJ'D vkyfief;pOfrSm

jyóemwpf&yf &Sdw,f/ zef

wD;xm;whJ uGmqDtrIefawG

&JU rsKd;pdwfawGudk od&Sda&;

jzpfw,f/ tajccH vkyfief;

pOfuawmh vSnhfxkwfay;

xm;whJ trIefpHkwGJawG ywf

ywfvnf&Sd anyons awG&JU

prf;oyfrIudk jzwfausmf&rSm

jzpfw,f/ NyD;awmh tJ'Djzpf

pOfrSm prf;oyfwhJ anyons

awG&JU ajymif;vJyHkudk wkdif;

wmowfrSwf&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'D

tajz&v'fuawmh olwkdY

jzwfoef;vmwhJ anyons

awG&JU trsKd;tpm;ay:rSm rSD

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ypönf;rQ r0,fcifrSmta&;yg

cJhMuygw,f/ olwdkYwpfawG

[m ynm&Sifudk tcaMu;aiG

eYJ olwdkY tvkyfudk Edkifeif;pGm

jyifqifEkdifwJh Hardware

ynm&Si fawGqDu tBuH

ÓPfawGoufoufeJY olwdkY

tvkyfudk tm;udk;NyD; rvkyf

Muygbl;/ wpfckckjzpf&if

bmjzpfrSef;odzkdY&,f? b,f

vdkvkyf&if &w,fqkdwm odzdkY

&,fudk tajccHNyD;rS pOf;pm;

olawG[m cufcJeufeJapwm

jzpfygw,f/ vkyfief;wpfck

vHk;&JU Procedure udk ajymif;

zdkYpOf;pm;&if vlom;t&if;

tjrpf udkifwG,fzdkYeJY tm;vHk;

ajymif;vJr,fhvkyfief;pOfukd

&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifNyD;

pdwfygvufyg yg0ifEkdifzdk Y

wGufrxm;wJh tcuftcJawG

ay:vm&if &Sif;zdkYyg vkdtyfwJh

twGuf tcsdefumv tenf;

i,f vdkovdktm;vHk;yl;aygif;

aqmif&GufzdkYvnf; vdktyfyg

w,f/ bmvdkYvJqkdawmh vl

awG[m udk,frajymif;csifbJ

ajymif;&wJh ajymif;vJrIukd

w Ge f ;v Se fwwfavh& S d Ny D ;

tqifajyovdk yHkrSefae&wm

BudKufwJhvlawG trsm;pkjzpf

aevdkYygyJ/ uGefysLwmudk vl

awGu tm;rudk;MubJ tjrif

uwfvm&if vkyfief;rSm xif

ovdk rjzpfvmEkdifawmhyg

bl;/

aemufxyf uRefawmf

wkdYwpfawG&JU tm;enf;csuf

wpfcku vkyfief;awGrSm wd

uswJh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; pepf

eJY &SdwJhpepfudk oHk;oyfxm;

wm r&SdMuygbl;/ pm&if;udk

Avmpmtkyf wpftkyfxJrSm

rSwfxm;wJh vkyfief;udk uGef

ysLwma&mufvm&ifpmvHk;

vSvSav;eJY rSwfjzpfoGm;NyD;

tcsdefMumwmyJ tzwfwif

vmrSmyg/ vuf&Sdvkyfaewm

BuD;udk Program a&;cdkif;NyD;

oHk;&if Program rrSm;bl;

qkd&ifawmif xda&mufwJh

uGefysLwm toHk;csrI jzpf

rvmEkdifygbl;/ aemufwpfck

u vkyfNyD;om; Program

awGoHk;NyD; pm&if;vkyfwmawG

vkyfief;oHk;wmawG[mvnf;

Turning rvkyfEkdif&if olrsm;

rsufrSef iSm;wyf&ovdk ydkrl;

wmyJ tzwfwifaeygvdrhf

r,f/ bmvd k YvJqk dawmh

wpfEkdifiHeJY wpfEkdifiH vkyfief;

wpfckeJYwpfck rwlwmawG?

oHk;r&wmawG? vkdwmawG

tNrJ jcm;em;aerSmyg/ 'g

aMumifh rdrdeJYawmfr,fh tusÐ

a&G;0,fovkd Software udk

aocsmavhvm &SmazGrSef;vdkY

&Muygw,f/ Software a&;

wJh olawGvnf; trsm;pk

0,foHk;NyD; tpOfrjywf Ser-

vice ay;zdkY vHk;yrf;Muwmudk

awGU&ygw,f/ NcHKNyD; ajym&

&if uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm vkyf

ief;awG[m rdom;pkvkyfief;

qefwmaMumifh Account-

zkef;r&Sdcifu tdrfrSm

zkef;r&SdbJ vkyfief;

vkyf&wm bmrQ

rjzpfEkdifayr,fh

vkyfief;wkdif;

zkef;oHk;vmMu csdef

ukd,froHk;&if

ukd,fhvkyfief;

xdcdkufvmEkdifovdk....

bmaMumifh 'gawGjzpf&yg

ovJ/ udk,fÓPfylaZmfc

ay;NyD; q&mwifxm;wJh uGef

ysLwmynm&Sifqk dwmawG

bmaMumif h &Sif;ray;Ek di f

ovJ/

wu,fawmh 'g[m 'D

vkyfief;&Sif&JU tjypf r[kwf

ygbl;/ olY&JUtm;enf;csuf

vnf; r[kwfygbl;/ bmvdkY

vJqk dawmh uRefawmfwd k Y

ywf0ef;usifrSm &meJUcsDwJh

pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&SifawG

'DvdkyJ BuHKcJh&w,f/ NGO

tzGJUawGvnf; 'DvkdyJ jzpfMu

w,f/ tzGJUtpnf;wdkif; jzpf

Mur,f xifygw,f/ avm

avmq,f jyóem&JUtajz

udk r&Smcif 'Djzpf&yfawG&JU

vufonfudk t&if&SmMu&

atmif/ jzpf&r,fh taMumif;

awGudk uRefawmfwdkY awG;q

aqG;aEG;MunhfMu&atmif/

tqifajyatmif oHk;Ekdifol

awG (jynfwGif;? jynfytpHk

aygh)&JU xl;jcm;csufuav;

awGudk avhvmMunhfMu&

atmif/ 'gqkd&if uRefawmf

wkdY tm;vHk;twGuf tajz

awGYr,fvdkY ,HkMunfygw,f/

yxrOD;qHk; uRefawmfjrifwJh

udpöu olwdk YwpfawG[m

uGefysLwmudk0,fNyD; bmvkyf

&rvJqkdwmudkpOf;pm;wmrsKd;

r[kwfbJ olwdkYbmvkyfcsif

w,f? bmjzpfcsifw,f? bm

vdkcsifw,fqkdwmudk rlwnf

NyD; 'gawGjzpfzdkY txda&muf

qHk;? toufomqHk;? toHk;

0ifqHk; pepfudk a&G;cs,fNyD;rS

0,f,l&mrSm uGefysLwmyg

vmwmudk awGU&ygw,f/

wu,fvdkY vkyfief;rSm rvdk

&if ZGwfrxnfhygbl;/ aemuf

wpfckjrifrdwmu &SdwJh bwf

*sufudk ypönf;awGcsnf; 0,f

ryp fbJ a&& SnftwGuf

vlom;t&if;tjrpf p&dwf?

oifwef;p&dwf? enf;ynm

0efaqmifrIp&dwf? tBuHay;


107

txl;aqmif;yg;

ing pepfukd tm;udk;avh r&Sd

wm&,f? qkd&S,fvpf&JU qkd;

arGtjzpf pm&if;udk aMumuf

MuwmawG? rdom;pkvkyfief;

u rcsJU&JwmawG? refae*sm

qkdwm acgif;yH kjzwfolvdkY

uGefjrLepfqefqef jrifNyD;

oD;jcm;uRrf;usifolwpfa,muf

vdk oabmrxm;EkdifwmawG

&,f[mratmifjrifrI&JUw&m;cH

awGtjzpf uRefawmf jrifae

ygw,f/

aemuf w&m;cHawGu

awmh jynfwGif;rSmvdktyfwJh

Software awG a&;ay;wJh

Programmer wcsKdUyg? ol

wdkY[m uGefysLwmtpDtpOf

a&;qGJwmuvGJNyD; bmrQ

rodayr,fh vkyfief;&SifawG

udk uGefysLwmqkdwm 'Dvkd

oHk;&w,f? 'Dvdk rvkyf&bl;/

'Dvkdvkyf&w,feJY q&mvkyf

NyD; olwdkY a&;wJh? tvGef

aumif;rGefygw,fvdkYolwdkY[m

olwdkYajymwJh? olwdkY Pro-

gram udk roHk;wwf&if oHk;

olnHhvdkY qkdwJhrleJY aps;a&mif;

Muygw,f/ enf;ynm em;

rvnfwJh vkyfief;&Sifcrsm

udk,fu customer jzpf&JUeJU

[kwfrSmygqkdNyD; vdkufavsm

&mu aiGukefvlyifyef;NyD;

c&D;rwGifwmawG jzpfvm

Mu&ygw,f/ wu,fvdk Y

vkyfief;&Sif&JU vdktyfcsufudk

uGefysLwm tool udk oHk;NyD;

olu Service ay; ajz&rSm

udk oabmraygufMubl;/

t"du uawmh Interna-

tional tdwfpykdY &SmvkdaeMu

ao;wmyJvdkY xifygw,f/

vky fie f ;& Si fbufu

wGufr&wJh tjcm;tcsufawG

u jynfyu software

awG[m w&m;r0ifoHk;&NyD;

Supporting r&SdwmeJY jynf

wGif;rSm abmif0ifwmawG yg

yJ/ jynfwGif; y½dk*&rfawG[m

*kda'gifudk tzDcs&if; aetdrf

jzpfoGm;ovdk vkdovdkjyifa&;

&if; Software vdkY ajymvm

MuwJh[mawG ygvmawmh

ab;xGuf jyóemawGeJ Y

Documentation r&S dwJ h

jyóemawG ay:vmapwm

ygyJ/ wpfzufu Munhfjyef

awmhvnf; jynfwGif;aps;

uGufr&Sdawmh 'Dvkyfief;&Sifudk

Play Ground tjzpf toHk;

jyKNyD; a&;&if;avhusifh? wwf

&if jynfyxGufvkyfMuwmeJY

wcsKdUusawmhvnf; tqif

rajywmawG jzp fvmyg

w,f/ Program awGu

pifumylavmuf ray;vdk Y

qk dayr,f h vufawGUr Sm

Program emrnfcHomwlNyD;

jynfyEdkifiHawGu Program

(Oyrm oD&dvuFm? tdEd,)

awGavmuf Quality wl&if

aps;avQmhatmif ra&;Ekdifyg

bl;/ 'DvkdjzpfaewJh MuufOeJY

Muufr jyóemudk 0dkif;0ef;

ajz&Sif;MuzkdY tcsdefwefaeyg

NyD/

aemufwpfcsuftaeeJY

ajym&&if vkyfief;awGrSm

Procedure awG? pepfawGr&Sd

wJh udpöawG? Form awGeJY

aocsmroHk;MuwJhudpörsm;

awGU&ygw,f/ uGefysLwm

oHk;zk d Yqk dwm[m pmMunhf

wkdufBuD;wpfckudk pDrHwmeJY

pmtkyftiSm;qkdifudk pDrHwm

qkd&if pmMunhfwkdufBuD;u

ykdvG,fygw,f/ bmvdkYvJqkd

awmh uwfuavmufawG &Sd

w,f/ 0ifwmxGufwm? xm;

wm pepfusatmif tkyfpkawG

&Sdw,f/ pmtkyftiSm;qkdif

uawmh raocsmra&&mwm

awG rsm;NyD; tvkyfvkyfaeMu

w,f/ 'gaMumifh pmMunhf

wkdufBuD;udkom uGefysLwm

oHk;vdkY&NyD; pmtkyftiSm;qkdif

udk uGefysLwmpepf oHk;&cuf

apwmygyJ/ 'DvkdyJ rdrdwkdYvkyf

ief;awGudk pepfusatmif

vkyfrxm;&if a&a&&m&m

pepfawGr&Sd&if uGefysLwm

oHk;zkdY rpOf;pm;wm aumif;yg

w,f/ 'gaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;awGrSm uGefysLwm

oHk;wJhpepf ra&mufcif pD;yGm;

a&;ynm&SifawGudk avhvm

NyD; vufawGUoHk;Ekdifatmif

t&ifp&r,fhoabm &Sdygvdrhf

r,f/ Team Work udk ykdNyD;

yDjyifatmif jyifqifEkdif&yg

r,f/ Report pep fawG

aumif;rGefNyD;om; jzpf&yg

r,f/ tar&dum;rSm e-

commerce atmifjrifae

wm[m rlv&SdNyD; pmwkdufu

Order rSma&mif;wJhpepfudk

jr§ifhvdkufwmygyJ/

csKyfNyD;ajym&&if 96 yg;

pvkH;aysmufwJh aq;wpfrsKd;

qkdwm r&Sdovkd uGefysLwm

uGefysLwmpepf

qkdwmvnf; 'DvkdygyJ?

temeJYaq;wnhfrS

tusKd; rsm;ovdk

pepfwusoHk;wwf

zkdYtwGuf ypönf;xuf

vl&JU Knowledge

eYJtawGUtBuHK?

oHk;oyfrIawGeJY

enf;ynm

aygif;wwfzdkY

vdkygw,f/


108

txl;aqmif;yg;

pepfqkdwmvnf; 'DvkdygyJ?

temeJYaq;wnhfrS tusKd;

rsm;ovdk pepfwusoHk;wwf

zkdYtwGuf ypönf;xuf vl&JU

Knowledge eYJtawGUtBuHK?

oHk;oyfrIawGeJY enf;ynm

aygif;wwfzdk Y vdkygw,f/

pmtkyf&JUoabm[m rdrdrSwf

om;vdkwmrSwfom;jzefYa0Ekdif

jcif;eJY w,fvDzkef;&JU oabm

[m tvdk&Sd&m zkef;&Sdolcsif;

qufoG,fNyD; tjyeftvSef

pum;ajymwmygyJ/ pmtkyf

xJrSm ynm&Sdwm? tvdr®m

&Sdwm vlxnhf&ovdk zkef;

wpfvHk;&JU wefzkd;[m tusKd;

&SdrI[m toHk;csrIay: rlwnf

&yHkavmufygyJ/ 'DvkdyJ uGef

ysLwm[m 'DvkdpmawG? toH

awGomru ½kyfawG? tBuH

ÓPfawG? Procedure awG

udk odrf;r,f? &Smr,f? oGm;

r,fqkdwmudkjrefqefoufom

wdusatmif vkyfwmyJ&Sdyg

w,f/ 'Dvdk aocsmoabm

ayguf&if uRefawmfwkdY olYudk

cdkif;pm;vdkY &ygNyD/ aocsmwm

olYukd udk;uG,fvdkY r&ygbl;/

olYrSm ÓPfr&Sdygbl;/ Tools

wpfck qkdwmukdyJ owd&ae

rSmyg/ 'gayr,fh w,fvDzkef;

wefzdk;? um;wefzdk;? pmtkyf

wefzdk;awGeJY csifhcsdefNyD; olYudk

b,favmuf wefatmif

oHk;vdkY&w,fqkdwm owd

xm;oifhygw,f/ uRefawmf

Mum;zl;wJh yHkjyifav;wpfyk'f

ukd wifjyyg&ap/ 19 &mpk

aESmif;yk dif;avmuf a&eHeJY

<u,f0wJh olaX;BuD;wpfOD;

[m NrdKUay:rSm emrnfBuD;ae

wJh armfawmfum;qkdwmudk

vSrf;0,fcdkif;vkdufygw,f/

um;ay:cgp tcsdefavmuf

uayghaemf/ tJ'Dum;vnf;

a&mufvma&m olaX;BuD;[m

olpD;aeus av;aumifwGJ

jrif;&xm;BuD;ae&mrSm 'Dum;

udk oHk;zdkYum;udk oloHk;aeus

jrif;av;aumifwyfNyD; qGJNyD;

oGm;vmowJh/ tJ'DrSm ol

rSwfcsufcswmu Nrd K Ur Sm

emrnfBuD;wJh armfawmfum;

[m ighrlv &xm;vHk;avmuf

rjrefbl;? raumif;bl;qkdyJ/

uRefawmfwdkYwpfawGvnf;

twGif;rSmygwJh tif*sif&JU

pGrf;tm;udk rodbJ roHk;bJ

vkyfaeus jrif;eJYqGJMunhfNyD;?

raumif;bl;? rjrefbl;vkyf

ovdk rjzpfatmif BudK;pm;Mu

zdkY vdkygw,f/ 'grS uGefysL

wm oHk;&ifykdMumw,f? ykdukef

w,f? ykdcufw,fqkdwm&JU

tajzudk awGUEkdifr,f xifyg

w,f/ enf;ynmeJY touf

arG;olawGbufu owdxm;

&rSmuvnf; olwdkY&JU a&mif;

ukef[mtodynmeJY0efaqmif

rIqkdwmudk owd&aeoifhyg

w,f/ pufa&mif;0,fvdkYwif

r&ygbl;/ pmoifw,fvdkY

wif ajymr&ygbl;/ t*Fvdyf

vdk a&;xm;wJh enf;ynm

pmtkyfudk bmomjyef zwfjy

wm Knowledge Transfer

rjzpfao;ygbl;/ tcsKyftm;

jzifh jyefajym&&if uGefysLwm

om0,foHk;vdkuf&ifighvkyfief;

tm;vHk;ajyvnfoGm;r,fqkd

wJh tpGef;udk rxGufrdapzdkY

ICT acwfjzpfayr,fh uGefysL

wmacwfvdkY em;vnfraezdkY

vk dygw,f/ ICT qkdwm

owif;tcsuftvufeJYquf

oG,fa&; enf;ynmjzpfjyD;

owif;tcsuftvufeJUquf

oG,frIxdef;csKyfwJhenf;wdkYu

t"duyg/ ypönf;u r&Sdrjzpf

ygaeayr,fh t"du r[kwf

ygbl;/

aemuf 'kwd,tydkif;eJY

ywfoufNyD; uRefawmhftjrif

udk qufvufwifjyvdkyg

w,f/ uRefawmfwdkYwpfawG

ajymif;vJrIawG vkdufvkyfae

zkdY vkdovm;qkd&if tajzu

awmh vdkcsifvdkr,f/aemufNyD;

vkdcsifrSvnf; vdkr,f/ rvdk

csif rvdkbl;aygh/ 'gayr,fh

aocsmayguf vd kwmu

ajymif;vJaewmudkvkdufMunhf

NyD; oHk;oyfaezdkY? avhvm

aezdkY? od&SdaezdkYawmh vkdyg

w,f/ rD'D,mrsKd;pHku jzpfap?

ywf0ef;usifujzpfap ukd,fh

twGif;ydkif;u jzpfap? jzpfae

wmudkodae&ygr,f? NyD;rS

ukd,fhvkyfp&m&Sdwm ajymif;

oifh rajymif;oihf? ajymif;Edkif

rajymif;Ekdif jzpfvmrSmyg/

acG;a[mifwkdif; xMunhfzdkY

rvdkayr,fh jyifyu toH

Mum;&if rD;avmifwJh OMoqGJ

oHvm;? trIdufum;vmwm

vm;? uav;awG aqmhwm

vm;qkdwm odaeoifhNyD; vkyf

oifhwmawG BudKvkyf&awmh

rSmyg/ 'DvkdygyJ jyifyrSm jzpf

aewJh *vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;

awG outsources awG[m

rdrdvkyfief;udk xdckdufvm;?

oufa&mufvm;? 0g;rsdKrvm;

qkdwm BudKod? BudKjrif? BudK

Munhfxm;MuzdkY vkdygw,f/

uRefawmfwdk YwpfawG

trsm;pk jrifMuwmwpfcku

NydKifbufvkdYqkdvdkuf&if ukd,fh

eJYvkyfief;wlvkyfol'grSr[kwf

ukd,hfem;rSmvkyfief;vmNydKifvkyf

olawGvdk Y jrifMuavh&S dyg

w,f/ 'gayr,fh rodvkduf

aocsmwm olYukd

udk;uG,fvdkY r&ygbl;/

olYrSm ÓPfr&Sdygbl;/

Tools wpfck

qkdwmukdyJ

owd&aerSmyg/


109

txl;aqmif;yg;

rodbmomyJ ukd,fhvkyfief;

udk tvJxkd;wmu vkyfief;

wlawG [kwfcsifrS [kwfr,f

qkdwmygyJ/ AD'D,dk wdyfacGudk

tvJxdk;oGm;wm pD'DeJY 'DAD'D

csyfawGyg/ Automatic em&D

pepfukd aps;uGufu z,fypf

wm electronic Quartz

Technology yg/ tvm;wl

yJ tar&duefu Software

ynm&SifBuD;awGudk tvJxkd;

wm India, outsources yg/

Oa&my? *syefu puf½Hk awG

y dwfvd ku f&wm w½kwf

OEM Production pepfawG

uyg/ jrefrmjynfrSmvnf;

qDpufawGu pm;tkef;qD&JU

xkd;ESufcsuf cHvdkuf&ovdk

½kyf&Sif qkdif;bkwfa&;olawG

wcsKdU pD;yGm;a&; yef;csDq&m

awG? ADEkdif;pufawG&JUxkd;ESuf

rI'Pf cHae&ygw,f/ BudKod?

BudKjyifxm;olawG &vdkufNyD;

awmifhcHolawG usyfwnf;

vmygNyD/ qkdvdkcsifwmu

igwkdYt&ifuvnf; 'DvkdyJae

vmMu&wm bmrQrjzpfbJqkd

wmawGeJYjyKwfroGm;Muap

vdkygbl;/ aoewfu ckwf

vkdY? vSD;vkdY r&ygbl;uGm qkd

NyD;ae&if ukd,favhusifh zGJU

pnf;xm;wJh "m;vHSwyfudk

aoewfudkifwyfawGu vG,f

vG,fav; tEkdif,loGm;MurSm

yg/ & Si foefr Iqk dwm[m

ajymif;vJrI'PfawGudkcHEkdif&nf

&SdrIuyJ pygw,f/ atmifjrif

rI[mvnf; BudKjrifwwfrIeJY

ukd,fhtajctaeudk odrIay:

wnfygw,f/ ' DtwGuf

uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG 'Dtwkdif;

aeMuvdkY rjzpfygbl;/ ay:yif

vkdufaep&m rvdkayr,fh od

ae&ygr,f/

avmavmq,f vuf

awGUtaeeJY 'DacwfrDpepfawG

oHk;oifh? roHk;oifh a0cGJvdkY &

atmif olwdkYbmvkyfEkdifvJ?

bmvdk Y vk dovJ ppfaq;

Munhf&atmif/ udk,fhvkyfief;

rSm vkdoavmufyJ oHk;&

atmif&,f? bmtusKd;tjrwf

&SdNyD; bmawGjyefygoGm;r,f?

bmawG xdcdkufr,fqkdwmyg

awG;qvdkY &atmifvdkYyg/

t"duuawmh ½Hk;awGrSm&SdwJh

pm&if;Z,m;awGudk tcsdefeJY

wpfajy;nD oGif;vdkYMunhfvdkY

&atmif vkyfay;w,f/ vkyf

ief;awG&JU tqifhwkdif;rSmeJY

vkyfief;Xmetcsif;csif;rSodoifh

odxkdufwJh rdwåLawG ydkYay;

w,f/ 'gawG[m pm&GufeJY

vnf; vkyfvdkY&ygw,f/ 'g

ayr,fh odyfBuD;rm; us,fjyefY

vm&if aES;aevdkY jrefcsif&if

vdktyfygw,f/ NydKifqkdifrIrsm;

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Intel and Itanium 2 Technical Details

Processor Processor L2 Cache L3 Cache FSB Speed Memory Bandwidth Number ofspeed Size Bus Width Transistors

Itanium 733 MHz 96 KB 2 MB or 266 MHz 64- bit 2.1 GBps 25 million (core)800 MHz 4 MB 150 or 300

million (cache)Itanium 2 900 MHz 256 KB 1.5 MB2 400 MHz 128- bit 6.4 GBps 221 millionItanium 2 1 GHz4 256 KB 3 MB2 400 MHz 128- bit 6.4 GBps 221 million

1.3 GHz4

Itanium 2 1.4 GHz3 256 KB 1.5 MB 400 MHz 128- bit 6.4 GBps 221 millionItanium 2 1.6 GHz3 256 KB 3 MB 400 MHz 128- bit 6.4 GBps 500 million

533 MHz 8.5 GBpsItanium 2 1.4 GHz 256 KB 4 MB2 400 MHz 128- bit 6.4 GBps 410 million

1.5 GHz5

1.6 GHz3

Itanium 2 1.5 GHz 256 KB 6 MB2 400 MHz 128- bit 6.4 GBps 500 million1.6 GHz5

Itanium 2 1.66 GHz5 256 KB 6 MB2 667 MHz 128- bit 10.6 GBps 500 millionItanium 2 1.6 GHz5 256 KB 9 MB2 400 MHz 128- bit 6.4 GBps 592 millionItanium 2 1.66 GHz5 256 KB 9 MB2 667 MHz 128- bit 10.6 GBps 592 million

1.1.1.1.1.On-cartridge,full-speed unified128-bit wide

2.2.2.2.2. On-die, full-speed unified 128-bit wide

33333. Optimized fordual-processoroperation (DPOptimized)

4. 4. 4. 4. 4. Also availablein a low-voltageversion

5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Optimized formultiple-processoroperation


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DUAL GRAPHICS CARDS < GROUP TEST


143

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Aurora ALX wdkYudk awGYjrifEdkifonf/ armfeDwmryg wefzdk;rSm a':vm 6800 cefY &Sdonf/

Ultimate power - Nvidia's Quad SLI



145

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pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpf&ayonf/



147

CROSSFIRE

ATI taejzifh dual-

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High graphic power(Oyrm-SLI 7800 GTX odkYr[kwf Crossfire X1500 XT)



151

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twkduftckdufawGrSm aygif;

xnhfay;w,f/ r[marmf

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sized quest NyD;pD;zkdY&m em&D

30 ausmfMumr,f/ side

quests eJY minigames awG

&JU tykdaqmif; tm;jznhfrIu

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p&mqkdvkdY wkdufckduf owf

ykwfrIawGu tawmfav;

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mi qkdwm *syef'@m&Du

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taMumif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ *drf;

wpfavQmufvHk; oifu xkd

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c&D;&SnfBuD;u a&SUrS apmifh

arQm faew,f/ ewfwk d Y& J U

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r,f/ wifpm;rI oabm

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wpfrlxl;whJ t&nftaoG;

awG &Sdvifhupm; Okami [m

enf;vrf;rsm;pGmjzifh jy|mef;

pmtkyfyg action adven-

ture twkdif; jzpfaeqJyJ/

txl;ojzifh legend of zel-

da pD;&D;rS oabmt,lawG

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jzpfajrmufrI &v'fvnf; &&Sd

c h Jygw,f/ xk d* dr f;awGeJ Y

rsm;pGm qifwlpGmjzifh Okami

rSm txl;wqef;awG jynhf

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aus;vuf0ef;usifudk jzwf

oef; oGm;vm&w,f/ pdwf

0i fpm;p&m Zmwfaumif

rsm;pGmeJY awGUqHk&r,f/ trsKd;

rsKd;aom axmifacsmufawG?

aMumufrufzG,f owå0gqkd;

awG &Sd&m ajratmufcef;awG

xJ 0if&r,fh c&D;aygufvm

wmeJYtrQ oif[m wefckd;

pGrf;&nf ydkí ydkí wufvm

r,f/ 'DwpfavQmufvHk;rSm

Okami &JU umwGef;eJY ½kd;&m

*syef rif+a&aq; yef;csDum;

ESpfrsK d;pyf toGiftjyifu

pGJrufzG,f jzpfapvdrfhr,f/

Okami &JU ZmwfysKd;eJY

ZmwfaumifawGu *syef½kd;&m

"avhyHkjyifawGxJu eufeuf

½dIif;½dIif; qGJ,lxm;wm jzpfay

(REVIEW)


ART OF GAME (REVIEW)

r,fh 'D*drf;udk wefzkd;xm;

upm;jzpfzkdY&m 'Dt&if;tjrpf

awGeJY &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifp&m

rvkdygbl;/ oifhrSm zGifhxm;

whJ pdwfuav;&SdzkdYyJ vkdyg

w,f/ ZmwfaMumif;yHkjyif[m

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me version eJY wlygw,f/

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arG;zGm;vmwhJ Amaterasu

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tay: usa&mufaewh J

raumif;qdk;0g; usdefpmudk

r,f/ olwkdY&JUc&D;&Snf[m &Gm

i,fav;wpfcku raumif;

qdk;&Gm;wpfaumifudk z,f&Sm;

jcif;rS pwifNyD; *syefEkdifiH

wESHYtajymomru ausmfvGef

íawmif oGm;ygOD;r,f/

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yg0ifNyD; aumif;rGefaom

animated cutscenes awGeJY

azmfxkwfjyow,f/ *drf;wpf

avQmuf pum;ajymcef;rsm;pGm

ygNyD; ZmwfaumifawGu

*syefpum;vkdvkd AvHk;AaxG;

ajymMuvkdY pmawG trsm;BuD;

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my' vkdYac:whJ Amaterasu

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ausmay:u "m;eJYwlwhJ ewf

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100 u owfjzwfcHchJ&NyD;

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jzpfyHk&w,fvkdY qkdxm;w,f/

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taumufMuHrIawG ygvmOD;

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taumifi,fav;eJY awGU&

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avQmuf oif[m OD;acgif;

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taMumif;udk azmfxkwfay;&

r,f/ jyif;xefwhJ ESif;rkef

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wef;udk Ncdrf;ajcmufaewhJ

a&e*g;BuD;wpfaumifeJY &if


161

ART OF GAME

aumifjzpfwmeJYtnD a[mif

Ekdifw,f/ usif;wl;Ekdifw,f/

'gtukefr[kwfao;ygbl;/

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jcm;qHk; rsufESmpmwpfcku

oifhtaeeJY &efolawG ESdrfeif;

zkdY? vleJY 0HykavGroGm;EkdifwhJ

ae&mawGqDa&mufzkdY rMum

cP oHk;&whJ brush tech-

niques rSm &Sdygw,f/ tJ'g

u olr&JU ewfbk&m;yg0gudk

vnf; udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/

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avQmuf oif[m brush

techniques wpf'gZifausmf

avhvmoif,l&r,f/ 'Dt&m

awGeJY Ammy [m "mwfBuD;

av;yg;&JU yg0gawG? ausmuf

wHk;eJY tjcm;t&mawG ajcrG

zkdY? tyifawG jyef&SifapzkdY?

azmufcGJypfzkdYeJY tjcm;t&m

rsm;pGm vkyfEkdifw,f/ Brush

techniques udk poHk;zkdY&m

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tJ'Dtcg jrifuGif;[m ½kwf

jcnf;qkdovkd yef;csDum;wpf

csyfvkd jzpfoGm;NyD; BuD;rm;whJ

pkwfwHwpfck usvmw,f/

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w,f/) NyD;awmh oif[m

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awG a&;qGJ&ygw,f/ tJ'D

tcg miracle thHzG,fjzpf&yf

awG jzpfvmygw,f/ Oyrm

Ammy [m aumif;uifrSm

puf0kdif;wpfck qGJjcif;jzifh

nudk aeYtjzpf ajymif;Ekdif

w,f/ &efoltay: vkdif;wpf

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qGJEkdifr,f/ aemuf avjyif;

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vnf oGm;vm&mrSma&m wkduf

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udk yHkrSefoHk;&w,f/ pkwfwH

a&;qGJjcif;u tavhtusifh

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tcsdefrsm;pGm &Sdygw,f/ pepf

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w,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvnf;qkd

awmh tcsKdUyg0gawGu oif

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tay: rlwnfNyD; oufa&muf

rIawG uGmjcm;vkd Y jzpfyg

rsm;pGmaom toHk;csyHkpHawG

xJu tcsKdUom jzpfygw,f/

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aumif;ovdk avhvmoif,l

NyD;orQ twlpyf[yfí enf;

opfawG &Sm&wm pdwfvIyf

&Sm;p&mvnf; aumif;yg

w,f/

Brush techniques udk

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vine energy udk tm;jyef

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tvHk;pHk jcHKMunfh&if vSnhf

w,f/ oifoGm;vm&if;eJY &&Sd

vmwhJ techniques trsKd;rsKd;

yg;eyfpGm toHk;cs&r,fh puz-

zles eJ Y battles tawmf

rsm;rsm; yg&Sdw,f/ pkwfwH

qGJcsufawG avhvm oif,l

&jcif;eJYtwl Ammy [m

tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifhvnf; ydkí

pGrf;tm;wufvmygw,f/

Oyrm cyfqef;qef;

odkif;q&m wpfa,mufpDu

fighting moves topfawG

oifEkdifr,f/ Mamimum

health eJY celestial ink re-

(REVIEW)


ART OF GAME

serves awG wkd;Ek difr,f/

vufeuftopfeJY ypönf;

ypö,awGvnf; &SmawGUvm

r,f/ oihf&JUZmwfaumif[m

ZmwfaMumif;jzpfxGef;vm

onfESifhtrQ wpfpxufwpf

p ydkí oefpGrf; tm;aumif;

vmwm aumif;aumif;BuD;

cHpm;od&Sd&ygw,f/

Amaterasu &JU rpf&Sif

u cufcJ Murf;wrf;r,fvkdY

xif&ayr,fh Okami xJu

ajc&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh tawmf

av; pdefac:rI&SdwhJ puzzles

eJ Y jumping sequences

awGvnf; ygygao;w,f/

BuD;rm;NyD; aMumufrufzG,f

toGif&SdwhJ owå0gqkd;awGeJY

wkdufckduf&wmu vG,fay

r,fhvnf; pdwfauseyf aysmf

&TifzG,f&m aumif;ygw,f/

oifh&JU divine brush tul

tnD,l&r,f/ Combat

jrefqefoGufvufNyD; OkamiajcmufaoGUaewhJtyifawG

jyef&SifvmapzkdY? opfawmae

owå0gawG tpma&pm &ap

zkdY pwmrsKd;awG jzpfygw,f/

'Dupm;uGufu trsm;BuD;

pdwfauseyfzG,faumif;w,f/

'DtjyKtrlawGaMumifh Ama-

terasu rSm praise wufvm

NyD; experience points tae

eJY vkyfaqmifwhJ oihf&JUyg0g

awG wufapzkdY oHk;Ek difyg

w,f/ PS2 tay:rSm 'Dhxuf

ydkNyD; Munhfaumif;whJ*drf;

&SmvkdY cufvdrfhr,f/ oleJY

wlwmqkdvkdY >cif;csuftaeeJY

2003 ckESpfu Game Cube

c&D;vrf;[m b,fawmhrS

cufcJraebl;/ aygrsm;vSwhJ

health power-ups awG

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twl tJ' D items b,f

avmuf o,foGm;Ekdifw,f

qkdwm uefYowfcsufr&Sdbl;/

'ghtjyif toufukefoGm;wm

eJY ae&mrSmwif toufjyef

ac:ay;EkdifwhJ 'astral porch'

&,lxm;Edkifw,f/ 'Dtul

tnDawGeJY Okami rSm 'game

over' screen vHk;0rjrif&bJ

tqHk;xda&mufzkdY&m jzpfEkdif

&JU tjcm;t&mrsm;pGmvdkyJ

tifrwef Munfhaumif;yg

w,f/

NrdKU? &Gm tESHY oGm;vm

&if; uGJjym; jcm;em;whJ Zmwf

aumif 'gZifrsm;pGmeJY MuHK

awGU qufqH&r,f/ *drf;&JU

aumif;rGefwhJ 'kdif,mavmh*f?

tqef;wjym; art style eJY

animation awGaMumifh olwkdY

eJY wpfcPcsif; &if;ESD;pdwf

0ifoGm;vdrfhr,f/ oif[m

tcsdefrsm;pGmrSm ajr,m &Sif

oef zG HUNzdK;zk d Y oH k;&r,f/

twGuf The Legend of

Zelda : The Wind Waker

yJ &Sdw,f/ Scenes jrifuGif;

wkdif;[m vIyf&Sm;ouf0ifae

w,f/ Amaterasu rS olr&JU

arSmftwwfoHk;whJtcg NrdKif

qkdifxlxyfvSwhJ opfawm

eufawG xlxJodyfonf;whJ

jrLxkxJ rIef0g;aysmufuG,f

oGm;whJtcgu vGJvkdYaygh/

Visuals oufoufeJYwif

rvH kavmufao;íyJvm;?

*drf;&JU obm0vGef urÇmxJ

rSm tckduftwefYwkdif;twGuf

aysmfarGYMunfEl;zG,f&mav;

awG xnhfay;xm;ygw,f/

(REVIEW)


163

ART OF GAME

Twilight Princess rSm

tcsdef&JU tprf;oyfcHEkdifwJh

gameplay yDjyifoyf&yfpGm

'DZkdif;qifxm;wJh puzzles

awG qufíyg&SdqJygyJ/ qGJ

aqmifrItm;aumif;wJh Zmwf

aumifeJY Zmwfvrf;? txl;

wvnf aumif;rGefwJh urÇm

0ef;usifeJY puzzle 'DZkdif;?

action adventure *dr f ;

trsm;pkxuf ydkí&Snfvsm;

aom gamepaly? yef;cs D

tEkynm½IaxmifhuMunfh&if

tysHpm;jzpfaewJh *&yfzpfawG

yg0ifw,f/

vGefcJhwJh 10 ESpfavmuf

u AD'D,dk*drf;pufawG[m

t&if;cHtm;jzifh 2D yHkpHjzpfwJh

*drf;awGuae polygon rsm;

jzifh pDjc,faom 3D *drf;rsm;

odkY ul;ajymif;ydkYaqmifwJhtcg

developers rsm;u ESp f

aygif;rsm;pGm tm;xm;vmcJh

wJh tricks eJY gameplay

ideas awGtm;vHk; jywif;

aygufrS ysHoef;xGufajy;oGm;

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twGif; Nintendo uawmh

¤if; tajcpdkuf wnfNrJEkdifr,fh

ae&mudk vsifjrefpGmeJY &dyfpm;

od&SdcJhNyD; *drf;ta[mif;awG&JU

aysmfarGYzG,frsm;udk xdef;odrf;

í pdwfvIyf&Sm; av;pm;

avmufzG,f enf;vrf;opf

rsm;jzifh update awG vkyf,l

cJhw,f/ 1998 ckESpfrS The

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of Time u 'DudpötwGuf

taumif;qHk;aom OyrmyJ/

tJ'DrSm pD;&D;&JUpdwful;urÇm

fantasy world udk t&ifu

xuf ydkíyDjyif obm0us

atmif wifqufvmcJhw,f/

qef;opfxl;jcm;wJh control

topfu vGwfvyfpGm udkif

wG,f xdef;ausmif;EkdifrI cHpm;

&&Sdw,f/ 'DtwGuf upm;ol

rSm vrf;aysmuf pdwf½Iyfp&m

vnf; rjzpfbl;/ tJ'g[m

xm0&txl;uJqHk;aom *drf;

rsm;rSwpfckjzpfNyD; Nintendo

twGuf xdkwlnDaom azmf

enf;um; formula qDyJ

jyefí OD;vSnfhvmwm trSm;

t,Gif;jzpfp&m taMumif;r&Sd

awmhygbl;/ NyD;awmh pD;&D;&JU

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Princess rSm ¤if;udkqufí

twdtus azmfaqmif xdef;

odrf;xm;ygw,f/

tpdwftykdif; trsm;pk

twGuf 'guaumif;wJht&m

jzpfygw,f/ Twilight Prin-

cess [m &Snfvsm;wJh pGefY

pm;cef; ZmwfaMumif;jzpfNyD;

aumif;rGefpGm 'DZkdif;qifxm;

wJh puzzles awG? pdwf0ifpm;

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odyfyg0ifw,f/ 'gayr,fh

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*drf;topfudk tqHk;xda&muf

&Sdí pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI odrfhvdIif;

jzwf oef; NyD; oGm;wJhtcg

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rSwfom;avmufzG,f qifhuJ

wkd;wufrI vpf[maecJhw,f

av/ *drf;[m *E¦0if[ef

(REVIEW)


ART OF GAME

classic jzpfw,fqdkwmxuf

acwfaemufus date atmuf

aeyHk ay:aevdkYyJ/ 'Dvdkjzpfwm

awmif Twilight Princess

eJY EdIif;avmufp&m odyfrsm;

rsm;pm;pm; r&Sdbl;/ t&if

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vGJ&ifaygh/

tjcm; Zelda * dr f ;

trsm;pkvdkyJ Twilight Prin-

cess u wlnDaom tajccH

yHkjyifwpfyk'fwnf;udkyJ jyefí

ajymjyjcif;yJ/ 'gayr,fh 'D

wpfckrSm vSnfhuGuf twists

rygbJawmh r&Sdygbl;/ tJ'D

rSm Zelda vdkYac:wJh rif;orD;

av; &Sdw,f/ Hyrule vdkY

upm;&r,f/ em;&GufcRefcRef

eJY aumifav;wpfa,muf

jzpfNyD; a0;vHvSwJhaus;vuf

awm&Gmav;rSm qdwftkyfudk

xdef;ausmif;&if;eJY touf

arG;í aexdkifw,f/ aemuf

awmh t½IyftaxG; y#dyu©

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rsufvHk;jym 0HykavGtoGif &Sd

ygvdrfhr,f/

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pmi,fav; Minda eJY awGY&

r,f/ oif[m 0HykavGtoGif

0HykavGyHkpH jzpfaeawmh

tjcm;enf;eJYqdk ra&mufEkdif

wJh vrf;awGudk Minda &JU

vrf;nTefrIeJY ckefíckefí oGm;

Ekdifw,f/ 0HykavG[m ajr

usif;vnf; wl;EdkifNyD; teHY

tm½HkcH aumif;rGefvdkY teHYcH

vkdufwmawG 0Sufxm;wJh

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form odkY ajymif;Ekdifygw,f/

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awGrSm 'Dvdk ajymif;oHk;zdkY

vdktyfwmawG &Sdygw,f/

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u jyify outdoor areas

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tarSmifxkudk z,f&Sm;zdkY BudK;

pm;&w,f/ vrf;c&D;wpf

avQmufoGm;vm&if; temp-

les eJY dungeons trsKd;rsKd;

odkY 0ifum items topfawG

pkaqmif;? us,fjyefYpHkvifwJh

puzzles awGajz&Sif;? boss

taumifBuD;awGeJY wkdufcdkuf

wmawG vkyf&w,f/ 'D tem-

ples awGu *drf;wpfckvHk;&JU

yifrtlwkdif core yJ jzpfw,f/

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pwifNyD; fire temple odkY

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ac:wJh e,fajrwpfck &Sdw,f/

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rjyK&if ysufokOf; aMurG&

awmhr,fh urÇmwpfckaygh/ 'D

pD;&D;rSm 'De,fajr tay:

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vmw,f/ xm0&tarSmifxk

xJ qnf;qme,fajr jzpf&

awmhrvdkyJ/ oifu Link

qdkwJh Zmwfaumifae&mu

&Sd&if oifh&JUausmay: wufpD;

NyD; Ocarina Zmwfvrf;wGJrS

Navi &JU yHkpHtwkdif; aqmif

&Gufay;w,f/ wpfcgwpf&H

hint awGay;ygw,f/ wkdufyGJ

twGif;rSm Link &JU om;&J

toGi fu vlom;y k Hp He J Y

tMurf;zsif; wlnDw,f/

'gayr,fh items awG roHk;Ekdif

bl;/

(REVIEW)


165

ART OF GAME

atmufu rdkif;wGif;udk jzwf

&r,f/ acgif;udk ukwfNyD;

water temple xJu a&pD;

qif;rI&JU tvkyfvkyfyHkudk rSef;

q tajzxkwf&r,f ponf

jzifhaygh/ 'Dvdkajymvkdufawmh

¤if;wdkY tm;vHk; t&if blue

prints yEéufyHkpHuyJ ,lxm;

wmvdkY qdkvdkcsifwm r[kwf

bl;/ aemufykdif; temples

tcsKdUrSm oifhudk ydkí pdwf0if

pm;p&m ae&ma'otcsKdUodkY

ac:aqmifoGm;w,f/ Sky

temple vdk ae&mrSm oifh

taeeJY csdwfypfvTwfrI grap-

pling hook-shot toHk;jyK

rIü wdusapzdkY awmif;qdkxm;

ygw,f/

Puzzles trsm;p ku

xl;uJaumif;rGefNyD; pOf;pm;

awG;ac:rItay: rlwnf

w,f/ ajryHkay:vHkavmuf

pGm Mum&Snf pdkufMunfh&if

b,f vDAmqGJ&if bmjzpf

rvJ/ water temple rSm a&

vrf;aMumif;awG b,fvdk

ajymif;&rvJ pwmawG wGuf

q tajzxkwfvmEkdifr,f/

aemuf hook- shot vdk vIyf

&Sm;rI a&TUuGuf tqifhjrifh

items awG &NyD;wmeJY eH&H&JU

rsufESmMuufwpfckcsif;pD *½k

wpdkuf Munfh½Ium csdwfvSrf;

csdwfvdkY&r,fh target awG &Sm

&r,f/ oifu ausmufwHk;

BuD;awG wGe f; & r,f/

tajrmufqefwpfckudk tcef;

wpfckrS wpfckodkY vSdrfh,l&if;

vrf;&Sif;ay;zdkY&m tajrmuf

wpfck awGYrvm; arQmfrSef; &Sm

azG&r,f/ aemuf ausmufwHk;

BuD;awG a&GUapzkdY target udk

puzzles tm;vHk;[m npf

ywfpdwfeJY wrifoufouf

cufatmif uG,f0Sufxm;wm

awmh r[kwfbl;/ qdkvdkwm

u ajz&Sif;csufukd odvkduf

wmeJY ¤if;u wpfcsdefvHk;

ukd,fhudk Munfhaewmygvm;

vdkY oabmaygufNyD; ukd,fh&JU

rdkufrJwJhtrIudk cyfpyfpyfav;

odvm&ygr,f/ upm;&if;eJY

aysmfarGYMunfEl;rIeJY qkvmbf

csD;jr§ifhcH&rI trsm;pk[m 'D

puzzles awG rSef;qtajz

xkwf&jcif;rS vmwmyg/ ¤if;

jrm;eJYypf&r,f/ Zelda pD;&D;

rSm ygaeus standard awG

vkdygyJ/

Puzzles awG&JU oabm

w&m;twkdif;wpfem&Davmuf

[dk'DavQmufoGm;? [dk[mav;

vkyfvdkuf? 'D[mav; vkyf

vdkufeJY bmrSt&mrxifbJ

xpfcHae&wmrsKd;vnf; BuHK&

p&m &Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

wd k Y trsm;p k[m txl;

aumif;rGefpGm 'DZdkif;jyKxm;wJh

twGuf jzpfygw,f/

Twilight Princess &JU

0ef;usifurÇmeJY puzzle 'DZkdif;

xl;jcm;aumif;rGefrIu ydkNyD;

awmufywJh tykdif;jzpfw,f/

Combat eJY boss fights awG

u odyfNyD;reuf½dIif;vSbl;/

&efoltrsm;pktwGuf oifh

(REVIEW)


ART OF GAME

"m;eJY vTJ,rf;½HkyJ/ Wii Re-

mote udk vIyfcgjcif;eJY jyKvkyf

&w,f/ Nunchuk udk vIyf

cgjcif;u ywfcsmvSnfhtrTwf

spin attack udk jzpfapw,f/

Z trigger eJY &efolawGtay:

lock vkyfxm;NyD; olwdkY ywf

vnf a&SUckef? aemufckef vkyf

Ekdifw,f/ t&ifpD;&D;wGJawG

u tajccHvIyf&Sm;rIawGeJY

xyfwlygyJ/ 'gayr,fh omref

wm awGY&r,f/ 'gayr,fh

yHkrSef controller xuf ydkNyD;

oifhudk *drf;urÇmawGYBuHKcHpm;

&rIxJ qGJac:Ek difvdrf hr,f

r[kwfyg/ aemufNyD; qdk;wm

wpfcku wdusrI r&SdwmygyJ/

&efoltcsKdUudk&Sif;zdkY ydkNyD;

tqifhjrifhwJhAsL[m tactics

awGvdkw,f/ olwkdYaemuf

a&mufatmif arGYywfoGm;NyD;

oifh&JU items awGxJrS wpfck

awG&Sdayr,fhvnf; *drf;&JU 35

rS 40 em&D Zmwfvrf;twGif;

oifh&JU toufudkjywJh teD

a&mif ESvHk;om; icon av;

awG ukefcef; aoqHk;jcif;

r&SdbJ c&D;aygufzdkY jzpfEkdifp&m

&Sdw,f/ Boss fight awGrSm

vG,fulrIudk ¤if;wkdY&JU BuD;

us,fcrf;em;rI epic eJY ajz

azsmufay;cJhw,f/ Screen

tjynfh {&mrowå0gBuD;u

rmausm cufxefyHkay:w,f/

'gayr,fh ¤if;tay: csdwfeJY

wGufwufí aysmhuGufudk

"m;eJY xyfcgxyfcg xdk;&if;

'grSr[kwf csdef;BudK;pufvHk;eJY

wpfppD jzpfatmif ½dkufcGJ&if;

acR;awmif xGufp&mrvkdbJ

ESdrfeif;Ekdifygw,f/ aemuf

qHk;&JU aemufqHk;aumifBuD;eJY

wk duf&awmif cufvSwm

r[kwfbl;/ tultnD

twGuf Midna udkar;NyD;

bmvkyf&r,fqdkwm odvm

r,f/ tom;usNyD; vrf;zHkzHk

ay:u cGJxGufcJh&if tydk side

tasks vufwpfqkyfpm awGY

Ekdifr,f/ ig; rQm; jcif; eJY

tjcm; minigames rsm;vdk

aygh/ Survival mode vdk

&efol rukefrcsif; tao

taus wkdufckduf&wJh stage

area 50 yg combat tjynfh

Cave of Ordeals uvGJ&if

¤if;wdkYtrsm;pku odyfpdwf

vIyf&Sm;p&m raumif;ovdk

tm;jzifh oif[m Wii Re-

mote udk bvkdif;,rf;cg&if;

eJY &efoltm;vHk; &Sif;ypfEkdif

w,f/ wpfcgwpf&H oif[m

xdk t"dyÜm,frJh motion-sen-

sing tm;vHk;tpm; "m;ckwfzdkY

&m cvkwfoHk;zdkYyJ awmifhwrd

vdrfhr,f/ 'dkif;eJYumovdkrsKd;

shield bash twGuf Nun

Chuk udk oHk;&w,f/ Com-

bat control twGuf Wii

Remote oHk;&wm t&if*drf;

awGeJY tawmftwefuGmjcm;

udkoHk;í wdkufckdufzdkYjzpfw,f/

Boss fight wdkif; twGuf

oifh&JU "m;eJY'kdif;tjyif tjcm;

ypönf;awG xyfíoHk;&p&m

&S dw,f/ rMumao;cifu

tjcm; Zelda *drf;wkdif;vdkyJ

Twilight Princess rSm oif

[m temple vrf;wpf0ufü

item wpfckawGY&r,f/ aemuf

oif xifxm;wJhtwkdif; ¤if;

item udk &zdkY boss wpfaumif

taoowfzdkY vdkvdrfhr,f/

cJ&mcJqpfvuf0ifwJh tydkif;

(REVIEW)


167

ART OF GAME

¤if;wdkY NyD;pD;awmhvnf; qk

vmbfcsD;jr§ifhcH&rI oabmrsKd;

rcHpm;&yg/

*drf;&JUa&SUwdk;armif;ESif

rI ajcvSrf;u aumif;rGefNyD;

oifhudk tNrJa&SUodkYqufvuf

c&D;ESifapckdif;w,f/ wpf

ae&mrSm oif[m wpfurÇm

vHk;tESHY 0Sufxm;wJh statue

½kyfwkawG vdkuf&Sm&r,f/

'gu action udk tenf;i,f

wH k Y aE S ;av;usapw,f/

'gayr,fh pD;&D;&JU aemufqHk;

*drf; Wind Wa-ker rS sail-

ing marathon avmufawmh

rqdk;vSbl;/ Twilight Prin-

cess rSm ukefqHk;cJhorQ oifh&JU

tcsdefawGrSm aemufjyefoGm;&

wmawG r&S doavmufyJ/

aemufxyfcgxyfcgvkyf&wm

awG odyfrygbJ rl&if;uvm

wJh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mawG

tay: tom;ay;w,f/

enf;ynm½Iaxmifhu

Munfh&if Wii &JU *&yfzpfpGrf;

aqmif&nfu tjrifhqHk;xJrSm

r&Sdbl;/ 'gaMumifhMunfh&if;eJY

Twilight Princess rSm low-

res textures eJY txpfxpf

tem;pGef;awG owdjyKrdvm

Ekdifw,f/ Twilight Prin-

cess udk tvGeftifrwef

Munfhaumif;wJh *drf;jzpfap

wmu art design aMumifh

omjzpfw,f/ Wind Waker

rSm pD;&D;udk umwGef;qefqef

jyKvkyfcJhNyD; ,ck*drf;uawmh

yd k NyD; &if husuf? tppfvkd

obm0uswJh tjrifbufodkY

jyefajymif;xm;w,f/ *drf;

urÇm0ef;usifrSm fantasy

*drf;rS oifhobm0twkdif;

arQmfvifhxm;wJh trsKd;rsKd;

aom t&mawGygw,f/ a&

uefawG? oJuEÅm&awG? ajr

atmufcef;awG jzpfygw,f/

'gayr,fh twilight realm udk

pwifjrifawGY&wJhtcgrS *drf;

[m visual tjrift& ajrrS

<uwuf ysHoef;awmhrSm jzpf

ygw,f/

"r®"d|mefusus ajym&

&if ,ckaemufqHk;twGJrSm

pD;&D;u trsm;BuD;qifhuJjzpf

dates rSmyJjzpfjzpf? Wii &JU

xl;jcm;aom control sch-

eme eJ Yy J jzpf jzpf 'Dxuf

trsm;BuD; ydkaumif;atmif

vkyfEkdifavmufw,f/ odkYwkdif

xdkaysmhuGufrsm;u xif&Sm;

aevifhupm; Twilight Prin-

cess [m Zelda *drf;Zmwf

vrf;pOfudk ppfrSefopöm&SdpGm

xdef;odrf;xm;NyD; xl;uJ

xGef;cJhjcif;r&SdcJhvdkY twefi,f

pdwfysufp&myJ/ oif[m *drf;

&JU tysHpm; puzzles awG

taoG;ta&mifpHkvifwJh Zmwf

aumifawG? qGJaqmiftm;

aumif;wJh ZmwfaMumif;yHkjyif

awGudk aysmfarGYMunfEl;rSm

aocsmygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

ae&mtcsKdUrSm twdwfodkYjyef

qGJwJh nostalgia cHpm;csuf

rsKd;jzpfapNyD; *drf;udk t&ifu

xuf r,HkEkdifavmufatmif

aumif;w,fqdkwJh tqifhodkY

ra&mufapbJ jzpfaew,f/

Presentational up-

aumif;rGefvSwJh *drf;jzpfae

qJyg/ Twilight Princess

[m tqifhjr§ifhxm;wJh vis-

uals, twists topfwcsKdU

pdefac:rIygwJh puzzles rsm;pGm

eJY pD;&D;&JUtajctjrpfodkY opöm

&S dpGm zufwG,fxm;rIawG

yg0ifwJh true-blue Zelda

game jzpfaMumif;awGY&rSmrdkY

pD;&D;&JU y&dowfawGtwGuf

awmh owif;aumif;ygyJ/

uJ uRefawmfwdkYqD Wii *drf;

pufawG a&mufvmzdkYyJ qk

awmif;&awmhwmayghAsm/

(REVIEW)


ART OF GAME

a&muf&Sdvmawmhr,fh 'D

action role-palying *drf;

[m vSywhJ *&yfzpfeJY vSnfh

vnfoGm;vmp&m BuD;rm;vS

whJ urÇmBuD;wpfck ay;urf;

xm;ygw,f/ Action role-

playing *drf;awGrSm a,bk

,stm;jzifh oif[m Zmwf

aumifudk &efolawGqD oGm;

a&mufckdif;NyD; ckwfxpfowf

jzwfum usvmwhJ tzkd;xkduf

&wemawG&,lzkdY xyfcgxyf

cg vkyfckdif;&w,f/ Diablo

eJ Y Dungeon Siege wkd Y

uhJokdY 'D genre rSm &Snfvsm;

whJ orkdif; &Sdygw,f/ ,ck

jyifopfpwl'D,kd monte cri-

sto rS xkwfa0ol Atari eJY

wGJzufí silver fall qkdwhJ

topfpufpuf*drf;eJY 'D gen-

re okdY *drf;opfwpfck xyf

jznhfay;ygawmhr,f/ tjcm;

aom action RPG rsm;uhJokdY

jrefqef oGufvufí pGJwwf

whJ hack-and-slash tuf

&SifawG tjyif BuD;rm;whJ

urÇm? tzGifhoabm skill

system awGu *drf;udk Budrf

zefrsm;pGm xyfupm;jzpfapzkdY

wGef;tm;ay;vdrfhr,f/

Silver fall rSm Zmwf

aMumif; wpfrsKd;rsKd;awmh yg

r,fhyHkyJ/ 'gayr,fh Monte

Cristo rS wm0ef&SdolawGu

awmh tJ'DtaMumif;udk rajym

zkdY yg;pyf wif;wif;aphxm;

w,f/ ya&m*sufrefae*smrS

xkwfajymorQu silver fall

qkdwm *drf;ppcsif;rSmukd ajr

okdY ysufokOf; aMurGoGm;chJ&

whJ awmf0ifNrdKUawmfBuD;&JU

trnf jzpfw,fqkdwmygyJ/

obm0&JU tiftm;pkawGeJY

enf;ynm BuD;xGm;vmrI

tMum; y#dyu© ½kef;uef&rI

awGeJY ysufpD; aMurGoGm;chJ&

jcif; jzpfygw,f/ pGefYpm;cef;

wpf avQmuf oif [m

NrdKUawmfudk jyefvnf wnf

aqmufí aemufqHk;xD;eef;

ukd odrf;ykdufEkdifatmif vkyf

&rSm jzpfygw,f/

b,fvkdjzpfaeae Zmwf

vrf;t& oif[m upm;Ekdif

whJ rsKd;EG,fpk av;ckxJu

character wpfck zefwD;,lí

pGefYpm;cef;xJ 0if&ygawmh

r,f/ Human, elf, goblin

eJY troll awG jzpfygw,f/

NyD;awmh *drf;&JU nGwfaysmif;

oGufvufaom zGHUNzdK;rIpepf

oHk;NyD; character develop-

ment udk txl;jyK wnf

aqmuf&rSm jzpfygw,f/

oif[m ukd,fh character

aemufvkdufr,fh tazmf&SpfrsKd;

eJYvnf; awGU&r,f/ 'gay

r,fh tcsdefwpfcsdefrSm oif

[m ESpfa,mufwpfzGJU tae

jzifhom oGm;vmEkdifr,f/ oif

zefwD;xm;whJ character

&,f? aemufvdkufwpfa,muf

&,feJY jzpfygw,f/ uGJjym;whJ

character awG&zkdY oif[m

side quests tcsKdUNyD;atmif

vkyf&r,f/ tJ'DtcgrSom

olwkdY&JUwm0efudk xrf;aqmif

zkdY oihfqD trIxrf;Muvdrfh

(PREVIEW)


169

ART OF GAME

r,f/ olwkdY&JU zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf

vrf;nTefEk difovkd tjcm;

enf;rsm;pGmjzifhvnf; MoZm

oufa&mufapEkdifygw,f/

BudKwif csrSwfxm;whJ

character class awGrSm

NidwG,f ydwfrdaer,fhtpm;

Silver fall &JU character awG

[m t"duuRrf;usifrI udkif;cGJ

oHk;ckwpfavQmuf zGHUNzdK;Ekdif

w,f/ Combat, magic eJY

'other' jzpfw,f/ uk d,f h

ZmwfaumifrsKd;EG,fom oD;

oefY ykdifqkdifwhJ racial abili-

ties vkd skills awGvnf; &Sd

ao;w,f/ * dr f ;twGi f ;

trsK d;rsK d;aom monsters

awG ESdrfeif; okwfoifNyD;í

25 em&DMum gameplay jzihf

'main quest' NyD;pD;whJtcg

NrdKUawmfudk jyefvnfaeom;

wus jzpfapí side quests

'gZifrsm;pGmvnf; NyD;pD;whJ

tcg oifh&JU character [m

experience levels awG &

vmr,f/aemuf skill points

av;rsKd;eJY attributes av;

rsKd;vnf; &vmr,f/ olwkdY

udk oifBudKuf&menf;eJY oHk;pGJ

Ekdifygvdrfhr,f/

b,fvk d character

trsKd;tpm;twGufrqkd uGJ

jym;whJ skill trees u qGJ

aqmifEkdifwhJ tydkqk bonus

awGay;urf;w,f/ 'gaMumifh

oifhudk prf;oyfrIawG vkyf

jzpfapzkdY tm;ay;w,f/ b,f

vkdyJjzpfjzpf wu,fh game-

play uawmh ½kd;pif;NyD; csOf;

uyfukdifwG,f&vG,fygw,f/

tjrefoHk;r,fh skills awGudk

b,feJYnm mouse buttons

awGrSm vkdovkd ajymif;xm;

vkdY&w,f/ teD;uyfwkdufyGJ?

ta0;vufeufwkdufyGJ? r[m

bkwf? a&? ajr? av? rD;? arSmf

twwf? aq;ukoay;whJ

'grSr[kwf enf;ynm&JU

ausmif;awmfom; b,fbuf

vdkufr,fqkdwm qHk;jzwfay;

jcif;yJ jzpfw,f/ wu,fu

oihf&JU alignment a&G;cs,frI

[m oihf&JU tzGJUom;awG&JU

qufqHa&;udka&m b,f side

quests awG oif&Edkifr,fqkd

whJ tcsuftay:udkyg ouf

a&mufrI &Sdw,f/ Silver fall

ukd,fwkdifudk b,fvkd jyef

vnf wnfaqmufr,fqkdwhJ

tcsuftay:awmif ouf

a&mufrI &Sdao;w,f/

Skill [m oihf&JU Zmwf

arSmf twwf awG twGuf

skills rsm; a&G;,ljcif;tjyif

'other' skill tree rSm 'align-

ment-based' skills ac:

bufa&G;cs,fjcif; skills

yg0ifw,f/ tjcm; role-

playing *drf;awGeJY rwlwm

u alignment [m oihf&JU

usifh0wftjrifudk qHk;jzwf

wmr[kwfbJ oihf&JU char-

acter u obm0&JU &ifaoG;

aumifawGtay: special

powers eJY txl;jyK items

awG oHk;EkdifpGrf;ay;whJae&mrSm

alignment tvkduf &nf&G,f

owfrSwfxm;whJ character

udkom ay;w,f/ oif[m

technology bufuyg&if

Zmwfaumif&JU ukd,fxnfrSm

puftpdwftydkif;awG wyfEkdif

r,f/ vlwpfydkif;? ½kdabmh

wpfyk dif;yH kpH jzpfvmr,f/

(PREVIEW)


ART OF GAME

trsKd;rsKd;aom combat and

magic skills, racial skills

eJY alignment skills trsKd;

tpm;awGtwGuf skill trsKd;

rsKd;&Sdwmudk axmufcsifh&if

Silver fall rSm aumif;rGefwhJ

(jyefvnf upm;jzpfapjcif;)

replay value &Sdr,fvkdY arQmf

vifh&w,f/ oif[m aemuf

vkduftrsKd;rsKd; a&G;,lEkdif½Hk

&THUnGefpdrfhawmeJY alignment

tvkduf NrdKU&GmawG jzpfyg

w,f/ NyD;awmh BuD;rm;us,f

jyefYrIvnf;&Sdw,f/ *drf;urÇm

&JU tpGef;wpfae&mrS tjcm;

wpfzufudkoGm;zk d Y tcsdef

tMumBuD; ,l&r,f/ uH

aumif; axmufrpGmjzif h

world map tay: oif

oGm;vm&SmazGNyD;orQ tjref

ru trsKd;rsKd;aom skills,

quests eJY alignments awG

vnf; &Ekdifr,f/

awGU&whJ yHkawGt&awmh

Silverfall [m Munhfaumif;

vdrfhr,f/ *drf;&JU BuD;rm;vS

whJ 0ef;usife,fajr[m om

,m vSyNyD; yef;csDqefí

shader eJY lighting effects

awGu tvif;jyef? tvif;

,dkifwhJ a&jyifawG? wvuf

vufjzpfaewhJ "mwfrD;awG?

aMumufrufzG,f owå0gqkd;

awGtwGuf taumif;qHk;

yHkay:apw,f/ *drf;urÇmu

vnf; axGjym;jrm;ajrmifvdrfh

r,f/ jrufcif;jyif? uEÅm&?

ckefysH a&muf&SdEkdifwhJ quick-

travel option yg&Sdygw,f/

ae&mwumrSm oifh&JU wkduf

&mygypönf;awG 0,f,lr,fh

ukefonfawGvnf; &Sdw,f/

'gaMumifh oihf&JU ZmwdNrdKUokdY

tjrJjyefvmp&m rvkdyg/

Silver fall [m olY&JU

uwd twkdif; vkdufrDatmif

Munhfaumif;aom? tzGih f

oabmaqmifaom? pGJvrf;

apwwfaom hack-and-

slash *drf;udk ay;urf;Ekdif

vdrf hr,fvkd Y arQmfvifh&yg

w,f/ azazmf0g&DvrSm xGuf

&Sdygvdrfhr,f/

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- Fifa Manager 07

- Football Manager 2007

- Need For Speed Carbon

- Age of Empies III: The War Chiefs

- Warhammer 20k: Dawn of War Dark Cru-sade

- Painkiller Battle out of Hell

- The Sims 2 (Pets)

- Battlefield 2142

- Stranghold Legends

- NBA Live 07

- Dynasty Warriors 4

- Blitzkrieg 2

- Harvest Moon Back to Nature

- Fifa 07 Soccer

- Devil May Cry 3 Special Edition

Source: CD World/ National CD

(PREVIEW)


171

ART OF GAME

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War Rock

(PREVIEW)


ART OF GAME

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(PREVIEW)


173

ART OF GAME

Top Games of 2006INTERNATIONAL PC GAMES

1. The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion

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6. Galactic Civilizations II:Dread LordsSCORE:9.0/ GENRE: SCI-FI TURN-BASED STRATEGY

(SPECIAL REPORT)


ART OF GAME

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SCORE: 8.8GENRE : ICE HOCKEY

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(SPECIAL REPORT)


175

ART OF GAME13

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SCORE: 9.0GENRE: ROLE -PLAYING

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SCORE: 9.0GENRE: FANTASY ACTION ADVENTURE

(SPECIAL REPORT)


ART OF GAME

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(SPECIAL REPORT)

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG


177


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Application icon. Microsoft Windows xJwGif y½kd

*&rf window wpfckukd ,if;y½kd*&rftm; ukd,fpm;jyKonfh

oauFw trSwftom;wpfckt&G,ftxd csKHUypfEkdifonf/ ,if;

uGef&ufwGifcsdwfquf

ay;Ekdifonf/ rnfokdY

qk dapumrl Apple

Talk uGef&ufrsm;

onf aES;auG;onf/

Ether Talk ESifh EIdif;

,SOfygu wpfpuúefY

vQif 230 kilobit

omxkwfvTifhEkdifonf/

Ether Talk \ ½kd;

pif;rIESifh wefzkd;enf;

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG


178

oauFwtrSwftom;ukd application icon [k ac:onf/

y½kd*&rfukd tvkyfrvkyfao;onfhtcgwGif ,if;\ icon ukd

programitem icon [k ac:onf/

Application specific integrated circuits(ASICS). tjcm;ukefypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfonfh xkwfvkyfol

rsm;twGuf wDxGifxm;onfhokH;pGJoltBudKuf chip rsm; jzpf

onf/ wpfcgwpf&H dedicated chip rsm;[k ac:avh&SdMuonfh

þ chip rsm;ukd t0wfavQmfpufy½kd*&rfrsm;? toHusufrSwfrI

chip rsm; okdYr[kwf acwfrD Hi-Fi ypönf; vkyfief;aqmifwm

rsm;uJhokdY oD;jcm;vkyfief;wpfcktm; xdef;odrf;&mwGif tokH;jyK

onf/ tprStqHk; jyefvnf 'DZkdif;xkwfvkyfrnfhtpm; wDxGifrI

ukefusp&dwf avQmhcsEkdifrnfh pHcsdefrD chip building block

rsm;tay: tajccHonfhxkwfvkyfenf;pepfrsm;ESifh 'DZkdif;topf

rsm;aMumifh ASICS ukdydkí vlBudKufrsm;vmcJhonf/

rl&if;zkdifrsm;onf wpfenf;enf;jzifh xdcdkufysufpD;oGm;onfh

tcg tcsuftvufwcsKdUukd jzpfap? tm;vHk;ukdjzpfap jyef&

&ef archived file rsm;ukd jyefí odrf;qnf;xm;Ekdifonf/

Archived file rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh jyef&Ekdifaom tcsuf

tvufyrmPrSm zkdifrsm;ukd rnfrQaemuftusqHk; archive

vkyfxm;onfqkdaom tcsufay:wGif rlwnfonf/ rdrdaemuf

qHk; archive vkyfxm;onfhtcsdefaemufykdif;wGif tajymif;tvJ

trsm;tjym;ukd ½kdufxnfhxm;cJhygu rdrd\ archive rdwåLzkdif

rsm;onf rl&if;zkdifrsm;ESifh tjrefqHk;jzpfonf/ (backup ukd

Munfhyg/) Disk wpfckrS wpfckokdYzkdifrsm;udk rdwåLul;,ljcif;jzifh

back up rsm;ukd zefwD;xm;Ekdifaomfvnf; (PC Tools ESifh

twlygonfh) central point backup okdUr[kwf fastback

plus uJhokdY backup y½kd*&rfrsm;ukdtokH;jyKjcif;u tvG,ful

qHk;ESifh tjrefqHk;jzpfonf/

archive attribute. Backup y½kd*&rfwpfcktokH;jyKNyD;

rl&if;zkdifrsm;ukdrdwåLul;onfhtcgwGif y½kd*&rfu ,if;\

archive attribute ukd ydwfxm;jcif;tm;jzifh zkdifwpfckpDudk

backup vkyfNyD;aMumif; rSwfom;ay;onf/ aemufwpfBudrfzkdif

rsm;ukd backup vkyfonfhtcg rlvu backup vkyfNyD;om;

jzpfaeonfh zkdifrsm;ukdxyfrHNyD; backup rvkyfbJ ausmfvGm;

oGm;atmif backup y½kd*&rfukd pDrHay;Ekdifonf/ zkdifwpfckukd

wnf;jzwfonfhtcg archive attribute onf tvkdvkdcvkwf

yGifhoGm;onf/ aemufqHk;tBudrf backup vkyfcJhonfh tcsdefrS

pí zkdifonftajymif;tvJjzpfoGm;aMumif; backup topfjyef

vkyf&efvdktyfaMumif; þtcsufu y½kd*&rfukd today;yg

onf/

ARCNET or ARCnet. Attached resource computernetwork \ twkdaumufpmvHk;jzpfonf/ Data point

Corporation rS jyKvkyfonfh network hardwares ESifh cable

standard wkdY jzpfonf/ ,if;rSm token bus network

APT. Automatic Programmed Tool \ twkdaumuf jzpf

onf/ uGefysLwmpepfjzifh xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmifaom pufypönf;

tpdwftykdif;rsm;twGuf numberical control application

rsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGifokH;pGJaom xdef;csKyfrIqkdif&my½kd*&rf

bmompum; wpfck jzpfonf/ APT y½kd*&rfu tokH;jyKol

tm; point rsm; owfrSwfjcif;? rsOf;ajzmifhrsm;? puf0kdif;rsm;?

jyifnDrsm;uefawmhykH rsufESmjyifrsm;ESifh *sDMoarBwD rsufESmjyif

rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;wkdYukd aqmif&Gufay;onf/

Archimedes .Acorn computer rSxkwfvkyfaom

uGefysLwm (PC) rsm; jzpfonf/ Archimedes onf RISC

central processor wpfckay:wGif tajcjyKxm;onf/ IBM

PC okdYr[kwf Macintosh uGefysLwmrsm;ESifh qufpyfokH;pGJí

r&acs/

archive. y½kd*&rfzkdif okdYr[kwf tcsuftvufzkdifrsm;ukd

umuG,fxdef;odrf;&ef rdwåLrsm;tm; odrf;qnf;xm;jcif; jzpf

onf/ (,if;wkdYukd back up file rsm;[kvnf; ac:onf/)

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG


179

wpfckjzpfNyD; 2.5 ESifh 4 Mbps twGif; tcsuftvufrsm;ukd

vJTajymif;rIjyKvkyfay;onf/

Argument . . . . . vkyfaqmifrI (function )wpfck okdYr[kwf

nTefMum;csuf (command ) wpfckaemufrSygvmNyD;? vkyf

aqmifrI okdYr[kwf nGefMum;csuftm; rnfokdYaqmif&Guf&rnf

ukd twdtusajymjyaom azmfjycsufwpf&yf jzpfonf/ Oyrm-

pm&if;Z,m; wpfckxJwGif wefzdk; (15) ck\ ysrf;rQwefzdk;ukd

qHk;jzwf&ef atmufyg function/argument twGJukd tokH;

jyKEkdifonf/

@ AVG (A1:A15)

xkdaemufwGif pm&if;Z,m;xJrS tuGuf A1 rS A15 twGif;&Sd

wefzdk;(15)ck\ ysrf;rQwefzdk;ukd function u qHk;jzwfay;

onf/

arithmetic logic unit (ALU). wGufcsufrIrsm; (aygif;

jcif;? Ekwfjcif;) jyKvkyfNyD; Logic operation rsm; aqmif&Guf

onfh uGefysLwmtpdwftykdif;jzpfonf/ ALU onf central

processing unit \ tpdwftykdif;wpf&yfjzpfNyD; vkyfief;pOfukd

qufvuf aqmif&GufaepOf wGufcsufrI&v'frsm;ukd xdef;odrf;

a&;twGuf rSwfÓPfokdavSmifcef;wpfck yg&Sdonf/

arithmetic operator . rnfonfh mathematical ope-

ration tm; vkyfaqmifjy&rnfukd y½kd*&rfwpfcktm; ajymjy

onfh oauFwtrSwftom;wpfck jzpfonf/ Oyrm a+onf

aygif;yg[laomt"dyÜm,f&onf/ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;wGif tokH;

rsm;onfh mathematical operator rsm;pGmukd erlem azmfjy

xm;ygonf/

ARPAnet . tar&duefjynfaxmifpk umuG,fa&; okaw

oe pDrHudef;rsm; at*sifpD (DARPA) u axmufcHtm;ay;

onfh wide area network wpfck jzpfonf/ acwfrD odyÜH

enf;us okawoevkyfief;rsm;tm; taxmuftuljyK&ef

&nf&G,fonf/ trsKd;om; odyÜHazmifa';&Sif;uGef&uf\ wpf

pdwfwpfykdif;jzpfonfhtwGuf ARPAnet ukd acwfrD okawoD

tkyfpki,f wpfckuomvQif &,lokH;pJGEkdifonf/

Array. pDpOfae&mcsxm;onfh location tpkHjzpfonf/

Location rSeforQukd oD;jcm;&,lrnfhtpm; tokH;rsm;onfh

tpjyK address okdYr[kwf identifier rSaeí &,lokH;pJGEkdif

onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh txyf&Spfxyfygonfh av;cef;wGJ wkduf

wef;wpfvkH;ukd pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ wkdufcef;rsm;ukd one-dimen-

sional array t& 1 rS 32 txd eHygwfxkd; (oauFw

owfrSwf) ay;NyD; FLAT 1, FLAT 2 ponfjzifh &nfñTef;

oGm;Ekdifonf/ tajymif;tvJtaejzifh yxrxyfwGif 11 rS

14, 'kwd,xyfwGif 21 rS 24, wwd,xyfwGif 31 rS 34

[lí two-dimensional array t& eHygwfxkd;NyD; LEVEL2,

ROOM 3 ponfjzifh &nfñTef;oGm;Ekdifonf/ (Row ESifh

column rsm;ukd tokH;jyKonfhtcg data item rsm;ukd row

jzifh t&if&,lNyD;rS column jzifh &,laMumif; owdjyKyg/)

wkdufcef;wGifaexkdifolrsm;onf OD;eD? OD;jzL? a':at;? ukdausmf?

reD? armifpdef? armifrJ? armif0gponfh trnfrsm;&Sdygu

,if;emrnfrsm;ukd one –dimensional array wGif F$1,F$2,

F$3 ponfjzifh odrf;qnf;xm;Ekdifonf/ (BASIC xJwGif

$ onf string wpfckukd owfrSwfjy|mef;onf/)

F$ (1) OD;eD

F$ (2) OD;jzL

F$ (3) a':at;

F$ (4) ukdausmf

F$ (5) reD

rnfokdYqkdapumrl two-dimensional array u ykdítqifajy

NyD; tcsuftvuftrsm;tjym;ESifh tvkyfvkyfukdifonfhtcg

&,l okH;pGJ&mwGif ykdíjrefqefonf/

1st level- OD;eD? OD;jzL? a':at;? ukdausmf? 2nd level- reD?

armifpdef? armifrJ? armif0g? owårxyfwGifaeolrsm;\ trnf

ukd &&Sd&ef F$ (7,1), F$ (7,2),F$ (7,3) ESifh F$(7,4) ponfh

&nfñTef;oauFwrsm;ukd tokH;jyKonf/

arrow keys. Cursor okdYr[kwf insertion point (Mum;

xkd;rSwf) ukd uGefysLwmzefom;jyifay:wGif txuf? atmuf?

0J? ,m a&TUay;&mwGiftokH;jyKonfh cvkwfcHkay:rScvkwfrsm;

jzpfonf/

(qufvufazmfjyygrnf)


uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

Laptop

Laptop od k Yr[kwf

notebook wpfvHk;0,fvQif

atmufygtcsufrsm;twdkif;

owdjyK ppfaq;&ygrnf/

Ä Laptop odkYr[kwf note-

book uGefysLwm

Ä ¤if;twGuf AC adapter

BudK;

Ä uGefysLwmxJwGif buf

x&D &dS? r&dS

Ä tydk bufx&D yg? ryg

(trsm;tm;jzifh oD;jcm;

0,f&ygrnf/)

Ä bufx&D tm;oGif;puf

ESifh BudK;rsm; (trsm;tm;

jzifh uGefysLwmodkY wdkuf

½dkuf qufoG,fum tm;

oGif;Muygonf/)

Ä 0if;'dk;pfpepf rl&if; pD'DESifh

tjcm;tydkay;aomaqmhzf0J

pD'Drsm;

Ä VGA, sound, CD drive

ponfwdkY twGuf driver

pD'Drsm;

Ä OEM odkYr[kwf backup

pD'D (¤if;wGif 0if;'dk;pfpepf

ESifh driver aqmhzf0Jrsm;

udk aygif;í xnfhxm;

wwfygonf/)

Ä toHk;jyK vrf;nTefpmtkyf

odkYr[kwf pm&Gufrsm;

Ä tmrcHuwfjym; odkYr[kwf

ajypmjzpfonf/

txl;ojzifh CD drive

onf

Ä CD odk Yr[kwf DVD

zwfpuf

Ä CD-RW pD'Dul;Edkif

Ä DVD/CD-RW zwfpuf

+ pD'Dul;Edkif

Ä DVD-RW zwfpuf +

'DAD'Dul;Edkif

ponf tcsufrsm;udk

rdrd0,fvdkonfhtwdkif; rSef?

rrSefudk ppfaq;&ygrnf/

xdkYtwl ¤if; CD drive

twGuf aqmhzf0J oD;jcm;yg?

rygudkvnf; Munhfyg/

r Swf&e fr Sm laptop,

notebook ta[mif;udk 0,f

vQif txufygtwdkif; pHkvif

pGm&Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/odkYaomf

twwfEdkifqHk;&atmifawmif;

qdkMunfhyg/

Laptop [kac:Mujcif;

rSm aygifay:wifí oHk;Edkif

aom t&G,ftpm;aMumifhjzpf

NyD; notebook onf pmtkyf

wpftkyf t&G,ftpm;aMumifh

jzpfonf/ odkYaomf tac:

ta0:rsm;xuf rsufjrif

t&G,ftpm;udk ppfaq; 0,f

,lEdkifygonf/

Laptop odkYr[kwf note-

book wpfvHk;onf wpfOD;

csif;oHk; uGefysLwm (desk-

top) wpfvHk;xuf rsm;pGm

aps;BuD;ygonf/ Desktop

xufpmvQif tysufvnf;

ydkjrefygonf/ jyif&efcufí

ypönf;rsm; tpm;xkd;&efvnf;

ydkícufygonf/ odkYjzpfí

¤if;wdkYudk pnf;urf;wus

toHk;jyK udkifwG,f&ef vdktyf

ygrnf/ Laptop odkYr[kwf

notebook rsm;\ yxrqHk;

ysufpD;jcif;wGif tzHk;tzGifh?

tydwf odkYr[kwf display

screen yg0ifonf/ ¤if;wdkY

udk ywåmozG,f qufxm;

aomaMumifh tBudrfaygif;

rsm;pGm tzGifh? tydwf jyKvkyf

jcif;tm;jzifh ywåmtquf

rsm; Bud K ;tufvmjci f ; ?

twGif;rS qufoG,fBudK;rsm;

jywfawmufjcif; jzpfay:vm

ygonf/ tzHk;tzGifh? tydwf

udk ajz;nif;pGm zGifhjcif;? ydwf

jcif;jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ wkefcg

aeaom rsufESmjyif (Oyrm

tm;jzifh um;? &xm;)ay:

wGif zGifhxm;jcif;jzifh ¤if;

tzHk;onf wkefcgaeum BudK;

yJhrI jrefqefapygvdrfhrnf/

jrifuGif;

jrifuGif;udk 'displaypanel, monitor, screen'ponf trsKd;rsKd;ac:Muaomf

vnf; LCD [kajymvQif vHk

avmufygonf/ ¤if; LCD

udk roHk;bJ oD;jcm;armfeDwm

jzifh csdwfquf oHk;Edkifonf/

rdkufu½dkzkef;

¤if;ud k z& dr fabmif

twGif; jr§Kyfxm;wwfNyD;

toHoGif;Edkifonf/ Laptop

wpfvHk;udk toHk;jyKzdkY&m


181

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

a&SUwGif pum;ajymjcif;jzifh

uGefysLwmodkY oufqdkif&m

aqmhzf0JrSwpfqifh zrf;,l

odrf;xm;Edkifonf/ odkYr[kwf

tifwmeufrSwpfqifh tjcm;

wpfae&modkY a&mufapyg

onf/

uD;bkwf

uD;cvkwftpHk yg0ifNyD;

tcsKdUonf PC uGefysLwm

uJhodkY ½dkufEdSyfEdkifonf/ oD;

jcm; keypad rygaomfvnf;

¤if;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; yg0if

ygonf/ uD;cvkwfrsm;ae&m

ydkpdwfxm;í tavhtusifh

r&dSao;ygu yHkrSefuD;bkwf

wpfckjzifh csdwfquf oHk;Edkif

onf/

pyDum

¤if;wdkYonf oHpHk pwD

&D,dkpyDum trsKd;tpm;rsm;

jzpfMuNyD; laptop \ z&drfxJ

wGifjr§KyfNyD; wnfaqmufxm;

onf/ toHtaetxm;

odkYr[kwf pGrf;&nfudk tm;

r&ygu oD;jcm; pyDumjzifh

csdwfquf oHk;Edkifonf/

rdkufu½dkzkef;*suf

oD;jcm; rdkufu½dkzkef;jzifh

wyfqif oHk;Edkifonf/

em;Muyf *sufayguf

em;Muyfjzifh em;axmif

Edkif&efjzpfí oD;jcm; pyDum

rsm; odkYr[kwf toHcsJUpuf

rsm;odkYvnf; csdwfqufEdkif

onf/

pD'Dpuf tvkyfvkyfaeonf

ponfwdkYudk jrifEdkif? odEdkif

onf/ xdkYtwl uD;bkwfwGif

vnf; Caps Lock oHk;ae

onf? bluetooth udk oHk;ae

onf ponfudkvnf; jrifEdkif

ygonf/

BudK;rJh uGef&uf

(wireless LAN)

¤if; cvkwfonf wire-less Local Area NetworkvkyfaqmifrIudk zGifhEdkif? ydwfEdkif

onf/

armufpf udk,fpm;jyK

vufyGwfjym; (Touchpad

pointing device)

acsmarGU nDnmaom

rsufESmjyifi,fay:odkY vuf

n§dK;jzifh yGwfjcif;jzifh armufpf

vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk jyK

vkyfEd ki fonf/ tcsK dUwGif

(trackball) ac: abmvHk;uJh

odkY tvHk;udk vufjzifh vdSrfh&

NyD; tcsKdUwGif (ergoTrac

pointing device) ac: ikwf

wdkifi,fuav;udk vufjzifh

a&GUvsm;ap&ygonf/

abmifwGif jr§Kyfxm;aom rdkufu½dkzHk;

jrifuGif;

pwD&D,dk pyDum

yg0gcvkwf (acwå&yfxm;&efESifh jyefp&ef)

uD;bkwf

tcsufjy rD;vHk;av;rsm;

rSwfÓPfuwf xnfh&ef

tayguf

rdkufu½dkzHk; *sufayguf

em;MuyfzHk; *sufayguf

BudK;rJh uGef&uf

tjrefzGifh cvkwf

armufpfuJhodkY

oHk;&onfh

vufyGwffjym;

yg0gcvkwfrsm; (Suspend/Resume/Power On But-ton)

Laptop udk vHk;0 ydwf

vdkufjcif; r[kwfbJ acwå&yf

xm;Ed kifonf/ odk Yr[kwf

vHk;0 ydwfvdkufEdkifygonf/

vrf;nTefrD;rsm;

Laptop oHk;aepOf vkyfief;

pOfrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyK tvif;

a&mifxGufay;onfh rD;vHk;

odkYr[kwf rD;a&mifrsm; jzpf

onf/ jyify yg0gudk oHk;ae

onf? bufx&Dudk oHk;ae

onf? [mh'f'pfvnfaeonf?

rSwfÓPfuwf zwfpuf

(Memory card reader)

,ck acwfpm;aeaom

uifr&mrS uwfrsm;? MP3player, mobile phone,PDA, flash devices ponf

wdkYrS uwfrsm;udk xnfhEdkif

onf/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk

ul;,lEdkifonf/

xdkYtwl USB, PCM-

CIA aygufrsm;ESifh tjcm;

oD;jcm; csdwfqufaygufrsKd;pHk

yg0if&m tqd kyg ports

taygufrsm;udk rnfuJhodkYoHk;

&rnf odkYr[kwf rdrdtwGuf

rnfodkYtoHk;0ifrnfudk avh

vmoifhygonf/


uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

Registry odkY 0ifa&muf arTaESmufjcif;

Display Properties

[k qdkvdkonfESifh uGefysLwm

desktop ay:u ½Icif; tvS

tyrsm;? a&mifpHk aemufcHrsm;

ESifh 0if;'dk;pfeJU jrifuGif; 'DZdkif;

tzHkzHkudk rsufpdxJ jrifrdMurSm

yg/ ¤if; tvSty zefwD;rI

rsKd;udk uGefysLwmorm;tcsKdU

u owdrrlMuaomfvnf;

trsm;tm;jzifh ESpfoufMuyg

onf/ tcsKdUu olwdkY zefwD;

xm;onfh tqiftjyifrsm;

aemufcH ½Icif;yHk odkYr[kwf

screen saver udk tjcm;ol

wpfOD;OD;u 0ifjyifwmudkyif

rBudKufMuyg/ ajymvdkYvnf;

rjzpfbl;[k qdkvQifawmh reg-

istry udk oHk;NyD; Display

Properties \ tab rsm;udk

acwå ydwfxm;Edkifygonf/

tqdkyg Display Prop-

erties (dialog box) wGif

'Themes, Desktop, Scre-

en Saver, Apperance,

Settings' [lí vkyfaqmif

Edkifcsuf tab rsm;udk awGU&yg

rnf/ ¤if;wdkYudk azsmufxm;

jcif;jzifh tjcm; olwpfOD;OD;

u 0ifrjyifEdkif&ef jzpfonf/

¤if;twGuf

1/ Registry editor ukd zGifh

NyD; [HKEY_LOCAL_

MACNINE\SOFT-

WARE\Microsoft\

Windows\Current-

Version\Policies\ Sys-

tem] udk a&G;cs,fzGifhvdkuf

yg/ ¤if; 'System' pm

om;ay:odkY armufpf nm

bufcvkwfESdyfNyD; ay:

vmaom pop-up menu

r S New>DWORD

Value ukd zGifhyg/

2/ nmbufjrifuGif;&dS topf

ay:vmaom new key

tuGufwGif 'NoDisp-

BackgroundPage' [k

pmvHk;rsm;udk wpfquf

wnf; ½dkufxnfhyg/

3/ ¤if; 'NoDispBack-

groundPage' pmom;

ay:wGif armufpf nm

buf uvpf xyfESdyfNyD;

ay:vmaom pop-up

menu rS 'Modify' ukd

a&G;cs,fyg/

4/ xdktcg 'Edit DWORD

Display Properties \ tab rsm;udk

acwå azsmufxm;jcif;


183

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

Value' dialog box wpfck

ay:vmygrnf/ ¤if;wGif

Hexadecimal \ wefzdk;

'Value data:' udk ' 1 ' [k

ajymif;ay;vdkufyg/

4/ OK udk EdSyfNyD; ¤if; ae&m

rS jyefxGufum uGefysL

wmudk jyefarmif;vdkuf

yg/

'Display Properties' udk

zGifhMunhfvQif Desktop [k

jrifae&aom tab wpfckudk

rawGU&awmhyg/ wpfenf;

tm;jzifh wpfpHkwpfOD;rS 'Dis-

play Properties' udk zGifhum

Desktop udk jyifEdkifawmh

rnf r[kwfyg/

xd k Yenf;wl 'Screen

Saver, Appearance, Set-

tings' tab rsm;udkvnf; Reg

-edit jzifh 0ifum azsmufxm;

Edkifygonf/

xdkokdY aqmif&Guf&mwGif

'Screen Saver' twGuf

'NoDispScrSavPage'

'Appearance' twGuf

tm;vHk; NyD;pD;aomtcg 'Dis

-play Properties' wGif tab

rsm;udk rjrif&awmhyg/

rlvtwdkif; jyefxnfh&ef

txufyg prf;oyfcsuf

udk jyKvkyfNyD; rvdktyfí rlv

twdkif; jyefxm;&efrSm Reg-

edit odkY 0ifNyD; jyKvkyfxm;cJh

onfh pmaMumif;rsm;ay:odkY

armufpf nmuvpf axmuf

um ay:vmaompop-up

NoDispAppearancePage'

'Settings' twGuf

NoDispSettingPage'

[lí ½dkufxnhf&ygrnf/

¤if;wdkYudk trSwfpOf (2)

ae&mwGif ajymif;vJ ½dkuf&ef

jzpfí pmvHk;rsm;udk Mum;ae

&m rcH&bJ qufwdkuf ½dkuf&

ygrnf/ tqdkyg vkyfief;pOf

menu rS Delete udk a&G;cs,f

um jyefzsufvdkufyg/ uGefysL

wmudk jyefarmif;vdkufvQif

rlvtwdkif; tab rsm; jyefay:

aeygvdrfhrnf/

Regedit vkyfief;pOfudk

rSwfwrf;wifxm;yg/

Regedit jzifh registry

odkY 0ifí jyifonfh vkyfief;

pOftm;vHk;onf oifh uGefysL

wmtwGuf tqifrajyrIrsm;

udk jzpfapEdkifygonf/ txl;

ojzifh registry jzifh ajymif;

vJxm;onfh tcsufrsm;udk

rlvtwdkif; jyefvnfí azmf

xkwf r&Edkifawmhjcif; jzpf

onf/ odkYjzpfí ajymif;vJ

csuftm;vHk;udk rSwfwrf;wif

xm;oifhonf/ ¤if;twGuf

Registry Editor twGif;

&dSaepOf File > Export ... udk

zGifhyg/ ¤if;wGif zdkiftrnfay;

í odrf;rnfhae&mudk owf

rSwfay;yg/ xdkYaemuf 'Reg-istration Files (*.reg),Registry Hive Files (*.*),

Text Files (*.txt), All Files

ponf rnfonfhzdkiftrsKd;

tpm;jzifh odrf;rnfudk owf

rSwfay;yg/ txl;ojzifh Re-

gistration Files (*.reg) ESifh

odrf;yg/ ext Files (*.txt)

jzifhvnf; odrf;Edkifygonf/


uGefysLwmESifh "mwfyHkenf;ynmrsm; wdk;wufvmonfESifh

trQ a&mifpHkyHkrsm;udk ta&miftaoG; pHkvif awmufypGmjzifh

½dkufEdSyf xkwfa0Muygonf/ odkYaomf vlom;wdkYu a&mifpHk

r[kwfonfh tjzL? trnf; odkYr[kwf cJjcpfvuf&mqefqef

yHkrsm;udk jyefvnf wrf;wMujyefonf/ "mwfyHkrsm;xuf cJqGJ

yef;csDrsm;u wefzdk;wufvmjyefonf/ odkYjzpfí uGefysLwm

'DZdkif;ynm&SifwdkYuvnf; 'sketch' ac: cJjcpfaMumif;qefqef

yHkrsm;udk zefwD;Mu&jyefygonf/ ¤if;ESifhywfoufí *sme,fwGif

azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; oifcef;pmtopfrsm;tjzpf rMum

cP xnfhoGif;ay;ygrnf/

cJjcpf odkYr[kwf cJwHjzifh rTef;jc,fa&;qGJonfh yHkrsKd;udk

Photoshop wGif zefwD;&mwGif atmufyg tajccHtusqHk;

oifcef;pmudk avhvmapvdkygonf/

PHOTOSHOP jzwfvrf;enf;rsm;

cJjcpf okdYr[kwf cJrTef;yHkwpfyHktjzpfodkY

tjzL? trnf; odkYr[kwf rD;cdk;a&mifodkY

a&mifpHk yHkwpfyHkudk tjzL? trnf; odkYr[kwf rD;cdk;a&mifodkY

ajymif;&ef Photoshop menu ay:rS 'Image > Mode >

Greyscale' udk a&G;cs,fvdkufyg/ xdkYaemuf yHkwlwpfyHk yGm;yg/

xdkodkY yHkwlyGm;&ef rl&if;yHktvTmay:odkY armufpf nmuvpfEdSyf

NyD; 'Duplicate Layer..' udk zGifhyg/ ay:vmaom box wGif

trnfopfay;vdkufNyD; OK udk EdSyfvdkufyg/ aemufwpfenf;

rSm ¤if;rl&if;tvTmudk armufpfjzifh axmufNyD; layers palette

\atmufbuf&dS 'Create a new layer' icon odkY qGJcsvdkufyg/

xdkYaemuf tqdkyg yHkwltvTmudk a&G;cs,fNyD; 'Image >

Adjustments > Invert' udk zGifhvdkufyg/ uD;cvkwftm;jzifh

(Ctrl+I) jzpfonf/ yHkonf "mwfyHk e*¾wpfyHkpHrsKd;odkY ajymif;oGm;

ygvdrfhrnf/


185

¤if;yHkudk layer palette \ tay:uGuf (blending

mode) &dS 'color dodge' udka&G;cs,fyg/ xdktcg yHkonf tjzL

a&mif odkYr[kwf tvif;a&mifodkY ajymif;oGm;ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf

menu ay:&dS 'Filer > Blur > Gaussian Blur...' udk zGifhyg/

tjzL? trnf; okdYr[kwf cJjcpfvuf&mtjzpfodkY

tqifh (1)

Photoshop wGif ajymif;vdkonfh yHkwpfyHkudk zGifhyg/

tu,fí a&G;cs,fvdkufaom yHk\ color mode onf index

jzpfaeygu Image > Mode > rSwpfqifh RGB odkYr[kwf

CMYK udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzihf ajymif;vdkufyg/

tqifh (2)

Layers palette ay:&dS 'Background' layer udk nm

bufuvpf jyKvkyfNyD; 'Duplicate Layer' udk a&G;cs,fyg/

tvTmopfwpfck ay:vmygvdrfhrnf/ Background copy

odkYr[kwf trnfwpfckckay;vdkufyg/

yHkonf teuf odkYr[kwf rD;cdk;a&mifodkY "mwfyHkom;rsKd;tjzpf

ay:aeNyD; ¤if; setting wGif 'Radius:' udk 5 pixels ay;Munhf

yg/ cJjcpf odkYr[kwf cJrTef;yHkMurf;wpfyHk ay:vmygvdrfhrnf/

tqdkyg radius udk vdktyfovdk csdefnd§Munfhyg/ ¤if;

twGuf pixels wefzdk; ½dkufxnfhíaomfvnf;aumif;? pau;

wHuav;udk a&TUay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; yHk\ t&nf

taoG;onf ajymif;vJaeonfudk jrif&ygrnf/ rdrd vdkcsifaom

yHktaetxm;wGif &yfNyD; zdkifudk odrf;vdkufyg/

Resolution odkYr[kwf pixel per inch (ppi)yHkwpfyHkudk zefwD; wnfaqmufNyD;onfhtcg y&ifhxkwf,l

&ef 300 ppi (pixel or picture element per inch) odkY ajymif;

ay;&onf/ ¤if;twGuf tvTmwpfckudk wnfaqmufNyD;

import odkYr[kwf copy enf;jzifh tqdkygyHkudk ajymif;,l&rnf/

tqdkyg aemufcH t&G,ftpm;ESifh nDap&ef yHkudk t&G,ftpm;

ajymif;ay;Edkifonf/ ¤if;twGuf y&ifhxkwf,l&mwGif vdktyf

aom resolution udk tvdktavsmuf ajymif;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

tqifh (3)

topf jyKvkyfvdkufonfh tvTmudk zGifhxm;NyD; 'Ctrl+

Shift+U' udk EdSyfyg/ tjzL? trnf; yHk&dyftjzpf ajymif;oGm;yg

vdrfhrnf/


tqifh (4)

tqdkyg Background layer udk aumfyDwpfck xyfvkyf

vdkufyg/

tqifh (5)

¤if; aumfyDtvTmudk a&G;cs,fNyD; Ctrl + I EdSyfvdkufyg/ yHk

onf "mwfyHk e*¾wpfyHkpHrsKd;odkY ajymif;oGm;onfudk awGU&yg

rnf/ ¤if;tvTmudk Color Dodge odkY xyfajymif;vdkufyg/

tjzLa&mifazsmhaom jrifuGif;odkY ajymif;oGm;ygrnf/

tqifh (6)

¤if;udk 'Filter > Blur > Gaussinan blur ...' udk zGifhNyD;

Gaussinan blur filter (Radius:) pixels wefzdk;udk csdefnd§

ay;yg/ vdktyfvQif opacity udkvnf; tenf;i,f csdefnd§Edkif

ygonf/ xdkodkY csdefnd§&mwGif rl&if;yHkonf rnfodkYjzpfrnfudk

rcefYrSef;EdkifaomaMumifh wefzdk; rnfrQ ajymif;&rnfudkvnf;

azmfjyí r&Edkifyg/ oif\ tawGUtBuHKESifh tjrift& tjzL?

trnf; odkYr[kwf cJom;a&mif yHkwpfyHkudk &EdkifygNyD/

Windows XP tips

uvpf wpfcsuf EdSyf½HkeJY zdkifrsm;udk zGifhzdkY&m

0if;'dk;pfpepfrSm zdkifwpfzdkifudk zGifhcsif&if armufpfuvpf

2 csuf EdSyf&ygw,f/ 'gudk Mumw,fvdkY xifxm;&ifvnf;

uvpfwpfcsufwnf;eJY zGifhEdkifatmif ajymif;xm;

Edkifygw,f/ ¤if;twGuf 'My Computer' udk zGifhNyD;

menu ay:u Tools udk uvpfvkyfvdkufNyD;

ay:vmaom pop-up menu rS Folder Options udk

a&G;cs,fvdkufyg/ xdktcg Folder Options

(dialog box) ay:vmygvdrfhr,f/ ¤if;wGif

General (tab) rS 'Single-click to open an item

[point to select]' udk a&G;cs,fvdkufyg/

Apply - OK udk EdSyfNyD; jyefxGufvdkufyg/

tck uvpfwpfcsufEdSyf½Hkjzifh

zdkifudk zGifhEdkifygNyD/


187

'D tuotorial rSm

Apple.com ü

yxrqHk; awGU&SdchJ&whJ?

acsmarGU 0if;yaom

plastic tab

buttons av;

zefwD;MunhfMur,f/

ESpfrsm;pGmtwGif;

'D plastic tab

yHkpHrsKd;u r,HkEkdif

avmufatmif

a&yef;pm;

vmchJw,f/

'DOpömudk

oifh website &JU

horizontal tab

menu ae&mrSm

prf;oHk;Munfhyg/

tjzLa&mif background rSm 400 x 400 px

t&G,f&Sd image topfwpfckeJY pwifyg/ layer

topf wpfckvkyfNyD; Rectangular Marquee

tool udk oHk;í atmufrSmjyxm;whJ t&G,ftpm;

tMurf;zsif;&Sdr,fh rectangle wpfck qGJyg/

aemuf Image > adjustments > levels udk

oGm;yg/ Button udk acsmarGUyDoonftxd in-

put levels rS Bwd*HESpfckudk tv,fodkY drag

qGJ,lyg/ NyD;whJtcg OK udk uvpfESdyfyg/ Ctrl

udk ESdyfxm;&if 'Alpha 1' channel tay: uvpf

ESdyfí a&G;,lyg/ layers tab tay: uvpfESdyfyg/

selection rjyKwfbJ &Sdaernf/

channels palette udk azmf,l&ef chan-

nels tab tay: uvpfESdyfyg/ New channel

jyKvkyfyg/ Selection udk tjzLa&mifeJY jznhfNyD;

Ctrl+D ESdyfí a&G;xm;jcif; jyefjzKwfyg/

tqifh (1)

tqifh (2)

Foreground color ukd R:212 G:214

B:212 rSm xm;yg/ Background udk tjzLa&mif

xm;yg/ ,ck linear Gradient tool oHk;NyD; (fore-

ground rS background) selection rSm tay:rS

atmufodkY drag qGJyg/ atmufrSm jyxm;onhf

twkdif; jzpfatmifvkyfyg/

filter > blur > Gaussian Blur udkoGm;NyD;

radius rSm 3.5 xm;yg/ OK udk uvpfESdyfyg/

tqifh (3)

187


New layer jyKvkyfyg/ Foreground color udk R:192

G:192 B:192 xm;yg/ Edit > Stroke udkoGm;NyD; width rSm 1

pixel xm;yg/ Location udk Center rSmxm;yg/ Deselect

rvkyfygeJYOD;/

,ck selection oufoufudkom a&TU,l&ef jyKvkyf&rnf/

Rectangular marquee tool a&G;NyD;om; jzpfaeygap/

xkdYaemuf arrow key udkoHk;um selection udk yHkwGif jyxm;

onfhtwkdif; tenf;i,fxyfaeatmif button tay:bufokdY

a&TUyg/ ,ck layer topfwpfck jyKvkyfyg/ (layer 1 txuf

wGif &Sd&rnf/) Selection udk tjzLa&mifjzifh jznhfyg/

'DtqifhrSm tawmfav; Munhfaumif;aeygNyD/ 'gayr,fh

effect wpfck aygif;xnhfzkdY rlv button shape &Sd&m layer

rSm drop shadow xnhfyg/ (layer 2) layer style > Inner

shadow okdYvnf;oGm;NyD; yHkrSmjyxm;whJ settings rsm; oHk;yg/

,ckoifonf text tcsKdU aygif;xnhf&ef toifhjzpfaeaom

tysHpm; plastic tab uav; &&SdygNyD/

tqifh (4)

tqifh (5)

Channels palette tay: uvpfESdyfyg/ Ctrl udk ESdyf

xm;&if; 'Alpha 1' tay: uvpfESdyfí selection ukd jyefac:

yg/ Layers tab udk uvpfESdyfyg/ Select > Inverse okdY

oGm;yg/ Delete ESdyfyg/ Ctrl + D ESdyfí deselect vkyfyg/

Filter > Blur > Guassian Blur okdYoGm;NyD; Munhfaumif;

onftxd Radius wefzdk;upm;Munfhyg/ OK udk uvpfESdyf

yg/ xkd layer \ opacity udk 24 okdY csyg/

Type tool ukd a&G;yg/ Button tay: text tcsKdU aygif;

xnhfyg/ Text wGif xkteufay;&ef tvGefrSdefaom drop

shadow wpfck aygif;xnhfEkdifonf/

tqifh (6)

ta&mifajymif;&ef Image > Adjustments > Hue/Satura-

tion okdY oGm;yg/ þ Tutorial twkdif; tjcm; shapes rsm;

jzifh prf;MunhfEkdifygonf/

188


189

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

Illustrator CS2 oifcef;pm

Zefe0g&DvtwGuf 'DZdkif;udk avhvm&eftwGuf ,cifv

rsm;wGif azmfjyNyD;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk jyefvnf zwf½I

avhvmoifhygonf/ oifcef;pmrsm;udk vG,fvG,fulul avh

vmEdkif&eftwGuf t"duxm;NyD; azmfjya&;om;jcif; jzpfaom

aMumifh a&;om;NyD;aom oifcef;pmrsm;udk zwf½Iavhvm&mwGif

tBuHÓPfay;vdkygu [email protected] odkY ay;ydkY

Edkifygonf/

txufyg'DZdkif;udk pwif a&;qGJ&eftwGuf tpdwftydkif;

wpfckcsif;pDudk oD;oefYqGJNyD;rS jyefvnf aygif;pyfvQif ydkí

vG,fulEdkifrnf/

� aemufcH'DZdkif;twGuf axmifhrSefpwk*HwpfckqGJ&ef Rec-

tangle Tool(M) udk a&G;í pm&Gufwpfae&mwGif click ESdyfNyD;

twdkif;twmrsm;udk ajymif;yg/ ta&mifudk Gradient Color

( White, Black, Radil) ajymif;yg/

� em&D'DZdkif;twGuf puf0dkif;wpfckqGJ&ef Ellipse Tool(L)

udk a&G;í pm&Gufwpfae&mwGif qGJyg/

Ä Graphic Styles (Bevel Green Mouse Down)

ajymif;yg/

Ä Type Tool udkoHk;í eHygwfrsm;ESifh wHqdyftrnfudk a&;

xnfhyg/

Ä wHqdyfwGif Effect > Stylize > OuterGlow value rsm;

ajymif;í xnfhyg/


uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

Ä em&DvufwHrsm;xnfh&eftwGuf

Ä Line Segment Tool (\) udk oHk;í rsOf;ajzmifhwpf

aMumif;qGJyg/

Ä Effect > Stylize > Add Arrowheads value rsm;

ajymif;í xnfhyg/

Ä &vmaom vdkif;wGefYudk Bwd*Hatmufvdkif; atmufajcwGif

ae&mcsyg/

Ä aemufxyfvdkif;wGefYwpfck xyf&&ef Copy xyfyGm;yg/

NyD;vQif t½G,ftpm;ao;atmifajymif;NyD; Bwd*Hatmufvdkif;

xdyfydkif;wGif xm;yg/

Ä tuGmta0;wlnDaom vdkif;wGefYrsm;udkxnfh&ef Blend

Tool(W) udk a&G;í Object > Blend > Blend Option rS

wefzdk;rsm;udk ajymif;NyD; vdkif;wGefYwpfckpDay:wGif Click ESdyfNyD;

ajymif;yg/

Ä wHqdyfyHkxnfh&eftwGuf Symbol Palette wGif Sushi

Symbol Library rS xnfhyg/

Ä tpdwftydkif;rsm;pHkvQif tm;vHk;udk Select vkyfNyD;

Object > Group (Ctrl+G) jzifh aygif;yg/

� wm0g'DZdkif;twGuf Pen Tool (P) udk oHk;í pm&Guf

wpfae&mwGif atmufvdkif;yHkpH (2)ck qGJyg/

Ä ta&mifjznfh&ef Swatches Palette rS Neutral 9 Color

xnfhyg/

Ä Bwd*Hatmufvdkif;yHkpHwGif t&pfvdkif;av;rsm;xnfh&ef

Ä Line Segment Tool(\) jzifh vdkif;wpfaMumif;qGJyg/

Ä vdkif;wGefYyHkpHajymif;&ef

Ä Effect > Distort & Transform > Twist udkoHk;NyD;

wefzdk;rsm;ajymif;yg/

= = =


191

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

Ä jywif;aygufyHkpHudk xnfh&ef

Ä Pen Tool (P) udk oHk;í atmufvdkif;yHkpH (2)ck qGJyg/

Ä ta&mifudk twGif;axmifhrSefpwk*HtwGuf White

Black Radil Gradient jc,fyg/

Ä wHcg;aygufxnfh&ef

Ä Rectangle Tool (M) udk oHk;í axmifhrSefpwk*HyHkpH

(3)ck qGJyg/

Ä ta&mifudk ESpfouf&mta&mifjc,fyg/

Ä Ellipse Tool(L)udk oHk;í wHcg;aygufzGifh&ef vuf

udkif t0dkif;yHkpH (2)ck qGJyg/

Ä ta&mifudk ESpfouf&mta&mif jc,fyg/

Ä yGwfvHk;yHkpHqGJ&ef

Ä Pen Tool (P) udk oHk;í atmufvdkif;yHkpH (4)ck qGJyg/

Ä ta&mifudk Neutral9 jc,fyg/

Ä yHkrsm; aygif;pyf&mwGif taetxm;rsm;udk jyefvnf pDpOf

vdkvQif

Ä Object > Arrange

Ä Bring to Front (Shift+Ctrl+])

Ä Bring Forward (Ctrl+])

Ä Bring Backward (Ctrl+[)

Ä Send to Back (Shift+Ctrl+[) pDpOfEdkifonf/

Ä 'dkif;rGef;yHkpHvdkif;rsm;xnfh&ef

Ä Rectangle Tool (M) udk oHk;í axmifhrSefpwk*HyHkpH

(1)ck qGJyg/

Ä ta&mifudk Neutral9 jc,fyg/

Ä Effect>Distort & Transform>Zig Zag udkoHk;NyD;

wef;zdk;rsm;ajymif;yg/

Ä vdkif;ta&twGufjynfhatmif Copy yGm;xnfhyg/

]]tpdwftydkif; tm;vHk;jynfhpHkvQif ae&mrSefuefatmif pDpOf

NyD; Group vkyfay;yg/


uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

� taqmufttHk'DZdkif;twGuf Pen Tool (P) udk oHk;í

taqmufttHkatmufvdkif;yHkpH qGJyg/

Ä ta&mifjznfh&ef Swatches Palette rS Natural 9 Color

xnfhyg/

Ä jywif;aygufrsm;ESifh wHcg;twGuf qGJxm;aomyHkrsm;udk

Copy yGm;xnfhyg/

Ä Mu,fxnfh&ef Symbol Palette rS Celebration Symbol

Library udka&G;í Balloon1 qGJxnfhyg/

Ä jrufcif;xnfh&ef Symbol Palette rS Nature Symbol

Library udka&G;í Grass4 a&G;NyD; Symbol Sprayer Tool

(Shift +S) jzifh zdqGJí xnfhyg/

Ä opfyif? ausmufcJ? rD;Mu,fESifh tjcm;tyifrsm;udk xnfh

&ef Symbol Palette >Nature + Celebration Symbol

Library rsm;rS Grass4, Foliage1,2, Confetti, Firework,

Sparkler, Rock5, Trees2 rsm;jzifh zdqGJí xnfhyg/

Ä Happy New Year 2007 udk a&;&eftwGuf

Ä Vertical Type Tool udk a&G;í Font Name, Font

Size udk pdwfBudKufajymif;yg/

Ä Vertical Type Tool > Type > Type Orientation

> Vertical ajymif;NyD; pm½dkufyg/

Ä tpdwftydkif;tm;vHk;udk select vkyfNyD; Group vkyfyg/

'DZdkif;wGif xyfxnfhvdkaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk xyfxnfhí

jyifqifEdkifygonf/ New Year rSm aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhMuygap/

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jzpfwwfygonf/ Error

message wGif “A fatalexception (XY) has oc-curred in (XXX:XXXXXXXX)” [l jyxm;

&m (XY) onf error code

jzpfNyD; (XXX:XXXXXX)

onf memory address udk

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code rsm;wGif 00, 0E, 0D

ponf oauFwrsm;jzifh jy

um Oyrmtm;jzifh 'Fatal Ex-

ception 0E' onf 0if;'dk;pf

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jzpfonf/ 'Fatal Excep-

tion 0D' onf video dis-

play driver ysufpD;aejcif;

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aMumifh ay:&jcif; jzpfyg

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Fatal Exception error

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Kernel32.dll errorKernel32.dll onf

dynamic-link library udk

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terrupts tcsuftvuf

rsm; yg0ifonf/ uGefysLwm

udk zGifhvdkufaomtcg Win-

dows 98, Me, XP pepfwdkY

onf library tcsuftvuf

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error ay:&jcif; jzpfonf/

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has caused an invalidfault in module KERNEL32.DLL” [lí jyygonf/

tqdkyg tajctaersKd;wGif

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rsm;ysufpD;wwfNyD; registry

settings, BIOS settings

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STOP ErrorStop messages rsm;

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vGefaejcif;aMumifh jzpfí ¤if;

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Blue Screen of Death

(BSoD) ay:&jcif; tay:

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twGif; aqmhzf0J error ay: jcif;

uGefysLwmxJ&dS aqmhzf0J

zdkifwpfckck okdYr[kwf device

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201

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drivers zdkifrsm;aMumifh trSm;

jyóem ay:&jcif;jzpfonf/

trsm;tm;jzifh uGefysLwm

vkyfief;pOfudk &yfqdkif;vdkuf

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udk azmfjywwfonf/

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twGif; [mh'f0J error ay: jcif;

[mh'f0J wpfckck\ vkyf

aqmifcsufonf yHkrSef rjzpf

awmhjcif; odkYr[kwf jzKwf

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rrdjcif; odkYr[kwf tqdkyg

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axmufulrI ray;Edkifjcif;rsm;

onf trSm; jyóemay:

jcif;\ tajccHyif jzpfonf/

txl;ojzifh ¤if; [mh'f0J\

vkyfief;pOfudk &yfvdkuf&ef

nTefMum;wwfNyD; [mh'f0J

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í ppfaq;&ef vdktyfygrnf/

BIOS \ tcsuftvufrsm;

onf acwfay: ypönf;rsm;

twGuf tqifh rrDawmhjcif;?

rcsdwfqufEdkifjcif;ESifh uGef

ysLwm\ a[mif;EGrf;rIrsm;

aMumifhvnf; jzpfwwfonf/

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pOfu [mh'f0Jrsm;udk pepf

wus cs dwfqufapjcif;?

[mh'f'pfudk ppfaq;jcif; vkyf

ief;pOfrsm;yg0ifygonf/ ¤if;

wGif raocsmrIrsm; &dScJhí

trSm;jyóemay:&jcif;vnf;

jzpfonf/ ¤if;twGuf vkyf

ief;pOfudk &yfvdkuf&ygrnf/

4/ Startup errorspepf zdkifrsm; ysufpD;jcif;

aMumifh [mh'f0JESifh [mh'f0J

drivers rsm;udk rSefuefpGm

rcsdwfqufEdkifawmhbJ trSm;

jy&ygonf/ ¤if;twGuf

trSm; jyóem ay:vQif

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pHkwpf&m ay:vQif aqmif&Guf

oifhonfh enf;vrf;rsm;rSm

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'Advanced (tab)' udk a&G;

cs,fNyD; 'Startup and Re-

covery' u@atmuf&dS Set-

tings udk zGifhvdkufyg/ 'Start-

up and Recovery' jrifuGif;

wpfckay:vmNyD; ¤if;\'Sys-

tem Failure' ae&mrS 'Au-

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jzKwfvdkufyg/ NyD;vQif uGefysL

wmudk jyef restart vkyfyg/

tu,fí BSoD jzpfaeao;

u aemufwpfBudrf restart

jyefvkyfpOf F8 uD;udk EdSyfxm;

NyD; safe mode odkY 0ifyg/

¤if;wGif cRwf,Gif;csuf&dSaom

driver zdkifrsm;ESifh ysufpD;ae

aom zdkiftcsKdUudk jyefvnf

jyifqifum csdwfqufygvdrfh

rnf/ ¤if; safe mode onf

yif BSoD jyóemudk rajz

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safe mode odkY jyef0ifNyD;

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configuration' (option)

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configuration' udk a&G;cs,f

vdkufyg/ ¤if;onf WinsXP

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vkyfMunhfaomfvnf; BSoD

jyóemonf &dSaeqJ jzpfyg

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format csí jyefwifMunhf&

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0if;'dk;pfpepfudk jyefvnfwif

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onf/ uGefysLwmudk ydwf

vdkuf&efjzpfí ¤if;onf rSwf

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wwfNyD; hard drive ysufpD;

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vnf; jzpfonf/ device

drivers rsm;aMumifhvnf;

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Properties udk zGifhyg/ ay:

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Blue Screen of Death

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stop message' jzpfonf/

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error' [lívnf; uGefysLwm

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ay;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif Blue

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taMumif;tcsuf trsKd;rsKd;

tay: rlwnfaeí uGefysL

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vice driver rsm;\ tm;enf;

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try ysufpD;jcif;? .DLLs csdwf

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errors rsm;\ tajctaeudk

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blue screen of death onf

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Windows Vista wGif teD

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taMumif;&if;udk &SmazGEdkifonf/ Oyrm tm;jzifh 0Donf 'general protection fault' jzpfí

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Memory address- (rSwfÓPftnTef;)wGif

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wkHYjyef&ef enf;vrf;-

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aqmif&Guf&rnfh enf;vrf; ESpfcsuf &dSaeNyD;wpfcsuf rSm

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onf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;jzifh tqifrajyvQif

Ctrl+Alt+Delete uD;cvkwfrsm;udk EdSyf NyD; uGefysLwmudk

restart jyefvkyf&ef jzpfonf/

BLUE SCREEN OF DEATH qdkonfrSm

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203

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Dialog box \ Title bar

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wGif trSm; jzpfyGm;&onfudk odEdkifonf/ txl;

ojzifh vuf&dS oHk;aeaom y½dk*&rf\ trnf

odkYr[kwf zGifhxm;aom zdkif odkYr[kwf zdkvf'g udk

azmfjyxm;onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh yHkwGif Inter-

net Explorer aMumifh trSm; ay:&onfudk

jyxm;ygonf/ xkdYtjyif trSm; trsKd;tpm;

(type of error) ESifh rnfodkY ajz&Sif;&rnfudk

nTefMum;csufrsm;jzifhvnf; azmfjywwfonf/

owif; tcsuftvuf pmudk,ff-

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tcsuftusOf;rQudk azmfjyxm;NyD; ¤if;trSm;twGuf rnfodkY ajz&Sif;&rnfudkvnf;

jyay; ygonf/ tcsKdUaom trSm; jyóemrsm;twGuf ydkrdk us,fjyefYpGm azmfjyay;

wwfNyD;tqdkygazmfjycsufrsm;udk aocsmpGm zwfoifhygonf/ ¤if;wGif rnfonfh

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rnf? a&SU odkY qufvuf aqmif&Guf&rnfh tcsufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyay;xm;onf/

wkHYjyef ajz&Sif;&rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;- rnfonfh trSm;

jyóemrsm;twGufrqdk wkHYjyef ajz&Sif;Edkifonfh enf;vrf;

rsm; &dSygonf/ tajccH tusqHk; enf;vrf;rSm box wGif jrifae

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onf/ ¤if;xuf tao;pdwfusaom enf;vrf;rsm;wGif Yes,

No ESifh More Info cvkwfrsm;udk EdSyfNyD; vrf;nTefcsufrsm;udk

zwf&ygrnf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh azmfjyxm;aom tcsuftvuf

rsm;wGif pepfonf wnfNidrfrIr&dSaMumif; azmfjyxm;NyD; (1)

'Would you like to proceed anyway?' ar;cGef;twGuf

qufvuf aqmif&GufvdkvQif (2) 'Yes' cvkwfudk EdSyfNyD;? a&SU

rqufvdkvQif (3) 'No' cvkwfudk EdSyf&ef jzpfonf/

trsm;tm;jzifh 'Restart' cvkwfudkEdSyf&ef nTefjywwfygonf/

tao;pdwf ajz&Sif;&ef- Error messages wdkif;wGif

tao;pdwf aqmif&Guf&ef rnTefjywwfyg/ odkYr[kwf ¤if;

twGuf cvkwf rygyg/ tqdkyg 'Details>>' cvkwfudk

zGifhvQif uGefysLwmukwfrsm;udk awGUEdkifNyD; omref uGefysL

wmoHk;olrsm;twGuf rnfodkYrQ em;vnfEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/

¤if; tcsuftvuf? ukwfrsm;onf uGefysLwm ynm&Sifrsm;

twGuf jzpfí oifhtaeESifh print screen zrf;,lxm;um

odkYr[kwf ul;,lum tqdkyg ynm&Sifrsm;odkY jyEdkifygonf/

Blue Screen of

Death (BSoD) wGif txl;

ojzifh oauFwukwfrsm;jzifh

azmfjyxm;aomaMumifh ¤if;

udk em;vnfEdkif&ef BudK;pm;

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¤if; oauFwukwfrsm;

wGif 'FILE_SYSTEM'

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ovdk '0x00000022' [lí

udef;rsm;jzifhvnf; azmfjyay;

xm;ygonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh

'number of error (para-

meter)' ESifh 'name of error'

pepfjzifh jyygonf/

Oyrmtm;jzif h Stop

0x0000000A or IRQL_

N O T _ L E S S _ O R _

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0xA onf vkyfief;pOf ker-

nel-mode odkYr[kwf driver

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tqifrajyjzpf&onfudk qdk

vkdonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh

kernel interrupt request

level (IRQL) onf uGmjcm;

rI &dSaeonf[laom t"dyÜm,f

udk aqmifonf/

Kernel onf 0if;'dk;pf

odkYr[kwf operating sys-

tem wpfckck\ tajccH tus

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vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef

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ief;pOfrsm;udk cGJa0owfrSwf

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uGefysLwmtar;tajz

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ubleshooting Windows

Stop Messages' qdkNyD; ½dkuf

xnfhum &SmazG zwf½IEdkifyg

w,f/

0if;'dk;pfpepfoHk; uGefysL

wmrsm;rSm error ay:&jcif;eJY

ywf ouf vdkY *sme,frSm

tawmfrsm;rsm; a&;cJhayr,fh

]jyóemaygif; aomif;ajcmuf

axmif} qdkovdk &dSaewmrdkY

pdwfauseyfzG,f tajzudkawmh

&Mur,f r[kwfyg/ rnfodkYyif

jzpfap a&SUvxkwf *sme,frsm;

wGif tvsOf;oifhovdk quf

vuf a&;om;ygOD;r,f/

Q

A


uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

3 .2.7 SHOW INPUT DIALOG BOX

Show Input Dialog Box taMumif;udk NyD;cJhwJh Chapter

[2] rSmwkef;u tajccHtm;jzifh ydkYcsay;cJhzl;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

tJ'D sample program rSmwkef;uawmh tajccHtm;jzifh

a&;om;vdkY&w,fqdkwmudkyJ &Sif;jyay;wmyg/ tckvdkrsKd;

package file awGeJY wGJzufNyD;awmh r&Sif;jycJh&ao;ygbl;/

'DawmhtvG,f&Sif;jy&&if Input Dialog Box qdkwmu

awmh user udk question vmar;wJhtcgrSm text.field rSm

Input Data awGudk store vkyfNyD; response vkyfwmygyJ/

Input Dialog Box udk ac:,ltoHk;csr,fqdk&if

ShowInputDialog (Component, Object);

txufyg method udk ac:,ltoHk;cs&rSm jzpfygw,f/

'Dawmh ShowInput Dialog Box xJrSm xnfhoGif; toHk;cs

xm;wJh arguments awGuawmh parent component and

string, 'grSr[kwf components or icon awGudk display

vkyfay;EkdifzdkYtwGuf a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;wJh component

& arguments awGyJ jzpfygw,f/

String response = JOption Pane. show Input Dialog (null, "Enter your name:");

'gqdk&ifawmh InputDialog Box udk zefwD;ac:,lr,fh

tajccHenf;vrf;ygyJ/ String Data type udk toHk;csNyD;awmh

response qdkwJh variable udk aMunmygw,f/ NyD;awmh

JOption Pane Class xJuae toHk;cs&r,fhenf;vrf;jzpfwJh

Show Input Dialog ( ) method udk ac:,ltoHk;csygw,f/

Argument 1 ae&mrSm bmrS xnfhoGif;rxm;wJhtwGufaMumifh

showInputDialog Box [m vmNyD;ay:vm&if Screen

tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm vmNyD;awmhrS Output udk show vkyfay;

rSmyg/ taemufu argument 2 uawmh InputDialog Box

rSm yg0ifapcsifwJh pmom;ygyJ/

uJ 'Dtxd &Sif;NyDaemf/ tjcm; method wpfcktaeeJYqdk&if

awmh show InputDialog ( ) method udk atmufygenf;vrf;

taeeJYvnf; ac:,l toHk;csEkdifygw,f/

Data type Variable_Name

Parent Class(OR)

Object_Name

Call_method argument 1 argument 2

> > > > > >

JAVA DEVELOPER GUIDE


219

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

Show Input Dialog(Component, Object, String, int);

'D method rSmyg0ifwJh First & Second arguments

awGjzpfwJh Component, Object awGuawmh tay:rSm &Sif;jy

cJhwJh method awGygyJ/ uJ aemufxyf yg0ifvmwJh Third &

Fourth arguments awGuawmh

• The title to display in the dialog box title bar.

• One of five class constants describing the type

of dialogbox: ERROR_MESSAGE, INFOR-

MATION_MESSAGE, PLAIN_MESSAGE,

QUESTION_MESSAGE, or WARRNING

_MESSAGE.

qdkNyD;awmh JAVA Developer Guide Book rSm &Sif;jyay;

xm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh tckwifjyxm;wJh second-method udk

tajcjyKNyD;awmh avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&if atmufyg tajccH

code_line taeeJY avhvmvdkY &Ekdifygw,f/

txufyg code_line udk avhvmMunhf&if atmufyg

argument (4) ckpvHk;udk pepfwus toHk;jyKxm;wmudk awGY&

rSmyg/ 'gqdk&ifawmh tajccH method awGudk avhvmNyD;oGm;

NyDqdkawmh ShowInput Dialog ( ) method udk toHk;csNyD;awmh

program wpfyk'favmuf a&;MunfhMu&atmifvm;/

Listing 3.10 Demonstrate the ShowInputDialog ( )

method

1. import javax.swing.*;2. import java. awt.*;3.4. public class dialogs extends JFrame {5. public static void main (string args [ ]) {6. String response;7. response = JOption Pane.ShowInputDialog

(null,8. "Enter your name:") ;9. }10. }

String response = JOption Pane . showInputDialog (null, < ------------------------------- argurment 1

"What is your IIP code?", < ------------------------------- argument 2

"Enter ZIP code", < ------------------------------- argument 3

JOption Pane.QUESTION_MESSAGE); < ------------------------------- argument 4

Analysis1/ vkdif;eHygwf (1) uawmh java &JU swing component

udk ac:,lxm;wJh package file ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (2)

uawmh out component udk ac:,ltoHk;cszdkYxm;wJh

Declare vkyfxm;wJh package ygyJ/ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;

eHygwf (3) uawmh line-spacing csefxm;wmygyJ/ tJ'D

aemuf vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSmawmh primary class dialogs

qdkwmudk zefwD;ygw,f/ Dialogs qdkwJh primary Class

udk zefwD;&mrSm JFrame class udk extends vkyfxm;wm

ygyJ/ 'Dtcsuf[m vHk;0 arhcsefxm;vdkY r&wJh ta&;BuD;

wJh tcsufwpfcsufygyJ/ uJ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (5)

rSmrS main ( ) function udk a&;om;ygw,f/

2/ uJ main ( )function xJrSm a&;om;xm;wmudk avhvm

MunfhMu&atmif/ String Date type udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh

response qdkNyD; variable_Name udk Declare vkyf

ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm response qdkwJh variable_Name

udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh JOption Pane xJu ShowInput

Dialog ( ) method udk ac:,lNyD;awmh toHk;csygw,f/

'g[m tay:rSm &Sif;jycJhovdkygyJ/

response = JOption Pane. showInput Dialog (null , "Enter your name:") ;

2nd argumentis string

variable_Name Class cointainer to call method InClass cointainer

1st argument is null

> > > > >


uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

uJ tJ'Dvdk avhvmvkdufawmhvnf; ShowInputDialog

( ) method [m tvGefvG,fuloGm;ygw,f/ pmzwfol

taeeJYvnf; aemufykdif;rSm tvG,fwul avhvmvdkY

&oGm;rSmyg/ " " Double quote ESpfckMum;u string

jzpfwJh Enter your name qdkwJh ae&mrSm rdrdzefwD;r,fh

program eJY vkdufzufwJh pmom;udk xnfhoGif;a&;om;vdkY

&ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (9) uawmh main ( ) function

&JU close brace } ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (10) uawmh pri-

mary class dialog3 &JU close brace } ygyJ/

uJ program code_line awGudk avhvmNyD;oGm;&ifawmh

tJ'D code_line udk Notepad rSmoGm;NyD; ½dkufoGif;yg/ NyD;awmh

tJ'D File_Name udk dialog3 .Java vdkY trnfay;yg/ tJ'D

File udk a&;om;NyD;awmh Save vkyfxm;yHkudk Figure 3.14

taeeJY avhvmMunfhyg/ owdjyK&rSmuawmh C:\j2sdk

1.4.1_01 \Bin > qdkwJh Class path atmufrSm save vkyf&rSm

aemf/ uJ Figure 3.14 udk avhvmvkdufygOD;/

udk &SmazGNyD;awmh compile jyefvkyfyg/ tJ'DvdkjyefNyD; com-

pile vkyfvdkY Error r&Sdawmhbl;qdk&if atmufygtwkdif; Run

vkyfyg/

java dialog 3 ↵tJ'Dh command udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh Run vdkufw,f

qdk&ifawmh dialog3 vdkY trnfay;xm;wJh program code_file

&JU output [m command line windows <DOS> &JU

tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm [First argument jzpfwJh null argu-

ment aMumifh] vmNyD;awmh Output udk azmfjyay;wmygyJ/

tJ'D Output udk avhvmMunfhvkduf&if uRefawmfwdkY zefwD;

a&;om;vdkufwJh ShowInputDialog ( ) method udk toHk;cs

xm;wJh Input Dialog Box udk awGYjrif&rSmygyJ/ uJ tJ'DyHkudk

Figure 3.14.1 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avh

vmMunfhyg/

uJ Figure 3.14 u a&;om;xm;wJh code_line awGukd

avhvmNyD;&ifawmh tJ'Dh File udk Compile & Run vkyfzdkY&m

twGuf command line windows (DOS) xJudkoGm;yg/

Command Line Windows xJudka&muf&if atmufyg com-

mand eJY CLASSPATH'S udkajymif;yg/

CD C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \Bin ↵uJ'gqkd&ifawmh CLASSPATH'S Directory ajymif;oGm;

rSmyg/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmh atmufyg command line eJY pro-

gram udk compile vkyfyg/

java c dialog3.java ↵tJ'Dvdk compile vkyfNyD;awmh Error uif;oGm;NyDyJ qdkMu

ygpdkY/ Error &SdcJh&ifvnf; a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSmvkdrsKd; Error

Figure 3.14 Write the sample program code_line

in the Notepad.

uJ Figure 3.14.1 rSm a&;jyxm;wJh program output

xGufvmyHkudk avhvmNyD;&ifawmh Analysis vkyfxm;yHkeJY EIdif;

,SOfNyD;awmh jyefvSefavhvmoifhygw,f/ uJ'Dawmh qufvuf

NyD;awmh Index.3.2.8 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;wJh

oifcef;pmudk avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ 3.2.8 [m showInput-

Dialog ( ) method udk Icon oauFweJYwGJzufNyD;awmh OK_

BUTTON eJY CANCEL_BUTTON ESpfckudk toHk;cs a&;

om;xm;wmudk avhvmMunfhMuygpkdY/ 3.2.8 Another way

of show Input Dialog ( ) method vkdY trnfay;xm;yg

w,f/ qufvuf avhvmvkdufygOD;/

Figure 3.14.1 Compile & Run of the dialog 3. java

[ShowInput Dialog Box]


221

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

3.2.8 ANOTHER WAY OF SHOWINPUTDIALOG ( ) METHOD

ShowInput Dialog ( )method eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh

program wpfyk'fudk a&;jyNyD;ygNyD/ qufvufNyD;awmh tjcm;

enf;vrf;wpfckudk toHk;csNyD;awmh ShowInputDialog ( )

method udk toHk;csMunfhMu&atmifvm;/ 'Dawmh a&SUoifcef;

pmrSm &Sif;jycJhwJh ShowInputDialog ( ) taMumif;udk jyefawG;

Munfh&atmif/

String response = JOption Pane. ShowInputDialog

(null,

"What is your ZIP code?",

"Enter ZIP Code" ,

JOption Pane. QUESTION_MESSAGE);

'Dawmh tJ'DrSmygwJh arguments (4) ckae&mrSm rdrd xnfh

oGif;vdkwJh taMumif;t&m /String & Icon tp&SdwmawGudkyg

xnfhoGif; zefwD;vdkY&ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh Listing 3.11 taeeJY

a&;om;xm;wJh program udk avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/

Listing 3.11 Another way of ShowInputDialog ( )method1. import javax. swing.*;2. import java.awt.*;3.4. public class dialog4 extends JFrame {5. public static void main (String args [ ] ) {6. String response;7. response = JOptionPane. ShowInputDialog

(null,8. "What is your ZIP code?",9. "Enter ZIP Code",10. JOption Pane. QUESTION_ MESSAGE) ;11. }12. }Analysis1/ 'D sample program av;udk uRefawmfuawmh Another

way of ShowInputDialog ( ) method vdkY trnfay;

xm;ygw,f/ uJ vkdif;eHygwf (1) eJY (2)uawmh SWING

& AWT Package file ESpfckudk import vkyf ac:,lvdkuf

ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf(3) uawmh Blank Line_Space

csefxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSmuawmh dialog 4

qdkwJh primary class ukd zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D primary

class udk zefwD;&mrSm JFrame Class udk extends vkyf

zefwD;xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh main ( ) function udk

a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dtajctaetxd qdk&if pmzwfol

[m tvG,fwul em;vnfoabmaygufrSmyg/ quf

vuf avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/ vkdif;eHygwf (6) rSmawmh

String data type udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh response qdkNyD;

Variable_Name udk Declare vkyfygw,f/ tck toHk;

jyKr,fh response qdkwJhvariable &SdrSomvQif Equal vkyf

NyD;awmh JOption Pane Class xJu ShowInput

Dialog ( ) method udk ac:,lrSmrdkYvdkYygyJ/ 'Dtxd &Sif;NyD

aemf/

2/ vkdif;eHygwf (7) rSmawmh tay:rSm uRefawmf &Sif;jyay;cJhwJh

Sample code_line av;udk a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;yg

w,f/ 'Dawmh tus,fcsJUr&Sif;jyawmhygbl;/ Code_Line

taeeJYyJ &Sif;jyyghr,f/

7. response = JOption Pane. ShowInputDialog (null,

8. "What is your ZIP Code?",

9. "Enter ZIP code",

10. "JOption Pane. QUESTION_MESSAGE);

pmzwfoltaeeJY owdjyK&rSmuawmh argument code_

line awGudk a&;om;&mrSm comma (,) sign cHNyD;awmh

a&;om;vdkY &ygw,f/ t"dutcsufuawmh Comma

(,) sign eJY Double quote " "ESpfckMum; jzpfzdkYygyJ/

'Dawmh vkdif;eHygwf (10)u a&;om;xm;wJh JOption

Pane QUESTION _MESSAGE aMumifh 'D ShowInput

Dialog ( ) Box rSm QUESTION oauFw Icon av;

yg0ifvmrSmyg/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (9)u "Enter ZIP

code" qdkwJh arguments_string [m InputDialog Box

&JUtay: Title Bar text tjzpf yg0ifvmrSmyg/ 'Dtxd

oabmaygufNyDaemf/ vkdif;eHygwf (8) u "What is

your ZIP code?" qdkwJh arguments_string uawmh

InputDialog Box &JUtwGif; Input TextBox ae&mrSm

yg0ifvmr,fh pmom;ygyJ/ arguments awG olYae&meJYol

tvkyfvkyfwmaMumifh ay:vmwJh Dialog Box yHkpHav;udk

&Sif;NyDaemf/ 1st arguments null aMumifh showInput

Dialog Box [m command line windows (DOS) &JU


uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

tv,fwnfhwnfhrSmvmNyD;awmh Output udk azmfjyay;

rSmyg/ uJ'gqkd&ifawmh code_line awGudk &Sif;NyDaemf/

vkdif;eHygwf (11) uawmh main ( ) function &JU close

brace } ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (12) uawmh primary class

dialog 4 &JU close brace} ygyJ/

'Dawmh tJ'D sample_ program code_line udk Notepad

xJrSmoGm;NyD;awmh a&;om;vkdufygOD;/ tJ'Dvdk a&;om;NyD;awmh

system CLASSPATH's C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \Bin xJrSm

oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh save vkyfyg/ File_Name ukdawmh dia-

log4 vdkY primary CLass_Name twkdif;yJ trnfay;vkdufyg/

tJ'Dvdk code_line awG a&;om;NyD;awmh save vkyfxm;yHkudk

Figure 3.15 taeeJY a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvm

Munfhyg/

C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ Bin > ↵uJ tJ'Dvdk prompt ay:aecsdefrSm atmufyg command

eJY compile vkyfyg/

Note : JAVA Language taMumif;udk uRefawmf cPcP

&Sif;jyzl;ygw,f/ C& C + + ukd tajccHNyD;rS uGmjcm;

csuf wlnDrIawGudk &Sif;jyzl;ygw,f/ C& C + +

Language rSmawmh Ctrl + F9 udk ESdyfNyD; Compile

(odkYr[kwf) Run tp&SdwJh Menu wpfckckudk ac:,l

vkduf&if Output .exe file txd xGufvmwmyg/

Compile NyD;awmh Run tp&SdwmawGudk tqifhqifh

ac:,lp&m rvdkygbl;/ VC + + <visual C + + >

Language rSmuawmh t&ifqHk; Build Menu u

compile command_menu udk awmif;&rSmyg/

Compile vkyfvkdY error r&Sdawmhbl;qdkrS

Build → Make.exe odkYr[kwf Make exe tp&SdwJh

command menu eJY output file ukd .exe taeeJY

wnfaqmuf &,l&wmyg/ C & C + + Language

rSmvdk output .exe file [m wef;xGufrvmygbl;/

JAVA Language uvnf;visual C + + qefqefyg

yJ/ tajccH code_line awGudk a&;om;NyD;awmhrS save

vkyfNyD;&if javac keyword udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh com-

pile vkyf&rSmyg/ error uif;NyDqdkrS Run vkyfNyD;

Output ukd avhvm&wmaemf/

uJ program udk compile vkyf&atmifvm;/

javac dialog4.java ↵tJ'Dvdk compile vkyfvkdufvkdY error &SdcJh&ifvnf; error

ukd &Sif;NyD;awmh Save As vkyfNyD;awmh compile jyefvkyfyg/

uJ error r&Sdawmhbl;qdk&if atmufyg command eJY Run

vkyfyg/

java dialog4 ↵uJ tJ'Dvdk Run vdkuf&ifawmh uRefawmfwkdY a&;om;xm;

wJh program code-line udk trSDjyKNyD; xGufvmwJh Output

program av;jzpfwJh ShowInputDialog Box uav;udk

DOS Windows &JU tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm awGYjrif&rSmyg/

DOS Windows &JU tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm vmay:&jcif;&JU

taMumif;&if;uawmh pmzwfol code-line awGudk Analysis

uJ Figure 3.15 rSma&;om;xm;wJhykH[m NotePad rSm

azmfjyay;xm;wJh program code_line awGygyJ/ Code_Line

awGudk a&;om;NyD;vkdY save vkyfNyD;&if

Start → Program →Accessories → command line

Interface < command- line windows- DOS> xJudk oGm;

yg/ DOS Windows yGifhvm&if

CD C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \ Bin ↵qdkNyD;rS Directory CLASSPATH's udkajymif;yg/ 'Dtcg

rSm prompt oauFw[m atmufygtwkdif; ajymif;vJoGm;

rSmyg/

Figure 3.15 Write the sample program code_line inthe Notepad


223

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

KYAW ZAYAR LAY [ IT ENGINEERING ]

vkyfNyD; avhvmwkef;u Show Input Dialog ( ) method rSm

yg0ifwJh arguments (4) ck &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D arguments (4)

ckxJu 1st argument jzpfwJh null argument aMumifh jzpf

ygw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk owdjyKrdrSmyg/

Note: null argument taMumif;udk C & C + + e,fy,fu

vmwJh programmer awGuawmh em;vnf oabm

ayguf vG,frSmyg/ tu,fí vHk;0 r&Sif;vif;cJh&if

vnf; jyóemr&Sdygbl;/ a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSm oif,l

&r,fh oifcef;pmawGrSm yg0ifvmr,fh null sign

argument awG yg0ifvmrSmygyJ/ NyD;awmh Web ykdif;

qkdif&m JAVA Applet awGus&ifvnf; 'D null ar-

gument taMumif;[m yg0ifvmOD;rSmygyJ/ tckawmh

tvG,f oifcef;pmtaeeJYyJ avhvmxm;vkdufygOD;/

uJ Figure 3.15.1 rSm a&;om;azmfjyxm;wJh Figure u

awmh ShowInput Dialog Box tjzpf Output xGufvmyHkudk

azmfjyay;xm;wmygyJ/ uJ avhvmvkdufygOD;/

uJqufvufNyD;awmh standard Dialog Box tkyfpk0if

awGjzpfwJh Show Message Dialog Box taMumif;udk 3.2

taeeJY qufvuf a&;om; ykdYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ qufvufNyD;

awmh avhvmoif,lvkdufygOD;/ aoaocsmcsm ydkYcsay;xm;yg

w,f/

Figure 3.15.1 Compile & Run of the dialog4 . java

[showInputDialog Box]

yg0gcvkwfudk ajymif;vJjcif;

uGefysLwmudk wpfaeukef oHk;ae&olrsm;twGuf

acwåem;wJh tcsdefrsm;rSm zGifhvkduf ydwfvkdufvkyf&wm

wu,fawmh tcsdefukefNyD; tvkyf½Iyfygw,f/ NyD;&if

aqmhzf0JawG jyefzGifh&wm? zdkifawG jyefzGifh&wmvnf;

tvkyfydkwpfckvdk jzpfaewwfygw,f/ ¤if;twGuf

'Standby' rSm xm;Edkifygw,f/ Start > Settings uae

Control Panel odkY 0ifNyD; 'Performance and Mainte-

nance' udk zGifhyg/ tcsKdU 0if;'dk;pfpepftwGuf 'Perform-

ance and Maintenance' rvdkyg/ xdkYaemuf 'Power

Options' udk zGifhyg/ ¤if;wGif 'Advanced' (tab) odkY

ajymif;um atmufbufu 'When I press the power

button on my computer' ae&mwGif 'Standby' udk &SmNyD;

a&G;cs,f uvpf vkyfvdkufyg/ 'Standby' eJY ydwfxm;NyD;

uGefysLwmudk jyefzGifh&if vuf&dS tvkyfvkyfaewJh

aqmhzf0JeJY zdkifrsm;udk topfjyefzGifh&ef rvdkawmhyg/

'Start' udk pzGifh&mrSm yHkrSef 'Start menu' eJY 'Classic Start

menu' qdkNyD; pwdkifvf 2 rsKd; a&G;cs,fEdkifygw,f/ yHkrSef

'Classic Start menu' rSm Start > Control Panel odkY

wdkuf½dkuf0ifEdkifygw,f/

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January 07

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