Image storing in MYSQL

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Government Engineering College, Hassan 573 201Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belgaum

Seminar on

Storing Images in MySQL Database

4GH09CS034 RAKSHITH.A.C

Under the Guidance of

Mr.Raghu.M.EB.E.M.Tech.

Associate ProfessorDept. of Computer Science & Engineering

Govt.Engneering College, Hassan

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Govt. Engineering College, Hassan

Feburuary 2013



Government Engineering College, Hassan 573 201

Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belgaum

Certificate

Certified that the Seminar titled Storing Images in MySQL Database is a bonafide

work carried out by Rakshith.A.C (4GH09CS034) of the Student in partial fulfillment for

the award of Bachelor Degree in Computer Science and Engineering during the year 2012-

13. It is certified that the Seminar topic Storing images in MySQL Database has

been reported and presented satisfactorily. The report has been approved as it satis-

fies the academic requirements in respect of Technical seminar work prescribed for the

Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

Guide

Mr.Raghu.M.E

Associate Professor

Dept.of CS & E

GEC, Hassan 573 201

Coordinator

Mr.Raghu.M.E

Associate Professor

Dept.of CS & E

GEC, Hassan 573 201

Head of the Department

Dr.K.C.Ravishankar

Professor and Head

Dept.of CS & E

GEC, Hassan 573 201



Acknowledgement

“Acknowledgement - At the outset I express my most sincere grate-

ful thanks to my Seminar Guide, Mr.Raghu.M.E,Associate Professor,

Department of CS & E,GECH, for his continous support and advice not

only during the course of my seminar but also during the period of our stay

in GECH.

I express my gratitude to Dr. K. C. Ravishankar, Professor and Head,

Department of CS & E,GECH for his encouragement and support through-

out my work.

I wish to express my thanks to beloved Dr. Karisiddappa, Principal,GECH for encouragement throughout my studies.

I wish to express my thanks to beloved Mr.Annaiah.H,Assistant Pro-

fessor,Department of CS & E,GECH for encouragement throughout my

seminar.

Finally I express my gratitude to all teaching and non-teaching staff of Dept.

of CSE, Fellow classmates and my parents for their timely support and sug-gestions.

Rakshith.A.C

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents ii

Abstract iv

1 Introduction 11.1 ADVANTAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 DISADVANTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 VPN TYPES 3

2.1 REMOTE ACCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 SITE-TO-SITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 TUNELLING 5

3.1 PRIVATE NETWORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 OUTSOURCE A PRIVATE SITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.3 SHARE AN OUTSOURCED SITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.4 OUTSOURCE A PRIVATE ACCESS SERVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.5 SHARE AN OUTSOURCED ACCESS SERVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.6 STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.7 RFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.8 INTERNET DRAFTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.9 FIREWALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.10 ENCRYPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.11 IPSEC PROTOCOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.12 IPSEC FAVOURING FOR A SECURE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.13 AAA SERVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4 HOW IT WORKS 14

5 Applications 16

5.1 Site-to-Site VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.2 Site-to-Site VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ii



5.3 Remote Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.4 Industries That May Use a VPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6 CONCLUSION 18

References 19

iii



Abstract

This seminar is an introduction to using the blob column data type in

MySQL. The concept is introduced by familiarising users with storing images

in a MySQL table. Definitely a controversial topic in PHP-land, but at least

knowing how to do it will help you make a decision on whether or not its for

you. This argument continues to rage and many lives have been lost trying

to prove that this is a Bad Idea. The facts are, this method of binary storage

is very successful and has many advantages over filesystem storage. Some

advantages are: Referential integrity,Ease of backup,Saving of Inodes,Easy

categorisation,Central point of operations.

Many of the sayers will have you believe that storing of images or otherbinary data creates too much overhead. A large database can be stored on

a RAW partition and in fact be faster as it has no filesystem overhead to

contend with. Some would say that access is slow when SELECTing from

the database.The three methods of access for an image:Access image from

file,Store image in filesystem and store the url in the database,Store the image

in the database.

iv



Chapter 1

Introduction

The world has changed a lot in the last couple of decades.Instead of simply dealing with

local or regional concerns, many businesses now have to think about global markets and

logistics. Many companies have facilities spread out across the country or around the

world, and there is one thing that all of them need: A way to maintain fast, secure and

reliable communications wherever their offices are.Until fairly recently, this has meant

the use of leased lines to maintain a wide area network (WAN). Leased lines, ranging

from ISDN (integrated services digital network, 128 Kbps) to OC3 (Optical Carrier-3,

155 Mbps) fiber, provided a company with a way to expand its private network beyond

its immediate geographic area. A WAN had obvious advantages over a public network

like the Internet when it came to reliability, performance and security. But maintaininga WAN, particularly when using leased lines, can become quite expensive and often rises

in cost as the distance between the offices increases.

As the popularity of the Internet grew, businesses turned to it as a means of extending

their own networks. First came intranets, which are password-protected sites designed

for use only by company employees

A simple VPN model is shown below.

1.1 ADVANTAGES

The primary advantage of a VPN is that it cut cost.Compared to the traditional WAN,VPN

are a cheap way to build global networks,It partially eliminates the modem banks,access

server,phone lines and other types of hardware organizations must install to provide re-

mote access to traditional private networks.To connect two far flung networks,all that is

the dedicated link or backbone between these two networks.Since the Internet is a public

network,cost are shared by all Internet users,resulting in low access cost.

1



STORING IMAGES IN MySQL DATABASE Chapter 1

Another advantage is that network expansion becomes a function of how quickly

one can get a leased data connection to the nearest ISP.For the sharing of networked

resources by business partners is facilitated since the question of incompatible system is

already addressed in the Internet.Remote entry by authorized users with Internet access

is possible.

A well-designed VPN can benefit a company by the following factors.Extend geo-

graphic connectivity;Improve security; Reduce operational costs versus traditional WAN;

Reduce transit time and transportation costs for remote users; Improve productivity;

Simplify network topology; Provide global networking opportunities; Provide telecom-

muter support; Provide broadband networking compatibility and Security.

And forall practical purposes a VPN is a transparent as a traditional WAN.Whatever

can be done on a WAN can be done and a VPN

1.2 DISADVANTAGE

If the level of security provided is insufficient,then it can be hazardeous.Since VPN is

connected to the public network-Internet,it is prone to be hacked.Though all the network

have some basic security-user authentication thru password verification that prevents

such access,they are often insufficient.

Therefore two key security issues are protecting the network from breaking and also

protecting the integrity of data being transmitted and validate the identity of the userover the Internet.This can be achieved by using a combination of encryption, host au-

thentication and protocol tunneling.

Dept Of CS & E, GEC, Hassan 2



Chapter 2

VPN TYPES

We all know WAN is simply the collection of local area networks,each located in geograph-

ically diverse locations connected to each other to form a single network. Leased lines

which were initially used though forms a private network,it ought to be expensive.But

VPN,using the power of the public medium,it helped to create a private connection called

tunnel to switch data from one geographical location to the other.

A VPN provides network to network or remote user to network connectivity via the

encrypted tunnel.Datas must be encapsulated in a IP packet before it can be sent across

a VPN.Network users use various encryption and authentication schemes to provide secu-

rity. Some VPN require specialized hardware,while some may require specialized software

or some both that adds VPN capabilities to firewall,server or router.Since VPN depends critically on the Internet,ISP becomes drivers of VPN technol-

ogy.Therefore organization using VPN becomes dependent on the ISP.If ISP faces band-

width limitation or technical difficulties,the VPN will also face the same.

VPN can be of following types:

• REMOTE ACCESS

• SITE TO SITE

2.1 REMOTE ACCESS

Also called a virtual private dial-up network (VPDN), this is a user-to-LAN connection

used by a company that has employees who need to connect to the private network from

various remote locations. Typically, a corporation that wishes to set up a large remote-

access VPN will outsource to an enterprise service provider (ESP). The ESP sets up a

network access server (NAS) and provides the remote users with desktop client software

for their computers. The telecommuters can then dial a toll-free number to reach theNAS and use their VPN client software to access the corporate network.

3




A good example of a company that needs a remote-access VPN would be a large firm

with hundreds of sales people in the field. Remote-access VPNs permit secure, encrypted

connections between a company’s private network and remote users through a third-party

service provider.

2.2 SITE-TO-SITE

Through the use of dedicated equipment and large-scale encryption, a company can

connect multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the Internet. Site-to-site VPNs

can be either:

Intranet-based - If a company has one or more remote locations that they wish to join

in a single private network, they can create an intranet VPN to connect LAN to LAN.

Extranet-based - When a company has a close relationship with another company

(for example, a partner, supplier or customer), they can build an extranet VPN that

connects LAN to LAN, and that allows all of the various companies to work in a shared

environment.

The following is the examples of the three types of VPN.




Chapter 3

TUNELLING

Virtual Private Network protect tunelled data through a combination of encryption,mutual

host authentication and protocol tunelling.One of the most basic method of protecting

transmitted data is encryption.This involves scrambling the transmitted data using math-

ematical formula,so that even though the data transmission may be intercepted, it cannot

be recovered without the correct key.

Encryption can be either hardware enabled through network devices like routers or

through software.While in the case of software,encryption takes place when you correct

through the tunneling protocol like PTTP,in the case of router encryption it is performed

on the fly.

One of the biggest difficulty encountered over the Internet is identifying the person ora computer at the other end of the wire.This is addressed by the authentication,a process

where the two hosts verify eachother.This can be done through the X.2509 standard digital

certificate which exchanges electronic signatures between the two parties.This electronic

signature is then verified by a trust third party,usually a public-certifying authority or

the company‘s own certificate server.

Alternatively,the host can also verify each other using protocols like Secure Shell(SSH).In

this case the hosts exchange two keys,a host key and a server key.The receiving computer

compares the host key with the keys inthe database. If the keys checks out,the computerat the other end is validated as a genuine case.The PC then generates a session key using

the host an the server key which is used to encrypt data transmission between the two

computers.To ensure a high level of protection,the server key is changed on an hourly

basis.

Finally there is a protocol tunneling.When data is transmitted on a network in the

form of packets,the header-which gives information on the packet source,destination and

number of packets transmitted- is in text format.The information can be used by hackers

to gain access to either the system or the data being transmitted.Protocol tunneling

takes data packets,encrypts them and then encapsulates them again in another clear

5




text packet.This ensures that even if data transmission is intercepted the original header

information is not available.Once these packets reach their destination,a router equipped

with encryption and decryption capabilities decrypts the packet restoring the original

data packets.

3.1 PRIVATE NETWORKS

The too old trend or large companies to have own fully private dial in networks(completely

with modem banks,access servers and technical service personnel deployed at each com-

pany sites is being reversed as the presence of Internet access site makes it attractive to

use the resources offered by the Internet service providers(ISP).Such outsourcing allows

employees to dial-in to an access server at a nearby ISP site and send packets over the

Internet router for delivery to their Co. home networks.The very router vendor who

provide VPN tunnels between permanent Co. sites are also competing for the stage to

provide VPN tunnels for dial-in users as well.But they are handicapped in the solution

they can offer because they model tunnels as router-to-router constructs though there‘s

no router at the user end.If these vendors are to have a share in the outsourcing of a

company‘s dial-in service,this has to be achieved using one of the following models:

• Outsource a private site

•

Share an outsourced site

• Outsource a private access server

• Share an access server

3.2 OUTSOURCE A PRIVATE SITE

A company desiring to outsource its access responsibility can ask an ISP to manage a

site for it.ISPs themselves generally put their own dial-up equipment in the locations

are termed as points of presence(POP).Under this model,a company may enter into a

contract with the ISP to establish private POPs for its employees.This really moves the

company‘s private dial-up equipment to the site which is managed by the ISP.

If the resources of a POP are dedicated to a single company,then the POP is not

different from a remote company site,and therefore the same routing equipment used at

the company‘s headquarters can be used at the POP.Since the site is private,all packets

at the site can be in the clear.Tunnels only run between the router at the POP and the

router at the company‘s headquarters.

This approach offloads the access responsibility to the ISP, but it is likely to be more

expensive than any other option because equipment cost are not shared.It has the furtherDept Of CS & E, GEC, Hassan 6




disadvantage that it require private facilities at as many POP as needed to provide local

access to employees. Such an arrangement also locks employees.

Finally, an ISP has to manage a list of authorized user name and password on behalf

of the company to help control access to the private site.All this necessitates that a very

close relationship exists between the outsourcing company and the ISP for this model to

succeed.In this model,if the company employees want to simultaneously access company

and Internet resources,they tunnel to the company ,and then venture out to the Internet

as though they were initiating contact from their place of work.

3.3 SHARE AN OUTSOURCED SITE

This model is an extension of the previous one in that a number of companies enter into

a contract with an ISP to avail of the latters access service not privately, but in a shared

manner. The major benefit, of course. is the resulting cost saving for the outsourcing

company. In this model, we presume that each company using the shared site provides a

router to tunnel its private traffic back to its headquarters.

If the equipment at the POP is not dedicated to a single company, the shared access

server and LAN element need to be trusted, since company packets will be vulnerable on

their way to and from the companys dedicated router. Such packets are exposed to ISP

personnel at the site, and are subject to routing misadventures that expose them more

generally to the entire Internet, and in particular to other companies who have their ownencrypting routers on the POPs shared LAN. If access servers are shared then user and

password databases will be co-mingled at the site, and the access server software will

have to be careful enough to direct all packets from a given dial-in port to the one and

only one tunneling router. If packets go through the wrong tunnel, They will end up at

the wrong headquarters.

In this model, users cannot go through their tunnel to work, and then on to the

Internet without running the risk that their return packets will be routed back through

a wrong tunnel. This means that an Internet access all tunneling routers at the siteare exposed to an arbitrary Internet packet traffic. This makes security considerations

a major issue for outsourcing companies, and hence this model is not workable in many

scenarios.

3.4 OUTSOURCE A PRIVATE ACCESS SERVER

The previous models are not very attractive in that they are expensive, restrictive, and in

some cases not very secure. They treat the ISP as a trusted extension of the outsourcing

company. Though site outsourcing may make sense in certain situations, it is not likely





to become a common practice. Site outsourcing may not be favoured by router vendors,

except when they can sell a bunch of new routers to ISPs. All this brings us to another

approach.

Instead of beginning the tunnel at the site router on behalf of all access servers with

the ISP, it should be possible to begin a tunnel at each access server. This way, packets

received at a dial-in port can be encrypted and encapsulated, and thus enter the tunnel

before leaving the server so that they are never in the clear on the ISP LAN. Placing the

tunnel function in the access server is such a compelling improvement over the earlier two

models that it has received a focalattention of all vendors. It has also provided the impetus

for many new or proposed standards that may offer a multivendor interoperability for

server-router tunnels.

This model assumes that an outsourcing company asks an ISP to deploy some access

servers at each POP, and dedicate them for the companys employees. The phone numbersof these dedicated resources are made available only to company personnel. Of course,

the ISP must know employee names and passwords so as to guard access to these servers,

but if the servers are effectively protected, the company does not have to worry about

uses on other servers getting into one of their tunnels. Under this scheme, new codes are

required for both access servers and the HQ (headquarters) router.

This is because, among other things, there is more than one tunnel from all ISP sites.

The router itself becomes just another dial-in server, having logical ports in place of

physical ports. Each tunnel terminates at one of the routers logical ports, and from therethe de-encapsulated, decrypted packets are gated on to the company LAN. To distinguish

such a logical access server from routers, an increasingly popular term home gateway is

being used. Almost all of these server-to-home gateway tunneling schemes are direct

outgrowths of ubiquitous PPP (point-to point protocol) schemes used for exchanging

packets between desktops and access servers over telephone lines.

In tunneling schemes, the access server and the home gateway assume the roles played

in PPP by the dialing desktop and the dialedaccess server respectively. Tunnel protocols

allow for the user name and password originally collected by the ISP to be forwarded

to the home gateway so that the company can perform user authentication if it wants

to. However, the access server must not only perform the new tunnel functions, but also

IPX and Appletalk encapsulation functions (these funny packets must be handled on

the PPP link with the user. but are encapsulated in IP packets so that they never hit

the ISP LAK). Also the company itself must worry about providing full service desktop

software to all its employees as before. It is possible for employees to have two different

accounts with the ISP so that they can alternately receive tunnel, or clear Internet service.

Current approaches do not offer a way to support both tunnelled and clear traffic services

simultaneously.





3.5 SHARE AN OUTSOURCED ACCESS

SERVER

Because the new access servers are able to establish tunnels on behalf of each dial-in

port, there is no reason why each tunnel cannot go to a different home gateway. Home

gateways can be selected on the basis of user identity as authenticated by the ISP, and

so tunnels from a single access server can go to different companies at the same time.

Economy apart, this functionality is not necessarily any better than the prior scheme,

and may be inferior in many ways. For example. in this model, company authentication

data does need to be held by the ISP, and access servers need to be trusted more than

ever before. In additionuntil tunneling protocols are truly interoperable, it may not be

possiblefor access serves from vendor A to talk to home gateways from vendor B. This

implies many constraints for ISPs in the deployment of servers and allocation of phone

numbers, modem types, etc

chapterVPN PROTOCOLS

The term VPN has taken on many different meanings in recent years. VPNC has a white

paper about VPN technologies (PDF format) that describes many of the terms used in

the VPN market today. In specific, it differentiates between secure VPNs and trusted

VPNs, which are two very different technologies.

For secure VPNs, the technologies that VPNC supports are

• IPsec with encryption

• L2TP inside of IPsec

For trusted VPNs, the technologies that VPNC supports are:

• MPLS with constrained distribution of routing information.

IPsec is by far the most dominant protocol for secure VPNs. L2TP running under IPsec

has a much smaller but significant deployment. For trusted VPNs, the market is split on

the two MPLS-based protocols.

3.6 STANDARDS

The various VPN protocols are defined by a large number of standards and recommenda-

tions that are codified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). There are many

flavors of IETF standards, recommendations, statements of common practice, and so on.

Some of the protocols used in IPsec are full IETF standards; however, the others are

often useful and stable enough to be treated as standard by people writing IPsec soft-ware. Neither of the trusted VPN technologies are IETF standards yet, although there





is a great deal of work being done on them to get them to become standards.

3.7 RFCThe IETF codifies the decisions it comes to in documents called ”Requests For Com-

ments”. These are almost universally called by their acronym ”RFCs”. Many RFCs are

the standards on which the Internet is formed.

The level of standardization that an RFC reaches is determined not only by how good

the RFC is, but by how widely it is implemented and tested. Some RFCs are not solid

standards, but they nonetheless document technologies that are of great value to the

Internet and thus should be used as guidelines for implementing VPNs. For the purpose

of defining VPNs, any protocol that has become an IETF Request For Comments (RFC)

document can be treated as some what of a standard. Certainly, any IPsec-related RFC

that has been deemed to be on the IETF ”standards track” should certainly be considered

a standard.

3.8 INTERNET DRAFTS

Before a document becomes an RFC, it starts out as an Internet Draft (often called ”IDs”

or ”I-Ds”). IDs are rough drafts, and are sometimes created for no other benefit thanto tell the Internet world what the author is thinking. On the other hand, there is often

very good information in some IDs, particularly those that cover revisions to current

standards.

Some Internet Drafts go along for years, but are then dropped or abandoned; others

get on a fast track to becoming RFCs, although this is rare. Internet Drafts are given

names when they first appear; if they become RFCs, the I-D name disappears and an

RFC number is assigned.

It should be emphasized here that it is unwise to make any programming decisionsbased on information in Internet Drafts. Most IDs go through many rounds of revisions,

and some rounds make wholesale changes in the protocols described in a draft. Further,

many IDs are simply abandoned after discussion reveals major flaws in the reasoning that

lead to the draft.

That being said, it is worthwhile to know which IDs pertain to areas of interest. The

following is a list of the IDs that are related to Internet mail. Some of these drafts will

likely become RFCs in the months or years to come, possibly with heavy revision; some

will be merged with other drafts; others will be abandoned.

chapterVPN SECURITY





A VPN uses several methods for keeping your connection and data secure:

3.9 FIREWALLS

A firewall provides a strong barrier between your private network and the Internet. You

can set firewalls to restrict the number of open ports, what type of packets are passed

through and which protocols are allowed through. Some VPN products, such as Cisco’s

1700 routers, can be upgraded to include firewall capabilities by running the appropriate

Cisco IOS on them. You should already have a good firewall in place before you implement

a VPN, but a firewall can also be used to terminate the VPN sessions.

If you have been using the Internet for any length of time, and especially if you work

at a larger company and browse the Web while you are at work, you have probably use

firewall. For example, you often hear people in companies say things like, I can’t use that

site because they won’t let it through the firewall.If you have a fast Internet connection

into your home (either a DSL connection or a cable modem), you may have found yourself

hearing about firewalls for your home network as well. It turns out that a small home

network has many of the same security issues that a large corporate network does. You

can use a firewall to protect your home network and family from offensive Web sites and

potential hackers.

Basically, a firewall is a barrier to keep destructive forces away from your property. In

fact, that’s why its called a firewall. Its job is similar to a physical firewall that keeps a

fire from spreading from one area to the next.

3.10 ENCRYPTION

This is the process of taking all the data that one computer is sending to another and

encoding it into a form that only the other computer will be able to decode. Most

computer encryption systems belong in one of two categories:

• Symmetric-key encryption

• Public-key encryption

In symmetric-key encryption, each computer has a secret key (code) that it can use to

encrypt a packet of information before it is sent over the network to another computer.

Symmetric-key requires that you know which computers will be talking to each other

so you can install the key on each one. Symmetric-key encryption is essentially thesame as a secret code that each of the two computers must know in order to decode the





information. The code provides the key to decoding the message.For example: You create

a coded message to send to a friend in which each letter is substituted with the letter

that is two down from it in the alphabet. So ”A” becomes ”C,” and ”B” becomes ”D”.

You have already told a trusted friend that the code is ”Shift by 2”. Your friend gets

the message and decodes it. Anyone else who sees the message will see only nonsense.

The sending computer encrypts the document with a symmetric key, then encrypts the

symmetric key with the public key of the receiving computer. The receiving computer

uses its private key to decode the symmetric key. It then uses the symmetric key to

decode the document.

Public-key encryption uses a combination of a private key and a public key. The private

key is known only to your computer, while the public key is given by your computer

to any computer that wants to communicate securely with it. To decode an encrypted

message, a computer must use the public key, provided by the originating computer, andits own private key. A very popular public-key encryption utility is called Pretty Good

Privacy (PGP), which allows you to encrypt almost anything. You can find out more

about PGP at the PGP site.

3.11 IPSEC PROTOCOL

3.12 IPSEC FAVOURING FOR A SECURE

SYSTEM

Internet Protocol Security Protocol (IPSec) provides enhanced security features such as

better encryption algorithms and more comprehensive authentication. IPSec has two

encryption modes: tunnel and transport. Tunnel encrypts the header and the payload of

each packet ginwhile transport only encrypts the payload. Only systems that are IPSec

compliant can take advantage of this protocol. Also, all devices must use a common key

and the firewalls of each network must have very similar security policies set up. IPSec

can encrypt data between various devices, such as:

• Router to router

• Firewall to router

• PC to router

• PC to server





3.13 AAA SERVER

AAA (authentication, authorization and accounting) servers are used for more secure

access in a remote-access VPN environment. When a request to establish a session comes

in from a dial-up client, the request is proxied to the AAA server. AAA then checks thefollowing:

• Who you are (authentication)

• What you are allowed to do (authorization)

• What you actually do (accounting)

The accounting information is especially useful for tracking client use for security auditing,

billing or reporting purposes.




Chapter 4

HOW IT WORKS

To make use of the VPN, the remote user’s workstation must have the VPN client soft-

ware installed. A firewall sits between a remote user’s workstation or client and the host

network or server. When connection to the corporate network is attempted, the VPN

client software will first connect to the VPN server by means of a tunneling protocol. Af-

ter the remote computer has been successfully authenticated, a secure connection (secret

tunnel) between it and the VPN server will then be formed as all subsequent data being

exchanged through this tunnel will be encrypted at the sending end and correspondingly

decrypted at the receiving end of the tunnel. As such, the network tunnel between them,

even though established through the un-trusted Internet, is still considered secure enough

that the remote computer can be trusted by local computers on the corporate LAN.In short, you connect to the Internet through your ISP. The VPN client software on your

computer initiates a connection with the VPN server. The VPN server encrypts the data

on the connection so it cannot be read by others while it is in transit. The VPN server

decrypts the data and passes it on to other servers and resources.

For better security, many VPN client programs can be configured to require that all IP

traffic must pass through the tunnel while the VPN is active. From the user’s standpoint,

this means that while the VPN client is active, all access outside their employer’s secure

network must pass through the same firewall as would be the case while physically con-nected to the office ethernet. This reduces the risk that an attacker might gain access

to the secured network. Such security is important because other computers local to the

network on which the client computer is operating may not be fully trusted. Even with

a home network that is protected from the outside internet by a firewall, people who

share a home may be simultaneously working for different employers over their respective

VPN connections from the shared home network. Each employer would therefore want

to ensure their proprietary data is kept secure, even if another computer in the local

network gets infected with malware. And if a travelling employee uses a VPN clientfrom

a Wi-Fi access point in a public place, such security is even more important. However,

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the use of IPX/SPX is one way users might still be able to access local resources.




Chapter 5

Applications

5.1 Site-to-Site VPNs• Large-scale encryption between multiple fixed sites such as remote offices and central

offices

• Network traffic is sent over the branch office Internet connection

• This saves the company hardware and management expenses

5.2 Site-to-Site VPNs

5.3 Remote Access

• Encrypted connections between mobile or remote users and their corporate networks

• Remote user can make a local call to an ISP, as opposed to a long distance call to

the corporate remote access server.

• Ideal for a telecommuter or mobile sales people.

• VPN allows mobile workers telecommuters to take advantage of broadband connec-

tivity. i.e. DSL, Cable

5.4 Industries That May Use a VPN

• Healthcare: enables the transferring of confidential patient information within the

medical facilities health care provider

• Manufacturing: allow suppliers to view inventory allow clients to purchase online

safely16




• Retail: able to securely transfer sales data or customer info between stores the

headquarters

• Banking/Financial: enables account information to be transferred safely within de-

partments branches

• General Business: communication between remote employees can be securely ex-

changed




Chapter 6

CONCLUSION

As the cost of setting up the global network is prohibitively costly for small and medium

sized business,Virtual private network offers cheap way to build WAN.The problems

accomplished by VPN concerns security and performance. The standardization of VPN

technology will lead to its wide spread use among network users A virtual private network

(VPN) allows the provisioning of private network services for an organization or orga-

nizations over a public or shared infrastructure such as the Internet or service provider

backbone network. The shared service provider backbone network is known as the VPN

backbone and is used to transport traffic for multiple VPNs, as well as possibly non-VPN

traffic. VPN provides you a secure channel between your local computer and a computer

at the remote location.The network user can access this from any part of the world provided internet connection

and accessibility to the resources is available.

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References

[1] Ramez Elmasri,ShamKant B.Navathe,“Fundamental Database System”,Addison-

Wesley,2009.

[2] Navathe.S,“An initative approaches to Database”,Pearson,2002.

[3] Ramez Elmasri,Navathe.S,Sashidhar.N,“Database System”,Pearson,2002.

”http://www.mysql.co.in“

”http://www.xampp.co.in“

[4] Rastogi, B. K. and. Jaiswal, R. K. An introduction to MySQL -Addison Wisley-1999.

[5] ”http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/xampp“

”http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/mysql“

http://forums.mysql.com/

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Image storing in MYSQL

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