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python 6.5

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python 6.5:

6.5.1 6.5.2

6.5.3 6.5.4

6.5.5 6.5.6

modules/packages 6.5.7 6.5.8

6.5.1 . byte code ( ) python

redhat-config-* OOP

}{

.

#!/usr/bin/python# hello.py - My 1st python applicationprint "Hello World!!"

;

#

script

"

"

. \ .

#!/usr/bin/python# quoting.py - quoted strings in pythonprint "you can put ' in side double quotes without a escape"print "you can't put \" in side double quotes without a escape"print 'you can put " in side single quotes without a escape'print 'you can\'t put \' in side single quotes without a escape'# \X1b ,\x1b, \X1B or \x1B (hex for ESC) and \033 for oct ESCprint "Visit us on \033[34,4mwww.daif.net/linux\033[0m"print 'Do \033[1mNOT\033[0m ignore \033[5mme\033[0m.'# put r or R in front of a quote to make it raw# in such case \n mean \n not new lineprint 'backslashs need to be esaped like "C:\\windows\\fonts"'print r'backslashs need NOT to be esaped in raw quotes like "C:\windows\fonts"'# two adjacent strings are like if they are one stringprint "what " "is " "your name ?"print ''' W E L C O M E T O 3 Q U O T E SThis type of quoting allow you to put " and ' or even "" withoutescaping, it can be a multi-line string without puting escapednewlines, it's very usefull for CGI too.'''print """ W E L C O M E T O 3 D O U B L E Q U O T E SSame as the previous but with double quotes"""

integers Python27 0x1B ( x ) - ( ) long-integers

L (bc ) long 033

.27 ( ) .0xFFFFFFFEl l

J

(

)

0.3x10+9

0.3e+9

e

0.3+1.9j j

`` string conv ltr

{} dictionary ltr

-

LinuxTodayLinux.org

Linux.comSlashDot

FreshMeatLWN.net

( )

:

:

(

)

:

Ubuntu . .

:

:

:

:// http

Webwww.cltb.net

Google

Django Developerwww.allengeer.com

Expert Django Developer Allen Geer,

Software Engineer

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[] list ltr

() tuple ltr

() functions call ltr

[:] slicing ltr

[ ] subscript access ltr

. member access ltr

** rtl

~ ltr

+ - (

)

rtl* / %

ltr

+ - ltr

> ltr

&

'

' ltr

^ ( ( ltr

| ^ ltr

< > =

== != ltr

is ,is not ltr

in ,not in ltr

not

ltr

and ltr

or ltr

lambdalembda ( define/inline )

myfoo(x,y): x+yltr

perl printf print print print

#!/usr/bin/python# print.py - some print tricksprint "Hello ",

print "World!!"# print can do printf just put %print "look %8.3f" % 15.

( ( $ . float int

#!/usr/bin/python# var1.py - how to use variablesmsg1 = "Hi! How are you today?"print "/\" * 10print msg1print "\/" * 10

i = int(10.5)j = int("3")

k = i/jprint "i = ", i, ",j = ", j, ",k = ", ka = float(10.5)b = float("3")c = a/bprint "a = ", a, ",b = ", b, ",c = ", c

. raw_input

#!/usr/bin/python# user-input.py - how to get input from the user.nm=raw_input("Enter your name: ")print "Hi", nmi=int(raw_input("Enter an integer: "))j=int(raw_input("Enter an integer: "))

print " i + j =",i+jprint " i - j =",i-jprint " i * j =",i*jtry:print " i / j =",i/jexcept:print "Can't divide by zero!!"print "nice to meet you ",nm

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except ( ) try Python

raise . ...[[EXCEPTIONS. ...[[EXCEPTIONS

#!/usr/bin/python# python and exception handlingx=10try:v=float( raw_input("Enter the speed: ") )

except:print "Error , you should enter a float number"print vtry:print x/vexcept ZeroDivisionError:print "Error , can't divide by zero"

Python Tutorial td python cheatsheet Python Quick Reference html python

6.5.2

TAB

:

python

block

}{

elif : ( ) if if . else

#!/usr/bin/python# if1.py - simple ifi=int(raw_input("Enter an integer: "))# if the remainder is not zero then it's oddif (i % 2):print i," is odd"else:print i," is even"

#!/usr/bin/python# if2.py - more about ifi=int(raw_input("Enter an integer less than 4 : "))if (i == 1):print "one"elif (i == 2):print "two"elif (i == 3):print "tree"else:print i," is NOT less than 4"

for-in

#!/usr/bin/python

for i in (0,1,2,3,4,5):print ifor i in range(5):print i

while

#!/usr/bin/pythoni=1while (i


4/12

while (d>=1): if ( x % d) == (y % d) == 0 : return d else: d-=1a=int( raw_input("Enter a +ve integer: ") )b=int( raw_input("Enter a +ve integer: ") )print "The greatest common divisor is", \gcd(a,b)

euler

. =

#!/usr/bin/python# default-arg.py - how to give an argument a default valuedef test(a="Hello",b="world"):print a,", ",b,"!!"test("Hi","Ahmad")test()test(b="Ahmad")

6.5.3

Tuple List 3 Sequence array String

. ][ . -2 :

#!/usr/bin/python# a is an arraya=[1,2,3,4,5]# you may say a=(1,2,3,4,5) or a=1,2,3,4,5print "a = ",aprint "the 1st one is ",a[0]print "the last one is ",a[-1]

print "the 2nd to 4th elements are ",a[1:3]print "from the 2nd ",a[1:]print "to the 4th ",a[:3]print "a = ",a[:]# strings are arrays="Amman"print "Am[man] : ",s[2:]

max min len

#!/usr/bin/python# mean.py - calculate the mean of integersa=[]while (1):i=int( raw_input("Enter an integer (-1 to exit): ") )if (i==-1): breaka.append(i)print "you entered : ",aprint " max=",max(a),print " mix=",min(a)s=0for i in a:s+=iprint " sum=",s,print " sum=",float(s)/len(a)

append

LIST.[i:j]=LIST2LIST2 LIST j i /

LIST.append(X)LIST X

LIST.extend(LIST2)LIST LIST2

LIST.insert(I,LIST2)I LIST LIST2

LIST.index(X) LIST X

LIST.count(X)LIST X

del LIST.[i:j]LIST j i

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LIST.pop([I]) LIST I

LIST.remove(X)LIST X

LIST.reverse()

LIST.sort([FUNC])1 0 -1 FUNC LIST

( ) tuple

#!/usr/bin/python# A tuple is a const array you can only addaTuple=(3.0,"two",1)

print "the second is", aTuple[1]aTuple+=(0,)print "it's now", aTuple

arrays : }{ .

dict1={1 : "first","two" : "second"}

hash

# A dictionary is a hash (array accessed by a key)aDict={"key1":"val1","key2":"val2","key3":"val3"}

for item in aDict.keys():print aDict[item], # to keep in the same lineprint # to end the line

methods

len(DICT)DICT

del DICT[KEY]DICT

KEY

DICT.clear()

DICT.value()DICT

DICT.items()(KEY,VALUE) DICT

DICT.keys()DICT

DICT.has_key(KEY)KEY

6.5.4

import string string module Python

STR.upper()

STR.lower()

STR.swapcase()

STR.title()

STR.capitalize()

STR.strip()STR

TAB

STR.lstrip()STR

TAB

STR.rstrip()STR TAB

STR.expandtabs([TABSIZE]) TABSIZE STR TAB

STR.ljust(W)W STR

STR.rjust(W)W STR

STR.center(W)W STR

STR.count(SUB[,START[,END]])STR SUB

STR.find(SUB[,START[,END]])( 1 )- STR SUB

STR.index(SUB[,START[,END]])try STR SUB

STR.rfind(SUB[,START[,END]]) find

STR.rindex(SUB[,START[,END]])

index

STR.replace(OLD,NEW[, MAX])NEW OLD

STR.isalnum() STR

STR.isalpha() STR

STR.digit() STR



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STR.islower() STR

STR.isupper() STR

STR.istitle() STR

STR.isspace() STR

STR.startswith(PREFIX[,START[,END]])PREFIX STR

STR.endswith(SUFFIX[,START[,END]])SUFFIX STR

STR.split([SEP[,MAX]]) SEP STR

STR.splitlines([keepends]) STR

STR.join(SEQ)STR

SEQ

split

STR.encode([ENCODING[,ERRORS]]) ENCODING

STR.translate(TABLE[,DELCHARS])STR TABLE

perl printf %

a="you have %05d trials." % 15print a

. import re . RE python : .

RE

re.escape(STR)\

STR escape

re.compile(PAT[,FLAGS=0])re.S re.M re.L re.I 0 FLAGS PAT

| re.X

re.match(PAT,STR[,FLAGS]) STR PAT

re.search(PAT,

STR[,FLAGS]) STR PAT

re.findall(PAT,STR)

re.sub(PAT,NEW,

STR[,COUNT=0]) NEW .STR NEW PAT

re.subn(PAT,NEW,

STR[,COUNT=0]) .

re.split(PAT,STR[,MAX=0])

.PAT

STR. compile

CPAT.match(STR[,POS][,ENDPOS])

CPAT.search(STR[,POS][,ENDPOS])

CPAT.findall(STR)

CPAT.sub(NEW, STR[,COUNT=0])

CPAT.subn(NEW, STR[,COUNT=0])

CPAT.split(STR[,MAX=0])

( ( match

pos index

endpos. index

re

string

#!/usr/bin/python# python and RE'simport restr1="This is a string and it's a good string"myre1=re.compile(r"^This") # a line starts with "This"myre2=re.compile(r"\b\w*ood\b") # a word end's with oodmyre3=re.compile(r"\bt\w*\b,",re.I) # a word start's with t or T (case insensitive)if (myre1.search(str1)):print "RE 1 ws found"if (myre2.match(str1)):print "RE 2 ws found"if (myre3.match(str1)):print "RE 3 ws found"r=myre3.findall(str1)print "number of RE 3 matches is ", len(r)print "and they are"for i in rprint i,



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print

\A. \b

\B.[0-9] \d

.[^0-9] \D.[ \t\n\r\f\v] \s

.[^ \t\n\r\f\v]

\S( ) \w. \W

. \Z

6.5.5

execfile(FILENAME)FILENAME

eval(STR)3 "( eval("1+2 STR

input([PROMPT])raw_input([PROMPT])

.

PROMPT

.

range(START [,END[,STEP]])

STEP

END

START

xrange(START

[,END[,STEP]]) STEP END START

slice([START,] END

[,STEP]) STEP END START ?! slice

xrange(START

[,END[,STEP]]) STEP END START

reduce(FUNC,LIST) LIST FUNC

len(OBJ)OBJ

min(LIST)max(LIST)LIST

cmp(X,Y)X-Y 1 0 -1

abs(X)X

round(X,N=0)

N

X

pow(X,Y[,Z])

Z

Y

X

div(X,Y) X/Y

chr(N)N

ord(C)

.

C

str(OBJ) OBJ

int(OBJ) OBJ

long(OBJ) OBJ

float(OBJ)float OBJ

oct(X) X

hex(X)-

X

complex(X,Y)X+Yj

list(SEQ) SEQ

tuple(SEQ). tuple SEQ

filter(FUNC,SEQ) FUNC SEQ

6.5.6

FILENAME (['open([FILENAME [,MODE='r ( ) ( ) MODE

print [>> FILEOBJ,] [STR1 [,

STR2 ]... [,]( ) F

F.read([SIZE])( ) SIZE

F.readline()

F.write(STR) STR

F.readlines()

F.writelines(LIST) LIST



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F.seek(OFFSET[,WHENCE=0]) OFFSET

. 2 1 0 WHENCE

F.tell()

F.flush() buffer

F.close()

F.fileno()os fd

F.isatty()TTY

modules/packages

6.5.7

import MODULE

. .string (dir(MODULE

sys

sys.argv [sys.argv[0

.

sys.exit(N=0)

sys.exitfunc

sys.platformos.name ( )

sys.maxint

sys.setdefaultencodin(ENCODING)

ENCODING

sys.getrecursionlimitsys.setrecursionlimit(N)

os

os.name

os.error

os.curdir"." -

os.pardir".." -

os.sep"/" "\\" -

os.sep":" ";" - PATH

os.linsep"n "\ "r\n "\ -

os.environPATH -

os.environ["PATH"]

os

([os.mkdir(PATH[,MODEos.makedirs(PATH,[MODE=0777])

MODE PATH

(os.rmdir(PATHos.removedirs(PATH)

PATH

(os.unlink(PATHos.remove(PATH)

( ) PATH

os.rename(OLDNAME,NEWNAME)shutil NEWNAME OLDNAME /

os.chdir(PATH)os.getcwd()( cd pwd )

os.listdir(PATH

)PATH

os.chmod(PATH,MODE)PATH

os.stat(PATH)st_mtime st_atime st_size PATH

st_gid st_uid st_ino st_ctime

os.utime(PATH, (A,M) )

M

A PATH

os.times()time

os.open(FILE,FLAG, MODE) fd

os.read(FD, N)N FD

os.write(FD, STR)FD STR

os.lseek(FD, POS,WHENCE)2 1 0 WHENCE POS FD

os.close(FD)

os._exit(N)sys.exit -

-

os.execv(PATH, ARGV)fork . ARGV PATH

os.system(COMMAND)shell COMMAND

os.pipe() w r -

os.fork() /



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os.popen(COMMAND,[MODE='r']) shell COMMAND

os.getpid()

os.wait()

os.waitpid(PID,OPTIONS)PID

os.kill(PID,SIGNAL) kill

os path

os.path.dirname(PATH)PATH

os.path.basename(PATH)PATH

os.path.split(PATH)

PATH

os.path.splitext(PATH) PATH

os.path.abspath(PATH)".." PATH

os.path.expanduser(PATH)PATH "~"

os.path.expandvars(PATH)PATH

"$VAR"

os.path.exists(PATH)PATH

os.path.isabs(PATH) PATH

os.path.isdir(PATH)/ PATH

os.path.islink(PATH)PATH

os.path.ismount(PATH)

PATH

os.path.join(P1[,P2[,...]])(

os.sep

)

.. P2

P1

os.path.getsize(FILENAME)FILENAME

os.path.getmtime(FILENAME)1970 FILENAME

os.path.getatime(FILENAME)1970 FILENAME

shutil

shutil.copy(SRC, DEST)( ) DEST SRC

shutil.copytree(SRC, DEST[,

SYMS]) SYMS DEST SRC

shutil.rmtree(PATH)PATH

time

time.sleep(SEC) SEC

time.time()UTC/GMT

1970

(time.gmtime(SECtime.localtime(SEC)

. SEC (year aaaa, month(1-12),day(1-31), hour(0-23),minute(0-59), second(0-59), weekday(0-6, 0 is

monday), Julian day(1-366), daylight flag(-1,0 or1))

time.asctime(TM)

time.strftime(FMT,TM)FMT TM

time.mktime(TM) TM

time.strptime(STR[,FMT])localtime FMT STR

math

math.pi" "

math.e

2.71828183

euler

math.fabs(X)

math.ceil(X)(math.floor(X

math.fmod(X, Y)X/Y

math.modf(X) X

math.ldexp(X, Y)math.frexp(X) 0.3x10+9

math.asin(X)math.sin(X)

math.acos(X)math.cos(X)

(math.tan(X(math.atan(Xmath.atan2(X, Y)

X/Y

math.cosh(X)

math.sinh(X)math.tanh(X)hyperbolic

math.exp(X)X euler

math.log10(X)math.log(X)10

math.sqrt(X)math.pow(X, Y)X Y X



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6.5.8

class

class MyClass [(MyClassBase1 , MyClassBase2... )]:

self . / MyClassBase1 MyClass __member variables .__del ____init ++. *this

self.X

MODULE

import MODULE

... .py __ name __

if __name__ == "__main__":print """Hello, I'm a lib used by other programsdon't runme"""

#!/usr/bin/python# this is SimpleClass.py

# OOP and classesclass Simple:# the self arg is just like this (you can't delete it) def __init__(self, str): print "Inside the Simple constructor" self.s = str # Two methods: def show(self): print self.s def showMsg(self, msg): print msg + ':', self.show() # Calling another method# if we are runed as a prog (else then this file is used as module)if __name__ == "__main__": # Create an object: x = Simple("constructor argument")

x.show() x.showMsg("A message")

#!/usr/bin/python# Inheritance# search for SimpleClass.py and import itfrom SimpleClass import Simple

class Simple2(Simple): def __init__(self, str): print "Inside Simple2 constructor" # You must explicitly call

# the base-class constructor: Simple.__init__(self, str)

def display(self): self.showMsg("Called from display()") # Overriding a base-class method def show(self): print "Overridden show() method" # Calling a base-class method from inside # the overridden method: Simple.show(self)

class Different: def show(self): print "Not derived from Simple"

if __name__ == "__main__": x = Simple2("Simple2 constructor argument") x.display() x.show() x.showMsg("Inside main") def f(obj): obj.show() # One-line definition f(x) f(Different())



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#!/usr/bin/python# i18n with pythonos.environ.get("LC_LOCAL")import gettextgettext.bindtextdomain ("myprog", "/usr/share/locale")gettext.textdomain ("myprog")_=gettext.gettext# any thing to be translated passed to _( )print _("Hello I'll be translated")

PYTHONPATH="./" gtk- PYTHONPATH : test.py

import sysimport ossys.path.append(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]))# or# sys.environ["PYTHONPATH"]=os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0])

import gtk

#!/usr/bin/python# gtk-test.py: simple gtk2 exampleimport gtk

def hello_cb(button): print "Hello World"

window.destroy()

window = gtk.Window(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL) # create a top level windowwindow.connect("destroy", gtk.mainquit) # quit the event loop on destructionwindow.set_border_width(10) # set padding round child widget

button = gtk.Button("Hello World")button.connect("clicked", hello_cb) # call hello_cb when clickedwindow.add(button) # add button to windowbutton.show() # show button

window.show()gtk.main() # enter the main event loop

: glade GTK 8.3

#!/usr/bin/pythonimport sysimport gtk

def quit(*args):gtk.main_quit()def findsum(*args):x=float(entry1.get_text())y=float(entry2.get_text())z=x+yentry3.set_text(str(z))

win = gtk.Window()table=gtk.Table(4,2)

label1=gtk.Label('First number: '); entry1=gtk.Entry();label2=gtk.Label('Second number: '); entry2=gtk.Entry();label3=gtk.Label('Summation : '); entry3=gtk.Entry()ok = gtk.Button(stock='gtk-ok');cancel = gtk.Button(stock='gtk-cancel');win.add(table)table.attach(label1,0,1,0,1,gtk.FILL); table.attach(entry1,1,2,0,1,gtk.FILL);table.attach(label2,0,1,1,2,gtk.FILL); table.attach(entry2,1,2,1,2,gtk.FILL);table.attach(label3,0,1,2,3,gtk.FILL); table.attach(entry3,1,2,2,3,gtk.FILL);table.attach( ok ,0,1,3,4); table.attach(cancel,1,2,3,4);

entry1.set_editable(gtk.TRUE)entry2.set_editable(gtk.TRUE)entry3.set_editable(gtk.FALSE)# another method entry1.set_property('editable',gtk.FALSE)ok.connect('clicked', findsum)

cancel.connect('clicked', quit)win.connect('destroy', quit)win.show_all()gtk.main()

glade

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import gtkimport gtk.glade

def some_handler(widget): pass

xml = gtk.glade.XML('filename.glade')widget = xml.get_widget('widgetname')xml.autoconnect({ 'some_handler': some_handler})gtk.main()

: CGI python

#!/usr/bin/python# python and CGIimport cgiprint """Hello world"""

help

python

python

. (help(gtk.Toolbar import gtk

www.python.orgwww.python.sf.netwww.starship.python.netwww.vex.net/parnassuswww.zope.comwww.pythonware.comwww.devshed.comwww.mindview.net/Books/TIPythonmembers.nbci.com/alan_gauld/tutor/tutindex.htmaspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Python/cookbookwww.networkcomputing.com/unixworld/tutorial/005/005.htmlwww.vic.auug.org.au/auugvic/av_paper_python.html

python 6.5

Copyright 2007, Muayyad Saleh AlSadi
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