e¨w³Z¡ Personality

f‚wgKv gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Avgiv wewfbœ ai‡bi AvPiY K‡i _vwK| wKš‘ †Kb Avgiv GKB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mevB GK ai‡bi AvPiY Kwibv, Gi KviY n‡”Q Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki e¨w³Z¡B Avjv`v| e¨w³i wbR¯^ ˆewkó¨ I cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡qB Gi MVb n‡”Q | e¨w³‡Z¡i MVb I weKvk wKfv‡e nq Zv wb‡q wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ ZË¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| GB ZË¡¸‡jv A‡bK Kvi‡Y mgv‡jvwPZ n‡jI g‡bvweÁvbx, wk¶vwe`, mgvRwe` I wk¶K‡`i Kv‡Q G¸‡jvi gyj¨ Acwimxg| wkï‡`i AvPi‡Yi Aš wb©wnZ KviY LuyR‡Z †M‡j GB ZË¡¸‡jv Avgv‡`i w`Kwb‡ ©kbv †`q| GB BDwb‡U e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki K‡qKwU ZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI e¨w³‡Z¡i wewfbœ msj¶Y, †hgb- AvZœaviYv, m„RbkxjZv, D‡ØM wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q| GB msj¶Y¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡j Zv eZ©gvb wk¶K I AvMvgx w`‡bi wk¶K‡`i wkïi AvPiY AviI fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z Ges †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`vb c×wZ‡K AviI DbœZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| wj½‡f‡` e¨w³‡Z¡i wK cv_©K¨ n‡Z cv‡i Zv-I GB BDwb‡U Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU 4

cvV - 1 e¨w³‡Z¡i msÁv I Dcv`vb cvV - 2 d«‡q‡Wi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki gZev` cvV - 3 GwiKm‡bi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki gZev` cvV - 4 ‰bwZKZv weKvk cvV - 5 e¨w³Z¡ I msj¶Y cvV - 6 wj½‡f‡` e¨w³‡Z¡i cv_©K¨

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 100

e¨w³‡Z¡i msÁv I Dcv`vb [Definition and Factors of Personality]

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb ♦ e¨w³‡Z¡i wewfbœ msÁv¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ e¨w³‡Z¡i mvgwMÖK „wófw½ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv D‡j-L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ e¨w³‡Z¡i Dcv`vb¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvaviY †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q e¨w³Z¡ nj GKRb gvby‡li wPË AvKl©Y Kivi gZ ¸Y| GK e¨w³ Ab¨ e¨w³i g‡b †h mvgwMÖK Qvc Aw¼Z K‡i ZvB n‡jv †mB e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡| Avgiv hLb ewj, Agy‡Ki PgrKvi e¨w³Z¡ Av‡Q, ZLb Avgiv D³ e¨w³wU‡K GKwU DÏxcK wnmv‡e †`LwQ, hv Avgv‡`i g‡b AbyK‚j cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| Avevi hLb ejwQ, Agy‡Ki e¨w³Z¡ Avwg cQ›` Kwibv, ZLb DÏxcK wnmv‡e e¨w³wU Avgv‡`i g‡b cÖwZK‚j Qvc m„wó K‡i‡Q| e¨w³Z¡‡K DÏxcK wnmv‡e MY¨ Kivi Amyweav GB †h, G‡Z Avgiv e¨w³‡Z¡i GKwU wbw ©ó aviYv cvB bv| GKB e¨w³ wewfbœ †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ wewfbœ cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i| A_©vr GKB e¨w³ DÏxcK wnmv‡e mevi Kv‡Q GK bq| †hgb- GKRb e¨w³‡K Zvi wb‡qvMKvix †hfv‡e g~j¨vqb K‡i, e¨w³i ¯¿x Zv‡K wVK †mfv‡e g~j¨vqb K‡i bv| e¨w³Z¡‡K mgvR KvV‡gv †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv| e¨w³ Zvi mgv‡Ri e¨w³eM©, Zv‡`i AvPiY, ms¯‹…wZ mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, G mg¯Í Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK m¯ú†K© AeZxb© nq| GB cvi¯úwiK m¯ú‡K©i dj wnmv‡e e¨w³ GKwU e¨w³Z¡ AR©b K‡i| A_©vr e¨w³i mv‡_ mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cvi¯úwiK cÖwZwµqvi d‡jB e¨w³‡Z¡i D™¢e nq| †h‡nZz e¨w³‡Z¡i g j¨vq‡bi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb wbw ©ó aviYv †`qv KwVb †m‡nZz e¨w³‡Z¡i wKQy mvaviY msÁv _vKv DwPZ| wewfbœ g‡bvweÁvbx GB j‡¶¨B wewfbœ mg‡q e¨w³Z¡‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Warren (1934) Gi g‡Z, Ôe¨w³Z¡ n‡jv †Kvb e¨w³i wPšÍv, Abyf‚wZ, B”Q Ges kvixwiK ˆewkómg~‡ni mgwšZ msMVb, hv GK e¨w³‡K Ab¨ e¨w³ †_‡K c„_K K‡i| Allport e‡jb, Ôe¨w³Z¡ n‡jv e¨w³i g‡b ˆ`wnK cÖwZwµqvmg ‡ni GK MwZgq msMVb hv cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Zvi Dc‡hvM ’vc‡bi ¯Kxq aiY wba©vwiZ K‡i| Woodworth Ges Marquis (1957) Gi g‡Z, Ôe¨w³Z¡ n‡”Q e¨w³i AvPi‡Yi aiY, hv Zvi wPšÍv I cÖKvkf½x g‡bvfve I AvMÖn, Kg©cÖwµqv I e¨w³MZ Rxeb `k©‡bi gv‡S cÖKvk cvq| Whittaker (1956) Gi g‡Z e¨w³‡Z¡i msÁv n‡jv, Ôe¨w³i KZ¸‡jv ˆewk‡ó¨i GKK msMVb, hv e¨w³i AvPi‡Y cybive„wË `vb K‡i|Õ GB msÁvq wZwb e¨w³‡Z¡i me©Rb¯xK…Z K‡qKwU w`K Zz‡j ai‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| cÖ_gZ e¨w³Z¡ n‡jv GKwU GKK Awfe¨w³| A_©vr †Kvb e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡B Ab¨ Kv‡iv gZ bq| GwU n‡”Q GKR‡bi ¯KxqZv ev Abb¨Zv| wØZxqZ e¨w³Z¡ n‡jv KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ ev ¸Yvejxi msMVb| Z…ZxqZ e¨w³i wewfbœ ¸Yvejxi GKK msMVbwU e¨w³i AvPi‡Y GKwU †cŠbtcywYKZv ev ’vqxZ¡ `vb K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ g‡bvweÁvbxivI e¨w³‡Z¡i Abyiƒc msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| †ewki fvM g‡bvweÁvbxivB g‡b K‡ib, e¨w³Z¡ †Kvb e¨w³i KZ¸‡jv ¸Y ev msj¶‡Yi GKwU msMVb| Avi cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i †ejvqB wbw`©ó ¸Yvejxi msMV‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| g‡bvweÁvbxiv e¨w³‡Z¡i Avi GKwU mvaviY a‡g©i K_v ¯xKvi K‡ib| †mwU n‡jv msMV‡bi ’vwqZ¡ Ges msMV‡bi ’vwq‡Z¡i A_© n‡jv GB †h, KZ¸‡jv msj¶‡Yi Rb¨ e¨w³ †Kvb Ae ’vi cybive„wË NU‡j GKB iKgfv‡e A_©vr mvgÄm¨c~Y©fv‡e cÖwZwµqv K‡i|

mvgwMÖK `„wófw½ e¨w³‡Z¡i †h †Kvb msÁvB Avgiv MÖnY Kwi bv †Kb, GKwU e¨w³‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e †`L‡Z n‡e| e¨w³i mvgwMÖK iƒcwU‡K †`L‡Z n‡j e¨w³‡K me w`K †_‡K Avgv‡`i †`Lv DwPZ Ges GRb¨ wbæwjwLZ K_v¸‡jv Avgv‡`i g‡b ivLv `iKvi|

• cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡ KZ¸‡jv ¸Y ev msj¶‡Yi msMVb| • msj¶‡Yi msMVb cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i †ejvq Avjv`v - hv e¨w³‡K GKwU ˆewkó¨ ev Abb¨Zv `vb K‡i| • e¨w³‡Z¡i GKUv ¯’vwqZ¡ ev wbiew”QbœZv Av‡Q| †ek wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ e¨w³Z¡ GKB iKg _v‡K, A_©vr

Kv‡iv e¨w³Z¡ ivZvivwZ e`‡j hvq bv| • e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk I cwieZ©b N‡U| †Kvb e¨w³ Rb¥ †_‡KB GKUv we‡kl e¨w³Z¡ wb‡q Rb¥vq bv, ax‡i

ax‡i e¨w³Z¡ M‡o I‡V, weKvk jvf K‡i| myZivs e¨w³Z¡ cwieZ©b‡hvM¨|

cvV 1

"'

mvaviY aviYv

msÁv

"'

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 101

e¨w³‡Z¡i msMV‡bi eY©bv w`‡Z wM‡q KZ¸‡jv msj¶‡Yi K_v ejv nq| msj¶Y n‡”Q e¨w³i Ggb GKUv w`K ev Awfe¨w³, hv GK e¨w³‡K Ab¨ e¨w³ †_‡K c„_K K‡i| Z‡e KZ¸‡jv msj¶‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ e¨w³‡K eY©bv Kiv n‡e, †mUv wb‡q g‡bvweÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ gZ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| msj¶‡Yi msL¨vB ev KZ Zv wb‡qI gZ‡f` Av‡Q| wewfbœ g‡bvweÁvbx msj¶‡Yi wewfbœ ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb| e¨w³‡Z¡i eY©bvq Avgiv †Kvb ZvwjKvwU MÖnY Ki‡ev ZviI †Kvb euvavaiv wbqg †bB| wK D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨w³‡K g j¨vqb Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kvb ZvwjKvwU Avgiv MÖnY Ki‡ev| e¨w³‡Z¡i GKwU c~Y©v½ eY©bvq wbæwjwLZ ¸Yvejxi D‡jøL _vKv evÃbxq -

• ˆRweKfv‡e wba©vwiZ ¸Yvejx| †hgb- ˆ`wnK kw³, †`‡ni iO, Py‡ji iO, „wókw³, kªeYkw³ BZ¨vw`| • AwfÁZvi ch©vq Ges cwigvY| †hgb- wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv, †ckvMZ †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw`| • ¯^Kxq ev Ab¨vb¨ gvbwmK cÖwµqvmg~n| †hgb- cÖwZfv, g‡bv‡hv‡Mi ¶gZv, Bw› ª‡qi AvmvaviY

ms‡e`bkxjZv BZ¨vw`|

e¨w³‡Z¡i Dcv`vbmg~n gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡ Zvi ˆRweK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek Df‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj| e¨w³‡Z¡i Abykxj‡b kvixie„Ëxq g‡bvweÁvb I mgvR g‡bvweÁvb ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ nq| Avgiv wb‡P e¨w³‡Z¡i ˆ`wnK I mvgvwRK Dcv`vb¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

ˆ`wnK Dcv`vb wbtm‡›`‡n gvby‡li †`n ew³Z¡ MV‡b GKwU Dcv`vb| e¨w³i AvKvi I B”PZv Zvi AvPi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| †e‡U e¨w³‡K hw` wcMwg e‡j m‡¤vab Kiv nq Z‡e †mUv Zvi AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e| gvby‡li †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki Abycv‡Z cÖ‡f` Av‡Q| kix‡ii Mo‡bi mv‡_ e¨w³‡Z¡i m¤úK© wewfbœ Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme evn¨ ¸Yvejx Qvov Af¨š ixY ˆ`wnK Ae¯’vI e¨w³Z¡ MV‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GLb Avgiv GB evwn¨K I Avf¨šÍixY ¸Yvejx wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

• kix‡ii Mob I e¨w³Z¡

Rvg©vb g‡bvweÁvbx †µrm&gvi g‡b K‡ib, e¨w³‡Z¡i KZ¸‡jv ¸Yvejx - we‡klfv‡e †gRvR (Temperment) Gi m‡½ kix‡ii Mo‡bi m¤úK© Av‡Q| wZwb yB ai‡bi †gRvR mbv³ K‡ib| G¸‡jv n‡”Q mvB‡K¬v‡qW (Cycloid) Ges w¯‹‡Rv‡qW (Schizoid)| mvB‡K¬v‡qW †gRv‡Ri e¨w³iv Av‡eM PÂj I Aw¯’i nq| w¯‹‡Rv‡qW e¨w³iv AšÍg©yLx I mvgvwRK m¤úK© wegyL nq| †µrm&gv‡ii g‡Z mvB‡K¬v‡qW g‡bve„wËm¤úbœ e¨w³iv Lv‡Uv, †MvjMvj I †g`eûj †`‡ni AwaKvix| w¯‹‡Rv‡qW g‡bve„wËm¤úbœ e¨w³iv j¤v I nvjKv cvZjv Mo‡bi nq| Z‡e †µrmgv‡ii GB ZË¡wUi †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| †kjWb bv‡g Aci GKRb g‡bvweÁvbx kix‡ii Mo‡bi m‡½ e¨w³‡Z¡i wewfbœ ¸Yvejxi m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ib| wZwb me ¸Yvejx‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z fvM K‡ib - (1) wf‡m‡ivUwbqv (Viscerotonia) A_©vr ciwbf©ikxjZv, mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZi AvKv ¶v, AvivgwcÖqZv, ˆkw_j¨ Ges †fvRb wejvwmZv, (2) †mvgv‡UvUwbqv (Somatotonia) - A_©vr AvZœcÖwZôvi †Póv, A½mÂvjb I †Póvi cÖvavb¨, SuywK †bIqvi cÖeYZv BZ¨vw`, (3) †mwi‡eªvUwbqv (Cerebrotonia) - A_©vr m‡½vcb Kivi B”Qv, Av‡e‡Mi wbqš¿Y, ¯^Zù‚Z© cÖKvknxb, Awb ªv I GKvKx‡Z¡i evmbv| eû e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡ cix¶v K‡i wZwb w¯’i K‡ib hv‡`i kixi †g`eûj, †MvjMvj I big Zviv wf‡m‡ivUwbK e¨w³Z¡m¯úbœ nq| wVK †Zgwbfv‡e hv‡`i kix‡i Aw¯’ I †ckxi evûj¨ _v‡K Zviv †mvgv‡UvUwbK ¸Ym¯úbœ nq Z‡e †kjW‡bi GB gZev‡`iI †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| †`‡ni Avf¨šÍixY ivmvqwbK c`v_©I gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi ¸Yvejx wba©viY K‡i| AšÍt¶iv ev bvwjKvwenxb MÖwš’ (Endocrine Gland) e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci me©v‡c¶v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc c¨vbwµqvm (Pancreas) †_‡K wbM©Z Bbmywj‡bi cwigvY msKUgq ¯Í‡ii wb‡P †b‡g †M‡j e¨w³ AwZ mn‡R wei³ nq Ges Zvi g‡a¨ A¯úó fxwZi mÂvi nq| Ab¨vb¨ †hme AšÍt¶iv MÖwš’i e¨w³‡Z¡i mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶ m¤úK© eZ©gvb †m¸‡jv n‡”Q _vBi‡qW MÖwš’ (Thyroid Gland), GwWªbvj MÖwš’ (Adrenal Gland), †hŠb MÖwš’ (Sex Gland) I wcUzBUvix MÖwš’ (Pituitary Gland)| D`vniY¯^iƒc _vBi‡qW †ewk mwµq n‡j e¨w³ PÂj, weiw³cÖeY, wPšÍvwš^Z I Aw¯’iwPË n‡q _v‡K|

msj¶Y

Factors of

Personality

Constitution and

Personality

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 102

mvgvwRK Dcv`vb mvs¯‹…wZK cyivZË¡we`iv e¨w³i mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dci AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡Kb| R‡b¥i gyn~Z© †_‡K Rxe‡bi †klw`b ch©šÍ wewfbœ mvgvwRK cÖfve e¨w³i Dci KvR K‡i _v‡K| mgv‡Ri ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡”Q wbqgvejx (Code) I mvgvwRK f‚wgKv (Role)| e¨w³ mgv‡Ri KvQ †_‡K AvPi‡Yi wbqgvejx wk‡L _v‡K| GQvov wkïi e¨w³Z¡ MVb I weKv‡k me©cÖ_g evev-gv-B cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡ib| Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K wkï Zvi g j¨‡eva, cÖZ¨q, mvgvwRK g‡bvfve I Zvi mvgvwRK f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf K‡i| hw` evev-gv wkï‡K AwZgvÎvq wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿‡Y iv‡Lb Ges Zvi cÖwZ fvjevmv cÖ`k©b bv K‡ib Zvn‡j Zvi g‡a¨ AšÍg©yLx cÖeYZv †`Lv †`q| Aciw`‡K evev-gv †ewk cwigv‡Y †ønkxj n‡j wkï eo n‡q Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj nq| cwiev‡ii ciB cÖwZ‡ekx, eÜzi `j, we`¨vjq cÖf…wZ e¨w³Z¡ MV‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| hw` eÜzi `‡ji AwaKvsk mf¨, mr I eyw×gvb nq, Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ mf¨‡`i e¨w³‡Z¡ evÃbxq ¸Yvejxi m„wó nq| wkïi cÖwZ wk¶K‡`i g‡bvfve I AvPiY Zv‡`i e¨w³Z¡ MV‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úóB cÖZxqgvb nq e¨w³Z¡ ˆ`wnK I mvgvwRK Dfq cÖKvi Dcv`v‡bi dj| GKB e¨w³ wewfbœ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z jvwjZ cvwjZ n‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡e| Avevi GKB mvgvwRK Ae¯’v wewfbœ e¨w³i g‡a¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi e¨w³‡Z¡i m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| G.W. Allport (1937) Gi fvl¨ n‡”Q, "The same

fire that melts butter hardens the egg." A_©vr GKB Av¸‡Yi Dci w`‡j gvLb M‡j hvq wKš‘ wWg k³ nq|

e¨w³i mv‡_ mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cvi¯úwiK cÖwZwµqvi d‡j e¨w³‡Z¡i D™¢e nq| e¨w³‡Z¡i g j¨vq‡bi wbw ©ó aviYv †`qvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ g‡bvweÁvbxiv e¨w³Z¡‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| mvgwMÖKfv‡e †`L‡Z n‡j ejv hvq cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡ KZ¸‡jv ¸Y ev msj¶‡Yi msMVb| Z‡e e¨w³Z¡ KZ¸‡jv ¸Y ev msj¶‡Yi msMVb| Z‡e e¨w³Z¡ cwieZ©b‡hvM¨| e¨w³‡Z¡i g jZt yBwU Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q ˆ`wnK I mvgvwRK Dcv`vb| ˆ`wnK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQy n‡”Q evwn¨K I wKQy n‡”Q Avf¨šÍixY| mgv‡Ri ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡”Q wbqgvejx I mvgvwRK f‚wgKv|

Social Factors

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 103

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 1

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wb‡ ©kg jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)

1. e¨w³‡Z¡i msMV‡bi K_v ej‡Z wM‡q wK‡mi K_v ejv nq? K. KZ¸‡jv Awfe¨w³i K_v ejv nq L. KZ¸‡jv msj¶‡Yi K_v ejv nq M. KZ¸‡jv AwfÁZvi K_v ejv nq N. KZ¸‡jv cÖwµqvi K_v ejv nq

2. mvB‡K¬v‡qW g‡bve„wËm¤úbœ e¨w³iv †Kgb nq? K. j¤v L. cvZjv M. Lv‡Uv N. dm©v

3. wf‡m‡ivUwbK e¨w³Z¡m¤úbœiv †Kgb nq? K. SuywK cÖeY L. cÖKvknxb M. cwiwbf©i N. cÖvYPÂj

4. AbvjMÖwš’ †ewk mwµq n‡j e¨w³ wK nq? K. nvwmLykx L. ¯^ZùzZ© M. AvivgwcÖq N. Aw¯’iwPË

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. e¨w³‡Z¡i msÁv w`b|

2. e¨w³Z¡‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e †`L‡Z n‡j wK wK g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb?

3. e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci mvgvwRK Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i?

mwVK DËi A) 1| L, 2| M, 3| M, 4| N

�

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 104

d«‡q‡Wi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki gZev` [Freud's Theory of Personality Development]

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb ♦ d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z e¨w³Z¡ MV‡b wK wK Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Zv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ♦ d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z e¨w³‡Z¡i weKv‡ki ch©vq¸‡jv‡K wKfv‡e fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi †KvbwUi ¸i€Z¡

KZUzKz Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ♦ e¨w³‡Z¡i MwZkxjZv ej‡Z wK †evSvq †m m¤ú‡K©I eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e¨w³‡Z¡i gZev` ej‡Z e¨w³Z¡ m¤‡Ü KZ¸‡jv Abygvb, ¯^Ztwm× I msÁv eySvq| eû wek„sLj mZ¨‡K k„sLje× I A_©‡evaK Kivi cÖ‡Póv I Zv †_‡K hyw³m½Z Abygvb Øviv bZzb NUbv Avwe®‹vi Kievi cÖ‡Póv‡K gZev` ejv nq| e¨w³‡Z¡i gZev‡` GKwU hyw³½Z KvVv‡gv ˆZwi Ki‡Z †Póv Kiv nq, hv w`‡q e¨w³Z¡ m¤‡Ü ÁvZ NUbvejx k„ Ljve× Kiv m¤¢eci| e¨w³Z¡ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZev` Av‡Q Ges wewfbœ gZev‡` e¨w³‡Z¡i wewfbœ w`‡Ki Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| d«‡q‡Wi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki gZev` Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU| GKwU gZev‡` cÖavbZ wZbwU wel‡qi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q -

• e¨w³‡Z¡i MVb (Structure of Personality) • e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk (Development of Personality) Ges • e¨w³‡Z¡i MwZkxjZv (Dynamics of Personality)

wb‡P G¸‡jv ej‡Z d«‡qW wK eywS‡q‡Qb Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t

• e¨w³‡Z¡i MVb d«‡qW e¨w³‡Z¡i MV‡b wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi K_v D‡j-L K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡”Q B`& (Id), Ang (Ego) Ges AwamËv (Supergo)| B & n‡”Q Avw`g mËv ev gvbwmK kw³i Avavi| G‡K KLbI KLbI Kvgbvi DrmI ejv nq| B & Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q GB Avw`g kw³ wkïi Rxe‡b cÖ_g cÖKvk cvq| B & mKj D‡Ïk¨ Rgv ivLvi ¯’vb| GBme D‡Ïk¨‡K GKwÎZfv‡e wjwe‡Wv (Libido) ejv nq| Avb›` jvf KivB Gi cÖavb bxwZ, ZvB G‡K Avb›` m Î ev Pleasure Principle I ejv nq| wkïKv‡j B‡`i Zvobv cÖej _v‡K Ges †gŠwjK Pvwn`vi Dck‡gB †Kej Z…wß Av‡m| B & e¨w³‡Z¡i Ae‡PZb Ask Ges G‡Z †Kvb hyw³ ev we‡e‡Ki ¯’vb †bB| e¨w³‡Z¡i KvVv‡gv ev MV‡bi cieZ©x Dcv`vb n‡”Q Ego ev Ans‡eva| eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkï Zvi cwiRb‡`i cÖwZ mvov w`‡Z †k‡L I Zvi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK cÖwZwµqv †`Lv †`q| †m wb‡R‡K Ab¨‡`i †_‡K Avjv`vfv‡e fve‡Z †k‡L Ges ZLbB Zvi Ans‡ev‡ai m Pbv nq| Ans‡eva ev Ang e¨w³‡Z¡i †PZbvi mÁvb Ae¯’v‡KB †evSvq| G ch©v‡q wkïi wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© cÖej AvMÖn _v‡K hv‡K AvZœ-Avmw³ (Narcissism) e‡j| G mgq evev-gv wkïi ¯^vaxb Pjv‡divq I B”Qv-Awb”Qv‡Z wewa wb‡la Av‡ivc K‡ib| Zey wkï evev-gvi cÖwZ Avm³ nq, KviY Zviv wkïi wbivcËv weavb K‡ib, Zvi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c iY K‡ib Ges Zv‡K mwVK AvPi‡Y cwiPvwjZ K‡ib| An‡gi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q B` Ges AwamËvi g‡a¨ wecixZg~Lx Pvwn`vi mgš^q mvab Kiv| †m Kvi‡Y Ang‡K e¨w³‡Z¡i Kvh©wbe©vnx mËv e‡j| Ang ¯§„wZkw³ Øviv AwfÁZv mÂq K‡i e¨w³‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z †kLvq Ges m¤¢ve¨ wec‡`i gy‡L e¨w³‡K mRvM K‡i †`q| GUv AvZœi¶vi c×wZI (Defense Mechanism) wba©viY K‡i| AvÍi¶v c×wZi g‡a¨ Ae`gb (Repression) Ab¨Zg| Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb AcÖxwZKi NUbv‡K g‡bi Ae‡PZb As‡k ¯’vb †`Iqv nq, hv‡Z †mUv †fvjv hvq| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z Ac Y© Kvgbv ev evmbv Ae`wgZ n‡q Ae‡PZb g‡b ¯’vb †bq Ges ¯^cœ ev Kíbvi †fZi w`‡q AvZœcÖKvk K‡i| e¨w³Z¡ MV‡b Z…Zxq Dcv`vb n‡”Q AwamËv (Super Ego) hv‡K †gvUvgywUfv‡e we‡e‡Ki mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GUv‡K ˆbwZKkw³I e‡j| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, evev-gvi Av`k© meB AwamËv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| AwamËv B‡`i Zvobv‡K ˆbwZK g~j¨v‡ev‡ai Av‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| Ans‡eva Ges AwamËvi mgš^‡q e¨w³i g‡a¨ Ans Av`‡k©i (Ego Ideal) Rb¥ nq| AwamËvi Avwef©v‡ei ci

Id, Ego and Super

Ego

cvV 2

gZev`

gZev‡`i welqmg~n

Structure of

Personality

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 105

Ang Gi KvR AwaKZi RwUj nq| Ang‡K B` I AwamËvi g‡a¨ ga¨¯’Zv Ki‡Z nq| bvbv ai‡bi ˆRweK cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z Ang Ggbfv‡e KvR K‡i †h, ev¯ÍeZvi wb‡ ©k I AwamËvi evav wecwËi g‡a¨ †Kvb ؇›Øi m„wó nq bv| AwamËvi cÖfv‡e wkï Ab¨vq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Aby‡kvPbv †eva K‡i| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z Ang hLb B` Gi Zxeª Kvgbv I AwamËvi K‡Vvi Abykvm‡bi gy‡L mgš^q nvwi‡q †d‡j ZLbB gvbwmK fvimvg¨ evavMÖ¯’ nq| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z wkïi g‡a¨ †hme D‡ØM I nZvkv m„wó nq †m¸‡jv‡K †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ bvbviKg AvÍi¶vg jK c×wZi (Defense Mechanism) Avkªq †bqv nq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ae`g‡bi K_v Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨¸‡jv n‡”Q cÖ‡¶cb (Projection) A_©vr wb‡Ri †`vl A‡b¨i Dci Pvcv‡bv| cÖZ¨ve„wË (Regression) n‡”Q AcwiYZ Dcv‡q wb‡Ri nZvkv‡K cÖKvk Kiv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 10/11 eQ‡ii †Q‡j †g‡S‡Z MovMwo w`‡q Kuv`‡j †mUv‡K wkï myjf AvPiY ev cÖZ¨ve„wË ejv n‡e| D`MwZ (Sublimation) †Z e¨_© †cÖlYv †Kvb MVbg jK mvgvwRK Kv‡R iƒcvš wiZ nq| †Q‡jiv hLb Zv‡`i AvMÖvmb‡K wbqš¿‡Y Avbvi Rb¨ dzUej, gywóhy× BZ¨vw`‡Z wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ K‡i ZLb †mUv‡K D`MwZi D`vniY wnmv‡e a‡i †bqv hvq| AvZœi¶vg jK c×wZ QvovI wkï yÕfv‡e Zvi ؇›Øi wbimb K‡i| GKwU n‡”Q A‡b¨i mv‡_ wb‡R‡K GKvšÍ Kiv (Identification) Ges Ab¨wU n‡”Q wb‡Ri A¶gZv‡K XvKevi Rb¨ A‡c¶vK…Z Kg kw³kvjx e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K AvµgY Kiv| †hgb- wkï hLb evev-gv KZ©„K †Kvb Kv‡R evavcÖvß nq ZLb †m Zvi †Ljbv cyZz‡ji Dci Av‡µvk cÖKvk K‡i| GK ¯’vbPz¨wZ (Displacement) e‡j|

e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk Rb¥ n‡Z cÖvß eqm ch©šÍ mgq‡K d«‡qW K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡e© ev ch©v‡q fvM K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡”Q -

• †gŠwLK ch©vq (Oral Stage) • cvqy ch©vq (Anal Stage) • wj½ ch©vq (Phallic Stage) • Rbb ch©vq (Genital Stage)|

wj½ ch©vq Ges Rbb ch©v‡qi gv‡Si wKQyKvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K myßKvj ev Latency Period e‡j| cÖ_g wZbwU ch©vq‡K cÖvK Rbb ch©vq (Pre-genital Stage) ejv nq| wkï Rxe‡bi cÖ_g eQ‡i †gŠwLK ch©v‡qi Avwef©ve nq| GB mg‡q cwiZ…wßi ¯’vb n‡”Q gyL| wkïi Avw`g kw³ †gŠwLK Kvh©Kjv‡c e¨q nq| †hgb- †Kvb wKQy gy‡L †`qv ev †Pvlv| wkïi GB ch©vq hw` Z…wß`vqK nq, Zvn‡jB cieZ©x Rxe‡b †m Avkvev`x nq| GB ch©v‡q †m civf‚Z n‡j cieZ©x mg‡q ZK©weZK© K‡i ev †gŠwLKfv‡e AvµgbvZœK g‡bvfve cÖKvk K‡i| GQvovI eo‡`i g‡a¨ AwZwi³ a~gcvb, AZ¨waK LvIqv cÖf…wZ †gŠwLK c‡e©i AZ…wßi d‡j m„wó nq e‡j GB gZev‡`i aviYv| e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki wØZxq ch©vq n‡”Q cvqych©vq| wØZxq eQ‡ii ci wkï Zvi †`‡ni wbæfv‡Mi cÖwZ AvK…ó nq Ges Gme A‡½i bvovPvovq Z…wß jvf K‡i| †ckve-cvqLvbv wbqš¿Y, A½mÂvj‡bi wKQy wKQy `¶Zv AR©b Ges fvlvi ù‚iY wkïi AvZœ‡eva‡K kw³kvjx K‡i| d«‡qW AbymÜvb K‡i †`‡Lb †h, wkïi cÖ¶vjb cÖwk¶‡Y (Toilet

Training) evev-gv hw` AwZwi³ K‡Vvi nb Ges wkï‡K fq fxwZ ev j¾v †`b Zvn‡j cieZ©x Rxe‡b wkïi g‡a¨ K…cYZv, ïwPevqyMÖ¯’Zv, †KvôKvwVb¨, GK¸u‡qwg, †R`xfve cÖf…wZ mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| cieZ©x ch©vq A_©vr wj½ ch©vq 3 †_‡K 6 ermi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| GB ch©v‡q wkïi Avb›`¯’j wj‡½ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges ¯žk©KvZiZv e„w× cvq| GB mg‡q †Q‡jiv BwWcvm Glbv (Oedipus complex) Ges †g‡qiv B‡j±ªv Glbv (Electra complex) Gi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg K‡i| cÖ_g w`‡K †Q‡j-‡g‡q DfqB Zv‡`i gv‡K fvjev‡m KviY †m Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi mv‡_ cÖv_gwKfv‡e RwoZ| Z‡e evev‡K Zviv gv‡qi g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖwZØw›Ø ¯^iƒc g‡b K‡i| GB mg‡q †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ GB cÖwZØw›ØZv ZxeªZi nq Ges cÖK…Zc‡¶ †m evevi ¯’vb `Lj Ki‡Z Pvq| cieZ©x‡Z †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ evevi cÖwZ Avmw³ m„wó nq Ges †m gv‡K cÖwZØw›Ø g‡b K‡i| evevi cÖwZ †g‡qi Avmw³‡K B‡j±ªv Glbv Ges gv‡qi cÖwZ †Q‡j‡`i Avmw³‡K BwWcvm Glbv e‡j| Qq eQi †_‡K eqte„w× ch©šÍ mgq‡K myß ch©vq (Latent Stage) ejv nq| GB mg‡q d«‡qW wkï‡`i g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b j¶¨ K‡ib wb| GB mg‡q †Q‡jiv †Q‡j‡`i mv‡_ Ges †g‡qiv †g‡q‡`i mv‡_ †Lj‡Z cQ›` K‡i| wkï GB mgq eÜz ev܇ei mn‡hvwMZv Kvgbv K‡i, `j †e‡a †Lj‡Z Pvq Ges Zvi mvgvwRK AvPvi‡Y h‡_ó DbœwZ nq|

Development of

Personality

AvZœi¶vg~jK c×wZ

weKv‡ki ch©vqmg~n

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 106

d«‡qW myßKv‡ji c‡ii mgq‡K Rbb ch©vq (Genital Stage) e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| GB ch©vq‡K wZwb yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡”Q - cÖvK eqtmwÜKvj (Pre-pubertal phase) Ges eqtmwÜKvj

(Pubertal phase)| ˆ`wnK cwiYwZ jvf, wecixZ wj‡½i cÖwZ AvKl©Y, †øn, fvjevmvi Abyf‚wZ cÖf…wZ GB ch©v‡qi ¯^vfvweK ˆewkó¨|

• e¨w³‡Z¡i MwZkxjZv e¨w³‡Z¡i MwZkxjZv ej‡Z d«‡qW e¨w³‡Z¡i mnRvZ cÖe„wË ev Instincts-‡KB eywS‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z mnRvZ cÖe„wË n‡”Q mKj gvbwmK kw³ ev Psychic Energy-i mgwó| mKj mnRvZ cÖe„wˇK GKwÎZ Ki‡j ‡MvUv e¨w³i gvbwmK kw³ cvIqv hvq| cieZ©xKv‡j d«‡qW mnRvZ cÖe„wˇK yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb- Rxeb cÖe„wË (Life

Instinct), †hgb- AvZœi¶v c×wZ, eske„w× BZ¨vw`| g„Zz¨ cÖe„wË (Death Instinct) †hgb- nZ¨v Kiv, AvZœnZ¨v BZ¨vw`| d«‡q‡Wi mnRvZ cÖe„wË gZev‡`i AviI GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K n‡”Q gvbwmK kw³ GK welq †_‡K Ab¨ wel‡q ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| †hgb- GK Av‡eM †_‡K Ab¨ Av‡e‡Mi iƒcvšÍi| gvbwmK kw³i GB iƒcvšÍi e¨w³‡Z¡i MwZkxjZvi we‡kl D‡j-L‡hvM¨ w`K| wewfbœ w`K †_‡K d«‡q‡Wi gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| d«‡qW gvbwmKfv‡e Amy¯’ e¨w³‡Z¡i wfwˇZ Zvi gZev` m„wó K‡ib| AZGe, m‡›`n cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q GB gZev` ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e wK bv| GQvovI d«‡qW e¨w³Z¡ MV‡bi ˆRweK cÖ‡qvR‡bi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ wZwb e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖfve m¤ú~Y© Ae‡njv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Gme mgv‡jvPbv m‡Ë¡I GUv Ab¯^xKvh© †h Zuvi gZev‡`i AwaKvskB cieZ©xKv‡j M‡elYvi djvdj Øviv mgw_©Z n‡q‡Q|

e¨w³‡Z¡i gZev` ej‡Z e¨w³Z¡ m¤‡Ü wKQy Abygvb, ¯Ztwm× I msÁv eySvq| d«‡q‡Wi e¨w³‡Z¡i gZev‡` wZbwU wel‡qi Dci A‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q e¨w³‡Z¡i MVb, e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk I e¨w³‡Z¡i MwZkxjZv| d«‡qW Zuvi gZev‡` e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖfv‡ei K_v D‡jøL K‡ib wb e‡j mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Qb| Z‡e G m‡Ë¡I cieZ©x‡Z Zuvi gZev‡`i AwaKvskB M‡elYvi djvdj Øviv mgw_©Z n‡q‡Q|

Dynamics of

Personality

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 107

cv‡VvËi g j¨vqb - 2

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wb‡ ©kg jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)

1. d«‡q‡Wi gZev‡` KqwU wel‡qi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q? K. 4 L. 2 M. 5 N. 3

2. †KvbwU e¨w³‡Z¡i mÁvb Ae¯’v? K. Ang& L. cÖ‡¶cb M. B & N. AwamËv

3. wkï Rxe‡bi cÖ_g eQ‡i †Kvb& ch©v‡qi Avwef©ve nq? K. wj½ ch©vq L. cvqy c`v_© M. †gŠwLK ch©vq N. Rbb ch©vq

4. BwWcvm GlYv wK? K. gv‡qi cÖwZ †g‡qi Avmw³ L. evevi cÖwZ †g‡qi Avmw³ M. gv‡qi cÖwZ †Q‡ji Avmw³ N. evevi cÖwZ †Q‡ji Avmw³

5. d«‡q‡Wi gZev‡` wK‡mi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q? K. e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci mvgvwRK cÖfve L. e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci ˆRweK cÖfve M. e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci Av‡eMxq cÖfve N. e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci mvs¯‹…wZK cÖfve

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. e¨w³Z¡ MV‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøLc~e©K msw¶ß eY©bv w`b| 2. AvZœi¶vg jK c×wZ Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniY w`b| 3. d«‡q‡Wi gZev‡` cÖvK&Rbb ch©v‡q wK wK AšÍfz©³ ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 4. e¨w³‡Z¡i MwZkxjZv ej‡Z wK eySvq?

mwVK DËi A) 1| N, 2| K, 3| M, 4| M, 5| L

�

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 108

GwiKm‡bi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki gZev` [Erikson's Theory of Personality Development]

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb ♦ GwiKm‡bi g‡Z e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡k wK ai‡bi cÖfve _v‡K †m m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ GwiKmb e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki mgq‡K wKfv‡e wewfbœ ¯Í‡i fvM K‡i‡Qb Zv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i e¨w³i Dci wK ai‡bi Pvwn`v Av‡ivwcZ nq Ges ؇›Øi myPbv nq †m m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v

Ki‡Z ci‡eb| GwiKmb (1968) g‡b K‡ib †h e¨w³i g‡bvmvgvwRK (Psychosocial) weKv‡ki mgq wKQy msK‡Ui gva¨‡g Zvi AvZœcwiPq M‡o I‡V| weKv‡ki GB msKU¸‡jv (Crises) nq e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk NUvq bq‡Zv weKvk‡K evav †`q| Avgv‡`i e¨w³Z¡ KZUv msnwZc~Y© (Integrated) n‡e Zv GB msKUmg~n Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| GwiKmb aviYv †cvlb K‡ib †h e¨w³ hLb †e‡o I‡V ZLb †h mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †jvKR‡bi mv‡_ fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i| GB Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB myôzfv‡e Zvi e¨w³Z¡ M‡o I‡V| Gi d‡j e¨w³ Zvi cwi‡e‡ki Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m GKZve× n‡q KvR Ki‡Z m¶g nq Ges Pviw`‡Ki RMZ‡K I wb‡R‡K mwVKfv‡e eyS‡Z cv‡i| GwiKm‡bi g‡Z e¨w³ hLb MÖnY‡hvM¨ Dcv‡q Zvi msKU¸‡jv ev g‡bvmvgvwRK mgm¨v¸‡jv wbimb Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLbB Zvi wbR¯^ wPšÍv †PZbvi ev¯Íevqb NUv‡Z cv‡i| GwiKmb e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki AvUwU my¯úó wbw ©ó ¯Í‡ii K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡i e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci wKQy Pvwn`v b¨¯Í nq| G‡Z msKU I ؇›Øi m~Pbv nq| c‡ii ¯Íi Avi¤¢ nIqvi Av‡MB GB msK‡Ui Aemvb n‡j e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk ¯^”Q›` I mvejxj nq| wkï GB ¯Íi¸‡jv AwZµg K‡i Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í cwiYZ eq‡mi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| GwiKm‡bi gZev`‡K "Eight Stages of Man" ejv nq| wb‡P GB ¯Íi¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

• †gŠwjK wek¦vm ebvg Awek¦vm GB msKU AwZ ˆkkeKv‡j (Infancy) N‡U _v‡K| e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki cÖ_g ¯ ‡i wkïi g‡b Av¯’v-Abv¯’vi †eva R‡b¥| wkïi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v hw` †øn I Av`i h‡Zœi mv‡_ †gUv‡bv nq Zvn‡j Zvi g‡b wbivcËv‡eva R‡b¥| †m cwi‡e‡k I cwiRb‡`i cÖwZ Av¯’vkxj nq Ges Zv‡`i‡K wek¦vm Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| Gi wecixZ n‡”Q †h, wkï Zvi Pvicv‡ki mevB‡K m‡›`n K‡i ZLbB, hLb †m Ae‡nwjZ ev Abv „Z nq| GB cÖm‡½ GwiKmb wkï I Zvi gv‡qi m¤ú‡K©i Dci h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †`b| gv I wkïi m¤úK© hZ wbweo n‡e wkï ZZ mn‡R wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GB wek¦vm Zvi cieZ©x Rxe‡bI e¨vß nq|

• ¯vaxbZv ebvg j¾v I wØav‡eva ‰kkeKv‡ji cÖ_g ch©v‡q GB msKU Dcw¯’Z nq| wkï GB mg‡q Zvi wcZvgvZv I cwi‡ek‡K cix¶v K‡i, KviY †m eyS‡Z Pvq cwi‡e‡ki KZUzKz Zvi wbqš¿‡Y Av‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ AvZœ-wbqš¿‡Yi Abyf‚wZi weKvk NUv‡Z n‡j wkïi ¯^vaxb B”Qvi g j¨ w`‡Z n‡e| GB mgq wcZv-gvZvi AwZwi³ wbqš¿Y ev evav wkïi g‡b wb‡Ri ¶gZv m¤ú‡K© m‡›`n I Zvi Pvwn`vi e¨vcv‡i j¾vi m„wó K‡i| gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e hLb †h wb‡R‡K gy³ g‡b K‡i ZLbB Zvi wb‡R‡K ¯^vaxb g‡b nq| GUv Zvi Av‡Mi ¯Í‡i mK‡ji cÖwZ wek¦vm ¯’vc‡bi Øviv m¤¢e nq|

• D‡`¨vM ebvg Aciva‡eva GB msKUKv‡ji mgq n‡”Q ˆkkeKv‡ji ga¨ch©vq| GB mgq wek¦vm Ges ¯^vaxbZvi Abyf‚wZ wb‡q wkï †Kvb Kv‡R D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| †m Zvi DrmyK¨ †gUvevi Rb¨ wb‡R †_‡K bZzb RvqMvq †h‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GB eq‡mi wkïi g‡a¨ †Kvb wKQy Kivi B”Qv Rv‡M Ges †m Ggb wKQy K‡i e‡m hvi Rb¨ †m Aciv‡eva K‡i| †m †Ljvayjvi ga¨ w`‡q bZzb `¶Zv jvf K‡i hv Zvi c~‡e© AwR©Z Av¯’v‡eva‡K „pZi K‡i| GB mg‡q D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ges cieZ©x‡Z Aciva‡ev‡ai AwfÁZv Zvi g‡a¨ we‡e‡Ki Rb¥ †`q| †h me †Q‡j‡g‡qiv gv-evev K…Z©K K‡Vvi kvm‡b jvwjZ nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb wKQyi Kivi D‡`¨vM K‡g hvq Ges wkï wb‡R‡K A¶g I Amnvq fv‡e| wKš‘ Avevi †h wkï‡K evev-gv I wk¶Kiv KL‡bvB wZi¯‹vi K‡ib bv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ we‡e‡Ki weKvk nq bv| hw` D‡`¨vM Ges

cvV 3

weKv‡ki msKUmg~n

Basic Trust

Vs.

Mistrust

Autonomy

Vs.

Shame and Doubt

Initiative Vs. Guilt

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 109

Aciva‡ev‡ai g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ i¶v Kiv m¤¢e nq Z‡e Zv wkïi g‡a¨ eo‡`i gZ KvR Kivi ¶gZv M‡o †Zv‡j I Zvi g‡a¨ Zvi `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai m„wó nq|

• m¤úv`b ebvg nxbgb¨Zv cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j hvIqvi mgq †_‡K eqtmwÜi Av‡Mi mg‡q GB msK‡Ui m„wó nq| GB eq‡mi wkï‡K †jLvcovmn †Ljva jvq bvbv iKg `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq| †h wkï ¯^vaxb I D‡`¨vMx g‡bvfve AR©b K‡i †m mn‡RB kªgkxj nq, Ab¨_vq Zvi g‡a¨ j¾v, civR‡qi g‡bvfve I nxbgb¨Zvi m„wó nq| GB mg‡q wk¶‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q cÖ‡Z¨KwU wkï‡K mvd‡j¨i AwfÁZv †`qv| G‡Z wkïi wb‡R‡K A‡hvM¨ fvevi AeKvk _vK‡ebv| GB D‡Ïk¨ mdj Ki‡Z n‡j wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU wk¶v_©xi ¶gZv m¯ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡`i cwi‡ek‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| GB mg‡qi msK‡Ui `¶ mgvav‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB wkïi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K †hvM¨ fvevi my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡e|

• cwiPq ebvg weåvwšÍ eqtmwÜKv‡j GB ai‡bi msK‡Ui m„wó nq| GB eq‡mi g~j mgm¨v n‡”Q †h GB mg‡q †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Zv‡`i cwiPq wb‡q mgm¨vMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o| Zviv Gmgq A‡bK¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb nq, we‡kl K‡i mgv‡R Zv‡`i wK f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q Zv eyS‡Z †Póv K‡i| A‡b¨i Zv‡`i wKfv‡e cÖZ¨¶Y Ki‡Q Ges Zviv wb‡R‡`i wKfv‡e †`‡L GB Zzjbvg jK wePvi Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv Lye ywðšÍvq †fv‡M| wb‡R‡K eyS‡Z cvivi A¶gZv‡K, wb‡Ri cwiPq wb‡q mgm¨v Zv‡`i g‡a¨ weåvwšÍi m„wó K‡i| GB weåvwšÍi mgvav‡b e¨_© n‡j cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i gZ AvPiY Kiv eqtmwÜcÖv߇`i c‡¶ m¤¢e nq bv| Rxe‡bi cieZ©x mg‡q †h msKU †`Lv †`q GB †Q‡j‡g‡qiv †m¸‡jvi m‡½ mdjfv‡e Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i bv| Aciw`‡K hw` Kvh©Kifv‡e GB msK‡Ui †gvKv‡ejv Kiv hvq Z‡e GB †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ Av¯’v m„wó nq, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ my›`i fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© wbivcËv‡eva †R‡M I‡V|

• NwbôZv ebvg GKvKxZ¡ cÖvß eq‡mi cÖ_g ch©v‡q GB ai‡bi msKU †`Lv †`q| †h hyeK Zvi cwiwPwZ m¤ú‡K© fvjfv‡e AeMZ n‡Z m¶g nq †m mgv‡R wb‡Ri ¯’vb K‡i †bq| ¯^fveZtB †m ZLb ¯’vqx m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ NwbôZv Avkv K‡i| GUv m¤¢e bv n‡j †m GKvKx‡Z¡ †fv‡M, eÜzevÜe Gwo‡q P‡j Ges cwievifz³ nIqv †_‡K wb‡R‡K mwi‡q iv‡L| GB msK‡Ui mgvavb n‡j e¨w³ Av¯’vi mv‡_ Ab¨‡K fvjevm‡Z cv‡i Ges GKB m‡½ A‡b¨i fvjevmv jv‡f mg_© nq|

• m„Rb¶gZv ebvg Ave×Zv cÖvß eq‡m GB msK‡Ui m„wó nq| m„Rb¶gZv ej‡Z wKQy m„wó Kivi cÖwZ AvMÖn eywS‡q _v‡K| GB eq‡mi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q, GKR‡bi mv‡_ ¯’vqx e܇b Ave× nIqv Ges cwievi I m¯Ív‡bi ga¨ w`‡q AvZœwe¯Í…wZ jvf Kiv| GB mg‡q †h cwibgY nq, Zvi mvnv‡h¨ e¨w³ Zvi cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖwZ hZœkxj nq| hw` cieZ©x eskai‡`i KvQ †_‡K h‡_ó mvov bv cvIqv hvq Z‡e e¨w³ GK‡Nu‡qwg I Abxnvq †fv‡M| Gi d‡j Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ nq Ges e¨w³ Ave×Zvq †fv‡M| GB msK‡Ui mgvavb n‡j e¨w³ mvgvwRKfv‡e wb‡R‡K mewKQyi mv‡_ AšÍfz©³ Ki‡Z m¶g nq|

• msnwZ ebvg nZvkv cwiYZ eq‡m GB msKU Dcw¯’Z nq| †h e¨w³ c~‡e©i avc¸‡jv mdjfv‡e AwZµg K‡i, Zvi wb‡R‡K m¤ú~Y© fv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b nq| †m Zvi Rxe‡bi AwšÍg msKU †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nq| wb‡Ri mewKQy `vwqZ¡ †m ZLb wb‡R wb‡Z cv‡i Ges gh©v`vjv‡f m¶g nq| wKš‘ Acic‡¶ †m hv AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡q hw` AmyLx nq Z‡e Zvi g‡a¨ nZvkv I wb‡Ri cÖwZ AeÁvi m„wó nq| GwiKmb e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki †h eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb Zv Zuvi K¬v‡q›U‡`i mv‡_ AwfÁZvi dj¯^iƒc| GQvovI wZwb weL¨vZ †jvK‡`i †hgb- MvÜx, †mKmcxqvi G‡`i Rxebx m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Qb Ges Zuvi gbtmgx¶‡Yi (Psychoanalysis) cÖwk¶Y‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Qb| Hall Ges Lindzay e‡j‡Qb †h e¨w³‡Z¡i Lye Kg gZev`B cix¶Yg jK DcvË (Data) w`‡q cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e nq| Zuvi gZev‡`i wfwË n‡”Q mgv‡Ri cÖwZ Zuvi K¬v‡q›U‡`i (Client) cÖwZwµqvi Zx¶ ch©‡e¶Y, Zuvi ¯^Ztjä Ávb (Intuition) Ges Zuvi hyw³c~Y© we‡køl‡Yi ¶gZv|

Accomplishment Vs.

Inferiority

Identity

Vs.

Confusion

Intimacy

Vs.

Isolation

Generativity

Vs.

Stagnation

Integrity

Vs.

Despair

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 110

GwiKmb Gi g‡Z e¨w³i weKv‡ki mgq wKQy msKU Dcw ’Z nq| weKv‡ki wewfbœ m&‡ii Pvwn`v¸‡jv †gUv‡Z wM‡q e¨w³i g‡a¨ ؇›Øi m„wó nq| e¨w³ hLb MÖnY‡hvM¨ Dcv‡q Zvi msKU ev ؇›Øi wbimb Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLbB Zvi wPšÍv‡PZbvi ev Íevqb NUv‡Z cv‡i Gi d‡j e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk Í”Q›` I mvejxj nq| Gwim‡bi gZev` Zuvi `xN©w`‡bi Zx¶ ch©‡e¶Y I hyw³c~Y© we‡køl‡Yi dmj|

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 111

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wb‡ ©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)

1. GwiKmb weKv‡ki ¯Íi¸‡jv‡K KqwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb? K. 6 L. 8 M. 5 N. 4

2. ˆkk‡ei cÖ_g ch©v‡q †Kvb msK‡Ui m„wó nq? K. j¾v ebvg wØav‡eva L. †gŠwjK wek¦vm ebvg Awek¦vm M. M¤úv`b ebvg nxbgb¨Zv N. D‡`¨vM ebvg Aciva‡eva

3. cÖvß eq‡mi cÖ_g ch©v‡q †Kvb msKU †`Lv †`q? K. cwiPq ebvg weåvwšÍ L. m„Rb¶gZv ebvg Ave×Zv M. NwbôZv ebvg Ave×Zv N. msnwZ ebvg nZvkv

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. GwiKm‡bi gZev‡` †h msKU¸‡jvi K_v D‡jøL i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv Rxe‡bi †Kvb †Kvb ch©v‡q †`Lv †`q?

2. cwiPq ebvg weåvwšÍ Ges msnwZ ebvg nZvkvi Ø›Ø ej‡Z wK eySvq?

mwVK DËi A) 1| L, 2| K, 3| M

�

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 112

ˆbwZKZv weKvk [Development of Moral Reasoning]

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb ♦ ‰bwZKZv ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ wcquv‡R Ges j‡iÝ †KvjevM© ˆbwZKZv weKvk‡K wKfv‡e wewfbœ ¯Í‡i fvM K‡i‡Qb Zv D‡jøL

Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii ga¨ w`‡q ax‡i ax‡i wKfv‡e wkïi g‡a¨ AwaKvi‡eva, Av`k©‡eva m„wó nq Zv e¨vL¨v

Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Gi Av‡M wk¶v g‡bvweÁvb cwiwPwZ eB‡Z 7bs BDwbU-Gi A_©vr ˆkke I ˆK‡kv‡i mvgvwRK weKvk covi mgq Avcbviv ˆbwZKZvi weKvk m¤ú‡K© c‡o‡Qb| eZgvb cvVwU covi ci Avcwb e¨w³‡Z¡i GB weKvkwU m¤ú‡K© AviI we¯ vwiZ e¨vL¨v cv‡eb| 'Morality' A_©vr ˆbwZKZv j¨vwUb kã 'mores' A_©vr ixwZ ev cÖ_v ‡_‡K cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| GB Rb¨B ˆbwZKZv ej‡Z Avgiv mvgvwRK I ag©xq ixwZ-bxwZ AbymiY Kiv‡K eySvB| ˆbwZKZv I we‡eK‡eva‡K A‡bK g‡bvweÁvbx GKB A‡_© e¨envi K‡ib| Z‡e we‡eK‡ev‡ai Rb¥ †h ˆbwZKZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| mvaviYfv‡e we‡eK‡K 'inner voice' ev Af¨š ixb aŸwbI e‡j| ˆbwZKZvi gZ GB †eva Avgv‡`i wK Kiv DwPZ, wK Kiv DwPZ bq †mUv Ges b¨vq Ab¨v‡qi wb‡ ©k †`q| wkï †hgb fvjg›`, b¨vq-Ab¨vq †k‡L †Zgwb †m Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡ZI †k‡L| Zvi wb‡R‡K wbqš Y Kiv QvovI mgv‡Ri AvBb-KvbybI cvjb Ki‡Z nq| wewfbœ eq‡mi wkï‡K cÖkœ K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h, ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki mv‡_ ˆbwZKZv I we‡e‡KiI µgweKvk nq| A_©vr eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkïi b¨vq-Ab¨vq‡ev‡aiI cwieZ©b nq| M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, ˆbwZKZv I we‡e‡Ki weKvk wewfbœ aviv AwZµg K‡i cwiYwZ jvf K‡i| GK GK eq‡m Gi ˆewkó¨ GK GK iKg nq| Piaget (1948) wewfbœ eq‡mi wkï‡`i Mí e‡j, cÖkœ K‡i, ch©‡e¶Y K‡i Zv‡`i we‡eK‡eva m¯ú‡K© A‡bK g j¨evb Z_¨ D`NvUb K‡ib| wZwb j¶¨ K‡ib †h, wkïi we‡e‡Ki weKv‡k K‡qKwU my¯úó ¯Íi †`Lv hvq| ˆbwZKZv I we‡e‡Ki weKv‡ki cÖ_g ¯Í‡i wkï kvw¯Íi f‡q eo‡`i Av‡`k cvjb K‡i Ges Ab¨vq †_‡K weiZ _v‡K| †m ZLb kvmb I wbqg Kvby‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| wkï mn‡R me wbqg †g‡b †bq| KviY †m eo‡`i †hgb kª×v K‡i †Zgwb fqI cvq| G mgq Zvi mvgvwRK I gvbwmK weKvk AbybœZ _v‡K| GB mg‡qi ˆbwZKZv‡K ZvB 'objective morality' ev 'morality of constraint' e‡j| wØZxq ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK Aby‡gv`b jv‡fi Rb¨ wkï mwVK AvPiY K‡i| wkï GUv Abyfe K‡i †h, Zvi AvPiY‡K wbqš Y Ki‡j ci¯úwiK m¯úK© eRvq _vK‡e| GB aviYv `jMZ †Ljva jv I †gjv‡gkvi †fZi w`‡q AwR©Z nq| GB mg‡qi ˆbwZKZv‡K ZvB 'subjective morality' ev 'morality of cooperation' e‡j| wkï G mgq &&&&& &&&B”QvK…Z Ab¨vq Ges yN©UbvRwbZ Ab¨vq‡K c„_K K‡i †`L‡Z †k‡L| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †KD hw` GKUv Kvc †f‡½ †d‡j Z‡e †m &&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&B”Qv K‡i fv‡½wb GB †f‡e Zv‡K kvw¯ bvI †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z…Zxq ¯Í‡i wkï g‡b g‡b b¨vq Ab¨vq I Aciva‡eva Dcjwä K‡i Ges GB Av`k©‡eva wkïi we‡eK‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| GB mgq †Q‡j‡g‡qiv mwVK AvPiY K‡i GB Rb¨ †h, Zviv mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi c‡¶ wPšÍv K‡i 'Morality of obedience' †K †cQ‡b †d‡j †m 'Morality of

social sanctions' G c`vc©b K‡i| Av‡gwiKvb g‡bvweÁvbx j‡iÝ †KvjevM© (1969, 1973) MZ yB hyM a‡i A‡bK ch©‡e¶Y I M‡elYv K‡i wcquv‡Ri weKv‡ki ¯ i¸‡jv‡K 6wU av‡c m¤úmviY K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv wb‡P eY©bv Kiv nj t

cÖ_vc e© ˆbwZKZv • cÖ_g ¯Íi - Punishment and obedince orientation| GB ¯Í‡i wkï me ai‡bi Sv‡gjv †_‡K gy³

_vK‡Z Pvq Ges Gfv‡e †m ywðšÍv I Kó †_‡K ~‡i _v‡K| G‡Z hw`I Zvi ¯^vaxbZv wKQyUv Le© nq ZeyI Preconventional

Morality

cvV 4

‰bwZKZvi aviYv

‰bwZKZvi gZev`

wcquv‡Ri aviYv

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 113

Aeva¨Zvi cwiYvg kvw¯ GB bxwZ‡Z †m wek¦vm K‡i| GB ¯ÍiwU wcquv‡Ri 'objective responsibility' Gi gZ|

• wØZxq ¯Íi - Instrumental relativist orientation| GB mgq wkï hw`I wb‡Ri Pvwn`v wb‡qB gMœ _v‡K ZeyI †m GUv †ev‡S †h, Ab¨‡`iI AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| †m gv‡S gv‡S ZvB †Kvb Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi cwiKíbv Ki‡Z Pvq hv‡Z mgvbfv‡e mK‡ji Pvwn`v c iY nq|

cÖ_vMZ ˆbwZKZv • Z…Zxq ¯Íi - Nice girl/good boy orientation| GB mgq wkï Ab¨ †KD Zvi g½j Kvgbv Ki‡j

Lykx nq| †m Ab¨‡`i mg_©b Pvq Ges Zv‡`i Lykx Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i| †Kvb wKQy wePvi Kivi mgq †m A‡b¨i Ges wb‡Ri AwfcÖvq‡K we‡ePbv K‡i| cyi¯‹vi AR©‡bi cÖZ¨vkvq GB ch©v‡q wkïiv mgvR¯^xK…Z bxwZgvjv †g‡b P‡j|

• PZz_© ¯Íi - Law and order orientation| cÖPwjZ wbqg mevi Rb¨ g½jKi e‡j mgvR we‡ePbv Ki‡j mgv‡Ri A¯^xK…wZ Govevi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkïiv ixwZbxwZ †g‡b P‡j| mgv‡Ri KZ…©¯’vbxq †jvKRb‡`i cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b Ges `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi B”Qvi Dci mvgvwRK k„sLjv wbf©©i K‡i GUv †m wek¦vm K‡i|

cÖ_vcieZ©x ˆbwZKZv • cÂg ¯Íi - Social contract orientation| mgvR †hme Av`k©, cÖ‡qvRb I AwaKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q

†m¸‡jvi Øviv mwVK AvPiY wba©vwiZ nq| Z‡e mwVK c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GB wbqg¸‡jv cwieZ©b Kiv hvq GUv e¨w³ †ev‡S| Kv‡RB GB ¯Í‡ii wePvi eyw× Av‡Mi PvB‡Z †ewk bgbxq (flexible) nq| †ewki fvM Av‡eMxqfv‡e cwiYZ e¨w³iv GB ¯Í‡i wewfbœ Kvh©Kjv‡c ˆbcyb¨ †`L‡Z cv‡i|

• lô ¯Íi - Universal-ethical principle orientation| ‡Kvb e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ †bqvi mgq e¨w³ †h ïay mgv‡Ri wbqgKvbybB we‡ePbv Ki‡e Zv bq, GQvovI †m mve©Rbxb ˆbwZKZvi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ˆbwZKZvi Lye Pig ch©v‡q †KD nq‡Zv Zv‡`i bxwZ¸‡jv‡K aviY K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ AvZœvûwZ w`‡Z cv‡i ev A‡bK AcgvbI mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e GKwU K_v GLv‡b ejv cÖ‡qvRb †h Lye Kg †jvKB ˆbwZKZv weKv‡ki GB ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i| †Kvj&evM© wewfbœ ms¯‹…wZi Dci M‡elYv I ch©‡e¶Y K‡i GB wek¦v‡m DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb †h cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvbylB GB ¯Íi¸‡jv GKB fv‡e cvi nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GKwU wkï cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii AwfÁZv bv wb‡q KLbI wØZxq ¯Í‡i hv‡e bv| gvbyl weKv‡ki †h ¯Í‡iB _vKzK bv †Kb Zviv Zv‡`i wm×všÍ wKQy AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ wb‡q _v‡K| GKwU AvU eQ‡ii wkï nq‡Zv †ewki fvM ˆbwZK wm×v‡šÍi mgq Z…Zxq ¯Í‡i _v‡K wKš‘ †Kvb Pv‡ci gy‡L †m wØZxq ev cÖ_g ¯Í‡i P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Pi †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g ˆkk‡e Ges eqtmwÜKv‡j ˆbwZK wePv‡ii †h aib cwijw¶Z nq Zv †`Lv‡bv nj t

Conventional

Morality

Post Conventional

Morality

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 114

7 1 0 1 3 1 6

eqm

1 0 0

8 0

60

0

4 0

2 0

c Ö_ vMZ

c Ö_ vc e ©

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Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 115

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 4

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Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 116

e¨w³Z¡ I msj¶Y [Personality and Traits]

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb ♦ e¨w³‡Z¡i wewfbœ msj¶Y m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶Y Øviv gvby‡li AvPiY wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ AvPiY wKfv‡e cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶Y wKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e¨w³Z¡ n‡”Q Ggb GKwU aviYv hv AvPi‡Yi m‡½ m¯úK©hy³| Avgiv evB‡i †_‡K ïay gvby‡li AvPiYB †`wL Ges GB¸‡jv‡K eY©bv Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv wewfbœ bvgKiY Kwi| †hgb aiæb- mr AvµgbvZœK, e`‡gRvRx, nvwmLykx, mij, m„Rbkxj, kvš wkó BZ¨vw` k‡ãi gva¨‡g Avgiv Kv‡iv e¨w³‡Z¡i eY©bv w`‡q _vwK| g‡bvweÁvbxiv GB eY©bvg jK k㸇jv‡K wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb Ges G¸‡jv‡K e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶Y wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wKfv‡e e¨w³‡Z¡i MVb n‡”Q Ges Zv GKUv iƒcjvf Ki‡Q, GB M‡elYv¸‡jv †_‡K †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| msj¶Y n‡”Q GKwU AvPi‡Yi ¯’vqx w`K hv wewfbœ cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mvaviYZ GKB iKg _v‡K| Allport Ges Odbert (1936) Bs‡iwR fvlvq 17,953 wU we‡klY †c‡q‡Qb hv Øviv msj¶Y¸‡jv‡K eY©bv Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv‡K cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK Afx¶v (Tests) ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| MW©‡bi e¨w³Z¡ cwigvcK Afx¶vi (Gordon Personal Inventory) mvnv‡h¨ mZK©Zv, †gŠwjK wPšÍv, e¨w³MZ m¤úK© I cÖvYkw³ cwigvc Kiv hvq| GWIqv‡W©i e¨w³MZ cQ‡›`i Abym wPi (Edwards Personal Preference Inventory) gva¨‡g †ek wKQy mvgvwRK Pvwn`v cwigvc Kiv nq, †hgb- mgvRfzw³, K…wZZ¡ BZ¨vw`| GQvovI K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv e¨w³Z¡ cwigv‡ci (California Personality Inventory) Afx¶v w`‡q mgvwRKZv, mwnòzZv I Ab¨vb¨ msj¶Y¸‡jv cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e nq| cÖvq me¸‡jv Afx¶vB ˆZwi n‡q‡Q GKRb gvby‡li g‡a¨ †Kvb msj¶Y KZUzKz i‡q‡Q Zv Rvbvi D‡Ï‡k¨| †hgb aiv hvK, Avgiv ewj _vwK Kvgvj Lye mvgvwRK, mv_x AZ¨š mveavbx ev mZK©, myg‡bi AvZœgh©v`vi Abyf‚wZ Lye cÖLi bq BZ¨vw`| wb‡P †h †jLwPÎwU i‡q‡Q, Zv GKwU e¨w³Z¡ Afx¶vi mvdj¨v¼ (Scores) †_‡K ˆZwi †iLv wPÎ †Kgb n‡Z cv‡i Zvi aviYv w`‡”Q| †Kvb wk¶v_©x‡K wb‡ ©kbv I Dc‡`k †`qvi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi cwigvcK Avgiv Av`k©MZfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| Gme msj¶‡Yi mvdj¨v‡¼i mvnv‡h¨ Avgv‡`i wk¶v_©x‡`i AvPi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i Av‡iv bZzb bZzb Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|

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mvdj¨v‡¼i ‡iLvwPÎ

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 117

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wPÎ 4-5.1 KvíwbK GKwU e¨w³Z¡ Afx¶vq wewfbœ msj¶‡Y cÖvß yÕR‡bi Av`k© mvdj¨v¼ Z‡e GKwU K_v GLv‡b ejv cÖ‡qvRb †h e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶‡Yi GB ai‡bi weÁvbm¤§Z cwigvcmg~n A‡bK mgq mgm¨vI m„wó K‡i| hw` Avgiv †h cwi‡e‡k GKRb gvbyl‡K †`wL †mB cwi‡ekUv‡K fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z bv cvwi Zvn‡j Zvi msj¶‡Yi wfwˇZ †h ai‡bi AvPiY cÖZ¨vwkZ n‡e Zv åvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| AvPiY mvaviYZ e¨w³Z¡ I cwi‡ek yÕ†Uv Dcv`vb ØvivB cÖfvweZ nq| A_©vr ïaygvÎ e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶‡Yi Rvb‡jB GKRb gvby‡li AvPiY wK ai‡bi n‡e Zv ejv LyeB gyw¯‹j| Avm‡j wK Avgiv memgq GKiKg AvPiY Kwi? wKQy wKQy mv¶¨cÖgvY Av‡Q hv Øviv †evSv hvq Avgiv Zv Kwi bv (Mischel, 1973)| weÁvbm¤§Z I e¯‘wbô Dcv‡q yÕevi Avjv`vfv‡e e¨w³Z¡ cwigvc K‡i wKQy e¨w³e‡M©i †h mvdj¨v¼ cvIqv †M‡Q Zvi mnm¤ú‡K©i (Correlation) gvb Lye †ewk bq| Dc‡i ewY©Z Afx¶v QvovI e¨w³Z¡ cwigv‡ci AviI A‡bK Afx¶v i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡¶cY Afx¶vmg ‡ni (Projective Techniques) g‡a¨ myBRvij¨v‡Êi g‡bvwPwKrmK nvig¨vb †ivkvK KZ…©K 1921 mv‡j D™¢vweZ Kvwji Qvc Afx¶vwU †ek cÖPwjZ| GB Afx¶vq wewfbœ AvK…wZ I e‡Y©i `kwU Kvwji Qvc †`Lv‡bv nq Ges †m wK †`L‡Q Zv ej‡Z ejv nq| c‡i cix¶K e¨w³i DËi¸‡jv‡K we‡k-lY K‡i Zvi e¨w³‡Z¡i g j¨vqb K‡i _v‡Kb| hw`I GwU Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡¶cY Afx¶v¸‡jv †ek e¨envi n‡q _v‡K ZeyI †`Lv hvq Gi mvdj¨v‡¼i wbf©ikxjZvi gvb Kg| A_©vr wewfbœ mg‡q cÖvß mvdj¨v¼ GKB ai‡bi e¨w³‡Z¡i iƒc cÖKvk K‡ibv| GB ai‡bi wb¤œ mnm¤ú‡K©i wewfbœ KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb aiv hvK, †h Afx¶v e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Zvi ˆewkó¨ †Kgb wQj| GKB e³‡e¨i Dˇi wewfbœ mg‡q GKB gvbyl nq‡Zv wewfbœfv‡e †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ QvovB cÖwZwµqv Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB A‡bK mgq msj¶Y cwigv‡ci Afx¶v¸‡jv †_‡K ev¯ e cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKR‡bi cÖwZwµqv wK n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© fwel¨Øvbx memgq mwZ¨ nq bv|

wPÎ 4-5.2 †ivkvK& Kvwji Qvc Afx¶vq e¨eüZ GKwU KvW©

Consistency of

Traits Illusory

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 118

Z‡e GKwU K_v mwZ¨ †h hLb GKB cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e nq, ZLb wKš‘ GKB †jv‡Ki AvPi‡bi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ Luy‡R cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †Kvb wk¶K hw` †kªYxK‡¶ mgqgZ Dcw¯’wZi e¨vcv‡i Lye K‡Vvi nb Z‡e †kªYxK‡¶ †KD †`wi‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡j memgq wei³ n‡eb| Z‡e Ab¨ †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †KD †`wi Ki‡j wZwb nq‡Zv G‡ZvUv weiw³ bvI cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avgv‡`i AvPiY Lye †ewk gvÎvq cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ cyi¯‹vi I kvw¯Íi NUbv¸‡jv wK cwigv‡Y NU‡Q Zv Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| Mischel (1973) †`‡L‡Qb †h hw` wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKB AvPiY wewfbœfv‡e cyi¯‹…Z I kvw¯Í cÖvß nq Z‡e AvPi‡Yi g‡a¨ AmvgÄm¨Zv _vKvUvB ¯^vfvweK| GUv weÁvbm¤§Z cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖgvY n‡q‡Q| Avgiv AvPiY‡K mvaviYxKiY (Generalization) Ki‡Z cvwibv KviY wewfbœ cÖwZwµqvi djvdjI cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| GLb Avgiv kZ kZ msj¶‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K wk¶v`v‡bi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ PviwU msj¶Y wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| G¸‡jv n‡”Q -

• mZZv (Honesty) • m„RbkxjZv (Creativity) • AvÍaviYv (Self Concept) • D‡ØM (Anxiety)|

G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GB cv‡V ïay mZZv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| evKx wZbwU cieZ©x cvV¸‡jv‡Z Av‡jvwPZ n‡e| wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GB msj¶Y¸‡jv KZUzKz ¯’vqx n‡”Q Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡e|

mZZv wk¶Kiv mr wk¶v_©x‡`i cQ›` K‡ib - we‡kl K‡i hviv cix¶vq bKj K‡ibv, wg_¨v K_v e‡jbv, A‡b¨i wRwbmcÎ Pzwi K‡ibv BZ¨vw`| Hartshorne Ges May (1928) wkï‡`i mZZv I nVKvwiZvi (Deception) Dci GKwU weL¨vZ M‡elYv cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv †h ai‡bi AvPi‡Yi cix¶v¸‡jv K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc t

bKj Kiv (Copying)

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MwZ (Speed) aiv hvK&, e”Pv‡`i wKQy A‡¼i KvR †`qv n‡jv| yÕevi Abykxj‡bi ci Z…Zxqevi wbw ©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ KZ¸‡jv A¼ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv Zv‡`i‡K Rvbv‡Z ejv nj| †h‡nZz cÖ_g yÕev‡ii Abykxj‡bi djvdj cix¶‡Ki Kv‡Q †iKW© Kiv _vK‡e, cix¶K eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †h Z…Zxqev‡ii djvdj Lye †ewk Avjv`v n‡e bv| hw` Z…Zxqev‡ii djvd‡j ‡`Lv hvq †h, wk¶v_©x Lye †ewk msL¨K A¼ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q e‡j _v‡K Z‡e †mUv wb‡Ri KvR‡K AwZiwÄZ K‡i‡Q e‡j a‡i †bqv n‡e|

DuwK w`‡q †`Lv (Peeking) GKwU wkï‡K †PvL euvav Ae¯’vq hw` †duvUv †duvUv AuvKv KvM‡Ri Dci jvBb Gu‡K †m¸‡jv‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z ejv nq Ges Zvi KvR Lye †ewk fvj nq Z‡e ejv hvq GUv DwK w`‡q †`Lvi Kvi‡YB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

Pzwi Kiv (Stealing) aiv hvK&, wk¶v_©x‡`i GKwU ev· †_‡K wKQy cqmv mivevi my‡hvM †`qv nj| Zv‡`i‡K aviYv †`qv nj GKgvÎ ZvivB ej‡Z cvi‡e Gic‡i KZ¸‡jv cqmv ev‡· Aewkó _vK‡e| Dc‡i ewY©Z PviwU cix¶vi djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h G¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi mnm¤úK© hw`I abvZœK (Positive) Z‡e Zvi gvb Lye †ewk bq| †h wk¶v_©x bK‡ji gva¨‡g Zvi IQ Gi mvdj¨v‡¼i cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q †m Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y Pzwi Kiv ev DuwK w`‡q †`Lvi gZ KvR K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ GB AvšÍt-mnm¤ú‡K©i (Intercorelation) g‡a¨ wKQyUv m½wZ Av‡Q, hv wK bv GKUv mvaviY Dcv`vb A_©vr mZZvi Dcw¯’wZ wb‡ ©k K‡i (Burton, 1963)| K_v n‡”Q †h GKRb †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mZZvi cwiPq w`‡q _vK‡j †m †h me mgq Zv Ki‡e Ggb †Kvb K_v †bB|

M‡elYv

Low Level of

Consistency

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 119

GLb cÖkœ Av‡m †h GB Am ycvq Aej¤b cÖeYZvUv KZ †ewk cwigv‡Y †`Lv hvq? Hartshorne Ges May Zuv‡`i M‡elYvq †`‡L‡Qb †h kZKiv 79 fvM †Q‡j Ges 85 fvM †g‡q Am ycvq Aej¤b Ki‡Q| Ab¨ GKwU cix¶vq cix¶‡Ki †`qv b¤i Ges wk¶v_©xi wb‡Ri †`qv b¤‡ii g‡a¨ Am½wZi cwigvY †_‡K KZUzKz Am ycvq Aej¤b Kiv n‡”Q Zv cwigvc Kiv n‡qwQj| GLv‡b kZKiv 30 fvM †Q‡j Ges 37 fvM †g‡q Am ycvq Aej¤b K‡iwQj| hw`I cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mZZvi †¶‡Î †g‡q‡`iB mybvg †ewk Zv m‡Ë¡I †`Lv hv‡”Q †g‡qivB †ewk AmZZvi cwiPq w`‡”Q| Aek¨ cieZ©x‡Z Bushway Ges Nash (1977) Gi M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h B”P we`¨vj‡q †g‡q‡`i PvB‡Z †Q‡jivB †ewk Am ycvq Aej¤b Ki‡Q| wb‡Pi †jLwP‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv cix¶vq KZevi AšÍZt †Kvb GK ai‡bi nVKvwiZv (Deception) Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q kZKiv 8 fvM wk¶v_©x KLbI Am ycvq Aej¤b K‡iwb| cÖvq 4 fvM wk¶v_©x my‡hvM cvIqvgvÎ Zv K‡i‡Q| evKx 88 fvM wk¶v_©xiv †KDB m¤ú~Y© mr ev m¤ú~Y© Amr bq| mZZv cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ AvšÍtwµqvi Dci wbf©ikxj| we‡kl K‡i †h KvRwU Kiv nj Zvi ¸iæZ¡, Av‡Mi †kLv AvPi‡Yi aib BZ¨vw` GLv‡b D‡j-L‡hvM¨|

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Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 120

K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶‡Ki GB ai‡bi c~e© aviYv wk¶v_©x‡K wk¶‡Ki wek¦vm Ges cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx AvPiY Kivi Rb¨ Zvi Dci GK ai‡bi Pvc m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

g‡bvweÁvbxiv gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi eY©bvg~jK k㸇jv‡K wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶Y wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wewfbœ Afx¶vi mvnv‡h¨ e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶Y¸‡jv cwigvc Kiv hvq| Z‡e GB Afx¶vi djvdj †_‡K ev Íe cwiw ’wZ‡Z GKR‡bi cÖwZwµqv wK n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© memgq fwel¨Øvbx mwZ¨ nq bv| Gi KviY n‡”Q gvby‡li AvPiY cwi‡ekRwbZ wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi DciI wbf©ikxj| Z‡e GB msj¶Y¸‡jvi aviYv AvPi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i Abygvb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 121

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 5

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wb‡ ©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ Ki€b)

1. e¨w³Z¡ cwigvcK Afx¶v †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq? K. e¨w³i `¶Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ L. e¨w³‡K Dc‡`k I wb‡`©kbv †`Iqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ M. e¨w³i cÖeYZv Rvbvi Rb¨ N. e¨w³i K…wZZ¡ Rvbvi D‡Ï‡k¨

2. GKRb gvby‡li AvPiY wK ai‡bi n‡e Zv Rvbvi Dcvq wK? K. e¨w³i msj¶Y m¤ú ‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e L. e¨w³i msj¶Y I cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e M. e¨w³i cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e N. e¨w³i mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e

3. AwfÁ wk¶Kiv mvaviYZ wK K‡ib? K. Qv·`i m¤ú‡K© Av‡Mi wk¶‡Ki gšÍ‡e¨i Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`b L. wk¶v_©xiv memgq GKB AvPiY Ki‡e e‡j K‡ib M. e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶Y¸‡jvi Dci Lye †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`b N. wk¶v_©xiv wewfbœ †kªYxK‡¶ wewfbœ AvPiY K‡i e‡j g‡b K‡ib

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶Y wK Dcv‡q cwigvc Kiv hvq?

2. cÖ‡¶cY Afx¶v Kv‡K e‡j?

3. mZZv I nVKvwiZvi Dci M‡elYvq wK welq AšÍfz©³ wQj?

4. †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ cix¶vq Kviv †ewk Am ycvq Aej¤b K‡i?

5. AwfÁ I wk¶vbwem wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ wK cv_©K¨ nq?

mwVK DËi A) 1| L, 2| L, 3| N

�

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 122

wj½‡f‡` e¨w³‡Z¡i cv_©K¨ [Gender Differences in Personality ]

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb ♦ e¨w³‡Z¡i Dci wj‡½i cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ g~j¨‡eva I Rxe‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨i cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ wj½MZ f‚wgKvi cÖZ¨vkv m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ♦ e¨w³Z¡ I eyw×e„Ëxq K…wZ‡Z¡i m¤úK© we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Avgiv †`wL †h, e¨w³‡Z¡i wewfbœ ˆewk󨸇jv †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î Avjv`v n‡q _v‡K| Avgiv me¸‡jv ‰ewkó¨ wb‡q GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev bv| ïay †mB ˆewk󨸇jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e †h¸‡jv we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi (Performance) mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| wb‡P G¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv nj|

AvMÖvmb e¨w³‡Z¡i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ hZ ai‡bi wj½MZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q, Zvi g‡a¨ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ AvMÖvm‡bi cv_©K¨B me‡P‡q †ewk j¶Yxq| cÖvq me ai‡bi ms¯‹…wZ‡ZB me eq‡mi †Q‡jiv †g‡q‡`i PvB‡Z †ewk AvµbYvÍK n‡q _v‡K| Margaret Mead (1935) Zuvi weL¨vZ iPbv ÔÔwj½ Ges †gRvRÕÕ (Sex and Temperament)-G wewfbœ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i f‚wgKvi weivU cv_©‡K¨i K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †ewki fvM AvPi‡Yi cv_©‡K¨i KviY wnmv‡e cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve‡KB `vqx Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cieZ©xKv‡j AviI Mfxifv‡e b„‰eÁvwbK (Anthropologist) ch©v‡jvPbv Ges RxeRš‘ I gvby‡li AšÍ¶iv MÖwš’ wbtm„Z im (Hormone) cix¶v K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h AvMÖvmb eskMZfv‡e wj‡½i cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y wfbœ n‡q _v‡K (R. Brown, 1965)| Z‡e Tieger (1980) G e¨vcv‡i cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb †h AvMÖvm‡bi cv_©‡K¨i KviY wnmv‡e ˆRweK wfwˇK `vqx Kiv hvq wK bv| wZwb †QvU †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i AvµgYvZœK AvPiY ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`‡Lb †h cuvP eQi eqm ch©šÍ AvMÖvm‡bi wj½MZ cv_©‡K¨i †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| Zuvi M‡elYvi djvdj wb‡ ©k K‡i †h mvgvwRK wk¶YB GB cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ `vqx| GLv‡b GKwU welq cwi®‹vi †evSv hvq †h, †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i f wgKv ms¯‹…wZ‡f‡` wfbœ nq Ges †Q‡jiv mvaviYZ †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk AvwacZ¨ we¯ÍviKvix, „p‡PZv, cÖvYkw³c~Y©, Kg©V, we‡ØlcivqY I aŸsmvZœK (aŸsmcÖeY) n‡q _v‡K|

cvV 6

Aggression

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 123

wPÎ 4.6-1 †QvU †Q‡jiv gvivgvwi †ewk K‡i _v‡K

gZvbyewZ©Zv I wbf©ikxjZv †g‡qiv mvaviYZ †Q‡j‡`i †_‡K †ewk gZvbyeZ©x I Abyf‚wZcÖeY (Suggestible) n‡q _v‡K (H.M. Cooper, 1979 ; Eagly Ges Carli, 1981)| wKš‘ GB M‡elYvq wKQyUv c¶cvwZZ¡ i‡q‡Q e‡j m‡›`n Kiv nq| KviY Eagly Ges Carli Gi M‡elYvq cyiæl M‡elKiv †`‡L‡Qb †h †g‡qiv Lye mn‡RB cÖ‡ivwPZ nq Ges mvaviYZ gZvbyeZ©x nq| wKQy gwnjv M‡elKiv GB ai‡bi djvdj cvb wb|

Av‡eMxq Awf‡hvRb ˆkk‡e Av‡eMxq fvimvg¨Zvi †¶‡Î †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv| wKš‘ Av‡eMxq mgm¨v n‡j Zvi cÖKv‡ki fw½‡Z †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ j¶Yxq| †hgb †QvU †Q‡j‡`i †gRvR, †g‡q‡`i Av½yj †Pvlv BZ¨vw` Av‡e‡Mi cÖKvk| e¨w³‡Z¡i Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq †h, eqtmwܶ‡Y Ges cÖvßeq‡m †Q‡j‡`i PvB‡Z †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ wbD‡ivwm‡mi j¶Y †ewk cwijw¶Z nq| GB cv_©‡K¨i KviY GUv n‡Z cv‡i †h, mgv‡R gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯’¨i eY©bv †hfv‡e †`Lv nq, Zv †Q‡j‡`i f‚wgKvi mv‡_ †ewk m½wZc~Y© (Boverman Ges Ab¨vb¨, 1970)| A_ev GI n‡Z cv‡i †h e¨w³Z¡ Afx¶v¸‡jv cyiælivB ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|

G~j‡eva I Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨ 1950 mv‡j †h mg¯Í WvUv (Data) cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, †Q‡j‡`i wKQy wKQy wel‡q †g‡q‡`i †P‡q †ewk AvMÖn i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q weÁvb m¤Üxq, weµq, MwYZ m¤Üxq, hš¿cvwZ Ges Lye Kg©ZrciZvi cÖ‡qvRb GB ai‡bi †ckv| GQvov Zv‡`i ZË¡xq, A_©‰bwZK Ges ivR‰bwZK g j¨‡evaI †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk| Gw`‡K †g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, Zviv mvwn‡Z¨, mgvR †mevq Ges KiwYK Kv‡R (Clerical-job) †ewk AvMÖnx| Zv‡`i †mŠ›`h©wcÖqZv, mgvR †mev Ges ag©xq g~j¨‡eva Zzjbvg jKfv‡e †ewk (Anastasi, 1958)| Aek¨B GB cv_©K¨ 1950 mv‡ji ci †_‡K K‡g G‡m‡Q KviY gwnjviv wb‡R‡`i m¤ú‡K© GLb wfbœfv‡e fve‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| wPÎ 4.6-2 eZ©gv‡b †g‡qivI †UK‡bvjwRi cÖwZ AvMÖn cÖKvk Ki‡Q

K…wZ‡Z¡i Iwi‡q‡›Ukb K…wZ‡Z¡i †cÖlYv m„wó Ki‡e Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ‡g‡qiv †Q‡j‡`i gZ cÖwZwµqv K‡i bv| Stein Ges Bailey

(1973) wm×vš w`‡q‡Qb †h †g‡qiv ïay †mme †¶‡Î Zv‡`i K…wZ‡Z¡i †cÖlYvi weKvk NUv‡Z Pvq †hme †¶‡Î hv HwZn¨i¶vi LvwZ‡i mgvR †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ mwVK g‡b K‡i| GB †¶Î¸‡jv n‡”Q wewfbœ mvgvwRK ˆbcyY¨ M‡o †Zvjv Ges mvgvwRK m¤úK© ˆZwi Kiv| wj½MZ f‚wgKvi cÖZ¨vkv AZ¨šÍ Aíeq‡mB †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Kv‡Q cÖKvk Kiv nq| wØZxq †kªYx †_‡K Øv`k †kªYx ch©šÍ wkï‡`i wb‡q M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, hš welqK (Mechanical), ¯’vbm¤úK©xq (Spatial) Ges †Lvjvayjvq cvi`wk©Zv‡K (Athletic Skill) cyiælmyjf Ges mvgvwRK (Social), †gŠwLK (Verbal) Ges wPÎKjvq ˆbcyY¨‡K (Artistic Skills) ¯¿xmyjf g‡b Kiv nq| Kv‡RB GKRb Aíeq‡mi gwnjv hvi DuPz K…wZZ¡ †cÖlYv i‡q‡Q †m Ggb †¶‡Î Zvi cÖKvk NUv‡Z †Póv Ki‡e †hLv‡b †m me‡P‡q †ewk cyi¯‹…Z n‡e - †hgb, mvgvwRK †¶Î¸‡jv‡Z|

Emotional

Adjustments

Value and Life

Goals

Acheivement

Orientation

Conformity and

Dependence

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 124

we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ welq¸‡jv †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v K…wZ‡Z¡i †cÖlYv m„wó K‡i Ges GUv wewfbœ M‡elYvq cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q (Battle, 1965, 1966 ; Stein, 1971 ; Stein, Pohly Ges Mueller, 1971)| Kv‡RB †hUv‡K mvd‡j¨i fq wnmv‡e †`Lv n‡”Q (Horner, 1969 ; Komarovsky, 1950) A_ev gwnjv‡`i K…wZ †cÖlYvi Afve ejv n‡”Q Zv nq‡Zv Avm‡j †g‡qiv †hme †¶‡Î mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z Pvq Zv †Q‡j‡`i †¶Î¸‡jv †_‡K Avjv`v (Spence Ges Helmreich, 1978)| Gilligan (1981) Zuvi M‡elYvq †`‡L‡Qb †h, eyw×e„wËi I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi †P‡q mvgvwRK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b Ges mw¤§wjZfv‡e †h me KvR Ki‡Z nq Zv‡Z mvdj¨ AR©b‡KB †g‡qiv †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| †h‡nZz †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i Kv‡Q wfbœ ˆRweK I mvgvwRK f‚wgKv cÖZ¨vkv Kiv nq †m‡nZz Zv‡`i mvd‡j¨i Pvwn`v Zv‡`i AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ n‡q _v‡K|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, AvPi‡Y †h wj½MZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq Zv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ms¯‹…wZi Kvi‡Y bv n‡jI, Gi GKUv eo Ask eskMwZ I cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZwµqvi djvdj| †h‡nZz ms¯‹…wZi cwieZ©b nq Ges †ek ªyZ nq, ZvB †h AvPiY¸‡jv ms¯‹…wZi Øviv cÖfvweZ nq, †m¸‡jvi cwieZ©b nq|

e¨w³Z¡ I eyw×e„Ëxq K…wZ‡Z¡i mg&K© †g‡q‡`i mgvRxKiY (Socialization) cÖwµqv †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q wfbœfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| wk¶K I wcZvgvZviv nq Lye †ewk †øncÖeY n‡q _v‡Kb, bv nq Zv‡`i Dci Lye †ewk eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivc K‡i bv e‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ AbyMZ _vKvi cÖeYZv †ewk cwijw¶Z nq| †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ AvbyMZ¨, gZvbyewZ©Zv I wbw®Œq _vKvi cÖeYZv †ewk _vKvi d‡j Zviv `vwqZ¡ I †bZ…Z¡ †bqv †_‡K mvaviYZ weiZ _v‡K (Bronfenbrenner, 1961)| Z‡e GUv nIqv †gv‡UB wVK bq|

Pv‡ci d‡j †g‡q‡`i K…wZZ¡ ‰kk‡e wKQy wKQy †g‡q‡`i K…wZZ¡ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y †`qv n‡q _v‡K Ges Gi Rb¨ wcZvgvZvi wK ai‡bi ˆewkó¨ _vK‡Z n‡e Zv wewfbœ M‡elYvi djvd‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †g‡q‡`i K…wZZ¡ AR©‡bi †cÖlYv m„wó Kivi Rb¨ †h c×wZi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †mwU Ges me‡P‡q fvjfv‡e wkï jvjb cvj‡bi †h e×g j aviYv eZ©gv‡b Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ we‡kl wgj †bB| Gi Rb¨ wkï‡`i Dci wKQyUv Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| gv‡S gv‡S Av`‡ii gvÎv Kwg‡q, wKQy kvw¯ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e Gi †KvbUvB AwZwi³ nIqv DwPZ bq| †øn cÖeYZvi gvSvgvwS gvÎv, wKQyUv Aby‡gv`b `vb Gi m‡½ K…wZZ¡ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Póvi cyi®‹vi ¯^iƒc ejea©K (Reinforcement) cÖ‡qvM, GB ai‡bi AvPiY‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡e| wKš‘ Gi wecixZ wKQy Ki‡j Zv gZvbyeZ©x I ciwbf©ikxj AvPi‡Yi weKvk NUv‡e (Stein Ges Bailey, 1973)| †g‡q‡`i e¨w³‡Z¡i mv‡_ e„w×e„Ëxq Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi m¤úK© wb‡Pi †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nj (McCobby, 1966)| mvnwmKZv, A‡eMcÖeYZv A_ev AvµgYvZœK g‡bvfv‡ei †¶‡Î †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| hLb †g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î GB msj¶Y¸‡jv ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †ewk _v‡K ZLb bvb ai‡bi eyw×e„Ëxq Kv‡R Zv‡`i Kvh©m¤úv`bI Lye fvj nIqvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| hw` GUv Kvh©KviY (casual) m¤úK© n‡q _v‡K Z‡e ejv hvq †h, eyw×e„Ëxq Kv‡R me‡P‡q fvj Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †g‡q‡`i mwµq n‡Z n‡e Ges wb‡R‡K †Kvb wKQy †_‡K weiZ ivLvi cÖeYZvI Kgv‡Z n‡e| †Q‡j‡`i †¶‡Î hw`I GZ ¯úó m¤úK© cvIqv hvqwb Z‡e GB m¤úK©wU cÖvq GKB ai‡bi cvIqv †M‡Q|

wj½‡f‡` e¨w³‡Z¡i cv_©K¨ nq wK bv Zv wbY©q Kivi j‡¶¨ bvbv M‡elYv n‡q‡Q| wKQy mgv‡jvPbv m‡Ë¡I cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶Y¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ gvÎvq Dcw ’Z _v‡K| wj½‡f‡` e¨w³Z¡ wfbœ nevi Kvi‡Y eyw×e„Ëxq K…wZ‡Z¡i †¶‡Î wfbœZv †`Lv hvq|

Pressure and

Female

Achievement

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 125

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 6

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wb‡ ©kg jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)

1. †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ AvMÖvm‡bi cv_©K¨ †Kb nq? K. ‰RweK wfwËK Kvi‡Y L. mvgvwRK wk¶‡Yi Kvi‡Y M. mvgvwRK I ˆRweK yB Kvi‡YB N. Dc‡ii †KvbwU bq

2. M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡j †Kvb ¸bwU‡K cyiælmyjf g‡b Kiv nq? K. wPÎKjvq ˆbcyY¨ L. mvgvwRK ˆbcyY¨ M. ¯’vbm¤úK©xq `¶Zv N. †gŠwLK †KŠkj

3. †g‡qiv mvaviYZ wK Kiv †_‡K weiZ _v‡K? K. wbw®Œq nIqv †_‡K L. AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv †_‡K M. gZvbyeZ©x nIqv †_‡K N. `wqZ¡ I †bZ…Z¡ †bqv †_‡K

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. wewfbœ M‡elYvq AvMÖvm‡bi †¶‡Î wK ai‡bi wj½MZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq?

2. we`¨vj‡q cwVZ wewfbœ welq¸‡jv †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ wK Avjv`v Avjv`v K…wZ‡Z¡i †cÖlYv m„wó K‡i?

3. Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv wK †g‡q‡`i K…wZZ¡ evov‡bv m¤¢e?

mwVK DËi A) 1| L, 2| M, 3|N

�

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 126

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wb‡ ©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)

1. †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ AvMÖvm‡bi cv_©K¨ †Kb nq? K. ‰RweK wfwËK Kvi‡Y L. mvgvwRK wk¶‡Yi Kvi‡Y M. mvgvwRK I ˆRweK yB Kvi‡YB N. Dc‡ii †KvbwU bq

2. AvÍaviYv ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

K. B”PvKvsLvi †cÖlYv L. †Kvb Kv‡R `¶Zv AR©b M. wb‡Ri e¨vcv‡i mZK© nIqv N. wb‡Ri cÖwZ g‡bvfve

3. M‡elYvje× Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Abyhvqx m„RbkxjZv I eyw×i mnm¯ú‡K©i gvb I aib †Kgb?

K. abvZœK I .50 Gi †ewk L. FbvZœK I .50 Gi †ewk M. abvZœK I .50 Gi Kg N. FYvZœK I .50 Gi Kg

4. e¨w³Z¡ cwigvcK Afx¶v †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq?

K. e¨w³i `¶Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ L. e¨w³‡K Dc‡`k I wb‡`©kbv †`Iqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ M. e¨w³i cÖeYZv Rvbvi Rb¨ N. e¨w³i K…wZZ¡ Rvbvi D‡Ï‡k¨

5. GwiKmb weKv‡ki ¯Íi¸‡jv‡K KqwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb?

K. 6 L. 8 M. 5 N. 4

6. †KvjevM© e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki ¯Íi¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ KqwU ¯Í‡i fvM K‡i‡Qb?

K. 5 L. 3 M. 6 N. 4

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. e¨w³‡Z¡i msÁv w`b|

2. e¨w³Z¡ MV‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøLc~e©K msw¶ß eY©bv w`b|

3. GwiKm‡bi gZev‡` †h msKU¸‡jvi K_v D‡jøL i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv Rxe‡bi †Kvb †Kvb ch©v‡q †`Lv †`q?

�

Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 4 127

4. wcquv‡Ri gZev` Abyhvqx ˆbwZKZvi weKvk ¯Íi¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

5. e¨w³‡Z¡i msj¶Y wK Dcv‡q cwigvc Kiv hvq?

mwVK DËi A) 1| L, 2| N, 3| M, 4| L, 5| L, 6| L