ELECTRICITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY ...
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ELECTRICITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA Hatchell Anak Edward Bachelor of Engineering with Honours 11< (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 4015 2010 R233 2010
Transcript of ELECTRICITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY ...
ELECTRICITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR HOUSEHOLD
AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA
Hatchell Anak Edward
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours 11lt (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering)4015 2010R233 2010
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judui ELECTRICITY SAVlNGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFF[(I INCY STANDARDS AN D LABELS FOR HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA
SESI P E NGAJ IAN 20092010
Saya RATC HELL AK EDWARD (HURUF BESAR)
rnengaku melDbenarkan tcsis iIll citsimpan dl Pusat Kl)J(lmat Mak lumat Akademik Umvcrslli Malaysia Sarawak de ngan syarat-sya ra t kegunaa n sepertl be rikut
1 Tests adalah hakmihk UmVllSl ti MalaYS ia Sa lawak 2 Fusa t KIHdmat Maklumat Akade mik Ul1lvcrslti Ma laysia Sarawak dlbena rkan me i11 buat t-tt litlltl n
untuk tUJua n pengajlan sahaJa 3 MeOlbuat pcndlgita n untuk membangunkan pangkalan Data Kanduogan Telll pata n 4 Fusat Khidmat Maklum at Akademik UOlVelS l tl Mala ysia Sarawak ciIbe narkan membuat fOa linan
tes is 1111 sebagai bahan peltukala n antala tn s titus l pe ngaJIall tmggl 5 511a tand akan ( J )dl ko tak yang berkenacm
D SULIT (Nhngandllngj makJuUlat yang berda1]3lL keselamatan atau kep elltinga n Talays la soper tl yang termaktub dl da lam AKTA RAHSIA RSM I (972)
D TERHAD (MengRndungi maklumat TERHA D yang te lah Jlle lll ukan oleh orgamsu=Ji badan dil1l ana penye li dll~a Jl dIJalankw )
~ 11 [)Al TERHAD
Di sahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULlS) (TM])ATANGAN PENYELlA)
AJama Tctup No103 Taman l lltlHlt Jala ll Tdck J)R BLI SLEHAtIilIIm 9120 1(lrlllnS Nlma PJ1yent w Sn rak
Ia nkh __I Io_ I_o_6+I_w_ _O_ _ Ta rikh in ( II)L
CATATAN Tesis dlmaksudkan sebaga1 tp elS bagl Ijazah Doktor Fa lsafah ~u rjua
dan Sarjana Muda Jika tesls rni SULIT atau TERliAD gIla lamp lrkan sura l dan pada plhak berl- uaa lolganisasi berkenaan de l1gan menya tnkan sekah sehab dan tpmpoh tes1S illl per lu dikelnskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD
Approval Sheet
Final Year Project Report below
Title Electricity Savings by Implementing E nergy Efficie ncy Standards
a nd Labels For Household Air Conditioners in Malaysia
Au thor Ratche ll a k Edw ard
Matric No 1140
Has been read a nd certified by
Dr Abu Saleh Ahmed Date
ELE CTRI CITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR
HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA
RATCHELL ANAK EDWARD
Thesis Is S ubmi tted To
Facu lty of Enginee ring Universiti Malays ia Sarawa k
In P a rtial Fu lfillment of t he Requireme nts
For t he Bache lor Degree of E nginee rin g-
with Honours (Mecha nica l and lVIa nu fac tming E ngineering) 2010
To my (amily (riends Clnd those who needs this
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremos t [ wou ld like to express my mos t sincere thanks a nd gratitude to
my supervisor Dr Abu Saleh Ahmed for the tremendous amount of patie nce he has
s how n me a s we ll as his guidance a nd e ncourage ments th at he lped me throu gh my
fina l year projec t My tha nks a lso go to the Faculty of Enginee ri ng Unive tsiti
Malaysia Sarawak a nd Its staff for the facilit ies and s upport p rov ided
Sewnd T would al so like to say t hanks to the owne rs of the cond itione rs of the au
conditioners that T have tes ted on Tha nk you for yo ur time unde rsta nding and
patie nce
T would also like to say thanks to my fa mily especially my mommy a nd daddy for
t he ir patience and understanding whe n I comp la in abou t all the ha rd work a nd a lso
for the ir support and e ucourageme nt throughout thi s proJE Ct
Last bu t not least I would li ke to say a ve ry special thank you to a ll the incredIble
fri e nds around me for keeping me sane and of cou rse fat all their suppurt
th roughou t co mpleting this project
ABSTRAK
Penghawa dingin kin i se makin mendapa t tempat di dalam Juma h dl
Malaysia [a me rup a kan pe rkakas elektrik rumah yang menggu naka n tenaga
elekt rik kedua le tbesa r se lepas peb sejuk Oleh itu pe nghawa c1i ngin telah me njadi
sasaran da la m usaha pe mba ikan pe nggunaa n elektrik ya ng berkesan Hingga kini
MaLaysia masih be lum menetap ka n sebarang piawai dan labe l lln tuk penggunaan
tenaga bag i penghawa din g in Objek tif proje k ini ada la h untuk mengembangkan
sa tu set piawai dan labe L kecekapan te naga llntuk unit penghawa dingin di rumah
dan juga untllk me nge nalpasti ke mungkinan da la m penj im atan tenaga mela lui
pelaksanaan se t piawai te rsebut Denga n merujuk kepada piawai ujia n yang
ditetapkan oleh Pertubuha n Piawai Anta rabangsa aSO) satu s iri eksperime n te La h
diplanka n terhadap hma be las uni t pe nghawa dlllgJn den ga n keupaya an
pe ndinginan da n model yang bedainan Dengan data -data ya ng dip erolehi me lalu i
eksperime n sa tu p iawai gans dasa r te lah dike mba ngkan mela lui pendekatan
s tatlstIk Satu garis kecekapa ll tUfut dike mbangkan mela lu i 5 dari nilai piawai
ga ris dasar Ti ga je nis label kcce kapan tenaga te la h d ireka dan tinjauan te la h
dija lanka n terhadap la be l-label tersebut di a n tara para pengguna Da ripada
keputusa n tmJaua n te rsebu t labe l kece kapan te la h dipJlih secara me nye luruh dan
dicada ngkan d i da La m projek ini Pe nge na la n p iawai kecekapan tenaga un tuk
penghawa dingm dijangka a kan mengurangka n pengg unaa n tenaga seb anya k 251
536 li74 MWh bap -tiap tahun Se la in itu isumiddot is u pencemaran udara di Malays
dijangka akan be rkurangan se banya k 5 i sekiranya program piawai kecekapan
te naga untuk pe nghawa dingin dilaksa nakan seca ra ma nda tori
ABSTRACT
Roo m a il conditione rs a re quickly becoming a major part of a
Malays ian house hold It is the second larges t ele ctricity cons uming appliance afte r
the refrigerator thus it h as become a target for improve me nt of e nergy
consump t ion Until now Ma laysia h as no t se t any energy e fficie ncy s tandards or
labe ling for room air co nditioners The objec tives of this study are to deve lop a se t of
e nergy efficie ncy s t a ndards a nd labels for househo ld air co nditioners and a lso hnd
out t he possible e nergy sav ings thlOugh the impleme nta tion of the s t a ndard and
label By re fe rring to the ISO (International Standa rd Organiza tion) Tes t
Standards a series of e xpe rimental investigations have bee n conducted tow ards
fifteen units of room air conditione rs with different capacities a nd tra de marks
From the experimen ta l data a base line s tandard has b~ I n de veloped through
s tat is tlcal app roach A 5 saving line has bee n developed fro m the baseline
standard Three types of e nergy saving labe ls have bee n des igned and a s ur vey has
bee ll carried out towards these la bels among the consumers From the survey
response a co mpre he nsive e ne rgy guide label for room a ir conditioners has been
proposed in this project It has bee n estimate d that 251 536 1774 MWh of
e lectric lty energy could be s aved pe r year w ith the introduction all im plementation
of e nergy efficiency s ta ndards for room ail conditioner s Wi th the mandatory
impleme ntation of e nergy efficiency sta ndards fo r room ail conditioners it has been
estimated that a t Jeas t 57 of pollu t ion issue s could be ledllcod in Ma lays ia
ii
Pu~11 Klll101 1akluma middotUademd UNIVFRSITI 11[ YSLA SVlAWA1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
CHAPTER 1 I NTROD UCTION
1 1 Background 1
111 Ener gy Efficiency Standards 2
112 Energy Efficie ncy Labe ls 3
12 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4
Malaysia
121 Energy Supply and Demand in Malays ia 4
122 E lectricity 6
123 E le ctricity Cons umptio n for IVlalaysia s 9
Domestic Sector
13 Objectives 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 His tory of Household Appliance Standards and 15
Labe ls
22 Energy Standards and Labe ls in the European L8
Union (EU)
iii
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judui ELECTRICITY SAVlNGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFF[(I INCY STANDARDS AN D LABELS FOR HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA
SESI P E NGAJ IAN 20092010
Saya RATC HELL AK EDWARD (HURUF BESAR)
rnengaku melDbenarkan tcsis iIll citsimpan dl Pusat Kl)J(lmat Mak lumat Akademik Umvcrslli Malaysia Sarawak de ngan syarat-sya ra t kegunaa n sepertl be rikut
1 Tests adalah hakmihk UmVllSl ti MalaYS ia Sa lawak 2 Fusa t KIHdmat Maklumat Akade mik Ul1lvcrslti Ma laysia Sarawak dlbena rkan me i11 buat t-tt litlltl n
untuk tUJua n pengajlan sahaJa 3 MeOlbuat pcndlgita n untuk membangunkan pangkalan Data Kanduogan Telll pata n 4 Fusat Khidmat Maklum at Akademik UOlVelS l tl Mala ysia Sarawak ciIbe narkan membuat fOa linan
tes is 1111 sebagai bahan peltukala n antala tn s titus l pe ngaJIall tmggl 5 511a tand akan ( J )dl ko tak yang berkenacm
D SULIT (Nhngandllngj makJuUlat yang berda1]3lL keselamatan atau kep elltinga n Talays la soper tl yang termaktub dl da lam AKTA RAHSIA RSM I (972)
D TERHAD (MengRndungi maklumat TERHA D yang te lah Jlle lll ukan oleh orgamsu=Ji badan dil1l ana penye li dll~a Jl dIJalankw )
~ 11 [)Al TERHAD
Di sahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULlS) (TM])ATANGAN PENYELlA)
AJama Tctup No103 Taman l lltlHlt Jala ll Tdck J)R BLI SLEHAtIilIIm 9120 1(lrlllnS Nlma PJ1yent w Sn rak
Ia nkh __I Io_ I_o_6+I_w_ _O_ _ Ta rikh in ( II)L
CATATAN Tesis dlmaksudkan sebaga1 tp elS bagl Ijazah Doktor Fa lsafah ~u rjua
dan Sarjana Muda Jika tesls rni SULIT atau TERliAD gIla lamp lrkan sura l dan pada plhak berl- uaa lolganisasi berkenaan de l1gan menya tnkan sekah sehab dan tpmpoh tes1S illl per lu dikelnskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD
Approval Sheet
Final Year Project Report below
Title Electricity Savings by Implementing E nergy Efficie ncy Standards
a nd Labels For Household Air Conditioners in Malaysia
Au thor Ratche ll a k Edw ard
Matric No 1140
Has been read a nd certified by
Dr Abu Saleh Ahmed Date
ELE CTRI CITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR
HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA
RATCHELL ANAK EDWARD
Thesis Is S ubmi tted To
Facu lty of Enginee ring Universiti Malays ia Sarawa k
In P a rtial Fu lfillment of t he Requireme nts
For t he Bache lor Degree of E nginee rin g-
with Honours (Mecha nica l and lVIa nu fac tming E ngineering) 2010
To my (amily (riends Clnd those who needs this
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremos t [ wou ld like to express my mos t sincere thanks a nd gratitude to
my supervisor Dr Abu Saleh Ahmed for the tremendous amount of patie nce he has
s how n me a s we ll as his guidance a nd e ncourage ments th at he lped me throu gh my
fina l year projec t My tha nks a lso go to the Faculty of Enginee ri ng Unive tsiti
Malaysia Sarawak a nd Its staff for the facilit ies and s upport p rov ided
Sewnd T would al so like to say t hanks to the owne rs of the cond itione rs of the au
conditioners that T have tes ted on Tha nk you for yo ur time unde rsta nding and
patie nce
T would also like to say thanks to my fa mily especially my mommy a nd daddy for
t he ir patience and understanding whe n I comp la in abou t all the ha rd work a nd a lso
for the ir support and e ucourageme nt throughout thi s proJE Ct
Last bu t not least I would li ke to say a ve ry special thank you to a ll the incredIble
fri e nds around me for keeping me sane and of cou rse fat all their suppurt
th roughou t co mpleting this project
ABSTRAK
Penghawa dingin kin i se makin mendapa t tempat di dalam Juma h dl
Malaysia [a me rup a kan pe rkakas elektrik rumah yang menggu naka n tenaga
elekt rik kedua le tbesa r se lepas peb sejuk Oleh itu pe nghawa c1i ngin telah me njadi
sasaran da la m usaha pe mba ikan pe nggunaa n elektrik ya ng berkesan Hingga kini
MaLaysia masih be lum menetap ka n sebarang piawai dan labe l lln tuk penggunaan
tenaga bag i penghawa din g in Objek tif proje k ini ada la h untuk mengembangkan
sa tu set piawai dan labe L kecekapan te naga llntuk unit penghawa dingin di rumah
dan juga untllk me nge nalpasti ke mungkinan da la m penj im atan tenaga mela lui
pelaksanaan se t piawai te rsebut Denga n merujuk kepada piawai ujia n yang
ditetapkan oleh Pertubuha n Piawai Anta rabangsa aSO) satu s iri eksperime n te La h
diplanka n terhadap hma be las uni t pe nghawa dlllgJn den ga n keupaya an
pe ndinginan da n model yang bedainan Dengan data -data ya ng dip erolehi me lalu i
eksperime n sa tu p iawai gans dasa r te lah dike mba ngkan mela lui pendekatan
s tatlstIk Satu garis kecekapa ll tUfut dike mbangkan mela lu i 5 dari nilai piawai
ga ris dasar Ti ga je nis label kcce kapan tenaga te la h d ireka dan tinjauan te la h
dija lanka n terhadap la be l-label tersebut di a n tara para pengguna Da ripada
keputusa n tmJaua n te rsebu t labe l kece kapan te la h dipJlih secara me nye luruh dan
dicada ngkan d i da La m projek ini Pe nge na la n p iawai kecekapan tenaga un tuk
penghawa dingm dijangka a kan mengurangka n pengg unaa n tenaga seb anya k 251
536 li74 MWh bap -tiap tahun Se la in itu isumiddot is u pencemaran udara di Malays
dijangka akan be rkurangan se banya k 5 i sekiranya program piawai kecekapan
te naga untuk pe nghawa dingin dilaksa nakan seca ra ma nda tori
ABSTRACT
Roo m a il conditione rs a re quickly becoming a major part of a
Malays ian house hold It is the second larges t ele ctricity cons uming appliance afte r
the refrigerator thus it h as become a target for improve me nt of e nergy
consump t ion Until now Ma laysia h as no t se t any energy e fficie ncy s tandards or
labe ling for room air co nditioners The objec tives of this study are to deve lop a se t of
e nergy efficie ncy s t a ndards a nd labels for househo ld air co nditioners and a lso hnd
out t he possible e nergy sav ings thlOugh the impleme nta tion of the s t a ndard and
label By re fe rring to the ISO (International Standa rd Organiza tion) Tes t
Standards a series of e xpe rimental investigations have bee n conducted tow ards
fifteen units of room air conditione rs with different capacities a nd tra de marks
From the experimen ta l data a base line s tandard has b~ I n de veloped through
s tat is tlcal app roach A 5 saving line has bee n developed fro m the baseline
standard Three types of e nergy saving labe ls have bee n des igned and a s ur vey has
bee ll carried out towards these la bels among the consumers From the survey
response a co mpre he nsive e ne rgy guide label for room a ir conditioners has been
proposed in this project It has bee n estimate d that 251 536 1774 MWh of
e lectric lty energy could be s aved pe r year w ith the introduction all im plementation
of e nergy efficiency s ta ndards for room ail conditioner s Wi th the mandatory
impleme ntation of e nergy efficiency sta ndards fo r room ail conditioners it has been
estimated that a t Jeas t 57 of pollu t ion issue s could be ledllcod in Ma lays ia
ii
Pu~11 Klll101 1akluma middotUademd UNIVFRSITI 11[ YSLA SVlAWA1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
CHAPTER 1 I NTROD UCTION
1 1 Background 1
111 Ener gy Efficiency Standards 2
112 Energy Efficie ncy Labe ls 3
12 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4
Malaysia
121 Energy Supply and Demand in Malays ia 4
122 E lectricity 6
123 E le ctricity Cons umptio n for IVlalaysia s 9
Domestic Sector
13 Objectives 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 His tory of Household Appliance Standards and 15
Labe ls
22 Energy Standards and Labe ls in the European L8
Union (EU)
iii
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
Approval Sheet
Final Year Project Report below
Title Electricity Savings by Implementing E nergy Efficie ncy Standards
a nd Labels For Household Air Conditioners in Malaysia
Au thor Ratche ll a k Edw ard
Matric No 1140
Has been read a nd certified by
Dr Abu Saleh Ahmed Date
ELE CTRI CITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR
HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA
RATCHELL ANAK EDWARD
Thesis Is S ubmi tted To
Facu lty of Enginee ring Universiti Malays ia Sarawa k
In P a rtial Fu lfillment of t he Requireme nts
For t he Bache lor Degree of E nginee rin g-
with Honours (Mecha nica l and lVIa nu fac tming E ngineering) 2010
To my (amily (riends Clnd those who needs this
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremos t [ wou ld like to express my mos t sincere thanks a nd gratitude to
my supervisor Dr Abu Saleh Ahmed for the tremendous amount of patie nce he has
s how n me a s we ll as his guidance a nd e ncourage ments th at he lped me throu gh my
fina l year projec t My tha nks a lso go to the Faculty of Enginee ri ng Unive tsiti
Malaysia Sarawak a nd Its staff for the facilit ies and s upport p rov ided
Sewnd T would al so like to say t hanks to the owne rs of the cond itione rs of the au
conditioners that T have tes ted on Tha nk you for yo ur time unde rsta nding and
patie nce
T would also like to say thanks to my fa mily especially my mommy a nd daddy for
t he ir patience and understanding whe n I comp la in abou t all the ha rd work a nd a lso
for the ir support and e ucourageme nt throughout thi s proJE Ct
Last bu t not least I would li ke to say a ve ry special thank you to a ll the incredIble
fri e nds around me for keeping me sane and of cou rse fat all their suppurt
th roughou t co mpleting this project
ABSTRAK
Penghawa dingin kin i se makin mendapa t tempat di dalam Juma h dl
Malaysia [a me rup a kan pe rkakas elektrik rumah yang menggu naka n tenaga
elekt rik kedua le tbesa r se lepas peb sejuk Oleh itu pe nghawa c1i ngin telah me njadi
sasaran da la m usaha pe mba ikan pe nggunaa n elektrik ya ng berkesan Hingga kini
MaLaysia masih be lum menetap ka n sebarang piawai dan labe l lln tuk penggunaan
tenaga bag i penghawa din g in Objek tif proje k ini ada la h untuk mengembangkan
sa tu set piawai dan labe L kecekapan te naga llntuk unit penghawa dingin di rumah
dan juga untllk me nge nalpasti ke mungkinan da la m penj im atan tenaga mela lui
pelaksanaan se t piawai te rsebut Denga n merujuk kepada piawai ujia n yang
ditetapkan oleh Pertubuha n Piawai Anta rabangsa aSO) satu s iri eksperime n te La h
diplanka n terhadap hma be las uni t pe nghawa dlllgJn den ga n keupaya an
pe ndinginan da n model yang bedainan Dengan data -data ya ng dip erolehi me lalu i
eksperime n sa tu p iawai gans dasa r te lah dike mba ngkan mela lui pendekatan
s tatlstIk Satu garis kecekapa ll tUfut dike mbangkan mela lu i 5 dari nilai piawai
ga ris dasar Ti ga je nis label kcce kapan tenaga te la h d ireka dan tinjauan te la h
dija lanka n terhadap la be l-label tersebut di a n tara para pengguna Da ripada
keputusa n tmJaua n te rsebu t labe l kece kapan te la h dipJlih secara me nye luruh dan
dicada ngkan d i da La m projek ini Pe nge na la n p iawai kecekapan tenaga un tuk
penghawa dingm dijangka a kan mengurangka n pengg unaa n tenaga seb anya k 251
536 li74 MWh bap -tiap tahun Se la in itu isumiddot is u pencemaran udara di Malays
dijangka akan be rkurangan se banya k 5 i sekiranya program piawai kecekapan
te naga untuk pe nghawa dingin dilaksa nakan seca ra ma nda tori
ABSTRACT
Roo m a il conditione rs a re quickly becoming a major part of a
Malays ian house hold It is the second larges t ele ctricity cons uming appliance afte r
the refrigerator thus it h as become a target for improve me nt of e nergy
consump t ion Until now Ma laysia h as no t se t any energy e fficie ncy s tandards or
labe ling for room air co nditioners The objec tives of this study are to deve lop a se t of
e nergy efficie ncy s t a ndards a nd labels for househo ld air co nditioners and a lso hnd
out t he possible e nergy sav ings thlOugh the impleme nta tion of the s t a ndard and
label By re fe rring to the ISO (International Standa rd Organiza tion) Tes t
Standards a series of e xpe rimental investigations have bee n conducted tow ards
fifteen units of room air conditione rs with different capacities a nd tra de marks
From the experimen ta l data a base line s tandard has b~ I n de veloped through
s tat is tlcal app roach A 5 saving line has bee n developed fro m the baseline
standard Three types of e nergy saving labe ls have bee n des igned and a s ur vey has
bee ll carried out towards these la bels among the consumers From the survey
response a co mpre he nsive e ne rgy guide label for room a ir conditioners has been
proposed in this project It has bee n estimate d that 251 536 1774 MWh of
e lectric lty energy could be s aved pe r year w ith the introduction all im plementation
of e nergy efficiency s ta ndards for room ail conditioner s Wi th the mandatory
impleme ntation of e nergy efficiency sta ndards fo r room ail conditioners it has been
estimated that a t Jeas t 57 of pollu t ion issue s could be ledllcod in Ma lays ia
ii
Pu~11 Klll101 1akluma middotUademd UNIVFRSITI 11[ YSLA SVlAWA1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
CHAPTER 1 I NTROD UCTION
1 1 Background 1
111 Ener gy Efficiency Standards 2
112 Energy Efficie ncy Labe ls 3
12 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4
Malaysia
121 Energy Supply and Demand in Malays ia 4
122 E lectricity 6
123 E le ctricity Cons umptio n for IVlalaysia s 9
Domestic Sector
13 Objectives 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 His tory of Household Appliance Standards and 15
Labe ls
22 Energy Standards and Labe ls in the European L8
Union (EU)
iii
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
ELE CTRI CITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR
HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA
RATCHELL ANAK EDWARD
Thesis Is S ubmi tted To
Facu lty of Enginee ring Universiti Malays ia Sarawa k
In P a rtial Fu lfillment of t he Requireme nts
For t he Bache lor Degree of E nginee rin g-
with Honours (Mecha nica l and lVIa nu fac tming E ngineering) 2010
To my (amily (riends Clnd those who needs this
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremos t [ wou ld like to express my mos t sincere thanks a nd gratitude to
my supervisor Dr Abu Saleh Ahmed for the tremendous amount of patie nce he has
s how n me a s we ll as his guidance a nd e ncourage ments th at he lped me throu gh my
fina l year projec t My tha nks a lso go to the Faculty of Enginee ri ng Unive tsiti
Malaysia Sarawak a nd Its staff for the facilit ies and s upport p rov ided
Sewnd T would al so like to say t hanks to the owne rs of the cond itione rs of the au
conditioners that T have tes ted on Tha nk you for yo ur time unde rsta nding and
patie nce
T would also like to say thanks to my fa mily especially my mommy a nd daddy for
t he ir patience and understanding whe n I comp la in abou t all the ha rd work a nd a lso
for the ir support and e ucourageme nt throughout thi s proJE Ct
Last bu t not least I would li ke to say a ve ry special thank you to a ll the incredIble
fri e nds around me for keeping me sane and of cou rse fat all their suppurt
th roughou t co mpleting this project
ABSTRAK
Penghawa dingin kin i se makin mendapa t tempat di dalam Juma h dl
Malaysia [a me rup a kan pe rkakas elektrik rumah yang menggu naka n tenaga
elekt rik kedua le tbesa r se lepas peb sejuk Oleh itu pe nghawa c1i ngin telah me njadi
sasaran da la m usaha pe mba ikan pe nggunaa n elektrik ya ng berkesan Hingga kini
MaLaysia masih be lum menetap ka n sebarang piawai dan labe l lln tuk penggunaan
tenaga bag i penghawa din g in Objek tif proje k ini ada la h untuk mengembangkan
sa tu set piawai dan labe L kecekapan te naga llntuk unit penghawa dingin di rumah
dan juga untllk me nge nalpasti ke mungkinan da la m penj im atan tenaga mela lui
pelaksanaan se t piawai te rsebut Denga n merujuk kepada piawai ujia n yang
ditetapkan oleh Pertubuha n Piawai Anta rabangsa aSO) satu s iri eksperime n te La h
diplanka n terhadap hma be las uni t pe nghawa dlllgJn den ga n keupaya an
pe ndinginan da n model yang bedainan Dengan data -data ya ng dip erolehi me lalu i
eksperime n sa tu p iawai gans dasa r te lah dike mba ngkan mela lui pendekatan
s tatlstIk Satu garis kecekapa ll tUfut dike mbangkan mela lu i 5 dari nilai piawai
ga ris dasar Ti ga je nis label kcce kapan tenaga te la h d ireka dan tinjauan te la h
dija lanka n terhadap la be l-label tersebut di a n tara para pengguna Da ripada
keputusa n tmJaua n te rsebu t labe l kece kapan te la h dipJlih secara me nye luruh dan
dicada ngkan d i da La m projek ini Pe nge na la n p iawai kecekapan tenaga un tuk
penghawa dingm dijangka a kan mengurangka n pengg unaa n tenaga seb anya k 251
536 li74 MWh bap -tiap tahun Se la in itu isumiddot is u pencemaran udara di Malays
dijangka akan be rkurangan se banya k 5 i sekiranya program piawai kecekapan
te naga untuk pe nghawa dingin dilaksa nakan seca ra ma nda tori
ABSTRACT
Roo m a il conditione rs a re quickly becoming a major part of a
Malays ian house hold It is the second larges t ele ctricity cons uming appliance afte r
the refrigerator thus it h as become a target for improve me nt of e nergy
consump t ion Until now Ma laysia h as no t se t any energy e fficie ncy s tandards or
labe ling for room air co nditioners The objec tives of this study are to deve lop a se t of
e nergy efficie ncy s t a ndards a nd labels for househo ld air co nditioners and a lso hnd
out t he possible e nergy sav ings thlOugh the impleme nta tion of the s t a ndard and
label By re fe rring to the ISO (International Standa rd Organiza tion) Tes t
Standards a series of e xpe rimental investigations have bee n conducted tow ards
fifteen units of room air conditione rs with different capacities a nd tra de marks
From the experimen ta l data a base line s tandard has b~ I n de veloped through
s tat is tlcal app roach A 5 saving line has bee n developed fro m the baseline
standard Three types of e nergy saving labe ls have bee n des igned and a s ur vey has
bee ll carried out towards these la bels among the consumers From the survey
response a co mpre he nsive e ne rgy guide label for room a ir conditioners has been
proposed in this project It has bee n estimate d that 251 536 1774 MWh of
e lectric lty energy could be s aved pe r year w ith the introduction all im plementation
of e nergy efficiency s ta ndards for room ail conditioner s Wi th the mandatory
impleme ntation of e nergy efficiency sta ndards fo r room ail conditioners it has been
estimated that a t Jeas t 57 of pollu t ion issue s could be ledllcod in Ma lays ia
ii
Pu~11 Klll101 1akluma middotUademd UNIVFRSITI 11[ YSLA SVlAWA1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
CHAPTER 1 I NTROD UCTION
1 1 Background 1
111 Ener gy Efficiency Standards 2
112 Energy Efficie ncy Labe ls 3
12 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4
Malaysia
121 Energy Supply and Demand in Malays ia 4
122 E lectricity 6
123 E le ctricity Cons umptio n for IVlalaysia s 9
Domestic Sector
13 Objectives 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 His tory of Household Appliance Standards and 15
Labe ls
22 Energy Standards and Labe ls in the European L8
Union (EU)
iii
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
To my (amily (riends Clnd those who needs this
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremos t [ wou ld like to express my mos t sincere thanks a nd gratitude to
my supervisor Dr Abu Saleh Ahmed for the tremendous amount of patie nce he has
s how n me a s we ll as his guidance a nd e ncourage ments th at he lped me throu gh my
fina l year projec t My tha nks a lso go to the Faculty of Enginee ri ng Unive tsiti
Malaysia Sarawak a nd Its staff for the facilit ies and s upport p rov ided
Sewnd T would al so like to say t hanks to the owne rs of the cond itione rs of the au
conditioners that T have tes ted on Tha nk you for yo ur time unde rsta nding and
patie nce
T would also like to say thanks to my fa mily especially my mommy a nd daddy for
t he ir patience and understanding whe n I comp la in abou t all the ha rd work a nd a lso
for the ir support and e ucourageme nt throughout thi s proJE Ct
Last bu t not least I would li ke to say a ve ry special thank you to a ll the incredIble
fri e nds around me for keeping me sane and of cou rse fat all their suppurt
th roughou t co mpleting this project
ABSTRAK
Penghawa dingin kin i se makin mendapa t tempat di dalam Juma h dl
Malaysia [a me rup a kan pe rkakas elektrik rumah yang menggu naka n tenaga
elekt rik kedua le tbesa r se lepas peb sejuk Oleh itu pe nghawa c1i ngin telah me njadi
sasaran da la m usaha pe mba ikan pe nggunaa n elektrik ya ng berkesan Hingga kini
MaLaysia masih be lum menetap ka n sebarang piawai dan labe l lln tuk penggunaan
tenaga bag i penghawa din g in Objek tif proje k ini ada la h untuk mengembangkan
sa tu set piawai dan labe L kecekapan te naga llntuk unit penghawa dingin di rumah
dan juga untllk me nge nalpasti ke mungkinan da la m penj im atan tenaga mela lui
pelaksanaan se t piawai te rsebut Denga n merujuk kepada piawai ujia n yang
ditetapkan oleh Pertubuha n Piawai Anta rabangsa aSO) satu s iri eksperime n te La h
diplanka n terhadap hma be las uni t pe nghawa dlllgJn den ga n keupaya an
pe ndinginan da n model yang bedainan Dengan data -data ya ng dip erolehi me lalu i
eksperime n sa tu p iawai gans dasa r te lah dike mba ngkan mela lui pendekatan
s tatlstIk Satu garis kecekapa ll tUfut dike mbangkan mela lu i 5 dari nilai piawai
ga ris dasar Ti ga je nis label kcce kapan tenaga te la h d ireka dan tinjauan te la h
dija lanka n terhadap la be l-label tersebut di a n tara para pengguna Da ripada
keputusa n tmJaua n te rsebu t labe l kece kapan te la h dipJlih secara me nye luruh dan
dicada ngkan d i da La m projek ini Pe nge na la n p iawai kecekapan tenaga un tuk
penghawa dingm dijangka a kan mengurangka n pengg unaa n tenaga seb anya k 251
536 li74 MWh bap -tiap tahun Se la in itu isumiddot is u pencemaran udara di Malays
dijangka akan be rkurangan se banya k 5 i sekiranya program piawai kecekapan
te naga untuk pe nghawa dingin dilaksa nakan seca ra ma nda tori
ABSTRACT
Roo m a il conditione rs a re quickly becoming a major part of a
Malays ian house hold It is the second larges t ele ctricity cons uming appliance afte r
the refrigerator thus it h as become a target for improve me nt of e nergy
consump t ion Until now Ma laysia h as no t se t any energy e fficie ncy s tandards or
labe ling for room air co nditioners The objec tives of this study are to deve lop a se t of
e nergy efficie ncy s t a ndards a nd labels for househo ld air co nditioners and a lso hnd
out t he possible e nergy sav ings thlOugh the impleme nta tion of the s t a ndard and
label By re fe rring to the ISO (International Standa rd Organiza tion) Tes t
Standards a series of e xpe rimental investigations have bee n conducted tow ards
fifteen units of room air conditione rs with different capacities a nd tra de marks
From the experimen ta l data a base line s tandard has b~ I n de veloped through
s tat is tlcal app roach A 5 saving line has bee n developed fro m the baseline
standard Three types of e nergy saving labe ls have bee n des igned and a s ur vey has
bee ll carried out towards these la bels among the consumers From the survey
response a co mpre he nsive e ne rgy guide label for room a ir conditioners has been
proposed in this project It has bee n estimate d that 251 536 1774 MWh of
e lectric lty energy could be s aved pe r year w ith the introduction all im plementation
of e nergy efficiency s ta ndards for room ail conditioner s Wi th the mandatory
impleme ntation of e nergy efficiency sta ndards fo r room ail conditioners it has been
estimated that a t Jeas t 57 of pollu t ion issue s could be ledllcod in Ma lays ia
ii
Pu~11 Klll101 1akluma middotUademd UNIVFRSITI 11[ YSLA SVlAWA1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
CHAPTER 1 I NTROD UCTION
1 1 Background 1
111 Ener gy Efficiency Standards 2
112 Energy Efficie ncy Labe ls 3
12 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4
Malaysia
121 Energy Supply and Demand in Malays ia 4
122 E lectricity 6
123 E le ctricity Cons umptio n for IVlalaysia s 9
Domestic Sector
13 Objectives 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 His tory of Household Appliance Standards and 15
Labe ls
22 Energy Standards and Labe ls in the European L8
Union (EU)
iii
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremos t [ wou ld like to express my mos t sincere thanks a nd gratitude to
my supervisor Dr Abu Saleh Ahmed for the tremendous amount of patie nce he has
s how n me a s we ll as his guidance a nd e ncourage ments th at he lped me throu gh my
fina l year projec t My tha nks a lso go to the Faculty of Enginee ri ng Unive tsiti
Malaysia Sarawak a nd Its staff for the facilit ies and s upport p rov ided
Sewnd T would al so like to say t hanks to the owne rs of the cond itione rs of the au
conditioners that T have tes ted on Tha nk you for yo ur time unde rsta nding and
patie nce
T would also like to say thanks to my fa mily especially my mommy a nd daddy for
t he ir patience and understanding whe n I comp la in abou t all the ha rd work a nd a lso
for the ir support and e ucourageme nt throughout thi s proJE Ct
Last bu t not least I would li ke to say a ve ry special thank you to a ll the incredIble
fri e nds around me for keeping me sane and of cou rse fat all their suppurt
th roughou t co mpleting this project
ABSTRAK
Penghawa dingin kin i se makin mendapa t tempat di dalam Juma h dl
Malaysia [a me rup a kan pe rkakas elektrik rumah yang menggu naka n tenaga
elekt rik kedua le tbesa r se lepas peb sejuk Oleh itu pe nghawa c1i ngin telah me njadi
sasaran da la m usaha pe mba ikan pe nggunaa n elektrik ya ng berkesan Hingga kini
MaLaysia masih be lum menetap ka n sebarang piawai dan labe l lln tuk penggunaan
tenaga bag i penghawa din g in Objek tif proje k ini ada la h untuk mengembangkan
sa tu set piawai dan labe L kecekapan te naga llntuk unit penghawa dingin di rumah
dan juga untllk me nge nalpasti ke mungkinan da la m penj im atan tenaga mela lui
pelaksanaan se t piawai te rsebut Denga n merujuk kepada piawai ujia n yang
ditetapkan oleh Pertubuha n Piawai Anta rabangsa aSO) satu s iri eksperime n te La h
diplanka n terhadap hma be las uni t pe nghawa dlllgJn den ga n keupaya an
pe ndinginan da n model yang bedainan Dengan data -data ya ng dip erolehi me lalu i
eksperime n sa tu p iawai gans dasa r te lah dike mba ngkan mela lui pendekatan
s tatlstIk Satu garis kecekapa ll tUfut dike mbangkan mela lu i 5 dari nilai piawai
ga ris dasar Ti ga je nis label kcce kapan tenaga te la h d ireka dan tinjauan te la h
dija lanka n terhadap la be l-label tersebut di a n tara para pengguna Da ripada
keputusa n tmJaua n te rsebu t labe l kece kapan te la h dipJlih secara me nye luruh dan
dicada ngkan d i da La m projek ini Pe nge na la n p iawai kecekapan tenaga un tuk
penghawa dingm dijangka a kan mengurangka n pengg unaa n tenaga seb anya k 251
536 li74 MWh bap -tiap tahun Se la in itu isumiddot is u pencemaran udara di Malays
dijangka akan be rkurangan se banya k 5 i sekiranya program piawai kecekapan
te naga untuk pe nghawa dingin dilaksa nakan seca ra ma nda tori
ABSTRACT
Roo m a il conditione rs a re quickly becoming a major part of a
Malays ian house hold It is the second larges t ele ctricity cons uming appliance afte r
the refrigerator thus it h as become a target for improve me nt of e nergy
consump t ion Until now Ma laysia h as no t se t any energy e fficie ncy s tandards or
labe ling for room air co nditioners The objec tives of this study are to deve lop a se t of
e nergy efficie ncy s t a ndards a nd labels for househo ld air co nditioners and a lso hnd
out t he possible e nergy sav ings thlOugh the impleme nta tion of the s t a ndard and
label By re fe rring to the ISO (International Standa rd Organiza tion) Tes t
Standards a series of e xpe rimental investigations have bee n conducted tow ards
fifteen units of room air conditione rs with different capacities a nd tra de marks
From the experimen ta l data a base line s tandard has b~ I n de veloped through
s tat is tlcal app roach A 5 saving line has bee n developed fro m the baseline
standard Three types of e nergy saving labe ls have bee n des igned and a s ur vey has
bee ll carried out towards these la bels among the consumers From the survey
response a co mpre he nsive e ne rgy guide label for room a ir conditioners has been
proposed in this project It has bee n estimate d that 251 536 1774 MWh of
e lectric lty energy could be s aved pe r year w ith the introduction all im plementation
of e nergy efficiency s ta ndards for room ail conditioner s Wi th the mandatory
impleme ntation of e nergy efficiency sta ndards fo r room ail conditioners it has been
estimated that a t Jeas t 57 of pollu t ion issue s could be ledllcod in Ma lays ia
ii
Pu~11 Klll101 1akluma middotUademd UNIVFRSITI 11[ YSLA SVlAWA1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
CHAPTER 1 I NTROD UCTION
1 1 Background 1
111 Ener gy Efficiency Standards 2
112 Energy Efficie ncy Labe ls 3
12 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4
Malaysia
121 Energy Supply and Demand in Malays ia 4
122 E lectricity 6
123 E le ctricity Cons umptio n for IVlalaysia s 9
Domestic Sector
13 Objectives 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 His tory of Household Appliance Standards and 15
Labe ls
22 Energy Standards and Labe ls in the European L8
Union (EU)
iii
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
ABSTRAK
Penghawa dingin kin i se makin mendapa t tempat di dalam Juma h dl
Malaysia [a me rup a kan pe rkakas elektrik rumah yang menggu naka n tenaga
elekt rik kedua le tbesa r se lepas peb sejuk Oleh itu pe nghawa c1i ngin telah me njadi
sasaran da la m usaha pe mba ikan pe nggunaa n elektrik ya ng berkesan Hingga kini
MaLaysia masih be lum menetap ka n sebarang piawai dan labe l lln tuk penggunaan
tenaga bag i penghawa din g in Objek tif proje k ini ada la h untuk mengembangkan
sa tu set piawai dan labe L kecekapan te naga llntuk unit penghawa dingin di rumah
dan juga untllk me nge nalpasti ke mungkinan da la m penj im atan tenaga mela lui
pelaksanaan se t piawai te rsebut Denga n merujuk kepada piawai ujia n yang
ditetapkan oleh Pertubuha n Piawai Anta rabangsa aSO) satu s iri eksperime n te La h
diplanka n terhadap hma be las uni t pe nghawa dlllgJn den ga n keupaya an
pe ndinginan da n model yang bedainan Dengan data -data ya ng dip erolehi me lalu i
eksperime n sa tu p iawai gans dasa r te lah dike mba ngkan mela lui pendekatan
s tatlstIk Satu garis kecekapa ll tUfut dike mbangkan mela lu i 5 dari nilai piawai
ga ris dasar Ti ga je nis label kcce kapan tenaga te la h d ireka dan tinjauan te la h
dija lanka n terhadap la be l-label tersebut di a n tara para pengguna Da ripada
keputusa n tmJaua n te rsebu t labe l kece kapan te la h dipJlih secara me nye luruh dan
dicada ngkan d i da La m projek ini Pe nge na la n p iawai kecekapan tenaga un tuk
penghawa dingm dijangka a kan mengurangka n pengg unaa n tenaga seb anya k 251
536 li74 MWh bap -tiap tahun Se la in itu isumiddot is u pencemaran udara di Malays
dijangka akan be rkurangan se banya k 5 i sekiranya program piawai kecekapan
te naga untuk pe nghawa dingin dilaksa nakan seca ra ma nda tori
ABSTRACT
Roo m a il conditione rs a re quickly becoming a major part of a
Malays ian house hold It is the second larges t ele ctricity cons uming appliance afte r
the refrigerator thus it h as become a target for improve me nt of e nergy
consump t ion Until now Ma laysia h as no t se t any energy e fficie ncy s tandards or
labe ling for room air co nditioners The objec tives of this study are to deve lop a se t of
e nergy efficie ncy s t a ndards a nd labels for househo ld air co nditioners and a lso hnd
out t he possible e nergy sav ings thlOugh the impleme nta tion of the s t a ndard and
label By re fe rring to the ISO (International Standa rd Organiza tion) Tes t
Standards a series of e xpe rimental investigations have bee n conducted tow ards
fifteen units of room air conditione rs with different capacities a nd tra de marks
From the experimen ta l data a base line s tandard has b~ I n de veloped through
s tat is tlcal app roach A 5 saving line has bee n developed fro m the baseline
standard Three types of e nergy saving labe ls have bee n des igned and a s ur vey has
bee ll carried out towards these la bels among the consumers From the survey
response a co mpre he nsive e ne rgy guide label for room a ir conditioners has been
proposed in this project It has bee n estimate d that 251 536 1774 MWh of
e lectric lty energy could be s aved pe r year w ith the introduction all im plementation
of e nergy efficiency s ta ndards for room ail conditioner s Wi th the mandatory
impleme ntation of e nergy efficiency sta ndards fo r room ail conditioners it has been
estimated that a t Jeas t 57 of pollu t ion issue s could be ledllcod in Ma lays ia
ii
Pu~11 Klll101 1akluma middotUademd UNIVFRSITI 11[ YSLA SVlAWA1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
CHAPTER 1 I NTROD UCTION
1 1 Background 1
111 Ener gy Efficiency Standards 2
112 Energy Efficie ncy Labe ls 3
12 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4
Malaysia
121 Energy Supply and Demand in Malays ia 4
122 E lectricity 6
123 E le ctricity Cons umptio n for IVlalaysia s 9
Domestic Sector
13 Objectives 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 His tory of Household Appliance Standards and 15
Labe ls
22 Energy Standards and Labe ls in the European L8
Union (EU)
iii
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
ABSTRACT
Roo m a il conditione rs a re quickly becoming a major part of a
Malays ian house hold It is the second larges t ele ctricity cons uming appliance afte r
the refrigerator thus it h as become a target for improve me nt of e nergy
consump t ion Until now Ma laysia h as no t se t any energy e fficie ncy s tandards or
labe ling for room air co nditioners The objec tives of this study are to deve lop a se t of
e nergy efficie ncy s t a ndards a nd labels for househo ld air co nditioners and a lso hnd
out t he possible e nergy sav ings thlOugh the impleme nta tion of the s t a ndard and
label By re fe rring to the ISO (International Standa rd Organiza tion) Tes t
Standards a series of e xpe rimental investigations have bee n conducted tow ards
fifteen units of room air conditione rs with different capacities a nd tra de marks
From the experimen ta l data a base line s tandard has b~ I n de veloped through
s tat is tlcal app roach A 5 saving line has bee n developed fro m the baseline
standard Three types of e nergy saving labe ls have bee n des igned and a s ur vey has
bee ll carried out towards these la bels among the consumers From the survey
response a co mpre he nsive e ne rgy guide label for room a ir conditioners has been
proposed in this project It has bee n estimate d that 251 536 1774 MWh of
e lectric lty energy could be s aved pe r year w ith the introduction all im plementation
of e nergy efficiency s ta ndards for room ail conditioner s Wi th the mandatory
impleme ntation of e nergy efficiency sta ndards fo r room ail conditioners it has been
estimated that a t Jeas t 57 of pollu t ion issue s could be ledllcod in Ma lays ia
ii
Pu~11 Klll101 1akluma middotUademd UNIVFRSITI 11[ YSLA SVlAWA1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
CHAPTER 1 I NTROD UCTION
1 1 Background 1
111 Ener gy Efficiency Standards 2
112 Energy Efficie ncy Labe ls 3
12 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4
Malaysia
121 Energy Supply and Demand in Malays ia 4
122 E lectricity 6
123 E le ctricity Cons umptio n for IVlalaysia s 9
Domestic Sector
13 Objectives 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 His tory of Household Appliance Standards and 15
Labe ls
22 Energy Standards and Labe ls in the European L8
Union (EU)
iii
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
Pu~11 Klll101 1akluma middotUademd UNIVFRSITI 11[ YSLA SVlAWA1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
CHAPTER 1 I NTROD UCTION
1 1 Background 1
111 Ener gy Efficiency Standards 2
112 Energy Efficie ncy Labe ls 3
12 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4
Malaysia
121 Energy Supply and Demand in Malays ia 4
122 E lectricity 6
123 E le ctricity Cons umptio n for IVlalaysia s 9
Domestic Sector
13 Objectives 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 His tory of Household Appliance Standards and 15
Labe ls
22 Energy Standards and Labe ls in the European L8
Union (EU)
iii
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
23 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23
States (US)
24 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26
25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28
26 Ene rgy Standards and Labe ls in Thailand 29
27 Energy Standards a nd Labels in Philippines 30
28 Energy Standards and La bels in Malays ia 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standa rds 31
and Labels Program
31 1 Step 1 Decide Whether and How to 36
Implement Energy Labels and Sta ndards
3 1 2 Step 2 Deve loping a Testing Capability 37
31 3 Step 3 Design and Implement a Labehng 38
Program
3 14 Step L Analyze and Set St a ndards 3R
31 5 Step 5 Design a nd Implement a 40
Communica tion Campaign
316 Step G Ens ure ProgTam Integrity 40
31 7 Step 7 Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41
Setting Program
IV
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
32 Energy Test Procedure 41
3 3 Applicab ility ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43
Conditioners in JVla Jaysia
34 Project Scope 44
35 E xpe rime nt Ins tru me nta tion 45
3 6 Expe rimenta l Procedure 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4 1 Ene rgy Consumption of SplitmiddotType Room 47
Air Conditio ner
4 2 Effec t of Ambie nt Temperature a nd Humidity 51
4 3 Developmen t of E ne rgy Efficiency Sta ndard s 53
44 Development of Energy Efficiency Labe ls 56
44 1 Energy Ra ting Label 57
44 2 E ne l gy Guide Labe l 57
443 S tar Ra ting Labe l 58
4 5 En~rgy Labe ling Survey 63
46 Proposed Malaysian Tes t St andards for amp) ll 64
Air Conditioners
4 7 Energy Savings 65
48 Gree nhouse Gases E mi SSIO ns Red uetion G7
v
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion 71
52 Recommendations 73
52 1 Recommendations for Further Works 73
522 Recomme ndations to Ma nufacturers 74
523 Recommendations to Consumers 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDlXA 81
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9
12 E lec tricity Costs per Month in Differe nt Types 10
of Houses
13 Es timate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m 12
Terrace House
21 The History of Energy Efficie ncy Labels and 17
Standards
2 2 Minimum Ene rgy Pe rformance Standa rds European 21
Union
23 Summary of European Labeling Program 22
24 Minimum Energy Performance Standards Umted 25
States
25 Energy Efficiency Target Leve ls of the Top Runner 27
P rogram
3 1 ISO Test Co nditions for De ter milllng Cooling 43
Capacity
vii
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
48 4 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of SplitmiddotType Room
Ail Conditioner
42 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Sp li tmiddotType RoolD Air 49
Conditioner
43 Ambient Te mperatu re a nd Humi dity Leve l during 52
the Expe riment
44 Proposed Energy Efficie ncy Standard Roo m Air 54
Cond itioner
4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59
to EER
47 Labeling S nrvey Output 63
48 E mission F actors of Fossil Fuel s for Elec tricity 67
Ge nera t ion
4fJ Perce ntage of Mix F uel in Electr icity Ge ne ration 68
from 1994 to 2020
410 Daily Emiss ion of Glee nhouse Gases dne to Mix 69
Fue1 line rgy Ge nera tion Use d by noom All
Conditioners in 2020
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
LIST OF FIGURES
F igures P a ge
1 1 Comme rcial E nergy S upp ly in Malays ia 5
1 2 F ina l Energy Use by Sec tors in Malays ia 6
13 E nergy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8
14 Ene rgy Uses in ampsidentia l Sector Ln Mal aysia 11
3 I Typ ical Steps in Deve loping Cons umer P roduct 35
Ene rgy Effici e ncy Labe ls and Standards
4 1 E nergy Effic ie ncy Ratio for Room Air Conditione rs 55
42 E nergy Rating Labe l 60
43 E ne rgy Guide Labe l 6 1
4 4 Star Ra ting La bel 62
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
degC Degree Celcius
BPS Bureau of Product S tandards
Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour
CECED Europea n Federatio n of Dome stic App lia nce Manufacturers
CETDEM Ce ntre fo r Environment Technology and Development
Malays ia
CETREE Centre for Ed uca tio n and Tra ining In Renew ab le E ne rgy a nd
Ene rgy Elfie ie ncy
CNIS China Natio na l Institu te o f Standards
co Carbo n Mo noxide
C02 Carbo n DiOX Ide
COP Coeffi cient of Performa nce
DEDP Department of Energy Deve lop me nt a nd Promotion
DOE Department of Enegy
DSM Demand-side management
x
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
EACElVl Europea n Assoc iation of Consumer E lect ronics Ma nu fa cturers
E C Eu ropean Commiss ion
EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act
EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio
EGAT E lectr icity Ge ne rating Author ity Thaila nd
EPCA E ne rgy Po licy and Co nse rvatIO n Act
ESCAP Economic a nd Social Commiss ion for As ia a nd the P acific
EU E uropean U nion
EUR Euro
EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt -hour
GDP Gross Domes tic Product
GEA Gro up of Efficient Appliance
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GWh) l Gigawa t t - h Olll per year
hlsy r Hour s per year
lEA Interna tional Energy Age ncy
IE C Inter nationa l Electrotechn ieal Commiss ion
IPP s Ind epe nde nt Power P rod ucers
xi
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
ISCE Industrial Standard Committee shy Group E
ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization
kg Kilogram
kgkWh Kilogram pe r kilowa tt-hour
ktoe Kiloto nne or Kilome tric Ton
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
kWhy r Kilowatt-hour per yea r
kWhlmlyr Kilowatt-hour pel meter cube per year
MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System
MEPS Minimum Ene rgy Performance Standard s
MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
MW Megawa tt
NA ECA Nnt lvnal App lia nce En_ rgy Consc-n-a t iol1 c t
NEPO Nationa l Energy Policy Office
Nitrogen Oxide
SESB Sabah Elec tricity Sendirian Berh ad
SESCo Sa r awak Electricity Supply Corporation
xii
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
SIRIM Standard and Indus tri a l Research Instltute of Malays Ia
Sulphur Dioxide
TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Household s and
Similar Electrical Appliances
TEl Thailand Environment Institute
TISI Thai Industrial Standa rds Institu te
TNB Tenaga Nas ional Berhad
toe Me tric Ton
TREN Direc torate General for Energy and Transport
UN United Nations
US U nited States
W Watt
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Bac k ground
Energy effi cie ncy IS a practKe of reducing the a mount of e ncq y used fo r a
give n service s uch as lighting a nd heat in g wit hout re ducing the en d-use be nefits
More ene rgy efficien t a pplia nce he lps in electricity sav ings a nd thus reduces
e lect r ic ity cos ts E ne rgy efficie ncy s ta ndards a nd labels fo r app lIa nces are s imple
and I ffec tivc s tra tegies for pro v iding guida nce to cons umers in the ir purchases i t
e ns ure s th a t cons ume rs are awar e of e negtgt pe rfor ma nce of th~ products whe n
maki ng p urchases a nd tha t manufacturers produce re latively h igh-dfic iency
products E ne rgy e fficiency sta nda rds and labe ling ca n be a pr im a ry force in t he
cre a tion of s tro nge r ma rkets for energy-e fficient goods a nd products Labels a nd
standard s increase a coun trys overa ll e nergy e ffic ie ncy by slow ly eh minat ing lowshy
cos t ll1e fIi c ie n t models a nd by s t im ulati ng th r del I)pme l1 I 1111)11 ltflin r n t
tech nolo ~ les (UN 2007)
1
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
111 Ene rgy Efficiency Stand ards
Energy efficie ncy stand ards are a se t of procedures and regul at ions
prescr ibing t he e ne rgy pe rform ance of manufactured products sometimes
proh ibiting the sale of prod ucts that are less efficIent than the minimum standa rd
This e ns ures t hat manufacture rs produce products that mee t the minimu m
efficie ncy le e l Ener gy efficIe ncy sta ndards can either be in the for m of mIn imum
allowab le e nergy effiC Iency or maxim um a llowable e nergy use The term s tand ard
co mmonly const it utes two possib le meanings The tlrst is a we ll -defined protoco l or
labor atory tes t procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate es timate of
the e nergy performance of a product in a way it IS typica lly used or at les t a
re la tive ra nking of its e nergy pe rforma nce compared to that of a other s imilar
products The second poss Ible meaning is the targe t limits o n ene rgy performance
based on a s pe cIfied test protocol (Wie l amp Mc Mabon 2005)
Tbe re a re three types o f energy efficie ncy standards which are prescnptive
standards maximum ene rgy performance s tandards (lVIE PS) a nd class average
standards PrescriptIve s tandards prescribe that a particular fea ture or device LO be
installed in a ll new products (Wie l amp McMahon 2005) Ma xI mum e nergy
rWl lv n nance sLOll d~l1 d~ lIctal l the m ilumu ll) energy tdillICLlCY ur JnaxinHIUl CIh lC)
co ns umptIon that manufacturers ll1ust ac bieve in every product without spec ify ing
the technology to be a dopte d 01 the deSigning detaIl s In class-average standards
the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide a n option 10 the
ma nufacturer to select the leve l of effic ie ncy of each mode l as long as the 0 l all
average is attaine d (lVlohanty 20(1 )
2
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
112 En e rgy Efficiency Labe ls
Energy e fficiency labe ls a re informative labels attached to man ufactured
products describing a products energy performance usually m the form of ene rgy
use efficiency or e nergy cost (Wiel amp McMahon 2005) Labe ls prov ide the
consu mers with inform a tion on the e ne rgy use a nd cost of appliances and
equ ipmen ts thus e nabling the m to directly co mpare the ene rgy lise or effic ie ncy
among different models (lEA 2000) Labe ls a lso provide a co mmOl ene rgy efficiency
benchmark making it easier for utility companies and gove rnment energyshy
co nservatiol age ncies to offer consumer ince n tives to buy energy efficiency productshy
(Wiel amp McMa hon 2005) There are ma mly three types of labels e ndorse ment
co mpa rative and info rma tion-on ly (AI-Molleh el al 2009)
Endorsement labe ls a re essentially se als of ap pro I affixed only on models
meeting or exceeding a cc rta m e fficiency leve l T hey are gene rally based on a yes shy
no cutoff a nd offe r httle additiona l lllformatio n MinnnuUI performa nce crite ria
may be based on a range of criteria and may include energy cons umption and
e fficie llcy It is set in a way s uch that only 10 to 40 can achieve the e ndorsement
to achieve ma ximum ma rket impact An e ndo rse me nt label may be specifically fo r
(n rgy ~ 1r ( iI)() middot or i1 mgtlj igt~ a n ~co-Iubd ECJ labels llIJ(J I SC plodJels thal I-e
low im pact ac ross a v ic1e ra nge of environ mental factor) w ith ( llelgy consumption
le vels o ften having a high priority (Ha rrington and Damnics 200middot1)
Compa rative label nllow consumers to compa re the enr lhY cflic ien( and
re lative ranking of similar products bearing a labe l The m U$1 clnmcll1 1y used
comparative labels em ploy a sca le with abso lute ly de fined energy eilici( IlCY
3
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
categories This type of la bel allows a consumer to compare the e fficiency of a
prod uct in relatio n to an absolute sca le by mea ns of simple nume rica l or ranking
sys tem It is much eas ier fo r a consumer to remember a nd co mp are a s imple
ranki ng scale tha n to re member a nd co mp are e ne rgy consumption values
(Harrington and Da mnics 2004)
Info rma tion middoto nly la be ls provide da ta on the tec hnica l perfor mance of a
produc t The types of information displayed on the informat ionmiddotonly labels are t he
product model e ne rgy e fficiency and the e nergy consum ptio n The labe ls offe r no
s imple way to compare e ne rgy performa nce between products and ge nerally not
cons ume rmiddotfrie ndly
12 Status of En e rgy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia
121 Energy Su p ply and Demand in Malaysia
Due to rapid growth rate in the indus try an d va rious sectors in Malaysia
the commercia l e nergy s upply has increased to about 73 to 63296 ktoe in 2007
comp a red to I he prcioll s year of 59DUo k toe tis s hv wn II I fi gure 1 I (~ l ED IS 2007)
The share of co mmercia l e ner gy supply was highest for na tura l gas a t 432
followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 a nd others at 42 Coa l a nd coke
contrib utes a bou t l4 a nd the other 24 is contribu ted by hydropower
(h t tp lmedis ptm org my 2007)
4
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
Thc fin a l e nergy demand at 2007 is at 44268 ktoe w mparecl to 40318 ktoe
in 2006 The ma lO e nergy de mand was highes t from the industria l cctor which was
at 432 fo Uowed by the transportat ion sector at 355 Reside ntial a nd
commercia l sector consume d about 14 while the non e nergy sector and
agricul ture co nsumed 67 and 06 res pective ly All sectors s howed a n upward
trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1 2
(httplmedis ptmorgmy 2007)
Figure Ll Commercia l Energy Supp ly in MlIaysia (MEDiS 2007)
5
