ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t13tim22.pdf · ehafk; fyhepjp cghyp vk;. Nrju...

ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk;

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iii

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vi

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vii

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk; ghlghlghlghlghl

Ntisfs;Ntisfs;Ntisfs;Ntisfs;Ntisfs;

• ,aw;gz;G thjk;

• ajhu;j;j thjk;

• kNdhujpa thjk;

• Nkhbikg; ghzp

• newpahs;if

• muq;f/Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;

• muq;fj;njhopEl;gk;

• muq;fntspfs;

• ghu;g;Nghu;

• rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij>

thndhyp ehlfk;

• mit capNuhl;lkhd fiyfs; my;y

• Neubahd Jyq;fYk; fpilg;gjpy;iy.

• Nkil tpjhdpg;Gk; xspA+l;lYk;

• xg;gid

• NtlTil

• muq;f ,ir> xyp

• eld mirTfs;

• Nkil ,izg;ghf;fKk;> eld mirTfSk;

(Choreography)

1.1

cyfpd; ntt;NtWgl;l ehlf

Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiu

ahLtu;.

2.1

ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; njhlu;

ghd mbr;nrhw;gjq;fSf;Fk;>

mbg;gilahd vz;zf;fUf;

fSf;Fk; nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gu;.

2.2

ehlfj;ij Vida fiyfSld;

xg;gpLtu;.

2.3

mf;fiyfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf;

fye;JiuahLtu;.

3.1

ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL njhlu;G

ila fiyfspd; gad;ghl;il/gpu

Nahfj;ij ,dq;fz;L gilg;

ghf;fk; nra;aj; jiyg;gLtu;.

1.0ehlfKk ; muq ;f paYk ;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;/

nfhs;iffis (Theories)

tpUj;jp nra;thu;.

2.0

fiy vd;gij Muha;e;J

ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;

vDk; fiyia Vida

fiyfSld; xg;gpLthu;.

ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;

njhlu;ghd mbr;nrhw;

gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gil

ahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf;

Fk; nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;

ghu;.

3.0

ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpay;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l mbg;gilf;

Nfhl;ghLfs;/nfhs;if

fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L nra;Kiw rhu;e;j

gilg;ghf;fq;fis tpUj;jp

nra;thu;.

ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;

12

15

04

04

14

3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 133.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 133.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 133.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 133.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 13

viii



4.1

kdNk ehlfk; njhlf;fk; 21Mk;

E}w;whz;L tiuapy; cs;ehl;L

ehlff;fiyapd; tsu;r;rpg;Nghf;if

Muha;tu;.

4.2

jkpo; ehlf tuyhw;iwAk; ehlf

tbtq ;fisAk ; Njbaw ptu ; .

(,yq;if> jkpofk;)

• rpq;fs ehlff;fiy

- kdNk njhlf;fk; 21Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu

• ,yq;ifapd; kuGuPjpahd jkpo; ehlff;fiy

• jkpo; kf;fspd; Ra> gz;ghl;L/fyhrhu tho;f;

ifAld; njhlu;Gila ehlff;fiy

• ehlf tyaq;fs; - aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G>

td;dp> kd;dhu;> kiyehL> rpyhgk;> Gj;jsk;

• ehl;Lf;$j;J kuG - tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb> kfpb>

fhj;jtuhad; $j;J> tpyhrk;> fhkd; $j;J>

tlghq;F> njd;ghq;F> Nfhtyu; $j;J> ehl;il

• Nguhrpau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd;

• Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

• ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy

• fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fKk; etPd

ehlff;fiyAk;

• Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfq;fs;

• jhrPrpa];> eh. Re;juypq;fk;> Ri`u; fkPj; Kjy;

mk;gp> k`hftp> KUifad;> rpthde;jd; tiu

• fyhepjp. Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

• ,. ghNye;jpuh

• f. rpjk;guehjd;

05

36

4.0

ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpa

Yld; njhlu;Gila cs;

ehl;L (RNjr)> ntsp

ehl;Lg; gz;ghL kw;Wk;

r%fg; gpd ;dzpiaj;

Njbg; ghu;g;ghu;. (Explore)

ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;

njhlu;ghd mbr;nrhw;

gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gil

ahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf;

Fk; nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;

ghu;.

ix



4.3

,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpy ehlff;fiy

apd; gpd;dzpiaAk;> tsu;r;rpia

Ak; Muha;tu;.

• ehlf epWtdq;fs;

• ebfu; xd;wpak;

• ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up

• mitf;fhw;W fiyf;fofk;

• jpUkiwf; fyh kd;wk;

• njUntsp ehlfq;fs; kw;Wk; Gjpa ehlfg;

Nghf;Ffs;

jkpof ehlf tuyhW

• jkpof rlq;F muq;F Kjy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;

tiu (fp.gp. 600 f;F Kd;)

• fp.gp. 600 - 1300 tiu

• fp.gp. 1300 - 1700 tiu

• fp.gp. 1700 Kjy; INuhg;gpau; tUif tiu

• rkfhy ehlfg; Nghf;Ffs;

• ehlf tbtq;fs;

• gs;S> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b> njUf;$j;J>

fPu;j;jid ehlfk;> ghu;]p> etPd ehlfq;fs;

• ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyapd; RUf;ftuyhW

• gpurpj;jp ngw;w Mq;fpy ehlfhrpupau;fs;

• lg;spA.vk;. N[hrg;• vr;.rp.vd;. ydNuhy;• YTd; j nrha;rh

• Vu;d];l; kf;fpd;lau;

06

x



4.4

,yq;ifapy; ehlfKk; muq;fpa

Yk; fiyapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j ntspehl;L

ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj;

Njbahuha;tu;.

4.5

fpNuf;f ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghf

Muha;tu;.

• nu[p rpwptu;j;jd• &b nfhud;];• ,e;J ju;kNrd

• n[uk; b rpy;th• Ute;jp B. rpNfuh

• ,yq;ifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ntspehl;L ehlfq;fs;njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njbawpthu;.

• ,yq;ifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l gpugy;akhd %d;W

ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd tpku;rdk;• ntz;fl;b tl;lk;• fz;zhb thu;g;Gf;fs;

• Afju;kk;

• fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; %yfq;fSk;> ehlf

tiffSk;• jpwn[b (Tragedy)• nfhkb (Comedy)

• rw;wau; (Satyre)

• fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp

• <];fpy];

• NrhNghf;fpsp];

• A+upg;gpb];

• mup];NuhNgd;];

• fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; ehlf/muq;fg;ghzp

08

12

xi



4.6

rk];fpUj ehlfq;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLtu;.

4.7

kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fs;

njhlu;ghfj; Njb mwptu;.

4.8

vyprngj; fhy ehlfq;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLtu;.

4.9

ag;ghdpa ehlf kuGfisf; fye;J

iuahLtu;.

• rk];fpUj ehlfhrpupau;fs;

• ghrd;> fhspjhrd;> #j;ufu;> =`u;rd;

• rk];fpUj ehlf muq;fg;ghzp

• ~~ur|| - Nfhl;ghLfs;

• kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fs;

• kiwnghUs; ehlfk; (Mystery)

• mw;Gj ehlfk; (Miracle)

• xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfk; (Morality plays)

• vyprngj; fhy ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp

(tpy;ypak; N\f;];gpau;)

• ag;ghdpa ehlfq;fs; - Neh> fGf;fp> Gd;wF>

Nfhth`> fpNah[d;

08

06

08

10

xii



4.10

19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy;

Kidg;ghfj; njupAk; ehlfhrpupau;

fs; gw;wpj; Njbawptu;.

4.11

20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ehlfg; Nghf;F

fisAk; guPl;rhu;j;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l

fiyQu;fs; gw;wpAk; fye;Jiu

ahLtu;.

• 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpa ehlfhrpupau;fs;

• n`d;wpf; ,g;rd;

• md;ud; nrf;Nfht;

• ];udp];nt];fp

• Nkau; N`hy;l;

• Nghl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l;

• rhKNty; ngf;fl;

• FNwhl;Nlht;];fp

• md;NuhdpNah Mu;e;Njh (Artaud)

• mf;];jh Nghy;

• gPw;wu; GW}f;

• wpr;rl; nrf;du;

08

08

xiii



• ehlf ghlj;ij Muha;thu;.

• tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; [{ypa]; rPru; my;yJ

xj;njy;Nyh

• n`d;wpr; ,g;rdpd; xU ghitapd; tPL

• jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp

(jpup$lY}u; uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;)

• myq;fhu&gd; (gjpg;G. R. tpj;jpahde;jd;)

• 5.1 - 5.3 tiuapyhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis mil

tjw;fhf ,ad;w msTf;F ehlf ghlq;fis

myrp Muha;e;J jpwdha;jYk;> Mf;fG+u;tkhfr;

rpe;jidapd; ghw;gLjYk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

5.1ehlf ghlj;ij eag;gu;.5.2.ehlf ghlkhdJ ehlfkhfkhw;wg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpidEZfp Muha;tu;.5.3ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fis myrpg;Gjpa tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijcUthf;fpf;nfhs;tu;.

5.0


ypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;

fis eaj;jypd; %yKk;

jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;

tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;

gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;

gLj;Jthu;.

61

20

20

xiv



• FW ehlfk; - tiutpyf;fzk;

• FW ehlf ghlk; - vOJjy;

• rpWtu; ehlfk; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;

• rpWtu; ehlf ghlk; vOJjy;

• ehlf ghlk; xd;iw vOJk;NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fg;

gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;

• vOjpa rpWtu; ehlf ghlj;Jf;F/FWehlf ghlj;

Jf;F mika ,ize;j fiyfisg; gad;gLj;J

tjw;fhd gupr;raj;ijg; ngWjy;

6.1

FW ehlfk; xd;Wf;fhf/rpWtu;

ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhf ehlf ghlk;

xd;iw vOJtu;.

6.2

ehlf ghlk; xd;wpid vOJk;

NghJ vjpu;nfhs;sg;gLk; gpur;rp

idfisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

7.1

njhopy; / thz;ikj; Jiwfis

ehLtjw;fhd gupr ;raj;ijg;

ngWtu;.

6.0


ypd; Nfhl;ghLfis/vz;

zf;fUf;fis nra;Kiw

%yk; ifahz;L ghu;g;

gjd; %yk; gilg;ghf;fr;

rpe;jidia tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;thu;.

` pe ;J] ;jhd p ,ir>

Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd;

7.0

ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;

ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

fiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf

thz;ik/njhopy;rhu;e;j

jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;thu;.

` pe ;J] ;jhd p ,ir>

Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd;

mbg;gil mk;rq;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.

15

10

10

xv

vOj;jhf;f Kiw topapy;...vOj;jhf;f Kiw topapy;...vOj;jhf;f Kiw topapy;...vOj;jhf;f Kiw topapy;...vOj;jhf;f Kiw topapy;...

MNyhrid :MNyhrid :MNyhrid :MNyhrid :MNyhrid : fyhepjp vk;. Nrju

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU. tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Nkw;ghu;it:Nkw;ghu;it:Nkw;ghu;it:Nkw;ghu;it:Nkw;ghu;it: jpU. Rjj; rkurpq;` - gzpg;ghsu;

mofpaw;fy;tpj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,izg;ghf;fk;:,izg;ghf;fk;:,izg;ghf;fk;:,izg;ghf;fk;:,izg;ghf;fk;: jpU. nr. nry;tFkhu;

nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup

mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghlj;jpl;l epGzj;Jt MNyhrid:ghlj;jpl;l epGzj;Jt MNyhrid:ghlj;jpl;l epGzj;Jt MNyhrid:ghlj;jpl;l epGzj;Jt MNyhrid:ghlj;jpl;l epGzj;Jt MNyhrid:jifepiyg; Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp>

aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (Xa;Tngw;wtu;)

jifepiyg; Nguhrpupau; Nthy;lu; khurpq;`

= [atu;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; Nuhyd;l; mNgghy

nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (Xa;Tngw;wtu;)

vOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FO

cs;thupcs;thupcs;thupcs;thupcs;thup ::::: jpU. nr. nry;tFkhu;

nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup

mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU. nf.[P. m[pj; &gNrd

- nraw;wpl;lf; FOj; jiytu; (ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;)

nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup

mofpaw;fy;tpj;Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ntspthupntspthupntspthupntspthupntspthup ::::: fyhepjp k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

tpupTiuahsu;> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk; (Xa;T ngw;wtu;)

jpUkjp. n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh];

tpupTiuahsu;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

xvi

jpU. f. jpyfehjd;tpupTiuahsu; - fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}up

jpU. v];. ujpjud;tpupTiuahsu;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpUkjp. nr.v. itNjfpMrpupa Nrit - fpsp/ mf;fuh[d; k.tp

jpU. Nah. N[hd;rd; uh[;Fkhu;Mrpupa Nrit - ah/ jpUf;FLk;gf; fd;dpau; klk;

jpU. f. =fe;jNts;Mrpupa Nrit - t/tpGyhde;jhf; fy;Y}up> tTdpah

jpU. vk;.vr;.vk;. ahf;$j;gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;T ngw;w)Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU. [P. Nghy; md;udpgpujpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu; (xa;T ngw;w),yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;

jpU. fpist; rhu;e;jMrpupau; Nrit - rhe;j mdh tpj;jpahyak;> FUdhfy;

jpU. ghypj nyhFNghjhfkMrpupau; Nrit - tpf;ukrpth k.k.tp.> fpupcy;y

jpU. uzrpq;` mjpfhupMrpupau; Nrit - fh.rTj;yd; ngz;fs; tpj;jpahyak;> fhyp

jpUkjp. yypjh [auj;dMrpupau; Nrit - ml;lfsk;gd;d tp[a k.tp> khjk;Ng

jpUkjp Rtu;zyjhMrpupau; Nrit - rhe;j mdh tpj;jpahyak;> FUzhfy;

jpUkjp. rkd; f];J}u;uj;dMrpupau; Nrit - = Rde;j k.tp. ghnjdpa

jpUkjp. [P. fUzhtjpMrpupau; Nrit - Njrpa ghypfh k.tp. nfhOk;G 08

ml;ilg;glk; :ml;ilg;glk; :ml;ilg;glk; :ml;ilg;glk; :ml;ilg;glk; : jpU. utPe;j;u NjDtucjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhupmofpaw; fy;tpj;Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; : jpUkjp. vg;. ep];kpah mkPu;njhopDl;g cjtpahsu;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

xvii

cs;Siwcs;Siwcs;Siwcs;Siwcs;Siw

gf;fk; gf;fk; gf;fk; gf;fk; gf;fk;

KfTiu ii

Kd;Diu iii

fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iv

mwpKfk; v

ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; vii

ghlj;jpl;lk; viii

vOj;jhf;f Kiw topapy; xvi

cs;Siw xviii

nraw;ghLfspd; njhlu; 1

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; 246

xviii

1Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - juk; 13Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - juk; 13Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - juk; 13Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - juk; 13Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - juk; 13

ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk;ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk;ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk;ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk;ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk;

Nju;r;rp 1.0Nju;r;rp 1.0Nju;r;rp 1.0Nju;r;rp 1.0Nju;r;rp 1.0 : : : : : ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;/

nfhs;iffis (nfhs;iffis (nfhs;iffis (nfhs;iffis (nfhs;iffis (Theories) tpUj;jp nra;thu;.) tpUj;jp nra;thu;.) tpUj;jp nra;thu;.) tpUj;jp nra;thu;.) tpUj;jp nra;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : : : : : cyfpd; ntt;NtWgl;l ehlff; Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ,aw;gz;Gthjk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ~vkpyp Nrhyh| ,dJ ehlff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sy;.

• ,aw;gz;Gthjk; njhopw;gl;l tpjk; gw;wpa tplaq;fisf;

fz;lwpjy;.

• ,aw;gz;Gthjk; gpd;dile;jikf;Ff; fhuzq;fisf;

fz;lwpjy;.

• cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW ehlf ghzpfs; gw;wpa

tplaq;fisj; Njbawpa Kw;gLjy;.

nraw;ghL 1.1.1nraw;ghL 1.1.1nraw;ghL 1.1.1nraw;ghL 1.1.1nraw;ghL 1.1.1 : : : : : ~~,aw;gz;Gthjj;ij ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.||

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis : : : : : 03

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLjutpUj;jp cs;sPLjutpUj;jp cs;sPLjutpUj;jp cs;sPLjutpUj;jp cs;sPL : : : : : • ~vkpyp Nrhyh| ,dJ xspg;glk;

• ehlfg; gpuNtrk; - E}y;

• muq;fpay; - rp. nksdFU

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ,aw;gz;Gthj ehlf NkhbahdJ> fw;gpj/kNdhujpa>

ajhu;j;j NkhbfspYk; ghu;f;f NtWgl;lJ. tho;f;if

iaj; jj;&gkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;LtNj ,jd; Kjd;ikahd

Kaw;rpahFk;. ,J gw;wpf; fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ,e;j ehlf Nkhbapd; Kd;Ndhb gpuhd;R ehl;ilr;

Nru;e;j vkpyp Nrhyh (1840 - 1902) Mthu;. mtu;

,aw;gz;Gthjk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;il mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L Mf;fk; gilj;jtuhthu;. Therese Raquin

vDk; ehlfk; ,e;jg; Nkhbiaj; jOtpg; gilf;fg;gl;l

xU ehlfkhFk;. ,e;jg; Nkhbapy; cUthfpa NkYk;

gy ehlfg; gilg;Gfs; cs;sd.

• md;Nuh md;nuhapd; (Andre Antoine) ,d; Xuq;f ehlf

khfpa> The Butchers (1888). ,e;j ehlj;jpy; ep[khd

khl;biwr;rp Nkilapy; njhq;ftplg;gl;bUe;jjhff;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ.vkpyp Nrhyhvkpyp Nrhyhvkpyp Nrhyhvkpyp Nrhyhvkpyp Nrhyh



• n`d;up ngf; (Henri Becque) (1837 - 1899) ,dJ j

ty;ru;]; (The Vulctures)> yh guPrpad; (La parisienne)

vd;gdTk; mt;thwhditNa.

• ,e;jg; Nkhbapd; Kf;fpa vjpu;ghu;g;G> ebfd; Nkilapd;

kPJ ghu;g;Nghu; Kd;dpiyapy; ebg;gJ md;W. khwhf

tho;tNjahFk;. jkJ fUg;nghUs; njhlu;ghf ehlff;

fhuu; tplaQ;rhu;e;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lkhifahy;>

cz;ikia miltjw;fhf tpisjpwDilaJ vdf;

fUJk; ve;jnthd;iwg; gw;wpAk; vOJtjw;F mtUf;F

cupik cz;L.

• eilKiwapy; ,aw;gz;GthjkhdJ jho;j;jg;gl;l

kf;fspd; epiyiaf; fhl;lNt Kide;jJ. ,it

~cz;ik|> ~tplaq;fs;| vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Nl Nkilf;Ff; nfhzug;gl;ld. vdNt

ngUk;ghyhd ,aw;gz;Gthj ehlfq;fs; kdpjDf;F

Vw;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fisg; gw;wpg; NgRtdthf cs;sd.

NkYk; mit ~mUtUg;ghd| nghUs;fisAk; ghj;jpuq;

fisAk; rpj;jpupg;gjw;F vjpuhf cUthfpapUe;j jil

fisf; fz;bj;Js;sd.

• ebfupd; nrhy;yhly;fs;> nka;e;epiyfs; Nghd;wd ep[

tho;f;ifapw; Nghd;Nw Kd;itf;fg;gLk;. ,lj;jpd;

cz;ikahd epiyik fhl;lg;gLk; tifapNyNa

Nkilaikg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;. Nkilg;glk; ,aw;ifahd

jhf mikaj;jf;f tifapNyNa muq;fg;nghUs;fs; -

fhz;gpaq;fs; ,lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F kJghdg; (itd;)

Nghj;jy;> ePu;> jsghlq;fs;> khkprk; Nghd;w ,aw;ifg;

nghUs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• 1900 Mz;lstpy; ,aw;gz;Gthjk; ngUksTf;Fr;

nraypoe;jJ NghdJ.

• Nkilapy; ,aw;ifia cs;sJ cs;sthNw kPs;

gilg;Gr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vd;Dk;> nfhs;;ifia

epiwNtw;w Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ajhu;j;jthjj;jpd;

vOr;rpNahL> ,aw;gz;Gthjk; gpd;dile;jJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ,aw;gz;Gthj Nkhbapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj;

njhFj;Jj; jUf.

• ,aw;gz;Gthj Nkhb njhopw;gl;l tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • ehlf tof;F - Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

• muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFU

n`d;up ngf;n`d;up ngf;n`d;up ngf;n`d;up ngf;n`d;up ngf;






fye;JiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) thj ehlf Nkhb vd;gJ

ahJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) Nkhbapd; ,ay;Gfis

mtjhdpj;jy;.

• fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) Nkhbia mDrupj;j

ehlffhuu;fisAk; me;ehlffhuu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fis

Ak; ,dq;fhZjy;.

• fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) Nkhbapyike;j gilg;Gf;

fisf; fpufpf;f Kidjy;.

• gy;NtW ehlf Nkhbfis ,dq;fhz;gjpy; tpUg;Gf;

fhl;Ljy;.

nraw;ghL 1.1.2nraw;ghL 1.1.2nraw;ghL 1.1.2nraw;ghL 1.1.2nraw;ghL 1.1.2 ::::: kNdhujpa/fw;gpj (Romantic) ehlf Nkhbia ,dq;

fhz;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fs; rpy

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : fw;gpj/kNdhujpa ehlfNkhb kw;Wk; ehlfg; gilg;Gf;

fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • fye;Jiuahly;> E}y; crhTif

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) vd;w gjk; moF> fhjy;>

,yl;rpakhd vDk; fUj;Jf;fisj; jUfpd;wJ.

• INuhg;ghtpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;j mwptpay;thjj;Jf;F

vjpuhf 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; N[u;kd;>

gpuhd;R> ,q;fpyhe;J Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ehLfspy;

Njhd;wpanjhU vz;zf;fUthFk;.

• fiyQdpd; gFj;jwptpYk; ghu;f;ff; fw;gidf;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w fhuz - fhupa

njhlu;Gf;F Kjd;ikaplk; toq;fg;glhj xU ghzpNa

,JthFk;.



• ,aw;ifapd; moF> fhjypd; rpwg;G> kdpjj;jd;ikapd;

ngUik Nghd;wtw;iw kdpjDs; fpsur; nra;tNj

,g;ghzpapd; jd;ikahFk;.

• ,J ey;yJ - nfl;lJ> tPuk; - Jl;lk;> fWg;G -

nts;is Nghd;w ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l>

mwpthw;wypYk; ghu;f;f ~~czu;r;rpf;F|| Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

toq;Ffpd;w xU kughFk;.

• gz;ila fijfspy; ,g;gz;Gfisf; fhzyhk;.

ngUk;ghYk; gpuGj;Jtj;Jld; ,ize;j fhjYld;

(Romence) njhlu;Gila tifapy; fijf;fU cUthf;

fg;gLk;.

• Gjpa Classics ,ype;J tpLgl;L> kpf ,sf;fhukhd

ehlfj; jd;ik mDrupf;;fg;gl;lJ.

• N[u;kd; ehl;bd; fNj ,dJ Faust ,y; Muk;gpj;jJ.

• mnyf;rhd;lu; ^kh ,dJ The count of Mantechristo>

kw;Wk; Three Musketeers> \pyu; ,dJ Two Robbers

kw;Wk; Don carlos.

• naq;fpd; \;yhu;l;]; ,dJ Dragon Nghd;w ehlfq;fs;

,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL ::::: • kNdhujpathj ehlf Nkhb njhlu;ghf tptupf;Ff.

• kNdhuj pathj ehlf Nkhbia mDru pj ;j

ehlffhuu;fisAk; mtu;fsJ Mf;fq;fisAk;

cs;slf;fp Xu; mwpf;if jahupf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

mnyf;rhd;lu; ^khmnyf;rhd;lu; ^khmnyf;rhd;lu; ^khmnyf;rhd;lu; ^khmnyf;rhd;lu; ^kh






fye;JiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • n`d;wpf; ,g;rdpd; ajhu;j;jthj ehlf Nkhb njhlu;ghd

tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ajhu;j;jthj ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisj;

Njbawpjy;.

• ajhu;j;j Nkhbia mDrupj;j ehlffhuu;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ajhu;j;j Nkhbapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fz;lwpa

Kidjy;.

• gy;NtW ehlf Nkhbfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj; Njbawpa

Kidjy;.

nraw;ghL 1.1.3nraw;ghL 1.1.3nraw;ghL 1.1.3nraw;ghL 1.1.3nraw;ghL 1.1.3 : : : : : ~~ajhu;j;jthj ehlf Nkhbia ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • n`d;wpf; ,g;rd; - xspg;glk;

• ehlf mZFKiwfs; - E}y;

• n`d;wpf; ,g;rd; gw;wpa fl;Liufs;

• ehlftof;F - Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

• muq;F Xu; mwpKfk; - E}y;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ajhu;j;jthj ehlf Nkhb gw;wpa tplaq;fisf; fw;gNj

,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • fye;Jiuahly;> E}y; crhTif

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • INuhg;ghtpy; ,lk;ngw;w r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;

Njhw;wg;ghLfspd; tpisthfj; Njhd;wpaJ. Fwpg;ghf

tpQ;Qhdg+u;tr; rpe;jid> ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp> Gjpa mwpT

rhu; tpUj;jp Mfpa tplaq;fs; ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhapd.

• Vw;nfdNt GidT ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,g;ghzp tpUj;jpa

ile;J gbg;gbahff; fw;gpjk;> kpif czu;r;rp

(Melodrama) vd;gtw;Wf;F vjpuhd xU Nghf;fhf mJ

ehlftpayhsuplj;Nj CLUtpaJ.



• ajhu;j;jthjk; vd;gJ r%f mikg;Gj; njhlu;ghff;

fl;GydhFk; ajhu;j;jj;ijad;wpg; ngsjpfr; #oypd;

kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l kdpjdpd; jd;ik njhlu;ghd

ajhu;j;jj;ijAk; rpf;fyhd khDlj; jd;ikiaAk;

rpj;jpupf;Fk; tifapy; ghj;jpuq;fisAk; fijg;GidTf

isAk; fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.

• mjw;fika Vw;nfdNt Nkilf;Ff; nfhzug;gl;l

kuGuPjpahd fUg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; ghj;jpuq;fs;

(Romantic, Melodrama) fw;gpjk;> kpif czu;r;rp

Nghd;wtw;iwAk; iftpl;L> rkfhy kdpj tho;f;ifapd;

cz;ikahd tpguq;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; NkYk; jj;&g

khf Nkilapy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;ld.

• ajhu;j;jthj ehlfnkhd;wpd; ghj;jpuq;fs;> epfo;Tfspd;

tpUj;jp fhuzQ;rhu;e;jJ. ghj;jpuq;fs; Flat Mdit

md;W. fijapd; fhyj;ijAk; ntspiaAk; jUf;fuPjpapy;

,irTgLj;jpg; nghUj;jpaikj;Jj; jj;&gkhd xU

kUl;iff;F cl;gLj;jp Kd;itf;fg;gLk;.

• nghJ tho;f;ifapy; kdpjd; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;

nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. $lNt ftpijg;

gz;Gk; fhzg;gLk;. ,k;Nkhbapd;NghJ jd;id Kidg;

GWj;Jjy;> tplaq;fis tpupthf tpsf;Fjy;> tplaj;

jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdtw;iwg; NgRjy; Nghd;w cj;jpfs;

nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

• ajhu;j;jthj ehlf Nkhbapd; Kd;Ndhbahff;

fUjg;gLgtu; Nehu;Nt ehl;L ehlff; fiyQd; n`d;upf;

,g;rd; Mthu;. ~r%fj;jpd; J}z;fs;| vDk; ehlfj;jpd;

Clhf ,k;Nkhb mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. md;ud;

nrf;Nfht;> ngu;dhl;N\h> kf;]pk; Nfhu;f;fp Nghd;NwhUk;

ajhu;j;jthj Nkhb ehlffhuu;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL ::::: • n`d;upf; ,g;rd; mwpKfQ; nra;j ajhu;j;jthj ehlf

Nkhb njhlu;ghf kPsha;T nra;f.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • ehlf tof;F - Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

• xU ghitapd; tPL - nkhopahf;fk;

Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

• muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;






fye;JiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • etPd muq;fg; Nghf;fpy; Nkhbikg;ghzpf;fhd ,lk;

vj;jifaJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• Nkhbikg;ghzp Kiwik muq;f tsu;r ;rpapy;

Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 1.1.4nraw;ghL 1.1.4nraw;ghL 1.1.4nraw;ghL 1.1.4nraw;ghL 1.1.4 : : : : : ~~Nkhbikg;ghzp vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Nthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • Nfhl;ghl;L tpsf;fq;fis mwpTWj;Jk; E}y;fs;>

rQ;rpiffs;> fl;Liufs;.

• Nkhbikg;ghzp njhlu;ghd xyp> xspg;Ngiofisg;

ghu;itaply;.

• Nkhbikg;ghzp njhlu;ghd xspg;glq;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : INuhg;ghtpd; etPd muq;F ajhu;j;jk;> Nkhbik vDk;

,U Nkhbfs; md;Nwy; Nkhbfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L tsu;r;rp ngWfpd;wJ / ngw;W tUfpd;wJ.

,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; muq;ff;

nfhs;if> khw;wk; fhz;fpd;wJ. me;j tifapy;

Nkhbikg;ghzpapd; mwpKfg; gpd;dzpia mwpe;J

nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • fye;Jiuahly;> E}y; crhTif> nra;Kiw

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ajhu;j;j muq;Ffs; ghu;g;Nghiu ehd;fhtJ Rtuhff;

nfhz;L muq;f kUl;iff;Fs; ,Wfpg; Ngha;tpl itj;j

epiyikapy; njhlu;r;rpahd cyf kfhAj;j epfo;T

fshy; ghjpg;Gw;w kf;fs; VNjh xd;iw muq;fplk;

vjpu;ghu;j;J epd;wdu;.

• ,e;epiyikapy; Nkhbikg;ghzp ehlfq;fs; ghu;g;

NghUf;F ntWk; Nghjidfisg; Gfl;Ltij tpLj;J>

mtu;fisr; rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;Ltjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy;

,wq;fpd.

• ghu;g;NghNu gpur;rpidfSf;fhd KbTfisj; jkJ

iffspy; Ve;jp ep[tho;tpy; jkf;fhd gpuNahfq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;s Nkhbikg;ghzp muq;Ffs; toprikj;jd.



• muq;F ep[tho;tpid kPsg; gpujpgypg;gij tpLj;J

khw;wg;gl Ntz;ba rk;gtq;fs;> Fzq;fs; gw;wpa jkJ

fUj;J epiyfisr; nra;Jfhl;baJ. md;Nwy; epfo;j;jpf;

fhl;baJ.

• epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lypd;NghJ Fwpj;j rk;gtj;jpy; ghj;jpuq;fs;

vt;thW ele;J nfhz;ld vd;gJ gw;wpg; ngsjpf

uPjpahfr; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk; mfuPjpahd

czu;r ;rpf ;Fs; nry;fpd;wdu;. czu;r ;rp $Lk;

fl;lq;fspy; ghu;g;Nghiu czu;r;rptrg;gLjypy; ,Ue;J

tpLtpf;f vLj;Jiug;G> ghly;fs;> Mly;fs; Nghd;w

cj;jpfs;; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j Kiwikapid

ehk; Nkau;N`hy;l; njhlq;fp gpnw/f;l;> gPw;wu; GW}f;

vd ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L muq;ftpayhsu;fs; gyupYk;

fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

• Nkhbikg;ghzpapYk; cz;ikj;jd;ik jhd; cz;L.

cz;ikahd Fwpj;j epiyik jk;ikg; ghjpj;j

tpjj;jpidr; rw;W Nkhbikg;gLj;jp tpfhug;gLj;jpg;

ngupJgLj;jpf; fhl;LjNy epfo;fpd;wJ.

• Vnddpy;> ghu;g;Nghiu mJ gw;wp Mokhfr; rpe;jpf;fj;

J}z;LtNj MFk;.

• fPioj;Nja muq;Ffs; ahTk; Nkhbikg;ghzp

nfhz;litNa. clNy mtw;wpd; gpujhd %yfk;.

fPioj;Njaj;jpdUf;F mJNt ajhu;j;jKk; MFk;.

• ehl;barh];jpuk; $Wk; ~ehlf tof;F| cs;sijr;

rw;W nkUFgLj;jpf; fw;gidg;gLj;jpf; $Wtjhf

cs;sJ.

• Nkhbikg;ghzp xUtpjg; gbkf; FwpaPl;Lj; jd;ikAld;

$bajhfg; ghu;g;Nghiug; gytpj mu;j;jq;fSld;

rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;f;fj; J}z;Lfpd;wJ.

• eld ehlfq;fs; Nkhbikg;ghzpiaNa nfhz;ldthf

,Uf;Fk;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL ::::: • Fwpj;j xU #oiktpid Nkhbikg;ghzpapy; epfo;j;jp

mJ gw;wp MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; fye;Jiuahly;

fis Nkw;nfhs;f.

• ajhu;j;j> Nkhbikg;ghzp nfhz;l VjhtJ ehlf

vOj;JUtpypUe;J Fwpj;j xU rk;gtj;jpid> fhl;rpap

idj; njupTnra;J FOf;fshf Mw;Wif nra;f.

Mw;Wif gw;wpa ,U NkhbfsJk; xg;gPLfisj;

njhFf;Ff.



Nju;r;rp 2.0Nju;r;rp 2.0Nju;r;rp 2.0Nju;r;rp 2.0Nju;r;rp 2.0 : : : : : fiy vd;gjid Muha;e;J ehlfKk; muq;fpafiy vd;gjid Muha;e;J ehlfKk; muq;fpafiy vd;gjid Muha;e;J ehlfKk; muq;fpafiy vd;gjid Muha;e;J ehlfKk; muq;fpafiy vd;gjid Muha;e;J ehlfKk; muq;fpa

Yk; vDk; fiyia Vida fiyfSld;Yk; vDk; fiyia Vida fiyfSld;Yk; vDk; fiyia Vida fiyfSld;Yk; vDk; fiyia Vida fiyfSld;Yk; vDk; fiyia Vida fiyfSld;

xg;gpLthu;.xg;gpLthu;.xg;gpLthu;.xg;gpLthu;.xg;gpLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : : : : : ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; njhlu;ghd mbr;nrhw;

gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gilahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fk;

nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ~newpahs;if| vDk; gzpia tptupj;jy;.

• gy;NtW ehlf newpahsu;fis ,dq;fhzy;.

• ehlfnkhd;wpd; Kf;fpakhdtu; newpahsu; Mthu;

vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

• newpahsupd; ,ay;Gfis tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;tjhy;

tho;f;ifg; gzpfis ntw;wpfukhf Mw;Wjy;.

• rkepiyahd MSikiaf; nfhz;Nlhupd; tho;f;ifr;

rupjq;fis kjpj;jy;.

nraw;ghL 2.1.1nraw;ghL 2.1.1nraw;ghL 2.1.1nraw;ghL 2.1.1nraw;ghL 2.1.1 : : : : : ~~newpahs;if gw;wpg; gapYNthk;.||


mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : newpahsu;fs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf ehlfg; gpujpnahd;wpid

ehlfkhf khw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd jpl;lj;ijj;

jahupj;J Mf;fg+u;tkhd gzpia newpg;gLj;Jgtuhtu;.

ehlf vOj;JUtpw;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fkspj;jy;> mjid

capNuhl;lkhd ehlfkhf khw;Wjy; Mfpadtw;Wf;Fk;

nghWg;ghd Kf;fpakhdtUk; mtuhthu;. ehlf

MrpupauJ ehlf vOj;JUit ebfu;fs; Vida

Jizf;fiyQu ;fs; MfpNahUld; ,izj;J

Nkilf;Ff; nfhzUjy; mtuJ gzpahFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • nra;J fhl;ly;fs;> fye;Jiuahly;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ehlf vOj;JUit capNuhl;lkhd tifapy;

Nkilf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk; gzpia newpg;gLj;Jgtu;

newpahsuhthu;.

• ehlf newpahs;if vd;gJ> xU rthyhd> ghuJ}ukhd>

$l;lhd gzpahFk;.

• ey;y ehlf newpahsu; gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfisf;

nfhz;bUg;ghu;.

• ehlff;fiy njhlu;ghd rpwe;j nrad;Kiw>

Nfhl;ghl;L tuyhw;W mwpitf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.



• ,yf;fpak;> eldk;> ,ir> rpj;jpuk; Nghd;w fiyfs;

njhlu;ghfr; rpwe;j mwpitg; ngw;wpUj;jy;.

• Jizf;fiyfs; njhlu;ghd rpwe;j mwpitg;

ngw;wpUj;jy;.

• ey;y jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;Fk; Mw;wiyf;

nfhz;bUj;jy;.

• xOq;fikf;Fk; jpwidAk; Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwidAk;

nfhz;bUj;jy;.

• Ez;kjp> cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;> fw;gidahw;wy;>

ijupak;> ce;Jif> typik> rkNahrpjk; Nghd;w

,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

• nghWik> Neu;ik> gupT> ,uf;fk;> el;Gld; nraw;gLk;

jd;ik Nghd;w ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

• ehlff;FOtpd; xOf;fj;ijg; Ngzy; - ,jw;fhf

mtu; nkd;ikahd ru;thjpfhupahfr; nraw;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

• cyf ehlf tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ> etPd ehlf

newpahsupd; tfpghfkhdJ 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

eLg;gFjpfspy; ehlff;fiyapDs; ,lk;gpbj;Js;sjhfj;

njupfpd;wJ.

gz;ila fpNuf;f> cNuhk ehlfq;fSk;> Nrf;;];gpaupd;

ehlfq;fSk;> ftpQu;fshNyNa newpahs;if nra;ag;

gl;likahy; me;ehlf kuGfspy; newpahsupd; tfpghfk;

njspthfj; njuptjpy;iy vd;gJld; ~~#j;jpujhup|| vDk;

njhopw;fiyQuplk; mJ xg;gilf;fg;gl;likiaAk;

kdjpypUj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Fwpg;ghf mf;fhy ehlfq;fspy; mtw;wpy; ebf;Fk;

gpujhd ebfu;fSk; ehlff;FOTf;Fg; nghWg;ghd

muq;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsUNk Kjd;ik ngw;wdu;.

• rpwpa N[u;kdpa munrhd;wpd; Ml;rpahsuhfpa 11Mk;

N[hu;[; mjhtJ rf;Nr nkdpd;[d; (Saxe - Meiningen)

(1826 - 1914) ,sturdpd; fhyj;jpNyNa etPd

newpahsu; Njhw;wk; ngw;whu;. ehlfj;jpd; rfy

mk;rq;fSk; mtuhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lik Xu;

rpwg;gpay;ghf mike;jJ. ghu;g;Nghiu <u;j;J itj;J>

muq;fpy; ebj;jYld; njhlu;Gila rfy fl;Gy

(fhz;gpa) mk;rq;fisAk;> ebfiuAk; ed;F jpl;lkpl;L>

mtuJ Njit epiwT ngWk; tifapy; elj;jg;gLk;.

mjw;fika ehlfj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;jg; gzpfSk; mtuJ

nghWg;gpNyNa ,Ue;jd. Kd;du; xUNghJk; ,t;thwhd

epiyik fhzg;gltpy;iy. mtuJ Kd;itg;Gf;fspy;

rpj;jpuq;fisr; rpj;jpupg;gjpNyNa mjpf ftdQ;

nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. mtu; etPd ajhu;j;j ehlfg;

gilg;Gf;fspy; Mu;tk; fhl;ltpy;iy. typikahd

ngWNgWfisf; nfhz;l ~~xl;Lnkhj;j Nkilg;glj;ij



Ak; (Total stage picture) Nkilg;gzpfisAk; vt;thW

xd;wpizg;gJ vd;gij mtu; vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;.

• rf;Nr nkdpQ;rd; ehlff; FOtpd; jhf;fj;ijg; ngw;w

u\;a ehl;L nfhd;];ld;ild; ];ldp];Nyht;];fp (1865

- 1938) jdJ ehlfq;fis Kd;itj;jhu;. Gwthupahd

Nkilf; fhl;rpr; nrad;Kiwf;F Nkyjpfkhf ebfu;fspd;

ebg;Gg; ghzpapd; Clhf ehlf vOj;JUit kpf

Mo;e;J tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;Ak; mZFKiwf;Fk;

,l;Lr; nrd;whu;.

• rf;Nr nkdpQ;rd; Gwj;Njhw;wj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

toq;fpaNghJ ];ldp];Nyht;];fp mjid ebg;Gg; gzp

tiuapy; tpupTgLj;jpdhu;. mjw;fika ehlfj;ij

xUtuJ KOikahd ftdj;Jf;Fk; fw;gidf;Fk;

cl;gLk; xU nrad;Kiwahf khw;w paNjhL>

newpahsiu muq;fpaypd; Kjd;ikahd fiyQuhfTk;

khwpdhu;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • newpahs;if vd;gijg; gFj;jha;f.

• ehlf newpahsupd; gzpfisg; gFj;jha;f.

• cyfpy; gy;NtW newpahsu;fis ,dq;fz;L mtu;fspd;

newpahs;if rhu; MSikg; gz;Gfisg; gFg;gha;T

nra;f.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • The Theatre an Introduction - Oscar G Brockett

• muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;

• ehlff;fiy Ngl;Nlhy; gpnw/l;






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : : : : : ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; njhlu;ghd mbr;nrhw;

gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gilahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fk;

nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • muq;f Kfhikj;Jtk;> muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;> muq;f

ntspfs;> ghu;g;Nghu; Nghd;w muq;Fld; njhlu;Gila

midj;J tplaq;fspdJk; vz;zf;fUitg; Gupe;J

nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 2.1.2nraw;ghL 2.1.2nraw;ghL 2.1.2nraw;ghL 2.1.2nraw;ghL 2.1.2 : : : : : ~~ehlfj; jahupg;NghL njhlu;Gila Nkil Kfhikj;

Jtk;> muq;fj; njhopy; El;gk;> muq;f ntspfs;> ghu;g;

Nghu; Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;

Nthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • muq;f Kfhik> muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;> muq;f

ntspfs;> ghu;g;Nghu; Nghd;wtw;wpid ntspg;gLj;jj;jf;f

thW ntspte;j fl;Liufs;.

• xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;

• xspg;glq;fs;> muq;fg;glq;fs;

• juk; 12> Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

mwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfk ;; ;; ; : : : : : Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;> muq;fj; njhopEl;gk;> muq;f

ntspfs;> ghu;g;Nghu; Nghd;w xt;nthU tplaq;fs; gw;wpa

Jkhd vz;zf;fUtpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJk;> mit

muq;fj; jahupg;G KOikf;F vt;tifapy; gq;fspf;

fpd;wd vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;tJNk ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiw : : : : : • fye;Jiuahly;> FOKiw> E}y; crhty;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;

: : : : : • muq;fmuq;fmuq;fmuq;fmuq;f/Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;ehlfj; jahupg;gpid ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

newpahsUlDk; Vida fiyQu;fNshLk; ,ize;J

jpl;lkpl;L> xOq;FgLj;jp eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghNl

muq;f Kfhikj;Jtk; vdyhk; vd;gJ gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.



• muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;ehlf mspf;ifiaf; fhj;jpukhd ngWNgw;Wf;Fupajhf khw;Wtjw;Fk;> muq;f

tpisTfspd; fdjpia mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; ebfdpd; ebg;ghw;wYf;Fj; Jiz

epw;fpd;wJkhd El;gq;fs; midj;ijAk; muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk; vdyhk;.

cjhuzk;: xspa+l;Lif> ,ir> xyp> fhl;rptpjhdpg;G> muq;fntspfs;.

• muq;fntspfs;muq;fntspfs;muq;fntspfs;muq;fntspfs;muq;fntspfs;,jid Mw;Wiff;fhd ntsp vd;gu;. ,J cau;j;jg;gl;ljhfNth> rkjiuahd

jhfNth md;Nwy; cs;sf ntsp ahfNth> jpwe;j ntspahfNth gy;NtW

tbtq;fis cilajhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,J Mw;WNthUk; ghu;g;NghUk; re;jpf;fpd;w

mspf;iff;fhd mofpay; ntsp MFk;.

• ghu;g;Nghu;ghu;g;Nghu;ghu;g;Nghu;ghu;g;Nghu;ghu;g;Nghu;muq;fpd; gpujhd %yq;fspy; xd;W. ghu;g;Nghupd; gjpw; FwpfNs Mw;Wifia

topg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ghu;g;Nghupd; njhif> mkUk; Kiw> FO xUikg;ghl;Lg;

gyk;> mspf;if ntsp Nghd;w midj;Jk; Mw;Wifapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

ehl;ba rh];jpuk; ,tu;fis kpf neUf;fkhdtu;fshff;fz;L ~rfpu;ijau;|

vd miof;fpd;wJ. ,g;ghu;g;Nghiu

• guPl;rhu;j;jg; ghu;g;Nghu; • nghJg;ghu;g;Nghu;

• ,yf;Fg; ghu;g;Nghu; vdg; gy;NtW tifahf tifg;gLj;jpg;ghu;f;Fk; tof;fk;

cs;sJ.

• Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpd; vz;zf;fUf;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; mit

Mw;Wifapy; tfpf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL :::::

• ckJ gpuNjrj;jpy; muq;f Kfhikahsuhfr; nrayhw;wpa fiyQu; xUtiu

,dq;fz;L mtiu Neu;fhzy; nra;f.

• ePu; mz;ikapy; ghu;j;j ehlfnkhd;wpy; muq;fj;njhopy; El;gKk;> muq;fntspAk;

Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;f td;ikiakjpg;gPL nra;f.

• ePu; ghu;j;j ehlfnkhd;wpy; ghu;g;Nghupd; vjpu;tpidfs;> gjpw;Fwpfs;> <LghLfs;

vt;thW ehlfj;jpd; mspf;iff;F cjtpd vd;gjid tpgupj;J vOJf.

crhj;Jiz:crhj;Jiz:crhj;Jiz:crhj;Jiz:crhj;Jiz:

• muq;fpd; gbKiwfs; - Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;


- Nguhrpupau; fh. rptjk;gp Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU> jpU. f. jpyfehjd;

• r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F - fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;.






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : : : : : ehlfj;ij Vida fiyfSld; xg;gpLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ehlff;fiyahdJ Vida fiyfspYk; ghu;f;f

NtWgl;lJ vd;gij ntspapLjy;.

• xt;nthU fiyAk; mjw;Fupa rpwg;gpay;Gfisf;

nfhz;lJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

• ehlff;fiyia Vida fiyfSld; xg;gpLjy;.

• ntt;NtW fiyfis eaj;jy;.

• ntt;NtW fiyfSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis

,dq;fhZjy;.

nraw;ghL 2.2nraw;ghL 2.2nraw;ghL 2.2nraw;ghL 2.2nraw;ghL 2.2 : : : : : ~~rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij

Nghd;w fiy mk;rq;fSld; ehlfj;ij xg;gpLNthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij Nghd;w

fiy Clfq;fs; njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;Ls;s E}y;fSk;

Mtzq;fSk;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;ijg; gapYifapy;

ehlfj;ijAk; Vida fiyfisAk; xg;gpLtjhy;>

mf;fiyfSf;Fk; ehlfj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghLfis ,dq;fhz;gJ mtrpakhFk;. rpdpkh>

njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij Nghd;w

fiyfSf;Fk; ehlff;fiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

neUf;fkhd njhlu;G cz;lh md;Nwy; mf;fiyfspYk;

ghu;f;f ehlfk; NtWgl;ljh vd mwptNj ,e;jg;

ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • jpwe;j E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ehlff;fiy> rpdpkh> ehty;> rpWfij> njhiyf;fhl;rp

ehlfk; Mfpa fiyfs; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

• ehlff; fiyiaAk; Nkw;gb Vida fiyfisAk;

xg;gpLjy;.



• ehlff;fiyehlff;fiyehlff;fiyehlff;fiyehlff;fiyehlfk; vd;gJ ‘DRAN’ vDk; fpNuf;fg; gjj;jpd; top

te;j xU nrhw; gpuNahfkhFk;. ~~ahNjDnkhd;iwr;

nra;tJ|| vd;gNj mjd; nghUshFk;.

• xU epfo;it md;Nwy; #oikit mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L ehy;tifr; rpj;jpupg;Gfs; Clhfr; rpj;jpupf;

fg;gLtNj ehlfkhFk; vd tpsf;fkspf;fyhk;.

• ehlfk;> muq;fpay; vd;gd mjd; Kjd;ikahd ,U

gFjpfshFk;.

• ehlfk; xU fl;Gyf; fiy ClfkhFk;.

• Kjypy; Xu; ,yf;fpag;gilg;ghf cUthfp> gpd; fl;Gy

nrtpg;Gy Clfkhf khw;wkilfpd;wik.

• ehlftpayhsu;> cyfj;ij ehlf Nkilf;Ff; nfhz;L

tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ehlff;fiy gpd;tUk; Kjd;ikahd rpwg;Gfisf;

nfhz;lJ.

• ehlfghl ,yf;fpankhd;W ,Uj;jy;

• fijf; fl;likg;G ,Uj;jy; (Kjw;gFjp> ,ilg;

gFjp> ,Wjpg;gFjp - nghUj;jg;ghL)

• rpj;jpupg;ghfNt fzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• Nkhbnahd;W ,Uj;jy;.

• Kuz;ghL ,Uj;jy;. (NkhJif)

• capNuhl;lkhdJ.

• $l;lhd nraw;ghl;ilf; nfhz;lJ.

• ghu;g;Nghupd; capNuhl;lkhd gq;Fgw;Wif.

• rpdpkhrpdpkhrpdpkhrpdpkhrpdpkh(rpdpkhf; fiyapd; Muk;gk; gw;wpa RUf;f mwpKfj;ij

Kd;itf;Ff.)

• rpdpkh vd;gJ njhopDl;g rhjdg; gad;ghl;Lld;

njhlu;Gila xU fiyahFk;.

• mJ xU fl;Gyf; fiy ClfkhFk;.

• jpiug;glkhdJ glj;njhFg;ig (Editing) Kjd;ik

ahff; nfhz;l xU gilg;ghFk;.

• jpiug;glkhdJ fsQ;rpag;gLj;jj;jf;f rpj;jpupg;Gf;

fiyahFk;.

• ghu;g;Nghupd; Neubj; Jyq;fYld; njhlu;Gw Kbahj

xU fiyahFk;.

• ,yf;fpak;> ehlfk;> rpj;jpuk;> ,ir Nghd;w fiy

Clfq;fspd; Nru;f;if %yk;> ghu;g;Nghupd; Kd;Nd

Njhd;Wk; rpj;jpupg;Gj; njhFjpahFk;.



• rpj;jpupg;igAk;> Jizf;fiy mk;rq;fisAk;

khw;wpathW kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gilf;fj;jf;f xU

fiyahFk;.

• rpdpkhf;fhuu;fSf;F cynfq;Fk; rQ;rupf;f tha;g;G

cz;L.

• rpdpkhtpy; gad;gLj;Jk; rpj;jpupg;Gf;fisj; njhiyT>

,ilj;ju> mz;ikr; rpj;jpupg;Gf;fshfg; gad;

gLj;jyhk;.

• rpdpkhitf; fhj;jpukhd xU fy;tp ClfkhfTk;

gad;gLj;jyhk;.

• njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;(njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd RUf;fkhd

mwpKfj;ij Kd;itAq;fs;.)

• Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

• capNuhl;lkhd Xu; fiy Clfnkhd;W.

• fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itf;fj;jf;f xU fiy ClfkhFk;.

• ghu;g;Nghupd; capNuhl;lkhd njhlu;G mw;w Xu;

ClfkhFk;.

• njhiyf;fhl;rp Clhf cynfq;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yj;

jf;f xU fiyahFk;.

• ebfupd; rpj;jpupg;G fkuh Kd;dpiyapy; Kd;itf;fg;

gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• fkuhtpd; fhl;rpg;Gyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdtifapy;

ehlf ghlk; (gpujp) vOjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• xg;gid> Ntlq;fs; Nghd;wit ,ay;ghd tifapy;

nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• mz;ikf; fhl;rpfshff; fhl;lg;glhjNghJ njhiyf;

fhl;rp ehlf ebfupd; czu;r;rp topr; rpj;jpupg;Gfs;

,ay;ghd epiyapy; fhzg;glyhk;.

• ehty;ehty;ehty;ehty;ehty;(ehtypd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd RUf;f

mwpKfj;ij Kd;itAq;fs;.)

• nkhopia Clfkhff; nfhz;l> thrpj;J ,urpf;fj;jf;f

xU fiy ClfkhFk;.

• ehlfk; Nghd;W cldbj; Jyq;fYf;F cl;glhj

xU ClfkhFk;.

• gilg;ghsupd; fw;gidr; rf;jpf;F tiuaiwaw;w

tha;g;G cz;L.

• ehtyhrpupaUf;Ff; fhyk;> ntsp> epfo;Tfs;>

ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tiuaiwapd;wpg; gad;

gLj;j ,lKz;L.

• ghj;jpuq;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJ ehty; gilg;ghs

Df;F mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; Gwj;Njhw;wk;> elj;ij> cs;

thupahd> kNdhghtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpupthfTk;

Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhfTk; Kd;itf;f tha;g;G cz;L.

,uhkhahzk;,uhkhahzk;,uhkhahzk;,uhkhahzk;,uhkhahzk;



• ve;jnthU fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp kpfg;

gue;j gug;gpDs; RahjPdkhfr; rQ;rupf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk;

ehtyhrpupaUf;F cz;L.

• rpWfijrpWfijrpWfijrpWfijrpWfij• tiuaiwg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;ijf; nfhz;l ,yf;fpag;

gilg;ghFk;.

• thrpj;J ,urpg;gjw;Fupa xU tifg; gilg;ghFk;.

• ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gtq;fs; tiuaiwg;gl;lit

ahifahy; rpWfijahrpupaUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Rje;jpu

Kk; tiuaiwg;gl;ljhFk;.

• rpWfij vd;gJ gilg;ghspapd; jdpg;gilg;ghFk;.

• gilg;ghsp ,y;yhj epiyapYk; rpWfijia thrpj;J

,urpg;gjw;Fj; jlq;fy; Vw;gl khl;lhJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ehlff; fiyf;Fupa rpwg;gpay;Gfis Muha;f.

• ehlff; fiyia Vida fiyfSld; xg;gpLf.

• ehlf vOj;JUitAk; ehtiyAk; xg;gpLf.;lf;fsg;G

kuGtop ehlfq;fs;

- Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

• tl ,yq;if ehl;lhu; muq;F

- fyhepjp fhiu. Re;juk;gps;is

jpiug;glk;jpiug;glk;jpiug;glk;jpiug;glk;jpiug;glk;~~300 (~~300 (~~300 (~~300 (~~300 (Three Hundred)||)||)||)||)||






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3 : : : : : ehlfk; jtpu;e;j Vida fiyfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf;

fye;JiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • Vida fiyfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ehlf;fiyNa

capNuhl;lkhd fiy vd;gjid mwpjy;.

• Neubj; Jyq;fy;fs; ,y;yhj fhuzpj;jpdhy;> Vida

fiyfs; capNuhl;lj;Jld; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy

vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

nraw;ghL 2.3nraw;ghL 2.3nraw;ghL 2.3nraw;ghL 2.3nraw;ghL 2.3 : : : : : ~~Vida fiyfNshL xg;gPL nra;J ehlfk; capNuhl;l

khd fiy vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Nthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij>

thndhyp njhlu;ghd E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;.

• xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;

• ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; (ehty;> rpWfij)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ehlfj;ijg; ghu;g;Nghupd; Neubj; Jyq;fy;fNs mjid

capNuhl;lk; cilajhf;Ffpd;wJ vd;gjidAk;> rpdpkh>

njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> thndhyp ehlfk;> ehty;>

rpWfij Nghd;wtw;wpw;F mt;thwhd Neubj; Jyq;fy;fs;

,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhNyNa capu;j;Jtk; ,y;yhjpUf;

fpd;wd vd;gjidAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp>

thndhyp Nghd;wit capNuhl;lkhd Jyq;fy;fspd;

mtrpaj;ij czu;e;J etPd El;gq;fis mjw;nfdg;

gad;gLj;j KidtijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • fye;Jiuahly;> tpupTiu> FOKiw

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ehlfj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJNghy ghu;g;Nghu; fzg;

gpurd;dkhf ,Ue;J Neubj; Jyq;fy;fis ntspg;

gLj;JtJ Nghy Vida fiyfspw;Fg; gjpw;Fwpfs;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.



• rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhypj; njhlu;fs;>

,yf;fpaq;fs; (ehty;> rpWfij) vd;gd ghu;g;Nghu;

,d;wp mspf;if nra;ag;gLgitahfTk; mt;ntspg;ghL

fs; mspg;Nghu; ,d;wpg; ghu;f;fg;gLgitahfTk;

,Ug;gjdhy; ,tw;Wf;F Neu; vjpu; tpisTfs; xU

fzj;jpy; rq;fkpf;Fk; jd;ik fhzg;gLtjpy;iy

vd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• Vida fiyfspd; gilg;Gf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk;

gilj;jtu;fsplkpUe;J gpupj;J vLf;ff;$bait. Mdhy;

ehlfk; ebfu;fsplkpUe;J gpupf;ff;$ba fiy md;W

vd;gjid ciuahbj; njspjy;.

• njhiyf;fhl;rp> rpdpkh vd;gtw;wpd; gpujhdkhd

mspf;if Clfkhff; ~fkuh| vd;w njhopy;El;gNk

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ehlfj;jpd; mspf;if

Clfkhf capUs;s kdpjdhd ebfNd fhzg;

gLfpd;whd;. ,jdhy; ehlfj;jpd; xt;nthU Nkil

Naw;wj;jpYk; ehlfk; GJg;gpwg;ngLf;fpd;wJ vd;gjidf;

fye;Jiuahbj; njspjy;.

• thndhyp ehlfk; KOf;f> KOf;ff; Nfl;lypd; %yk;

czug;gLfpd;w tbtk;> xyptbtj;jpD}lhfr; rj;j

tpisTfspD}lhff; Fuy; ntspg;ghLfspD}lhf kl;LNk

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tbtk;. Mdhy; ehlfk;

Kg;gupkhzg; ~ghu;j;jy;| gupkhzj;jpid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lJ vd;gjid tpsf;Fjy;.

• rpWfij> ehty; Nghd;w ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; midj;Jk;

vOj;J/ nrhw;fspd; tbtj;jpD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;

gLgit. thrpg;gpd; %yk; Efug;gLgit. ,it KOf;f

KOf;f kdntspapy; cUthf;fg;gLk; fw;gidg;

gbkq;fspD}lhfNt urpf;fg;gLgit vd;gjid

tpsf;Fjy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • Vida fiyfNshL xg;gpLifapy; ehlff; fiyahdJ

capNuhl;lkhdJ vd;gjid tpsf;fp Nkilg;

Ngr;nrhd;wpid epfo;j;Jf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • njhopy;El;gf;fiyfs; - Nkhr];



Nju;r;rp 3.0Nju;r;rp 3.0Nju;r;rp 3.0Nju;r;rp 3.0Nju;r;rp 3.0 : : : : : ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mbg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mbg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mbg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mbg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mbg;

gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;/nfhs;iffis mbg;gilnfhs;iffis mbg;gilnfhs;iffis mbg;gilnfhs;iffis mbg;gilnfhs;iffis mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L nra;Kiw rhu;e;j gilg;ghf;fq;ahff; nfhz;L nra;Kiw rhu;e;j gilg;ghf;fq;ahff; nfhz;L nra;Kiw rhu;e;j gilg;ghf;fq;ahff; nfhz;L nra;Kiw rhu;e;j gilg;ghf;fq;ahff; nfhz;L nra;Kiw rhu;e;j gilg;ghf;fq;

fis tpUj;jp nra;thu;.fis tpUj;jp nra;thu;.fis tpUj;jp nra;thu;.fis tpUj;jp nra;thu;.fis tpUj;jp nra;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : : : : : ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL njhlu;Gila fiyfspd;

gad;ghl;il/gpuNahfj;ij ,dq;fz;L gilg;ghf;fk;

nra;aj; jiyg;gLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfs ;; ;; ; : : : : : • glr;rl;l Nkilnahd;wpd; Gtpapay; jd;ikiaf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• jpiug; gad;ghl;bd; mtrpaj;ij mtjhdpj;jy;.

• Nkilnahd;wpy; ,yFthfj; jpiufisg; nghUj;Jtjw;

fhd cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;.

• Nkilj; jpiufisr; rupahdthW ,izj;jy;.

• jpiufisg; gad;gLj;jp thoplj;ij mofhf xOq;F

gLj;jy;.

nraw;ghL 3.1.1nraw;ghL 3.1.1nraw;ghL 3.1.1nraw;ghL 3.1.1nraw;ghL 3.1.1 : : : : : ~~Nkilapy; jpiug;gad;ghl;il ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : Nkilj; jpiufisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ghu;g;NghiuAk; NkiliaAk; Ntwhf;Fk; gpujhd

jpiuapd; gad;ghlhdJ ,aw;gz;G ehlf kugpd; Njhw;wj;

NjhL Muk;gkhfpaJ. tho;f;ifiaj; jj;&gkhfr;

rpj;jpupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gpd;dzpia Nkilapy;

cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jpiufs; Jizahapd.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • Njbaha;jYk; mtjhdpj;jYk;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • Nkilj; jpiufspd; glq;fs; rpytw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg;

ghlj;ij Muk;gpf;fyhk;.

• jpiufspd; gad;ghL njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis

Ak; cs;slf;fpf; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.

• ~jpiu| vd;gjw;F NkYk; gy ngau;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vopdp> jpiu> rPd;> Ntjpfh> atdpfh

• Nkilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jpiu tiffs; gy cs;sd.



• rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; xU Kf vopdp> nghUe;J Kf vopdp>

fue;J tuy; vopdp vd %tif vopdpfs; ,Ue;jd.

• ghu;g;Nghu; kz;lgj;ijAk; NkiliaAk; gpupg;gjw;fhf

Kd;jpiu gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• irf;Nshuhkh/thd;jpiu vdg;gLfpd;w gpd;Gwj;jpiu

gpd;dzpia mikg;gjw;fhfTk; Nkil xspa+l;lj;Jf;

fhfTk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.

• ,it jtpug; gf;fj;jpiu> FWf;Fj;jpiu> Nky; jpiu

vd;wthwhfg; gyjpiu tiffs; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd.

• jpiu %yk; fhl;rp khw;wk; fhl;lg;gLk;.

• Nkilia moFgLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> Njitaw;w

fhl;rpfisg; ghu;g;Nghu; fhzhj tifapy; kiwg;gjw;Fk;

jpiufs; cjTk;.

• ebfu;fspd; ebg;gpYk; jpiug;gad;ghL fhj;jpukhd

gq;fspg;igr; nra;Ak;.

• ehlf Nkhbf;F mikaTk; jpiufspd; gad;ghL NtW

gLk;.

• jpiu tiffspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Fjy;.

• Kd;jpiuKd;jpiuKd;jpiuKd;jpiuKd;jpiugpujhd jpiuapd; %yNk ghu;g;NghUk; NkilAk;

Ntwhf;fg;gLk;. ve;jnthU NkilapYk; ,j;jpiu

ifahy; ,Of;Fk; KiwapNyh nghwpKiwapNyh

,UGwkhfTk; ,Of;fg;gl;Lj; jpwe;J %lg;gLk;. fhl;rp

khw;wk;> ,ilNtisia mwptpj;jy;> gpd;dzp khw;wk;>

ehlf KbT Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfg; gpujhd

jpiu gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• irf;fpNshuhkhirf;fpNshuhkhirf;fpNshuhkhirf;fpNshuhkhirf;fpNshuhkh/thd;jpiuthd;jpiuthd;jpiuthd;jpiuthd;jpiuntz;zpwkhd ,j;jpiu Nkilapd; Nkw;gFjpapd;

gpd;Gwj;Nj fhzg;gLk;. rpyNisfspy; tu;zj;jpiuAk;

gad;gLj;jg ;gLtJz;L. ,t;thd;jpiu Nkil

ehlfq;fspy; ghupa gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpwJ. Ntl

cilazpe;j ebfu;fis kiwj;J itj;jy;> gf;fk;

khw;wy;> gpd;dzpf; fhl;;rpfs; mikj;jy;> Nkil

xspa+l;lk; fhuzkhf tpNrl khw;wq;ifsr; nra;jy;

gy;tifikahd ngUq;fhl;rpia mikj;jy; Nghd;w

tw;Wf;F ,J cjTk;.



mbthdk; Nghd;w kpfj; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s

tw;iwf; fhl;Ljy;> gwitfs; gwg;gijf; fhl;Ljy;>

Kfpy;fspd; miritf; fhl;Ljy;> flypy; miyfs;

vOjy;> fhyj;ijf; (fhiy> gfy;> khiy> ,uT)

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;ly; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhfTk; ghtj;ij/

czu;r;rpia NkYk; ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf

xspiag; gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhfTk; thd;jpiu gad;

gLj;jg;gLk;.

• gf;fj;jpiufs;gf;fj;jpiufs;gf;fj;jpiufs;gf;fj;jpiufs;gf;fj;jpiufs;• Nkilapy; fhl;rpg; Gyj;Jf;F mg;ghy; ,Uf;Fk;

ebfu;fs; Vida fiyQu;fs; Nghd;NwhiuAk; gad;

gLj;j Ntz;ba Nkilg;nghUs;fs;> gad;gLj;jp

Kbe;j nghUs;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ghu;g;Nghu;

fhzhj tifapy; xspj;J itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; ,j;

jpiufs; gad;gLk;.

• gf;fj;jpiufSf;F ,ilNa ntspNa njupahj

tz;zk; tpsf;FfSk; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

• gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,irf;FOtpdUk; ghlw;

FOtpdUk; gf;fj;jpiufSf;Fg; gpd;Nd kiwe;jpUe;J

ghbdu;> ,ir toq;fpdu;. Nkilapd; kha Moj;ijf;

fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gf;fj;jpiufs; cjTk;.

• Nkilapd; ,UGwkhfTk; 1> 2> 3 vd;wthW

gf;fj;jpiufs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• gbg;gbahf thd;jpiuapd;ghw;gLk; tifapNyNa

glr;rl;l Nkilapd; kPJ gf;fj;jpiufs; gad;gLj;jg;

gLk;.

• FWf;Fj;jpiuFWf;Fj;jpiuFWf;Fj;jpiuFWf;Fj;jpiuFWf;Fj;jpiu• ,J eLj;jpiu/ikaj;jpiu vdTk; ngau;ngWk;.

fhz;gpaq;fs; itf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; ntWk; ntsp

fis kiwg;gjw;fhf ,j;jpiufs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

nghJthf ,it fWg;G md;Nwy; ePy epwkhdit

ahFk;.

• ,j;jpiufs; mupjhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L.

• gpd;Gwj;jpiugpd;Gwj;jpiugpd;Gwj;jpiugpd;Gwj;jpiugpd;Gwj;jpiu• epue;jukhd muq;Ffspy; thd;jpiuf;F Kd;Nd fPNo

gjpf;fj;jf;f tifapy; md;Nwy; ,UGwkhfTk;

,Of;fj;jf;f tifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; jpiuNa

,JthFk;.



fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • glr;rl;l Nkilnahd;wpd; jpiufisr; rupahfg;

nghUj;Jq;fs;.

• fl;Gy khiaia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; jpiufisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cjhuzq;fhl;b

tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • guj ehl;ba rh];jpuk; - =uhk Njrpfu;

• rpyg;gjpfhuk;

• rPtfrpe;jhkzp

• <oj;J ,ir ehlf tuyhW - fhiu nr. Re;juk;gps;is

• jkpo;ehlf Nkil mDgtk;.

GNuhrPdpak; Nkilapy; jpiufs;GNuhrPdpak; Nkilapy; jpiufs;GNuhrPdpak; Nkilapy; jpiufs;GNuhrPdpak; Nkilapy; jpiufs;GNuhrPdpak; Nkilapy; jpiufs;



gpujhdjpiu (,Oj;J jpwe;J %Lk; jpiu) njhopw;gLk; tpjkgpujhdjpiu (,Oj;J jpwe;J %Lk; jpiu) njhopw;gLk; tpjkgpujhdjpiu (,Oj;J jpwe;J %Lk; jpiu) njhopw;gLk; tpjkgpujhdjpiu (,Oj;J jpwe;J %Lk; jpiu) njhopw;gLk; tpjkgpujhdjpiu (,Oj;J jpwe;J %Lk; jpiu) njhopw;gLk; tpjk;



cau;j;Jk; jpiu njhopw;gLk; tpjk;cau;j;Jk; jpiu njhopw;gLk; tpjk;cau;j;Jk; jpiu njhopw;gLk; tpjk;cau;j;Jk; jpiu njhopw;gLk; tpjk;cau;j;Jk; jpiu njhopw;gLk; tpjk;



gpd; jpiunahd;iwg; nghUj;Jk; Kiwikgpd; jpiunahd;iwg; nghUj;Jk; Kiwikgpd; jpiunahd;iwg; nghUj;Jk; Kiwikgpd; jpiunahd;iwg; nghUj;Jk; Kiwikgpd; jpiunahd;iwg; nghUj;Jk; Kiwik



rpj;jpug; gpd;Gynkhd;W NkNy cau;j;jg;gLk; Kiwikrpj;jpug; gpd;Gynkhd;W NkNy cau;j;jg;gLk; Kiwikrpj;jpug; gpd;Gynkhd;W NkNy cau;j;jg;gLk; Kiwikrpj;jpug; gpd;Gynkhd;W NkNy cau;j;jg;gLk; Kiwikrpj;jpug; gpd;Gynkhd;W NkNy cau;j;jg;gLk; Kiwik



jw;fhypf irf;Nshuhkh xd;wpid (thd;jpiunahd;wpid)jw;fhypf irf;Nshuhkh xd;wpid (thd;jpiunahd;wpid)jw;fhypf irf;Nshuhkh xd;wpid (thd;jpiunahd;wpid)jw;fhypf irf;Nshuhkh xd;wpid (thd;jpiunahd;wpid)jw;fhypf irf;Nshuhkh xd;wpid (thd;jpiunahd;wpid)

,izf;Fk; Kiwik,izf;Fk; Kiwik,izf;Fk; Kiwik,izf;Fk; Kiwik,izf;Fk; Kiwik







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 ::::: ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL njhlu;Gila fiyfspd; gad;

ghl;il/gpuNahfj;ij ,dq;fz;L gilg;ghf;fk; nra;aj;

jiyg;gLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfs ;; ;; ; : : : : : • muq;f %yfq;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; mjd; gpuNahfj;ij

Ak; mwpe;J nfhs;tJld; ehlfg; gilg;nghd;wpd;

xl;Lnkhj;j tpistpw;F ,it vt;tifapy; jdpj;Jk;

,ize;J gad;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• ebfupd; fiy Nkk;gLtjw;F ,t; muq;f %yfq;fs;

vt;thW Jiz epw;fpd;wd vd;gjidAk; tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sy;.

nraw;ghL 3.1.2nraw;ghL 3.1.2nraw;ghL 3.1.2nraw;ghL 3.1.2nraw;ghL 3.1.2 : : : : : ~~ebfdpd; fiyf;Fj; Jiz epw;fpd;w muq;ff; fiy

fis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • Mw;Wif njhlu;ghd xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;

• fl;Liufs;> E}y;fs;> glq;fs;> xg;gidg; nghUs;fs;

• xspa+l;lw; rhjdq;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ebfdpd; fiy Nkk;gLtjw;F ,t; muq;f %yfq;fs;

vt;thW Jiz epw;fpd;wd vd;gjidr; nrad;Kiw

uPjpahf khztu;fs; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F topg;gLj;JtJ

,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly;> nra;Kiw> Mf;fr;

nraw;ghL


: : : : : • fhl;rp tpjhdpg;Gfhl;rp tpjhdpg;Gfhl;rp tpjhdpg;Gfhl;rp tpjhdpg;Gfhl;rp tpjhdpg;G • ehlfj;jpd; fU> Nkhb> tif> ghj;jpuf; Fzhk;rk;>

gz;ghL> gpuNjrk;> tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; Mfpadtw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fhl;rp aikg;G> xspa+l;ly;>

xg;gid> Ntl cil Mfpad cUtikf;fg;gL

fpd;wd. muq;fpy; nrhy;y tUk; tplaj;jpid muq;f

tpisTfSld; $bajhf Mog;gLj;Jtjw;F ,it

mtrpakhfpd;wd.



• Mrpupau;> khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahbj; jhk;

Kjd ;ikepiy tfpj ;jthW Nkw ;gb Fwpj ;j

tplaj;jpidf; (fhl;rptpjhdpg;G) fUj;jpw;nfhz;L

Fwpj ;jnjhU #oikT gw;wpa njspthdJk;>

t pu pthdJkhd tpsf ;fj ;j pid toq ;Fthu ; .

,jdbg;gilapy; MrpupaUila topelj;jypy;

khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpahfj; jstiuglk;

(Ground plan)> gf;fj;Njhw;wk; (Elevation)> ,ay;GUf;fhl;rp

(Perspective) Mfpatw;wpid tiujy;> tu;ze;jPl;bg;

ghu;j;jy;.

(tu;zr;rf;fuk; Fwpj;j tpsf;fj;jpidAk; Mrpupau;

khztu;fSf;F toq;Fjy;)

• Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; ,ize;J Nkw;gb tiu

glj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fhl;LUf;fisr;

(Model) nra;jYk;> tu;zk; jPl;bg;ghu;j;jYk;.

• Mrpupauhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w #oikT xd;wpid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FOf;fshfNth jdpj;jdp

ahfNth fhl;rp mikg;igr; nra;Ak;gb khztu;fis

topg;gLj;jyhk;.

• rpy jl;LKl;Lf;fis toq;fp mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf;

fhl;rpaikg;igg; gilg;ghf;fk; nra;Ak;gb J}z;lyhk;.

• xspa+l;ly;xspa+l;ly;xspa+l;ly;xspa+l;ly;xspa+l;ly;• xspa+l;lw; rhjdq;fs;> mJrhu;e;j glq;fs;> Mw;Wif

fspd; NghJ xspa+l;lypd; gad;ghLfs; md;Nwy;

gpuNahfq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fisf;

fhz;gpj;jy;. ,aw;if xspa+l;ly;> nraw;if xspa+l;ly;

Mfpad Fwpj;j fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

• fhl;rp mikg;gpd;NghJ nra;J ghu;j;j fhl;LUf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fpilf;ff;$ba tsq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp xspa+l;liyr; nra;J ghu;j;jy;. tu;z

xspa+l;liyg; gpuNahfpj;Jg; ghu;g ;gjd; %yk;

fhl;rpaikg;G Ntl cil Mfpatw;Wldhd tu;zj;jpd;

nghUj;jg;ghl;il mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

nghl;nlhspnghl;nlhspnghl;nlhspnghl;nlhspnghl;nlhsp



• xsp mikg;Gf;fhd js tiuglj;jpid tiutJld;

Ground plan sheet, Equipment list, Dimmer, Distribution

Mfpatw;wpidj; jahupj;jy;.

• xspa+l;lw; rhjdq;fs;> xspa+l;lYf;fhd jpirfs;>

Nfhzq;fs;> mjd; gad;ghLfs;> xspa+l;lypd;

tifg;ghLfs; Mfpad gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjYk;

tiue;J ghu;j;jYk;.

• xg;gidxg;gidxg;gidxg;gidxg;gid• xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;jpdJk; ,ay;GfSf;F xg;gidia

tiujy; tu;ze;jPl;bg; ghu;j;jy;.

• fhl;rpaikg;gpd;NghJ nra;J ghu;j;j fhl;LUf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mjpw;Fwpj;j ghj;jpuq;fisf;

Fwpf;Fk; fhl;LUf;fSf;F xg;gidiar; nra;J ghu;j;jy;.

• xg;gidg; nghUs;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; gad;ghL md;Nwy;

gpuNahfk; Fwpj;Jk; xg;gidapd; tifghL gw;wpAk;

tpsf;fkspj;jYk; nra;J fhl;LjYk;.

• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf tFj;J xt;nthU tifahd

ehlfq;fSf;Fkhd xg;gidfis mf;FO epiyapy;

nra;J ghu;j;jy;.

• Ntl cil tpjhdpg;GNtl cil tpjhdpg;GNtl cil tpjhdpg;GNtl cil tpjhdpg;GNtl cil tpjhdpg;G• Ntl cil tpjhdpg;G %yf;$Wfis mwpe;J (NfhL>

tu;zk;> ,iokhdk;> tbtk;) xt;nthU ghj;jpuq;fSf;F

khd Ntl cilfis tiujy;> tu;ze;jPl;Ljy;> xl;bg;

ghu;j;jy;.

• fhl;rpaikg;gpd;NghJ nra;J ghu;j;j fhl;LUf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mjpy; Fwpj;j ghj;jpuq;fisf;

Fwpf;Fk; fhl;LUf;fSf;F Ntl cilia tpjhdpj;;Jg;

ghu;j;jy;.

• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J ehlf NkhbfSf;

Nfw;w tifapYk; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gf;Nfw;w tifapYk;

Ntl cilia tpjhdpj;Jg; ghu;f;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.

khztu;fs; midtUk; ,ize;J tFg;giwf;

fz;fhl;rpia elj;j Mrpupau; topgLj;JtJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

ngWfpd;wJ.

• nra;J ghu;j;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;

khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLtJk; ehlfj; jahupg;

nghd;wpy; ,tw;iwg; gpuNahfpj;Jg; ghu;g ;gJk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg; ngWfpd;J.



fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ntt;NtWgl;l ehlfNkhbapd; ,ay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;

Jk; xg;gid rhu;e;j xspg;glq;fisr; Nrfupf;Ff.

• Neub xg;gid> FwpaPl;L xg;gid> Nkhbik xg;gid

njhlu;ghd ckJ tpsf;fq;fisAk; mit njhlu;ghd

tiuNfhl;LUtpidAk; (Sketch) jUf.

• Fwpj;j xU ehlfj;jpd;> Fwpj;j xU fhl;rpapidj; njupT

nra;J fhl;rpaikg;G> Ntl cil> xg;gid> xspaikg;G>

Mfpatw;Wf;fhd nra;Kiwg; gbtq;fisg; gl;baw;

gLj;Jf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • muq;f Ml;lk; ,af;Fjy; Nfhl;ghL - m];tNfh\;


Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp


jpU. f. jpyfehjd;

• muq;ftpay; - Kidtu; rf;jpg;ngUkhs;







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : : : : : ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL njhlu;Gila fiyfspd; gad;


jiyg;gLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ehlf ,ir njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njbawpjy;.

• ,irf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gpd;dzp xypfis

mikj;jy;.

• ehlfg; ghly;fisg; ghbathW ebj;jy;.

• ehlfg; ghly;fis ,urpj;jy;.

• ehlfj;Jf;fhf ,ir cUthf;Fjy;/mikj;jy;.

,dq;fzntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghL 3.1.3nraw;ghL 3.1.3nraw;ghL 3.1.3nraw;ghL 3.1.3nraw;ghL 3.1.3 : : : : : ~~ehlf ,iria ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • ehlfg; ghly; xypg;Ngio

• ehlf ,ir xypg;Ngiofs;> xspg;Ngiofs; rpy

• ,uhtNzrd;> Mu;nfhNyhrJuu; Nghd;w ahjhapDk;

ehlfnkhd;wpd; xyp> xspg;Ngio

• ,ir ehlf> $j;jpir vd;gtw;wpd; xypg;Ngiofs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ~ehlf ,ir| vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;tJld; ehlf

,ir cUthf;fj;jpd;NghJ ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba

tplaq;fis mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;gJNk ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • nrtpkLj;jy;> fye;Jiuahly;> nrad;Kiwr;

nraw;ghLfs;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ehlf ,ir vd;gjd; mwpKfk;.

• ehlf ,ir cUthFk;NghJ ftdQ;nrYj;j Ntz;ba

tplaq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

• ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhf ,iriag; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij

tpsf;Fjy;.

• ehlfg; ghlnyhd;iwg; ghbf;fhl;b md;Nwy; xypg;

Ngioia ,irj;Jf; fhl;bg; ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.



• ehlf vOj;JUit Muha;e;J Njitnadpd; khj;jpuNk

,iriag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• nghUj;jkhd ,iria ehlf vOj;JUtpd; ClhfNt

ntspf;nfhzUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ehlfj;jpd; ebg;G Nkhb> fU> tif> ebg;Gr; re;jk;

Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapNyNa ,iria

cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• nrhy;yhlYf;Fj; jilahf mikahj tifapYk;>

#oikTfisf; Fwpg;ghff; fhl;Lk; tifapYk;

,iria cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Fuy;/xyp> kl;Lkd;wp nksdk;/mikjpAk; ehlfj;Jf;F

typikahd mu;j;jj;ijf; nfhLf;Fkhifahy;

ebg;gpd;NghJ ,lk;ngWk; nksdKk; typikahd

,irahf mikAk;.

• Nkhbikg;ghzp ehlfq;fspy; ,ir Xu; ,d;wpaikahj

mk;rkhFk;.

• ebfu;fs; ebj;jthW ,yFthfg; ghlj;jf;f tifapyhd

];jhap tPr;irAk; (xypapd; msT)> vspikahd

,irg;ghf;fs; (Lyrics) IAk;> vspikahd ,irf;

Fwpg;Gf;fs; (notes)IAk; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ghly; FWfpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ghlyhdJ ehlfj;Jld; gpd;dpg; gpizjy; mtrpak;.

• ruhrup epiyapYk; rw;W cau;e ;j RUjpiaf;

nfhz;bUg;gJ ey;yJ.

• nghUj;jkhd gpd;dzp ,ir ebfupd; ght/czu;r;rp

ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk;.

• ehlfj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;jhj ,irahdJ ehlf eag;gpw;Fk;

ehlfj;jpd; ntw;wpf;Fk; jilahf mikAk;.

• ehlf newpahsupd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gj;; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;

nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

• ntt;NtW xypfs; - Fuy;fisr; re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf

ehlf ,irf;FOtpd; Jiz ngwg;gLk;. mJ jtpu

NtW cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Mgpupf;f buk;Mgpupf;f buk;Mgpupf;f buk;Mgpupf;f buk;Mgpupf;f buk;



cjhuzk;: fjT jpwf;Fk; %Lk; xyp> njhopw;rhiyapd;

Xir> fly; miyNahir> Fjpiuf;; Fsk;Gfspd; xyp>

gwitfspd; ehjk;...)

• mupr;re;jpu kahd fhz;lj;jpy; ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;l

Kiwik fhuzkhf mJ rduQ;rfkhfpaJ.

• ~~fsdpg; ghyk|| vDk; rpq;fs ehlfk; ,ir

gad;gLj;jg;glhj NghjpYk; mjpf tuNtw;igg; ngw;w

xU ehlfkhFk;.

• E}u;j;jp ehlfk;> ,ir fhuzkhfNt rduQ;rfkhfpaJ

vdpDk; ,irapd; xNu tifj;jhd; jd;ik fhuzkhf

mJ tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

• ehlfg; ghliyg; ghbathW ebj;jyhdJ jdpNa

nrhw;nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jk; eldkhftd;wp mJ

Fwpj;j #oikTfisAk; czu;TfisAk; ntspf;

fhl;Lk; ebg;ghfNt mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• fl;Gy ftpijg; gz;ig Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ehlfj;jpd;

,ir ngupJk; JizahFk;.

• etPd jkpo; ehlfq;fspd; fl;Gyg; ngWiff;Fj;

jpU. fz;zd; mtu;fspd; gilg;ghf;f ,ir ngupJk;

cjtpaJ.

• Mu;nfhNyh rJuu; ehlfj;jpd; jhf;ftd;ikf;F jpU.

nwhNgl; mtu;fspd; ,irAk; xU fhuzkhFk;.

• ghb ebg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpy ntw;wpfukhd ehlfg;

ghly;fs;

,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpy; ,uhkd; jU,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpy; ,uhkd; jU,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpy; ,uhkd; jU,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpy; ,uhkd; jU,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpy; ,uhkd; jU• gilfnsy;yhk; xd;wha;f; $l;LNthk; - mtd;

gj;Jj; jiyfs; ntl;b tPo;j;JNthk;

eilNghl;L ek; tPuk; fhl;LNthk; - ehis

eknjd;W eknjd;W $WNthk;

,uhftd; ehz; jU rj;jNk - ,dp

,yq;if vq;Fk; xypf;Fk; epj;jNk

thjk;gp tPuu;fhs; thUq;fs; $Lq;fs;

tUfpd;w fskjpy; thif #b tu



mupr;re;jpu kahdfhz;lk; - mayhj;;Jg; gps;isfs;mupr;re;jpu kahdfhz;lk; - mayhj;;Jg; gps;isfs;mupr;re;jpu kahdfhz;lk; - mayhj;;Jg; gps;isfs;mupr;re;jpu kahdfhz;lk; - mayhj;;Jg; gps;isfs;mupr;re;jpu kahdfhz;lk; - mayhj;;Jg; gps;isfs;

ghly;ghly;ghly;ghly;ghly;• rpl;Lg; gay;fNs rpl;Lg; gay;fNs

rPf;fpuk; thUq;flh - ,q;F

rPuhapUf;Fk; NeuhapUf;Fk;

njw;igiag; ghUq;flh

(rpl;Lg; ...)

Mj;jpy mq;Nf mt];ij ,Uf;F

me;jg; gf;fk; NghfhNj!

Nrj;Jg; gf;fk; NghapUe;J

nrj;Jg; NghlhNj! - mq;Nf

ehf;ifAk; %f;ifAk; fhl;bf;fpl;L

eOtp tplhNj! - NghL

(rpl;Lg; gay;fNs...)

njd;Nkhbf; fj;Njhypf;ff; $j;Jnjd;Nkhbf; fj;Njhypf;ff; $j;Jnjd;Nkhbf; fj;Njhypf;ff; $j;Jnjd;Nkhbf; fj;Njhypf;ff; $j;Jnjd;Nkhbf; fj;Njhypf;ff; $j;J• tPuu; #uu; ehikah ntw;wp kpF

tPuu; #uu; ehikah

tPuu; #uu; ehNk #Ok; Gtpapy; jhNd

MUk; vjpu;f;f te;jhy; mQ;rpg; gae;J Xb

CUk; NgUk; nrhy;yh xz;b xspj;j gpd;G

cw;w kidahNshL nfl;bj; jdq;fs; NgRk;

(tPuu;....)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • Nkil ehlfnkhd;wpd; gy;tifj;jd;ikf;fhf> ,irapd;

%yk; ngwj;jf;f gq;fspg;ig tpgupf;Ff.

• Nkil ehlfnkhd;Wf;F ,ir toq;Fk; nghWg;G

cq;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUjp> mjw;fhf

ePq;fs; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.

nfhupad; buk;nfhupad; buk;nfhupad; buk;nfhupad; buk;nfhupad; buk;







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : : : : : ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL njhlu;Gila fiyfspd; gad;


jiyg;gLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ehlf Mw;Wif xd;wpid Nkilg; glkhff; fhl;rpg;

gLj;Jtjpy; eld mirTfSk; mjd; ,izg;ghf;fKk;

eldthf;ftpay; (Choreography) Mfj; njhopw;gLk;

Kiwikapid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• #oiknthd;wpw;F Vw;g NfhwpNahfpwgp nra;jy;.

nraw;ghL 3.1.4nraw;ghL 3.1.4nraw;ghL 3.1.4nraw;ghL 3.1.4nraw;ghL 3.1.4 : : : : : eld mirTfspdJk; mjd; ,izg;ghf;fj;jpdJk;

NfhwpNahfpwgpapid mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • eld %yfq;fs; njhlu;ghd rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs;>

fl;Liufs;.

• Mw;Wiffs; cs;slq;fpajhd xspg;Ngiofs;.

• xspg;glq;fs;.

• eldthf;ftpayhsu;fspd; Neu;fhzy;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : muq;f %yfq;fSs; xd;whd eld mirTfs; mjd;

,izg;ghf;fj; njhopw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iwr; nra;Kiw

uPjpahf eldthf;fk; - NfhwpNahfpwgp - nra;J ghu;j;J

mjd; czu;T mofpay; uPjpahd ngWkhdq;fis

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • nra;Kiw> fye;Jiuahly;> FOKiwj; njhopw;ghLfs;.


: : : : : • Mly; - eldk;Mly; - eldk;Mly; - eldk;Mly; - eldk;Mly; - eldk;Ml;lk; - mirtpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w ,af;fk;> mirtpd;

Ntfj ;j pw ; Nfw ; g Ml ;l Ntfk ; khWf pd ;wJ.

Ml;lj;jpD}lhf clypd; KO Mw;wYk; ntspf; nfhz;;L

tug;gLfpd;wJ.

• mirTld; yak; ,izfpd;wNghJ eldj;jpy; xUtpj

xOq;fikT te;J Nru;fpd;wJ.



• eld mirTfs; nghJthf

- ,aw;if mirTfs;

- Nkhbikg;gLj;jg;gl;l mirTfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;

gLtJz;L.

• ehshe;jk; ,aw;ifapy; kuq;fspd; mirT> ehNahly;>

Fjpiug ;gha ;r ;ry ; > fly; miyfspd ; mirT

vy;yhtw;wpYk; xUtpj yaKk;> xOq;F Neu;j;jpAk;

fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. fufk;> fhtb> $j;J>

gujk;> fz;ba eldk;> etPd Gj;jhf eldq;fs; Nghd;w

tw;wpy; Ml;lj;jpd; El;gkhd/Ez;zpa mk;rq;fs;

ntspg;gLk; tifapy; MLtu;. ,tw;wpD}lhf r%f>

kj tho;T epiyikfSk; ntspg;gLk;.

• Ml;lj;jpd;/eldj;jpd; El;gkhd mirTfisg; ngw;W

MLfpd;wNghJ czu;r;rpfspD}lhfg; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfs;

ntspg;ghL nfhs;sj; njhlq;Fk;.

• ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfs; xt;nthd;Wk; mirTfs; Clhfg;

ghj;jpu KOikiaf; Fwpj;j #o;epiyikfSf;$lhfr;

rpj ;jpu pf ;f Kw;gLk;. ,e;epiyikapy; rk;gtr;

rpj;jpupg;Gf;fSk; te;J Nru;e;JtpLk;.

• eld mirTfs; %ykhf ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;ag;gLk;

rk;gtr; rpj;jpupg;gpy; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwT

vd;gJk; czu;r;rp NkhJiffs;> Kuz;epiyfs;

vd;gJk; Mokhf tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;bait MFk;.

• eldj;jpy; cUtKk; (Form)> cs;slf;fKk; (Content)

kpf Kf;fpakhditahFk;. xU gilg;ghf;f eld

Kaw;rpapy; (Creative dance) cs;slf;fk; NgRk;

czu;r;rpf;Fs; Mo;e;J Nghfpd;wNghJ eld %yq;fshd

epiyfs;> Kj;jpiufs;> ghtq;fs;> iriffs; Nghd;w

,d;Ndhud;d El;gq;fspd; gpuNahfj;ij mwpe;J nfhz;l

xUtuhy; mirTfs;> tbtq;fs; vd;gtw;iw czu;r;rp

g+u;tkhfTk; mofpay; g+u;tkhfTk; gilg;ghf;fk; nra;a

KbAk;.

gNygNygNygNygNy

gNygNygNygNygNy



• mftakhd tplaq;fSf;Fg; (subjects) Gwtakhd

tbtk; nfhLg;gNj eldnkhopahFk;.

• jiyrpwe;j eldf; fiyQu;fs; jk; vz;zk;> nrhy;>

nray; ahtw;iwAk; xUkpj;Jj; jkJ eld nkhopapd;

Clhf mz;lntspapy; vz;zw;w eldf; Nfhyq;fis

tbtikg;Gr; nra;Js;sdu;.

• xU eldf; fiyQUf;F mtuJ clypy; eld tpjpfs;

,Uf;Fk;NghJ tpjptiuaiwfSf;F mg;ghYk;>

gpuNtrpf;f KbAk;. mg;NghJjhd; gilg;ghf;f eldk;

gpwf;Fk;.

• $j;J> gujk;> fjfsp> fz;ba eldk; ahTk; yaKk;>

xOq;Fk; epiwe;j xU eldf; fiyQiur; rpU\;bf;

fiyQuhf;fp tpLfpd;wJ. re;jpuNyfh> rpj;jpuNrdh

Nghd;Nwhu; mt;tifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;NfhNu (Chore-

ography)

• NfhwpNahfpwgp vd;gJ muq;fj;jpy; njhlu;r;rpahd

mirTfisAk; tbtq;fisAk; fl;Gyg; gbkhf

,iaghf;fk; nra;tNj. ,jd; %yk; xU Fwpj;j

fstiuaiw eld%yfq;fs; xt;nthd;wpD}lhfTk;

ghu;g;NghUld; Ngr Kw;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jd; %yk;

ghu;g;Nghuplk; fjhrp];/urhDgtk;/a+apd; (yugen) vd;gd

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • Mrpupau; Fwpj;j #oikit khztu;fSf;F toq;fp

eld ehlfkhf Mw;Wif nra;AkhW topg;gLj;Jf.

• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf tFj;Jf; FOf;fs; tpUk;gpa

fUtpw;F eld Mw;Wifapid ntspg;gLj;j topg;

gLj;Jf. MrpupaUk; - khztUk; fye;Jiuahb mDg

tq;fisj; njhFf;Ff.

fz;ba eldk;fz;ba eldk;fz;ba eldk;fz;ba eldk;fz;ba eldk;

kzpg ;Gu pkzpg ;Gu pkzpg ;Gu pkzpg ;Gu pkzpg ;Gu p

fjf ;fjf ;fjf ;fjf ;fjf ;



gapw;rpgapw;rpgapw;rpgapw;rpgapw;rp

tFg;giwapy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;J ghUq;fs;tFg;giwapy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;J ghUq;fs;tFg;giwapy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;J ghUq;fs;tFg;giwapy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;J ghUq;fs;tFg;giwapy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;J ghUq;fs;

Kiwrhu;e;j nraw;ghLKiwrhu;e;j nraw;ghLKiwrhu;e;j nraw;ghLKiwrhu;e;j nraw;ghLKiwrhu;e;j nraw;ghL 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - $j;J> gujk;> fjfsp> fufk;> fhtb$j;J> gujk;> fjfsp> fufk;> fhtb$j;J> gujk;> fjfsp> fufk;> fhtb$j;J> gujk;> fjfsp> fufk;> fhtb$j;J> gujk;> fjfsp> fufk;> fhtb

(vOj;JUit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L)(vOj;JUit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L)(vOj;JUit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L)(vOj;JUit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L)(vOj;JUit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L)

gbKiw 1 - cly; nkhopapidg; gpuNahfpf;ff; fw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

(epiyfs;> Kj;jpiufs;> iriffs;...)

gbKiw 2 - jd;ndOr;rpahd mirTfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

gbKiw 3 - mirTfSld; Ml;lf;Nfhyq;fis ,izj;jy;.

gbKiw 4 - Ml;lq;fSf;$lhfg; ghj;jpu czu;r;rpfisr; rpU\;bj;jy;.

gbKiw 5 - Fwpj;j rk;gtj;ij eld nkhopf;F Clhf Mw;Wif nra;jy;.

gbKiw 6 - ,ir> jl;LKl;Lf;fs;> fhl;rpfs;> xsp> gbkq;fs; vd;gtw;iwAk;

NfhwpNahfpwgpapy; (Choreography) gpuNahfpj;jy;.

gbKiw 7 - Mw;Wifapd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpistpw;F eldnkhopia

,izg;ghf;fk; nra;jy;.

Kiwrhuh nraw;ghLKiwrhuh nraw;ghLKiwrhuh nraw;ghLKiwrhuh nraw;ghLKiwrhuh nraw;ghL 2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - gilg;ghf;f eldk;gilg;ghf;f eldk;gilg;ghf;f eldk;gilg;ghf;f eldk;gilg;ghf;f eldk;

gbKiw 1 - fU/gpur;rpidiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

gbKiw 2 - fUf;fisf; fhl;rpfshf tFj;jy;.

gbKiw 3 - #oiktpid ntspf;nfhzUk; ghly;> ,irfis

cUthf;fy;. ,uhfk;> yak; Nru;j;jy;.

gbKiw 4 - yak; md;Nwy; ,iria mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mirT

fis ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;jy;.

gbKiw 5 - mirTfspy; gytpj tbtq;fis (forms) czu;T> moF

uPjpahf ,izj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;.

gbKiw 6 - ghj;jpu NkhJiffs; rk;gtq;fspy; ntspg;glj; J}z;Ljy;.

gbKiw 7 - jl;LKl;Lf;fs;> fhl;rpfs;> kl;lq;fs;> clw; gbkq;fs; vd;g

tw;iwAk; gpuNahfpj;J ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;jy;.



Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0 : : : : : ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gilaehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gilaehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gilaehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gilaehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gila

cs;ehl;L (RNjr)> ntspehl;Lg; gz;ghL kw;Wk;cs;ehl;L (RNjr)> ntspehl;Lg; gz;ghL kw;Wk;cs;ehl;L (RNjr)> ntspehl;Lg; gz;ghL kw;Wk;cs;ehl;L (RNjr)> ntspehl;Lg; gz;ghL kw;Wk;cs;ehl;L (RNjr)> ntspehl;Lg; gz;ghL kw;Wk;

r%fg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbg;ghu;g;ghu;.r%fg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbg;ghu;g;ghu;.r%fg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbg;ghu;g;ghu;.r%fg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbg;ghu;g;ghu;.r%fg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbg;ghu;g;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : : : : : kdNk njhlf;fk; 21Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd rpq;fs

ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;if Muha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • 1956 - 1999 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa ehlf

fhuu;fisAk; mtu;fsJ ehlfq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• mtu;fsJ ehlfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis

Muha;jy;.

• ehlfq;fspd; Clhfr; r%f Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf ehlf;fhuu;

Mw;Wk; gzpfis kjpj;jy;.

• gy;NtW gug;Gf;fspyhd ehlfq;fis eaj;jy;.

• r%fj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l

ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;jy;.

nraw;ghL 4.1.1nraw;ghL 4.1.1nraw;ghL 4.1.1nraw;ghL 4.1.1nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : : : : : ~~rpq;fs ehlff;fiyapd; kdNk ehlfk; njhlf;fk;

21Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd RUf;fkhd tuyhw;iw

Muha;Nthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghf ntspte;Js;s E}y;fs;>

rQ;rpiffs;

• 9Me; juk; - ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G

topfhl;b

• ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

• ehlffhuupd; xspg;glq;fs;> ehlff; fhl;rpfspd;

xspg;glq;fs;

• ehlf ,Wtl;Lf;fs; (CD/DVD/VCD)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : 1956 njhlf;fk; 1999 tiuapyhd fhyj;Js; ,yq;if

rpq;fs ehlff; fiy tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa iky;

fw;fshf mike;j ehlfq;fs;> ehlff;fhuu;fs; gw;wpa

RUf;fkhd mwpKfj;ij Kd;itg;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly; : : : : : • Nguhrpupau; vjpuptPu ruj;tPu - Muha;r;rpg; ngWNgwhf

• kdNk - fhjy;> kdpjk;> jd;khdk; gw;wpa Gjpa

fz;Nzhl;lk;.

• rpq;fs ehlf;fiyapy; xU Kf;fpa iky; fy;.



• rpq;fs ~ehlfk| tpdJ ,ay;Gfisg; ngau;j;;njLj;Jr;

rkfhyg; ghu;g;Nghu; eag;gjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhdthW

ehlf Nkhbia cUthf;fpaik.

• rhjf; fijf;Fk; Gjpa mu;j;jk; toq;fpaik.

• Nkhbik ehlfq;fshy; goq;fij $wNt KbAk;.

Gjpa mDgtq;fis toq;f KbahJ vDk; thjj;

ijj; Njhw;fbf;Fk; tifapy; 1961 ,y; ~~rpq;fghF||

ehlfk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.

• 1957 ,y; FzNrd fyg;gj;jp jahupj;j re;j fpe;JU

ehlfk; gh ehlf tbikike;jJ.

• kdNk> rpq;fghF ,ir ehlf tbtKilad.

• NkhbikAk;> ajhu;j;jKk; fye;j (ehl;ba ju;kp> Nyhf

ju;kp) ehlfq;fSk; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. (,it Fiw

Nkhbik ehlfq;fs; - uj;jud;> eupghdh Ngd;wd)

• Rfj;jghy j rpy;th - Nghbq; fhuNa (1961) jl;L

nfts; (1963) Clhf ajhu;j;j (Nyhf ju;kP) ehlf

Nkhb kPz;Lk; cUntLj;jJ.

• rkfhy r%fj; jfty;fs; - gpur;rpidfs; me;ehlfq;

fSf;Ff; fUg;nghUs;fshf mike;jd.

• gpwehl;L ehlfq;fs; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Lr; rpq;fsj;jpy;

jahupf;fg;gl;ld. ,J ehlff;fiy tsu;r;rpf;F

cjtpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf Vw;gl;l gz;ghl;L Kuz;ghL

fhuzkhf ehlfj; jpwdha;Tj; JiwAk; tpUj;jp

aile;jJ.

• ehlff; fiyiaf; fpuhkj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tjw;Fr;

~Rg rf ar| (1974) fhuzkhfpaJ. ghu;g;Nghupd; ngU

tuNtw;igg; ngw;wJ. ehlfq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F

cjtpaJ.

• eupah rf Nf[{> Vfhjpgjp Nghd;wd murpaiyg; Ngrpd.

Nkilapy; murpay; Ngr ,J topNfhypaJ.

• ,it ~rhkhdpadpd;| ehlfq;fs; vdg;gl;ld. rpyu;

,tw;iw ,opthfg; Ngrpdu;.

• 1983 - Nrhkyjh Rgrpq;f - jahupj;j ~tpf;Ujp| ehlfk;

khztu; gpur;rpidfis Nkilapy; NgrpaJ. ,JTk;

xU jpUg;G KidahFk;. ,jD}lhfg; gy fiyQu;fs;

Njhd;wpdu;.

• tpfl ehlfkhf ~~nea;dNf #Jt|| jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjidj; njhlu;e;J rhu;[d; ey;yjk;gp jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.Nrhkyjh Rgrpq;`Nrhkyjh Rgrpq;`Nrhkyjh Rgrpq;`Nrhkyjh Rgrpq;`Nrhkyjh Rgrpq;`

FzNrd fyg;gjpFzNrd fyg;gjpFzNrd fyg;gjpFzNrd fyg;gjpFzNrd fyg;gjp

vjpuptPu ruj;re;uvjpuptPu ruj;re;uvjpuptPu ruj;re;uvjpuptPu ruj;re;uvjpuptPu ruj;re;u



• Gfo;g+j;j ntspehl;Lg; ghj;jpuq;fis Kjd;ikahff;

nfhz;l Ra Mf;f ehlfq;fSk; jahupf;fg;gl;ld.

(cjhuzkhf: Nrhf;ul;B]; Nghd;wd.)

• jahde ;j Fztu ;jd - tptuz ehlfghzp

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. f[kd; Gtj;j> kJu [tdpf;fh

Nghd;wd.

• [ayj; kNdhuj;j - ~FUjUt| ~~Fiw tptuz

ehlfghzp|| ehlfkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• jw;fhy ehlff;fiyapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;

• epakkpy; ebg;G NkilNawpaik. (khz;Nlhu;

kPz;nloy; Nghd;wd)

• ,sk; ehlff;fhuu; gyu; Njhd;wpdu;.

• Nkhbik Fwpj;Jf; ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;fs; gy

elj;jg;gl;ld.

• FW ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lik.

• tuyhw;Wf; fijfspy; CLtpAs;s ajhu;j;jj;ij

ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; ehlfq;fs;jahupf;fg;

gl;lik.

• %j;j ehlffhuUf;Fk; ,se;jiyKiw ehlff;

fhuUf;Fk; ,ilapy; Nghl;b Vw;gl;lik.

• gpd;tUk; ehlffhuu;fspd; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf

mwpKfQ; nra;f.

• vjpuptPu ruj;re;u

• FzNrd fyg;gj;jp

• jahde;j Fztu;jd

• n`d;up [anrd

• Rfj;jghy j rpy;th

• uQ;rpj; ju;kfPu;j;jp

• irkd; etfj;Njfk

• Mu;.Mu; rkuNfhd; ehlfq;fs;Mu;.Mu; rkuNfhd; ehlfq;fs;Mu;.Mu; rkuNfhd; ehlfq;fs;Mu;.Mu; rkuNfhd; ehlfq;fs;Mu;.Mu; rkuNfhd; ehlfq;fs;• xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfisg; Ngrpdhu;.

• ,iria ehlfj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhff; nfhs;s

tpy;iy.

• murpaypd; ntspg;gilaw;w jd;ik (kiwthd

jd;ik)> mUtUg;ghd jd;ik gw;wpg; Ngrpdhu;.

• ,UnghUs; jUk; gjg;gpuNahfk;

• m`rpd; tl;LD kpdp];]{| ehlfk; - fsdp ghyk.

• Nf.gP. Nùj; ehlfq;fs;Nf.gP. Nùj; ehlfq;fs;Nf.gP. Nùj; ehlfq;fs;Nf.gP. Nùj; ehlfq;fs;Nf.gP. Nùj; ehlfq;fs;• murpay; - ~RJ gutpNah| 1981

• nghUshjhuk; - ~rpupNgh jl;Lt| 1983

• xOf;fr; rPu;NfL - khahNjtp 1984

jahde;jjahde;jjahde;jjahde;jjahde;j

Fztu;j;jdFztu;j;jdFztu;j;jdFztu;j;jdFztu;j;jd

n`d;wp n[aNrdn`d;wp n[aNrdn`d;wp n[aNrdn`d;wp n[aNrdn`d;wp n[aNrd



• gaq;futhjj;jpd; nfhLik - ~ehdf;f Njra| -

(1990)

• murpay; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhfg; ngz;izg; gad;

gLj;jy; - Njhd fjpupdh - 1992

• gpujhd muRf;Fk; gpuhe;jpa muRf;Fk; ,ilNa

mjpfhug; gfpu;T - njntdp kfpe;j - 1998 Mfpa

ehlfq;fisg; gilj;jhu;.

• re;jpuNrd jrehaf;f - ud;fe;j

• ju;krpup gz;lhuehaf;f (murpay; tPo;r;rp) -

Vfhjpgjp> jtdgPrz (1988)> af;rhfkia (1993)

,tu; Gfo;ngw;w ehlff;fhuu; Mthu;.

• fgpy Fkhu fhypq;f> [ae;j re;jpurpup

Nghd;NwhUk; ehlfk; gilj;Js;sdu;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • kdNk njhlf;fk; 21Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ehlff;

fiy tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa iky; fw;fisj; jUf.

• vjpuptPu ruj;re;jpu> FzNrd fyg;gjp> ju;krpwp gz;lhu

ehaf;f MfpNahupd; ehlfq;fis Muha;f.






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : : : : : jkpo; ehlf tuyhw;iwAk; ehlf tbtq;fisAk;

Njbawptu;. (,yq;if> jkpofk;)

fw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfs ;; ;; ; : : : : : • ,yq;ifapd; ghuk;gupa/ kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffs;

epfo;j;jg;gLk; /epfo;j;jg;gl;L tUfpd;w gpuNjrq;fis

mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffs; rlq;fhfTk; mNj Neuj;jpy;

ehlfkhfTk; Ngzg;gl;L tUfpd;w gpd;Gyj;ij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

• kuGuPjpahd Mw;WiffspYk; Mw;Wiffs; epfo;j;jg;gLk;

gbKiwapYk; r%ff; FO xUq;fpizTr; nraw;ghL

fSk; mr;nraw;ghLfspy; mtu;fsJ ek;gpf;iffSk;

vt;tpjk; Mog;gjpe;Js;sd vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.1nraw;ghL 4.2.1nraw;ghL 4.2.1nraw;ghL 4.2.1nraw;ghL 4.2.1 : : : : : jkpo; kf;fspd; Ra gz;ghl;L/fyhrhu tho;f;ifAld;

njhlu;Gila ehlff; fiyia mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • ghuk;gupa Mw;Wif tbtq;fspd; xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;

• Neubahf Mw;Wiffisg; ghu;itaply;.

• Mw;Wiffspd; xspg;glq;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • ghuk;gupa md;Nwy; kuGuPjpahd Mw;WiffSk;> mit

epfo;j;jg;gLk; KiwikfSk; mitfs; epfo;j;jg;

gLfpd;w r%ff; FOkq;fspd; mofpayhf mt;tg;

gpuNjrq;fspy; vt;tpjk; Ngzg;gl;L tUfpd;wd vd;gNj

,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw. fhz;gpa

Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffs; ,d;Wtiu Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;

gl;L tUtjd; gpd;Gy Nehf;fk; gw;wp mwpjy;.

• ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffs; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w

gpuNjrq;fisAk; mg;gpuNjrq;fspd; jdpj;Jtq;fisAk;

mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.



• fhydpj;Jt kNdhghtq;fs; <oj;jkpoupd; muq;f

tbtj;jpidg; ghuk;gupa md;Nwy; kuGuPjpahd

Mw;Wiffshf ~ehl;Lf;$j;jhf| Xuq;fl;l vLj;j

kNdhghtq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• $j;Jf;fs; kjuPjpahf

• fj;Njhypf;ff; $j;J kuG

• ,e;Jf; $j;J kuG vd tifg;gl tsu;r;rp ngw;wik.

• kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtopf; $j;Jf;fs; mtw;wpd; gz;ila

mk;rq;fs; ngUksTf;Fr; rpijTwhj tz;zk;

,d;WtiuAk; Ngzpf;fhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wik.

• $j;ijg; gapYjy;

• ghj;jpuj; njupT md;Nwy; rl;lq;nfhLj;jy;

• xj;jpif ghu;j;jy;

• Mw;Wif ntspfis tpjhdpj;jy;

• mspf;if nra;jy;

Nghd;w midj;J tplaq;fspYk; ,d;WtiuAk;

jdpj;Jtq;fs; Ngzg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

• $j;J tbtq;fs; fiuNahuq;fSf;$lhf efu;e;J

nrd;wNghJ kd;dhu;g; gpuNjrj;jpy; mJ fj;Njhypf;f

kjj;jhy; cs;thq;fg;gl;lJ. Nghu;j;JNfau; jkJ

kjf;fUj;Jf;fis [duQ;rfkhfg; gpurhug;gLj;jf;

$j;ij xU Clfkhfg; gpuNahfpj;jdu;.

• Ky;iyj;jPtpYk; $j;Jf;fs; jkJ rlq;F> rk;gpujhaq;f

NshL KOf;f KOf;f tpyf;fg;glhjjhf tsu;r;rp

ngw;wd.

• aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghL mjpfk; gpw gz;ghLfshy;

jhf;fg;gl;Lg; gy khw;wq;fis mile;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

,jdhy; Guhjd $j;Jf;fs; vit vd;gij mq;F

mwpe;J nfhs;tJ fbdk;. rhjpj;Jt milahsq;fshf

Tk; mJ mope;J Nghtjw;fhd VJf;fs; epytpAs;sd.

mq;F fj;Njhypf;fk;> ,e;Jkjk; rhu;e;j $j;Jf;fs;

gapy;epiyapy; cs;sd. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; gpuNjrq;fis

Ak; jhz;bf; Fwpr;rpfSf;fpilapYk; $j;J tho;fpd;wJ.

• kiyafk; Kw;WKOjhfj; jd; gz;ghl;bDs;

njd;dpe;jpar; nry;thf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mspf;if

Kiwik> gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w muq;F> Ntlg;GidT>

,irf;fUtpfs; ahtw;wpYk; kiyafj;Jf;fhd

jdpj;Jtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rlq;NfhL kpf

neUf;fkhd $j;Jf;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

tl;lf;fsuptl;lf;fsuptl;lf;fsuptl;lf;fsuptl;lf;fsup

fug;GLg;Gfug;GLg;Gfug;GLg;Gfug;GLg;Gfug;GLg;G

$j;jpy; xspA+l;Lif$j;jpy; xspA+l;Lif$j;jpy; xspA+l;Lif$j;jpy; xspA+l;Lif$j;jpy; xspA+l;Lif



• rpyhgj;jpy;> clg;G vd;w gpuNjrKk; kuGuPjpahd

Mw;Wiffisg; NgZk; Kaw;rpapy; ,d;WtiuAk;

nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL ::::: • ghuk;gupa / kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffs; ,d;W tiuAk;

gapy;epiyapy; cs;s gpuNjrq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

• xt;nthU gpuNjrq;fspdJk; jdpj;Jt ,ay;Gfs;

vt;tpjk; mt;tg; gpuNjr Mw;Wiffspy; ntspg;gl;L

epw;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : • rlq;fpypUe;J ehlfk; tiu - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

• <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;fk; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU


- fyhepjp fhiu. Re;juk;gps;is








fw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfs ;; ;; ; : : : : : • ,yq;ifapd; kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffis mwpe;J

nfhs;Sjy;.

• kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wifapd; mspf;if Kiwikia

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffspd; cs;slf;fKk; mit

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwikAk; vt;tpjk; r%f mofpa

yhf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

,dq;fz;L ntspg

nraw;ghL 4.2.2nraw;ghL 4.2.2nraw;ghL 4.2.2nraw;ghL 4.2.2nraw;ghL 4.2.2 : : : : : ,yq;ifapd ; ghuk ;gu pa $j;Jkuig mwpe ;J

nfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffspd; xyp> xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;.

• Neubahfg; ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffisg; ghu;itaply;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • ghuk;gupakhf Mw;Wiffs; epfo;j;jg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;

vt;thwhd Mw;Wif tbtq;fisg; Ngzpf;fhj;J> xU

r%f mofpayhf tbtikj;Js;sJ vd;gij mwpe;J

nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw> fhz;gpa

Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffs; mspf;if nra;ag;gLfpd;w

gpuNjrq;fspd; Clhf Mw;Wifapd; r%f mofpaiy

mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• kl;lf;fsg;G - tlNkhbf;$j;J> njd;Nkhbf; $j;J>

• tre;jd;$j;J> giwNksf;$j;J> kfpbf;$j;J

• kd;dhu;; - tlghq;F> njd;ghq;F> thrhg;G

• Ky;iyj;jPT - Nfhtyd; $j;J> kfpbf;$j;J>

fhj;jtuhad; - rpe;J eilf;$j;J

• aho;g;ghzk; - tlNkhbf;$j;J(tl;Lf;Nfhl;il)

fj;Njhypf;f njd;Nkhbf;$j;J> fhj;jtuhad; - rpe;J

eilf;$j;J> tre;jd; $j;J> ehl;il (tlkuhl;rpg;

gpuNjrk;)

• kiyafk; - mUr;Rdd; jgR> nghd;du; rq;fu;>

fhkd;$j;J



• tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs;tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs;tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs;tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs;tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs;ghuj ,jpfhr cs;slf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lit.

,uhkehlfk;> fu;zd;Nghu;> ju;kGj;jpud;> 18Mk; Nghu;

vd;gd tlNkhb $j;Jf;fSf;Fr; rpy cjhuzq;

fshFk;. myq;fhu&gd;> mDUj;jpu ehlfk; Nghd;wit

njd;Nkhb $j;Jf;fSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.

tlNkhbf; $j;Jf;fs; tpWtpWg;ghd fbdk; Fiwe;j

MlYk; njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs; fbdKk;> tpWtpWg;Gk;>

EZf;fKk; nfhz;l MlYk; cilait.

• vl;Lg;NghLjy;> tPrhzk;> cyh> nghbab> ehyb>

xa;ahuk;> jl;lb> mle;ij> Fe;Jepiy Nghd;w gy;NtW

Ml;l Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

• tlghq;F> njd;ghq;Ff; $j;Jfs;tlghq;F> njd;ghq;Ff; $j;Jfs;tlghq;F> njd;ghq;Ff; $j;Jfs;tlghq;F> njd;ghq;Ff; $j;Jfs;tlghq;F> njd;ghq;Ff; $j;Jfs;kd;dhupy; Mlg;gLk; ,f;$j;Jf;fspy; fl;bafhudpd;

gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tlghq;fpy; mtd; ehlfk;

KOtJk; epw;fpd;w Nghf;Fz;L. njd; ghq;fpy;

mNefkhf mwpKfj;NjhL ntspNawpg; Nghfpd;whd;.

tlghq;fpy; flTs; tho;j;J tpUj;jg;ghtpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

njd;ghq;fpy; ,J ntz;ghtpy; mikAk;. tlghq;fpy;

flTisg; gw;wpg;ghLk; Njhlag; gFjpAs; fijr;

RUf;fKk; nrhy;yg;gLk;. njd;ghq;fpy; ,k;kuG ,y;iy.

tlghq;fpy; ghj;jpuq;fs; vj;jid Kiw muq;fpy;

Njhd;wpdhYk; xNunahU KiwNa tuTg; ghliyg;

ghLk;. njd;ghq;fpy; vj;jid Kiw Njhd;wpdhYk;

mj;jid KiwAk; tuTg; ghliyg; ghLk;. mNjNghy;

vj;jid Kiw ntspNawpDk; mj;jid KiwAk;

ntspNawYf;fhd ghliyg; ghLk;. tlghq;fpy; ghly;

nghJthf nky;Nyhir cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. njd;

ghq;fpy; ty;Nyhir cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. tlghq;Fg;

ghj;jpuq;fSf;F Mlw;jU fhzg;gLk;.njd;ghq;fpy;

Mlw;jU fpilahJ.

• thrhg;Gthrhg;Gthrhg;Gthrhg;Gthrhg;GGdpju;fspd; fijiaNa cs;slf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;

Fk;. trdk; fye;j thrfg;gh xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l

,uTfs; njhlu;e;J eilngWk;. thrfg;ghtpy;

rlq;fhu;e;j Gdpjk; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. fsupapDs;

ngz;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. thrhg;gpy; tUk;

fl;bafhud; murdpd; tUifia kl;LNk ciug;gt

dhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;. Kjypy; Gyre;Njhu;fs; te;J

thrhg;ig mwpKfg;gLj;Jtu;. xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ,uT

fs; epfo;tjhy; Kjy;ehs; epfo;tpd; rhuhk;rk; $wg;gLk;.

• kfpbf;$j;Jkfpbf;$j;Jkfpbf;$j;Jkfpbf;$j;Jkfpbf;$j;Jkl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Mlg;gl;LtUk; ghuk;gupaf;

$j;Jf;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W. kfpb vd;gJ> epiyahf

,Ue;j xU r%ff; FOkj;NjhL vq;fpUe;Njh te;j

,d;ndhU r%ff; FOthdJ ke;jpu je;jpuq;fisg;



gad;gLj;jpg; Nghupl;L ntw;wpnfhz;L FbNawpa

fijapidg; gfpbahf ebj;Jf; fhl;Ljiyf; Fwpf;Fk;

vd;gu;. mjhtJ kfpb vd;gJ ke;jpu je;jpuj;jpd; ghw;gl;l

tpisahl;bidf; Fwpf;Fk;.

• %tif kfpbfs; cz;L

1. Kjyhk; tif kfpb

2. ,uz;lhk; tif kfpb

3. %d;whk; tif kfpb

• aho;g;ghzk;> Ky;iyj;jPTg; gFjpfspYk; Mlg;gl;L

te;jJ. ,jw;nfd tpNrlkhd muq;F mikf;fg;

gl;bUf;Fk;.

• giwNksf; $j;JgiwNksf; $j;JgiwNksf; $j;JgiwNksf; $j;JgiwNksf; $j;Jkl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Mlg;gl;LtUk; ghuk;gupaf;

$j;Jf;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; giw mbf;Fk;

r%fj;jpduhy; Mlg;gl;LtUk; ,f;$j;Jf;nfdj; jdpahd

fijg;Nghf;F ,y;iy. Nfhapy; Kd;wypy; ,Lg;gpy;

Ntl;biaf; fl;bf;nfhz;l ,Utu; jiyapy; jiyg;

ghifAk; fl;bf;nfhz;L ngUk;giw> rpWgiw Mfpa

,Utifg; giwfisj; jhq;fp epd;W giwia Kof;fp

MLtu;. giwia Kof;Fk; NghJ ,uhrtuT>

ke;jpuptuT> Nfhzq;fp tuT vdg; gytifg;gl;l

jhsq;fisg; giwapNy jl;b MLtu;.

• tre;jd; $j;Jtre;jd; $j;Jtre;jd; $j;Jtre;jd; $j;Jtre;jd; $j;Jkl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mlg;gl;L tUk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;Jf;fspy;

,JTk; xd;W. tre;j fhyj;jpy; Mlg;gLtjhy; tre;jd;

vd;w ngau; te;jnjd;W $Wtu;. ,f;$j;J rpj;jpiu

khjj;jpy; Mlg;gLtJ.

• tre;juhrd; nfhYtpy; te;J mku;e;jpUf;f ,f;$j;J

Mlg;gLk;. ,jw;nfd njhluhd fijg;Nghf;F ,y;iy.

Ntshz;ik njhlu;ghd nray;fs; ahTk; ,q;F

mgpeap;j;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;. cOjy;> tpij tpijj;jy;>

fis gpLq;Fjy;> mUtp ntl;Ljy;> nghyp fhTjy;>

nghyp J}w;Wjy; Kjyhd njhopy;fs; mgpepapj;Jf;

fhl;lg;gLk;.

• xU mb ePskhd ,uz;L Nfhy;fisj; jhq;fpa MW>

vl;L> gd;dpuz;L egu;fs; jkJ Nfhy;fisj; jl;b

MLtu;. ,jdhy; MW fk;G tre;jd; vl;Lfk;G tre;jd;>

gd;dpuz;L fk;G tre;jd; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L.

• njd;Nkhb MlYf;Fupa Ml;lf; Nfhyq;fis tre;jdpy;

MLthu;. Nfhapy; Kw;wk; ,jd; muq;fhf mikAk;.

ghu;g;Nghu; Rw;wptu epd;W ghu;g;gu;.



• fhj;jtuhad; $j;Jfhj;jtuhad; $j;Jfhj;jtuhad; $j;Jfhj;jtuhad; $j;Jfhj;jtuhad; $j;J,f;$j;J aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rpwg;ghfTk; tlgpuhe;jpaj;jpy;

nghJthfTk; Mlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

khupak;kd; topghl;NlhLk;> fhj;jtuhad; topghl;

NlhLk; njhlu;Gila rlq;F epiyg;gl;l ehlf tbtkhf

,f;$j;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhj;jtuhad; Mupag;g+khiy Nkw;fhjy; nfhz;L

mtisj; jpUkzk; nra;antd Kaw;rpf;fpd;whd;.

jhahuhfpa Kj;Jkhup ,jw;Fj; jil tpjpf;fpwhu;.

fhj;jtuhad; ,j; jilfisnay;yhk; ntd;W <w;wpy;

Mupag;g+khiyia kzk; Kbf;fpd;whu;. ,jidr; rpe;J

eilf;$j;J vd;Wk; Js;Sf;$j;J vd;Wk; miog;gu;.

,jw;nfd rpwg;ghd Js;sy; MlYk; ghly; nkl;Lf;f

Sk; cz;L.

,jd; muq;F ePs; rJu Nkiliaf; nfhz;lJ. jpwe;j

ntspapy; cau;j;jg;gl;l Nkil gpd;Gwk; xU jpiuiaAk;

nfhz;ljhf mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. %d;W gf;fq;fspYk;

,Ue;J ghu;g;Nghu; Mw;Wifia fz;L eag;gu;.

Muk;gj;jpy; ge;j xsp tpsf;Ffs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

gpd;du; ngw;Nwhkhf;]; xspAk; jw;NghJ kpd;rhu xspAk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

rptd;> ghu;tjp> fhj;jtuhad;> khupak;kd;> ty;yj;J

khq;fhsp> tutur;RUl;b> giwad;> rpd;dhd; Kjyhd

ghj;jpuq;fs; ,f;$j;jpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

• fhkd;$j;Jfhkd;$j;Jfhkd;$j;Jfhkd;$j;Jfhkd;$j;Jkiyafj;jpy; Mlg;gLtUk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;Jf;fSs;

xd;W. fhkd; topghl;NlhL njhlu;GilaJ. fhkdhfpa

kd;kjd; ujp fijapidf; $WtJ. gpukNjtd;

rptdhupd; jtj;ijf; Fog;GkhW kd;kjidf; Nfl;fpwhu;.

kd;kjd; jd; fhkf; fizfis Vtpr; rptdhupd;

jtj;jpidf; Fog;Gfpd;whu;. Nfhgkile;j rptdhu;

kd;kjid vupf;fpd;whu;. mr;nra;jpawpe;j ujp rptdhuplk;

rhg tpNkhrdk; Nfl;fpwhu;. rptdhu; rhg tpNkhrdk;

toq;Ffpd;whu;. ,e;j Ijpff; fijia mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lNj fhkd; $j;J MFk;.

,q;F Nfhapy; Kw;wk; muq;fhfg; gad;gLk;.

tpNrlkhd Mw;Wif Kiwik fhzg;gLk;.

tpNrlkhd Ntl cil mikg;Gf;fs;> xg;gid

Kiwikfs;> ifg;nghUs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L

tUfpd;wik.

~jg;G| ,irf;fUtpahf gad;gLfpd;wJ.

rptDk; kd;kjDk;rptDk; kd;kjDk;rptDk; kd;kjDk;rptDk; kd;kjDk;rptDk; kd;kjDk;

ujpAk; Njhd;Wk;ujpAk; Njhd;Wk;ujpAk; Njhd;Wk;ujpAk; Njhd;Wk;ujpAk; Njhd;Wk;

fhl;rpfhl;rpfhl;rpfhl;rpfhl;rp



• mUr;Rdd; jgRmUr;Rdd; jgRmUr;Rdd; jgRmUr;Rdd; jgRmUr;Rdd; jgRkiyafj;jpy; Mlg;gl;L tUk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;Jf;fSs;

xd;W. kfhghujf; fijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

mupr;Rdd; jtk; nra;J rptdplk; ghRgjh];jpuk;

ngw;wikiar; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;LtJ.

Nfhapy; Kw;wk; muq;fhfg; gad;gLk;.

tpNrlkhd Mw;Wif Kiwik fhzg;gLk;. tpNrlkhd

Ntl cil mikg;G> xg;gid Kiwikfs;> nghUs;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

jg;G> ry;yup Kjyhd ,irf;fUtpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

• nghd;du; rq;fu;nghd;du; rq;fu;nghd;du; rq;fu;nghd;du; rq;fu;nghd;du; rq;fu;ghuj ,jpfhrk; njhlu;ghd xU fpuhkpa tof;fhw;W

kughfg; nghd;du; rq;fiuf; nfhs;syhk;. Ke;jpa

gpwg;gpy; ju;kuhfg; gpwe;jtu; ,g;NghJ nghd;duhfTk;

mUr;Rdd; Mfg; gpwe;jtu; ,g;NghJ rq;fuhfTk;

g pwe ;j pUf;fpd ;wdu ; . jpnusgij ,tu;fSf;Fr;

rNfhjupahfTk; tPkd; Fjpiur; NrtfdhfTk; cs;sdu;.

fpU\;zDf;Fg; gjpyhfg; nguparhkp tUfpwhu;. ~ke;jpu

khKdp| vDk; ghj;jpuk; fijia efu;j;jpr; nry;fpwJ.

khrpapd; gpw;gFjp md;Nwy; gq;Fdp khjj;jpy;

ngUk;ghYk; fjpu;fhk cw;rtj;jpw;F mz;ba fhyj;jpy;

nghd;du; rq;fu; Mlg;gLk;.

,q;F ghj;jpuj; njupT tpNehjkhd Kiwapy;

,lk;ngWk;. g+rhup rpy nghUs;fisg; nghjpfshff;

fl;bitj;jpUg;ghu;. cjhuzkhf (jpUePW> g+> kQ;rs;)

mtw;iw vLg;gjd; %yNk ghj;jpuk; njupthFk;.

mjhtJ kQ;rSf;F vd;d ghj;jpuk;> jpUePw;Wf;F vd;d

ghj;jpuk; vd Vw;fdNt xU KbT ,Uf;Fk;. mjd;gb

ghj;jpuq;fs; njupthfpwJ. xU nghUSk; fpilf;fhjtu;

$j;J Ml KbahJ.

,JTk; jpwe;j rkntspauq;fpNyNa epfo;fpd;wJ.

,f;$j;jpy; jg;G> jhsk; Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

ghj;jpuq;fs; Nflak;> tpy;> ths;> nfhl;Lf;Fr;rp Nghd;w

ifg;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

nghd;du; rq;fupd; jha; jhkiug; ngupa ehr;rp Foe;ij

Ntz;bj; jtk; nra;Ak; fhyj;jpy; mtsJ jiyapy;

fpspfs; $Lfl;b ,Ue;jdthk;. ,jdhy; ,f;$j;J

epfOk; fhyj;jpy; gps;isfs; ,y;yhg; ngz;fs; jk;

jiyapy; rpwpa fpspg; nghk;ikiar; nrUfp itg;gu;.



,t;thW nra;jhy; gps;is ,y;yhu;f;Fg; gps;is tuk;

fpilf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• Nfhtyd; $j;JNfhtyd; $j;JNfhtyd; $j;JNfhtyd; $j;JNfhtyd; $j;J,J td;dpg; ngUepyg; gug;gpy; Mlg;gl;LtUk;

$j;Jf;fSs; gpurpj;jp ngw;wnjhU $j;jhFk;. Nfhtyd;

fz;zfpAld; njhlu;Gila fijiar; rpj;jupj;Jf;

fhl;Lk; xUehlfkhFk;.

Ky;iyj;j PT tw;whg ;gisf; fz;zfp mk;kd;

topghl;NlhL njhlu;Gila nghq;fy; tpohtpy; xU

epfo;thf ,lk;ngWk;. Mly;> ghly; jdpj;Jtk;

nghUe;jpaJ. ~tpy;YLg;G| vdg;gLk; Ntl cil

mzpe;jhLk; kuG cz;L.

,e;ehlf kugpy; tQ;rpg;gj;jd; vd;Dk; nghw;nfhy;yUf;

Fupa Ml;lk; rpwg;ghdJ. Fwpg;ghff; fhy;fisf;

fpilahf vwpe;J MLk; Ml;lk; rpwg;GilaJ.

,jDila muq;F rkjiuapy; tl;ltbtkhdJ.

tl;lf;fsupNghy; jbfs; el;L NkNy nts;is

fl;lg;gLk;. thiof;Fw;wpfs; ehl;bj; Njq;fha;g; ghjp

itj;J xspa+l;lk; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

kj;jsk;> jhsk; vd;gd gpujhd ,irf; fUtpfshFk;.

• ehl;ilehl;ilehl;ilehl;ilehl;ilaho;g;ghzk; tlkuhl;rpf; $j;Jg; ghuk;gupaq;fSs;

xd;W. ehl;il vd;fpd;w ,t;tbtk; tlkuhl;rp ryitj;

njhopyhsu;fspdhy; Mlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidg;

~GOjpf;$j;J| vdTk; miog;gu;.

• ,jDila muq;f mikg;G tpj;jpahrkhdJ. Kd;gf;fg;

ghu;g;Nghiuf; nfhz;l rkjiuauq;fpd; gpd;Gwk;

,ilapy; fpilahfj; jpwf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. MLfsj;jpw;Fg;

gpd;Nd epw;fpd;w gf;fg; ghlfu;> kj;jsfhuu; Nghd;Nwhu;

,e;j ,ilntspapd; CNl muq;fpidg; ghu;j;J epfo;tpy;

gq;Fgw;Wtu;.

• MLfsj;jpd; gpd; tyJ Gwj;jpypUf;Fk; 3 fjpiufSf;Fg;

g+ir nra;J maypy; cs;s flTisaioj;J mkur;

nra;J $j;Jj; njhlq;Fk;. ,e;epfo;T fjpiug; g+ir

vd miof;fg;gLk;.

• $j;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpwpa jpiu ,q;NfAk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,j;jpiuapd; gpd;dhy; ,Ue;Nj

ghj;jpuq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. fl;bafhud; Kjypy; te;J

$j;;ijj; njhlf;fp itg;ghd;. gpd;G ghj;jpuq;fs; te;J



jk;ik mwpKfk; nra;J epfo;it elj;Jk;.

tlNkhbapd; Mly;fSk; njd;Nkhbapd; ghly;fSk;

njd;dpe;jpaj; njUf;$j;jpd; mk;rq;fSk; fjfsp

af;\fhdhtpd; rpy tbtq;fSk; ,jpy; njd;gLk;.

• Nriyfis vLj;J mfd;w RUf;F itj;Jg; ghthil

Nghyf; fl;bf; nfhs;thu;. NkNy nty;ntw; Jzp

cLg;Gf;fs; Nghlg;gLk;. fOj;jpy; ,Ue;J fhy; kl;Lk;

mzpag;gLk; cj;jupak; fjfspia Qhgfg;gLj;Jk;.

xt;nthU ghj;jpuKk; Njhd;wpj; jd;id mwpKfk;

nra;jgpd; ghu;g;Nghu; mtUf;Fr; rd;khdk; toq;Fthu;.

mg;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l ghj;jpuj;jpw;F MLNthupd; ngau;

nrhy;yp> $lNt gzk; nfhLj;jtupd; ngaiuAk;

nrhy;yp ~~MNfhrdh|| vdf; $Wtu;.

• ,e;j tbtj;jpw;Ff; ~Nfhit| vd;fpd;w cWg;nghd;Wz;L.

,jpy; mz;zhtpahu; Cu; gw;wpa tpku;rdq;fisAk;

Nru;j;Jg; ghLtu;.

• tpyhrk;tpyhrk;tpyhrk;tpyhrk;tpyhrk;$j;J kuig mbnahw;wpj; njd;dpe;jpahtpdpd;W 19Mk;

E}w;whz;Lg; gFjpapy; <oj;Jf;F te;J GFe;j ehlf

tbtq;fs; gyTz;L. mtw;Ws; ~tpyhrk;| vd;w tbtKk;

cz;L. tpyhrk; vd;gJ ghu;]p ehlff; fk;gdpfshYk;

kuhj;jpa ehlff; fk;gdpfshYk; jkpOf;Ff; nfhz;L

tug;gl;l xU ehlf tbtkhFk;.

• jkpo;ehl;by; tpyhrk; te;J GFe;jNghJ $j;jhf

Mlg;gl;l fijfs; tpyhrkhf Mlg;gl;ld. cjhuzkhf

,uzpa ehlfk;> ts;spak;kd; ehlfk; vd;gd ,uzpad;

tpyhrk; ts;spak;kd; tpyhrk; vd khw;wg;gl;ld.

• ,J Nghd;W <oj;jpy; ,uhk ehlfk;> ,uj;jpdty;yp

Nghd;w $j;J E}y;fs; ,uhk tpyhrk;> ,uj;jpdty;yp

tpyhrk; vd khw;wg;gl;lij mwpfpNwhk;. ,t;thW

khWk;NghJ $j;Jf;fspd; rpy tplaq;fis cs;thq;fp

Ak; rpy tplaq;fis tpl;Lk; tpyhrkhf tsu;r;rp

fz;ld. ,jd;gb fu;ehlf ,irAk;> mjpfkhd

trdq;fSk; ,lk; ngw;wJld; $j;jpd; Ml;lf;Nfhyq;fs;

gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J gjptpuij tpyhrk; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

Ml;lk; KOikahf ,y;yhJ NghtijAk; fhz;

fpd;Nwhk;.

• $j;jpd; Ml;lq;fs;> ghu;]p kuhl;ba ehlf kuG>

fPu;j;jid ehlf kuG Mfpatw;wpd; ,ize;j Gjpa

tbtNk tpyhr ehlfkughFk;.



• tpyhrk; Muk;gj;jpy; tl;lf; fsupapNy Mlg;gl;lJ.

ghu;]pa> kuhl;ba ehlf kuGfspd; jhf;fj;jpdhy;

efu;g;Gwq;fspy; jpwe;j ntspapy; %d;W gf;fKk; Xiy

fshy; milf;fg;gl;l nfhl;liffs; Nkilahfpd;wd.

ghu;g;Nghu; xUgf;fkhfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; Rw;wptisj;J

MLk; kuG nry;thf;fpoe;J> xU gf;fk; ghu;j;jgb

ebf;Fk; Kiw jkpo; Nkilapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

• rigNahUf;Fg; gpd;gf;fk; fhl;lf;$lhJ vd;w kuG

ehlfNkilapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. Nkilapy; epd;Wghba

mz;zhtpahUk; gf;fg; ghl;Lf;fhuUk; Nkilapd; xU

Gwj;jpy; mku;e;J tpLfpd;wdu;. ,Lg;gpy; fl;b thrpf;fg;

gl;l kj;jsk; jiuapy; fplj;jp thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;

tsu;r;rpahfg; gpd;dhspy; Kd;jpiu> gf;fj;jpiu fl;Lk;

tof;fk; cUthfpd;wJ.

• xspa+l;l fh]; (Gas) iyl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jTk;

njhlq;Ffpd;wdu;. $j;ijg; Nghyd;wp fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;

njupe;jtu;fNs tpyhr ehlfj;jpy; ebf;f Ntz;ba

jhfpd;wJ. ,t;thW <oj;J muq;f tsu;r;rpapy; tpyhrk;

Gjpa jpiria Nehf;fpr; nrd;wJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gapy; epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; $j;J

tbtq;fspy; tlNkhb - njd;Nkhb Mfpatw;wpd;

cs;slf;f> Mw;Wifr; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Ff.

• kiyaff; $j;Jf;fs; gapy;epiyapy; cs;s gpuNjrq;

fisAk; mtw;wpd; Mw;Wifj; jdpj;Jtq;fisAk;

tpsf;Ff.

• Nfhtyd;$j;J> kfpbf;$j;J> tre;jd; $j;J Mw;Wif

apdJ r%f mofpaiy tpsf;Ff.

• gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;Fr; rpW Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOJf.

1. tpyhrk; 2. ehl;il

3. nghd;du; rq;fu; 4. mUr;Rdd; jgR

• ghuk;gupakhf Mw;Wiffis epfo;j;Jk; gpuNjrq;fis

Ak; rpwg;ghd Mw;Wif KiwfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : • kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;



- fyhepjp fhiu. nr. Re;juk;gps;is

• kiyaff; $j;Jf;fs;


• <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;F









fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • kuGtop muq;fpd; kPl;nlLg;Gg; gzpfis mwpjy;.

• ~$j;jpd; Gj;jhf;fk;| RNjr muq;fpy; Vw;gLj;jpa

ghjpg;Gf;fis mwpjy;.

• $j;jpd; Gj;jhf;fg; gzpfspy; Kd;dpd;W cioj;jtu;

fisg; gw;wp mwpjy;.

,dq;fz;L ntspg

nraw;ghL 4.2.3nraw;ghL 4.2.3nraw;ghL 4.2.3nraw;ghL 4.2.3nraw;ghL 4.2.3 : : : : : $j;ij kPl;nlLg;Gr; nra;NjhiuAk;> kPl;nlLg;Gr;

nraw;ghLfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 02

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • xypg;gjpT> xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;

mwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfk ;; ;; ; : : : : : • ghuk ; g u pa Mw ;Wiffs ; ekJ RNjrj ; j pd ;

milahsq;fs;. mit Ngzpg;ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;L

nkdpy; mtw;wpd; cs;slf;f mspf;ifapYs;s gytPd

khd gFjpfis mfw;wpf; fiyj;Jtr; nrOikfis

,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. me;jf; fiyj;Jtr;

nrOikfisg; ghuk;gupa $j;Jg; gilg;Gfspy; nfhz;L

te;j ngUik Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd;> Nguhrpupau;

fh. rptj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU Nghd;Nwhiur;

rhUk;. vd;gJk; ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gLfpd;wd.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • Nguhr pu pau ; R. tpj ;j pahde ;jd; > Nguhr pu pau ; .

fh. rptj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFU Nghd;Nwhupd;

kuGtop muq;f kPl;nlLg;Gg; gzpfs;.

• ghuk;gupaf; fiyQu;fisj; Njbf; fz;Lgpbj;J> mtu;

fsplk; tha;nkhopahfg; Ngzp tug;ngw;w fiy tbtq;

fis E}y;fshfg; gjpg;gpj;jik> mz;zhtpahu; nfsut

khehLfs; $baik> ghlrhiyfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;

fspy; $j;Jg; Nghl;bfis epfo;j;jpaik vd;gd

RNjrf;fiy kPl;nlLg;Gf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;Jt

khFk;.



• mJtiu r%ff; Fokq;fspy; mtu;fsJ ehshe;j

kfpo;tspg;Gfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> Njitfs; vd;gtw;NwhL

$bajhf ,uNthL ,uthf Mlg;gl;l $j;Jf;fisr;

RUf;fpg; glr;rl;l Nkilf;Fupa xd;whff; fiyj;Jtr;

nrOikNahL Gj;jhf;fk; nra;j Kaw;rpAk; Kf;fpa

khdJ.

• cs;slf;fj;ijr; RUf;fpAk; Mw;Wifapy; mspf;if

Kiwikapy; Rw;wptu cs;s ghu;g;Nghiu Nehf;fpr;

Rod;W Mba $j;ij xUGwk; Nehf;fpa ghu;g;NghUf;F

Vw;g Ntl cilfs;> xg;gidfs; ahtw;wpYk;

mofpaiyg; NgzpAk;> Mz;> ngz; ,ize;J

nraw;gLk; xd;whf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.

• RNjrj; jkpo;f; fiy kPl;nlLg;gpYk; Gj;jhf;fj;jpYk;;

Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jDld; Nguhrpupau; fh.

rptj;jk;gpAk; ,ize;J fiyf;fofj;jpD}lhfg; gy

gzpfis Mw;wpdu;.

• njhlu;e;J Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFUtpd; gzp Fwpg;gplj;

jf;fJ. %lg;gl;l muq;Ffspy; $j;jpd; kPl;nlLg;gpy;

gy etPd muq;f mofpay; cj;jpfisg; GFj;jpf; $j;ij

thoitf;Fk; Kaw;rpfspy; jlk; gjpj;jhu;.

1. rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfSf;Ff; $j;jpd; tbtj;ijg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;. (rq;fhuk;)

2. $j;ij glr;rl;l Nkilf;Fupa mofpayhf;Fjy;.

cjhuzk;: ,uhtNzrd;> Nghu;f;fsk;

3. kl;lf;fsg;G tpGyhde;jh mofpaw; fw;iffs;

epWtfj;jpy; $j;ij njhy;rPu; fiyiag; Nghd;W

fw;gpf;Fk; tifapyhd ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tFj;jik.

4. $j;jpw;Fk; gujk;> fz;ba eldk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F

kpilapyhd xj;j jd;ikfs; Fwpj;j mtuJ

Ma;Tfs;.

• rp. nksdFU> kPl;nlLf;fg;gl;l $j;J kugpd; muq;fpaw;

rhj;jpag;ghLfisAk;> me;jf; $j;J kuG njhlu;e;J

tsUk;> thOk; muq;fpd; ,d;wpaikah Kjd;ikahfp

As;sikiaAk; cUtfg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;whu;.

• $j;J kugpypUe;J te;J> mjid etPd ehlf kugpd;

,d;wpaikah mq;fk; Mf;fpaikapy; nksdFUtpd;

,lk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp

Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

R. tpj;jpahde;jd;R. tpj;jpahde;jd;R. tpj;jpahde;jd;R. tpj;jpahde;jd;R. tpj;jpahde;jd;

Rh. rptj;jk;gpRh. rptj;jk;gpRh. rptj;jk;gpRh. rptj;jk;gpRh. rptj;jk;gp

rp. nksdFUrp. nksdFUrp. nksdFUrp. nksdFUrp. nksdFU



• $j;J kugpid etPd muq;Fld; ,izj;jnghOJ

mJ etPd jkpo; muq;fpid tsg;gLj;jpaik Fwpj;J

Muha Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhdJ.

• ghlrhiy ehlfq;fspy;;.

• rpWtu; ehlfq;fspy;.

• njUntsp muq;fpy;.

• r%f> murpay; NkhJif epiyr; rpj;jpupg;G

ehlfq;fspy;.

• kuGtop muq;fpd; kPl;nlLg;gpw;Fj; jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;

gy;NtW gzpfis Mw;wp tUfpd;wJ. fUj;juq;Ff

shfTk;> $j;J ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;J NkilNaw;W

tjhfTk; $j;Jg; ghly;fis ,irj; jl;by; gjpg;gpg;

gjhfTk; mit mikfpd;wd. ,q;F N[hd;rd;

uh[;Fkhupd; ~nfhy; <Dk; nfhw;wk;| Kf;fpakhd xU

gjpT MFk;.

• Nkw;$wpa $j;J kPl;Gg; gzpfs; $j;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahd

r%ff; FOk mofpaiy mWj;njwpe;Jtpl;ljhfTk;

glr;rl;l Nkilapd; ,ay;Gfs;> muq;fpw;Ff; $j;J

jUk; mDgtj;jpw;Fg; ghu;g;Nghiu vl;lhjtu;fshf

Mf;fptpl;l jhfTk; tpku;rdq;fs; cs;sd.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ~~$j;jpy; kPl;nlLg;Gk; Gj;jhf;fKk;|| vd;gjhy; ePu;

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ahJ?

• $j;ijg; Gj;jhf;fk; nra;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Kaw;rpfs; ahit?

• $j;Jg; Gj;jhf;fj;jpy;; Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFUtpd;

gzpfisj; jUf.

• $j;J Mw;Wiffs; njhlu;ghd xspg;glf;fhl;rp xd;iw

Vw;ghL nra;f.

• $j;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Gj;jhf;fk; RNjr muq;fpy;

Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij kjpg;gpLf.

::::: • kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;




• <oj;Jj;jkpo; ehlf muq;F - rp. nksdFU

• gioaJk; GjpaJk; - rp. nksdFU








fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • cyfpd; etPd ehlfg; gpd;dzpapidf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• etPd jkpo; ehlfg; gpd;dzpapidf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fk; etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy

tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.

• Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy

tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.

,dq;fz;L ntspg

nraw;ghL 4.2.4nraw;ghL 4.2.4nraw;ghL 4.2.4nraw;ghL 4.2.4nraw;ghL 4.2.4 : : : : : ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy tsu;r;rpapy;

fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fKk; Nguhrpupau;. f. fzgjpg;

gps;isAk; ngWk; ,lj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fk; mtu;fsJ xspg;glk;

• Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fsJ xspg;glk;.

• ehlfq;fspd; gl;bay;fs; (fiyauR> fzgjpg;gps;is)

• <oj;jpy; ehlfKk; ehDk;

• fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

• juk; 9 Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • Nkiyj;Njaj;jpy; etPd muq;fpd; Njhw;wKk; ifj;

njhopy; Gul;rpAk; mjNdhL Vw;gl;l mwptpay;

fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk; tho;Kiwapy; khw;wq;fis

Vw;gLj;jpd.

• ,e;j tho;Kiwapd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia muq;Fk;

Vida fiyfSk; ntspg;gLj;jpd. ,yl;rpathjj;ij

kWjypj;Jf; nfhz;L ajhu;j;jthjk; mwpKfkhfpaJ.

ajhuj;jthjk; vd;gJ cs;sij cs;sthW fhl;Lt

jhFk;.

• jkpo; ehlf kugpy; etPd ehlf tUifahdJ 19Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; INuhg;gpauJ fhydpj;Jt

Ml;rpapd; Ngwhf> ,e;jpahtpd; jkpo;ehl;by; Mq;fpyk;

fw;w kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdUf;$lhf Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F

gk;ky; rk;ge;jKjypahu; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;whu;.

• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; etPd

jkpo; muq;F mwpKfkhfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; etPd

jkpo; muq;fpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;Fg; gk;ky; rk;ge;jj;



Kjypahupd; RFz tpyhr rigapd; Mw;Wiffs;

fhuzkhfpd;wJ. gk;kypd; ehlfq;fisg; ghu;j;j

fiyauR f. nrhu;zypq;fk; yq;fh RNghj tpyhr

rigapid (1913) Muk;gpj;J> ,yq;ifapy; etPd

ehlfk; tsuf; fhuzkhfpd;whu;.

Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;

fofj;jpy; ajhu;j;jg; gz;G nfhz;l ehlfq;fis

vOjpaik etPd jkpo ; muq;f py ; ,d;ndhU

gupkhzj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

• Nkw;Nghe;j ,UtupdhYk; ,yq;if etPd jkpo; muq;fpy;

Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis Muha;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw


: : : : : • fiyauR f. nrhu;zypq;fk;fiyauR f. nrhu;zypq;fk;fiyauR f. nrhu;zypq;fk;fiyauR f. nrhu;zypq;fk;fiyauR f. nrhu;zypq;fk;• jdJ 11MtJ tajpy; ehlfj;Jiwapy; gpuNtrpj;jhu;.

70 tUlq;fs; tiu mj;Jiwapy; ,Ue;jhu;.

• gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahiu khdrPff; FUthff; nfhz;L

mtUila ehlfq;fis NkilNaw;wpdhu;. ,jd; %yk;

jkpo; ehlfj;Jiwapd; gpjhkfuhdhu;.

• Nkw;fpy; ehlfnkhopahdJ Ngr;Rnkhopf;Fr; nrd;w

Neuj;jpy; ,q;F ftpij/ghlypy; ,Ue;J nrk;nkhop

rhu;e;j ciueilf;F khwpaik ,tuJ ehlfq;fs;

Clhf epfo;e;j Kf;fpa khw;wk; MFk;. ,e;j tplaj;jpy;

ghtyu; Jiuag;gh gps;is mtu;fNs ehlfj;jpy;

Kjd;Kjyhf ciu eiliaf; nfhz;L te;jhu; vd;w

fUj;ijAk; ,jDld; xg;GNehf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• mtuJ ehlfq;fs; glr;rl;l Nkilapy; Mw;wg;gl;lik

ajhu;j;jj;ijf; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; ajhu;j;jj;jpd;

kUl;ifia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjtpaJ.

• Nkiliag; gad;gLj;Jfpw Kiwapy; khw;wj;ijf;

nfhz;L tUfpwhu;. KONkiliaAk; gad;gLj;JtJ

ghj;jpuj;jpw;Nfw;g mirTfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd ,J

mike;jJ.

• fiyaurpd; ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; tuyhw;Wg; ghj;jpuq;f

shf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;ijAk; jdp

kdpjg; ghj;jpuq;fshfg; ghu;f;Fk; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jp

dhu;.

fiyauRfiyauRfiyauRfiyauRfiyauR

f. nrhu;zypq;fk;f. nrhu;zypq;fk;f. nrhu;zypq;fk;f. nrhu;zypq;fk;f. nrhu;zypq;fk;



• ghj;jpuq;fis Nkilapy; nfhz;Lte;j KiwahYk;

ghj;jpu jdpj;Jtk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

• fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fk; jdJ ebg;Gf;$lhf xU

Kiwikia jkpo; muq;fpw;Ff; nfhz;L tUfpd;whu;.

,tUila ebg;G KiwikahdJ njhlu;r;rpahd

gapw;rpfSf;$lhf ajhu;j;jg; gz;Gld; gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,jw;fhfg; gapw;rpapy; mtjhdj;Jf;F Kjd;ik nfhLf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;ghu;. cjhuzk;: $dp ghj;jpu ebg;Gf;Ff;

fiyauR nfhLj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

• ,tu; ebj;j ehlfq;fs; rpy tUkhW: mupr;re;jpuh>

r pk ;fsehjd;> rhuq;fjhuh> Ntjhs cyfk;>

ghJfhgl;lhgpNrfk;> kNdhfuh> eP tpUk;gpa tpjNk>

rFe;jiy> thzpGuj;J tzpfd;.

• ajhu;j;j ebg;Gf;fhf cil kw;Wk; xsp vd;gd vt;thW

mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; jdJ jahupg;GfspD}lhf

tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

• fhl;rpg;gLj;jypy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;bdhu;.

ajhu;j;jf;fhl;rp mikg;Gfis Nkilapy; nfhz;L

tUtjw;Ff; fhl;rpj;; jpiufs;> fhl;rpj;jl;bfs;. gNuhf;

ghzpapyhd fhl;rp Xtpaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ftdk;

nrYj;jpdhu;.

• ebfu; ghj;jpukhf tho;tjw;F mtdJ cly;> cs;sk;

,uz;Lk; cjTtJld; Ntl cil xg;gidAk; gpujhd

gq;F tfpf;Fk; vd;W fUjpajhy; ,tuJ ehlfj;jpy;

tUk; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhd Ntl cilfisj; jhNd

jahupj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

• ebg;gpy; kUl;ifiaf; nfhz;L tuhjpUg;gjw;Fg;

ghug;Nghupd;; gFjpf;Fs;NsAk; xsptpsf;Ffis xspur;

nra;jhu;. ,J ajhu;j;jj;jpw;F mg;ghYk; mtiuf;

nfhz;L nrd;wJ.

• ebg;gpid NkYk; nkU$l;Ltjw;F xj;jpifapy; mjpf

ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. mj;NjhL xj;jpifapy; xOf;f

eilKiwfis Neu;j;jpahfg; gpd;gw;wpdhu;.

• ehlfk; gyuhYk; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;j Neuj;jpy; kj;jpa

ju tu;f;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j gbj;j> cau;e;j cj;jpNahfk;

ghu;g;Nghiu ehlfj;jpDs; ,Oj;J te;J gapy;Kiw

muq;fpy; <LgLj;jpaik xU Kf;fpa nraw;ghlhfg;

ghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

i\nyhf; Ntlj;jpy;i\nyhf; Ntlj;jpy;i\nyhf; Ntlj;jpy;i\nyhf; Ntlj;jpy;i\nyhf; Ntlj;jpy;

fiyauRfiyauRfiyauRfiyauRfiyauR



• jdpahs; muq;fpYk; <Lgl;lhu;. ~101 tpahjp| vd;gJ

,jpy; Kf;fpakhd xU gilg;ghFk;.

• gpw;fhyj;jpy; rkfhyg; gpur;rpidiag; NgRfpd;w Ngr;R

nkhopapyhd ehlfq;fisAk; NkilNaw;wpdhu;.

cjhuzk;: topnjupQ;RJ.

• Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;isNguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;isNguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;isNguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;isNguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is• 1936 Mz;L Kjy; ,tuJ ehlfq;fs; Nguhjidapy;

muq;Nfw;wg;gl;ld.

• ,tuJ ehlfq;fs; ajhu;j;jg; gz;Gld; vOjg;gl;ld.

• aho;g;ghzj;J kz;thrid jJk;Gk; ehlfq;fs;

aho;g;ghzj;Jg; Ngr;R tof;F ciuahly;fisf;

nfhz;L vOjg;gl;ld.

• <oj;Jj; jkpo; kf;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l elg;gpay;

gpur;rpidfs;> mtu;fspd; mgpyhirfs;> kuGfs;>

Ngr;Rf;fs; Mfpad jkpo; ehlf Nkilapy; Kjy;

Kjyhf cyhte;jd.

• ep[g; ghj;jpuq;fshd r}jpahrhuk;> kuG> goik

NgZk; cilahu;> tpjhidahu;. kzpafhud;

MfpNahiuAk; fpuhkj;Jf; Fbahdtd; rPdpf;Fl;b>

fpuhkj;Jf; fpotp ts;spg;gps;is> Mq;fpyk; fw;w

Re;juk;> jw;ngUik NgZk; aho;g;ghzj;Jg;

gpuf;fpuhrpkhu;> murpay; thjpfs; Nghd;wtu;fisAk;

aho;g;ghzg; Ngr;Rj; jkpiog; Ngritj;J cyt

tpl;ltu;.

• fw;gid cyfpy; tho;e;j ehlf cyif elg;gpay;

cyFf;F ,Oj;J te;j ngUik ,tUf;Fz;L.

• ,tu; vOjpa ehlfq;fs;

• eh ehlfk;

1. cilahu; kpLf;F

2. KUfd; jpUFjhsk;

3. fz;zd; $j;J

4. ehl;ltd; efutho;;f;if

• ,Uehlfk;

1. nghUNsh nghUs;

2. jtwhd vz;zk;

3. Re;juk; vq;Nf?

4. khzpf;fkhiy

5. rq;fpyp

6. JNuhfpfs;

• fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nguhrpupau;

fh. rptj;jk;gpapd; fUj;Jf;fs; Kf;fpakhdit.

• nfhOk;gpy; tho;e;j aho;g;ghzj;J cau;kl;lj;jpd

Uf;Ff; fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfq;fSf;F Clhf

aho;g;ghzj;J tho;f;ifiag; ghu;g;gJk;> Ngr;R

Nguhrpupau;Nguhrpupau;Nguhrpupau;Nguhrpupau;Nguhrpupau;

f. fzgjpg;gps;isf. fzgjpg;gps;isf. fzgjpg;gps;isf. fzgjpg;gps;isf. fzgjpg;gps;is



tof;iff; Nfl;gJk; jhq;fs; tpl;L te;j tho;f;if

apd; epidTfisf; nfhLg;gitahf mike;jd.

cjhuzk;: cilahu;kpLf;F> fz;zd; $j;J.

• fzgjpg;gps;isapd; r%f NkhJif epiyr; rpj;jpupg;G

ehlfq;fspy; ~tpthfNk| Kf;fpa tplag; nghUshFk;.

aho;g;ghzr; r%fj;jpy; fypahzk; jhd; r%f

cau;r;rpia> nrhj;Jtuit> r%f me;j];ij

epu;zapf;fpd;w rf;jpahf tpsq;FfpwJ. tpthfg;

gpur;rpid Clhf mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa r%f

mjpfhu Kiwia> mjw;fhd cj;jpNahfq;fs;>

mit gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwik ,tw;wpw;F

mDruizahf ,Ue;j r%f xOq;FKiw Nghd;w

tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;ld.

cjhuzk;: nghUNsh nghUs;> Re;juk; vq;Nf?

• ,tuJ ehlfq;fSf;F ClhfNt ~murpay;

ehlfq;fs;| vd;w tifghL cUthtijf; fhzyhk;.

,yq;ifj; jkpo; murpay; ehlf tsu;r;rpapy;

fzgjpg;gps;is Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwhu;.

cjhuzk;: jtwhd vz;zk;> JNuhfpfs;> rq;fpyp

• r%f tpku;rdq;fshf mikAk; ehlfq;fis vOjj;

njhlq;fpa fzgjpg;gps;is murpay; tpku;rd ehlf

vOj;Jld; jkJ ehlfg; gzpia epiwT nra;fpwhu;.

• ,tuJ ehlfq;fis muq;fj; jahupg;Gf;fs; vd;w

Kiwapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ> mit ngUk;ghYk;

ajhu;j;j epiyg;gl;l nrhy;yhly; rhu;e;jjhf

miktijf; fhzyhk;. khzpf;fkhiy ,jw;F

tpjptpyf;F MFk;.

• Nguhrpupaupd; ehlfq;fs; 1920> 1930 fspy; Mq;fpy

muq;fpw;Fg; gupr;rakhd mq;fk;> fhl;rpKiwikiaf;

nfhz;ldthf cs;sd. mtuJ Muk;gfhy

ehlfq;fs; kpfr; rpW fhl;rpfisf; nfhz;ldthf

,Ue;jd.

• Nguhrpupau; mtu;fs; <oj;J etPd jkpo; ehlfj;jpd;

xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiyg;gl;l ehlf tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpid

vOj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;. gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;

toptUk; jkpo ; ehlf etPdkathf;fj ;ij

,yq;ifapy; fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fk; nfhz;Ltu>

fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fs; <oj;J etPd jkpo; ehlfk;

ehl;bd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jpupj;Jr; r%f murpay;

tpku;rdj;jpy; <LgLk; muq;f Kiwikapidj;

njhlf;fp tsu;e;J epiwTwr; nra;fpwhu;.

cilahu; kpLf;Fcilahu; kpLf;Fcilahu; kpLf;Fcilahu; kpLf;Fcilahu; kpLf;F



• Ngu;dhl;\htpDila muq;fpid cs;thq;fpj; jdJ

ehlfg; gzpapidj; njhlf;fpa mtu; ~JNuhfpfs;|

vOJk;NghJ muq;if tpthj Nkilahf;Fk; gz;ig

ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy tsu;r;rpapy;

fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLf.

• Nguhrpupau;. f. fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfq;fs; %yk;

jkpo; muq;F ngw;w tsu;r;rpg; gbfis vLj;Jiuf;Ff.

crhj;Jizfs;crhj;Jizfs;crhj;Jizfs;crhj;Jizfs;crhj;Jizfs; : : : : : • <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;F



- Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp


- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;

• <oj;jpy; ehlfKk; ehDk;

- jpU. f. nrhu;zypq;fk;

• fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfj;jpul;L








fw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfs ;; ;; ; : : : : : • m. jhrPrpa];> eh. Re;juypq;fk; Kjy; rpthde;jd;

Kjyhd ehlf muq;f MSikfis ,dq;fz;L

nfhs;Sjy;.

• newpahsu; muq;F xd;W fl;b tsu;f;fg;gl;L tUtij

mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• muq;F> r%f khw;wr; rf;jpahf cgNahfpf;fg;gl;L

tUtij ,dq;fz;L nfhs;Sjy;.

• ,f;fhyg; gFjpay; muq;F rhu;e;J cioj;j egu;fspd;

jdpj;Jtq;fisAk; rpwg;Gf;fisAk; Njb mwpa

Kw;gLjy;.

,dq;fz;L ntspg


m. jhrPrpa];> eh. Re;juypq;fk;> Riù; ̀ kPj;> mk;gp>

k`hftp > ,. KUifad ; > ,. r pthde ;jd ;

Kjyhdtu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gf;fisj; Njb mwpNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • m. jhrPrpa];> eh. Re;juypq;fk;> Riù; ̀ kPj;> mk;gp>

k`hftp> ,. KUifad;> ,. rpthde;jd; Kjyhdtu;

fspd; xspg;glq;fs;.

• Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Nlhupd; ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

• Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Nlhupd; ehlfq;fspd; gl;bay;fs;


mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • 1970 fspy; jkpo; etPd ehlfj;ijg; gpuf;iQg+u;tkhf

tsu;j;njLj;jtu;fshfg; gpd;tUk; MSikfisf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• m. jhrPrpa];

• eh. Re;juypq;fk;

• Riù; `kPj;

• mk;gp

• k`hftp

• ,. KUifad;

• ,. rpthde;jd;

• ,tu;fspy; ehlf mspf;iffisf; fhj;jpukhf Nkw;

nfhz;ltu;fs;.

• m. jhrPrpa];

• eh. Re;juypq;fk;

• Riù; `kPj;



• ,tu;fspy; ehlf Mrpupau;fshf nraw;gl;ltu;fs;.

mk;gp> k`hftp> ,. KUifad;> ,. rpthde;jd;

• Nkw; nrhy;yg;gl;ltu;fspd; Clhf ehlf Mw;Wifapy;

Gjpa cj;jpfs;> Gjpa Nehf;Ffs; ifahsg;gl;lik

gw;wp mwpjy;.

• Nkiyj;Nja muq;fr; rpe;jidfs;> nfhs;iffs;> Nfhl;

ghLfspd; nry;thf;Ffs; gw;wp mwpjy;.

• gh ehlfq;fspd; gad;ghLfs;

Nfhil> GjpanjhU tPL> Kw;wpw;W Kjyhd gh

ehlfq;fs;/ftpij ehlfq;fs; gw;wp mwpjy;.

• mit etPd jkpo; ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;jpa

jhf;fj;ij mwpjy; vd;gd ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.



: : : : : • m. jhrPrpa];m. jhrPrpa];m. jhrPrpa];m. jhrPrpa];m. jhrPrpa];• Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; kf;fpd;uauplk; gapw;rp

ngw;wik.

• GjpanjhU tPL ehlfj;ij vOJtjw;fhd MNyhr

idia toq;fp k`hftpiaf; nfhz;L vOjp 1970

,y; ehNlhbfs; FOtpw;fhfj; jahupg;gpid Nkw;

nfhz;lik.

• ~~nghWj;jJ NghJk;|| ehlfj;ij ehlf muq;ff;

fy;Y}upapd; jahupg;gpy; newpahs;if nra;jik.

• ~$b tpisahL ghg;gh|| vd;Dk; rpWtu; ehlfj;

jahupg;gpid Nkw;nfhz;lik.

• ~Nfhil| ehlfj;ij newpahs;if nra;jik (1969)

Nfhil %ykhf ,aw;gz;G ehlfKiw jhrPrparhy;

nrk;ikahf <oj;jkpo; ehlf cyFf;F mwpKfk;

nra;ag;gl;lik.

• gpr;ir Ntz;lhk;> fhyk; rptf;fpwJ Kjyhd ehlfq;

fisAk; newpahs;if nra;jik.

• ehlfk; rKjha khw;Wr; rhjdkhf mika Ntz;Lk;

vdTk; kf;fSf;Fr; nra;jpfisf; $w Ntz;Lk;

vdTk; ehlfk; xU Nkilf;fiy> mJ fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;

gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; ehlfk; gw;wpa jpl;lkhd

nfhs;ifAilatuha; ,Ue;jik.

• ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upf;F Clhf jhrPrpa]; toq;fpa

gapw;rp ,d;wsTk; <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlfj;Jiwia

efu;j;jpr; nry;fpd;wJ. mtuplk; gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fs;

,d;Dk;; ehlfj;ijr; nra;J nfhz;Lk;> gapw;rpfis

mspj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.

m. jhrPrpa];m. jhrPrpa];m. jhrPrpa];m. jhrPrpa];m. jhrPrpa];



• mtUila gapw;rp Kiwfs; jkpo; Ntupy; ,Ue;J

ngwg;gl;lit. mtu; xU ifapy; Nkw;Fyfg; gapw;rp

KiwfisAk; ,d;ndhU ifapy; jkpo; %yj;jp

ypUe;J ngw;w gapw;rp KiwfisAk; itj;jpUe;jhu;.

• jkpo; rpj;j itj;jpa kugpy; fhzg;gl;l xt;nthU

GyidAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w Ik;nghwp> Ik;Gyd;>

gQ;rg+jg; gapw;rpfisr; ~Rgrpq;f| vd;w rpq;fstuplk;

fw;W mjid ebg;Gg; gapw;rpahf khw;wpaikahdJ

jkpo;g; ghuk;gupaj;jpypUe;J ebg;gpw;fhd tplaq;f

isf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Njliy cUthf;fpaJ.

• fpuhkk; fpuhkkhfr; nrd;W jkpo;g; ghuk;gupaf; fiy

tbtq;fisj; Njbf;fw;W mjidj; Njitawpe;J

muq;fpy; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.

• ~fe;jd; fUiz| ehlfj; jahupg;G gw;wpa mtuJ

$w;W ehlfj;jpy; jkpo; kugpd; nrOikfis

xUq;fpizg;gJ njhlu;ghd rpe;jidiaj; jkpo;

ehlf kugpy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

~~,J rhjpg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd; epWj;jp> Myag;

gpuNtrk; nra;tjw;fhfg; Nghlg;gl;l ehlfk;. mJ

Nghuhl;l tbtkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpNdd;.

,isa gj;kehjd;> fhj;jtuhad; nkl;Lf;fisg;

Nghl;Lj; je;jhu;. Qhdk; yk;gu;l; kd;dhu; Ml;lj;ij

Ak; nksdFU kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,Ue;J Mly;

ghly;fisAk; nfhz;L te;jdu;. ehd; fz;ba

eldj;Jld; NghNdd;. rpthde;jd;> KUifad;>

eh. Re;juypq;fk;> nksdFU ehd; vy;NyhUk; Nru;e;J

ghly;fis vOjpNdhk;.||

• jhrPrpa]; jdJ Gyk;ngau; #oypy; cldb muq;fj;

(Instant ̀ Theatre) jahupg;gpy; <Lgl;lhu;. mjpy; ,yq;if

njhlu;ghff; fhjpy; tpOk; tpraq;fs;> tUk; fbjq;fs;

tpthjpf;fg;gl;L epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. ,q;F vLf;fg;gl;l

fUf;fs; czu;r;rp kakhdit vd;gjhy; ebfu;fs;

gq;Nfw;Fk;NghJ czu;r;rpiaf; Fiwf;fr; rpy

gapw;rpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. Mw;Wifapd;NghJ ebfu;fs;

czu;r;rpf;F cs;shfp mOJtplhjpUf;f ,J

cjtpaJ.

• Rtp];]py; jhrPrpa]; vOjpg; gapw;Wtpj;j ehlfk;

=ryhkp. ,jd; rpwg;G> mJ jkpo;> Rtp]; fiyQu;fs;

,ize;J jkpo; - nlhr; - Mq;fpyk; Mfpa nkhopfs;

nfhz;l Kk;nkhop ehlfkhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.

INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; <oj;Jj; jkpo; kf;fisg; Gupe;J

nfhs;s mJ cjtpaJ.

• jhrPrpa]; $j;JUtpy; ~~ghz;ltu;fSk; fpsT];

KdptUk;|| vd;w ehlfj;ij vOjp ebg;Gg ;

gapw;rpaspj;jhu;.



• kf;fd;uauplk; ngw;w Mq;fpy ehlfj; jahupg;Gg;

gapw;rp> Nrhkghy KJd;Nfhj;Nf ,lkpUe;J ngw;w

fz;ba eldk;> upr;rl; nrf;duplk; ngw;witfs;>

Iuhq;fdp Nrurpq;ftplk; ngw;w %r;Rg; gapw;rp>

fpuhkkk; fpuhkkhfr; nrd;W fw;Wf;nfhz;l $j;Jg;

gapw;rp vy;yhk; Nru;e;J jkpo; ehlfj;Jiwia

tsg;gLj;j cjtpaJ.

• eh. Re;juypq;fk;eh. Re;juypq;fk;eh. Re;juypq;fk;eh. Re;juypq;fk;eh. Re;juypq;fk;• gy;fiyf;fof ehlf muq;fpy; gapw;rp ngw;wtu;

Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp jahupj;j ehlfq;fspy;

ebj;jtu;.

Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd; jahupj;j $j;Jf;fspy;

xg;gidahsuhapUe;jtu;.

• 1969 ,y; ~mgRuk;| vd;w mgj;j ehlfr; rhay; nfhz;l

GjpaKiw ehlfnkhd;iw vOjp Nkilapl;ltu;.

,e;j ehlfj;ij newpahs;if nra;jik ,tiu fzpg;Gf;

Fupa newpahsuhf;fpaJ.

• ~tpopg;G| vd;w ehlfj;ij vOjp newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• ehlf newpahsuhAk;> ebfuhAk; kl;Lkd;wp ehlf

vOj;jhsuhAk; ,Ue;jtu;.

• ehlfk; rKjha khw;wr; rhjdkhf mika Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJ mtuJ fUj;J.

• njhopyhsu; tu;f;f muq;fpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;.

• 1970 ,y; KUifadpd; f^opaj;ijf; $j;jhbfs;

FOtpd; rhu;gpy; newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• ebg;G Kiwapy; ajhu;j;j ebg;G> NkhbAw;w ebg;G

,uz;ilAk; Njitawpe;J gad;gLj;jpdhu;.

• RNjrp> rptNrhjp Nghd;w ajhu;j;j ehlfq;fspy; ebj;jjd;

fhuzkhf ajhu;j;j ehlf kuG njhlu;ghd gupr;raj;

ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. ,jD}lhfNt ];udp];y

t];fpapd; ebg;GKiw ,tUf;Fk;> mjd; topahfj;

jkpOf;Fk; te;J Nru;fpd;wJ.

• Re;juypq;fk; mtu;fshy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l kjkhw;wk;>

,U Jauq;fs; vd;git ];udp];yt];fpapd; ebg;G

Kiwiaf; nfhz;lit.

• <oj;J etPd jkpo; ehlf tuyhw;wpy; ajhu;j;j kugpy;

fhY}d;wp Nkhbg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehlfkuig cUthf;fpf;

nfhz;lJjhd; Re;juypq;fj;jpw;Fupa ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ.

• ];udp];yt];fp> gpnw/f;l; MfpNahuJ ebg;GKiwapd;

mwpKfk; fhuzkhf ajhu;j;j ebg;G KiwAk;>

NkhbAw;w ebg;G KiwAk; ,izfpd;w jd;ikapid

tpopg;G ehlfj;jpw; fhzyhk;.

• <oj;J jkpo;ehlf tuyhw;wpy; fyg;G/gd;dyj; jpul;lhd

ehlfq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Ue;jhu;.

tpopg;Gtpopg;Gtpopg;Gtpopg;Gtpopg;G

eh. Re;juypq;fk;eh. Re;juypq;fk;eh. Re;juypq;fk;eh. Re;juypq;fk;eh. Re;juypq;fk;



• Re;juypq;fj;jpd; kdk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfshy;> kdpjg;

gpur;rpidfshy; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. mlf;FKiwf;F

vjpuhd fyff;fhudhf> mjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; gzpahjtuhf

,Ue;jhu;. ,e;jg; gz;Gjhd; mtuJ ehlfq;fspy;

ntspg;gl;lJ.

• fzgjpg;gps;isf;Fg; gpe;jpa <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlf

tuyhw;wpd; xU nghJg; Nghf;fhfr; r%f murpay;

tpku;rdk;> mlf;FKiw> vjpu;g;G vd;gd ,Ue;J

te;Js;sijg; ghu;f;fyhk;. ,J ~r%f nghUshjhu>

murpaw; #oypd; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;fg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

1970 fspy; ,g;Nghf;ifg; ngupJk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

nra;jtu;fspy; xUtuhfr; Re;juypq;fk; tpsq;fpdhu;.

• ehlfj;jpw;F Clhfg; gpur;rpidfisr; nrhy;fpwNghJ

mjid etPdkag;gLj;jpdhu;. kz;Zf;F Vw;g khw;wpdhu;.

kz;Zf;Fupa gbkq;fisj; Njbdhu;. mgj;j ehlf

Kiwikapd; kpfr; rpwe;j jkpo; tbtkhf ~mgRuk;|

,Ug;gJ ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

• eh. Re;juypq;fj;jpdhy; vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs; %d;W.

mit tpopg;G> mgRuk;> gk;khj;J - gk;khj;J ,d;Dk;

fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy.

• Riù; `kPj;Riù; `kPj;Riù; `kPj;Riù; `kPj;Riù; `kPj;• etPd ehlf newpahsu;fSs; tpje;J Fwpg;gplf;

$batuhfTk;> Kd;NdhbahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.

• Nky;ehl;L mwpQu;fs;> ehlf tpw;gd;du;fsplk; gapw;rp

ngw;wtu;.

• 1960 fspypUe;Nj fhj;jpukhd ehlf czu;Tld;

ehlfj; jahupg;gpy; <Lgl;ltu;.

mjyghjhsk;> nghk;kyhl;lk;> mtisf; nfhd;wtd;

eP Nghd;w nkhopngau;g;G> jOty; ehlfq;fis

newpahs;if nra;jtu;.

• ehlfj;ij xU mspf;iff; fiyahff; fz;ltu;.

• xsp> xyp> ,ir> xg;gid> Xtpak;> Nkilaikg;G

vd;gtw;wpid Nkil cj;jpfshff; ifahz;lhu;.

• Vzpg;gbfs;> rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh> ru;r;ir>

NjNuhl;b kfd;> KWty; Kjyhd ehlfq;fisAk;

newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• ehlfj;jpd; fUg;nghUis tpl ehlf Nkil

cj;jpfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhu;.

• mk;gpmk;gpmk;gpmk;gpmk;gp• ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ehlfhrpupau;fSs; xUtuhf

mk;gpAk; Nkw; fpsk;Gfpd;whu;.

• ~Ntjhsk; nrhd;d fij| apid mk;gp vOjpdhu;.

,J gh ehlf tifapidr; rhu;e;jJ.

Riù; `kPj;Riù; `kPj;Riù; `kPj;Riù; `kPj;Riù; `kPj;



• k`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jpk`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jpk`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jpk`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jpk`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jp• gh ehlf tifapy; ehlfq;fis vOjpa ehlfhrpupau;

fSs; ,tUk; xUtu;.

• Nfhil> GjpanjhU tPL> Kw;wpw;W Mfpa ehlfq;

fis ,tu; vOjpdhu;.

• kz; thrid jJk;g pa re ;j Kiwapyhd

nkhopapidf; ifahz;L ehlfq;fis vOjpaik

,tuJ rpwg;G.

• me;epa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpdhy; RNjrf; fiyfSf;F

Vw;gl;l epiyiaf; Nfhil ehlfk; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.

• kPdtu;fs; md;Wk;> ,d;Wk;> vd;Wk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk;

rthy;fisg; GjpanjhU tPL ehlfj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jp

apUf;fpwhu;.

• ,t; ,uz;L ehlfq;fisAk; (Nfhil> GjpanjhU

tPL) jhrPrpa]; newpg;gLj;jpdhu; vd;gij VyNt

fz;Nlhk;.

• Ngr;Nrhirg; gz;G nghUe;jpa ftpijfspd; gpjh

kfuhf k`hftp Nghw;wg;ngWfpd;whu;. ehlfj;jpYk;

,g;gz;G njhdpg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

• ,. rpthde;jd;,. rpthde;jd;,. rpthde;jd;,. rpthde;jd;,. rpthde;jd;• <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlf cyfpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa

ehlf Kd;Ndhbfspy; ,tUk; xUtuhthu;.

• tpbit Nehf;fp> fhyk; rptf;fpwJ Kjyhd ehlfq;

fis vOjp newpg;gLj;jpatu;.

• 1960 fspy; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof ehlf muq;F

fspy; mDgtk; ngw;wtu;.

• Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp jahupj;j ehlfq;fspy;

ebj;j mDgtKs;stu;.

• ~tpbit Nehf;fp| ehlfk; ,tiuf; fzpg;Gf;Fupa

newpahsuhf ,dq;fhl;baJ.

• ~fhyk; rptf;fpwJ| ehlf NkilAzu;Tld; vOjg;gl;l

ehlfkhFk;.

,e;ehlfk; ,aw;gz;G newpAk; Nkhbik newpAk;

fye;jitahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ehlfk; r%fg; gpur;rpidiaf;$wp mjw;Fj; jPu;itAk;

fhl;lNtz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifAilatu;.

• ~~,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo; ehlf muq;fk;||

vd;Dk; Ma;T E}y; xd;iwAk; ,tu; vOjpdhu;.

,jd; %yk; ,tu; xU ehlf Ma;thsuhfTk; ,dq;

fhl;lg;gLfpd;whu;.

k`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jpk`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jpk`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jpk`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jpk`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jp



• ,. KUifad;,. KUifad;,. KUifad;,. KUifad;,. KUifad;• <oj;Jf; ftpQu;fSs; Kjd;ikahdtuhd ,tu; gh

ehlfq;fis vOJtjpy; ifNju;e;jtu;.

• f^opak;> NfhGuthry;> juprdk; Kjyhd ehlfq;fis

Muk;g fhyq;fspy; vOjpdhu;.

• capu;j;j kdpjupd; $j;J> ngha;f;fhy;> ehkpUf;Fk;

ehL ekJ Kjyhd ehlfq;fisAk; vOjpdhu;.

• nkhopngau;g;G> jOty; ehlfq;fspYk; <LghL

nfhz;ltu;.

• N\f;];gpaUila 12 ehlfq;fisAk; nkhopngau;g;Gr;

nra;Js;shu;.

• ~~khDlk; RlUk; Xu; tpLjiy|| vd;w njUntsp

ehlfj;ijg; glr;rl;lNkilf;nfd rpjk;guehjd;

jahupj;jNghJ mjw;fhd vOj;JUit vOjpdhu;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; epiyg;gl;l ghehlf Mw;Wiffs;

njhlu;ghd rQ;rpif xd;wpid Mf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;F



- Nguhrpupau;. fh. rptj;jk;gp

- Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFU

- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;

• fl;bak; ,jo; 6

• $j;juq;fk; - Nk 2005

,. KUifad;,. KUifad;,. KUifad;,. KUifad;,. KUifad;








fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fyhepjp Foe;ij. k. rz;Kfypq;fk;> f. ghNye;jpuh>

f. rpjk;guehjd; Kjyhd ehlf MSikfisg;

gw;wpawpjy;.

• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltu;fsJ ehlfq;fs;> ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;

fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mwpjy;.

• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltu;fs; muq;fpy; Nkw;nfhz;l khw;wq;fs;

vd;d vd;gijj; Njbawpjy;.

• mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fs; vOe;j gpd;dzpfis Muha;e;J

mwpjy;.

,dq;fz;L ntspg


fyhepjp Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;> fyhepjp f.

rpjk;guehjd;> f. ghNye;jpuh gw;wpj; NjbawpNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • fyhepjp Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;> f. ghNye;jpuh>

f. rpjk;guehjd; Kjyhdtu;fsJ xspg;glq;fs;.

• mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fs;> jahupg;Gepiyapy; vLf;fg;gl;l

xspg;glq;fs;.

• ehlfq;fspd; gl;bay;fs;> ml;ltizfs;


mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • 1980 fs; Kjy; ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; muq;fpd;

tsu;r;rpapy; Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;> f. rpjk;guehjd;.

f. ghNye;jpuh MfpNahu; gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;lJld;

mjpy; khw;wq;fisAk; nfhz;L te;Js;sdu; vd;gJ.

• Foe;ij. rz;Kfypq;fk; ehlf Mrpupau;> jahupg;ghsu;>

newpahsu;> fy;tpapayhsu; vdg; gd;Kf MSik

nfhz;L tpsq;fpdhu; vd;gJ.

• f. rpjk;guehjd; jkpo; muq;fpd; Nghf;if NtW jpirf;F

vLj;Jr; nrd;whu;. muq;if xU fy;tpahf> tpopg;G+l;Lk;

rhjdkhf> fUj;jhlw; fskhf> fl;ltpo;f;Fk; fUtpahf

tpupj;Jr; nrd;whu; vd;gJ.

• f. ghNye;jpuh gpwehl;L nkhopngau;g;G ehlfq;fis

mwpKfk; nra;jtu; vd;gJld; Gyk;ngau; muq;fpYk;

nraw;gl;L tUgtu; vd;gJ.



fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

: : : : : • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; :::::

• Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;• ~~ehlfj; jiyKiw xd;wpd; jha;|| vdg; Nguhrpupau;

fh. rptj;jk;gp mtu;fshy; tu;zpf;fg;gLgtu;.

,yq;ifj; jkpo; etPd ehlf tuyhw;wpy; fle;j

%d;W jrhg;jq;fshf ehlfg;gzpahw;wp tUgtu;.

• ,q;ifapd; etPd ehlf cUthf;fj;jpy; Kf;fpa

gq;Ftfpg;gtu;.

• ,tuJ muq;fpaw;gzp gy;gupkhzKilaJ.

ebfu;> ehlfhrpupau;> newpahsu;> Ma;thsu;> ehlfg;

Nghjdhrpupau;> ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up epWTeu;>

fy;tprhu; muq;fpidg; gpuf;iQg+u;tkhf cUthf;fpa

tu;.

• Gj;jspg;G ehlf Kiwikapy; Muk;gpj;Jg; gy

ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;W ebj;jtu;.

tpjhidahu; nry;tuj;jpdj;jpd; jahupg;Gf;fs; gy

tw;wpy; ebj;jik. cjhuzk;: fpotd; ghj;jpuk;

Vw;W ebj;jik.

• fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fj;jpd; ehlfq;fspy; ebj;jtu;.

cjhuzk;: NjNuhl;b kfd; ehlfj;jpy; mu;Rddhf

ebj;jik.

• ~mUik ez;gd;| vd;Dk; ehlfj;jpd; %ykhf ehlf

Mrpupauhf mwpKfkhfp ,d;Wtiu 150 f;Fk; Nkw;

gl;l ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shu;.

• ehlfg; gzp Mw;wpaikf;fhf ,tUf;Ff; fpof;Fg;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpdhy; ~ehlf ,yf;fpa fyhepjp

vDk; gl;lk; toq;fpf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

• ,tu; vOjpa ehlfq;fspy; ~kz;Rke;jNkdpau;|

,tiu kpfr; rpwe;j ehlfhrpupauhfj; jkpo; ehlf

cyfpw;F mwpKfkhf;fpaJ.

• Ra Mf;f ehlfq;fis vOJtNjhL epy;yhJ

nkhopngau;g;G ehlfq;fisAk; jkpo; ehlfj;

Jiwf;Fj; je;jhu;. cjhuzk;: ,g;rdpd; ~xU

ghitapd; tPL|> NrNghf;fpsprpd; ~<bg;g]; kd;dd;|

• ,tuJ ehlf Mf;fg;gbKiwapid %d;Wfhy

fl;lq;fshf tFj;Jg; ghu;f;fyhk;.

1. 1957 - 1977 tiuahd Muk;gfhy ehlfq;fs;

2. 1977 - 1990 tiuahd ,ilf;fhy ehlfq;fs;

3. 1990 ,d;Wtiuahd jw;fhy ehlfq;fs;.

• ,tUila vOj;JUf;fisg; gbg;gjw;fhf vOjg;gLk;

,yf;fpa tbtkhff; nfhs;shky; muq;fpd; Mw;wy;

KOtijAk; czu;e;j xUtu; muq;f mspf;iff;F

vd toq;Fk; vOj;JUthfNt nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

ve;ijAk; jhAk;ve;ijAk; jhAk;ve;ijAk; jhAk;ve;ijAk; jhAk;ve;ijAk; jhAk;

Foe;ij k.rz;Kypq;fk;Foe;ij k.rz;Kypq;fk;Foe;ij k.rz;Kypq;fk;Foe;ij k.rz;Kypq;fk;Foe;ij k.rz;Kypq;fk;



• cs;ehl;L (RNjr) tbtkhd $j;Jf;fisj; jskhff;

nfhz;Lk;@ vOJgJfspy; Vw;gl;l muq;fr; nropg;Gf;f

isf; nfhz;Lk;@ ghuk;gupa vz;zf;fUf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; ,tu; je;j ehlf Mf;fq;fs;

vkf;F Ntz;ba muq;F xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpf;F

tpj;jpl;lJ vd;gu;.

• rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfSk; kdpj Kuz;ghLfSk;

rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; ehlff; fUg;nghUshapd. xUtpj

mq;fjr; Rit ,tuJ ehlfj;jpD}L ,ioNahbr;

nry;Yk;. fhl;rp mikg;Gf;fSk;> Mil mzpkzpfSk;

rpdpkhg; ghzp ebg;Gk;> Guhzf; fijfSk; khzhf;fupd;

mDgtj;Jf;Fl;glhj fijfSk; Mf;fpukpj;jpUe;j

fhyj;jpy; ghlrhiyr; rpWtu;fspd; mDgtj;Jf;Fl;gl;l

rpWtu; ehlf ,yf;fzq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;jpa> rpWtu;

fsJ fw;gidiaj; J}z;b mtu;fspd; MSikfis

tsu;f;ff;$ba ehlfq;fis cUthf;fpdhu;.

• ,tuJ ehlfq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tFj;J Nehf;fyhk;.

1. mz;zhj;Jiu ghzp ehlfq;fs;

cjhuzk;: mUik ez;gu; (1957)

2. tuyhw;W tbt ehlfq;fs;

cjhuzk;: itaj;Js; nja;tk; (1961)

3. fijNahl;l ehlfq;fs;

cjhuzk;: cwTfs; (1982)

4. ciuQu; Kiw ehlfq;fs;

cjhuzk;: neLk; gazk;

5. FwpaPl;L ehlfq;fs;

cjhuzk;: jhAkha; ehAkhdhu; (1986)

thw;Ngj;ij (1996)

6. ghj;jputhf;f ehlfk;

cjhuzk;: ve;ijAk; jhAk; (1992)

7. csr; rpfpr;ir ehlfk;

cjhuzk;: md;idapl;l jP (1991)

8. rpWtu; ehlfq;fs;

(1) rpwpNahUf;fhfg; ngupNahu; ebj;jy;

cjhuzk;: $btpisahL ghg;gh

(2) rpwpNahUf;fhfr; rpwpNahu; ebj;jy;

cjhuzk;: Kayhu; Kay;fpwhu;.

(3) rpwpNahUf;fhf rpwpNahUk; ngupNahUk; fye;J

ebj;jy;.

cjhuzk;: ,Lf;fz; tUq;fhy; (1998)

9. nkhopngau;g;G ehlfq;fs;

cjhuzk;: kd;dd; <bg;g]; (1996)

md;upf;fdp> xU ghitapd; tPL> Jwtp

10. <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlfj;jf;fhd khjpup tbtk;

cjhuzk;: Nts;tpj; jP (1994)





• rz;Kfypq;fk; muq;fpd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; vd;W

Nehf;Fk;NghJ> Nkiyj;Nja ehlff; Nfhl;ghLfs;>

fpNuf;f mtyr; Ritapd; (Tragedy) Nfhu]; Kiwik>

kfpo; newpapd; (Comedy) mq;ftPr;Rf;fs;> ,g;rdpd;

rKjhar; rpj;jpupg;G Kiw> Ngl;Nlhy; gpnuf;bd;

njhiyg;gLj;jy; Kiw> fPioj;Njaf; $j;Jf;fspd;

Ml;lk; vd;gtw;wpd; cs; thq;fpa tbtNk ,tuJ

muq;f Kiwikapy; Gyg;gLfpd;wd.

• jdJ ehlfq;fs; gytw;iwAk; newpahs;if nra;j

rz;Kfypq;fk; Ntw;Wnkhop ehlfq;fs; rpytw;iwAk;

newpahs;if nra;Js;shu;.

cjhuzk;: xU ghitapd; tPL

• ehlfKk; muq;fpaiyAk; fw;gpf;fpd;w rpwe;j Mrpupauhf

Tk; tpsq;fpdhu;.

f.ngh.j (cau;juk;)> gy;fiyf;fof khztu;> ehlf

muq;ff; fy;Y}up khztu;fs;> tl ,yq;if rq;fPj

rig khztu;fs; vdg; gyjug;gl;l khztu;fsJ

fy;tpj ; Njitfis epiwT nra ;jtuhfTk ;

rz;Kfypq;fk; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.

• 1978 ,y; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upia epWtp ehlfj;

jahupg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; ehlfj;Jiwrhu;

mwptpid tsu;njLf;fTk; ,tu; ghLgl;lhu;.

• Jiwrhu; rQ;rpif xd;iw cUthf;f topfhl;bdhu;.

cjhuzk;: muq;F

• Jiwrhu;e;j tpku;rdq;fisr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;Ak;

jpwDilatuhff; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.

• Jiwrhu; Ngr;rhsuhfTk; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.

• fy;tprhu; muq;F xd;iw Kd;ndLg;gjw;F ce;J rf;jp

ahfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu; vOjpa ghlrhiy ehlfq;fs;>

rpWtu; ehlfq;fs; Kjypatw;iw cjhuzkhff;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• ,tu; vOjpa rpWtu; ehlfq;fSs; gpuf;iQ g+u;tkhd

jpUg;gj;ij 1980 fspy; Vw;gLj;jpa ehlfk; $b

tpisahL ghg;gh vd;gjhFk;.

• eld tif ehlfkhf ~Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;| vd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yyhk;.

Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;;Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;;Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;;Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;;Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;;



• f. ghNye;jpuhf. ghNye;jpuhf. ghNye;jpuhf. ghNye;jpuhf. ghNye;jpuh• 1980fspy; ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; muq;fpid

tsg;gLj;jpa muf;fpayhsUs; ,tUk; xUtu;.

• ,tu ; Muk ;gj ;j py ; nfhOk ;g pYk ; g pd ;du ;

aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; jd; ehlf gzpfisr; nra;fpwhu;.

• aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ehlfj; Jiwapid tsu;f;fntd

~mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;|| vd;w epWtdj;ij

1978 ,y; epWtpdhu;.

• ebfu; xd;wpaj;jpw;fhf f. ghNye;jpuh ,e;jpuh ghu;j;j

rhujpapd; ~kio| vd;w ehlfj;ijj; jahupj;jhu;.

• 1973Kjy; ehlfk; jahupj;J tUgtu;. mitf;fhw;Wf;

fiyf ; fofj ;j pw ;nfd ,ur pfu ; mitia

mikj;jpUe;jhu ; . jw;NghJk; mitf;fhw;Wf;

fiyf;fofk; yz;ldpy; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. jtpu

mq;F xU ehlfg; gs;spiaAk; mikj;Jr;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd ehlfq;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;J

tUfpwhu;.

• ebfuhfTk;> xsptpjhdpg;ghsuhfTk;> ftpQdhfTk;

,Ug;;gtu;.

• ebfu; xd;wpaj;jpy; ,ize;J> jhrPrpa]; jahupj;j

~fe;jd; fUiz|apy; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jtu;.

mWgjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlfq;fis newpahs;if

nra;Js;shu;. ngUk;ghYk; mit nkhopngau;g;G>

jOty; ehlfq;fNs.

• ehlfg; gl;liwfs; %yk; ebg;Gg; gapw;rpfis

toq;Ffpwhu;. xt;nthU ghj;jpuKk; vq;F epw;f

Ntz;Lk; vijg; Ngr Ntz;Lk;> ghj ;j puf ;

Fzhjpraq;fs; vr;#oypy; vt;thW mikAk; vd;gJ

gw;wpnay;yhk; cstpay; uPjpapy; Muha;e;J mJ

gw;wp ebfUld; fye;Jiuahb mtu;fNs mg;

ghj;jpuj;ij czu;e;J ebf;fr; nra;jhu;.

• ghNye;jpuhtpd; nkhopngau;g;G - jOty; ehlfq;fs;:

fz;zhb thu;g;Gf;fs;> Gjpa cyfk; gioa ,Utu;>

xU ghiy tPL> ,ilntsp> Afju;kk;> Kfkpy;yhj

kdpju;fs;> rk;ge;jk;> miuAk; FiwAk;> Jf;sf;>

gpuj;jpNaff;fhl;rp> Nghfpw topf;F xd;W> kuzj;Js;

tho;Nthk;.

• mtuhy; newpg;gLj;jg;gl;l Vida ehlfq;fs;:

,tu;fSf;F Ntbf;if> fpufq;fs; khWfpd;wd.

J}uj;J ,bKof;fk;> kio> xU Afj;jpd; tpk;ky;>

murdpd; Gj;jhil> gbf;f xU ghlk; Nghd;w ,d;Dk;

gy.

•

f. ghNye;jpuhf. ghNye;jpuhf. ghNye;jpuhf. ghNye;jpuhf. ghNye;jpuh



fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;• ,tu; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapy; gapw;rp ngw;W

ehlf newpahsuhfg; gupzkpj;jtu;.

• kz; Rke;j Nkdpau; ehlfj;ij newpg;gLj;jpajd;

%yk; ehlf cyfpy; gpugykhdhu;.

• ehlfj;Jiwapy; KJjj;Jtkhzp gl;lj;jpw;fhf

r%fkhw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F vd;w Ma;tpid Nkw;

nfhz;ltu;.

• fyhepjpg; gl;lj;Jf;fhfj; jisePf;fj;Jf;fhd muq;

fpid Ma;T nra;jtu;.

• jhrPrpa]; newpg;gLj;jpa $b tpisahL ghg;gh

rpWtu; ehlfj;jpy; ebj;jtu;.

• gy;fiyf;fof ehlfq;fspy; ebj;j mDgtq;fSk;

,tiu ehlf newpahsuhf;fpaJ. vkJ gz;ghl;b

Ys;s gpur;rpidfis> Njitfis muq;F epiwT

nra;a KbAk; vd;w rpe;jidia ntspf;nfhzUk;

tifapy; muq;fpidg; gaDs;s tifapy; gad;

gLj;jpdhu;.

• ~kz; Rke;j Nkdpau;| ehlfk; rkfhyg; gpur;rpid

fisCLghthf itj;J nea;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.

NkhbAw;w ebg;G> NrhlidfshYk; jpiur;rPiyf

shYk; kiwf;fhJ ntw;W Nkilia khj;jpuk; gad;

gLj;jp ebfu;fspd; mirTfis khj;jpuk; nfhz;l

fhl;rpfspd; njhFg;G. Ckk;> ciuQu;fs; ebfu;f

shAk; fij $Wgtu;fshfTk; khWk; cj;jp Kiw

Mfpad ,e;ehlf mspg;G Kiwfshf mike;jd.

,e; ehlfj;ijr; rpjk;guehjd; newpahs;if nra;jhu;.

• fw;gidr; rpwg;Gk;> ehlf Mf;fKk;> Nkil mwpTk;

mtuJ jahupg;Gf;fspw; Gyg;gl;ld.

• rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;j rpjk;gu

ehjd; gpw;fhyq;fspy; ehlff; FOtpdUldhd

fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhz;L Gj;jspg;Gg; ghzp

apy; ehlfq;fis cUthf;fpdhu;.

• ftpQu; ,. KUifadJ vOj;JUf;fisj; jdJ

ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fspy; ,izg;gjd; %yk; kpfTk;

juk; tha;e;j ehlf Mw;Wiffisg; gilj;jhu;.

cjhuzk;: ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ekJ> capu;j;j kdpjupd;

$j;J> ngha;f;fhy;

• ~khDlk; RlUk; xU tpLjiy| vd;w njUntsp

ehlfj;jpd;> Nkil mspf;iff;fhd vOj;JUthf;fj;

jpid ,. KUifad; vOjpf; nfhLf;f rpjk;guehjd;

mjid newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• ~nul; yd;ud;| vd;Dk; rPd xNgwh ehlfj;ij aho;

gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fSf;fhf newpahs;if

nra;jhu;.



• ,tu; newpahs;if nra;j ehlfq;fis tupirg;gLj;jp

Nehf;fpd;.

• rpWtu; muq;F - ~$b tpisahL ghg;gh> Kayhu;

Kay;fpwhu;> Mr;rp Rl;l til> md;idAk;

gpjhTk;> maytd; ahu;> jha; nrhy;iyj; jl;lhNj

• ghlrhiy ehlfq;fs; - rj;jpa Nrhjid> GOtha;

kukhfp> jhAkha; ehAkhdu;> vq;fs; jtg;gad;>

eufj;jpy; ,lu;g;gNlhk;.

• njUntsp muq;F - khakhd;> khDlk; RlUk;

Xu; tpLjiy.

• murpay; muq;F - kz; Rke;j Nkdpau;

• r%ff; FOk muq;F - fy;tpf;fhd muq;F>

ngz;zpiy muq;Ffs;> Rfhjhu tpopg;Gzu;T

muq;F

• fsg;gapw;rpfspD}lhd muq;Ffs;

• fl;ltpo; muq;F

r%fk; rhu;e;j> murpay; rhu;e;j> gz;ghl;Lepiy

rhu;e;j xLf;fg;gl;l czu;Tfis kdk; jpwe;J

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU rhjfkhd #oiy

muq;fpD}lhf vt;tpjk; cUthf;f KbAk;

vd;gJ gw;wpa Njly; ,tuJ fl;ltpo; muq;f

eltbf;ifahf tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ.

• nkhopngau;g;G ehlfk; - nrt;tpsf;F

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL : : : : : • ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; etPd ehlff;fiy tsu;r;rpapy;

Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk; mtu;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa

khw;wq;;fis vLj;Jf;$Wf.

• fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd; jkpo; etPd ehlfj;jpy; Vw;

gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij mtuJ ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fis

kdq;nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.

• jpU. f. ghNye;jpuhtpd; muq;fpaw; gzpfisg; gl;baw;

gLj;Jf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • 1. <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlf muq;F

- Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFU

2. muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;



- f. jpyfehjd;

3. r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F

- fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;

4. nka;g;ghL

- aho;. gy;fiyf;fo ntWntsp muq;ff;FO ntspaPL








fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • 1970 Kjy; Njhd;wpa ehlf epWtdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• me;ehlf epWtdq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F Cf;f rf;jpahf

,Ue;Njhiuf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• me;ehlf kd;wq;fspy; jahupf;fg;ngw;w ehlfq;fspy;

fhzg;ngWk; rpwg;Gf;fis Muha;jy;.

• me;ehlf epWtdq;fspd; gy;NtW muq;f Kaw;rp

fisAk; Muha;jy;.

,dq;fz;L ntspg

nraw;ghL 4.2.7nraw;ghL 4.2.7nraw;ghL 4.2.7nraw;ghL 4.2.7nraw;ghL 4.2.7 : : : : : ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; ehlf tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j

ehlf epWtdq;fspd; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfisAk;

NjbawpNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • ehlf epWtdq;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l E}y;fs;>

rQ;rpiffs;

• mtw;why; jahupf;fg;gl;l ehlfq;fspd; md;Nwy; muq;fr;

nraw;ghLfspd; xspg;Ngiofs; (CD/DVD)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • 1980 fs; Kjy; jw;NghJ tiu ,yq;ifapd; jkpo;

ehlf tsu;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa iky;f; fy;yhfTk;> jpUg;G

Kidr; rf;jpahfTk; jpfo;e;j ehlf kd;wq;fs; mtw;wpd;

ehlf kw;Wk; muq;f Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd

mwpKfj;ij Kd;itg;gjhf ,g;ghlk; mikfpwJ.


tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• 1970 ,y; mikf;fg;ngw;w ebfu; xd;wpaKk;> 1976 ,y;

mikf;fg;ngw;w mjd; ,urpfu; mitAk; gw;wpa

mwpKfk;.

• ebfu; xd;wpaj;jpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa

xU Nehf;F.

• 1978 ,y; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapd; cUthf;fj;jpy;

gq;Nfw;Nwhu; gw;wp mwpjy;.



• ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapd; ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa xU

fz;Nzhl;lk;.

• ehlf tsu;r;rpf;fhd ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapd;

gzpfis Muha;jy;.

• 1978,y; cUthd mitf; fhw;Wiff; fiyf; fofj;jpd;

cUthf;fj;jpw;Fj; Jiz epd;Nwhu; gw;wpAk; me;epWtd

Nehf;F gw;wpAkhd xU mwpKfk;.

• mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofj;jpd; ehlfq;fs; gw;wpanjhU

ghu;it.

• jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wj;jpd; ehlf Kaw;rpfis Muha;jy;.

• muq;f nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpd; gy;NtW muq;f

Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lk;.

• nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;fj;jpd; ehlfg; gzpfis

mwpjy;.

• ebfu; xd;wpak;ebfu; xd;wpak;ebfu; xd;wpak;ebfu; xd;wpak;ebfu; xd;wpak;• jkpo; kf;fSf;nfd xU Njrpa ehlf kuig cU

thf;f Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;j jPtpu ehlff; FOf;

fspd; nraw;ghLfshy; cUthf;fk; ngw;wJ.

• aho;g;ghzj;J ney;ypagb mk;gyj;jhbfs; FO>

kl;lf;fsg;G ehlfrgh> $j;jhbfs; FO> vq;fs;

FO vd;gd ,ize;Nj ebfu; xd;wpak; cUthfpaJ.

• 1974 ,y; fe;jd; fUiziaj; jhrPrparpd; newp

ahs;ifapYk; f. ghNye;jpuhtpd; newpahs;ifapy;

,e;jpuh ghu;j;j rhujpapd; kio> jUK rptuhKtpd;

el;\j;jputhrpiaAk; jahupj;jJ.

• 1976 ,y; mikf;fg;gl;l ,urpfu; mit ghu;g;Nghupd;

ehlf ,uridia tsu;j;jJ.

• kuGtop ehlfq;fs;> NkhbAw;w ehlfq;fs;> Neu;

ehlfq;fs;> mgj;jrhay; ehlfq;fs;> nkhopngau;g;G

ehlfq;fs; vdg; gy;NtW tifahd ehlfq;fis

Nkilapl;lJ.

• nfhOk;gpy; ehlfg; gapw;rpfs;> fye;Jiuahly;fis

xOq;Fnra;J elj;jpaJ.

• ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up• Ra Mf;f ehlfq;fisj; jahupg;gjpy; Mu;tk;

fhl;baik.

• ehlfg; gapw;rp tFg;Gfs; elj;jpaik.

• ehlff; fUj;juq;Ffs; elj;jg;gl;lik.

• jukhd ,urpfu; Fohk; mikf;fg;ngw;wik.

• ~muq;F| vd;w rQ;rpifia ntspapl;lik.



• rpWtu; ehlfk;> ghlrhiy ehlfk;> r%f NkhJif

epiyr; rpj;jpupg;G ehlfq;fs;> murpay; NkhJif

epiyr; rpj;jpupg;G ehlfq;fs; vdg; gy;tifg;gl;l

ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;jik.

• Nfhil> cwTfs;> tpsf;Fk; tpuy;fSk; mts; Vd;

fyq;Ffpwhs;. ve;ijAk; jhAk; Nghd;w Neu; ehlfq;

fs; GjpanjhU tPL> nghWj;jJNghJk;> capu;j;j

kdpjupd; $j;J> ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ekJ Nghd;w

NkhbAw;w ehlfq;fs; fe;jd; fUiz> rq;fhuk;

Nghd;w $j;JKiwapyike;j ehlfq;fs;> $b

tpisahL ghg;gh Nghd;w rpWtu; ehlfq;fs; khDlk;

RlUk; Xu; tpLjiy Nghd;w njUntsp ehlfq;fs;

Nghd;wit ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapd; jahupg;Gf

shFk;.

• 2003 ,y; ~Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;| vd;w ehl;ba

ehlfj;ijj; jahupj;J NkilNaw;wpaik.

• Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;> m. jhrPrpa];> V.up.

muR> tp.vk;. Ffuh[h> gpuhd;rp]; n[dk; MfpNahu;

,ize;J ,e;epWtdj;ij cUthf;fpaik.

• ,d;Wtiu nraw;gl;L tUk; epWtdkhf tpsq;F

fpd;wik.

• mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;• f. ghNye;jpuh> epu;kyh epj;jpahde;jd;>

K. epj;jpahde;jd; MfpNahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

• nkhopngau;g;G ehlfq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaik.

• Afju;kk;> fz;zhb thu;g;Gf;fs;> xU ghiy tPL>

jiytu;> ,ilntspfs; Nghd;wit jahupf;fg;

gl;lik.

• muq;f nraw;ghl;Lf;FOmuq;f nraw;ghl;Lf;FOmuq;f nraw;ghl;Lf;FOmuq;f nraw;ghl;Lf;FOmuq;f nraw;ghl;Lf;FO• muq;if r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd rhjdkhf;fpaik.

• xLf;fg;gl;Nlhupd; tpLjiyf;fhd muq;if

cUthf;fpaik.

• ~fy;tpapy; muq;F| vd;w tbtj;ijg; gs;spfspy;

nraw;gLj;jpaik.

• ebfu;fSf;fhd gapw;rpapy;> cly;> csf; fl;ltpo;jy;

gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;ilr; nraw;gLj;jpaik.

• r%ff; FOk muq;Nf gpujhd muq;fr; nraw;ghlhf

mike;jik.

• tlf;F fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gue;J gzp

ahw;wpaik.

• fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjdhy; topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.



• nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;fk;nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;fk;nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;fk;nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;fk;nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;fk;• f. Njthde;jpdhy; top elj;jg;gLfpd;wik.

• mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; mDruizAlDk;>

RakhfTk; muq;f Kaw;rpfspy; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wik.

• $j;juq;fk; vd;w ehlf rQ;rpifia ntspapl;L

tUfpd;wik.

• ghlrhiyfs; NjhWk; rpWtu; ehlfq;fis muq;fpl;L

tUfpd;wik.

• mf;fpdpg; ngU%r;R> g+r;rpfs; mupf;Fk; fz; ,ikfs;

vd;gd Kf;fpakhd ehlfq;fshFk;.

• jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;• 1965 ,y; mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau; mbfshupdhy;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpopd; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfg;

gupkhzq;fisAk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;J tbtq;fisAk;

mLj;j jiyKiwf;F vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhd thfd

khfj; jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk; tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ.

• ,Jtiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; gy;tif ehlfq;fisAk;

jahupj;J NkilNaw;wpAs;sJ.

• jpUg;ghLfspd; ehlfk;

• $j;J

• etPd ehlfk;

• ,ir ehlfk;

• rpWtu; ehlfk;

• njUntsp ehlfk;

• jdpahs; ehlfk;

• ehlfj;Jiw tsu;r;rpf;F cjtf;$ba gy;NtW

Kaw;rpfspYk; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wJ.

• fsg; gapw;rpfs;> fUj;juq;Ffs;

• $j;Jf; Nghl;bfs;

• muq;fpay; rhu;e;j nghUs;f; fhl;rpfs;

• ehlf E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; ntspaPL

• jkpo; - rpq;fs ehlff; fiyg;ghy Kaw;rpfs;

• jpUg;ghLfspd; ehlfj;ij kj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;F

mg;ghw;gl;L xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Fuyhf ntspg;gLj;

Jk; Kaw;rpapd; gydhff; fy;thupf; fyk;gfk; (1994)

muq;fplg;gl;lJ. mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau; mbfshu;

,jid vOjp newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• jpU. N[hd;rd; uh[;Fkhu;> FUjp fOtpa Ftyak;

(1999)> fy;thupahfk; (2002) vd;gtw;iw vOjp

newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.

mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau;mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau;mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau;mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau;mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau;

mbfshu;mbfshu;mbfshu;mbfshu;mbfshu;



• fpwp];jtu;fs;> $j;jpy; njd;Nkhbf; $j;J kuigNa

jkJ kj Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhff; ifahz;L te;Js;sdu;.

,jpy; Mly; jtpu;f;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy; jpUkiwf;

fyhkd;wk; MliyAk; ,izj;Jf; $j;ij mjd; KO

mu;j;jKk; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; epfo;j;jpaJ.

• ~Njtrfhak;gps;is| (1995) goik khwhg; gz;Gld;

Nkilaplg;gl;lnjhd;whFk;. mNjNtis ~eP xU

ghiw||Gjpa Mly; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSlDk; muq;f

cj;jpfNshLk; njd;Nkhb tbtpy; Mlg;gl;l $j;jhf

,Ue;jJ.

• m. ghyjh]pd; ~,lkpy;iy| fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;Gf;

fhyj;jpy; jha; je;ijau; mehjutha; miye;J

jpupe;jik rkfhy mfjp tho;Tld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;l

Mw;Wifahf mike;jJ.

• k. N[Rjh]dpd; ~VNuhjd;| (1996) njd;Nkhbf; $j;J

kuGld; ,ir ehlfk;> rpe;J eilf;$j;J vd;gdtw;wpd;

cj;jpKiw ,izg;Gld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;.

• gioa ,ir ehlf Mw;WiffSld;> Gjpa ,ir

ehlfq;fisAk; vOjpj; jahupj;jik Fwpg;gplj;

jFe;jNjhu; mk;rk; MFk;. Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fspy;

r pe ;jhkzp> tisahgjp> Fz;lyNfrp vd;gd

k. iju paehjdpd ; cjtpAld; ku paNrtpau ;

mbfshupdhy; vOjp newpg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• etPd ehlfj; jahupg;Gfspy; nghWj;jJNghJk;>

neQ;rf;fdfy;> khnjhU ghfk; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit.

• kd;wj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhf ~~thu;;j;ijfsw;w ehlfk;|

mike;jJ. Gwk; (1991)> jpUr;nry;tu; fhtpak; (1992)>

mNrhfh (1992)> ju;\dh (2001) vd;gd ,jy;

Kf;fpakhdit.

• ~mNrhfh| mNrhfdpd; tuyhw;wpy; epfo;e;j Aj;jj;jpd;

Nfhu tpisTfs;> kdkhw;wk; vd;gd etPd cj;jpfSld;

gujk;> fjfsp> $j;J vd;gtw;wpd; fyg;gpy; cUthd

jhFk;.

• 90 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; r%fg; gpur;rpidfs;> rPu;NfLfs;>

rkhjhdk;> csj;jis ePf;fk; vd;gd njhlu;ghd

tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gLj;Jk; njUntsp ehlfq;fs;

eppfo;j;jg;gl;ld. N[hd;rd; uh[;Fkhupd; ~Mj;kahfk;|>

~~$bj;Jau; nty;|> ij. fz;zdpd; ~rkhjhd Xil|

vd;gd ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.



• rpWtu; ehlfq;fisAk; kd;wk; muq;fpl;Ls;sJ.

• ~Mw;Wif| vd;fpw ehlf rQ;rpif njhlu;e;J ntspaplg;

gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,J gapy;epiy khztu;fSf;Fk;>

ehlf Mu;tyu;fSf;Fk; ngupJk; cjtpaha;

mike;Js;sJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; ehlf kd;wq;

fspd; Kf;fpaj;jtj;ij Muha;f.

• ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; ehlf epWtdq;fspdhy; jahupf;

fg;ngw;w ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij

Kd;itf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • 1. <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;fk; - rp. nksdFU

2. Mw;Wif - jpUkiwf; fyhkd;w ntspaPL

3. muq;F - ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up ntspaPL

4. $j;juq;fk; - nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;f ntspaPL

5. fiyr;RtLfs; - jpUkiwf; fyhkd;w ntspaPL








fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l njUntsp ehlfq;fs; gw;wpj;

jfty;fisj; Njbawpjy;.

• njUntsp ehlfg; gz;Gfis mbg;gilahf;f nfhz;L

tsu;r;rpngw;w Gjpa ehlfg;Nghf;Ffs; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisj; Njbawpjy;.

• njUntsp ehlfq;fisg; ghu;j;J ,urpj;jy;.

• njUntsp ehlfq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

• r%ff; FOk muq;Fld; njhlu;Gila ehlfq;fis

cUthf;Fjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.8nraw;ghL 4.2.8nraw;ghL 4.2.8nraw;ghL 4.2.8nraw;ghL 4.2.8 : : : : : njUntsp ehlfk;> r%f FOk muq;F gw;wpj;

NjbawpNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • njUntsp ehlfq;fs;> r%ff; FOk muq;F vd;gd

njhlu;ghd xspg; Ngiofs; (CD/DVD)

• Nkw;gb ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd xspg;glq;fs;

• fl;Liufs;> tpku;rdq;fs;

mwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfk ;; ;; ; : : : : : • ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; njUntsp

ehlfq;fSf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; cs;sJ. njUntsp

ehlfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd r%f nghUshjhu

murpay; #oiy mwpe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

,e;ehlf Kiwik Vida (glr;rl;l) ehlf Kiwik

fspy; ,Ue;J NtWgLk; tpjj;ij ,dq;fhz;gJ

mtrpak;. NkYk; njUntsp ehlfg; gz;ig

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Cu;ty muq;F> Kfhk;

muq;F> fpuhk muq;F Nghd;w r%ff; FOk muq;Ffs;

Nkw;fpsk;gpa tpjj;ij Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;

,e;ehlfq;fs; ahTk; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij

kjpg ;g PL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. me;ehlfq;fspd;

fUg;nghUs;> ehlff; fl;likg;G gw;wpAk; Muha;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • nra;Kiw> fye;Jiuahly;> crhTif




::::: • njUntsp ehlfk;njUntsp ehlfk;njUntsp ehlfk;njUntsp ehlfk;njUntsp ehlfk;• njUntsp ehlfk; vd;gJ njUit Mw;Wif

ntspahff; nfhz;L Mw;wg;gLtjhFk;. vd;w

NghjpYk; kf;fs; $Lfpd;w Nfhapy;> re;ij>

FbapUg;G> tpisahl;L ikjhdk; vd;gtw;wpYk;

Mw;wg;gl;L tUtJ.

• rpWtu; Kjy; ngupatu; tiuapyhd ghu;g;Nghiuf;

nfhz;lJ.

• njUTf;Fupa NtfKk;> Neur; RUf;fKk; cilaJ

(20 - 30 epkplq;fs;).

• ghu;g;Nghiu Mw;Wifapy; gq;Nfw;f itg;gjw;fhd

ftu;r;rpAk;> tpag;g+l;lYk;> ke;jpu typikAk; kpf;fJ.

• tz;zkakhd Ntl cil xg;gidfs;> ,yFtpy;

vLj;Jr; nry;yf;$ba fhz;gpaq;fs; vd;gd ,lk;

ngWtJ.

• rkfhy murpay; r%fg; gpur;rpidfisf; fUg;nghU

shff; nfhz;lJ.

• ghu;g;Nghiu ehbr; nrd;W Mw;wg;gLtJ.

• 80 fspy; khakhd;> jpUtpoh> frpg;G vd;gtw;Wf;$lhfj;

Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,e;ehlf Kiwik njhz;Z}W

fspYk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dUk; tsu;e;j tpjk; gw;wpf;

ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

• 90fspy; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upahy; jahupf;fg;ngw;w

~khDlk; RlUk; Xu; tpLjiy| njUntsp ehlf

Kiwikapy; xU iky;f;fy;yhFk;.

• njUntsp ehlf MSikfshf tpje;J $wj;

jf;ftu;fs;.

- fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;

khakhd;> khDlk; RlUk; Xu; tpLjiy

- tp.vk;. Ffuhrh

frpg;G



- nr. ,sq;Nfh

Gy;yha; kdpjuha;> ,Us; ,dpr; rhFk;>

nfhbNaw;wk;

- ,. ghyrpq;fk;

mtyq;fs;> rKj;jpuj;jpnyhU rupj;jpuk;

- nry;tk; (GJit md;gd;)

neUg;G ejpapy; ePe;jpa kdpju;fs;

- Njthde;

mbRLk; kzy;ntsp> nfhLtPr;R> g+jk;

• r%ff; FOk muq;Fr%ff; FOk muq;Fr%ff; FOk muq;Fr%ff; FOk muq;Fr%ff; FOk muq;F• r%ff; FOkq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gy;NtW

NkhJif epiyg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjid Nehf;

fhff; nfhz;l muq;Nf ,JthFk;.

• fpuhkq;fs;> ,lk;ngau;e;Njhu; Kfhk;fs;> ghlrhiy

fs; Nghd;wit ,e;j muq;fhw;Wifapd; ikag;

Gs;spfs;.

• 90fspy; aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ,lk; ngau;e;Njhu;

Kfhk;fspy; ,e;j muq;F njhlq;fpaJ.

• Rdhkp> Aj;jk; vd;gtw;wpd; kdtLj;jhf;fj;jpypUe;J

kf;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;> ngz;fs; kPjhd ghypay;

td;Kiw> rpWtu; J\;gpuNahfk;> vapl;];> Nghijg;

nghUs; tpopg;Gzu;T> Kd;gs;sp nry;Yjy;> Rfhjhug;

gof;f tof;fq;fis filg;gpbj;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW

gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp ,t;tuq;F NgRfpwJ.

• njUntsp muq;fpd; gz;GfisAk; cs;thq;fpf;

nfhz;L Mw;wg;gLtjhFk;.

• vdpDk; njUntsp muq;fpw;Fupa Neur; RUf;fj;ij

cilajy;y. (1 - 2 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;)

• rpWtu;fNs ,j;jifa muq;fpd; Kd;dpiyahd ghu;g;

NghuhfTk; Mw;Wifia capu;j;Jbg;Gld; itj;jpUg;

NghuhAk;> tsu;e;Njhiu Mw;WifAld; ,izg;

NghuhAk; tpsq;Ftu;.

• Mw;Wifahsu;fs; jhk; ,dq;fz;l xU gpur;rpid

iag; ghu;g;Nghu; Kd;Nd itg;gJk; ghu;g;Nghu; mJ

gw;wp tpthjpj;J Mw;WNthUk; ghu;g;NghUk; ,ize;J

jPu;T fhZtJNk Mw;Wifapd; mbg;gilahf

mikAk;.

• muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;> ghly;fs;> Mly;fs;>

fijahly;> fij nrhy;yy; vd;gtw;wpD}lhfg;

ghu;g;Nghu; Mw;WifAld; ,izfpd;wdu;.

• Mw;WNthuhy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;w xU ~gpur;rpid|

gbkk; Fwpj;Jg; ghu;g;NghUk;> Mw;WNthUk;

tpthjpg;gu;.

• Mw;WNthu; ghu;g;Nghu; neUf;fKk; cwTNk ,t;

tuq;fpd; capu;g;ghd mk;rkhFk;.



• ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtWgl;l cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L

mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; ,t;tifahd Mw;Wif

fSf;F mDruiz toq;Ffpd;wd.

• fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;> nr. ,sq;Nfh> nr. tpe;jd;

Nghd;Nwhu; ,t;tuq;fpd; tsu;r;rpapy; jk;ik <LgLj;jp

As;sdu;.

• td;dpapy; KO tPr;Rld; nraw;gl;l muq;F

,JthFk;.

Rfhjhug; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> Kd;gps;isg; guhaf;

fy;tp> khw;W Mw;wYila gps;isfis tYg;

gLj;jy;> ,staJj; jpUkzk;> mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wpa

mwpt+l;lk; Nghd;w tplaq;fis Kd;dpWj;jp ,t;

tuq;F td;dpapy; nr. ,sq;Nfhtpdhy; nraw;gLj;jg;

gl;lJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL : : : : : • njUntsp ehlfq;fspd ; g pujhd gz;Gfis

vLj;Jiuf;Ff.

• r%f NkhJif epiyapd; jPu;Tf;F r%ff; FOk muq;f

Kaw;rpfspd; tfpghfk; vj;jifaJ vd;gij Muha;f.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F

- f. rpjk;guehjd;

• Rj;juq;fk; - nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;f ntspaPL

njUntsp ehlfk;njUntsp ehlfk;njUntsp ehlfk;njUntsp ehlfk;njUntsp ehlfk;








fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • jkpof ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; fp.gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l rlq;F

muq;fpd; tfpghfk; gw;wp kjpg;gpLjy;.

• fp.gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l jkpof ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; $j;ju;

Fohj;jpdupd; ,lk; gw;wp Muha;jy;.

• fypj;njhifapy; tUk; ehlfk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj;

njhFj;Jiuj;jy;.

• rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij xU ehlff; fhg;gpakhff; nfhs;tjw;

fhd rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Ljy;

• rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLk; Ntj;jpay;> nghJtpay; kuGfs;

gw;wpAk; mtw;Wf;F Clhf Nkw;fpsk;Gk; ehlfq;fspd;

jd;ik Fwpj;Jk; Kd;itj;jy;.

• mbepiy kf;fspd; rlq;fhw;Wiffspy; fhzg; ngWfpd;w

ehlfj; jd;ikfis vLj;Jiuj;jy;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.9 :nraw;ghL 4.2.9 :nraw;ghL 4.2.9 :nraw;ghL 4.2.9 :nraw;ghL 4.2.9 : fp.gp. 600 ,w;F Kw;gl;l rlq;F muq;F Kjy;

rpyg;gjpfhuk; tiuapyhd jkpof ehlf tuyhw;W

tsu;r;rpapidj; NjbawpNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • gz;ilj; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ehlfk;





- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • fp. gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l jkpof ehlf tuyhw;W

tsu;r;rpapid tPuAfk;> epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf; fhyk;>

tzpf Nkyhz;ikf;fhyk; vd;w fhyg; gpupTfSf;F

Clhf Muhayhk;. GwehD}W Kjy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;

tiuapyhd gy;NtW E}y;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ehlf tsu;r;rp gw;wp Muha;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf

Kd;itf;fg;ngWk; tplak; MFk;.


: : : : : • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;:::::• fp.gp. 600 ,w;F Kw;gl;l tPuAf Mw;WifahdJ rlq;F

muq;F> njhopw ; FOf;fspd ; Mw;Wif vd

NtWgLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;.

• fypj;njhif> njhy;fhg;gpak;> jpUf;Fws; Nghd;w

E}y;fSf;F Clhf epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf;fhy

ehlfk; gw;wp Kd;itf;fg;ngWk; jfty;fs;.

• rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;ngWfpd;w Ntj;jpay;>

nghJtpay; Mw;Wif kuGfSk;> Ntj;jpay; kuGf;Fs;

milahsg;gLj;jg;gLk; khjtpapd; gjpndhU Mly;

fSk;> nghJtpaYf;Fs; $wg;gLtJk; mbepiy

kf;fspd; fiyahf miktJkhd Ntl;Lttup ;>

Fd;wf;Fuit> Ma;r;rpau; Fuit gw;wpaJkhd Muha;T.

• rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kd;itf;Fk; ehlf ,yf;fzq;fs; gw;wpa

xU Kd;itg;G.

jkpof rlq;F muq;Fjkpof rlq;F muq;Fjkpof rlq;F muq;Fjkpof rlq;F muq;Fjkpof rlq;F muq;F• fsNts;tp> ntwpahl;L> thlhts;sp> ijePuhly;

vd;gtw;wpw;F Clhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLk; rlq;F

muq;F ehlfj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ.

• GwehD}W> mfehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> gjpndz;

fPo;f;fzf;F Nghd;w E}y;fspy; rlq;Ffs; gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gplg; ngw;Ws;sd.

njhopy;Kiwf; FOf;fspd; Mly;fs;njhopy;Kiwf; FOf;fspd; Mly;fs;njhopy;Kiwf; FOf;fspd; Mly;fs;njhopy;Kiwf; FOf;fspd; Mly;fs;njhopy;Kiwf; FOf;fspd; Mly;fs;• $j;ju; ghzu;> nghUeu;> mfTeu;> tpwypau; Gytu;>

itupau; vd;Dk; $j;ju; Fohj;jpdu; murdpd; ehs;

kfpopUf;ifapd; NghJ kd;WfspYk;> nghJkf;fs; $Lk;

njUNthuq;fspYk; $j;ij MbAs;sdu;.

• murdJ Nghu;f;fs tPuk; gw;wpg; Gfo;e;J ghbj; jk;

tWikiag; Nghf;Fk; jputpak; ngWtJ $j;ju;

Fohj;jpdupd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.

• ngUk;ghYk; Nghu;f;fs tPuj;ijAk;> nfhilr;

rpwg;igAk; Gfo;tNj ghLnghUshf ,Ue;Js;sJ.

• aho;> KoT> NfhL> tapu;> jlhup> gjiy> fpiz>

KuR Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fs; Mw;Wifapd;NghJ

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• KuR Nghd;w Ngnuhyp vOg;Gk; thj;jpaq;fspd; gad;ghL

Mw;WifahdJ jpwe;jntspfspy; elj;jg;gl;likia

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ehlfk;epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ehlfk;epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ehlfk;epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ehlfk;epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ehlfk;• fypj;njhif> njhy;fhg;gpak;> jpUf;Fws; Nghd;w

E}y;fspy; ,f;fhy ehlfk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; fhzg;

ngWfpd;wd.



• jiytd; jiytpf;F ,ilapyhd Cliyj; jzpg;gNj

,f;fhyj;Jf; $j;ju;fspd; gzpahf ,Ue;Js;sJ.

,jdhy; ghLnghUs; ngUk;ghYk; fhkg; nghUshfNt

,Ue;Js;sJ.

• 32 tif nka;g;ghLfSk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,lkhfg;

gz;iz Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.

• %Nte;jUk;> FWepy kd;dUk; ehlf kfspupd;

MliyAk; ghliyAk; fz;ljhYk; Nfl;ljhYk; 32

tif nka;g; ghLfs; Njhd;wpajhfj; njhy;fhg;gpak;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

• ehlf tof;Fg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ehlf tof;ifg; Gide;Jiu tif

vd;fpwhu; er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau;.

• ehlfk; Js;sy; Xir nfhz;l eldkhf ,Ue;Js;sik

fypj;njhifapy; ntspg;gLfpwJ.

• jpUf;Fws; MLfsk; gw;wpa xU Fwpg;igj; jUfpwJ.

mJ MLfsj;jpd; epiyahik gw;wpajhFk;.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk;rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk;rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk;rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk;rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk;• rpyg;gjpfhuk; xU ehlf fhg;gpakhfTk;> ehlfk; gw;wpa

gy;NtW jfty;fisj; jUfpd;w E}yhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.

• khjtp Nte;ju;fSf;Fk;> FWepy kd;du;fSf;Fk;

Kd;dhy; Mba 11 tifahd Mly;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• Mly; kfspupd; ,yf;fzk;> ehlf muq;F> ,ir

Mrpupad;> jz;Zikahrpupad; vd;gd gw;wpf ;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

• nghJtpay; muq;F gw;wpAk; rhf;ifau; $j;J kw;Wk;

mbepiy kf;fspd; ehlfq;fs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fp.gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l jkpof ehlf tsu;r;rpapy;

$j;ju; Fohj;jpdupd; tfpghfj;ij kjpg;gpLf.

• jkpof ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; rlq;F muq;fpd; ,lj;ij

Muha;f.

• fypj;njhifapy; ehlfk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;

gLk; tpjj;jpid Kd;itf;Ff.

• rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij xU ehlf fhg;gpakhff; nfhs;tjw;

fhd rhd;Wfis Kd;itf;Ff.

• ~~rpyg;gjpfhuk; mbepiy kf;fspd; ehlfj;ijf;$Wk;

E}yhfTk; cs;sJ|| tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • GwehD}W

• gz;ilj;jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ehlfk;


• rpyg;gjpfhuk; - gupNkofu; ciu (fofg;gjpg;G)




- f. jpyfehjd;








fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • jkpof ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; fp.gp. 600f;Fg; gpw;gl;l jkpof

ehlf tuyhw;wpd; jpUg;GKidf;Fupa mk;rq;fis

,dq;fhZjy;.

• gy;yt> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Mlg;ngw;w ehlfq;fs;> mit

epfo;j;jg;gl;likf;fhd rhd;Wfs; vd;gtw;iwj; Njb

Kd;itj;jy;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.10nraw;ghL 4.2.10nraw;ghL 4.2.10nraw;ghL 4.2.10nraw;ghL 4.2.10 : : : : : fp.gp. 600 Kjy; fp.gp. 1300 tiuapyhd jkpof ehlf

tuyhw;wpd; gpujhd fl;lq;fisj; NjbawpNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;

• Nfhapy; muq;f kuG Mfpa E}y;fs; - xspg;glq;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • fp. gp. 600 - fp.gp. 1300 tiuapyhd jkpof ehlf

tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fisAk; jpUg;GKidfisAk;

mtw;wpw;fhd gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfisAk; Njbawpe;J

fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfsfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfsfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfsfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfsfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs ;; ;; ;


tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • gy;ytu;> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fs; kf;fs;

tho ;f ;ifapd; gz;ghl ;L ikaq;fshdikAk;

mg;gz;ghl;ilf; fiyfs; NgzpaikAk;.

• ,ir> eldk;> $j;J vd;gd nja;tq;fSld; ,izf;fg;

gl;bUe;jik.

• NfhapYf;Fs;Ns gy ghj;jpuq;fis ,izj;J

ehlfj;ij cUthf;Ffpw kuG fhzg;gl;lik.

• Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ehlfq;fs; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jikiaf;

fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;whjhuq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wik.

• Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Mupaf;$j;J> jkpo;f;$j;J> rhe;jpf;

$j;J> rhf;iff;$j;J Nghd;;w $j;J tiffSk;

ehlfKk; Mlg;gl;lik.



• ,j;jifa ehlfq;fis Nkilapl ehdhtpj ehlf

rhiyfs; ,Ue;jik.

• Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fspYk; tpNrl jpdq;fspYk; ,e;j

ehlfq;fs; ebf;fg;gl;lik.

• Nrhou; fhy ehlfq;fs; tlnkhop kugpy; te;jpUf;ff;

$Lk; vd;gJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL : : : : : • gy;ytu;> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghf

kjpg;gpLf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;



- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;

• Nfhapy; muq;f kuG - jpU. f. jpyfehjd;








fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fp.gp. 1300 ,ypUe;J fp.gp. 1700 f;F ,ilg;gl;l gs;S

FwtQ;rp> nehz;b> njUf;$j;J ehlf tbtq;fspd;

Nghf;Ffis mwpjy;.

• fp.gp. 1800 fspy; ghu;rp muq;fpy; Vw;gl;l tbt khWjy;fs;

gw;wp mwpjy;.

• fp.gp. 1900 fspy; jkpof etPd muq;F vj;jifa

rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;jJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.11nraw;ghL 4.2.11nraw;ghL 4.2.11nraw;ghL 4.2.11nraw;ghL 4.2.11 : : : : : fp.gp. 1300 ,d; gpd; jkpo;ehlf tbtq;fspy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • Mw;Wiffisg; ghu;j;jy;

• xyp> xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;

• E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • jkpof muq;f tbtq;fis khw;wpaikj;jjpy; tp[a

efu ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehlf ,yf;fpa

tbtq;fSf;Fg; ngUk; gq;Fz;L.

• ,jw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; muq;Ffs; Nfhapiy ika

khff; nfhz;L cs;sf muq;Ffspy; vOr;rp

ngw;wpUe;jd.

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; muq;F NfhapYf;F ntspNa nry;y

Ntz;ba jtpu;f;f Kbahj #oypw;F cl;gLfpd;wJ.

• muq;F jpwe;j ntspf;Fr; nry;fpd;wNghJ mjd;

mspf;ifapYk; khWjy;fs; Vw;glj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.

,e;j khw;wq;fs; vt;tpjk; jkpo; muq;fg; Nghf;fpidAk;

khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shf;fpd vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tNj



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • gs;S> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b Nghd;w ehlf tbtq;fs;

mbepiy kf;fSf;fhd ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fshf ntspj;

njupfpd;wd. kjk; khwpf;nfhz;bUe;j mtu;fSld;



irt> it\;zt rkurk; Ngr Ntz;ba xU #oYf;Fs;

Njhd;wpa ,t;tbtq;fspy; xUtpj gpurhuj;jdk;

,ioNahbapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

• cau; ghj;jpuq;fs; cau; nrOikapYk; mbepiyg;

ghj;jpuq;fs; xUtpjf; fpz;ly;> Nfyp epiyapYk;

rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

• cau; Fohk; jdJ gpurhuj; Njitf;F mbepiyg;

ghj;jpuq;fisf; ifahz;L ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sik

xUtpj mofpay; tul;rpf;F cl;gl;Ls;sik Nghd;Wk;

ntspj; njupfpd;wJ.

• ,f;fhy muq;Ffs; ~~vLj;Jiuf;Fk;|| muq;fg;

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;litahf cs;sd.

• ehlfhrpupau; fijia mwpKfg;gLj;jg; ghj;jpuq;fs;

jk;ikj; jhk; glu;f;ifapYk; jd;ikapYk; mwpKfk;

nra;gitahf cs;sd.

gs;Sgs;Sgs;Sgs;Sgs;S

• gs;S ehlfj;jpy; ~gs;Nsry; md;Nwy; gs;spau; Vry;|

vd;wgFjp ehlfj;jd;ik tha;e;j nrhy;yhlw; gFjpahf

cs;sJ.

• ehlfj;jpd; fhl;rpg;; gpd;Gyk; ghly;fs; %yk; md;Nwy;

nrhw;fs; %yk; vLj;Jzu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ghj;jpuq;fspd; ngsjpfg; gz;Gfs;> cstpaw; gz;Gfs;

vd;git ghly;fs; %yk; tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

• MrpupaNu $j;jpd; rigf;ftp md;Nwy; fl;bafhuidg;

Nghd;W fij mwpKfk;> ghj;jpu mwpKfk;> fhl;rpfisj;

njhlu;GgLj;jy; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d gzpfisr;

nra;gtu; Nghd;wike;Js;sJ.

FwtQ;rpFwtQ;rpFwtQ;rpFwtQ;rpFwtQ;rp

• FwtQ;rp cyh> Fwk;> FSt ehlfk; vd;w %d;W

gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; ~Fwk;| vd;fpd;w Fwj;jp

Fwp nrhy;yy; fijapd; ikag; gFjpahfTk; cyhit

Ak; FSt ehlfj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; gFjpahfTk;

cs;sJ.

• cyhtpy; Fw;whyehjUf;Fk; tre;jty;ypf;Fk;

,ilapyhd fhjy; cau; epiyapYk;> rpq;fd; - rpq;fpf;F

,ilapyhd fhjy; khDlf; fhjy; epiyapy;

,opthfTk; ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.



• gukhj;khTld; [Pthj;kh If;fpag;gLfpd;w epiyapid

cyhtpy; gilj;J> khDlf; fhjiyf; fhl;bYk;

nja;tPff; fhjy; NkyhdJ vd;fpd;w kjg;gpurhu thil

Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rpapy; CLght tplg;gLfpd;wJ.

• nehz;bnehz;bnehz;bnehz;bnehz;bnehz;b> kjk; khwpajd; fhuzkhfTk; mtdJ

elj;ij fhuzkhfTk; jdJ fhiy ,oe;J nfhz;l

jdJ mtyj;ijj; jhNd Mz;ltd; Kd;dpiyapy;

$wpg; gr;rhjhgg;gLtjhf; fij gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• gs;S> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b Nghd;w ehlf tbtq;fs;

~vLj;Jiuf;Fk; muq;F| md;Nwy; ~fij$Wk;| muq;fg;

gz;ghf tsu;e;j epiyapy; $j;Jf;Fupa gy mspf;if

mk;rq;fisAk; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;ld.

njUf;$j;JnjUf;$j;JnjUf;$j;JnjUf;$j;JnjUf;$j;J

• njUf;$j;Jf;fs; Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fUf;fis mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;litahfTk; KOr; #oYNk muq;f

ntspahfTk; xNu Neuj;jpy; rlq;fhfTk; mNj Neuk;

muq;fhfTk; nraw;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lditahfTk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• njUf;$j;jpy ; ghj ;j puq;fs; ,we;jfhyj;jpw ;F

cupadthfTk;> ghu;g;Nghu; epfo;fhyj;jpw;F cupatuhf

Tk; jpiu ,t;tpuz;ilAk; ,izg;gjhfTk; cs;sJ.

fl;bafhuNd ,t;tpU fhyq;fisAk; ,izg;gtdhf

cs;shd;. ghly;> Mly;fspd; Kbtpy; jd;ndOr;rpahd

nrhy;yhly;fSk; fhzg;gLk;. muq;F fhl;rpg ;

nghUs;fs;> Nkilg; nghUs;fs; ngUkstpy; ,y;yhj

tplj;Jk; ngUq;fhl;rpg; gz;G nfhz;ljhfNt mike;J

fhzg;ngWfpd;wJ.

• ghu;]p muq;Fghu;]p muq;Fghu;]p muq;Fghu;]p muq;Fghu;]p muq;Ffp.gp. 1800 fspy; ghu;]p muq;F gpupj;jhdpauhl;rpapd;

fiyg; nghf;fprq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yj;jf;f tifapy;

ghurPff; fk;gdpfs; %yk; gk;gha;g; gFjpapD}lhfj;

jkpo; ehl;by; mwpKfkhfpaJ. ghu;]p ehlfk; %lg;gl;l

glr;rl;l muq;FfSld; $ba Kg;gupkhzf; fhl;rpj;

jpiufisf; nfhz;l xUtpj kUl;if muq;fhf

mwpKfkhfpd;wJ.

• ghu;]p muq;FfSld; $bajhd ehlf cs;slf;fk;

ghu;g;Nghiu mjd; fzNeu tho;f;ifapd; kUl;iff;Fs;

mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; xd;whfNt ntspg;gLj;jg;gl

yhapw;W.



• ghu;]p muq;Ffs; ~ghlNy| muq;fhfTk; ghlYf;F

Clhf muq;fpd; KO ty;yikfisAk; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; xd;whfTk; tsu;r;rp ngwyhapw;W.

• fp.gp. 1700 fspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fPu;j;jid kugpypUe;J

tsu;r;rp ngw;Wf; fu;ehlf ,iria Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpa

muq;Ffshfg; ghu;]p ,irehlf/];ng\y; ehlfkuG

mwpKfkhfpd;wJ. ,jd; ehlfghl cUthf;fj;jpy;

rq;fujh];RthkpfsJ gzp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

• ghu;]p ehlf kuG ghuk;gupa muq;FfisAk; etPd

muq;FfisAk; ,izf;Fk; ghykhfj; njhopw;gLtijf;

fhzyhk;.

etPd ehlfq;fs;etPd ehlfq;fs;etPd ehlfq;fs;etPd ehlfq;fs;etPd ehlfq;fs;• ghu;]p/];ng\y; ehlf kugpd; njhlu;r;rpahfj; Njhw;wk;

ngw;w etPd ehlfq;fspd; Kd;Ndhbahfg; gk;gy; rk;ge;j

Kjypahu; mikfpd;whu;.

• ,tuJ ehlf <LghLfs;

• Mq;fpy ehlf mikg;igj; jOtp vOJjy;

• ghu;]p muq;fpd; Nkilf;fhl;rp mikg;Gf;fisj;

jOtp vOJjy;.

• Nky;ehl;L> tlnkhop ehlff; fw;if mtuJ ehlff;

fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ. gioa muq;fpd;

njhlu;r;rpahfg; Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fijfisAk;

ehlfkhf;fpdhu;. gpd;dhspy; r%fg; gpur;rpidfisAk;

ehlfkhf;fpdhu;. etPd jkpo; muq;F INuhg;ghitg;

Nghd;W cs;slf;fj;jpYk; tbt mikg;gpYk;

ajhu ;j ;jj ;ijg ; Ngz Kbatpy ;iy. ~ghly; |

muq;fpw;Fg; gupr;rakhd ghu;g;Nghiu> ehlf vOj;JUf;

fspd; ,ilapilNa ghly;fisAk; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;tjd; %yNk jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Kbe;jJ.

• njhlu;r;rpahd etPd muq;f Kaw;rpfs; 3 jsq;fspy;

rkfhy muq;fg; Nghf;FfshfTk;> tbtq;fshfTk;

tsu;e;njLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

1. ghuk;gupa / kuGtop muq;Ffis kPl;nlLf;Fk;

md;Nwy; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp.

2. ghuk;gupa tbtj;jpw;Fs; rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfis

,izj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rp

3. ghuk;gupaj;Jld; rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfisAk;

,izj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mNjNtis ru;tNjr uPjpahd

muq;f tbtq;fspd; jw;GJikfisAk; ,izj;Jf;

nfhz;l tsu;r;rp epiy - Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;>

NtY rutzd;> t. MWKfk; Nghd;wtu;fs; Fwpg;

gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.



• Nkw;$wpa Kaw;rpfSld; khw;W muq;fr; nrad;Kiw

fSk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; muq;f epiyapy; tsu;j;njLf;fg;

gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,jpy; K. ,uhkRthkp> gpusad;

Nghd;Nwhupd; gzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • fp.gp. 1300 fspypUe;J fp.gp. 1700 f;F ,ilg;gl;l

fhyq;fspy; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; muq;fg; gz;Gfs;. gs;S>

FwtQ;rp> nehz;b Nghd;w ehlf tbtq;fspy;

ntspg;gl;Ls;s Kiwikapid tpsf;Ff.

• ghu;]p/];ng\y; muq;f tbtq;fspd; muq;fpay; El;gq;

fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

• etPd muq;F jkpof muq;f tbtq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jpa

khw;wq;fis Muha;f.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • muq;F xU mwpKfk;



- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;








fw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfsfw;ww; NgWfs ;; ;; ; : : : : : • fPu;j;jid ehlfk;> ghu;]p ehlfk;> etPd ehlfk;

vd;gtw;wpd; Njhw;wg; gpd;Gyk; gw;wpawpjy;.

• fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; ghu;]p ehlfj;

jpd; tUiff;Fkhd njhlu;Gfis mwpjy;.

• ghu ;]p ehlfj;Jf;Fk; etPd ehlfj;Jf;Fkhd

njhlu;Gfis mwpjy;.

• etPd muq;fpd; rkfhyg; Nghf;FfisAk; mwpjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.12 :nraw;ghL 4.2.12 :nraw;ghL 4.2.12 :nraw;ghL 4.2.12 :nraw;ghL 4.2.12 : jkpof ehlf tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp. 1700 Kjy; INuhg;gpau;

tUif tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; fPu;j;jid kw;Wk;

ghu;]ptop muq;Ffspd; tUif


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • fPu;j;jid ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

• ghu;]p ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

• etPd ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

• rq;fujh];Rthkpfs;> gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;

MfpNahuJ xspg;glq;fs;.

• etPd ehlftpayhsu;fsJ ehlfq;fspd; xyp> xsp

,Wtl;Lf;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • 18Mk; E}w;whz;by; kuhl;bau;fSk; ehaf;fu;fSk; jkpo;

ehl;il Mz;L nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mNj Neuk; jkpo;

ehl;bd; ,irf;fiyapy; <LghL nfhz;L mf;fiyia

tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jdu;.

• ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; njYq;F ,ir jkpofj;jpy;

NkNyhq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

• kfhuh\;buj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j fjhfhNyl;Nrgk; vd;Dk;

tbtj;jpD}lhff; fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs; mwpKfkhfpd.

• 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapNy ghu;]p ,dj;ijr;

Nru;e;j tpahghupfs; Nky;ehl;L ehlfq;fspy; ,Ue;J

ngw;w Nkil EZf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L gbj;Njhiu

Kf;fpakhf Mq;fpNyaiu kfpo;r;rpg;gLj;jf; fyg;gpd

ehlf tbtkhd ghu;]p ehlf kugpid mwpKfk;

nra;jdu;.



• ,e;J];jhdp> ,q;fpyP]; nkl;Lf;fspy; mike;jJk; Mly;

mw;Wk; ghly; trdk; kype;Jk; $j;Jf;fs; Nghy; tpba

tpba Mlg;glhky; Neur; RUf;fKk; tpWtpWg;Gk;

ciladthd ghu;]p ehlfq;fs; mwpKfkhapd.

• njhlu;e;J Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fw;w kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdu;

Mq;fpy ehlfq;fisj; jkpopy; ju Kaw;rp vLj;jdu;.

• gbg;gjw;fhf vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;> ebg;gjw;fhd

ehlfq;fs;> gpurpj;j ehlf tbtq;fs; vd etPd jkpo;

ehlfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.




: : : : : fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs;fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs;fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs;fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs;fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs;• ,iria khj;jpuNk fUtpahff; nfhz;l ehlf tbtk;

fPu;j;jid ehlfkhFk;.

• njYq;F ,irapd; Mjpf;fk; fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fSf;

Fz;L.

• xU Fwpg;gpl;l Guhzf; fijia ,j;jifa ,ir

tbtq;fspNy $wp kf;fSf;F tpsf;Ffpd;w xU kuG

cUthfpw;W. ,jidNa fjhfhNyl;Nrgk; vd;gu;. ,jid

xU ehlf tif vd;Nw $wyhk;.

• ,J xUtNu fij $wp ebg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gf;f

thj;jpaf;fhuu; xUtu; ,Ug;ghu;. mtNu gf;fg; ghl;Lg;

ghLgtuhfTk; fij Nfl;gtuhfTk; ,Ug;ghu;.

• ,e;jf; fjhfhNyl;Nrgk; vd;Dk; ,k;kuG fu;ehlf

rq;fPjj;Jld; njhlu;gl;Lj; jkpo;ehl;by; gpugykhfpaJ.

• ,e;jf; fjhfhNyl;N;rgk; kugpypUe;J jhd; fPu;j;jid

ehlfq;fs; cUthFfpd ;wd. mjhtJ> ,ir

tbtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU ehlftbtk;

,JthFk;.

• jkpopy ; mUzhryf;ftpuhau ; ~,uhk ehlff;

fPu;j;jidia vOjpdhu;. NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu;

~ee;jdhu; rupj;jpuf; fPu;j;jid|ia vOjpdhu;.

• fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fis xUtNu fjhfhNyl;Nrg

KiwapNy nrhy;ypapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dhy; ,ijg;

gyu; ghj;jpuk; jhq;fp ebf;fpd;w KiwAk; cUthfp

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.



• fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fisf; Nfa ehlfq;fs; vd;Wk;

miog;gu;.

• fhg;G tpUj;jk;> fzgjp tUif> fl;baf;fhud; tUif>

ghj;jpu tUif> ghj;jpuk; jq;fis mwpKfk; nra;jy;>

ghj;jpuq;fs; gpd;du; ciuahly;> mjd; %ykhf ehlfk;

tsUjy;> kf;fs; $Wjy; vd ,e;ehlf mikg;G ,lk;

ngWfpd;wJ.

• ,t; mikg;G jkpo;f; $j;J kugpidAk; rk];fpUj

kugpdpy; te;j ehlf kugpidAk; mbnahw;wpajhfTk;

,Uf;fpd;wJ.

• fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tpUj;jk;> jU>

jpgij Mfpa %d;W ghly; mikg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpUj;jj;jpy; uhfk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.

Mdhy; jhsk; mikahJ. jUtpNy ,uhfKk; jhsKk;

mike;jpUf;Fk;.

• ,J gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; Mfpa %d;W

gFjpfisf; nfhz;l fPu;j;jdq;fshFk;.

• ,t;tif ehlfq;fis ebg;gjw;Ff; FuYk;> ebg;Gj;

jpwDk; Kf;fpak; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghu;]p ehlf kuGghu;]p ehlf kuGghu;]p ehlf kuGghu;]p ehlf kuGghu;]p ehlf kuG• 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ghu;]p ,dj;ijr;

Nru;e;j tpahghupfs; Nkdhl;L ehlfq;fspy; ,Ue;J

ngw;w Nkil EZf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L gbj;Njhiu>

Mq;fpNyaiu kfpo;r;rpg;gLj;jntdf; nfhz;L te;j

xU ehlf tbtkhf ,ijf; nfhs;syhk;.

• ,e;J];jhdpa> Mq;fpy nkl;Lg;ghly;fis mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;lJ.

• ghlNy Kf;fpak; ngWk;.

• Neur; RUf;fKk; tpWtpWg;Gk; nfhz;l ehlf tbtkhf

mikfpd;wJ.

• %d;W gf;fKk; milf;fg;gl;L xU gf;fk; ghu;g;Nghiuf;

nfhz;l muq;fpNy ,e;ehlfq;fs; ebf;fg;gl;ld.

• Kd;jpiu> gf;fj;jpiufs;> fhl;rpr; Nrhlidfs;> fhl;rpj;

jpiufs; vd;gtw;Wld; ehlfk; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.



• gpw;ghl;Lf;fhuUk;> gpd;dzp thj;jpaf;fhuUk; Nkilapd;

Xukhf kiwthf mku;j;jg;gl;ldu;.

• ebg;G njhopy; Kiwahapw;W. efu;g;Gwg; ghu;g;NghuJ

ehlf tbtkhfpaJ.

• ,k;kugpy; ,Utu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fshtu;.

1. ghyhkzp mk;ikahu;

2. rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;

ghyhkzp mk;ikahughyhkzp mk;ikahughyhkzp mk;ikahughyhkzp mk;ikahughyhkzp mk;ikahu ;• 1880 - 1890 tiu Gfo;ngw;wtu;.

Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; mofpa ,sk; ngz;fis itj;J

ehlfk; elj;jpatu;.

• Xtpak; tiuag;gl;l jpiufisg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.

muz;kid> g+q;fh rPdwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• ngw;Nwhkhf;]; xspapid muq;fpy; cgNahfpj;jhu;.

• ngz;fNs ngz;ghj;jpuq;fisj; jhq;fp ebj;jdu;.

rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;• igad;fis itj;J ehlfk; Nghl;ltu;.

• Ngha;]; (Boys ;) ehlff; fk;gdp vd;w ngaupy; jkJ

ehlf kd;wj;ij mikj;Jg; igad;fis kl;Lk; ehlff;

FOtpy; ,izj;jhu;.

• me;epa ehlfkugpidj; jkpo; kugpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;j

ngUik ,tiuNa rhUk;.

jkpo;ehl;Lf; fijfs; ,e;ehlf tbtj;jpd; fijg;

nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• ,e;J];jhdp> Nkw;fj;ija ,irf;Fg; gjpyhfj; jkpopir>

fu;ehlf ,iria ,tu; ifahSfpd;whu;.

• ebg;Gj;jpwd;> gapw;Wtpf;Fk; jpwd;> ehlf Mf;fj;jpwd;>

fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpwd;> ghl;baw;Wk; jpwd;> gioa jkpo;

,yf;fpaq;fspd; Nju;r;rp epu;thfj;jpwd; vdg; gy

jpwd;fisf; nfhz;ltu;.

• rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; ,Utifapy; Kf;fpak;

ngWfpd;whu;.

1. ghu;]p ehlf kugpidj; jkpo;kag;gLj;jpaik.

2. cs;Su;f; fijfisAk; Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fijfis

Ak; gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; tuyhWfisAk;

Mjhukhff; nfhz;L ehlfk; vOjpaik.

• ,tu; vOjpa ehlfq;fs; rpy tUkhW

rjp mDrpah> mgpkd;dd; Re;jup> gpufyhjd;> ts;sp

jpUkzk;> my;yprupjk;> gtsf;nfhb rupjk;> rhuq;fjhud;>

QhdrTe;jup> rj;jpathd; rhtpj;jpup> mupr;re;jpu kahd

fhz;lk;> ey;yjq;fhs;> Nfhtyd; rupj;jpuk;rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;



• gpd;dhspy; gpugyk; ngw;w b.Nf.v];. rNfhjuu;fs;>

v];.[p. fpl;lg;gh Nghd;Nwhu; rq;fujhrplk; gapw;rp

ngw;wtu;fshtu;.

• kjpg;gpoe;J ,Ue;j jkpo; ehlf kuG Gjpa njk;Gld;>

kjpg;Gld; tsu RthkpfsJ gzp fhuzkhfpaJ.

• etPd muq;FetPd muq;FetPd muq;FetPd muq;FetPd muq;FMq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; tUifNahL 19Mk; E}w;whz;by;

jkpo; ehlf cyfpy; %d;W Gjpa Nghf;Ffis

cUthf;fpaJ.

,g;Nghf;Ffs; jkpofj;jpy; etPd ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;

Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ.

Kjyhk; Nghf;FKjyhk; Nghf;FKjyhk; Nghf;FKjyhk; Nghf;FKjyhk; Nghf;F• Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdu; Mq;fpy ehlfq;

fisj; jkpopy; ju vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;.

cjhuzk;: Nrf;];gpaupd; Marchant of Venice

ntdp]; efu tzpfd; vd;w ngaupy; NtZNfhghyhr;

rhupahupdhy; jkpohf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• Mq;fpy ehlf kuigAk; tlnkhop ehlf kuigAk;

gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;

cjhuzk;: tp.Nfh. #upaehuhaz rh];jpupahupd;

&ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak; Kjyhd ehlfq;fs;.

• ,it ebg;gjw;fd;wpg; gbg;gjw;Fupa ehlfq;fshfNt

mike;jd.

,uz;lhk; Nghf;F,uz;lhk; Nghf;F,uz;lhk; Nghf;F,uz;lhk; Nghf;F,uz;lhk; Nghf;F• Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tu;f;fg; ghu;g;Nghiu kdq;

nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;. mjhtJ ebg;gjw;

nfd;W vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;. ,uz;lhk; Nghf;fp

Ds; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

• ,tu;fis mnkr;#u; ehlff;fhuu;fs; vd;Nw

mioj;jdu;.

• ,g;Nghf;fpd; Kf;fpakhdtuhff; fUjg;gLgtu; gk;ky;

rk;ge;j Kjypahu; Mthu;.

• gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu; (1873 - 1964)gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu; (1873 - 1964)gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu; (1873 - 1964)gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu; (1873 - 1964)gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu; (1873 - 1964)• 90 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlfq;fis vOjp> newpg;gLj;jp

ebj;Jk; cs;shu;.

• RFz tpyhr rig vd;w ehl epWtdj;ij

epWtpatu;.

• ,e;j epWtdj;jpy; gl;ljhupfs;> ePjpgjpfs;>

tof;fwpQu;fs;> itj;jpau;fs;> murpay;thjpfs; vdg;

gyjug;gl;l fy;tpawpTilatu;fis ,izj;Jf;

nfhz;lhu;.gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;



• ,tuJ ehlfq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

1. ,d;gpay; ehlfk; 2. Jd;gpay; ehlfk;

3. mq;fj ehlfk; 4. tuyhw;W ehlfk;

5. ieahz;b ehlfk; 6. fl;Lf;fij ehlfk;

7. nkhopngau;g;G ehlfk; 8. jOty; ehlfk;

• trd Kiwapyike;j ehlfq;fisg; gilj;Jj; jkpo;

ehlf kugpy; GjpanjhU khw;wj;ij Vw;glj;jpatuhfg;

gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahiu Nehf;fyhk;.

• ehlfk; eilngWk; Neuj;ijf; Fiwj;J Mw;Wiffshf

elj;jp ntw;wp fz;ltu;.

• ehlfj;jpd; fhl;rp mikg;G> Ntl cil xg;gid

vd;gtw;wpYk; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jhu;.

%d;whk; Nghf;F%d;whk; Nghf;F%d;whk; Nghf;F%d;whk; Nghf;F%d;whk; Nghf;F• ehlfj;ijj; njhopy; Kiwahf elj;jp te;NjhUf;Fg;

gbg;gjw;fhf vOjg;gl;l ehlfKk; gk;ky; rk;ge;j

Kjypahupd; 3 kzp Neu ehlfKk; xj;Jtuhjtplj;J

tpahghu Nehf;Fld; ghu;]p ehlfkuG> tpf;Nlhupad;

ehlf kuG> rk;ge;j Kjypahupd; ehlf kuG vd;gtw;wp

ypUe;J ngw;w mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;L xU Gjpa

kugpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;.

• fhl;rpNrhlid khw;wq;fs;> mwptpay; cj;jp Kiwfisf;

ifahz;L ehlfq;fis mspf;if nra;jdu;.

• ,g;gpuptpdUs; ethg; uh[ khzpf;fk; Kd;Ndhbahf

,Ue;jhu;. ,tu; ~jrhtjhuk;| vd;Dk; ehlfj;ij vOjpj;

jahupj;jhu;.

• 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lf;

fUj;Jf;fs; ehlfj;jpDs; GFj;jg;glyhapw;W.

v];.[P. fpl;lg;gh> Nf.gp. Re;juhk;ghs; KjyhNdhu;

,t;tifapy; Kf;fpak; ngw;w ehlff; fiyQu;fshf

tpsq;fpdu;.

• rkfhy muq;fg; Nghf;Ffs;rkfhy muq;fg; Nghf;Ffs;rkfhy muq;fg; Nghf;Ffs;rkfhy muq;fg; Nghf;Ffs;rkfhy muq;fg; Nghf;Ffs;• fp.gp. 1943 f;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehlfk;

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ Nghy;

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; jpuhtplf; fofj;jpdhy; r%f

rPu;jpUj;jf; fUj;Jf;fis kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L

nry;tjw;F ehlfk; ngUk; rhjdkhf mike;jJ.

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; ghujpjhrdpd; ehlfkhd ,uzpad;

md;Nwy; ,izaw;w tPud; ehlfk; ,jd; Kd;Ndhb

ahFk;.



• gpuhkzpak;. %l ek;gpf;if> rhjp Ntw;Wikfs;>

ifk; ngz; Nfhyk; G+Zjy;> Guhzf; fl;Lf;fij

Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpu;g;ghf ,e;ehlfq;fs; mike;jd.

• ,f;fhy ehlfq;fspd; ftu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;

mLf;F trdq;fs;> fpz;ly; trdq;fs; Nghd;wit

ahFk;.

• mz;zhj;Jiu> fUzhepjp> jpUth&u; jq;fuhR

Nghd;Nwhu; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ehlfhrpupau;fshf

tpsf;fpdu;.

• mz;zhj;Jiu re;jpNuhjak;> Ntiyf;fhup. XupuT

Kjyhd ehlfq;fis vOjpdhu;.

• fUzhepjp J}f;FNkil> goepag;gd;> cja #upad;

Kjyhd ehlfq;fis vOjpdhu;.

• jpUth&u; jq;fuhR ,uj;jf; fz;zPu; ehlfj;ij

vOjpdhu;.

• ,yf;fpag; gj;jpupiffspy; vOjpa vOj;jhsu;fSk;

ehlfq;fis vOjpdu;.

cjhuzk;: GJikg;gpj;jd; vOjpa ~thf;Fk; tf;Fk;|

• b.Nf. rNfhjuu;fs; ehlfq;fis Nkilapl;L te;jdu;.

• Nkil mspf;if Kiwapy; Kd;gpUe;j trdghzp

ehlfq;fisNa gpd;gw;wpdu;.

• 1970 fspy; ehlfk;1970 fspy; ehlfk;1970 fspy; ehlfk;1970 fspy; ehlfk;1970 fspy; ehlfk;• ,f;fhyj;jpy; ehlf Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Nlhu; cz;ik

ahd ehlfj;ijj; NjLk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.

• 1 9 7 7,y ; fhe ;j p f p u hkj ;j py ; Nguhr p u pau ;

Nf. ,uhkhD[k; jk; Kaw;rpapdhy; elj;jpa ehlfg;

gl;liw> 1978 ,y; Njrpa ehlfg; gs;spAk;> fhe;jp

fpuhkf; fpuhkpag; gy;fiyf;fofKk; ,ize;J

elj;jpa ehlfg; gl;liw.

• 1980 ,y; ghjy; ru;f;fhu; elj;jpa ehlfg;gl;liw.

• ,g;gl;liwfspd; Ngwhf ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fs; Gjpa

rpe;jidfspD}lhff; fl;b tsu;f;fg;glyhapd.

• ehlf ,af;fq;fs; gy cUthf;fg;gl;L mjd; %yk;

ehlfq;fs; jahupf;Fk; Kiwik cUthfpd;wd.

tPjp ehlf ,af;fk;> ep[ ehlf ,af;fk;> guPf;\h>

rgh> $j;Jg;gl;liw vd;gd ehlf ,af;fq;fSf;Fr;

rpwe;j vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf;fshFk;.

• ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; %d;W fl;lq;fspy; muq;F rpj;jpupf;

fg;gl;L tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

1. ghuk;gupa kuGtop muq;if kPl;nlLj;jy; md;Nwy;

nrk;ikg;gLj;jy;.

2. ghuk;gupa muq;f tbtq;fSf;Fs; rkfhyg;

gpur;rpidfisg; GFj;Jjy;.

3. ghuk;gupa tbtq;fisAk; ru;tNjr uPjpahd

muq;f tbtq;fisAk; cs;thq;fpr; rkfhy

muq;fhf tsu;j;njLj;Jr; nry;Yjy;.

ghjy; ru;f;fhu;ghjy; ru;f;fhu;ghjy; ru;f;fhu;ghjy; ru;f;fhu;ghjy; ru;f;fhu;



• khw;W muq;f eltbf;iffSk; rkfhyj;jpy;

Kistpl Muk;gpj;jd.

1. ghuk;gupa kuGtop muq;if kPl;nlLj;jy; md;Nwy;

nrk;ikg;gLj;jy;.

ep[ ehlf ,af;fj;jpd; gzpfs; vd;gtw;iw ,jw;F

cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

2. ghuk;gupa muq;f tbtq;fSf;Fs; rkfhyg; gpur;rpid

fisg; GFj;Jjy;

NtY rutzdpd; ~~Mop ehlf ,af;fk;||> jkpoupd;

ehlf milahsq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;NwhL

r%fg; gpur;rpidfis tpsf;Fk;> xU gazj;jpd;

fij> jPdpg;Nghu;> nksdf;Fuy;> Vfiytd; Nghd;w

ehlfq;fis Nkil ,l;l ,isa gj;kehjd;> kq;if

MfpNahu; cs;slf;fpa ~~gy;fiy muq;fk;|| jypj;

kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis ntspg;gLj;j gyp MLfs;>

rpwF Nghd;w ehlfq;fis Nkilapl;l Nf. V.

FzNrfupd; ~~jd;dhNd|| fiyf;FO Kjyhd

kd;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

3. ghuk;gupa tbtq;fisAk; ru;tNjr uPjpahd muq;f

tbtq;fisAk; cs;thq;fpr; rkfhy muq;if tsu;j;

njLj;Jf; nry;Yjy;.

• Nguhrpupau; K. ,uhkrhkp> Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;>

Nf.V. FzNrfud;> NtY rutzd; Kjyhdtu;fs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.

• gpusad; Nghd;wtu;fspd; khw;W muq;f eltbf;if

fSk; rkfhyj;jpy; Kistpl Muk;gpf;fpd;wd.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • jkpo; ehl;by; fp.gp. 1700 f;Fg; gpd;du; epytpa ehlf

tbtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mjd; tbt uPjpahd

gz;GfisAk; khw;wq;fisAk; tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;



- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;

• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo; ehlfk;

• muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3 : : : : : ,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpy ehlff; fiyapd; gpd;dzpiaAk;

tsu;r;rpiaAk; Muha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyapd; tuyhW njhlu;ghd jfty;

fis tptupj;jy;.

• Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyapd; tsu;r;rpapy; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;Njhu; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.

• Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyg; gilg;Gf;fis kjpj;jy;.

• Mq;fpy ehlfq;fisg; ghu;j;J ,urpj;jy;.

• ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; ghlj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F

Mq;fpy ehlfj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig kjpj;jy;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL 4.3.14.3.14.3.14.3.14.3.1 : : : : : ~~,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlff; fiyapy; tuyhw;iwr;

RUf;fkhfg; gapYNthk;.||RNjrr; rlq;FfspYk; rka

epfo;r;rpfspYk; mlq;fpAs;s ehlfr; #oikTfs;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • ,yq;ifapy; Nkilaplg;gl;l Mq;fpy ehlfq;fspd;

xspg;glq;fs;> CD/DVD

• Mq;fpy ehlfq;fis NkilNaw;wpNahupd; xspg;glq;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyk; Kjyhf ,yq;ifapy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mq;fpy ehlf Kd;ndLg;Gf;fisAk;

mtw;iw Kd;ndLj;NjhiuAk; gw;wpg; gapy;tNj


fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • fye;Jiuahly;> tpupTiu> E}y; crhTif> Njbawpe;J

fw;wy;


: : : : : • tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs;tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs;tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs;tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs;tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs;• gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jy; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fspd;

Muk;gk; (fp.gp. 1800 njhlf;fk;)

• gpupj;jhdpa mur ghJfhg;Gg; gilapduhy; Kjd;

Kjypy; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfQ;

nra;ag;gl;ld. mtu;fspilNa ehlff; FOtpdu;

fhzg;gl;likahy; ntt;NtW Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs;

jahupf;fg;gl;L xU fz;fhl;rpf; fiyahf Mq;fpy

nkhop %yj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.



• nghyp]; gapYeu; ehlff; FOTk; mf;fhyj;jpy;

ehlfq;fis Kd;itj;jJ. ntt;NtW rq;fq;fs;>

fofq;fspdhy; ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. gbg;

gbahfg; nghJkf;fspilNaAk; ehlfq;fs; gutj;

njhlq;fpd.

• ntspehl;L ehlff; FOf;fSk; ,q;F te;J ehlfq;

fis Kd;itj;Js;shu;. mjw;fhfg; gpurpj;jpngw;w

rkfhy Mq;fpy ehlfhrpupau;fspdhy; vOjg;gl;l

ehlfq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf

Nkiyj;Nja kj;jpa ju tu;f;fj;jpdupd; gpur;rpid

fisf;nfhz;l ajhu;j;j ehlfq;fshfNt mit

,Ue;jd.

• ghJfhg;Gg; gilapduhy; ,e;ehl;by; ebf;fg;gl;l

ehlfq;fs; ngUk;ghyhdit rkfhy INuhg;ghtpy;

ebf;fg;gl;l rduQ;rfkhd ehlfq;fshf ,Ue;jd.

Fwpg;ghf `h];a ehlfq;fSk; vOjpAs;sdu;.

Mq;fpy nkhopapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l ,e;ehlfq;fs;

ajhu;j;jNkhbapy; mike;jpUe;jd. ,f;fhyj;jpy;

,yq;if ehlfq;fspy; ngz;fs; ebf;ftpy;iy

nadpDk;> ,yq;iff;F te;j Mq;fpy ehlfq;fspy;

ngz;fs; ghj;jpuq;fspy; ngz;fNs ebj;jjhfg;

gj pthf pAs ;sJ. mnku pf ;fh> ,q ;f pyhe ;J>

mT];jpNuypah Nghd;w ehLfspypUe;J ,f;FOf;fs;

te;Js;sd. gpupj;jhdpa ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdu;

Kd;itj;j ehlfq;fs; jtpu;e;jtplj;J> rkfhy

ehlff;FOf;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gy ehlfq;fSk;

nfhOk;G> fz;b Nghd;w efuq;fspy; NkilNaw;wg;

gl;Ls;sd.

• ,e;ehl;L cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; gy;fiyf;

fofq;fspYk; ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. Mq;fpy

nkhop %y ehlfj; jahupg;gpy; Nguhjidg;

gy;fiyf;fofk; Kjd;ikaplk; ngWfpd;wJ. 19Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpay; Mq;fpy nkhopapy;

fw;gpj;j rpy ghlrhiyfSk; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fisj;

jahupj;jik gjpthfpAs;sJ.

cjhuzk;: fy;fpir - rhe;j Njhk]; fy;Y}up

nfhOk;G - nt];yp fy;Y}up

nfhOk;G - Nwhay; fy;Y}up

nfhOk;G - Mde;jh fy;Y}up

• ,f;fy;Y}upfspy; Mq;fpy ehlff; fofq;fs; jhgpf;fg;

gl;L ehlff;fiy eilngw;W te;jikf;Fr; rhd;Wfs;

cs;sd. tUl ,Wjp tpLKiwf;F Kd;du; Mq;fpy

ehlfnkhd;iwj; jahupg ;gJ ghlrhiyfspd;

tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.



cjhuzk;: 1874 ,y; rhe;j Njhk]; fy;Y}up jahupj;j

tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; kpl; ]k;ku; iew;]; l;uPk;

(Mid summer nights dream - Nfhil fhy eLg;gFjp

,unthd;wpy; fz;l fdT) ntw;wpfukhd xU ehlfj;

jahupg;ghFk;.

20Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mq;fpy ehlfk;20Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mq;fpy ehlfk;20Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mq;fpy ehlfk;20Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mq;fpy ehlfk;20Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mq;fpy ehlfk;• 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gy ghlrhiyfspy;

Mq;fpy ehlff; fofq;fSk; Mq;fpy ehlf E}y;

fSk; guk;gpd. mjd; tpisthf Mq;fpy ehlfg;

gz;ghnlhd;W cUthfpaJ. $lNt ngUe;njhif

Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;likia mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ.

• 20Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; Mq;fpy Ra Mf;f

ehlfq;fis vOJjy; ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gkhfpaJ.

• 1977 ,y; vk;.lgps;A> N[hrg;> vr;.rP.vd;. ydNuhy;

MfpNahu; jahupj;j ehlfq;fs; Kf;fpakhdJ.

cjhuzk;: The return of ralahamy

Fifty fifty

The senator

• ,jw;F ,izahff; nfhOk;G> ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;

fof Mq;fpy ehlfg; gpuptpy; Mq;fpy ehlfj;

jahupg;Gg; gzpfs; 1933 njhlf;fk; Nguhrpupau; <.vt;.rP.

Ynlhitf; mtu;fsJ jiyikapy; Muk;gpf;fg;

gl;bUe;jJ.

• 1939 ,y; = ep];]q;f tpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl; Our

Lanka vDk; ,yq;ifg; ngUik $Wk; ehlfk;

Xu; Mq;fpy ehlfkhf tuyhw;wpy; gjpthfp

cs;sJ.

• 1950 fspy; gpd;du; Mq;fpy ehlfj;Jiwapy; ghupa

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. me;ehlfq;fspy; murpaYk;

r%fKk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;likNa mJ

thFk;.

cjhuzkhf@ Y\d; j nrha;rhtpdJ

Fortress in the sky (1956),

Prince of the lonely days (1957),

Fine and strong wind 91958),

Put out the light (1964) Nghd;wit

Kf;fpakhdit.

• tP. mupauj;dk;> fhkpdp Fztu;jd MfpNahUk;

Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs; vOjpNahUs; mlq;Ftu;.

tP. mupauj;jpdj;jpd; The sigiriya king, Christoper

columbus, fhkpdp Fztu;jdtpd; Roma and Sita

MfpadTk; Kf;fpakhd ehflq;fshff; fUjg;

gLfpd;wd.



• 1970Mk; jrhg;jk; Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyapy; tsu;r;rp

fhzg;gl;l xU fhyg;gFjpahFk;. mjpf tpku;rd

uPjpahd ehlff; fiy ,f;fhyj;jpNyNa Njhd;wpaJ.

Vu;d];w; nkf;fpd;uau; ,jd; Kd;Ndhb Mtu;.

ehlff;fiyapy; Gjpa rpe;jid GFj;jg;gl;lJ.

cjhuzkhf

~~Let us give them curry||, Loneliness of the short distonce

fraveller|| ,q;F tho;f;ifapd; nghJthd epfo;Tfisf;

fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;bUg;gJ rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

• Ynlhitf; ntspehL nrd;wjd; gpd;du;> mtuJ

ez;gu;fSk; khztu;fSk; mtuJ gzpiaj;

njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. N`u;gu;l; mkurpq;f>

M\;yp ̀ y;Ng> yf;\;kp j rpy;th> f;Nshlh [a#upa>

Vu;d];w; kf;fpd;lau;> uQ;[pj; xNgNrf;fu> nu[p

r p u ptu ; jd > x] ;kd ;l ; [auj ;d > fhk pd p

`j;njhl;LNtfk MfpNahUk; mjpy; mlq;Ftu;.

nu[p rpuptu;jd mtu;fspy; Kjd;ikahdtu;. mtuJ

ehlfq;fSs; The almsgiving, The bus to mulleriyawa. The

Mannequin, The temptations of paradise Nghd;wit

rpwg;ghd Mf;fq;fshFk;.

eLj;ju tFg;gpduJ r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfNs

The almsgiving ehlfj;Jf;F mbg;gilahf mke;jd.

nu[p rpuptu;jd vOjpa Long days task ehlfk; upr;rl;

j nrha;rhtpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. Nghuhrpupau;

M\;yp ̀ y;Ng> gy;fiyf;fof ehlfr; nrad;Kiw

apD}lhd ehlfj;Jiwapd; xU cau;jukhd

ehlfhrpupau; Mthu;.

• mtu; ];ngapd; ehl;L fhu;rpah NyhfhtpdJ

• The old wedding (j Xy;l; ntl;bq;)

• kf;\pk; Nfhu;f;fpapdJ ngw;wp g+u;tRth

• Xf];l; ];l;uPd;Ngu;f; ,dJ The father (j/ghju;)

Mfpa ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;jhu;.

• ngy;[pak; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j &b nfhud;]; xU

nghk;kyhl;lf; fiyQuhfNt ngupJk; gpugy;ak;

ngw;wpUe;jhnudpDk;> mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; caupa

juKila gy Mq;fpy ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;Js;shu;.

• 1985 ,y; my;Ngl; fhk;A ,dJ Coligula ehlfj;ij

rpq;fs muq;ifAk; njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfj;Jiwia

Ak; Nru;e;j ebfu;fs; rpyiu ,izj;Jj; jahupj;jhu;.

• 1989 ,y; n`uhy;l; gpd;uu; ,dJ ehd;F FW

ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;jhu;.



• The Nephew From Angoda vd;gJ nghk;kyhl;lj;ij

gad;gLj;jp mtu; cUthf;fpa xU ehlfkhFk;.

• 1990 ,y; The Tricks of Arkccnino

• TheHuman Voice

• Sonata and Three Gentlement

• <];fpy]; ,dJ The libaton rearons vd;gJ 1987 ,y;

mtu; jahupj;j fhj;jpukhd xU ehlfkhFk;.

,e;ehlfj;jpy; upr;rl; B nrha;rhTk; mtuJ jahuhfpa

itj;jpau; kNdhuhzp rutzKj;JTk; ebj;jdu;.

• ,e;J ju;kNrd (1990) ,dJ ~~kjh ,j;jpd; Lgha;

fpah|| (Maday ithin Dubai giya) ehlfKk; rkfhy

r%fj;ijf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;l Xu; rduQ;rf

khd Mq;fpy ehlfkhFk;. mtu; Fwpg;ghf xU

`h\;a ehlfhrpupauhfNt gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.

• 1992 ,y; nfhOk;G rhe;j gPw;wu; fy;Y}up khztu;

FOnthd;Wld; elj;jg;gl;l ehlfr; nrayku;nthd;

wpd; %yk; ehlfj;JiwAld; ,ize;j n[Nuhk; j

rpy;th> jw;NghJ Mq;fpy muq;fpy; fhzg;gLk;>

ghz;bj;jpakpf;f> [duQ;rfkhd ehlfhrpupau; Mthu;.

ngUe;njhifahNdhiu ,izj;Jg; ghupa ehlfq;f

isj; jahupj;Js;shu;. ntspehl;L ehlfr; nrayku;T

fs; gytw;wpy; gq;Fgw;wpAs;shu;. gpurpj;jp ngw;w

Mq;fpy ehlfhrpupau;fs; gyuplk; ehlff;fy;tp gapYk;

tha;g;igAk; mtu; ngw;Ws;shu;.

~Workshop Players| vDk; ngaupy; ehlf mikg;

nghd;wpidj; jhgpj;jpUf;Fk; n[Nuhk; j rpy;th

,Jtiuapy; Les miserables, The Royal hunt of the sun,

west side Story, The lion king, middle of silence Nghd;w

gy ehlfq;fisj; je;Js;shu;.

• n[Nuhk; j rpy;th Mq;fpy muq;fpy; khj;jpuk; jhd;

gilg;Gf;fis Kd;itj;Js;shu; vdf; $Wtjw;

fpy;iy. mtu; rpq;fs Nkil ehlfq;fs; rpytw;iw

Ak; gilj;Js;shu;. kf;ngf;> ~Mnaj; vd;Nd Ne|>

~ntnye;jhNf kuza| Nghd;wit mtw;Ws;

mlq;Fk;. NkYk; eldthf;ftpayhsu;(Choreographer)

vd;w tifapYk; n[nuhk; j rpy;th jkJ jpwik

fis ntspf;fhl;bAs;shu;. khdr tpy> ~l;Nuh[d;

fhe ;jhNth | Nghd ;w ehlfq ;fs py ; mtu ;

eldthf;ftpayhsuhfg; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. l;Nuh[d;

fhe;jhNth (l;Nuh[d; ngz;fs;) ehlfj;jpy; eld

Mf;fj;jpw;fhf mur tpUJ ngw;Ws;shu;. mtu; Mq;fpyn[nuhk; j rpy;thn[nuhk; j rpy;thn[nuhk; j rpy;thn[nuhk; j rpy;thn[nuhk; j rpy;th



ehlf muq;fpy; ehlfj; jahupg;ghsuhfTk; eldthf;f

tpayhsuhfTk; kl;Lkd;wp xU ebfdhfTk; gzp

ahw;Wfpd;whu;.

• jw;fhy Mq;fpy ehlf muq;fpy; jpwikkpf;f

ehlfhrpupau;fs; gyu; cs;sdu;. mtu;fSs; Mq;fpy

ehlff; fiyiar; ru;tNjr kl;lj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L

nrd;W Muha;r;rpg; ghijapy; Mq;fpy ehlfj;ij

,l;Lr; nry;Yk; xU gilg;ghspahf Ute;jp b rpf;Nfuh

fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. mtu; ehlfk; vOJjy;> ehlf

trdk; vOJjy;> ehlf newpahs;if> Mfpa

Jiwfspy; jpwik fhl;Lfpd;whu;. Ute;jp b rpf;Nfuh

,d; ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fs; ,yq;if> If;fpa

,uhr;rpak;> ag;ghd;> ,e;jpah> mT];jpNuypah>

gpypg;igd;]; Mfpa ehLfspy; NkilNaw;wg;

gl;Ls;sd.

• mtu; jahupj;j rpy ehlfq;fspy; epakkw;w ehlf

kugpd; jhf;fj;ijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

• ‘Two limes Two is Two’ ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; %yk;

tNahjpgu; xUtupd; tho;f;ifapy; jdpikf;Fk;>

,isQd; xUtdpd; tho;f;ifapy; jdpikf;Fk;

,ilapyhd ,ilntspia epakkpy; ehlf

kugpD}lhf Kd;itj;Js;shu;.

• ‘Check Point’ - ,JTk; epakkpy; tifiar; Nru;e;j

xU ehlfkhFk;. Aj;jkhdJ nfhOk;G efu jkpo;

kf;fspy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij ,J vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

• ‘Her streets’ - nfhOk;G efupy; ,Wf;fkhd ghJfhg;Gr;

Nrhjidfs; epiwe;j xU #oypy; tho;e;j Xu; ,se;

jkpo;g;ngz; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; epiyikia ,e;ehlfk;

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

• ‘Filling the blanks” ,e;ehlfk; ,yq;ifapy; Aj;jj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU fijg;nghUspy;

vOjg;gl;l xU ehlfkhFk;.

• ‘Middle of the silence’ ,e;j ehlfk; 1997 ,y;

gpupj;jhdpa fTd;rpypdhy; elj;jg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JU

vOJk; Nghl;bapy; tpUJ ngw;wJ. 1999 ,y; n[nuhk;

b rpy;th ,jid newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.



• Utd;jp b rpf;Nfuh Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;Jiwapy;

nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;ljhup Mthu;.

kd;nr];lu; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gpuNahfg;gl;lj;ij

Ak; ngw;Ws;shu;. ,yq;if ehlf cgFOtpd; Xu;

mq;fj;jtuhfTk; nraw;gl;Ls;shu;. Mw;Wiff;

fiyfs; gy;fiyf;fof ntspthup tpupTiuahsuhf

Tk; gzpahw;Wfpd;whu;.

• gy;fiyf;fofj;jpD}lhfj; Njhd;wpa Mq;fpygy;fiyf;fofj;jpD}lhfj; Njhd;wpa Mq;fpygy;fiyf;fofj;jpD}lhfj; Njhd;wpa Mq;fpygy;fiyf;fofj;jpD}lhfj; Njhd;wpa Mq;fpygy;fiyf;fofj;jpD}lhfj; Njhd;wpa Mq;fpy

ehlfq;fs;ehlfq;fs;ehlfq;fs;ehlfq;fs;ehlfq;fs;• Nguhrpupau; <.vt;.rP. YNlhitf; Kd;Ndhbahfr;

nraw;gl;likahy; gy;fiyf;foff; fhyj;Js;>

mf;fhyj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;j

ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. (tUlj;jpw;F xU

ehlfNkDk;.)

• Nguhrpupau; YNlhitf;fpdJ jiyikapy; Kd;

itf;fg;gl;l ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fs; tUkhW:

1932 - Nfhnfhy; ,dJ The Marriage (Kjy; jahupg;G)

1933 - ];ngapd; ehl;L Ftpd;uNuh rNfhjuu;fshy;

vOjg;gl;l Where women rule (ntahu; tpnkd;

W}s;)

1934 - mau;yhe;J ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j ~upr;ru;l; gpupd;];yp

n\uPld;| The rivals (j iuty;];)

A+upgpb]; ,dJ irf;fpNshg];

1935 - gpuhd;R ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j Nkhypau; vOjpa

The Imagingery world (j ,kh[pdup Ntu;y;l;)

1936 - Ftpd;lNuh rNfhjuu;fspd; j NyB];

/Gnuhk; my;gfpt;fpt;

1937 - ,j;jhyp ehl;L> fhNyh Nfhy;Nlhdp ,dJ

The servent of two masters. (j Nru;td;l; xg; ̂

kh];lu;];)

1938 - Mq;fpNyauhd N[hu;[; Ngu;dhl;\h ,dJ

The arms and the man (j Mk;]; vd;l; j Nkd;)

1939 - rPd ehl;ltuhd ̀ rpcq; ,dJ ~~Nyb gpNur];

];l;uPk;||

1940 - tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupdJ

The merry wives of windsor (j nku;up itt;];

x/g tpz;l;]u;)

1941 - Ftpd;uNuh rNfhjuu;fspd;

‘Peace and Quiet’ (gP]; vd; Ftaw;)

1942 - ,a+[pd; xdpy; ,dJ khu;Nfh kpypad;];



1943 - N[hu;[; Ngu;dhl;\h ,dJ

~~j rpk;g;yl;ld; xt; j md;v];ngf;ll; mapy;];|

Iy;]; \hd; xf;fhrp ,dJ The star furned red.

1945 - ,j;jhyp ehl;L Yap[p gpud;lNyh ,dJ

Right you are if you think so

(iuw; a+ Mu; ,/g; a+ jpq;f; Nrh)

1946 - Nehu;Nt ehl;L n`d;upf; ,g;rd; ,dJ

The pillars of the Society (j gpy;yu;]; xg; j

nrhrnal;b)

1947 - gpNdhNuh ,dJ

j nrfd;l; kprp]; nld;f;tNu

1948 - cNuhk ehlfhrpupau; g;Nsl]; ,dJ

The twins (j Ltpd;];)

1949 - Ngu;b ,dJ j Nlhga]; vd;w VQ;[y;>

N[.N[. ngu;dhl; ,dJ ~j ry;fp gau;|>

ngupNlhl; gpnuf;l; ,dJ ~j Fl; Tkd; xg;

nrl;Rthd;|

1950 - \pNahd; mdpA ,dJ

~~md;upfdp|| Rj;uf;f ,dJ kpUr;rfl;bfh

,idj; jOtp> mju; tpy;ypak; iulu; ,dhy;

nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;l The little cloy cart (j ypl;y;

fpNs fhu;l;)

1951 - gpud;lNyh ,dJ Naked (Nefl;)

1956 - N[hu;[; Ngu;dhl;N\h ,dJ ~md;l;NuhfpsP];

vd;u yad;||

• ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlf tuyhw;wpy; Ynlhitf;

fhyg;gFjpapy; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w ehlfq;fis

Kd;itf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l ebfu;fs; gyUk;

caupa fiy ,uridAila ghu;g;NghUk;> tpku;rfu;

fSk; cUthfpdu;.

• ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlfj;Jiwf;F nuhgl; gP

ept;ld;> epa+khd; [{ghy; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;G.

mtu;fsJ jahupg;Gf;fs;:

epa+l;ld; jahupj;j> tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupdJ

The twelth night (J Lnty;j; iew;)

epAkhd; [{ghy; jahupj;j> ngud;]; Nkhy;du; ,dJ

tpy;ypnahk; kw;Wk; ngu;dhl;\h ,dJ~Nk[u; ghu;guh|



• 1956 ,y; Ynlhitf; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fr; nrd;w gpd;du;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nkw;Nghe;jthwhd jukhd

Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gltpy;iy. 1960 fspd;

gpd;du; NtWrpy gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Njhd;wpd. md;W

xU jdpg; gy;fiyf;foj;jpD}lhf cUthfpa

ehlfq;fs; ,d;W gpupj;J tpuptile; Js;sJ. vdpDk;

1956 ,d; gpd;du; Mq;fpy nkhopapd; epiy

tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. 1970Mk; jrhg;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Vw;gl;l

gz ;ghl ;L md ;Nwy ; fyhrhu kWkyu ;r ; r p

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa

NghjpYk; Mq;fpy ehlfj;Jiw njhlu;ghfj; njs;sj;

njspthd Kd;Ndw;wk; VJk; Vw;gltpy;iy. ,d;W

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; XusTf;F ntt;NtW tifahd

Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wikiaAk; Fwpg;

gplhjpUf;f KbahJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fspd; tuyhWk; tsu;r;rpAk;

gw;wp tptupf;Ff.

• ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlfhrpupau;fs; gw;wpa jfty;

fisj; jpul;b xU rpw;NwL jahupf;Ff.

• ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ehlfq;







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : : : : : ,yq;ifapy; ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfspdJk;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j ntspehl;L

ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; Njbahuha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| vDk; ehlfj;jpd; fij njhlu;ghff;

fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jy;.

• ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| fijapd; ghj;jpug; gilg;igg;

gFj;jha;jy;.

• Kf;fpa fUj;ij milAk; tifapy; fij tsu;f;fg;

gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij Muha;jy;.

• r%fj; njhlu;ghf ehlff;fhuupd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijj;

jdJ nrhe;j mDgtkhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• r%fj;jpd; rpf;fhu;e;j jd;ikia Mo;e;J Muha

Kw;gLj;jy;.

nraw;ghL 4.4.1nraw;ghL 4.4.1nraw;ghL 4.4.1nraw;ghL 4.4.1nraw;ghL 4.4.1 : : : : : ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| ehlfj;ijr; rw;W EZfp

Nehf;FNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlf vOj;JU> tpku;rd E}y;fs;

• Ngl;Nlhy;> gpnuf;bd; xspg;glk;

• ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlf ,Wtl;L (CD)

• ntz;fl;b tl;l ehlff; fhl;rpfisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;

glq;fs; rpy

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : • Nghl;Nlhy; gpnu/bd; ehlfq;fspnyhd;whfpa

~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| vDk; ehlfj;ijr; rw;W EZfp

Nehf;FtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • E}y; crhTif> ehlfj;ijg; ghu;j;jy;> fye;Jiuahly;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : • ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfk; - mwpKfk;

• ntz;fl;b tl;lk; n`d;up [aNrd vDk; ehlff;fhuuhy;

rpq;fsj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.

• N[u;kd; ehl;L ehlffhuuhd Ngu;Nlhy;l; gpnuf;l; ,dJ

The Caucasian chalk circle vDk; gilg;gpd; nkhopngau;g;

ghf ~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;| vd;w gjk; mike;Js;sJ.



• ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| rpq;fsj;jpy; 1967,y; ebf;fg;gl;lJ.

• rpq;fs ehlf tuyhw;wpy; ngupJk; ntw;wpaspj;j

rduQ;rfkhd xU ehlfkhf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• Nrhtpaj; nfhkpa+d;fs; ,uz;bd; kf;fs;> Nghupy;

mopTw;w epiyapy; re;jpj;J> xU gs;sj;jhf;fpd; cupik

Fwpj;J elj;jpa fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ ke;ij

tsu;g;NghUf;fy;yhJ gotif tsu;g;NghUf;Nf

gs;sj;jhf;F cupj;jhjy; Ntz;Lk; vdj; jPu;khdpf;fg;

gl;lik> kw;Wk; rPd ctikf; fijnahd;wpy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;s ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| njhlu;ghd fij

vd;gtw;iw epidt+l;Lk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.

ahNjDnkhd;wpd; cupik> mjd; tpisit epakkhd

tifapy; ngWNthUf;F md;wp> mt;tpisitf;

nfhs;isapl;Lf; nfhs;gtUf;F my;y vdf;$wp>

mf;fijia ehlf tbtpy; ntspapLk; tifapNyNa

,e;ehlfj;jpd; gpd;dzp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• rPdg; Guhzf; fijfspYk;> ~~ck;kf;f [hjff;||

fijapy; gps;is njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidapYk;>

tptpypaj;jpy; nrhykdpd; jPu;TfspYk; ,f;fij

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ~ntz;fl;b tl;lf;| fijapy; mjw;Fg;

GJtpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Nkhbik kw;Wk; ajhu;j;j ehlf ghzpfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

,e;ehlfj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

~ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp~ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp~ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp~ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp~ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp• ghapuk; - fle;jfhyj;ij epidT+l;Lk; tifapy;

mike;Js;sJ.

• NkYk; ePjp epahakhd r%f Kiwiknahd;wpw;fhfg;

gz;ila kuGuPjpahd r%fKk;> Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisf;

nfhz;l ,isQu; r%fKk; xd;wpizjy; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJk; mt;thW xd;wpizfpd;wikAk; ghapuj;jpd;

NghJ tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Aj;jk;> Aj;jk; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l mopTfs;> Aj;jj;jpd;

Clhfg; ngw Ntz;ba gbg;gpidfs;> r%fj;ij kPz;Lk;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhfr; nra;a Ntz;bait ahit

vd;git gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb ehlfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; ghapuk; Jizahfpd;wJ.

• ~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;| ehlfk; ,uz;L gFjpfshfTk;

Ie;J fhl;rpfshfTk; tpupfpd;wJ.



• KjyhtJ gFjpapd; KjyhtJ fhl;rpapy; f];ngf;>

el;lhypah> ,sturd;> F&rh> irkd; r\hth>

itj;jpau;fs; ,Utu; Mfpa ghj;jpuq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;

gl;Ls;sd. g+irf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,sturd; N[hu;[p

mg\;tpy;ypaplk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfs;>

Kbf;Fupa ,sturidf; fz;lTld; kf;fs; jk;

gpur;rpidfis kwe;JNghjy;> itj;jpau;fspd; gzpfs;>

Nghu; njhlu;ghf ntWg;gilAk; ,sturd; fl;llf;

fiyQu;fisf; nfhz;L Gjpa fl;llnkhd;iw

mikg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;> fyff;fhuu;fs;

,sturiu ,Uk;Gr; rq;fpypfshy;; fl;b ehL flj;Jjy;>

gps;is njhlu;ghff; fuprid fhl;lhJ> Mguzq;fspy;

ftdQ;nrYj;Jk; el;lhypah murp> gps;isiaf;

iftpl;Lj; jg;gpr; nry;yy;> irkd; r\hthTf;Fk;

F&rhTf;Fk; ,ilNaahd xg;ge;jk;> F&rh gps;isAld;

ghJfhg;ghd Xu; ,lj;Jf;Fj; jg;gpr; nry;yy; Nghd;w

tplaq;fs; mg;gFjpapy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wik.

• Kjyhk; gFjpapd; ,uz;lhk; fhl;rpapy;> F&rh gps;isA

ld; kiyg;gFjpf;Fj; jg;gpr; nry;yy;> ghy; ngWtjw;F

vLf;Fk; Kaw;rp> Foe;ijia xU jpz;izapy;

itj;Jtpl;Lr; nrd;w Ntisapy; F&rh Kd; xU Nghu;

tPud; vjpu;g;gly;. jpz;izapYs;s gps;isaplk; XbtUk;

F&rh> Nghu; tPuidg; nghy;ypdhy; jhf;fp> capuiug;

gzak; itj;J rq;fpypg; ghyj;ijj; jhz;b kiyg;

gpuNjrj;Jf;Fj; jg;gpr; nry;yy; Mfpad ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

Kuz;ghL cf;fpu epiyia milAk; fl;lkhf

,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• Kjyhk; gFjpapd; %d;whk; fhl;rpapy; F&rh jdj

rNfhjud; ~yt;nuj;jp| iaj; Njbr; nry;yy;. mtid

tPl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;wj; jUzk; ghu;j;jpUf;Fk; mtdJ

Nahridapd;gb F&rh kuzj; jWthapy; ,Uf;Fk;

kdpjd; xUtid kzj;jy;. vdpDk; jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;du;

mk;kdpjd; Rfk; ngw;wikahy; vjpu;ghuhj epiyikia

vjpu;nfhs;Sk; F&rh> rh\hitr; re;jpj;jy;. Nghu;

tPuu;fs; te;J ,sturd; ikf;fiy mioj;jr;

nry;Yk;NghJ F&rh mtu;fspd; gpd;dhy; Xbr;

nry;Yjy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

,g;gFjpapy ; Jupjkhd gy khw;wq;fs; ,lk;

ngWfpd;wik.

• ,uz;lhk; gFjpapd; KjyhtJ fhl;rpapy; mrplf;

mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gLjy;> ,sturid tpLtpj;j

Fw;wj;jpw;fhfj; jz;lid toq;FkhW ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fr;

nry;yy;> mrlf; ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gly;> mrlf; jPu;T

toq;Fk; tof;Ffs;> el;lhypahTk; \t;thTk; tUif



je;J Foe;ij njhlu;ghd tof;F gw;wp mrlf; ,lk;

njuptpj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

• ,uz;lhk; gFjpapd; ,uz;lhk; fhl;rpapy; gpujhd

ghj;jpuq;fSf;F ,ilapy; ,lk;ngWk; rfy Kuz;ghL

fSk; mD$ykhd tifapy; jPu;j;jy;. mrlf; cl;gl

rfy ghj;jpuq;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; fLikahd tpku;rdj;

Jf;F Mshjy;> F&rhTk; el;lhypahTk; tof;Ff;F

Maj;jkhjy;> mrlf;> mur fl;lis fhuzkhf ePjpgjp

gjtpapy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLjy;> gps;is njhlu;ghd

tof;F tprhuiz vd;gd Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wik.

• ~~ve;jg; nghUSk; cupatUf;Nf cupj;jhf Ntz;Lk;||

vDk; $w;Wld; ntz;fl;b tl;l ehlfj;jpd; fUg;nghUs;

mjhtJ xl;Lnkhj;j mu;j;jk; jpul;b Kd;itf;fg;gLtJ

ehlfj;jpd; Kbitf; Fwpf;fpd;wik.

ehlfj;jpy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;ehlfj;jpy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;ehlfj;jpy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;ehlfj;jpy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;ehlfj;jpy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;• ntt;NtWgl;l r%f rf;jpfisf; ifahSk; NghJ

nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; kpfr; rpwg;ghdJ.

• ghj;jpuq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

nghUj;jkhd tifapy; nkhop ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• eifg;G> Vsdk;> nrhw;nghUs;> kiwnghUs; vd;gd

njhdpf;Fk; tifapy; nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ctikfspD}lhfr ; rk ;gtq;fs; Kidtf;fg ;

gl ;Ls ;sik (e Pj pkd ;wk ; ) . ghj ;j puq ;fSf;Fg ;

nghUj;jkhdthW nkhopiaf; ifahsy;> (itj;jpaupd;

vLg;ghd Njhw;wk;> fhjyu;fspd; rpWgps;isj;jdkhd

md;G> F&rh> el;lhypah> mdpf;Nfh> khkp Mfpangz;

ghj;jpuj;jpq;fspd; gy;tifik ,uhZt mjpfhupfspd;

nkhopg;ghzp Nghd;wit) re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;

fhf nkhop ed;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw

cjhuzq;fspD}lhf vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;.

ntz;fl;b tl;lk; fijapd; ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;Gntz;fl;b tl;lk; fijapd; ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;Gntz;fl;b tl;lk; fijapd; ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;Gntz;fl;b tl;lk; fijapd; ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;Gntz;fl;b tl;lk; fijapd; ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;G• Fwpg;ghd 29 Mz; ghj;jpuq;fs;> Fwpg;ghd 08 ngz;

ghj;jpuq;fNshL Vida ghj;jpuq;fSkhf Vwj;jho

50 ghj;jpuq;fs; ,e;ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,tw;Ws;

gpujhdkhd rpy ghj;jpuq;fNs njhlu;e;J tpupifail

fpd;wik.

• vLj;JiuQu; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk;

Jizahff;nfhz;L cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupAq;fs;.

• vLj;JiuQu; ehlfj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;> Kbj;jy; Mfpa

tw;iwr; nra;fpd;wik.

• ghj;jpuq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;> rk;gtq;fis

mwpKfQ; nra;jy; vd;gJk; mtuJ gzpahFk;.



• Nkilapy; ebj;Jf;fhl;l Kbahj re;ju;g;gq;fisg;

ghu;g;NghUf;F Kd;itf;Fk; gzpiar; nra;gtUk;

,tNu.

• ,dp epfo cs;stw;iwg; nghopg;ghf;fp Kd;itj;jYk;

mtuJ gzpNa.

• fijg;gpd;diyg; nghUj;jpaikf;Fk;NghJ mtw;Wf;F

,ilNa njhlu;igg; NgZk; nghWg;Gk; vLj;Jiu

QiuNa rhUk;.

• rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ghj;jpu tpupiff;fhf mtu;

Nkilapy; ebf;Fk; ghj;jpuq;fSld; ciuahLtJz;L.

• ghj;jpuq;fspd; cl;fpilia ntspg;gLj;Jjy;>

fijf;Fupa gy;NtW fhl;rpfisAk; gpd;dzpiaAk;

Nkilapd; kPJ nrhw;fshy; vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJk;

vLj;JiuQupd; gzpahFk;.

• ghj;jpuq;fisAk; ghu;g;NghiuAk; njhlu;GgLj;Jk;

tpjkhd ,ilj;jufuhfTk; gpur;rpidfspd;NghJ

jj;JtQhdpahfTk; FwpaPl;L uPjpapy; fiyak;rq;fSld;

Kd;itg;gtuhfTk; vLj;JiuQu; gzpia Mw;Wthu;.

• el;lhypahtpd; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk;

gad;gLj;jp cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fSs;

xd;whfpa ehl;lhypah %d;Nw %d;W re;ju;g;gq;fsp

NyNa ghu;gNghu; Kd; Njhd;Wfpwhu;.

• Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fk;> mtu;fsJ Nghypahd -

gfl;lhd elj;ijfs; el;lhypah Clhf ntspg;

gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.

• ,sturd; kidtpahfpa mts;> jdJ nrsfupak;

gw;wp khj;jpuNk rpe;jpf;fpd;wik> Aj;jj;ijj; Jr;rkhf

kjpf;fpd;wik> ngsjpf RfNghfq;fspy; mjpf Mir

nfhz;Ls;sik.

• mfq;fhuk;> Raeyk;> gfl;L Mfpad el;lhypahtpd;

,ay;Gfshf mike;Js;sik.

• mts; ,sturd; ikf;fiy mila Kaw;rpg;gjw;

fhd fhuzk;> gps;isg; ghrk; my;y. khwhfj;

jhd; ,oe;j cupikfis kPsg;ngWtjw;fhd Xu;

cj;jpahNt mts; ,k;Kaw;;rpia Nkw;nfhs;fpwhs;.

• mjp mfq;fhup> fUizaw;wts;> fu;tk;> nghwhik

vd;gtw;why; ce;jg;gLgts;> nghJkf;fisj; Jr;r

nkd kjpg;gts;> Kjyhspj;Jt kdepiyAilats;.

• F&rh ,dJ ghj;jpuj;ijg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk;

Jizahff; nfhz;L cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupf;Ff.

• F&rh mlf;fkhdts;> mg;ghtpj;jdKilats;.

• Muk;gj;jpy; mts; JbJbg;ghd tpisahl;Lj;jdkhd

jd;ikAila xU Atjpahff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwhs;.

vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW epiyikfs; fhuzkhf

mtsJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; rpf;fhu;e;j jd;ik mjpfupj;Jr;

nry;fpd;wik.



• irkd; \rhth cldhd fhjy; xg;ge;jg; gpizg;G>

gps;isiag; ghJfhj;jy; Mfpa gpizg;GfSf;F

,ilNa F&rh ,dJ ghj;jpuk; miyfpd;wik.

• gps;isg; ghrj;ijAk; rNfhjudpd; r%f epiyikia

Ak; ghJfhg;gjd; mtrpak; fhuzkhf mts;

xg;ge;jj;ij Kwpj;Jg; gpwpNjhu; jpUkzj;Jf;fhfj;

J}z;lg;gLfpd;wik.

• cs;shu;e;j Nkhjy;fs;> Vida ghj;jpuq;fspD}lhf

kw;nwhUtupd; gps;isiaj; jdJ gps;isahf;fp

vy;iyapyh msTf;F Jd;gg;gLfpd;w xU ghj;jpu

khAk; gps;isg;ghrk; fhuzkhfj; jdJ ngWkhdq;

fis/tpOkpaq;fis mu;g;gzpf;Fk; xU ghj;jpukhf

Tk; mikfpd;whs;.

• fpuhkpaj;jd;ik> Nghypfspd;ik> ,uf;fk;> gNuhg

fhuk;> gupT> fUiz Nghd;wit F&rh ,dJ

ghj;jpuj;jpd; Clhf ntspf;nfhzug;gLfpd;wik.

• rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; jsuhj; ijupak;> mr;r

kpd;ik> jd;dk;gpf;if> cWjpg;ghL> Ra kjpg;G vd;gd

mtsJ gz;Gfs;> nfhba r%fj;jpy; ek;gf;$l

Kbahj msTf;F cau;thd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l

xU ghj;jpukhf ehlfj;jpy; F&rhtpd; ghj;jpuk;

tpupifailfpd;wik.

• KO cyFk; fz;zPupYk; ,uj;jj;jpYk; mtjpAW

fpd;w gaq;fukhd xU fhyg;gFjpapy; mupjhff;

fhzf;fpilf;fpd;w fUizAs;sk; nfhz;l xU

caupa ngz;zhff; F&rhtpd; ghj;jpuk; gilf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• mrlf; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; Jiz

ahff; nfhz;L cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupAq;fs;.

• ehlfj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gFjpapd; ikag;ghj;jpukhd

mrlf; xU rpf;fhu;e;j ghj;jpukhFk;.

• xUNghJ fs;tdhf> Fbfhudhf> Nfbahf> Vkhw;Wf;

fhudhf ,Uf;Fk; mtd; kw;nwhUNghJ rkNahrpj

Gj;jpAila mwpthw;wy; kpf;f> nraw;wpd; kpf;f> kdpj

NeaKila xUtdhfTk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

• kdpj czu;Tfs; njhlu;ghd Kjpu;e;j mwpTk;>

kdpjj; jd;ik njhlu;ghd mDjhgf; fz;Nzhl;lKk;

mrlf; ghj;jpuj;jpy; nghjpe;Js;sik.

• Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpdiu ntWj;jy;> twpa

tu;f;fj;jpdu; kPJ md;G nrYj;Jjy;> rl;lj;ijf;

fhg;gjw;fhfr; rl;lj;ij kPWjy; MfpadTk; mrlf;

ghj;jpuj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sik.

• ePjp epahak; fpilg;gJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtjw;

fhff; fijahrpupau; mrlf; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp

As;shu;.



• cWjpahd mbg;gil VJk; mw;wtd;> Vkhw;Wg;

Ngr;Rf;fhud;> vz;zj;Jf;F khwhfr; nraw;gLgtd;>

rl;lk; njupahjtd;> Nfhioj;jd;ikAilatd;> jdJ

ed;ikf;fhfr; rl;lj;ijf; ifahs;gtd;> ,yQ;rj;jpd;

msitg; nghWj;Jr; rl;lj;ijf; ifahs;gtd;> Fw;wj;

jpd; jd;ikiaad;wpf; Fw;wQ; Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;stupd;

jdpikiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;fpd;w> mjd; fhuzkhf

,Wjpj; jPu;khdk; Fwpj;Jg; ghu;g;Nghupd; kdjpy;

Iaj;ijf; fpsg;Gk; jd;ikAila xU ghj;jpukhfNt

mrlf; ghj;jpuk; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• eldkhLk; jpwd;> jpwik> mwpthw;wy;> fglk; Mfpa

tw;iwf; nfhz;l ntspg;gilj;jd;ikaw;w xU

ghj;jpukhf mrlf; ghj;jpuj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• mePjpiaAk; mepahaj;ijAk; xWj;jy;> rkfhy r%f

mikg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gl;l Vkhw;Wj;jd;ik Mfpa

tw;iw vs;sp eifahLtjw;Ff; fjhrpupau; mrlf;

ghj;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

• mj;NjhL kfd; kPJ md;G nrYj;jhj> rPjdj;jpd;

kPJ Mir nfhz;ltshd F&rhtpd; khkpahu;>

r%fj;jpd; nfhba jd;ikia xWj;j g+rfu;> Ra

eykpahd yknud;jp> ehnlq;Fk; gutpf; fhzg;gl;l

r%f mePjpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Nfhg;uy;> kdpjupd;

f\;lkhd jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk; fkf;fhudpd; tPl;Lf;

fpotd;> Mfpa ghj;jpuq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; khztup

lk; RUf;fkhff; fye;JiuahLf.

• ,e;j vy;yhf; nfLgpbfSf;Fk; ,ilNa irkd;

\rhthtpw;Fk; F&rh ,w;Fk; ,ilNaahd Neu;ikahd

mg;ghtpj;jdkhd fhjy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijAk;

cjhuzq; fhl;b tpsf;Ff.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL : : : : : • ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| ehlfj;jpd; fij tpUj;jpaile;

Js;s tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.

• F&rhtpdJ md;Nwy; mrlf; ,dJ ghj;jpuj;ij xg;gPl;L

uPjpapy; gFj;jha;f.



Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0 ::::: ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gilaehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gilaehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gilaehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gilaehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaYld; njhlu;Gila



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5 : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghf Muha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fpNuf;;f ehlf vOj;JUf;fis thrpj;jy;.

• fpNuf;f jpwn[b ehlf ghzpapd; ,ay;Gfisg;

gl;baw;gLj;jy;.

• fpNuf;f ehlfg; Ngjq;fs; gw;wpj; Njbawpjy;.

• NtlKfq;fs; mikj;jy;.

• ehlf vOj;JUit vOJjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.5.1nraw;ghL 4.5.1nraw;ghL 4.5.1nraw;ghL 4.5.1nraw;ghL 4.5.1 : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlf ghzpia (jpwn[bia) ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • fpNuf;f ehlf vOj;JUf;;fs;

• nrh/nghf;sp]; ,dJ

• <bgR kd;dd;

• md;upfdp

• fpNuf;f muq;fpd; mikg;igf; fhl;Lk; glk;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : cyfpd; gz;ila njhy;rPu; (Classical) ehlf kuG vd;w

tifapy; fpNuf;f ehlfk; rpwg;gplj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ.

mf;fpNuf;f jpwn[b ehlf ghzpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis

Nehf;FtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • Vwj;jho 200 mb msTila rha;thd epyj;jpy;

mikf;fg;gl;l fpNuf;f muq;F ngUe;njhifahd

ghug;NghUf;F Vffhyj;jpy; ehlfj;ijg; ghu;f;fj;jf;f

tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

• Vffhyj;jpy; gj;jhapuj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghu;g;NghUf;F

ebfu;fis ed;F ghu;f;fj;jf;f tifapy; mt;tuq;F

mike;jpUe;jJ.

• ebfupd; cauj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf Vwj;jho

Xu; mb caukhd ~~ld;nfh];|| vdg;gLfpd;w

nfhz;ilAk; rilAk; Fjp cau;e;j ghjzpfSk;

ghjq;fs; tiu kiwAk; tifapyhd njhsnjhsg;ghd

Nkyq;fpAk; mzpe;jpUe;jdu;.mup];Nlhby;mup];Nlhby;mup];Nlhby;mup];Nlhby;mup];Nlhby;



• xU rpy ebfu;fshy; gy ghj;jpuq;fs; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;lik

ahy; Ntl Kfq;fs; mzpe;J ebj;jdu;.

• vy;yh ebfUk; Ntl Kfq;fs; mzpe;jpUe;jikahy;>

rhj;tpf mgpeak; mw;Wg;NghdJ.

• Ntl Kfq;fs;> ebfupd; Kfj;jpYk; ghu;f;fr; rw;Wg;

ngupjhf ,Ue;jJ. Fuiyj; J}uj;Nj Nfl;fr; nra;tjw;

fhf Ntl Kfj;jpd; tha; Gdy; tbtpy; tpNrlkhf

mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

• ehlff; fhl;rp gfypNyNa fhl;lg;gl;likapdhy; Nkil

xspNaw;wk; Njitg;gltpy;iy.

• ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Nfhu]pdhy; md;Nwy; Gjpa

ghj;jpunkhd;wpidg; GFj;jp mg;ghj;jpuj;jpdhy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lik.

cjhuzk;:

• ~<bg]; kd;dd;| ehlfj;jpy; kd;dd; <bg];> ~jPgp];|

efu kd;ddhf epakpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

ntspaplg;gl;;lik.

• ~Nya];| kd;ddJ nfhiyAld; njhlu;Gila

jfty;fs; Nfhu]pdhy; ntspaplg;gl;lik. ijuPrpa];>

nfhupe; thrpahd nrk;kwpahl;bilad;> jPgp]; thrpahd

nrk;kwpahl;L ,ilad; MfpNahupd; tUif njhlu;ghd

gz;ilj; jfty;fs; ehlfr; nraypaf;fj;Jld;

njhlu;Ggl;bUe;jik.

• xUNghJk; Nkilapy; td;Kiwr; nray;fisf; fhl;L

tJ jtpu;f;fg;gl;lik.

• vdNt mt;thwhd fhl;rpfisf; fhl;Ltjhy; ghu;g;

Nghu;> fLikahd kd mOj;jq;fSf;F MshtJ

jtpu;f;fg;gl;lik.

cjhuzk; 1:

~~<bg]; kd;dd;|| ehlfj;jpy; Foe;ijahd <bg];

Fkhudpd; ghjq;fs; Jisf;fg;gly;> nfhupe; thrp

nfhiy nra;jy;> Nya]; kd;dDk; mtdJ FOtpdUk;

nfhiy nra;ag;gLjy;> muf;fp jw;nfhiy nra;J

nfhs;sy;> n[hnf];uh fOj;jpy; RUf;fpl;Lf; nfhs;sy;>

<bg]; kd;dd; fz;fisf; Fj;jpf; FUlhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

cjhuzk;; 2:

md;upfdp ehlfj;jpy; <upNahf;sp\; nghspdpr];

MfpNahUf;F ,ilapyhd rz;ilAk; mtu;fs;

,wj;jYk;> md;upfdp fOj;jpy; RUf;fpl;L ,wj;jy;>

`Pkd;> <Aupb]; murp jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;sy;.

• Co;tpidg;gad;> rkaf;fpupiafs;> rlq;Ffs; ehlfk;

KOtjpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

jpwn[b NtlKfk;jpwn[b NtlKfk;jpwn[b NtlKfk;jpwn[b NtlKfk;jpwn[b NtlKfk;



• vf;Ff;ypkh vdg;gLfpd;w rpy;Yfs; g+l;ba jl;L>

ghue;J}f;fp (Deux ex machina) Nghd;w nghwpfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• Nkilapy; Vf fhyj;jpy; gy ebfu;fs; ebg;gpy;

<Lglhik. xU ebfd; md;Nwy; ,uz;L ebfu;fs;

md;Nwy; cr;r msthf %d;W ebfu;fNs Vffhyj;jpy;

Nkilapy; Njhd;wpaik.

• Nfhu]; ehlfj;jpd; ebg;Gg; gzpAld; ed;F njhlu;G

gl;bUe;jik.

cjhuzkhf: Nfhu];> Fwpj;j ehlfj;Jf;F mbg;gil

ahf mikNthuhd gpujhd efu thrpfisg; gpujpepjpj;

Jtg;gLj;jpaik> ghj;jpuq;fshfr; nraw;gl;lik>

vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> ghj;jpuq;fSf;F

vr;rupf;if tpLj;jy;> Nkilapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;glhj

epfo;Tfisr; nra;jp nfhz;LtUgtu; xUtu; Clhf

ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.

• Mz;fs; khj;jpuk; ebj;jik

• ngUk;ghyhd ehlfq;fspy; xNu ,lj;ijg; gpd;dzpahff;

nfhz;L ebg;G ,lk;ngw;wik.

cjhuzk;: ~~<bg]; kd;dd;|| kw;Wk; ~~md;upfdp|>

ehlfq;fspy; ~jPgp];| efu mur khspifapd; vjpNu.

• ehlfj;Jf;nfdj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l fijf;fU>

ngUk;ghYk; xU ehspy; epfo;e;J Kbaj;jf;f xU

rk;gtkhf mike;jpUe;jik.

• ehlfk; ftpijg;ghq;fhd nkhopa+lhf tpUj;jpail

fpd;wik.

• eldKk; ghlYk; ehlfg; ghzpapy; Kf;fpa ,ay;G

fshff; fhzg;gl;lik.

• ,ay;Gf;F khwhd rpj;jpupg;igAk; fhzyhk;.

• ehlfk; ghapu (Prologue) j;Jld; njhlq;Ffpd;wik.

• Nfhu]; mjd; gpd;du; muq;fpy; gpuNtrpf;fpd;wik.

• ehlfj;jpd; Kbtpy; Nfhu]hfNt (Exodos) ntsp

Nawpaik.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; Njhw;wj;ijg; gFj;jha;f.

• fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis cjhuzq;

fhl;b tpsf;Ff.

Nfhu];Nfhu];Nfhu];Nfhu];Nfhu];

md;u pf ;fdpmd;u pf ;fdpmd;u pf ;fdpmd;u pf ;fdpmd;u pf ;fdp







fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • lNahdPr]; nja;tj;Jf;fhf elj;jg;gl;l rlq;FfspD}

lhff; fpNuf;f ehlff;fiy Njhd;wpaikiaf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ~bj;uhk;| gw;wpa tplaq;fis Muha;thu;.

• rpj;jpupg;G njhlu;ghd KjyhtJ fUj;J ~nj];gp];|

Clhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

• fpNuf;f ehlff;fiy njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisj;

Njbawpa Kw;gLjy;

• Vida ehlff;fiyfspd; Njhw;wj;Jf;Fr; rka

rlq;Ffs; VJthf mike;j tpjj;ijj; Njbawpjy;

nraw;ghL 4.5.2nraw;ghL 4.5.2nraw;ghL 4.5.2nraw;ghL 4.5.2nraw;ghL 4.5.2 : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; gw;wpa

jfty;fis Nehf;FNthk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • E}y;fs;

• rQ;rpiffs;

• nra;Jfhl;ly;fs;

• lNahdpr]; rlq;Fld; njhlu;Gila glq;fs;

• fpNuf;f muq;fd; mikg;igf; fhl;Lk; glk;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp gw;wpa

tplaq;fisj; NjbawptNj ,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf


fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • nghJthf vy;yh ehfupfq;fspYk; ehlff;fiyapd;

Njhw;wj;Jf;Fr; rlq;Ffs; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sik.

• nropg;Gf;Fk; itd; kJTf;Fk; tpisr;rYf;Fk;>

mjpgjpahd lNahdprpa]; nja;tj;Jf;fhf elj;jg;gl;l

rlq;Ffis mbnahl;bNa fpNuf;f ehlff;fiy Njhw;wk;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

• jpuhl ;ir mWtil eilngWk ; fhyq;fspy ;

lNahdprpa]; nja;tj;Jf;fhf cw;rtq;fs; elj;jg;

gl;lik> mJ Mly; ghly;fis cs;slf;fpa xU

nrad;KiwahFk; vd;gJ.



• lNahdprpa]; nja;tj;ijg; ghuhl;Ltjw;fhfg; ghlg;gl;l

~bj;uhk;| vdg;gLk; ghly;fs; ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhapd.

Vwj;jho 50 Ngu; nfhz;l xU FOtpdu; lNahdprp];

Myaj;Jf;F vjpNu ,g;ghly;fisg; ghbaik.

• ~bj;uhk;| tifahdJ. Kjy;jlitahf> ~mupNahd;|

vDk; ftpQdpdhy; fiyg;ngWkhdKila xU rq;fPjg;

ghly; Kiwahf Kd;itf;fg ;gl ;lik. mjd;

tpisthfg; ghlw; FOj; jiytUf;Fk; ghlfu;fSf;Fk;

,ilNa nrhy;yhly; cUthfpaik. ghlfu; 50 Ngu;

$b NtlKfkzpe;J ~bj;uhk;| ghly; ghbaik. mjd;

jiytu;> FOtpypUe;J gpupe;J ghlfu;fsplk; tpdhf;fs;

Nfl;lik. mtu;fs; mt;tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspj;jik.

,jd; topNa ehlfj;jpd; nrhy;yhly; tpUj;jp

aile;jik.

• ~bj;uhk;| ghly; ,t;thwhd tbtj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jNghJ>

~nj];gp];| FOTk; ghLtjpy; Nru;e;Jf; nfhz;lik>

mjd; topNa ehlfr; nrhy;yhly; ,lk; ngw;Wte;jik>

mq;F ntt;NtW ghj;jpuq;fisj; jdpNa ebj;Jf; fhl;l

Kw;gl;lNghJ ebg;Gr; nrad;Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.

• vdNt cyFf;Fr; rpj;jpupg;ig (ebg;ig) Kjd; Kjypy;

mwpKfQ; nra;jtu; ~nj];gp];| Mifahy; jw;fhyj;jpy;

ebfiuf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F ~nj];gpad; vDk; rpwg;Gg;gjk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ~bj;uhk;| vd;gJ ahJ vdr; RUf;fkhfj; jUf.

• fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; Njhw;wj;ijr; RUf;fkhfj;

jUf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • gz;ilj; jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy; ehlfk;


• muq;F Xu; mwpKfk; - Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp


jpU. f. jpyfehjd;

<bg;g];<bg;g];<bg;g];<bg;g];<bg;g];







fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fpNuf;f kfpo;newp ehlf ghzpapd; ,ay;Gfisg;

gl;baw;gLj;Jjy;

• fpNuf;f kfpo;newp ehlf vOj;JUf;fisj; Njbf; fw;Wf;

nfhs;sy;.

• rw;waupd; ,ay;ig tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.5.3nraw;ghL 4.5.3nraw;ghL 4.5.3nraw;ghL 4.5.3nraw;ghL 4.5.3 : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlf ghzpia ,dq;fhz;Nghk; (kfpo;newp>

rw;wau;)


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • fpNuf;f ehlf vOj;JUf;;fs;

• Mw;Wifia ntspg;gLj;Jk; xspg;glq;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : njhy;rPu; muq;Ffspy; xd;whd fpNuf;;f muq;F

Kf;fpakhd ehlf ghzpfisg; gpd;te;NjhUf;F tpl;Lr;

nrd;Ws;s jd;ikfisAk; mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhd

tbtq;fshd kfpo;newp> rw;wau; vd;gd njhlu;ghfTk;

mwpe;Jnfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • fpNuf;f kfpo;newp ehlfq;fSk; jNahdprpa];

topghl;Lld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lNj. kfpo;newp jdf;fhd

tbtq;fisg; ngw;wTld; jNahdprpa topghl;Lld;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l nyNda]; tpohtpy; ehlfq;fis

epfo;j;jpdu;.

• mur MjuTld; epfo;j ;jg ;gl ;lJ. ehlfj;jpy ;

tUfpd;wtu;fs; kpUfq;fs; md;Nwy; gwitfspdJ

NtlKfq;fisg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;Ljhd; tUthu;fs;.

• kfpo;newp ehlf Mrpupau;fSs; mup];NuhNgd;];>

nkdhd;lu; Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.

• kfpo;newpapd; Clhf r%f tsu;r ;r papidAk;

fz;Lnfhs;syhk;. gioa kfpo;newp> kj;jpa kfpo;newp

mup];NuhNgdRlDk;> Gjpa kfpo;newp nkdhz;lUlDk;

mwpKfkhfpd;wJ.

mup];NlhNgd;];mup];NlhNgd;];mup];NlhNgd;];mup];NlhNgd;];mup];NlhNgd;];

nkdhd;lu ;nkdhd;lu ;nkdhd;lu ;nkdhd;lu ;nkdhd;lu ;



• kfpo;newp ehlfq;fs; rpupg;gpD}lhf cyif Ma;T

nra;gitahf cs;sd. gioa kfpo;newpf; fhyj;jpy;

Rje;jpukhd #oy; epytpaJ. Neubahf kfpo;newpf;Fupa

%yfq;fspD}lhf khw;wg;gl Ntz;ba r%f tpOkpaq;

fis tpNehjk;> #o;r;rp> mw;Gjk; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhff;

Nfs;tp Nfl;f Kbe;jJ.

• Gjpa kfpo;newpf; fhyj;jpy; Rje;jpukhd #oy;

epyttpy;iy. ,jdhy; nkdhd;lu; ghj;jpu tif

khjpupfisf; ifahz;L kj;jpaju tu;f;fj; jdpkdpjg;

gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;L te;jhu;.

• Mw;WifahdJ Nfhu]; ghbagb tUjy;> tpthjk;>

ghu;g;NghUld; Neubahfg; NgRjy; Nghd;w fl;likg;Gf;

fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

• kfpo;newp ehlfj;jpd; gpujhd gz;G> ghu;g;NghUld;

Neubahfg; NgRtjd; Clhf `h];ag; gz;gpidj;

Njhw;Wtpg;gJ MFk;. ,e;jg; gz;gpidr; rk];fpUj

muq;fpy; tpJ}\fdpYk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

• fpNuf;fj;jpy; ,ijtplr; rw;wau; vDk; mq;fj ehlfq;

fSk; ,Ue;Js;sd. ghjp kdpjg; gz;Gk; ghjp kpUfg;

gz;Gk; ,ize;j tbtk; ,JthFk;.

• NtlKfq;fis mzpe;J MLtu;. jpwn[b ehlfq;fs;

je;j fdjpapy; ,Ue;J rw;W tpLglNt rw;wau; ehlfq;fs;

te;J Nru;fpd;wd.

• <];fpy]; fhyj;jpy; jpwn[b ehlfq;fSld; xU rw;wau;

ehlfKk; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• fpNuf;f kfpo;newp kuG gpw;fhyj;jpYk; njhlu;tij

ehk; tuyhw;wpd; Clhf mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fpNuf;f kfpo;newp ehlfq;fisj; Njbg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

• ~kfpo;newp muq;fpd; jj;Jtk;| fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy;

ntspg;gLk; Kiwikapid tpsf;Ff.

• rw;wau; ehlfq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

nfhkb Ntl Kfq;fs;nfhkb Ntl Kfq;fs;nfhkb Ntl Kfq;fs;nfhkb Ntl Kfq;fs;nfhkb Ntl Kfq;fs;







fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fpNuf;f jpwn[b (Tragedy) ehlfj;jpd; ,ay;Gfisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• fpNuf;f kfpo;newp (Comedy) ehlfj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis

,dq;fhZjy;.

• fpNuf;f ehlf Ngjq;fs; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj; Njbawpa

Kidjy;.

• fpNuf ;f rw;wau ; ehlfj;jpd; rpwg ;g pay;Gfis

mtjhdpj;jy;.

• jhk; mwpe;J itj;Js;s gy;NtW ehlfq;fis Nkw;gb

Ngjq;fNshL xg;gpLtjpy; tpUg;Gf;fhl;Ljy;.

nraw;ghL 4.5.4nraw;ghL 4.5.4nraw;ghL 4.5.4nraw;ghL 4.5.4nraw;ghL 4.5.4 : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlf tiffs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • Nkw;gb tiffisr; Nru;e;j ehlf E}y;fs;.

• me;j ehlfq;fspd; fhl;rpfslq;fpa ,Wtl;Lf;fs; (CD)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; Ngjq;fs; (tiffs;)

njhlu;ghfr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;fkspg;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;


fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiw : : : : : • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • nj];gp]; cld; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fpNuf;f ehlf kugpd;

fPo; rpy ehlf Ngjq;fs; cUthfpaik. jpun[b>

nfhkb> rw;wau; (Tragedy, Comedy, Satyer) vd;gdNt

mitahFk;.

• jpwn[b> fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; Kf;fpakhd ehlf

tif MFk;. ehafdpd; jiytpjp fhuzkhf md;Nwy;

FiwghL fhuzkhf mty Kbit vjpu;nfhs;Sk;

tPudpd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jpupg;gNj jpun[bahFk;.

ehlfk; KOtjpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLk; gPjp> Nrhfk;>

gupT> foptpuf;fk; Mfpa czu;r;rpfisf;nfhz;L

ghu;g;Nghuplj;Nj czu;r;rpf;fpsu;T cUthfpd;wik.



• NtlKfkzpe;J Mlg;gLfpd;w ~Nfhk];| vd;w xU

tif eldj;ij Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;

gl;l xU ehlf tbtNk ~nfhkb| ehlfkhFk;.

jNahdprpa]; nja;tj;Jf;fhf elj;jg;gl;l fpuhkpa

cw;rtnkhd;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ypq;fr; rlq;Fg;

ghlypD}lhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

~Nfhk];| vDk; ngaupy; fpNuf;fUf;F kj;jpapy;

gpugy;ak; ngw;w ,e;j cw;rtj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

Cu;tyq;fspy; ghly;> eldk;> cl;gl Vida Nghyr;

nra;jy; mk;rq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. NtlKfk;

mzpe;J MLk; eldj;jpD}lhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikap

dhy; nfhkb vDk; ngaiug; ngw;Ws;sJ.

• rw;wau; vd;gJ mq;fj ehlf tifahFk;. fpNuf;ff;

fijfspy; ,lk;ngWk; ghjp kdpjd; ghjp kpUfk; (miu

tpyq;F miu kdpjd;) jd;ikAila ghj;jpuq;fs;

,f;fijfSf;F %ykhf mike;Js;sd.

jNahdprpa]; rlq;FfSs; ~bj;jpuhk;| cs;thq;fg;

gl;ljd; gpd;du; NtlKfkzpe;J Myaj;ij mf;Nfhu];

FOtpdu; tyk; te;jthW eldkhbAs;sdu;. ,t;thwhd

Nfhu]; FOtpdupD}lhf rw;wau; ehlfk; Njhw;wk;

ngw;Ws;sJ. fpNuf;;f ehlf cw;rtq;fspy; %d;W

jpun[bfs; fhl;lg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; ghu;g;NghUf;F kfpo;r;rp

a+l;Ltjw;fhfNt rw;wau; ehlfnkhd;W Kd;itf;fg;

gl;lJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • fpNuf;f ehlf tiffisr; RUf;fkhfj; jUf.

• fpNuf;f ~jpun[b| nahd;wpd; md;Nwy; ~nfhkb|

nahd;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tptupf;Ff.

rw;wau;rw;wau;rw;wau;rw;wau;rw;wau;







fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp gw;wpa tplaq;fis

Muha;jy;.

• gpugy;ak; tha;e;j fpNuf;f ehlf Mrpupau;fis ,dq;

fhZjy;

• gpugy;ak; tha;e;j fpNuf;f ehlf Mrpupau;fspd;

gilg;Gfs; njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jy;.

• fpNuf;f ehlf Mrpupau;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;

fhZjy;.

• fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapD}lhfj; Njhd;wpa rpwe;j

gilg;Gf;fis kjpj;jy;

nraw;ghL 4.5.5nraw;ghL 4.5.5nraw;ghL 4.5.5nraw;ghL 4.5.5nraw;ghL 4.5.5 : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlfu;fs; njhlu;ghf Muha;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • fpNuf;f ehlf Mrpupau;fshy; vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;

• fpNuf;f ehlf Mrpupau;fs; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp gw;wpAk; gpurpj;jpngw;w

fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyQu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;

gilg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; gapYtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly; : : : : : • fpNuf;f ghly; FOj;jiytdhf (Nfhu];) ,Ue;j

~nj];gp];| vd;gtu; ~jNahdPrpa];| nja;tj;jpd;

tho;f;ifiaj; jOtp vOjpa gy;NtW fijfisj;

jdJ ghly;fisAk; Jizahff; nfhz;L nrhy;yhly;

fisAk; Nghyr; nra;jiyAk; ,izj;Jj; jdpahf

elj;jpf;fhl;baikNa fpNuf;f ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wkhf

mike;jJ.

• gpd;du; ~nj];gp];| Ij; jOtp Vida Nfhu]; jiytu;

fSk; ehlfk; vOJtjpYk; ebg;gjpYk; <Lgl;ldu;.

/g;&dpnlh];> nlhapupnyh];> /gpul;bdh]; Nghd;Nwhu;

~nj];gp];| ,d; gpd;du; Njhd;wpa rpy ehlff;fhuu;f

shtu;. vdpDk; ,d;W mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fisf;

fhz;gjupJ.



• mtu;fspd; gpd;du; fpNuf;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa cau;jukhd

KjyhtJ ehlff;fhuu; <];fpy]; <];fpy]; <];fpy]; <];fpy]; <];fpy]; (fp.K. 525 - 456)

Mthu;. ehlfg; Nghl;bfspy; 13 jlitfs; Kjyplj;ijg;

ngw;w ~<];fpy];| jdJ tho;ehspy; Vwj;jho 70 ehlf

E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ,d;W mtw;Ws; xU rpyNt

vQ;rpAs;sd. mitahtd:

1. Suppliantas

2. Persians

3. The Seven Against Thebes

4. The Prometheus Bound

5. Agamemnon

Choephoroe Oresteia Trilogy

Eumenides

• jNadprpa]; rlq;fhfj; njhlq;fpa fpNuf;f jpun[b

ehlfkhdJ. <];fpy]; ehlfj;Jiwapy; gpuNtrpj;j

fhyj;jpy; mjd; Muk;g kl;lj;jpNyNa fhzg;gl;lJ.

mtu; mjd; mikg;igAk; (Form) cs;slf;fj;ijAk;

tsu;j;njLj;jhu;. xU jdp ebfDf;F tiuaiwg;

gl;bUe;j jpwn[b ehlfj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ebfiur;

mtu; Nru;j;jhu;.

• nrh/nghf;fpsp];:nrh/nghf;fpsp];:nrh/nghf;fpsp];:nrh/nghf;fpsp];:nrh/nghf;fpsp];: (fp.K. 496 - 406) fpNuf;f ehlf

Afj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp cyf ehlf ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpYk;

Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWk; xU ehlffhudhthu; vd;gij

KO cyFk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Vwj;jho 123

ehlf E}y;fis vOjpAs;s mtu;> Vwj;jho 18

jlitfs; ehlfg; Nghl;bfspy; ntw;wp ngw;Ws;shu;.

jw;NghJ VO (7) jpwn[bfSk; xU rw;wau; ehlfKk;

khj;jpuNk vQ;rpAs;sd.

jpwn[b rw;wau; ehlfk;

ehlfq;fs;

1. Ajax 1. Trackers

2. Oedipus the King

3. Antigone

4. Oedipus at Colonus

5. Electra

6. Philoctetes

7. Women of Thrace

• ehlf kuig tsu;g;gjw;fhf nrh/nghf;fpsp]; gy

mk;rq;fspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;shu;. mtu; %d;whtJ

ebfid mwpKfQ; nra;jhu;. ehlfr; nraiyr;

rpf;fyhdjhf;Fjy;> ghly;fis 15 tiu mjpfupj;jy;

Mfpad mtuhy; nra;ag;gl;l khw;wq;fshFk;. fijf;

fUtpy; kl;Lkd;wp rpj;jpuj; jpiuiaj; njhq;ftpl;L

Nkil myq;fupg;ig ehlfj;Jiwf;F mwpKfQ;

nra;jtUk; ,tNuahtu;.

nrh/nghf;fpsp];nrh/nghf;fpsp];nrh/nghf;fpsp];nrh/nghf;fpsp];nrh/nghf;fpsp];



• a+upgpb];a+upgpb];a+upgpb];a+upgpb];a+upgpb];fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jfty;fspd;gb fpNuf;f jpwn[b

ehlfj;jpd; ,Wjpahd ehlffhuuhff; fUjg;gLgtu;

a+upgpb]; (fp.K. 480 - 406) Mthu;. Vwj;jho 18 tajpy;

ehlfk; vOjj; njhlq;fpa mtu; jkJ tho;ehspy;

Vwj;jho 90 ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shu;. mtw;Ws;

Vwj;jho 19 ehlfq;fNs jw;NghJ vQ;rpAs;sd.

• a+upgpb]; Vida jpwn[b ehlffhuu;fspYk; ghu;f;f

NtWgl;l kdg;ghq;Ffisf; nfhz;l xUtuhff;

fhzg;gl;lhu;. fpNuf;fj;jpy; tho;e;j jj;JtQhdpfspd;

(Sophists) jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fshy; <uf;fg;gl;l mtu;

jkJ gilg;Gfspd; Clhf mf;fhyr; r%fj;jpy;

fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfisAk; rpy ek;gpf;iffisAk;

tpku;rpj;jhu;. mtUila tbtk; (Form) Vida

ehlff;fhuu;fis xj;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;

rpe;jidapy; NtWghL fhzg;gl;lJ. mtuJ jpwn[b

ehlfq;fspd; Clhfr; rka epiyg;ghLfs; td;ikahf

tpku;rpf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;wpy; vt;tpj cz;ikAk;

cl;fpilAk; fpilahJ vd vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;. mtuJ

mDjhgKk; ftdKk; fupridAk; vg;NghJk; fkf;fhuu;>

Ntiyahl;fs;> rhkhdpau;fisNa rhu;e;jpUe;jJ. mtu;

fpNuf;f ehlf tuyhw;wpy; ajhu;j;jj;jpid mwpKfQ;

nra;jtnudTk; fijf; fUtpy; njspthd khw;wj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpatu; vdTk; Fwpg;gplyk;. A+upgpb]; vOjpa

ehlfq;fspw; rpy tUkhW.

1. Medea

2. Alcestis

3. Hippolytus

4. The Trojan women

5. The bacchae

• jpwn[b ehlfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;W mjpf fhyk;

nry;y Kd;du; nfhkb ehlfq;fs; vOJjYk; jahupj;j

Yk; Muk;gkhfpaJ. vnjd;]; ,y; tho;e;;j mup];l/

ngdp]; vd;gtNu fpNuf;fj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j ~nfhkb|

ehlff;fhuuhthu;. fp.K. 445 ,y; gpwe;j mtu; 20

tajpy; nfhkb ehlfhrpupauhfg; Gfo;ngw;whu;. mtu;

vOjpa ehlf E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if 44 MFk;. mtw;Ws;

11 gilg;Gf;fNs ,q;F vQ;rpAs;sd.

1. The Acharnions 7. Lysistrate

2. The Nights 8. The smophoriazusaz

3. The clouds 9. The Frogs

4. The wasps 10. Ecclesiazusae

5. Peace 11. Plutes

6. The birds



• ~nfhkb| ehlfq;fspd; Nehf;fk; fspg;ig Vw;gLj;Jt

jhFk;. fw;gidahd nghUs;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Nl ~nfhkb| ehlfq;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. r%fj;jpy;

epyTk; FiwghLfisf; fhl;Ljy; murpay; jiytu;fs;

Nghd;w rkfhy Kf;fpaj;ju;fis vs;sp eifahLjy;

Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhfTk; nfhkbfs; vOjg;gl;ld.

ghj;jpuq;fs; rhkhdpau;fshf mike;jdu;. tpyq;Fg;

ghj;jpuq;fSk; fw;gidahd ghj;jpuq;fSk; mtw;wpy;

,lk;ngw;wd. Ntl cilfs; jpwn[bapYk; ghu;f;f

ajhu;j;jg+u;tkhditahf mike;jd.

• Ntl Kfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Nfhu]py; 24

Ngu; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sdu;. ghlypy; tUk; ghj;jpu nkhd;wpd;

ngaNu nghJthf ehlfj;Jf;Fg; ngauhf ,lg;gl;lJ.

mtuJ ehlfq;fSs; kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;ghff;

fUjg;gLtJ The Birds (gwitfs;) ehlfkhFk;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; tsu;r;rpiar; RUf;fkhfj;

jUf.

• gpurpj;jp ngw;w fpNuf;f ehlff;fhuu;fs; ehy;tu;> kw;Wk;

mtu;fsJ ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wp xU fl;Liu

vOJf.

md;u pf ;fdpmd;u pf ;fdpmd;u pf ;fdpmd;u pf ;fdpmd;u pf ;fdp







fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fpNuf;f ehlf muq;F njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis

Muha;jy;.

• fpNuf;f ebfu;fsJk; Nfhu]pdJk; gzpfisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w Ntl cilfis Mf;f

Kidjy;.

• fpNuf;f ehlff;fiy njhlu;ghf Nkd;NkYk; tplaq;

fisj; Njbawpa tpUg;Gf;fhl;Ljy;.

• Vida gpuNjr ehlff;fiyAld; fpNuf;f ehlff;

fiyia xg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.5.6nraw;ghL 4.5.6nraw;ghL 4.5.6nraw;ghL 4.5.6nraw;ghL 4.5.6 : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis

,dq;fhz;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • fpNuf;f ehlf muq;nfhd;wpd; glk;

• fpNuf;f muq;fg; nghUs;fspd; glk;

• fpNuf;f ebfu;fspd; glq;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapy; muq;F> muq;fg; nghUs;fs;>

ebfu;fs;> Ntl cilfs; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; gw;wp

Kiwikahff; fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gLtjhFk;.


tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly; : : : : : • fpNuf;f ehlfq;fs; jpwe;jntsp muq;FfspNyNa

ebf;fg;gl;ld. mJ ~jNahdpr];| Mya Kd;wypy;

mike;j vspikahd muq;fpy; Muk;gpj;Jg; gbg;gbahf

tpu ptile ;jJ fp .K. 5Mk; E}w ;whz;lstpy ;

tpUj;jpaile;j mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpa> Vwj;jho

14000 ghu;;g;NghUf;F ehlfk; ghu;g;gjw;Nfw;w tifapy;

cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;j vg;gpNlhu]; muq;if xU

KOikahd ehlf muq;F vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• ~];fPNd| (fhl;rp ,y;yk;) xg;gidaiwahfTk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghyhd ehlfq;fspy; mJ

ehlfj;jpd; gpd;dzpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;



rpy muq;fg; nghUs;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp

itg;gjw;fhfTk; mJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ];fPNd

fl;llj;jpd; kj;jpapy; muq;fj;Jf;F vjpNu cs;s %d;W

fjTfSs; vg;NghJk; neLq;fjtpd; ClhfNt

jiyikg; ghj;jpuk; Nkilf;F tUk;. khspifiaf;

Fwpg;gjw;fhd Xu; cj;jpahfTk; ,J gad;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• ~];fPNd| fl;llj;ijAk; NkiliaAk; Nehf;fp

mike;jpUf;Fk; muq;fj;jpy; mjhtJ xf;nf];l;uhtpy;

(Orchetra) Nfhu]hdJ ghLtjpYk; eldkhLtjpYk;

<Lgl;lJ. rpyNghJ mq;F tUk; ebfnuhUtUk;

NfhuRld; nrhy;yhlypy; <LgLtJz;L. GNuhrPdpak;

vd miof;fg;gLk; Nkil gpujhdkhf ebg;gjw;fhfNt

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• ~];fPNd|,dJ ,uz;L me;jq;fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l

ghu;g;Nghu; $lj;jpd; ,uz;L me;jq;fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l

epyg;gFjp gunlh]; (Parados) vdg;gl;lJ. ghlfu;fs;

,g ;gFjpapd; ClhfNt ~xf;nf];l ;uh| ,Ds;

gpuNtrpj;jdu;.

muq;fg; nghUs;fs; (fhz;gpaq;fs;)muq;fg; nghUs;fs; (fhz;gpaq;fs;)muq;fg; nghUs;fs; (fhz;gpaq;fs;)muq;fg; nghUs;fs; (fhz;gpaq;fs;)muq;fg; nghUs;fs; (fhz;gpaq;fs;)• fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy; gy;NtW muq;fg;nghUs;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rpk;khrdk;> rha;kid> ghil

(Ekkyklema) Nghd;wit mtw;wpy; mlq;fpapUe;jd.

jpwn[bfspYk; ghu;f;f nfhkbfspNyNa ,it

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy ehlfq;fspy; ghupa

ghue;J}f;fpnahd;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ebfu;ebfu;ebfu;ebfu;ebfu;• fpNuf;f ehlfj;jpy; Nfhu]; cl;gl rfy tifahd

ghj;jpuq;fSk; Mz; ebfu;fshNyNa rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;ld.

,aw;ifahd ehlf NkhbapYk; ghu;f;f NtWgl;l

r pj ;j pu pg ;G fhzg;glhjjhff ; fUj KbfpwJ.

nrhy;yhly;fSk; xU Fwpj;j re;jj;Jf;F (Rythem)

mikaNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Nkilapy; xU

re;ju;g;gj;jpy; cr;r msthf ,Utu; my;yJ %tNu

ebg;gpy; <Lgl;ldu;. vdNt xU ebfu; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

tfpghfq;fis ebf;f Ntz;ba epiyAk; Vw;gl;lJ.

Ntl cilfs;Ntl cilfs;Ntl cilfs;Ntl cilfs;Ntl cilfs;• rfy ebfu;fSk; Ntl Kfq;fs; mzpe;J ebj;jdu;.

jpwn[b kw;Wk; nfhkb ehlfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l

Ntl Kfq;fs; ntt;NtW tifahdit. Ntl Kfk;

jtpu ebfdpd; jiyKbia thup Kbj;j nfhz;ilAk;

mjd; Nky; xU FLkpAk; mike;jpUe;jd. ebfdpd;

cauj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; fhl;LtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

NkYk; ebfu;fs; caukhd mb nfhz;l ghjzp

tifnahd;iwAk; mzpe;jpUe;jd.



• jpwn[bfspy; gpujhd Ntl cilahdJ> gy;NtW

Ntiyg;ghLfisf; nfhz;L myq;fupf;fg;gl;l

gpufhrkhd epwq;fisf;nfhz;l ghjq;fs; tiu ePz;l

Nkyq;fp MFk;. Mz; ghj;jpuj;Jf;Fk; ngz; ghj;jpuj;Jf;

Fk; Vw;g mjd; jd;ik NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gl;lJ. nfhkb

ehlfq;fspd; Ntl cilfs;> `h\;aj;ijg ;

gpwg;gpg;gjw;fhfNt cUthf;fg;gl;ld. Ntl Kfq;fs;

kl;Lkd;wp ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; iffspNye;jpr; nry;Yk;

ifg;nghUs;fSk; fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;ld.

• fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy; njs;sj;njspthd Xu; mk;rk;

~Nfhu];| MFk;. 12> 15> 24 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fs;>

fhl;rpfis tpupTgLj;jy;> nray;fis tpupTgLj;jp

Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yy;> cl;gl gy gzpfisr; nra;jd.

jpwn[b kw;Wk; nfhkbfspy; Nfhu]pd; jd;ikAk;

mjpy; mlq;fpNahupd; vz;zpf;ifAk; NtWgl;Lf;

fhzg;gl;ld.

• Nfhu]; ghLk;NghJ Nksk;> XNgh (Oboe) Nghd;w

thj;jpaf; fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fpNuf;f ehlf muq;fpd; gUkl;lhd glj;ij tiue;J

mjd; gpujhd mk;rq;fisg; ngaupLf.

• fpNuf;f ebfu; gad;gLj;jpa muq;fg; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk;

Ntl cilfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • gz;ilj; jkpor; r%fj;jpy;; ehlfk;


• ehlf tof;F - Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;


fpNuf;f muq;fk;fpNuf;f muq;fk;fpNuf;f muq;fk;fpNuf;f muq;fk;fpNuf;f muq;fk;






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6 : : : : : rk];fpUj ehlfq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • rk];fpUj ehlfk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w r%fg; gpd;Gyj;ij

Muha;jy;

• r%fj;jpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;Jnfhs;tjpy;

ehlfj;jpd; gq;fspg;igf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• ebfdhf ,Uj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;Jiu

ahLjy;.

• KOikahd xU ehlff; fiy vd;w tifapy;

rk];fpUj ehlff; fiyia kjpj;jy;.

• ehlf vOj;JU vOJjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.6.1nraw;ghL 4.6.1nraw;ghL 4.6.1nraw;ghL 4.6.1nraw;ghL 4.6.1 : : : : : ~~rk];fpUj ehlff;fiyapd; Njhw;wj;ijAk; tsu;r;rp

iaAk; Muha;Nthk;.||


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • guj ehl;ba rh];jpuk;

• tlnkhop ehlf ,yf;fpak;

• rk];fpUj ehlfq;fspd; xspg;glq;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jld; njhlu;;Gila

nja;tf; nfhs;if> r%fj; Njitfs;> ebfnuhUtu;

nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba ,ay;GfSk; jpwd;fSk;

Mfpadtw;iw Nehf;FtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf


fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiw

: : : : : • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ehlff; fiyapd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghf ehl;ba

rh];jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Guhzf;fijf;F mika

mJ nja;tPfkhfNt Njhw;wk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

• #j;jpuu; cl;gl ehd;F Fyq;fSk; rkkhf ,urpf;fj;

jf;fjhf ahNjDNkhu; ,yf;fpa tbtj;ijj; jUkhW

Njtu;fs; gpuk;kdplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jdu;.

mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gpuk;kd; jpahdtag;gl;L> ehd;F

Ntjq;fspypUe;Jk; mg;ghzpf;Fj; Njitahd

mk;rq;fisg; ngau;j;njLj;jhu;. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpypUe;J



ciuiaAk;> rhk Ntjj;jpypUe;J ghly;fisAk;> aRu;

Ntjj;jpypUe;J mgpeaj;ijAk;> mju;tz Ntjj;jp

ypUe;J RitiaAk; fye;J Ie;jhk; Ntjkhf

ehlfj;ij mikj;jhu;.

• gpuk;kdpd; fl;liisia Vw;w tp\;tfu;kh nja;tk;

muq;f kz;lgnkhd;wpid mikj;Jj; jhk; cUthf;fpa

ehlfj;ij mq;F ebj;Jf; fhl;LkhW guj Kdptuplk;

Ntz;bdhu ; . ehlfj;jpd; ntw;wpf ;fhf Vida

nja;tq;fSk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdu;. rpy nja;tk;

jhz;ltj;jpd; %yKk;> ghu;tjp Njtfd;dpif yh];a

eldk; %yKk; tp\;Z nja;tk; ehy;tif ehlf

tpjpfspd; %yKk; ehlfj;Jf;F mo$l;bdu;.

• rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpd; ClhfNt cyfpy; Kjd;

Kjyhfg; ngz;fs; ebg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdu;. mJ

mf;fhy r%fj;jpy; Gul;rpfu khw;wj;Jf;F VJthfpaJ.

• midtUk; xNu FLk;gk; Nghd;W $l;lhf ehlfj;ijg;

ghu;j;jdu;. $l;lhf ehlfj;ij ebj;jdu;. ebg;G

,ay;ghdjhf ,Ue;jJ. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l

ek;gpf;iffs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> fijfis ehlff; fijg;

nghUshff; nfhz;ldu;. ehlfj;jpy; me;je;jg;

ghj;jpuq;fs; jj;jkJ nkhopg; Ngjq;fisg; gad;

gLj;jpdu;.

• nghJ kf;fSf;fhd 64 Ko ePsKk; 32 Ko mfyKk;

cilajhf ehlff; fpUfk; (tp\;fu;k) mikj;jdu;.

mJ eLj;ju msTila ehlff; fpUfkhFk;.

• vdNt r%fj;jpd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L

rk];fpUj ehlfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik njspT.

• ebg;Gj; njhopypd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf muR tifnra;jJ

vd;gjw;Ff; nfsby;aupd; ~~mu;j;jrh];jpuk;| rhd;W

gfu;fpd;wJ.

• ebfu;fs; ehshe;jk; <l;Lk; tUkhdk; njhlu;ghf

mwpf;iffis muRf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nghUshjhu neUf;fb epytpa fhyq;fspy; ebg;Gj;

njhopypy; <Lgl;Nlhu; jkJ tUkhdj;jpd; rupghjpia

muRf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

• gz;ilf;fhyk; KjNy ebg;G xU njhopyhf ,Ue;J

te;Js;sJ. Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; fhyj;jpYk; $l

(,wg;Gf;F 2500 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du;) ,e;jpahtpy;

,lj;Jf;fplk; nry;Yk; ehlff; FOf;fs; ,Ue;jikf;fhd



rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd. efuj;jpy; mike;j ru];tjp

gtdj;jpy; g+uiz jpdq;fspy; nja;tj;Jf;fhf ehlff;

fhl;rpfs; elj;jg;gl;lik gw;wp ~fhk#j;u| vDk; E}ypy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehlff;FOf;fSf;F ,ilNa

Nghl;bfs; elj;jg;gl;likiaAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

• ebfdhtjw;Fg; gy tpNrlkhd jifikfis epiwT

nra;tJ mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. ebg;G> eldk;> ,ir

cl;gl gy tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd gupr;rak; mtrpa

khf ,Ue;jJ.

• tpNtfk;> ey;y epidthw;wy;> kjpf;Fk; jpwd;> rQ;ry

kpd;ik> Nghl;bNghLk; jd;ik> tpopg;Gld; ,Uj;jy;

Mfpa MW gz;Gfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

• xg;gidahdJ ngUk;ghYk; ebfdhy; jhkhfNt nra;J

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ehlfhrpupaUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;bUj;jy;

ebfupd; xU ew;gz;ghFk;. rk];fpUj nkhopawpTk;

Vida nkhop Ngjq;fs; gw;wpa mwpTk; ebfdhf

tUtjw;fhd gpujhdkhd jifikahf mike;jJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL ::::: • rk];fpUj ehlff; fiyapd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp

gw;wp Muha;e;J vOJf.

• ebfd; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfis EZfp

Muha;e;J vOJf.

Nfushtpy; cs;s $j;jk;gyk;Nfushtpy; cs;s $j;jk;gyk;Nfushtpy; cs;s $j;jk;gyk;Nfushtpy; cs;s $j;jk;gyk;Nfushtpy; cs;s $j;jk;gyk;







fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ~~ghru;|| fhyj;ijAk; mtuJ ehlf E}y;fisAk;

Muha;jy;.

• fhspjhrdpd; Vida ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fisAk;

mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyj;ijAk; ,urpj;jy;.

• ehlfhrpupau; #j;jpufu; tho;e;j fhyj;ijAk; mtuJ

ehlfg; gilg;GfisAk; EZfpahuha;jy;.

• =ù;rupd; ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fSs; rpwg;gplj;ijg;

ngw;Ws;s ~uj;dhtsp| ehlfj;ij ,urpj;jy;.

• rk];fpUj ehlf vOj;JUf;;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.

nraw;ghL 4.6.2nraw;ghL 4.6.2nraw;ghL 4.6.2nraw;ghL 4.6.2nraw;ghL 4.6.2 : : : : : rk];fpUj ehlfhrpupau;fshd ghru;> fhspjhrd;>

#j;jpufu;> =ù;ru; MfpNahu; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • rk];fpUj ehlfq;fspd; vOj;JUf;fs;> xyp> xspg;gjpT

ehlhf;fs;

mwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfk ;; ;; ; : : : : : rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j

ghru;> fhspjhru;> #j;jpufu;> =ù;ru; MfpNahiuAk;

mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;gNj ,g;ghlj;jp

D}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.



: : : : : • ghru;ghru;ghru;ghru;ghru;ghrupd; 13 ehlfq;fs; gw;wpf; fzgjp rh];jpup (fp.gp.

1912 - 1915) jdJ ~jpUte;juk;| vDk; E}y; tupirapy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. me;ehlfq;fspd; ,ay;Gfisf; fUj;jpw;

nfhz;Nl mtu; mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ghrupd;

ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fs; ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. tPu fhtpaq;fs;> Guhzf; fijfs; kw;Wk; fijj;

njhFg;Gf;fs; rhu;e;j gilg;Gf;fs;.

2. Ra gilg;Gf;fs;



• tPu fhtpaq;fs;tPu fhtpaq;fs;tPu fhtpaq;fs;tPu fhtpaq;fs;tPu fhtpaq;fs; kfhghujk; ,uhkhazk;kfhghujk; ,uhkhazk;kfhghujk; ,uhkhazk;kfhghujk; ,uhkhazk;kfhghujk; ,uhkhazk; tp\;ZGuhzk; tp\;ZGuhzk; tp\;ZGuhzk; tp\;ZGuhzk; tp\;ZGuhzk;

Guhzf; fijfisj; jOtpa ehlfq;fs;Guhzf; fijfisj; jOtpa ehlfq;fs;Guhzf; fijfisj; jOtpa ehlfq;fs;Guhzf; fijfisj; jOtpa ehlfq;fs;Guhzf; fijfisj; jOtpa ehlfq;fs;];tg;d thrtjj;j

gpujpf;Qh nasfe;juhaz

mtpkhwf;f

Ra gilg;GRa gilg;GRa gilg;GRa gilg;GRa gilg;GrhUjj;j

• ~ghru;| fp.K. 5Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; fp.gp. 2Mk;

E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jjhff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fhspjhrUf;Fk; Kd;du; ehl;ba

rh];j;jpuk; vOjg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; tho;e;jikia Vw;f

KbAkhifahy; ghru; tho;e;j fhyj;ij fp.K. 3Mk;

E}w;whz;Lf;Fk;> fp.gp. 4Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l

fhykhff; fUJtJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

• ~ghru;| gilj;j ehlfq;fSs; ~];tg;d thrtjj;j|

vd;gJ kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;ghFk;.

• gpujpf;Qh nasfe;juhaz kw;Wk; jupj;urhUj;j

vd;gdTk; rpwe;j gilg;Gf;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

• ];tg;d thrtjj;j kw;Wk; gpujpf;Qh nasfe;juhaz

vd;gd fij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s cjaz

thrtjj;jh Guhzf; fijiaj; jOtpajhf mike;

Js;sJ.

• ~~jupj;u rhUjj;j| vDk; Ra gilg;G ehlfk; rhUjj;j

vDk; Viog; gpuhkzDf;Fk; tre;jNrdh vDk;

jhrpf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l fhjiyg; gw;wpajhf

mike;Js;sJ. mJ Xu; miuFiwahd KOik

ngwhj fijahFk;.

• ghruJ ehlfq;fSs; 5 ehlfq;fs; Xuq;f ehlfq;f

shFk;. kj;ak tahNahf> fu;zghu> JjfNlhj;ft>

Jj thf;fpa> CUgq;f Mfpa vy;yhg; gilg;Gf;fSf;Fk;

kfhghujj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s fijfNs fUthf

mike;Js;sd. %d;W mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;l

gQ;ruhj;u

JJthf;fpa

kj;jpak tpahNahf

J}j fNlhf;ft

fu;zhgu

CU gq;f

gpuj;jpkh ehlfk;

mgpNrf ehlfk;ghy rupj;j



gQ;rje;jpukhdJ FU ghz;ltg; Nghiu %ykhff;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

• Ie;J mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;l ~ghy rupj;j| vDk;

ehlfk;> fpU\;zupd; ,sikf; fhyk; njhlu;ghd

fijfis %ykhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

• ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ,uhk - rPjhf; fij mgpNrf

ehlfk; kw;Wk; gpujpkh ehlfk; Mfpa ,uz;L

gilg;Gf;fSf;Fk; %ykhf mike;Js;sJ.

• MW mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;l ~mtpkhuf;f| fij

rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhspjhru;fhspjhru;fhspjhru;fhspjhru;fhspjhru;• rk];fpUjf; ftpQu;fSs; rpwg;gplk; ngWgtu; fhspjhru;

Mthu;.

• mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk;> tpf;uNkhu;trpa> khstpf;fhf;dp

kpj;u vd;gd mtuJ rpwg;ghd ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fshFk;.

• fhspjrupd; gilg;Gf;fSs; kpf caupa gilg;G

mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk; MFk; vd;gijf; ftpQu;fs;

gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.

~~fhtpaq;fSs; rpwe;jJ ehlfkhFk;.

ehlfj;Js; rpwe;jJ rhFe;jykhFk;.

mjpNy rpwe;jJ ehd;fhtJ mq;fkhFk;.

mjpYQ; rpwe;jJ ehd;F RNyhfq;fshFk;.||

~~mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk;> fhspjhrupd; mupa nghf;fpr

khFk;. mjpNy rpwe;jJ ehd;fhtJ mq;fkhFk;.

mjpYk; $l> rFe;jiy muz;kidapypUe;J

ntspNawpr; nry;Yk; re;ju;g;gk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tpjNk kpf kpfr; rpwe;jjhFk;.

~~kd;dd; J\;ae;jdpd; ghj;jpuk;> xOf;fkhd mlf;fkhd

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l rFe;jiyg; ghj;jpuk; Mfpad

rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpd; Clhfg; ghu;g;Nghupd;

,uridiaj; J}z;b mtu;fis kfpo;tpf;fpd;wik.

• fhspjhrdpd; tu;zidg; Gyikia ntspf;fhl;Lk; gy

re;ju;g;gq;fis rhFe;jyj;jpy; fhzyhk;. khidg;

gpd;njhlu;e;J Juj;jpr; nry;Yk; kd;dd; gw;wpa

tUzid> jNghtdr; #oy; tUzid> Kl;bNkhjp

tUk; f[pjh gw;wpa tUzid> gps;isfisf; nfhQ;rpf;

Fytp> mtu;fsJ clypy; J}R jl;lf; fpilj;jikiag;

ngUk; ghf;fpakhff; nfhz;L kd;dd; nra;j tUzid

vd;gd kpfr; rpwg;ghditahFk;.

fhspjhru ;fhspjhru ;fhspjhru ;fhspjhru ;fhspjhru ;



fhspjhrdpd; ehlf ghzpfhspjhrdpd; ehlf ghzpfhspjhrdpd; ehlf ghzpfhspjhrdpd; ehlf ghzpfhspjhrdpd; ehlf ghzp• ftpijg; ghq;fhd vOj;Jg;ghzp

• ,aw;iff;Fk; kdpjdpd; ,ay;GfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

gu];guj; njhlu;G ehlfj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy;

rhFe;jyj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sik.

• tPujPug; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l jiyikg; ghj;jpuq;fs;

mlq;fpAs;sik.

• rpUq;fhur; Rit ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.

• tpJ}rfd; ghj;jpuj;ij ehlfj;jpy; caupa epiyf;F

,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wik.

• fhtpa - ehlf ,ay;Gfspd; rpwg;ghd Nru;f;ifahy;

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

#j;jpufu#j;jpufu#j;jpufu#j;jpufu#j;jpufu ;• #j;jpufu; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ vd;gJ gw;wp cWjpahfj;

jPukhdpf;f KbahJ.

• #j;jpufhy;; vOjg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; ~kpUfr;rbfk;|

vDk; ehlfj;jpy; Kd;Diuapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s

tptuj;jpd;gb ,tu; gpuhkzu; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j Ntjj;jpy;

Nju;j;j gw;gy mwptpay;fspy; JiwNghd jpwik kpf;f

Xu; vOj;jhsu; vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ehlfj;jpd;

gz;ilj;jd;ik> nkhop> vOj;Jg;ghzp Nghd;w

gz;Gfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Nehf;Fifapy; mtu;

tho;e;j fhyk; fhspjhru; fhyj;Jf;Fk; gpw;gl;ljhf

,Uf;fyhk; vdf; fUj Kbfpd;wJ.

• kpUr;rfbfk;| ehlfj;jpd; Clhfr; #j;jpufupd; ehlf

tpjpia ,dq;fhz KbfpwJ.

• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Clhfr; rkfhy

tho;f;if epfo;Tfs; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wik.

• mjpf tu;zidfs; ,lk;ngwhik.

• ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;G kpf Kidg;ghdJ.

• rk];fpUj kw;Wk; Vida fijfs; gy;NtW tiffspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.

• typikahd capNuhl;lkhd ehlf nkhopg; gpuNahfq;

fs; %yk; nrOikg;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sik.

• capNuhl;lkhd ehlfg; ghq;F. fhj;jpukhf Kd;itf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• rpUq;fhuk;> fUiz> ,Nyrhf ,ioNahLk; eifr;

Rit vd;gd Kidg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.

• gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ciueilg; gFjpfs; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sik> ehlfj;jpd; fijf; fsj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;j

khd tifapy; gbg;gpidfs;> tho;f;if njhlu;ghd

Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf KbntLj;jy; Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sik.



=ù;ru;=ù;ru;=ù;ru;=ù;ru;=ù;ru;• fp.gp. 606 - 648 fspy; ~fhd;aFr;r| ,y; murhl;rp

elj;jpajhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• uj;dhtsp> gpupaju;rpf;fh> ehfhej;jk; Mfpad

=ù;rupd; ehlfq;fshFk;. ,e;j %d;W ehlfq;fSk;

cWjpahd xU ehlf tpjpf;F mikthf vOjg;

gl;Ls;sik njspT. muritr; #oiyg; gpd;GykhfTk;

fhjy; fijfis %ykhfTk; nfhz;L> vOjg;gl;l

ehlfq;fs; vd;w tifapy; ehlf ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,it

rpwg;gplj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. gpurpj;jp ngw;w ~GU`j;|

fijfspypUe;Nj ,e;ehlfq;fSf;fhd fijf; fUf;fs;

ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ehlfq;fspy; Nej;& jPu yypj

(cjazd;)> jPug;gpurhe;j ([p%jyhfd) Mfpa ghj;jpug;

gz;Gfs; ed;F rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• = ù;\u; vspikahd ehlf vOj;Jg; ghzpiag;

gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,Nyrhf ,ioNahLk; eifr;

Ritia ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; vOJtjpy; ,tu;

ty;ytuhthu;. ,tuJ ciug;gFjpfspy; eifr;

Ritiaj; njspthff; fhzyhk;.

• ~ehfej;j| ,y; ehe;jpia Gj;ju; ];Njhj;jpukhff; fUj

KbfpwJ. [p%jthfd> Nghjprj;Jtg; gz;Gfisf;

nfhz;l xU jiytdhthd;. ~FUY| gl;rpAk; $l

Nghjprj;Jtu; Nghd;W fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,aw;if moif tu;zpg;gjw;fhf ePz;l thf;fpaq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpapUj;jy; = ̀ u;rupd; rpwg;Gf;fSs; xd;whFk;.

• tiuaiwg;gl;l #oypy; tsu;r;rpaile;j ehl;bf;fh|

(ehlf) vd;gij cWjpahd xU ehlf tifahf

epiyg;gLj;jpaik mtu; Mw;wpa xU mupa Nrit

ahFk;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fhspjhrupd; jiyrpwe;j gilg;G vd;w tifapy;

rhFe;jyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rk];fpUj ehlf tpjpia

Muha;f.

• rk];fpUj ehlf tpjpapylq;Fk; ehlfnkhd;wpd; ,ay;G

fis cjhuzq; fhl;bf; fye;JiuahLf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • =uhkNjrpfu; - guj ehl;ba rh];jpuk;







fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • rk];fpUj ehlf Nkhbiag; gFj;jha;jy;.

• tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JUtpypUe;J cjhuzq;

fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.

• rk];fpUj ehlf vOj;JUf;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.

• ehlfk; jahupj;jy;.

• ehlf vOj;JUit vOJjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.6.3nraw;ghL 4.6.3nraw;ghL 4.6.3nraw;ghL 4.6.3nraw;ghL 4.6.3 : : : : : ~~rk];fpUj ehlf Nkhb gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.||


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • rk];fpUj ehlf vOj;JUf;;fs;

- fhspjhrupd; mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk;

- = `u;rupd; uj;dhtsp

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nkhopg; gpuNahfk;>

ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G> muq;fg; nghUs;g; gad;ghL>

Ntl cilg;ghq;F> Kj;jpiufs;> mirT Kiwfs;

Nkiliar; Rw;wp tUjy;> Nkilf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; Mfpad

gw;wp Nehf;FtNj ,e;jg; ghlj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gLtjhFk;.



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpd; NkhbahJ Nkhbikg;ghzpiar;

Nru;e;jjhFk;.

• nrhy;yhly;fs; ciueil tbtKilad.

• #oikTfisAk;> fhl;rpfisAk; fhl;Ljtw;fhfTk;

Ra ght ntspg;ghl;L czu;it ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F

khfNt nra;As; eil gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;: mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyj;jpd; 7Mk; mq;fj;jpy;

N`k$l gu ;tjj;ij te;jilAk; J\;ae;jd;

rpq;ff;Fl;bAld; tpisahLk; Foe;ijiaf; fz;lTld;

gpd;tUkhW nra;As; eilapy; ghLfpwhd;.

~~fhuzkpd;wpr; rpupf;Fk; rpupg;gpdhy;

rw;Nw njupAk; rpidg; gw;fSila>



NgRk; njsptw;w nrhw;fs; fhuzkhf

ftu;r;rpahd Ngr;Rg; ghzpAila

jkJ je;ijkhupd; kbfspy; gha;e;J

mku MtYld; ,Uf;fpd;w kfd;khiuj;

jha;FyksTf;Fg; Gz;zpaQ; nra;Njhu;

mtu;fspd; Nkdpapy; gbe;Js;s

GOjpahy; mOf;filNthNu.

• nrhy;yhly;fs; fyg;G nkhopapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sik.

• rk];fpUj nkhop gad;gLj;JNthu;

murd;> gpuhkzd;> tpahghup> mikr;ru;> jsgjp>

fQ;Rfd;> ... Nghd;w cau; kw;Wk; kj;jpk tifg;

ghj;jpuq;fs;.

• rfy ngz;fSk;> fPo; tif Mz; ghj;jpuq;fSk;

gy;NtW gpuhf;fpUj nkhopg; Ngjq;fshd nrsuNrdp>

khfjP> gpuhr;ah> Mye;jp> mu;jkhfjP Nghd;wtw;iwAk;

rf;fhuP> rhz;lhsp> rhfuP> lf;fp Nghd;w gpwnkhopg;

Ngjq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

• ebg;gpy; ngz;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdu;.

• rpwpa ghu;g;Nghu; $lq;fspy; ehlfq;fis elj;jpdu;.

mJ 64 Ko ePsKk; 32 Ko mfyKk; cilajhf

mike;jJ.

(Negj;ah fpUfk;)

xg;gidaiw

ebg;gplk;

(uq;fgpjh)

gpujhd Nkil

ghu;g;Nghu; $lk;

thapy; thapy;

kj;jtuhzp kj;jtuhzp

32 Kok;

64 Kok;

16 Kok;

8 Kok;

8 Kok;

32 Kok;



• muq;fg; nghUs;fs; mupjhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• cz;ikg; nghUs;fisg; Nghd;wjhf cUthf;fg;gLk;

nghUs;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,Nyrhd nghUs;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp mikj;Jf; nfhs;tu;. cNyhfq;fs;> ituQ;

nrwpe;j kuk; Nghd;w ghukhd nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L

cUthf;fg;gLk; muq;fg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jt

jhy; ebfu;fs; fisg;gila ,lKz;lhifahy;

mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkw;wJ vdg;

gujKdptu; $Wfpd;whu;. muq;fg; nghUs;fs; %d;W

tifg;gLk;.

1. re;jpkk; - %q;fpw; fPw;Wf;fs;> ,Nyrhd ryhiffshy;

Mf;fg;gl;l rl;lfq;fs;> Njhy;> Jzp Nghd;wtw;why;

kiwf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;.

2. tpah[pkk;- fapW fl;b ,Oj;jy; Nghd;w cj;jpfisf;

ifahz;L nghwpKiwapy; ,af;fj;jf;f

cgfuzq;fs;.

3. Nt\;bkk; - Njd; nkOF> muf;F Nghd;wtw;why;

Mf;fg;gLk; muq;fg; nghUs;fs;.

• rpwg;ghd Ntl cilfisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

• Milazpfs;> jiyazpfs; (rlhKbfs;> FLkpfs;

fpuPlq;fs;) G+khiyfs; mzpe;jdu;.

• Ntl cilfs; gy tifg;gl;lit.

ghj;jpu tiffSf;F mika mit gad;gLj;jg;

gl;lik.

• kPir jhbfSk;> rlh Kbfs;> FLkpfSk; gad;

gLj;jg;gl;ld.

mit %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. gf;fkhf mzpgit - (fPo; tifapdu; mzpe;jdu;)

2. miuf;fpuPlk;/FLkp

kj;jpa tifapdu; - Njtu;> fe;ju;tgjpfs;>

,sturu;fs;> Kjyikr;ru;> jsgjp MfpNahu; mzpe;

jpUe;jdu;.

3. KOr;ril/fpuPlk;

cau; tFg;gpdu; mzpe;jdu;.

• tpNrl Ngr;R Kiwfs; cs;sd.

1. gpufhr ghrza 2. ];tfj

3. [dhe;jpf;f 4. mg;gthu;e;j

5. rhKf;f - $l;L 6. Vfy - jdpahs;

7. Mfhr ghrpj;j 8. ,ufrpakhfg; Ngry;



• mirT Kiwfs; 32 MFk;.

mtw;Ws; 16 Kiwfs; jiuapy; mirtijr; rpj;jpupg;gjw;

fhdit.

Vida 16 Kiwfs; jiuf;F Nky; mirtijr;

rpj;jpupg;gjw;fhdit.

• Kj;jpiufs; gy gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• kpUfj;jiy

• ghk;Gj;jiy

• tz;L

• md;dk;

• jhkiu

• gpiwr;re;jpud;

• elj;jy; md;Nwy; gaz KiwfSk; tpNrlkhdit.

• ghj;jpuj;Jf;F cupaitahd gy eilfs;

• cau; tifg; ghj;jpuk; xU ftL itf;Fk;NghJ kj;jpa>

tifg; gj;jpuq;fs; ,uz;L ftLfs; itj;jdu;. fPo;

tifapdu; ehd;F ftLfs; itj;jdu;.

• Nkilg; gad;ghL

xNu Nkilapy; Vf fhyj;jpy; gy #oikTfs;

ntt;ntW ,lq;fspy; fhl;lg;gLk;.

• Nkilapy; gad;gLj;j Kbahj tplaq;fs; rpy cs;sd.

cz;zy;> Fbj;jy;> Kj;jkply;> kuzk;> Milkhw;Wjy;

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • rk];fpUj ehlf Nkhbia tpupthfg; gFj;jha;f.

• rk];fpUj ehlfnkhd;wpd; nraypaf;fj;ij cjhuzq;

fhl;b tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • gujehl;ba rh];jpuk; - =uhk Njrpfu;







fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • rk];fpUj ehlf kugpy; ~urf;Nfhl;ghl;bd;| tfpghfj;

jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• Mw;WNthu; - ghu;g;Nghu; ngWk; mofpay; mDgtkhf

~urf;Nfhl;ghL| mike;Js;sJ vd;gjid tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.6.4nraw;ghL 4.6.4nraw;ghL 4.6.4nraw;ghL 4.6.4nraw;ghL 4.6.4 : : : : : ~~urf;Nfhl;ghL gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Nthk;.||


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • • urf; Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghd E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;>

fl;Liufs;.

• Mw;Wiffs; mlq;fpa xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;.

• ur czu;Tfs; mlq;fpa xspg;glq;fs;

• ur ntspg;ghLfisr; nrad;Kiw uPjpahfr; nra;J

fhl;ly;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : urhDgtk; vd;gjhy; ehk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ahJ>

urhDgtj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; mbg;gilf; fhuzpfs;

ahit? muq;f mDgtj;jpy; urhDgtk; ngWk; ,lk;

ahJ vd;git gw;wpa njspitg; ngWtNj ,g; ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.


tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • rk];fpUj muq;F gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F

mbg;gilahf ehl;ba rh];jpuk; mikfpwJ. ehl;ba

rh];jpuk; $Wk; tplaq;fs;> muq;fpw;F cupait

vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fk; tifapy; ebg;G (Nyhfju;kp>

ehl;ba ju;kp)> ebg;G %yfq;fs; (mgpeak;> tpUj;jp>

rpj;jp> ghtk;> urk;...)> muq;F (tpf;fpu];> rJ];u>

jpupa];u) ghu;g;Nghu; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d gy

tplaq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.

• ebg;gpy; cly; topr;rpj;jpupg;G> nrhy; topr; rpj;jpupg;G>

czu;r;rp topr; rpj;jpupg;G> fhz;gpa topr; rpj;jpupg;G

ahTk; mlq;fpapUg;gjid ehy;tif mgpeaq;fsp



D}lhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. mgp + ea - ghu;g;Nghiu

Nehf;fp te;J ntspg;gLj;JtjhAk;> ntspg;ghl;by;

Mugj;jp tpUj;jp (,af;fk;)> ghujp tpUj;jp (thu;j;ijfs;)>

ifrpjp tpUj;jp (,ir> ghly;> eldk;) rj;te;jp tpUj;jp

(czu;r;rp) ahTk; ,ize;J ,Ug;gijAk; mtjhdpf;f

Kbfpd;wJ.

• guju; ghtj;jpid clyhfTk;> urj;jpid capuhfTk;

fhz;fpd;whu;. ghu;g;Nghuplk; urhDgtj;ij Vw;gLj;J

tjw;F mbg;gilahd ghtj;ijf; fhz;fpd;whu;.

nkhj;jkhf> ghtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 49 MFk;.

~];jhap| vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mbg;gilahdjhfTk;

epiyahdjhfTk; cs;sJ.

• ~~tpght mDght tpagpr;rhup ght rk;Nahfhj; u];ep];

gj;jpfp| vd;w RNyhfj;jpd; %yk; tpghtk; vd;gJ urk;

Njhd;Wtjw;F epiyf;fsdhf miktJ vdTk; ehlfr;

#oikT jUfpd;w gpd;dzp epiyikfspD}lhff;

fjhehafd;> fjhehafpaplj;J Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w czu;r;rp

khw;wq;fs; MFk;. tpghtkhdJ Myk;gd tpghtk;>

cj;jPgd tpghtk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F

rhFe;jyj;jpy; J\;ae;jidAk; rFe;jiyiaAk; re;jpf;f

itg;gjw;Fr; #oikT gilg;ghf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s

Kiwikapidf; nfhs;syhk;.

J\;ae;jd; Mrpuk khidj; Juj;jptuy;> fhdfj;jpy;

rFe;jiyiaj; NjhopfSld; fhzy;> rFe;jiyia

tz;L Juj;jptuy;> mtSf;F cjtp Njitg;gly;>

mg;NghJ J\;ae;jd; moF> tPuk; vd;gtw;iw nka;g;gpf;

fpd;whd;. tz;L gwe;J tpLfpd;wJ. mf;fzj;jpy;

rFe;jiyaplj;J gak;> ntl;fk;. Mr;rupak;> rpUq;fhuk;

ahTk; Njhd;wpj; Njhd;wp kiwfpd;wd. kdk; fhjy;

tag;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,e;j tpghtr; #oyhy; rFe;jiyapd; clypy; kapu;f;

$r;nrwpjy;> Kfk; rptj;jy; Nghd;w gy ngsjpf uPjpahd

khw;wq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,jidNa guju; ~mDghtk;|

vd;fpd;whu;. ,jid rhj;tPf ghtk; vdTk; miog;gu;.

,it vl;L MFk;.

• rk;gtk; md;Nwy; #oikT jUk; epiyikfshy;

fzj;Jf;Ff; fzk; te;JNghFk; czu;r;rpfis rQ;rhup

md;Nwy; tpahgpr;rhup ghtk; vd;fpd;whu;. ,it Kg;gj;J

%d;W MFk;.

• urhDgtk; vd;gJ Mw;WNthu; jkJ ebg;gpdhYk;>

czu;r;rpfspdhYk; NtlTil> xg;gidfs;> gpd;dzpf;

fhl;rpfspdhYk; xUkpj;J czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;J



fpd;wNghJ> ghu;g;NghUk; cly;> cs> Mj;kPf uPjpahf

Mw;Wifapd; czu;TfSld; xd;WgLfpd;w NghJ

,UtuJ ,UjaKk; rkg;gLfpd;wJ.

Sat hrdaya - Sahrdaya. ,jd; %yk; ghu;g;Nghuplk; xj;j

czu;r;rp CLgutg;gl;L xj;j mDgtk; gfpug;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;j mDgtNk ~urhDgtkhFk;.|| ,e;epiyapy;

ghu;g;Nghd; rfpu;jadhfpd;whd;.

• rk];fpUj muq;F vz; tif urq;fis Kd;itf;

fpd;wJ. guju; $Wk; rpUq;fhuk;> `h\;ak;> Uj;jpuk;>

gPgj;]> gahd> Mr;ru;a> fUzh> N]hf vDk; vz;tif

urq;fSf;Fk; mg;ghy; gpw;fhyj;jtu;fs; rhe;j>

thj;ry;a> rfp... Nghd;wtw;iwAk; urq;fshf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJz;L.

• njhy;fhg;gpaj;J nka;g;ghl;baYk;> mgpetFg;ju; NgRk;

urthjKk; ,tw;Wld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;bait

MFk;.

• ,e;jpa muq;f mofpay; xUtpj kfpo;tspg;GlNdNa

KbTWfpd;wJ. vdpDk;> fpNuf;f fjh]p];> ag;ghdpa

A+apd; (Yugen) vd;git jUk; mDgtq;fSld;

xUkpj;Jg; ghu;f;fg;glf;$bait.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ahjhapDk; xU ehlf Mw;Wifapd; xspg;Ngioapid/

ehlf vOj;JUtpidg; ghu;f;Fk;gb/ thrpf;Fk;gb

khztu;fisj; J}z;Lf. me;ehlfj;jpd; rk;gtq;fs;/

#oikTfSf;F Clhf ntspg;gLk; urq;fisg; gl;baw;

gLj;Jf.

• Fwpj;j Mw;Wif xd;wpid mspf;if nra;f.

• Mw;Wiff;$lhfg; ngw;w urhDgtj;ijg; gfpu;e;J

nfhs;Sf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : • gujehl;ba rh];jpuk; - =uhk Njrpfu;






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7 : : : : : kj;jpafhy INuhg;ghtpd; ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghf

Muha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlff; fiy gw;wpg; gFg;gha;T

nra;jy;.

• jpUkiw ehlff; fijfs; gw;wpa fUf;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.

• mw;Gj ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa fijfspd; fUg;nghUs;fisr;

Nrfupj;jy;.

• xOf;fg; gz;G ehlfq;fspd; fijg; nghUs;fspd;

jhf;fj;ijg; ngw;W Gjpa ehlfq;fis vOJjy;.

• Nrf;];gpaupd; ehlfg; gilg;Gfspy; fhzf;$ba xOf;fg;

gz;G ehlf ,ay;Gfis Muha;jy;.

nraw;ghL 4.7nraw;ghL 4.7nraw;ghL 4.7nraw;ghL 4.7nraw;ghL 4.7 : : : : : kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fs; gw;wpg; gapy;Nthk;.

• nghJ tzf;f Kiw ehlfq;fs;

• jpUKiw ehlfq;fs;/kiwQhd ehlfq;fs;

• mw;Gj ehlfq;fs;/Gdpjupd; ehlfq;fs;

• xOf;fg; gz;G ehlfq;fs;

• tPu ehlfq;fs;

• tpfl ehlfq;fs;

• ghzu; ,ir epfo;r;rp

• ,ilepfo;T ehlfq;fs;


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • xspg;glq;fs;

• ,izak;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : Nuhk rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; gpd;du; kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa

ehlf tsu;r;rp cr;rf;fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. mt;tsu;r;rpg;

Nghf;fpw;Ff; fhuzkhd ehlfKiwik gw;wpg; gapy;tNj




: : : : : • nghJtzf;f Kiw ehlfq;fs;nghJtzf;f Kiw ehlfq;fs;nghJtzf;f Kiw ehlfq;fs;nghJtzf;f Kiw ehlfq;fs;nghJtzf;f Kiw ehlfq;fs;,e;ehlf tif jpUr;rigapNyNa ,lk;ngWk;. jpUr;

rigiar; rhu;e;j ghjpupahu;> kw;Wk; cjtpahsu;>

Mw;Wif nra;ag; gq;fspg;Nghu; gf;ju;fs; Mff;

fhzg;gLtu;. g+ir topghl;bd; NghNj ,J ,lk;ngWk;.



,NaRtpd; midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSk; epfo;j;jpf;

fhl;lg;gLk;. ,e;ehlfj;jpw;F ~~ahiuj; NjLfpwPu;fs;||

vdj; njhlq;Fk; Quem Quarities fuzNk mbg;gil.

Nfhtpy; topghl;Lld; eilngw;wjhy; mJ nghJtzf;f

Kiw ehlfk; vdg;gl;lJ.

• jpUkiw ehlfq;fs;jpUkiw ehlfq;fs;jpUkiw ehlfq;fs;jpUkiw ehlfq;fs;jpUkiw ehlfq;fs;fp.gp. 12Mk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gpuhd;rpYk;

N[u;kdpapYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; gpugy;akhd jpUkiw

ehlfq;fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; jpUtptpypaj;jpd; gioa> Gjpa

cld;gbf;if E}y;fspd; fijfisf; fUg;nghUshff;

nfhz;L Njthyaq;fspy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l ehlf

tiffSs; xd;W. ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ty;yikapd;

kfpik ,jd; topahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ.

• gh];fh> ej;jhu; fhyq;fspy; gf;ju;fSf;F ,e;ehlfq;fs;

NjtkfpikiaAk; ,iwahl;rpiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;

fhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• fp.gp. 1150 - 1200 tiuapyhd fhyq;fspy; gpuhd;rpy;

A Mystery of Adam vd;w ehlfj;ij vOjpaik.

• fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;Gf; fij Nfhapy; gpujhd thapypy;

,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; tpsf;fkhd Nkil mwpTWj;jy;

fSld; ebf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ghlfu; FO (Nfhu];) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• The Holy Resurrection vDk; ngaupy; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd;

cj;jhdk; gw;wpa gpurpj;jp ngw;w ehlfnkhd;W gpuhd;R

vOj;jhsu; xUtuhy; njd; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; jahupf;fg;

gl;lik.

• jpUtptpypaf; fijfisg; gpd;Gykhff; nfhz;lik.

• Gdpju;fspd; tho;f;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ehlfq;fs; Kf;fpak; ngw;wik.

• kfpo;tspg;G topfs; ,y;yhjgbahNy jpUkiw

ehlfq;fisf; fz;L ,urpf;fg; gf;ju;fs; Vuhskhfj;

Njthyaq;fSf;F tuj; njhlq;fpaik.

• Nfhapy;fspYk; ,lk; Nghjhjgbahy; ehlfq;fisf;

Nfhapy;fSf;F ntspNa nfhz;L te;jgbahy;

FUkhu;fs; ebg;gJ jilnra;ag;gl;lik.



• efuj;jpd; njhopy;El;gq;fs; epiwe;j kp];uup ngaUf;fhf

mDruiz toq;fp 16Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu njhlu;r;rp

ahf ,e;ehlfk; ebf;fg;gl;lik.

• fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l miur;Rtu;fSila tPjpfspy;

,e;ehlfq;fs; NkilNaw;wg;gl;ld.

• Mq;fpy Row;rp ehlfq;fspy; Second Shepherd Play vDk;

~~,uz;lhk; Nka;g;gd;|| ehlfk; kpfTk; gpurpj;jp ngw;wJ.

• Ml;L ke;ijfis Nka;f;Fk; Ml;bilau;fs; jkJ

MLfis kpfTk; ftdkhf Nka;j;jdu;. ,ilau;fs;

epj;jpiuahdNghJ fgl ,iladhd ~nkf;| vd;gtd;

kw ;wtdpd; ; ke ;ijapypUe;J mofhd Ml;Lf;

Fl;bnahd;iwj; jpUbf;nfhz;L jdJ tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W

kidtpahd ~gpy; | ,lk; nfhLj;jhd;. mts;

Ml;Lf;Fl;biaj; jdf;Fg; Gjpjha; gpwe;j Foe;ijahfj;

njhl;bypypl;L kiwj;J itj;jhs;. gpd;G ~nkf;| Gy;

ntspf;Fr; nrd;W kw;wtu;fisg; NghyNt epj;jpiu

nra;jhd;. epj;jpiutpl;L vOe;j ,ilau;fs; ~nkf;|

if kpfTk; f\;lg;gl;L vOg;gpdu;. mg;NghJ xU Ml;Lf;

Fl;b ke;ijapy; Fiwe;jpUg;gij kw;w ,ilau;fs;

fz;lwpe;jdu;. mJ gw;wp ~nkf;| kPJ re;Njfk; nfhz;l

mtu;fs; mtdJ tPl;ilr; Nrhjpj;jdu;. ~nkf;| ,d;

kidtp Foe;ij ngw;w Ntjidapy; tUe;JtJ Nghy;

ebj;jhs;. ,ilau;fs; jpUk;gpg; NghFk;NghJ gpwe;j

Foe;ijf;Fg; gupnrhd;iwj; ju vz;zpdu;. gupR toq;f

mUfpy; nrd;wNghJ njhl;bypy; ,Ue;jJ Foe;ijay;y.

njhiye;JNghd Ml;Lf;Fl;bNa vd;gijf; fz;L

gpbj;jdu;.

• mw;Gj ehlfq;fs; (mw;Gj ehlfq;fs; (mw;Gj ehlfq;fs; (mw;Gj ehlfq;fs; (mw;Gj ehlfq;fs; (Miracle Plays))))),it Gdpju;fspd; tho;f;ifia ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltdthf

mike;jd. gh];fh fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j fz;fhl;rpfspy;

NkilNaw;wg;gl;l ,e;ehlfq;fs; ngUq;fhl;rpg; gz;Gfs;

epiwe;jdthff; fhzg;gl;ld.

• 15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; miug;gFjpapy; jpUkiw

ehlfq;fSk;> mw;Gj ehlfq;fSk; ehlfg; gpujpahf;fk;

Nghd;Nw jahupg;GfSk; ngUk; tsu;r;rpia mile;J

fhzg;gl;ld. irkd; fpNughdpd; An Acted Des Apotres

vDk; ngaUila mw;Gj ehlfj;jpy; 62000 rk;gh\iz

tupfs; ,Ue;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. 1536 Mk;

Mz;lstpy; ,e;ehlfj;ij KOikahf NkilNaw;w

40 ehl;fs; vLj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.



• Nkup kf;lypdh ehlfk; (Nkup kf;lypdh ehlfk; (Nkup kf;lypdh ehlfk; (Nkup kf;lypdh ehlfk; (Nkup kf;lypdh ehlfk; (Mary Magdalina Play))))),J xU Gdpjupd; ehlf tifia md;Nwy; mw;Gj

ehlf tifiar; rhu;e;jJ. ,e;ehlfj;jpd; fijr;RUf;fk;

,t;thW mikAk;.

NkupAk; murDk; murpAk; fg;gy; xd;wpy; xU jPit

Nehf;fpg; gazk; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,ilapNy murpf;Fg;

gps;is gpwf;Fk; epiy tUfpwJ. gpwe;j Foe;ijAk;

murpAk; ,wf;f NeupLfpd;wJ. muridAk; ,we;jtu;

fisAk; ghiw xd;wpy; ,wf;fptpl;Lf; fg;gy; nry;fpwJ.

Mz;ltupd; mUs;ngw;w NkupAld; fg;gy; (jpUr;rig)

kPz;Lk; tUfpwJ. Nkup ,UtiuAk; capu;g;gpf;fpwhs;.

GJtho;T mspf;fpwhs;. ,q;F Nkup Gdpijahfpwhs;.

• xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fs;xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fs;xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fs;xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fs;xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fs;mw;Gj ehlff;fiy INuhg;ghtpy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;L

E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF> ,e;ehlfq;fs;

cUthfpajhf Ma;thsu;fs; fUJtu;. ,e;ehlfq;fspy;

Kf;fpakhfg; gf;jpAk; rkag; gpurhuKk; my;yhj

khDlj;Jtk; gw;wp Mokhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;ehlfg;

ghj;jpuq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kdpj Nea ju;kq;fis

cau;j;Jfpd;w Nehf;fpy; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuz

khf nry;tk;> MNuhf;fpak;> Nrhk;gy;> Gz;zpak;> ghtk;

Mfpa gz;Gfs; xOf;fg; gz;G ehlfq;fspy;

ghj;jpuq;fshfr; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;ld. kdpj Fyj;jpd; cj;jk

Kd;khjpupfSf;Fk; Nga;f;fhl;ly;fSf;FkpilNa

Nkhjy;fspd; Kbtpy; kdr;rhl;rpAk; Gj;jpgyKk; vjpup

,af;fq;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J ntw;wp ngWjiy Every

Man vd;w ehlfk; (1500) vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

• kdpju;fspd; Ju;f;FzKk; gytPdq;fSk; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;

gl;Lr; r%fj;jpy; xOf;f ju;kj;ij epiyehl;Ljy;

xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fshfpaJ.

• kpfg; gioa ehlfkhd Pride of life (1410)> Castle of

Presererance (1405) Mfpad Gfo;ngw;w xOf;fg; gz;G

ehlfq;fs; MFk;.

• 16Mk; E}w;whz;by; gpugy;akhd xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;

fspd; jhf;fk; Nrf;];gpaupd; ehlfq;fspYk; fhzg;gLtJ

mtuJ ehlfq;fspd; fijg; gpd;dy;fis Ma;ifapy;

njspthfpd;wJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; etPd ehlfq;fspd;

vOr;rpf;F xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fs; gq;fspj;Js;sikAk;

njspthfpd;wJ.



fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • kj;jpafhy INuhg;ghtpd; ehlff; fiyapd; ,ay;G

fis tpgupf;Ff.

• xU rkag; gpurhu Clfkhf ehlff;fiyapd; gq;fspg;ig

kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fspd; JizAld;

Muha;f.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • The Theatre an Introducton - Oscor G Prooket


• cyf ehlf tuyhW - ghy RFkhu;






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8 : : : : : vyprngj; fhy ehlf kuigg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • vyprngj; fhy ehlff; fiyQu; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ

ehlfq;fs; gw;wp ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.

• vyprngj; ehlf muq;F gw;wpf; fw;wy;.

• vyprngj; ehlfk; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij

tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpd; ehlf tupiriar; Nrfupj;jpl

Kay;jy;.

• vyprngj; fhy ehlfq;fisg; ghu;j;jplTk; ebj;Jf;

fhl;lTk; tpUg;gk; fhl;Ljy;.

nraw;ghL 4.8nraw;ghL 4.8nraw;ghL 4.8nraw;ghL 4.8nraw;ghL 4.8 : : : : : vyprngj; fhy (tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd;) ehlff;fiy

kuigf; fw;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • Nrf;];gpaupd; rpy ehlfg; gpujpfs;

• Nrf;];gpau; gw;wpa fl;Liufs;> glq;fs;

• FNshg; ehlf muq;fpd; glk;

• Nrf;];gpaupd; xspg;glk;

mwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfkmwpKfk ;; ;; ; : : : : : vyprngj; fhyKk; ehlf tsu;r;rpAk;> vyprngj; fhy

ehlf;fiyQu;fs;> N\f;];gpaUk; mtuJ ehlfq;fSk;>

vyprngj; ehlf muq;fpd; ,ay;ig mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

vd;gdtw;wpd; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;JtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiw : : : : : • jpwe;j Gj;jfg; guprPyid> E}y; crhTif>

fye;Jiuahly;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly; : : : : : • vyprngj; fhy ehlfq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;. 1558 -

1603 tiu vyprngj; ,uhzpapd; Ml;rpf;fhykhdJ

ehlf;fiyapd; nghw;fhynkd miof;fg;gl;lik.

mjw;F Ke;jpa fhyj;jpy; epytpa murpay; rkag;

g+ry;fis vjpu ;nfhz;lNghJ ehlff;fiyf;F

tpUk;gj;jfhj jhf;fq;fs; gy Vw;gl;lik.

• 1572 ,y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lnjhU rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

ebfu;fspd; njhopyhdJ rl;luPjpahdjhf cs;thq;fg;

gly;.



• ehlf vOj;jhsUf;F> ebfu;fSf;F> Gjpa ebfu;fSf;F

Vw;gLk; vjpu;g;GfSf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhb ntw;wp ngw

Kbe;jikNahL ,uhzpapdJk; mur khspifapdJk;

MjuT ehlfj;Jf;Ff; fpl;baik.

• ,jd;gb Nrf;];gpau; kw;Wk; Vida gy ehlff;

fiyQu;fs; kj;jpafhy rk;gpujhaj;Jf;Fupj;jhd

ehlfq;fisj; njhlu;e;J jahupj;J te;jik.

• me;ehlfq;fs; gy;NtW mwpT kl;lq;fspYk; fy;tpj;

ju kl;lq;fspYk; cs;s rfyiuAk; <u;j;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;

ntw;wp ngw;wik.

• Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghw;fhykhd ,f;fhykhdJ

Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F ehlff;fiy %yk; ngUik

Nru;j;j Afkhff; fUjg;gl;lik.

• ehlff;fiyapd; tpUj;jpf;Fr; rh];jpuf;fiy kw;Wk;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspdhy; cd;dj Nrit epiwNtw;wg;

gl;lNjhL> rl;lf;fiy kw;Wk; tof;fwpQu; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;l ~,d;| vDk; ngaUila ];jhdk; ehlff;

fiyapd; tsu;r;rpf;F kpFe;j gq;fspg;igr; nra;Js;sik.

• vyprngj; Afj;jpy; Nrf;];gpaUf;Fr; rkfhyj;jtu;fshd

ehlff;fiyQu;fs;

• N[hd; ypyp (1554 - 1606)

• Nru; gpypg; rpl;dp (1554 - 1586)

• vl;kd; ];ngd;ru; (1552 - 1599)

• ngd; N[hd;rd; (1572 - 1637)

• N[hd;lf; (1553 - 1611)

• Njhk]; fpl; (1558 - 1594)

• fpwp];Njhgu; khNyh (1564 - 1593

• nwhgu;l; fpwPd; (1558 - 1592)

• Njhk]; eq;rp (1567 - 1601)

• ,tu;fspilNa Nrf;];gpaupd; gpwe;j tUlj;jpNyNa

gpwe;j fpwp];Njhgu; khNyh mw;GjkhdnjhU ehlfg;

gilg;ghspahf tpsq;fpaik.

• mtuJ ftpj;Jtk; kpf cd;dj kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jNjhL

mtuJ Gjpa ehlfk; mtuJ fhyj;jpYk; mtUf;Fg;

gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpYk; cau; gilg;ghf tpsq;fpaij

ehlf vOj;jhsu;fs; ghuhl;bAs;sik.

• Nrf;];gpauplKk; khNyhtpd; jhf;fk; ,Ue;jik.



tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaUk; mtuJ ehlfq;fSk;tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaUk; mtuJ ehlfq;fSk;tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaUk; mtuJ ehlfq;fSk;tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaUk; mtuJ ehlfq;fSk;tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaUk; mtuJ ehlfq;fSk;• 1564 Vg;uy; 26Mk; jpfjp gpwe;j Nrf;];gpau; 1616 Vg;uy;

23Mk; jpfjp ,we;jhu;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; mtuhy;

Mf;fg;gl;l ehlfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 36 vd;gJ.

• ehlf ebfuhfTk; ,af;FeuhfTk; mtu; kpFe;j Gfo;

ngw;wpUe;jik.

• xU ehlff; fiyQuhfr; Nrf;];gpaupd; gilg;Gf;fhyk;

1591 Kjy; 1611 tiu tpsq;fpaik.

• Nkw;fj;Nja tpku;rfu;fs; Nrf;];gpaiuf; fhspjhrNdhL

xg;gpLjy;.

cjhuzk;: ~~fhspjhrd; ghujj;jpd; Nrf;];gpau;||

- Nru; tpy;ypak;]; N[hd;];

• ngaustpy; ehlf vOj;jhsuhf ,Ue;jNghJk; Kjypy;

kw;wtu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fisj; njhFf;Fk;

gzpapy; Nrf;];gpau; <Lgl;bUe;jik.

• ,yj;jPd; kw;Wk; fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapy; <LgLj;jg;gl;l

Mq;fpy ehlff; fiyahdJ Nrf;];gpauhy; cs;Su;j;

Njrpaf; fiyahf khw;wg;gl;Lg; Gjpa ghijapy;

nrYj;jg;gl;lik.

• ehlf tpku;rfu;fshy; N\f;];gpaupd; ehlf tho;f;if

4 gpujhd gFjpfshf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. 1588 - 1596

2. 1596 - 1601

3. 1601 - 1608

4. 1608 - 1613

• 1588 - 1596 tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjp1588 - 1596 tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjp1588 - 1596 tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjp1588 - 1596 tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjp1588 - 1596 tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjpNtW Mrpupau;fspd; ehlfq;fisj; njhFj;jy; mjpfkhf

,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sik. ~~lapw;w];

vz;l;udpf;];;|| vd;Dk; ehlfNk ,tuhy; Kjypy;

njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.

• 1596 - 1601 tiu1596 - 1601 tiu1596 - 1601 tiu1596 - 1601 tiu1596 - 1601 tiumtuJ cd;djkhd> tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;kpf;f ehlfq;fs;

vOjg;gl;l fhyg;gFjp. N[hd; muru;> ehd;fhk; n`d;up>

5Mk; n`d;wp Mfpa ehlfq;fNs mit. ntdpR

tzpfd;> kr; vngsl; ejpq;> Mfpa ehlfq;fSk;

,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Mf;fg;gl;l gilg;GfshFk;.

• 1601 - 1608 tiu1601 - 1608 tiu1601 - 1608 tiu1601 - 1608 tiu1601 - 1608 tiuNrf;];gpaupd; mtyr;Rit ehlfq;fshd n`k;yw;>

Xj;njy;Nyh> fpq; ypau;> nkf;ngj; Mfpa ehlfq;fSk;>

l;nuhapy]; mz;l; fpnw];n]lh> My; ,];nty; njw;

fl;]; nty;> nk]u; Nghu; nk]u; Mfpa ehlfq;fSk;

,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Mf;fg;gl;litahFk;.

Nrf;];gpau;Nrf;];gpau;Nrf;];gpau;Nrf;];gpau;Nrf;];gpau;



• 1608 - 1612 tiu1608 - 1612 tiu1608 - 1612 tiu1608 - 1612 tiu1608 - 1612 tiutpf;u]; Nuy;> rpk;nghspd;> Gay; Mfpa ehlfq;fSk;

ngupf;yP]; ehlfj;jpd; gFjpAk; md;udp mz;l;

fpspNahghl;uh ehlfKk;> nfhupnahyhdu]; ehlfKk;

,f; fhyg;gFjpapy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;.

• ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gilg;Gfs; xU ehlf

tl;lkhf tho;e;j kdpjdhfr; rkfhy r%fj;ijg;

gpujpgypg;gdthf tpsq;fpaik.

• ed;ik> jPik> gifik> el;G> JNuhfk; Mfpa khDlf;

Fzq;fisf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhbahf> nysfPfk;

vt;tpjj;jpyhtJ vOr;rpngwr; nra;Ak; ntspaPl;L

Clfkhfr; Nrf;];gpau; jkJ ehlfq;fisg; gad;

gLj;jpaik.

• mtyr;Rit ehlfq;fs;mtyr;Rit ehlfq;fs;mtyr;Rit ehlfq;fs;mtyr;Rit ehlfq;fs;mtyr;Rit ehlfq;fs;1. NuhkpNah md;l; [{ypaw; (1554)

2. [{ypa]; rP]u; (1601)

3. n`k;yw; (1602)

4. Xj;njy;Nyh (1604)

5. ypau; kd;dd; (1605)

6. nkf;ngj; (1606)

7. md;udpAk; fpspNahghl;uhTk; (1607)

8. NfhupNahyd]; (1608)

9. upkd; xt; vnjd;]; (1609)

10. w; nuhapy]; mz;l; fpnw];]plh (1607)

• kfpo;newp (kfpo;newp (kfpo;newp (kfpo;newp (kfpo;newp (Comedy) ehlfq;fs;) ehlfq;fs;) ehlfq;fs;) ehlfq;fs;) ehlfq;fs;1. Loves Labours Lost (1590)

2. Comedy of Errors (1591)

3. Two Gentlemen of Verona (1592)

4. Midsummer NIghts Dream (1593)

5. The Merchant of Venice (1596)

6. The Taming of the Shrew (1597)

7. The Merry Wives of Windsor (1598)

8. Much a do About Nothing (1598)

9. As you Like It (1599)

10. The Twelth Night (1600)

• tuyhw;W ehlfq;fs;tuyhw;W ehlfq;fs;tuyhw;W ehlfq;fs;tuyhw;W ehlfq;fs;tuyhw;W ehlfq;fs;1. The King Henry the Sixth (1591 - 1592)

2. The King Richard the 3rd (1594)

3. The King Richard the 2nd (1594)

4. The King John (1595)

5. The King Henry the VV th (1597)

6. The King Henry the Vth (1599)

1. ngupfy;]; (Pericles Prince of Tyre - 1608)

2. rpk;nghspd; (Symboline 1608 -1609)

3. nuk;g];w; (The Tempest - 1610)

4. tpd;u];Nuhy; (The Winters Tale - 1610)

vyprngj; muq;Fvyprngj; muq;Fvyprngj; muq;Fvyprngj; muq;Fvyprngj; muq;F

vyprngj; muq;fpd;vyprngj; muq;fpd;vyprngj; muq;fpd;vyprngj; muq;fpd;vyprngj; muq;fpd;

ghu;g;Nghu; $lk;ghu;g;Nghu; $lk;ghu;g;Nghu; $lk;ghu;g;Nghu; $lk;ghu;g;Nghu; $lk;



1. Alls well that ends well (1602)

2. Measure for Measure (1603)

vyprngj; muq;Fvyprngj; muq;Fvyprngj; muq;Fvyprngj; muq;Fvyprngj; muq;F• ~,d;| vDk; ngaupy; miof;fg;gLk; tpLjpfspd;

Kd;wpypy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l vyprngj; ehlfj;ij

xOq;FKiwg;gb ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf epue;ju Kd;

JUj;jpa Nkilnahd;W mikf;fg;gl;lik.

• 1599 ,y; Kbf;fg;gl;l ~FNshg;| muq;F Mr;rupakhfg;

gpugy;ak; mile;jik.

• ,Jtiu fhyKk; muq;Ffspd; fl;blq;fs; ,Utifg;

gl;ldthf jpwe;jntsp muq;F> cs;sf muq;F vd

tpsq;fpaik.

• jpwe;jntsp muq;Ffs; nghJkf;fs; muq;fhfTk;>

cs;sf muq;Ffs; jdpahu; muq;fhfTk; tpsq;fpaik.

• ~FNshg;| muq;F> vz;Nfhz tbtpy; mike;j

fl;blkhfTk; gpujhd Nkil Vg;ud; tbtpy; (Kd;

JUj;jp) mike;jjhfTk; ,Ue;jik.

• ,k;Nkil gpd;G Nkyjpf ebg;gplkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;lik.,t;tuq;F Kf;fpa ehd;F gFjpfshf cs;sd.

1. gpujhd Nkil

2. cs;sf Nkil

3. Nky; Nkil

4. jpiu (fz;Lgpbj;jy; ntsp)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • vyprngj; muq;fpd; glnkhd;iw tiue;J mjd;

gFjpfisg; ngaupLf.

• vyprngj; ehlff; fiyQu;fisg; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ

ehlfq;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpKfk; nra;f.

vz;Nfhz FNshg; muq;fk;vz;Nfhz FNshg; muq;fk;vz;Nfhz FNshg; muq;fk;vz;Nfhz FNshg; muq;fk;vz;Nfhz FNshg; muq;fk;






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.9Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.9Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.9Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.9Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.9 : : : : : ag;ghd; ehl;L ehlf kuGfisg; gw;wpf; fye;Jiu

ahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ~Neh| ehlfq;fspd; Muk;gk;> ntspg;gLj;jy; gw;wpf;

fw;wy;.

• ~Neh| ehlf ghzpapd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfisg; gFj;jha;jy;.

• ~Neh| ehlf Nkilapd; gFjpfisg; glj;jpd; Jiz

NahL ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Ljy;.

• ag;ghdpa Neh ehlfKk; ,urpfUila Jyq;fYk;

gw;wp tpku;rpj;jy;.

• kuG ehlfq;fspd; rkag; gpd;dzpia Muha;jy;.

nraw;ghL 4.9.1nraw;ghL 4.9.1nraw;ghL 4.9.1nraw;ghL 4.9.1nraw;ghL 4.9.1 : : : : : ag;ghdpa ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; gw;wpj; NjbawpNthk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • ~Neh| ehlfj;jpw;Fupa fl;Gy nrtpg;Gy ehlhf;fs;

• ~Neh| ehlf muq;fpd; glk;

• ~Neh| ehlfk; ebj;jpLk; re;ju;g;gk; mlq;fpa xspg;

glq;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ag;ghdpd; kuGtop ehlff;fiyapy; tpNrl ,lj;ijg;

ngw;w Neh ehlff;fiyapd; Muk;gk;/rpwg;gpay;Gfs;>

fijg;nghUs; tiffs;> kw;Wk; muq;fntsp gw;wpf;

fw;wy;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiw : : : : : • fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fs;

• ,Wtl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; E}y;fspd; guprPyidfs;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ag;ghd; Njrj;J kpfg; gioa ehlff;fiyahf Neh

ehlf kuGfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

• f;td;dk; fpnahd;Rfh (1333 - 1384) kw;Wk; mtuJ

g+d;rpahkp nkhnlhfpNah (1363 - 1444) vd;gtuhy;

~Neh| ehlfq;fs; KOikahf;fg;gl;ld. nkhnlhf;fpNah

vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l ~Gfpfnjd;| vDk; E}y; ~Neh|

ehlfj;jpd; njhlf;fk; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghL gw;wpa

tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.



• ag;ghdpa ~Neh| vd;Dk; gjk;> Nju;r;rpg;gyk;> Gj;jpkfpik

Mfpa nghUs;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

• ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; 4000 vOjg ;gl ;bUg ;gjhff ;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;l NghJk;> ,Jtiu fpilj;Js;sit 242

kl;LNkahFk;. gpd;tUk; fjhghj;jpuq;fis Kd;itj;J

Neh ehlfq;fis 5 tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

SHIN - \pd; - nja;tk;

NAN - ed; - kdpjd;

NYO - epNah - ngz;

KYO - fpNah - igj;jpak;

KI - fP - Nga;

• ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; %d;W gpupTfspy; mlq;Fk;

JO - N[h - Muk;gk;

HA - `h - tsu;r;rp

KYU - f;A - cr;rfl;lk; md;Nwy; KbT

• fijg;nghUs;> ele;J Kbe;j rk;gtnkhd;iw xl;br;

nry;tjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mJ cz;ikapy; elf;fpd;w

fhtpakakhd tpjj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.fjhehafd;

ghj;jpuk;> ghlfu;FO> ciuQu;fs; MfpNahu; ,lk;

ngWtu;. trdq;fshy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;J

ebfu;fspd; mq;f mirTfspy; Jyhk;gukhf

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• ghj;jpuq;fs; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs mwpKfk; nra;tu;.

• Nkilapy; xUgf;fj;jpypUe;J ehlfr; #oikTfs;

,iriag; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;fg;gLk;. nray;fSk;

czu;r;rpfSk; nrhw;fs;> ,ir Mfpa Clfq;fshy;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

• gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkhop goikahdJ.

• thf;fpa cr;rupg;G mf;fhyj;Jf;Fupadthf ,Ug;gjhy;

jw;fhy ,urpfu;fSf;F tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sf; f\;lkhf

cs;sJ. vdNt eilKiw nkhopeilapy; vOjg;gl;l

ehlfg; gpujpia ,urpfu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;gb nra;tJ

jw;fhy tof;fkhFk;.

• ebfu;fs; gytifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLtu;.

gpujhd ebfu; - \pj;Nj

gpujhd ebfupd; cjtpahsd; - \pNj fpRNu

Jiz ebfu; - tfp

Jiz ebfupd; cjtpahsd; - tfp fpRNu

Foe;ij ebfu; - nfhf;fh

~Neh| Ntl Kfq;fs;~Neh| Ntl Kfq;fs;~Neh| Ntl Kfq;fs;~Neh| Ntl Kfq;fs;~Neh| Ntl Kfq;fs;



• ebg;gtu;fs; Mz;fs; kl;LNk. gpujhd ebfupd;

Milfis khw;Wjy;> NtlKfq;fis khw;Wjy;> ehlf

cgfuzq;fis cupa ,lq;fspy; itj;jy; Mfpa

tw;Wf;fhf Nkil cjtpahsu;fs; FOnthd;Wk;

,Uf;Fk;. mtu;fs; ~~nfhf;nfd;|| vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

• Jzpahy; %lg;gl;l %d;W mb mfyk; 6 mb ePsk;

nfhz;l rl;lfk; ebg;gpw;F cjtpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wJ. iffshy; cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; nghUs;fshd>

ths;> fir> fz;zhb> kzp> rhkiu tprpwpfs;

Mfpatw;Wf;fhf ,aw;ifahff; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• vijAk; fiyak;rj;NjhL Kd;itg;gjw;fhf Cd;W

Nfhy;> ifj;jb> fpwp];fj;jp> $uhd mk;Gfs;> jPg;ge;jk;>

rPdg; Gy;yhq;Foy; Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• ~Neh| ehlfj;jpy; vy;yh mirTfSk; jhsj;NjhL

Nru;e;jit. vy;yh mirTfSk; xU mu;j;jj;ij ntspg;

gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tpj ghzpapyike;j

mirTfs; 2050 cs;sJ. kpfTk; nkJthd mirTk;

ke;jNtf eilghzpAk; cs;slf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ghly;fs;> ehlff; fhl;rpf;F mtrpakhd czu;Tfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Neh ,irg;

gpuge;jq;fspy; ,irf;fl;LfSk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

mt;thW vOjg;gl;l kpfg; gioa E}y;fs; 15Mk;

E}w;whz;Lf;F cupadthFk;.

• ~Neh| ehlfq;fSf;fhd fijg;nghUs; tplaq;fshf>

guNyhfk;> capu;f;nfhiyapd; tpisTfs;> cyfpd;

epiyahik> Gj;jngUkhdpd; ty;yik> fhkj;jpd;

jPatpisTfs; vd;gd tpsq;fpd.

• ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; ~gd;ry| mike;Js;s ,lj;jpy;

[duQ;rfkhd ebg;ghf Muk;gkhdJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy;

gpuGf;fspd; MjuT fpl;bajd; fhuzkhf ~Neh|

ehlfq;fSf;F czu;r;rp ghtq;fspy; yypj jd;ik

Nru;j;;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lijf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,q;F

NtlKfq;fspd; gad;ghL rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

];jpup> Nga; kw;Wk; mtjhuq;fspd; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhf

Ntl Kfq;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd. mit kdpj Kfq;fis

tplr; rpwpait. nky;ypa gyifahy; nra;ag;gl;lit.

Neh NtlKfq;fspy; 120 tiffs; cs;sd. Mz;

gps;isfs;> ,isQu;fs;> \pd;Njh nja;tq;fs;> ngsj;j

nja;tq;fs; mz;lapd;> GJikahd tpyq;Ffs;

Mfpatw;wpw;fhf Mz; NtlKfq;fSk; ngz;fs;>



,sk;ngz;fs;> eLj;ju taJg; ngz;fs;> Kjpa

ngz;fs;> igj;jpak; gpbj;j ngz;fs;> Nga; gpbj;j

ngz;fs;> mtjhuq;fs;> GJikahd ngz; tpyq;Ffs;

Mfpatw;Wf;fhf ];jpup NtlKfq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;ld.

• Milfspy; jq;fk;> nts;sp> Mguzq;fs; fhl;lg;

gl;Ls;sd. vy;yh ebfu;fSk; ngUtpuy;fs; kw;Wk;

Vida tpuy;fis NtWgLj;jpg; gpupj;J nts;is Nk];

mzpe;jdu;. Mz; ghj;jpuq;fs; eLNt gpupj;j ~`f;fk|

vDk; ngaupy; ghthil mzpe;jdu;. ghj msTf;Nfw;g

kpfTk; ngupjhf ,Ughjq;fspYk; mit mzpag;gl;ld.

• ];jpup ghj;jpuq;fspd; ntspg;ghl;Lf;fhfg; ngha;f;

nfhz;il gad;gLj;jpdu;. nfhz;il Nkh];jUf;Nfw;g

];jpup ghj;jpuq;fspd; juhjuk;> taJ vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;

gl;lJ.

• muru;fspd; giltPuu;> jiyiar; Rw;wp nts;isg;gl;b

mzpe;jNjhL Aj;j ,uhZtj;jpdUf;Fg; gy;NtW jiy

myq;fhuKk; nja;tq;fs; cau; mjpfhupfs;

vd;NghUf;Ff; fpuPlKk; mzpag;gl;lJ. ,urpfu;fisAk;

muq;ifAk; gpupf;fj; jpiu gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• Rkpjejpa> NjhNrh tpfhiu> mj;Rnkhup> mj; ,f;Fdh

vdg; gpurpj;jpngw;w ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; gy. ~Neh|

ehlfq;fs;> njhlu;Gila Vida ehlfq;fSk; kuG

ehlfq;fshFk;. ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; ,uz;bw;fpilNa

md;Nwy; ehlfnkhd;wpd; ,uz;L gpupTfSf;fpilNa

Xa;T ebg;G ~fpNah[d;| ehlfj;ij ebj;Jf;fhl;LtJ

ePz;lfhy kughFk;.

• ~Neh| ehlfq;fspy; gpurpj;jkhfTs;s Mokhd jd;ik>

xw;iwj;jd;ik> topjtwpaik> fpNah[d; vd;Dk;

ngaUila Gfo;ngw;w ehlfj;jpd; ebg;G Nru;fpd;wJ.

• ~fpNah[d;| ebg;Gg;ghzp ,aw;ifahd jd;ikf;Ff;

fpl;bajhFk;. ghj;jpuq;fs; ,uz;L> %d;Wf;fpilNa

fijf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtJ>

ciuahly; topahfNt MFk;. mjd; nkhop jw;fhy

r%fj;jpd; gpuNahf nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. Neh

ebg;G ,lj;jpy; fpNah[d; ehlf ebg;Gk; vLj;Jf;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• gpurpj;jp ngw;w fpNah[d; ehlfq;fs; gythFk;. gR>

goq;fs;> nfR eTrh> Kjiyf; fz;zPu; vd;gd

mtw;Ws; rpythFk;.



• ~Neh| NkilahdJ Neh ehlfq;fspd; ebg;Gg;

ghzpf;Nfw;w gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

gpujhd Nkil (g+jap)gpujhd Nkil (g+jap)gpujhd Nkil (g+jap)gpujhd Nkil (g+jap)gpujhd Nkil (g+jap)• ,jpy; xU gf;fj;jpd; ePsk; 19 mb 5 mq;FykhFk;.

Nkil $iuiaf; nfhz;lJ. NkilAk; ,urpfu;

rhiyAk; gpupf;fg;gLtJ ~\puR| vd;Dk; ngaUila

nts;isr; ruisf;fw;fshyhd FWfpa Nfhl;bdhNyNa

MFk;.

• ~ffk; nehk| ngaUila cs;sf NkilapypUe;J

~g+jap| ngaUila gpujhd Nkilia milfpd;w

topahdJ `]p`fwp vDk; ngaUila ghyj;ij

Aila ghijahFk; . mJ 5 1/2 mbahFk; .

`rp`fwpia milAk; ,lk; ~mfkF| vd;Dk;

ngaUila jpiuahFk;. mj;jpiu fWg;G> kQ;rs;>

rptg;G> gr ;ir kw;Wk; nts;is epwq;fisf;

nfhz;ljhFk;.

• gpujhd Nkilapy; ehd;F gf;fq;fspYk; ehd;F J}z;fs;

cs;sd. gpd;gf;fk; njw;Fj;J}z; ~\pndgrpw| vd;Dk;

ngaiuAk;> Kd;gf;fj; njw;Fj;J}z; ~nkd;Rf;Nf grpu|

vd;Dk; ngaUilajhFk;. ,lJ gf;f vjpNuAs;s J}z;

~tf;fp grpu| vdTk; ,lJ gpd;gf;fj; J}z; ~GS grpu|

vdTk; miof;fg;gl;ld. gpujhd ebg;G ,lj;Jf;Fg;

gpd;gf;fkhf ~mnjh]| vd;Dk; gFjpapy; ~`ap\;|

vd;Dk; ngaupy; thj;jpaf; FOtpy; ehd;FNgu; mku;e;

jpUe;jdu;. ~eapf;Nfh| vd;Dk; KuR miwtpg;NghDk;>

fOj;jpy; khl;bathW ,irf;Fk; ld;f]; Rkp> KuR

fUtpia ,irg;gtUk; rpwpa ifNksk; ~nfhj;;Ry;

Rkp| ,irg;gtUk; GS vd;Dk; Gy;yhq;Foy;

,irg;gtUk; ,jpyplk; ngw;wdu;.

• ebg;G Nkilapd; (gPlj;jpy;) ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; mike;j

19 mb ePsk; 5 mb mfyKila gFjp ePcjap\

vd;w ngaupy; miof;fg;gl;lJ. 8 Ngu; mlq;fpa ghlfu;

FO epyj;jpy; mku;e;J ,Ue;jdu;.

• ebg;Gg; gPlj;jpy; gpd;gf;fkhfg; gy;tifr; Rtu; ~fp`k;

,j| vd miof;fg;gl ;lJ. ,jpy; kd;R kuk;

tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ.

• `\p`fwp ghijapd; vjpNu kd;R kuk; %d;W

ehl;lg;gl;bUe;jd. g+jap mUNf ,r;rpndhkd;R ,Ue;jJ.

,uz;lhk; kd;R kuk; epnehkd;R vdf; $wg;gl;lNjhL

cs;sf Nkilf;F mUNfapUe;j kuk; rd;Nehkd;R

vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.



Gy;yhq;Foy; fiyQUf;F mUNfAs;s fjT> fpupNjh

vd miof;fg;gl;lNjhL mjd; topahfg; ghlfu;fSk;>

thj;jpaf; fiyQu;fSk; Nkil cjtpahsu;fSk;

g+japf;F tUtJk; ntspNaWtJk; jpfo;e;jJ.

gpujhd NkilapypUe;J ~\puR| gFjpf;Fr; nry;y ~\puR

trpnfh| vd;w ngaupy; gb tupir fhzg;gl;lJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL ::::: • ~Neh| ehlf ghzpapd; ,ay;Gfis Kd;itf;Ff.

• ~Neh| ehlfj;jpd; Nkilaikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

~Neh| muq;fk;~Neh| muq;fk;~Neh| muq;fk;~Neh| muq;fk;~Neh| muq;fk;







ahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ~fGf;fp| ehlf kuG tif gw;wpa jfty;fisr;

Nrfupj;jy;.

• ~fGf;fp| ehlf ebg;Gg; gw;wpa tpNrl ,yl;rzq;fis

Mtzg;gLj;jy;.

• ~fGf;fp| ehlf Nkil gw;wp> tpNrl Fwpg;Gf;fis itj;J

Muha;jy;.

• jw;fhy ag;ghdpy; fGf;fp ehlfKk; ,urpfu;fspd;

Jyq;fYk; gw;wp tpku;rpj;jy;.

• ag;ghdpa kuGuPjpahd ehlff;fiy gw;wpa jfty;fisf;

fw;wy;.

nraw;ghL 4.9.2nraw;ghL 4.9.2nraw;ghL 4.9.2nraw;ghL 4.9.2nraw;ghL 4.9.2 : : : : : ag;ghdpa ehlfq;fs;@ fGf;fp gw;wp tprhuiz nra;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • ~fGf;fp| ehlfq;fSk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila ehlf

tupir ,ize;Js;s tpjKk;

• ~fGf;fp| Nkilapd; glk;

• fGf;fp ehlfr; #oikTfspd; xspg;glq;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ag;ghdpd; kuGtop ehlff;fiyapy; tpNrl ,lj;ijg;

ngw;w ~fGf;fp| ehlff;fiyapd; Muk;gk;> rpwg;gpay;Gfs;>

fU tiffSk; ebg;G ,lKk; gw;wpf; fw;wy;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiw : : : : : • fl;Gy nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fSk;> E}y;fspd; guprPyidapd;

cjtpAk;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ~fGf;fp| vd;gJ ag;ghdpy; cap&l;lkhf epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;w

[duQ;rf ehlf kughFk;.

• ~\pd;Njh| vd;Dk; ngaupy; Njthyaj;jpy; NritapyPL

gl;bUf;Fk; ~lf;Fsp| vd;Dk; ngaUila Njtjh]p

xUj;jpahy; 1586 ,y; Kjd; Kiwahff; fpnahndh

efupy; ebj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;l ~nek;Gd;R lnjhup| vDk;

ngaUila ngsj;j ehl;ba rpwg;gpidj; Jizahff;

nfhz;l rhaiyg; ngw;wJ.



• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ~fGf;fp| ebg;G ngz;fSf;F kl;Lk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk; 1629 ,y; ngz; ebg;gJ

rl;luPjpahfj; jilnra;ag;gl;lijj; njhlu;e ;J

mjpypUe;J ,d;W tiu ~fGf;fp|ia ebg;gJ Mz;fs;

kl;LNkahFk;.

• gpujhd ,yl;rzkhf tpsq;FtJ ciueilahf

mike;jik.

• fUthdJ ag;ghdpd; gz;ilf;fhy> kj;jpafhy

nra;jpfis kl;Lk; nfhz;ljhf tiuaiwg;gLj;jg;

gl;lik.

• tpNrl muq;fpy; `dk;rp> nrupNjh]p> nrupmnf>

ktdg+fap> muq;Ffspy; tpNrl ,ay;G ~`dhkpr;rp|

vd;Dk; ghij topahf ebfUf;F ,urpfu;fspd; gFjpf;F

eLthfr; nrd;W ebg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

nrupnj\p kw;Wk; nrupmnf vDk; ae;jpuq;fshy; Nkil

myq;fupg;Gf;Fk; ghj;jpunkhd;iw cld; ebj;Jf;fhl;lTk;

KbAk;. ktup g+jap vDk; Roy; Nkiliag; gy;tpj

myq;fhuq;fSld; khw;wpf;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;JtJ

~ffptup| vd;w fhl;rpf;F MFk;.

• Mil mzpfs; %ykhf ehlfj;jpy; gioa r%fj;ij

ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; ,ay;ghff; fhl;rpfs;

mikf;fg;gLk;. nfhz;il myq;fhuq;fs;> mb cau;e;j

ghjzpfs; vd;gdTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

• Nkil myq;fhuk; xU fl;lha ,yl;rzkhFk;. mur

khspif> nfhil> ejp Nghd;w ~nrl;L|fs; myq;fhuj;

Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. kio> gdpnga;jy;> thfdq;fs;>

gy;yf;F> Fjpiu Nky; rthup Nghd;witAk;

fhz;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

• cly; mirTfSf;Fg; gy;NtW tpjkhf 115 ghzpfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,f;fiyia ~fknjhup| vd

mioj;jdu;. xd;whf ghj;jpunkhd;wpd; cs;sf ,ay;ig

ntspg;gLj;jpdu;.

• tu;zq;fshy; gy;NtW ghtq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpdu;.

cjhuzkhfg; ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs;> ,isQu;fs;

nts;is epwj;jhYk;> tPuk;> jpBu; Nfhgk; vd;gd rptg;G

epwj;jhYk; fhl;lg;gl;ld. Kunrhypf;fhfg; ngupa> rpwpa

Nksq;fs; CJFoy;fs;> if Nksq;fs; ,uz;L vDk;

fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. efcd ,irf;FO

Nkilapd;; gpd; gf;fj;jpYk; nehfptR> fpnahn]hfh

,irf;FOf;fs; ,lJ gf;fj;jpYk;> fpe;jR ,irf;FO

njw;Fg; gf;f khfTk; cl;fhu;e;jdu;.



• Nkilapd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; cs;s ,lj;jpypUe;J ~nfr|

vDk; ngaUila ,irf;FOtpdu; ,irj;jdu;. ,irf;

fUtpfshy; ehlfj;Jf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; xypfis

vOg;gpdu;. jpiuiaj; jpwf;Fk;NghJk; %Lk;NghJk;

~`pNah\p| vDk; ngaUila gyifj; Jz;Lfs;

,uz;bid xd;Nwhnlhd;W jl;b xyp vOg;gpdu;.

• vd;nffp> Gnuhnahf;fp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;w fGf;fp

ehlfj;jpy; ,uz;L tiffs; cz;L. ehlf ,ay;Gfsp

dhy; epiwe;j gilg;G ~vd;nffp| vd;Wk; ehl;ba

,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l gilg;G ~Gnuhnahffp| vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;lJ.

• mbg;gilahfTs;s fijg;nghUSf;Nfw;g ehlfq;fs;

NtWgLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wf; fijfisf; nfhz;l

ehlfq;fs; [pjapnkhndh tif vdTk; tpahghupfspd;

fij cau; kj;jpa ju tFg;gpdupd; ghj;jpuq;fslq;fpa

fijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit ~nrtnkhndR|

vd;Wk; #jhl;lf;fhuu;fs;> nfhs;isf;fhuu;fs; Nghd;w

fPo;kl;l kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiaf; fhl;Lk; ehlfq;fs;

~fprtnkhndh| vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lNjhL> jdpNa

ehl;baj;ij Kf;fpakhff; nfhz;l ehlfq;fs;

~n\hnrhnfhndh| vd;w ngaupYk; miof;fg;gl;ld.

• jPa> J\;l Fzq;fs; - fWg;G> ePyk;

Ra eyk; - fLk; fgpyepwk; Mfpa epwq;fspy;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• vj;jifa rk;gtkhapDk;> mw;Gjkhfr; rpj;jpupj;Jr;

rpwg;Gg; ghzpapy; fhl;LtJ tpNrl ,yl;rzkhFk;.

Aj;jk;> ntw;wp> Njhy;tp> Xa;T vd;Dk; #oikTfis

ebj;Jf;fhl;bdu;. FNuhjk;> ituhf;fpak;> Nfhgk;>

kfpo;r;rp vDk; kNdhghtq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. ,it

rpwg;Gg; ghzpapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ~~kdpjf;

nfhiyfspd; nrse;ju;ak;|| (nfhnuhfp nehgp) vDk;

Fwpg;gpl;l jdpkdpjdpd; tho;f;ifiaf; fPohf;fpf; nfhz;l

khjpupia ebj;Jf; fhl;Lk; NghJ mjpy; VNjDk;

nrse;ju;aj;;ij vor; nry;tjd; %yk; ,urpfu;fSf;F

ehlf ,uridia cz;lhf;Fjy;.

• tha;nkhop mgpeaj;ij tpl mq;f mgpeaq;fs;> rhj;tpf

mgpeaq;fs; kpfTk; gpugy;ak; ngw;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.

• nrhy;yhly; ~nrupD| vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. nrhy;yhly;

jhsj ;Njhbize;J elj ;jg ;gl ;lJ. ,ay;ghd

nrhy;yhly;fisf; fhz ,ayhJ. ebfu;fs; Nkilapy;

ghLtjpy;iy. ghly;fisg; ghlfu; FO topahfg;

ghbdu;.

fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;



• gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghly; Kiwfs; ehd;fhFk;. fpjA>

efcd> nehfptR> fpnahnkhndh vd;gdNt mit

ahFk;. %d;W euk;Gfshy; ,ioag;gl;l ~rkpnrd;>

fpjA> nehfptR> fpnahnkhndh Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ ~gh[z;l| MFk;.

• ghj;jpuq;fs; Kf;fpakhd ,Utifapd. xj;njhnfhd>

Xd;dfd vd;gd mit. xj;njhnfhfd Mz;

ghj;jpukhfTk;> jr;rpaF> fjaf;F> Njhf;nffd vd

mJ %tifahfTk; mikAk;.

• ~jr;rpaF| ew;FzKila ghj;jpuk; - fjaF vd;gJ

jPf;FzKs;s ghj;jpuk; - Njhf;nffd vd;gJ

eifr;Ritg; ghj;jpuk;.

• xd;dfd vDk; ngz; ghj;jpuk; ebg;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

~tfld;dfd (taJ 20 - 50 tiu) ~jR| vd;gJ cau;

tFg;Gg ; ghj ;jpuq;fs;> ~mFg| vd;gJ nfl;l

FzKilatu;> KRnkfd rhjhuz FLk;g ,isQiuf;

Fwpg;gJ> nfhfd vd;gJ rpWtu;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.

• cau;ju ehlfq;fs; 18 (gpu`bgd;) cs. fd;[pd;Nrh>

RnfnuhF> \pguF> eUfk; Mfpa ehlfq;fs; kpf

gpurpj;jp ngw;wit.

• ~fGf;fp| ebfu;fshtjw;F taJ VO md;Nwy; vl;L

Kjy; ePz;lfhyg; gapw;rp Njit. vy;yh ebfu;fSk;

fGf;fp ebfu; FLk;gj;Jf;F md;Nwy; fGf;fp ebfu;

FUFyj;Jf;F cupatu;fshf ,Ug;gu;. vy;yh ebfu;

FUFyKk; tpNrl Nkilg; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ld.

xU ebfu; jpwikahf ebf;Fk;NghJ tpNrl Nkilg;

ngaiuf; $wp xypnaOg;gp kfpo;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;JtJ

fGf;fp ,urpfu;fsJ tof;fkhFk;. ebfu;fsJ ebg;gpw;F

cjTtjw;F Nkil cjtpahsu;fs; ,U gpuptpdu;

gpd;dhy; Maj;jkhf ,Ug;gu;. fWg;G Milnahd;iw

mzpe;J Jfpy; t];jpunkhd;why; Kfj;ij %bathW

mku;e;jpUf;Fk; cjtp Ntiyahl;fs; ~Fnuhnfh| vd;w

ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. Kfj;ijf; fhl;bathW

jahu; epiyapypUf;Fk; cjtpahsu;fs; ~nfhnfd;| vDk;

ngaupy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

• Nehf;fpNah efupy; fpd;]h vDkplj;jpy; mike;Js;s

~fGf;fp| vd;w ngaupy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w ehlf muq;fpy;

jpdKk; fhiyf;fhl;rp K.g. 11 kzp Kjy; khiy

4.00 kzp tiuAk; khiyf;fhl;rp 4.30 Kjy; ,uT

9.30 tiuAk; fhl;lg;gl;ld. mq;F xU jlitf;F

2000 ,urpfu;fs; ehlfj;ijf; fz;L ,urpf;f tha;g;G

cz;L.

fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;fGf;fp Ntl Kfk;



• ~fGf;fp Nkil|~fGf;fp Nkil|~fGf;fp Nkil|~fGf;fp Nkil|~fGf;fp Nkil|,d;iwa Nehf;jpNah> fGf;fp - ehlf muq;Ffs; 90

mb ePsKk; 60 mb mfyKk; nfhz;lit. ePs;rJu

mikg;Gilait. KjyhtJ ,uz;lhtJkhd

muq;Ffspd; Kg;gf;fq;fspYk; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.

jpiu - gr;ir> rptg;G> fgpy> fWg;G epwq;fspy;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. fiufs; epiwe;j Jzpahy; ,it

ijf;fg;gl;ld.

Nkilapd; njw;Fg; gf;fkhf thj;jpaf;FO miw

mike;jJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ~fGf;fp| ehlfj;jpd; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfis Kd;itf;Ff.

• ~fGf;fp| ehlfj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gf;$Wfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

fGf;fp NkilfGf;fp NkilfGf;fp NkilfGf;fp NkilfGf;fp Nkil







ahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ag;ghdpa muq;f tiffis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• ag;ghdpa muq;f tiffspD}lhf ag;ghdpag;

gz;ghl;bid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.9.3nraw;ghL 4.9.3nraw;ghL 4.9.3nraw;ghL 4.9.3nraw;ghL 4.9.3 : : : : : ag;ghdpa muq;fg; gz;ghl;bid mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

(Nfhthf;fh> Gd;wf;F> fpNah[pd;)


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • ag;ghdpa muq;F njhlu;ghd fl;Liufs;> E}y;fs;>

rQ;rpiffs;

• ag;ghdpa ehlf Mw;Wifffs; njhlu;ghd xyp> xspg;

Ngiofs;.

• ag;ghdpa ehlf Mw;Wiffs; njhlu;ghd xspg;glq;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ag;ghdpau; jkf;NfAupj;jhd muq;fg; gz;ghl;bidf;

nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mq;F gz;ghLk; - muq;Fk; xd;Wld;

xd;W gpd;dpg;gpize;j epiyapy; tsu;r;rp ngw;W

te;Js;sJ vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;

: : : : : • ag;ghd;> njhlu;r;rpahd 1300 Mz;L fhy tuyhw;iwAk;

gioikg; gz;igAk; muq;fpy; jf;fitj;J tUfpd;wJ.

• ag ;ghdpa muq;Ffs; fw ;gidj; j pwidAk; >

kdntOr;rpiaAk; nfhz;like;jdthf cs;sd.

• ftu;r;rp> Mr;rupak;> ku;kk; Nghd;w tpisTfis

Vw;gLj;Jtdthf mike;Js;sd. rkaj;jpd; ghy;

nfhz;bUe;j ek;gpf;iffs; mwhj tifapYk;

fyhrhuj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahd tsu;r;rpiaf; nfhz;lit

ahfTk; mike;Js;sd.

• fpNah[pd; (fpNah[pd; (fpNah[pd; (fpNah[pd; (fpNah[pd; (Kyogen)))))• tpfl ,ilepfo;thf ebfUf;Fk; - ghu;g;NghUf;Fk;



,ilapy; gjl;lkpd;wpj; jsu;epiyia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w

fijiar; nrhy;Yk; ebfupd; ngaUk; fpNah[pNd.

• ePz;l njhlu;r;rpahd ~Neh| Mw;WiffSf;F ,ilapy;

epfo;j;jg;gLtjhf cs;sJ.

• fpNah[pd; Nkil cjtpahsdhfg; gzpGupthd;.

Kiwrhuh Kiwapy; ebfUld; fijg;ghd;.

• ehlfj;jpd; ,U ghfq;fSf;fpilapy; epfo;r;rpf; Fwpg;Gfs;

gw;wp ,tu; fijf;fyhk;. ,ilNtisapd;NghJ xg;gPl;L

Kiwapy; vspikahd Kiwapy; ehlff; fijiaf;

$Wthu;.

• ,ilapilNa jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fisAk; RUf;fkhff;

$Wthu;. rlq;fhrhuj;jpd;NghJ tpyfp rhjhuzkhf

vOj;JUtpy; Fwpf;fg;glhj tplaq;fisf; $Wthu;.

• cs;ehl;L eguhff; fijf;F mbg;gilahd tplaj;ijr;

nrhy;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;

gLthu;.

• 2MtJ tifahd ~Neh| muq;fpy; xU gFjpahd ~Neh|

ehlfj;jpy; %d;whk; egUf;Ff; fij nrhy;tJNghy;

fij nrhy;gtuhf mikthu;.

• ~Neh| mspf;if njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpNyNa fpNah[pDk;

,irQu; FOTk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. fpNah[pd; xU

Kf;fpakhd mtjhdpahthu;. ,jdhy; NtlKfk; mzpt

jpy;iy.

Gd;wf;F my;yJ gd;wf;FGd;wf;F my;yJ gd;wf;FGd;wf;F my;yJ gd;wf;FGd;wf;F my;yJ gd;wf;FGd;wf;F my;yJ gd;wf;F• Gd;wf;F muq;F 1684,y; xrhf;fhtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;

gl;lJ. MapDk;> 1872 ,y; jhd; jd;id KOikahf

];jhgpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.

• Gd;wf;F muq;F xUtif nghk;kyhl;l muq;f

tifahFk;. ,jid ~epq;Nah n[hWwp| (Ningyo joururi)

vd ag;ghdpa nkhopapy; miog;gu;.

• ,e;j Mw;Wifapy; %d;W tifahd Mw;WNthu;

njhopw;gLfpd;wdu;.

1. nghk;ikfis ,af;FNthu;.

2. XJNthu;/ghLNthu;.

3. rkprd; gpNsau;]; md;Nwy; nahW}wp

• ~ua;Nfh| vDk; Nksk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

fpNah[pd ;f pNah[pd ;f pNah[pd ;f pNah[pd ;f pNah[pd ;



• xt;nthU ghj;jpuq;fspDila taJ> ghypdk;

vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mJ 2 1/2 - 4

md ;Nwy ; mjw ;F Nkw ; gl ; l cauj ;j pidf ;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

• ehlff; fUf;fs; nghJthf mjpNjtijg; gz;G

nfhz;lit.

• 30 tUlr; nraw;ghl;by; nghk;kyhl;l ebfu;fSf;fhd

gapw;rpfs; ghjq;fis ,af;FtjpypUe;J Muk;gpj;J

,lJ fhiy Nehf;fp efu;e;J nry;fpd;wJ.

• jdp XJgtu; md;Nwy; ghLgtuhNyNa midj;Jg;

ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fkhd tupfs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

• rpy rkak; gytifahd XJNthu;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;

gLtJz;L. XJNthu; rkpnrd; ebfu;fSf;F mUfpy;

RoYk; Nkilapy; mku;e;jpUg;gu;. NkilahdJ

Neuj;jpw;F Neuk; jpUk;Gk;.

• Gd;wf;F Mw;Wiffs; ngUk;ghyhd fUf;fisf; fGf;fp

muq;fpypUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ld.

• MapDk; fGf;fp muq;F ~Mw;WNthuJ muq;fhf mika>

Gd;wf;F muq;F ehlfhrpupaupd; muq;fhf cs;sJ.

E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Gd;wf;F Mw;Wiffis ~rpf;fkw;R

nkhd;Nrkd;| (Chikamatsu Monzaemon) vOjpAs;shu;.

,tu; ~ag;ghdpd; Nrf;];gpau;| vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;.

• ,uz;lhk; cyfkfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; 30 ,w;Fk;

Fiwthd Mw;WiffNs epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wd. Nkiyj;

Njaj;jpdu; ,tw;iw cs;thq;fpf; ifg;nghk;ikfs;>

Roy; nghk;ikfs;> epoyhl;lg; nghk;ikfs; gytw;iw

mspf;if nra;J tUtijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

nfhthf;fhnfhthf;fhnfhthf;fhnfhthf;fhnfhthf;fh• rhKwha; Nghu;tPuu;fSila fijfisr; nrhy;tdthf

cs;sd.

• ~Neh| muq;fpypUe;J tsu;r;rp ngw;witahfTk;> rkaj;

jd;ik nfhz;litahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL ::::: • ag;ghdpa Mw;Wiffs; mlq;fpa xspg;Ngiofisg;

ghu;j;J mJNghd;W mirTfisr; nra;J fhl;Lf.

• Nkw;nrhd;d xspg;Ngioiag; ghu;itapl;L ag;ghdpa

muq;fg;Nghf;F njhlu;ghd fzpg;gPnlhd;iw Nkw;

nfhs;f.

Gd;wf;F ebfd;Gd;wf;F ebfd;Gd;wf;F ebfd;Gd;wf;F ebfd;Gd;wf;F ebfd;






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.10Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.10Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.10Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.10Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.10 : : : : : 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; ntspg;gilahfj;

njupAk; ehlff; fiyQu;fs;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ~n`d;upf; ,g;rDk;| mtuJ ebg;Gk; gw;wpf; fw;wy;.

• ~md;ud; nrf;Nfht;| tpd; ajhu;j;jthj Nkhbia mtuJ

gilg;Gfs; JizAld; tpku;rpj;jy;.

• ~];nud;];yht;];fpapd;| ebg;G Nkhbiaf; fw;wy;.

• ];nud;];yht;];fpapd; Kiwikf; Nfhl;ghl;il

eilKiwapy; nra;J ghu;j;jy;.

• ajhu;j;jthj Nkhbapid mwpKfk; nra;j Vida

ehlff; fiyQu; gw;wpa tho;f;if tpugq;fis

Nrfupj;jy;.

• ~Nkau; N`hy;l;;| ,d; ebg;G Nkhbiaf; fw;wy;.

nraw;ghL 4.10nraw;ghL 4.10nraw;ghL 4.10nraw;ghL 4.10nraw;ghL 4.10 : : : : : 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; INuhg;gpa ehlff; fiyQu;fshd

n`d;upf; ,g;rd;> md;ud; nrf;Nfht; ];nudp];yht;];fp>

Nkau ;n`hy;l ; Mfpatu;fisg; gw ;w p mwpe ;J

nfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • n`d;upf; ,g;rd;> md;udp nrf;Nfht;> ];nudp];yht;];fp>

Nkau;N`hy;l; MfpNahupd; xspg;glq;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : 19Mk; E}w;whz;L INuhg;gpa ehlff; fiyQu;fs;

mtu;fsJ ehlf ghzpfs; gw;wpa fw;wy; ,g;ghlj;jpy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


: : : : : • gFg;gha;jy;> mtjhdpj;jy;> fye;Jiuahly;.


: : : : : • n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;• Nehu;Nt Njrj;jtuhd ,tu;> 1828,y; gpwe;jhu;. 1849

,y; cNuhk tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtnkhd;iw mbg;gilahf

itj;J ~nfw;wyP];| vd;Dk; ngaupy; KjyhtJ

ehlfj;ij vOjpdhu;.

• vdpDk; Kjd; Kjypy; ebj;J NkilNaw;wg;gl;lJ

mtuhy; ,uz;lhtjhf vOj;JUg; ngw;w ~kahdg+kp|

(Burial Ground) vd;Dk; ngaupyhd ehlfkhFk;.

n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;n`d;upf; ,g;rd;



• ,g;rdpd; Muk;gfhy ehlfq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit

fhtpaka ehlfq;fshFk;. Nehu;Nt ehl;Lr; r%f>

,jpfhrf; fijfis Xl;bajhf mit mike;jd.

• 1869Mk; Mz;by; mtuhy; vOjg;gl;l The League of

Youth - ,isQu; rq;fk; - ehlfj;jpy; ajhu;j;jthj

Nkhbapyhd eilntspg;gl;lJ. mtuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l

Fwpg;gpl;l cgha Kiwfshd ghtj;jpd; gop#o;jy;>

Njh\k; gpbj;jy;> cz;ik ntspg;gly;> kfpo;epiw

fij KbTfs;> rk;gh\iz> ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;Gfs;

vd;gtw;iw md;whl tho;f;iff;fpzq;f> jj;&gkhf

Kd;itj;jhu;.

• mtu; rkfhy kdpj rupjq;fspd; cs;shu;e;j jd;ik

fis tpsf;f Kad;Ws;shu;.

• ,g;rd; jdJ tho;ehspy; mDgtpj;Jg; ghu;j;jitfis

itj;J ajhu;j;jthj ehlf Nkhbapidf; fl;b

naOg;gpdhu;.

• mtuJ Muk;gfhy ehlfq;fspy; rpj;jpug; gpd;dzpiag;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf mtw;iw tpiuthf khw;wpf;

fhl;l cjTfpwJ.

• ~r%fj;jpd; J}z;fs;|| ehlfj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l

Kg;gupkhzg; gpd;dzpg; gad;ghL ajhu;j;jthj ehlf

Nkhbf;Fr; rkkhdjhFk;. Nkil xspf;fhfr; #oiyg;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;. ~~eLf; Nfhilf;F Kd;jpdk;||

ehlfj;jpy; fh]; xspiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Ul;L> epyhxsp>

fLk; nta;apy; Nghd;w fhyg; gpd;dzpia ntspg;

gLj;jpdhu;.

• 1877 - 1886 ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; vOjg;gl;l

vy;yh ehlfq;fSk; kpfTk; jj;&gkhd rk;gtq;fisf;

nfhz;L tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik.

cjhuzk;: 1. Pillars of Society

2. Rosmasham

3. A Dolls House

• ehlfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpa cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk;

rk;gtq;fs; ajhu;j;jf; FwpaPl;Lf; fhl;rpfshff;

fhl;lg;gl;ld.

cjhuzk;: A Dolls House ehlfj;jpy; ej;jhu; kuk;.

• mtuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l ajhu;j;jthj Nkhbia NkYk;

tpsf;Ffpd;w ebfu;fspd; nrhy;yhly;fis ePf;fpdhu;.

Nkilf; Fwpg;Gfs; kpfr; RUf;fkhf mike;Js;sd.

,g;rdpd;,g;rdpd;,g;rdpd;,g;rdpd;,g;rdpd;

jiyikf; fl;blf;fhud;jiyikf; fl;blf;fhud;jiyikf; fl;blf;fhud;jiyikf; fl;blf;fhud;jiyikf; fl;blf;fhud;



• fhl;rpfs;> fhuz fhupaq;fisnahl;b tpsf;Ffpd;w

jd;ikiag; gpd;gw;WtdthfTk; ehlfq;fspd;

mq;fq;fs; %d;whf md;Nwy; ehd;fhf tiuaiw

nra;ag;gl;ldthAk; cs;sd.

• ,g;rdpd; ehlfq;fs;> gpur;rpid ehlfq;fs; (Problum

Plays) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kdpj tho;f;ifapy;

cs;sfj;jpy; epyTfpd;w rpf;fw;jd;ik> tQ;rfj;jd;ik>

kdpjDf;Fk; #oTs;s r%fj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy;

epyTtij mtu; jdJ ehlfq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• md;ud; nrf;Nfht;md;ud; nrf;Nfht;md;ud; nrf;Nfht;md;ud; nrf;Nfht;md;ud; nrf;Nfht;U\pa Njrj;jtuhd md;ud; nrf;Nfht;tpd; rPtpa fhyk;

1860 - 1904 tiapyhdjhFk;. itj;jpauhd mtu;

cyfg; gpurpj;jpngw;w ajhu;j;jthj Nkhbapd; Kd;Ndhb

Mthu;. mj;Jld; rpwe;j rpWfij vOj;jhsUk; Mthu;.

nrhy;y Ntz;baij kpfr; RUf;fkhff; $WtJ

nrf;Nfhtpd; fij$Wk; ghzpapd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l ,ilntspf;Fs; RitahdJk;

ngWkjpahdJkhd gy tplaq;fisr; nrhy;tjw;Fr;

nrf;Nfht; $ba mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;jpAs;shu;.

nkhopeilia kpf vspikahdjhff; ifahz;Ls;shu;.

Neubahff; fijia Muk;gpj;JtpLtJ mtuJ kw;W

nkhU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;. fijapd; Kjd;ikg; nghU

Sf;F (mu;j;jk;) cjthj ve;jnthU rk;gtj;ijNah>

ghj;jpuj;ijNah mtuJ ehlfq;fspy; Nru;j;Jf;

nfhs;skhl;lhu;.

• 1887 ,y; 17MtJ tajpy; nrf;Nfht; jdJ KjyhtJ

ehlfkhd ~je;ij ,y;yhjtd;| ehlfj;ijg; ghlrhiy

nry;Yk;NghJ vOjpdhu;. 1887 - 1890 fhyg;gFjpapy;

nrr;Nfht; ehlfq;fs; vOJtjw;fhfr; nrytopj;j

fhykhFk;. mtuJ ehlf vOj;Jf;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;.

1. Xuq;f ehlfq;fs;

2. Mokhd gy mq;f ehlfq;fs;

md;dg;ghl;L> fub> rk;ge;jk; (Proposal)

Mfpad Xuq;f ehlfq;fSf;F cjhuzkhFk;.

• nrf;Nfht; eifr;Ritia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf ehlf

kakhd nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.

eifr;Ritia vOg;Gtjw;fhf kdpjFy rpe;jidapy;

epiyahf epyTfpd;w gy;NtW Mirfs; NkhJfpw

tpjq;fisAk; r%f tho;f;ifapy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

vjpuhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; xd;wha;r; re;jpf;fpd;w tpjq;fis

Ak; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.

• ,tndhg;> fly; thj;J> thd;a khkh> %d;W

rNfhjupfs;> nrupg;goj; Njhl;lk; vd;gd mtuJ cd;dj

gilg;GfshFk;.

md;ud; nrf;Nfht;md;ud; nrf;Nfht;md;ud; nrf;Nfht;md;ud; nrf;Nfht;md;ud; nrf;Nfht;



• kdpj tu;f;fj;jpd; ,Ug;Gk; ntWg;Gk; NtWglhj

mq;fnkd nrf;Nrht;tpd; ehlfq;fspd; topahf

ntspf;fhl;bdhu;. mtuJ ehlfq;fspy; ebg;G kl;Lky;y>

kpfTk; Ez;ikahd gpuNahfk;> cstpay; cs;sPLfs;>

Xa;T> yak;> irif> Fuy; ghtid> Mokhd FwpaPl;Lg;

gbkk; Mfpad cs;sd. cjhuzkhf nrupg;goj;

Njhl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; KbT mu;j;jKs;sjhf ,Ug;gJ>

nrup kuq;fSf;Fg;gLfpd;w Nfhlup ntl;Lfs;.

nfhd;];ud;iud; ];nudp];yht;];fpnfhd;];ud;iud; ];nudp];yht;];fpnfhd;];ud;iud; ];nudp];yht;];fpnfhd;];ud;iud; ];nudp];yht;];fpnfhd;];ud;iud; ];nudp];yht;];fp• U\pa ehl;ltuhd ,tu; ebfu;> newpahsu;> ehlff;

Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;. cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w ajhu;j;jthj ebg;G

Nkhbiaf; fl;bnaOg;gpajpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;wtu;.

• 1863 [dtup 5Mk; jpfjp nkh];Nfh efupy; gpwe;j

,tu; mf;fhy U\pa r%fj;jpd; cau;Fb tFg;igr;

Nru;e;jtuhtu;.

• mf;fhyj;jpy; [duQ;rfkhd njhopy;Kiw ebfu;fs;

gpd;gw;wpa kuGtop El;gKiwfis epuhfupj;Jtpl;L

mtu; Gjpa El;gKiwfspd; Njitia Nehf;fpdhu;.

• mtuJ Ma;tpd; ngWNgwhf Gjpa ebg;G El;gKiwia

(Method of Acting) mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• Gjpa El;gKiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit>

czu;r;rpfs; cs;thq;fg;gl;ljd; topahf epfo;fpd;w

MNtrj;jpd; kPJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; ntspthup Md;kPf

tho;f;ifia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjd; fpuk cghakhFk;.

• ,jw;fhf ebfu; ghj;jpuq;fspd; cs;shu;e;j czu;r;rpfsp

D}lhf mg;ghj;jpuj;jpy; Eioa KbAk;. mt;thNw

ebfupd; mgpeaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F Nkyhf

mwpTg+u;tkhd mDkhdq;fshy;> mtjhdpg;Gfshy;

kw;Wk; mDgtq;fshy; ghj;jpuq;fisg; Ngh\pf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

• ghj;jpuj;jpd; mq;fr; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kdpj elj;ij

fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> Nkilapy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w

rpf;fyhu;e;j ghj;jpuj;ij ,ay;ghd cUtj;jpy;

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhapy;yhjij mtu;

$Wfpwhu;.

• ghj;jpunkhd;wpd; cs;shu;e;j rupjj;Jf;Fupa cz;ik

ahd elj;ijiaAk; czu;r;rpfisAk; tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tjd; topahfg; ghj;jpuj;Jf;Fs; ,wq;f Ntz;L

nkd;gij ];nudp];ynt];fp mtjhdpj;Js;shu;.

];nudp];yht;];fp];nudp];yht;];fp];nudp];yht;];fp];nudp];yht;];fp];nudp];yht;];fp



• xU ebfdhtjw;F mtdplk; Mw;wy; (Talent)

ftUe;jpwd; (Inspiration) kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhw; NghjhJ

vd ];nudp];ynt];fp $Wfpwhu;. ,g;gz;GfSf;F

1/10 gq;F ,lj;ijNa mtu; toq;Ffpwhu;. vQ;rpa

9/10 gq;Fk; cs;shu;e;jjhf ebfd; jhNd fl;bnaOg;gpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd mtu; typAWj;jpAs;shu;.

• gFg;gha;T

• mtjhdpg;G

• clw; gapw;rpfs;

• csg; gapw;rpfs;

• ehlff; fiyQu;

• ebg;Gg; gapw;rp

• ehlf vOj;J

,g;gzpfSf;F ,ilNa ebfu; czu;r;rpfspd;

cs;shu;e;j Qhdj;jhy; MNtrkhf Nkilapy;

epr;rakhd Nehf;Fld; ebg;gij tpsf;fKld; ebg;ghu;.

Nkau; N`hy;l; (Nkau; N`hy;l; (Nkau; N`hy;l; (Nkau; N`hy;l; (Nkau; N`hy;l; (Meyerhold)))))• u\;a Njrj;ijr; Nru;e;j ebfUk;> newpahsUkhthu;.

• ntspg;ghl;Lthj muq;F nky;y ,we;JNghf me;j

muq;fpd; Nkhbfshy; cs;thq;fg;gl;ljhf ajhu;j;j

ky;yhj ebg;G mwpKfkhfpd;wJ. ,e;j muq;if

Kd;itj;jtu;fSs; xUtuhf Nkau;N`hy;l; te;J

Nru;fpd;whu;. ,jd; %yk; ,ae;jpug; nghwpKiwahd

ebg;G Kiwik (bio mechanical acting) gapy;Kiwf;F

te;J Nru;fpd;wJ.

• Nkau;N`hy;l;> ];udp];ynt];fpapd; nkh];Nfh fiy

auq;fpdJ ];jhgfUk;> $lNt 1898 - 1902 tiuf;Fk;

];udp];ynt];fpapd; muq;f Kiwikapy; <LghLk;

nfhz;l ,tu;> u];ag; Gul;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J muq;ff;

nfhs;iffspYk; Gul;rpfs; voj;njhlq;fNt Nrhrypr

ajhu;j;jthj vz;zf;fUf;fisf; fiyapy; fhzj;

njhlq;fpdhu;.

• 1920 ,y; nghwpKiw ebg;G El;gj;ij muq;fpy;

mwpKfkhf;fpdhu;. clypd; epiyfSf;F Clhf

czu;r;rpfis KOikahf ntspg;gLj;jy;jhd;

nghwpKiw ebg;gpd; %yj;njhdp. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghL

gt;Nyhtpd; Nfhl;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

jhFk;. cly; epiyfs;> cly;nkhop md;Nwy; ,af;fj;jp

dhy; tpistpf;fg;gLfpd;w epiyfs;> kdg;ghq;fpd;

Clhf vOk; nkhop Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf czu;r;rpfis

ntspg;gLj;jNy ,tuJ Nfhl;ghlhFk;.

• ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghL ];udp];ynt];fpapd; cs El;gj;jpw;F

NenujpuhdJ. ~csf;Nfhl;ghL| vd;gJ fl;Gy>

nrtpg;Gy mf %yq;fisg; GwuPjpahf nkhop ngau;g;Gr;

nra;tJ. cly;> Fuy;> kdk; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf

cz;ikahd czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;JtJ MFk;.

Nkau; N`hy;l;Nkau; N`hy;l;Nkau; N`hy;l;Nkau; N`hy;l;Nkau; N`hy;l;



• Nkau;N`hy;l;> Nfhld;fpnwa;fpDila Nfhl;ghLfsp

dhy; ghjpg;gilfpd;whu;. ebfu;fspd; MSikfSk;

vz;zq;fSk; mtdJ kdk;> cly; vd;gitfSk;

njhlu;r;rpahd fisf;$j;jhl;lq;fspd; jpUg;gq;fsp

D}lhf ntspg;gLgit vdf;$wp mjw;fhf muq;fpy;

gy cj;jpfisAk; Kd;itj;jhu;.

• ehlfj;jpDila mf cs;slf;fj;ij czu;j;jf;$ba

xU rpy fhl;rpfis Kuz; njhiyNehf;iff;

nfhz;ljhf tbtikj;jhu;.

• ehlfj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;ijf;fhl;bYk; tbtj;jpw;F

mOj;jk; toq;fpdhu;.

• rPd gPf;fpq; xNgwh> fjfsp> fGf;fp Nghd;w Mw;Wiffspy;

fhzg;gLk; kUl;ifaw;w vLj;Jiug;G muq;fpdhy;

ftug;gl;lhu;.

• Kd;jpiufis> mbj;js xspfis (Foot lights)

mfw;wpdhu;.

• ghu ;g ;NghUf;$lhfNt Mw;WNthu ; muq;fpDs;

gpuNtrpj;jik.

• ghu;g;Nghuplk; ,Ue;J fw;gidiaAk; gq;Fnfhs;ifia

Ak; vjpu;ghu;j;jhu;.

• ,tuJ ebfu;fs; nka;td;ik> fisf;$j;jhl;lk;

[pk;dh];upf; > Fj;Jf;fuzk;> gha;jy;> nghk;ikfs;

Nghy elj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gapw;wg;gl;lhu;fs;.

• ,tuJ guPl;rhu;j;j Kaw;rp ePz;lfhykhf kwf;fg;

gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W mit kPsTk; gad;ghl;by;

cs;sd. ,e;j El;gk;> ghly;> ,ir> eldk; Nghd;w

tw;Wld; ,ize;J fiyj;Jt ajhu;j;jthjkhfj;

jahupg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

• gpw;fhyj;jpy; gpnw/l;> FNwhl;Nlht;];fp> Mu;j;Nj

Nghd;Nwhuhy; nra;Kiw uPjpahfTk; Nfhl;ghl;L

uPjpahfTk; gpd;gw;wg;glyhapw;W.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; INuhg;ghtpy; gpurpj;jpngw;w ehlf

Nkhb gw;wpa tpguq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;f.

• ajhu;j;jthj Nkhbapy; md;ud; nrf;NfhtpdJk;

];nudp];yht;];fpapdJk; ehlfq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l

ebg;gpd; ,ay;Gfis tpku;rpf;Ff.

• 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nkau;N`hy;bd; nghwpKiwg;ghq;

fhd ebg;G cj;jpfs; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapYk; nrad;Kiw

uPjpapYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp te;Js;sikia

kjpg;gpLf.






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11 : : : : : 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ehlf tsu;r;rp gw;wpg; guprPypj;Jf;

fye;JiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ajhu;j;j tpNuhj ehlf Nkhbg; gz;Gfisg; gpnw/bd;

Clhf tpsf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• fhtpaghzp ebg;G El;gq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.11.1nraw;ghL 4.11.1nraw;ghL 4.11.1nraw;ghL 4.11.1nraw;ghL 4.11.1 : : : : : Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/bd; ebg;G Nkhbiaj; Njb mwpe;J

nfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/bd; xspg;glk;

• nghUj;jkhd Mw;Wif rk;ge;jkhd xspg;gjpT

ehlhf;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : Ngl;Nlhy; gpnw/Lk; mtuJ ebg;G NkhbAk; gw;wpa

tplaq;fisf; fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gLtjhFk;;.




: : : : : • 1898 ngg;utup 10Mk; jpfjp N[u;kdpapy; Ngf;];gu;f;

efupy; gpwe;j Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l; cyfpy; Njhd;wpa

rpNu\;l ehlff; fiyQuhtu;.

• thypg tajpw;F te;jNghJ rka ek;gpf;if njhlu;ghf

Iak; nfhz;L> jhk; cupj;jhd r%f tFg;Gg; gw;wp

tpuf;jpAw;w ,tu;> r%f Kuz;ghLfs;> Jd;gq;fs;

gw ;w pAk ; Fwpg ;g pl ;l tpsf;fj ;ijaile;jtuhf

,Ue;jikia mwpa KbfpwJ.

• `pl;yupd; ehrp ,af;fj;Jf;F vjpuhff; fl;Liu> ftpij

vOj paikahYk ; khu ; f ; r p] ,af ;fj ;Jld ;

njhlu;Gw;wpUe;jikahYk; ̀ pl;yupd; Nfhgj;Jf;Fs;shfp

xspe;J tho Neu;e;jik.

• gpnw/l; Kjypy; ey;nyhOf;fg; gz;Grhu; ehlfq;

fisNa vOjpaNjhL ~ghy;| mtuJ KjyhtJ

ehlfkhfTk; ~giw xyp| mtuJ ,uz;lhtJ

ehlfkhfTk; cs;sik.

Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l;Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l;Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l;Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l;Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l;



• gpnw/l;bd; murpaw; ghu;itahdJ khu;f;rp] murpaw;

Nfhl;ghl;ilr; rhu;e;jjhf ,Ue;jikahy; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

mtuJ ehlfg; gilg;Gfspd; gz;Gfs; khw;wkile;jik.

• mtuJ ebg;Gg;ghzp ~vgpf;| (EPIC) ebg;Gg; Nkhbahf

fhtpa ebg;Gg;ghzpahf ,dq;fhzg;gl;lNjhL ,q;F

Kd;Ndhbahff; fhzg;gl;l N[u;kdpa ehl;L ~Vu;tpd;

gp];fhl;lu;| vd;ghupd; murpay; r%fg; gpur;rpidfisg;

nghJkf;fspd; tpthjj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy;

ehlff; fiynahd;iw cUthf;fpl mtu; Kaw;rpfs;

vLj;jik.

• ,g;ghzpiag; gad;gLj;jpaNjhL tpsf;fj;Jf;Fk;

cl;gLj;jpa gpnw/l; ,q;F jkJ ehlfq;fSf;F

tPufhtpa tiff;Fupa fijfis cl;gLj;jpaNjhL

jdpahs;/FLk;gk; Mfpatw;iw Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jtij

tpl tpgukhd tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs; gytw;iw

Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf; fijfis mikj;jhu;. ,t;

tifahd fij xd;iw ebf;Fk;NghJ mJ mup];Nuhl;b

ypd; ebg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F KOikahfNt

Neu;tpNuhjkhd ebg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• fhtpa md;Nwy; ~vgpf;| ebg;;gpd; Kjd;ikahd gz;G

mup];Nuhl;by; ehlfq;fspYs;s ehlf Nkhb xUikj;

jd;ikf;F mg;ghy; nry;Yjy;> ghJfhg;G> rpf;fw;jd;ik

kUl;if Kjyhd Nfhl;ghLfSf;Ff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l

fijak;rq;fspypUe;J tpLgLjYk; mg;ghj;jpuq;fSf;F

Kd;khjpupahjy; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfisj; jtpu;j;

jpUe;jikAk;.

• Nkw;nrhd;d tpjkhf ebg;Gg; gz;gpypUe;J ,urpfidj;

J}uNehf;fpw;F mz;kpf;fr; nra;jy; gpnw/l; ,d;

Nehf;fkhdNjhL mjw;fpzq;f ~vgpf;| ebg;G topahff;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Muk;g ehlff; Nfhl;ghl;bidg; gw;wpa

vz;zf;fU Kf;fpakhdjhff;; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J

J}ug;gLj;jy; md;Nwy; me;epag;gLj;jy; vd miof;fg;

gLfpd;wJ.

• gpnw/bd; ,e;jj; J}ug;gLj;jy; Nehf;fpid va;Jtjw;

fhf ~vgpf;| md;Nwy; fhtpaghzp ebg;Gg; Nkhbiaf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhff; fPo;tUk; khw;wq;fis

epfo;j;jpaik.

• ngUk;ghYk; r%f md;Nwy; tuyhw;Wf; fijr;

rk;gtq;fisj; jdJ ehlfq;fspd; fijg;nghUshff;

nfhz;lik.

• fjhehafu;> fjhehafpfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tPuu;

fshf ,y;yhik.

• ehlfj;jpy; gy jpiuf;fhl;rpfs; ,Uj;jy;.



• ,Wjp md;Nwy; KbTg; gFjpapy; ciueilapy;

fijia Kd;itj;jy;.

• fhyk;> ,lk;> ,af;fk; gw;wpa xUikg;ghLfs;

,y;yhjpUj;jy;.

• Mrpa ebg;G kuGfspd; rhaiyg; ngw;wjhf Nkhbg;

gLj;jg;gl;l ebg;G ,ay;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;.

• E}yhrpupau;> ghlfu; FO> FwpaPl;lhu;j;j gpd;dzp>

NtlKfq;fs;> eld uPjpahd eilg;ghzp Mfpad

gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;.

• xspaikg;Gld; ehlfj;ij elj;Jjy;. ghly;fs;

ehlfj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;.

• gpnw/l; ehlfg; gilg;Gfs; gytw;iw vOjpAs;shu;.

mtw;Ws; rpy.

1. The Three Penny Opera

2. Galileo

3. Mother Courage

4. Chalk Circle (ntz;fl;b tl;lk;)

5. Good woman of setsuwan

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • gpnw/l; ,d; ebg;G Nkhb gw;wp tpgukhf tpsf;Ff.

• gpnw/l; vgpf; ebg;G Nkhbiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gifapy;

J}ug;gLj;jy; md;Nwy; me;epag;gLj;Jjy; Nehf;fj;ij

epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa El;gKiwia

tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • ehlff;fiy - jkpopy; nkhopngau;g;G

Nguhrpupau; K. ,uhkRthkp






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11 : : : : : 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ehlf tsu;r;rp gw;wpg; guprPypj;Jf;

fye;jiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; muq;fg; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• mjd; %yfu;j;jhf;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.11.2nraw;ghL 4.11.2nraw;ghL 4.11.2nraw;ghL 4.11.2nraw;ghL 4.11.2 : : : : : 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ehlfg; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpAk;

gu Pl ;rhu ;j ;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l fiyQu;fs; gw;wpAk;

fye;JiuahLtu;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • fl;Liufs;> E}y;fs;> xyp xspg; Ngiofs;> xspg;glq;fs;

(muq;ftpayhsu;fs;> mtu;fsJ muq;F rhu;e;jit)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;> muq;fg; Nghf;Ffspy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fisAk; mjd; tsu;r;rp epiyfisAk; ghl

tplaj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; muq;ftpayhsu;fspD}lhf

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.


: : : : : • FOKiw. fye;Jiuahly; Kiw> nraw;ghl;LKiw


: : : : : rhKNty; ngf;fl; (rhKNty; ngf;fl; (rhKNty; ngf;fl; (rhKNty; ngf;fl; (rhKNty; ngf;fl; (Samuel Becket)))))• Iup]; Njrj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; ehlfq;fisg;

gpnuQ;R nkhopapy; vOjpdhu;. 1969 ,y; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;

fhd Nehgy; gupr pidg; ngw;whu ; . ,tu; xU

ehtyhrpupaUk; $lNt.

• 1953 ,y; In Attendant Godot vDk; ehlfj;jpidg; gpnuQ;R

nkhopapy; vOjpdhu;. ,jid 1955 ,y; Waiting for

Godot (nfhNlhTf;fhff; fhj;jpUj;jy;) vDk; ngaupy;

nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.

• kuG uPjpahd fl;likg;igAk; fijg; gpd;diyAk;

nkhopngau;g;Gf;fisAk; iftpl;lhu;.

• mgj;j muq;fpd; kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;ghf waiting for

godot vDk; ehlfk; mikfpwJ.

• thu;j;ijfsw;w $l;^k ehlfj;ijAk; vOjpAs;shu;.

rhKNty; ngf;fl;rhKNty; ngf;fl;rhKNty; ngf;fl;rhKNty; ngf;fl;rhKNty; ngf;fl;



• ,tuJ gpw;gFjp ehlfq;fspy; ghuk;gupa muq;f

kuGfspy; ,Ue;J ePz;lJ}uk; tpyfpr; nry;fpd;whu;.

• ,e;epiyik waiting for Godot vDk; vOj;JU jUfpd;w>

rf kdpju;fNshL kdpju;fs; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;ghlypy;

Nghjhik ,Uj;jy;> jdJ jiytpjpiaj; jhd; ifahs

Kbahky; ,Uf;fpd;Nwd; vd;gjid mwpahjpUj;jy;

Nghd;w vz;zf;fUtpid mOj;Jtjw;Fk; ,J

mtUf;Fj; Njitg;gl;lJ.

• ,tu; ,Wjpahf ~30 nrf;fdpy; %r;R| (Breath) vd;fpd;w

ehlfj;jpid vOjpdhu;. ,jpy;> gpwf;fpd;w kdpjdpd;

mOifAk; rhFk; kdpjdpd; %r;Rk; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

• Fnwhl;nlht;];fp (Fnwhl;nlht;];fp (Fnwhl;nlht;];fp (Fnwhl;nlht;];fp (Fnwhl;nlht;];fp (Jerzy Grotowskis - 1933)))))• Nghye;J Njrj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. Xu; newpahsu; Mthu;.

• INuhg;gpa> mnkupf;f muq;fpy; ,tupd; guPl;rhu;j;j

Ntiyfs; epahakhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

• ,tu; Nghye;jpy; ,Ue;J nkh];Nfh muq;fpw;Fr; nrd;W

~muq;ff; fiyfSf;fhd mur epWtdj;jpy;| gapw;rp

ngw;W 1953 ,y; newpahsuhdhu;.

• guPl;rhu;j;j Ma;T$l muq;f Kaw;rpfspYk; <Lgl;lhu;.

• tptpypag; ghly;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> nghJtzf;fg; gf;jpg;

ghly;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; jahupg;Gf;fSf;fhd %yfq;fisg;

ngw;whu;.

• ];udp];ynt];fpaplkpUe;J gapw;rp ngw;w ,tu;

];udp];ynt];fpapd; Nfhl;ghLfis epuhfupf;fhjtuha;

~ngsjpf cstpay; gapw;rp Kiwikapid| ebg;gpy;

nfhzu;e;jhu;. ,jw;fhf mgpeaq;fs;> Ckq;fs;> Vw;w

,wf;fq;fs;> FOepiy> fhz;gpa cUtfq;fs;>

vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;wpidf;

ifahz;L mu;j;jj;jpw;Fk; mirtpw;Fkpilapy; kpf

neUf;fkhd ,iztpidf; nfhzu;e;jhu;.

• ebfu;fs; ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; jd;ndOr;rp cs;stu;fs;

Nghy; Njhw;wkspg;gijAk; tpfhu czu;Tfisf;

fhl;LtijAk; muq;fpy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd

tpUk;gpdhu;.

• xU newpahsDf;Nf mtrpakhdjhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;

xspaikg;G> Ntl cLg;G> fhl;rpfs;> ,ir Nghd;wtw;

iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Skplj;J mj;jpatrpakw;wit

nadf; fUJk; midj;ijAk; fow;wptpl;L ebfdpd;

clYf;Fk; %isf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J tWik

muq;F (Poor Thearet) vd;w vz;zf;fUtpid Kd;

itj;jhu;.

NfhNlhtpw ;fhff ;NfhNlhtpw ;fhff ;NfhNlhtpw ;fhff ;NfhNlhtpw ;fhff ;NfhNlhtpw ;fhff ;

fhj ;j pUj;jy;fhj ;j pUj;jy;fhj ;j pUj;jy;fhj ;j pUj;jy;fhj ;j pUj;jy;



md;Nuhdpah Mu;j;Nj (md;Nuhdpah Mu;j;Nj (md;Nuhdpah Mu;j;Nj (md;Nuhdpah Mu;j;Nj (md;Nuhdpah Mu;j;Nj (Antonine Artaud)))))• gpuhd;rpd; muq;fj; Jiwapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa

xUtu;. F&u muq;if mwpKfk; nra;jtu;.

• muq;F nrhw;fs; epuk;gpajhf Mfptpl;lJ vdTk;

muq;if xU mirtpaf;f ntspahf ntspf;nfhz;Ltu

Ntz;Lk; vdTk; fhyj;ijAk; ntspiaAk; ehk;

fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$lhJ vdTk; tpUk;gpdhu;. epfo;it

cyfg; nghJikahdjhf Mf;f tpUk;gpdhu;.

• 1920fspy; muq;fpy; fhj;jpukhf <Lgl;lhu;. rk

fhyj;jtu;fs; Nghd;W ajhu;j;j muq;F kPJ ntWg;Gf;

nfhz;lhu;. ajhu;j;j ehlfq;fs; jdpkdpj md;Nwy;

r%fg; gpur;rpidfis Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ

vdTk; ,jw;fhf csg;gFg;gha;T Kiwiag;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vdTk; fUjpdhu;. ebfu;fspd;

Nehf;fk;> ghj;jpuj;jpDila tho;f;ifia kPsg;

gilg;gNj. ghu;g;NghUk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; xt;nthU

mirTlDk; mjd; xt;nthU %r;RlDk; jk;ikAk;

kUl;iff;F Ml;gLj;JtNj epfo;fpd;wJ vdTk;

fUjpdhu;.

• Mu;j;Nj> Nkw;$wpa gaq;fu mDgtq;fspw;F vjpuhfj;

jdJ ,jaj;jpdhYk; mwpthYk; Mokhf czu;e;J>

ghu;g;Nghu; Ra epidtpy; nraw;gl;Lg; gz;ghl;L

kakhf;fg;gl;L kiwf;fg;gl;l gf;fq;fis cz;ikahd

Kfj;Jld; $u;e;J Nehf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhu;.

nts;is g+rg;gl;l gz;ghLfisAk;> nraw;ifahd

glhNlhgq;fisAk; ghu;g;Nghu; cupj;Jg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;W tpUk;gpdhu;.

• Mu;j;Nj mf ajhu;j;jthj muq;fhy; ghjpg;Gw;whu;.

1927 ,y; ];wpd;l;Ngu;f;fpd; ~fdT| ehlfj;jpidj;

jahupj;jhu;.

• kdpju;fs; jk;ikj;jhKk; kw;w kdpju;fisAk; cupj;Jg;

ghu;f;f Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdhu;. NkhJif tbtq;fsp

Yk;> xj;jpirtw;w jd;ikfspYk;> jpUg;jpaw;w jd;ik

fspYk; fhzg;gLk; %y fhuzj;ijf; fz;lwpa

tpisNthu;@ F&ur; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd %y fUtp

fisAk; fz;L nfhs;tu;. F&u muq;fpd; Nehf;fk;

kdpju;fSf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; jilfisAk; ghFghL

fisAk; mfw;WtNj MFk; vd;gJ Mu;j;Njapd;

fUj;jhFk;.

• r%fk; gy mbg;gil kdpjj; Jbg;Gfshy; tbtikf;

fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ebfu; ghu;g;NghuJ czu;TfisAk;>

czu;r;rpfisAk; Ra czu;TlDk;> gFj;jwpTlDk;

jkJ ngsjpf> Fuy;> kd ,izg;G %yq;fspD}lhf

,af;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j muq;f Mw;Wif rka mDgtk;

Nghy vy;NyhUf;Fk; cz;ikia tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.

KOr; r%fKk; ,jd; %yk; gad;ngw Ntz;Lk;. vdNt

,jid xUtpj rpfpr;ir muq;fhf mwpKfk; nra;jhu;.

md;Nuh md;Nuhapd;md;Nuh md;Nuhapd;md;Nuh md;Nuhapd;md;Nuh md;Nuhapd;md;Nuh md;Nuhapd;



gPw;wu; GW}f; (gPw;wu; GW}f; (gPw;wu; GW}f; (gPw;wu; GW}f; (gPw;wu; GW}f; (Peter Brook - 1925) - 1925) - 1925) - 1925) - 1925)• gpuhd;rpd; Mq;fpy muq;F> rpdpkh Nghd;wtw;wpd;

newpahsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy;

mnkupf;fhtpd; fUj;J Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fupa tplakhf

,Ue;j> tpal;ehk; Aj;jj;ij cl;gLj;jp ehlfq;fisj;

jahupj;jhu;. cyfpd; gy gFjpfspw;Fk; nrd;W muq;F

rhu;e;j fz;Lgpbg;G Ntiyfisr; nra;jtw;fhf kPz;Lk;

1970 fspy; gpuhd;]; nrd;W muq;f Ma;tpw;fhd ru;tNjr

ikak; (International centre for theatre research) vd;gij

epWtpdhu;.

• Mgpupf;fh kw;Wk; my;[Pupah njhlf;fk; ie[Pupah

tiuf;Fk; jdJ FOTld; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;J

NtWgl;l muq;f mDgtq;fisg; ngw;W mjw;$lhf

ehlfq;fis NkilNaw;wpdhu;.

~~ehq;fs; vy;NyhUk; vq;fSf;Fs; xU

Mgpupf;fhit itj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.||

vd;W jdJ Rw;Wg; gazj;jpd; gpd; ,t;thW $wpdhu;.

• kdpjd; gz;ghl;L tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; fhl;bYk;

mjpfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdtdhf ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;gJk;

~gz;ghL| vd;gJ mtd; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Jzpfisf;

fhl;bYk; MokhdJ vdpDk; mzpe;jpUf;Fk;

NkyhilfSf;Fs; mwpag;glhj tho;tpd; cly;

cl;GFj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gNjhL xt;Nthu; gz;ghLk;

jd;dstpy; cs;shu;e;j mu;j;jj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

• mj;NjhL ~~g+uz kdpj cz;ikjhd; cyfshtpajhf

,Uf;fpwJ.|| mjw;F muq;F Xu; ,lkhf ,Uf;fpwJ

vd;gJ jhd; ,tupd; jj;Jtkhf cs;sJ.

• cyfshtpa gz;ig ntspg;gLj;J Kfkhf NtWgl;l

nkhoprhu;e;j> ghu;it rhu;e;j> Mu;tk; rhu;e;j> Fwprhu;e;j

kdpju;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l

ehlfk; jhd;. ~~kfhghujk;||

• ,t;thw;Wif gy;gz;ghl;Lf; (Multi Culture) fiyQu;

fisf; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Aj;jk; rhu;e;j

mopit cyfg; nghJikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ljtw;fhf

,jpfhrj;ijj; njupT nra;jpUe;jhu;.

• ~eLNtdpw; fdT| (A midsummer Night’s Dream) vDk;

ehlfj;ij Royal Theatre f;fhfr; nra;jpUe;jhu;. (ICTR)

mf];jhNghy; (mf];jhNghy; (mf];jhNghy; (mf];jhNghy; (mf];jhNghy; (Augusto Boal)))))• ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;.

• ghu;g;Nghiu ikag;gLj;jpajhf muq;if Kd;itj;jhu;.

Mw;WNthUf;Fk; - ghu;g;NghUf;Fk; ,ilNaahd cwtpy;

~~gq;Fnfhs;sy;|| nraw;ghl;bd; ,d;wpaikahikia

typAWj;jpdhu;. ,jw;fhf mtu;fSf;fpilNaAs;s

jilr; Rtiu ,bf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhu;.

gPw;wu; GW}f;gPw;wu; GW}f;gPw;wu; GW}f;gPw;wu; GW}f;gPw;wu; GW}f;



• r%fj;jpy; xLf;FKiwf;F cl;gl;ltu;fs;> xLf;FNthu;

vd ,Urhuhiuf; fz;Lnfhz;lhu;. xLf;fg;gl;Nlhu; jkJ

czu;Tfis> czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;j muq;fpidj;

jkJ ifapy; Ve;jpr; nrayhw;Wtjd; r%fj; Njitia

typAWj;jpdhu;.

• ehlfj;jpd; KbTfis khw;wpaikf;fTk; ghu;g;Nghu;

jkf;fhd tho;f;if KbTfisj; jhNk fz;lwpe;J

nfhs;tjw;Fk; muq;Ffs; tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd

tpUk;gpdhu;.

• ghu;g;Nghiu nrad;Kidg;ghdtu;fshf muq;fpy;

njhopw;gl itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhu;.

• fye;Jiuahly; muq;F> fz;Zf;Fg; Gydhfhj muq;F>

cldb muq;F> gbk muq;F vdg; gy muq;f

tbtq;fis mwpKfk; nra;jhu;.

• ehlfj;ijg; gpuNahf muq;f El;gq;fSld; $bajhf

tbtikj;jhu;. ehlfr; #oikit> re;ju;g;gj;ij

ebj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpw NghNj mijg; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhz;bUg;gtu; (Spect - Actor) mjd; KbTfis khw;Wk;

cu pikiag ; ngWf pd ;whu ; . g p ujhd> vj pu ; g ;

ghj;jpuq;fisj; njspthf ,e; epiyikf;fhf tiuaiw

nra;a tpUk;gpdhu;.

• muq;if r%fj;jis> cstpaw; jis ePf;fj;jpw;fhd

xd;whfTk; tbtikj;jhu;.

wpr;rhl; nrf;du; (wpr;rhl; nrf;du; (wpr;rhl; nrf;du; (wpr;rhl; nrf;du; (wpr;rhl; nrf;du; (Richard Schechner)))))• mnkupf;fhitr; Nru;e;jtu;. 1967 ,y; Mw;Wiff; FOit

(Performane Group) Muk;gpj;J Mw;Wif Kiwikfspy;

ngupa khw;wq;fNshL Mw;Wiffisr; nra;jhu;.

~#oypay; muq;F| (Enviromental Theatre) Muk;gj;jpy;

Kf;fpakhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ~ntsp| iag; gad;gLj;Jk;

Kiwrhu;e;J ,e;j Mw;Wif NtWgl;L epw;fpwJ. jdJ

Kiwikf;F ,e;jpahtpy; uhk;yPyh (Ramlila) tpd;

Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. uhk;yPyhtpy; xU CNu

muq;fhfTk; fijapd; fw;gidg; gpuNjrkhfTk;

khwpapUf;Fk; Kiwikfspy; Mw;Wiffisr; nra;jhu;.

• ~Dionysus In 69|| vDk; Mw;Wif toikahd Kiwfis

tpLj;J ~ntsp| rhu;e;Jk; ntspg;ghL rhu;e;Jk;

NtWgl;bUe;jJ. Vw;nfdNt mq;fpUe;j> ehlfq;fs;>

rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;Tfs; vd;gd capu;g;gw;w

epiyapy; ,Ue;jik fhuzkhf mtw;wpw;F khw;wPlhfj;

jdJ muq;if Kd;itj;jhu;.

• ghu;g;NghUk; gq;Fgw;Wk; Kiwikia ,tupd; muq;F

Ntz;b epw;fpwJ. ghu;g;NghNd> jhd; vq;F epw;f

Ntz;Lk;. vq;F ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. vq;F Nghf Ntz;Lk;.

vq;F tu Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;fpwhd;.

mf];jhNghy;mf];jhNghy;mf];jhNghy;mf];jhNghy;mf];jhNghy;

wpr;rhl; nrf;du;wpr;rhl; nrf;du;wpr;rhl; nrf;du;wpr;rhl; nrf;du;wpr;rhl; nrf;du;



• ,tu; cyfpd; gy;NtWgl;l muq;fpw;Fk; fy;tpapay;

rhu ;e ;j gFjpfspw ;Fk; Rw;Wyh nrd;W mjd;

mbg;gilapy; muq;fpd; vjpu;fhyk; NtWgl;l Kiwapy;

mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Kd;itj;J khw;wq;fisr;

nra;jhu;. etPd njhopy;El;g> njhlu;ghly; uPjpahff;

fy;tp Ntiytha;g;G uPjpahfg; gue;j jd;ikia

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F cyf re;ijf;fhd (Global Market)

jahupg;ghf xUtu; cUthf Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjpdhu;.

• ghlq;fspw;fpilapyhd Clhl;lk; Gjpa Jiw vd;g

tw ;w pw ;Fk ; Nkyhf ~Mw ;Wiff ; fw ;iffs; | |

(Performance Studies) vd;fpw xU fw;ifnewp Kiwia

cUthf;fpdhu;. mjw;fhd Nfhl;ghl;by; Mw;Wiff;

fiy (Performing Arts)> rlq;Ffs; (Rituals)> Fzkhf;fy;

(Healings)> tpisahl;Lf;fs; (Sports)> kf;fs; eaf;Fk;

kfpo;tspg;Gf;fs; (Popular Entertainment) ehshe;j

tho;tpd; Mw;Wif (Performance in every day life) vd;gd

cl;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd.

• ,J xU fiy kl;Lkd;wp tuyhw;W> r%f> gz;ghl;L

eilKiwfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; xU nraw;ghLk;

MFk;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; muq;fr; nrad;Kiwfspy;

Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis muq;;ftpayhsu;fisj; Jizf;

nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.

• wpr;rhl; nrf;dupd; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp tFg;gpy; rpW

Mw;Wif xd;wpid epfo;j;Jf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : • muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

• nka;g;ghL - aho;. gy;fiyf;fof ~ntWntsp| ntspaPL



Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0 : : : : : ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;

Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;

tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1.1 : tpy;ypak; N\f;];gpaupd; [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlj;ij

eag;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpd; cl;nghUs; jdpg;gl;l

Nehf;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjypd; ngWNgW

vdf;nfhz;L eaf;f KbAnkd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.

• ehlfj;jpd; fUg;nghUs; vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;Fk;

Vw;wjhf tpUj;jy; fhuzkhf mJ RitQu;fs;

eag;gjw;F trjpahf ,Uj;jiy Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

• G&l;l]; kw;Wk; khu;f; md;udpapd; thjg; gpujpthjq;

fis vOj;JUtpy; ghlkhf vOJjy;.

• G&l;l]; ,w;Fk; rP]Uf;Fkpilapyhd khDlg;

gpizg;Gg; gw;wp kjpg;gpLjy;.

• r%fj;jpd; ve;jj; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j jdp egUf;Fk;

mjpy; xU r%fr; nra;jp ,Ug;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.Pu;j;jid ehlfk;> ghu;]p ehlfk;> etPd

nraw;ghL 5.1.1nraw;ghL 5.1.1nraw;ghL 5.1.1nraw;ghL 5.1.1nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : : : : : [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;ij eag;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs;ju cs;sPLfs; : : : : : • [{ypa]; rP]u; nkhopngau;g;G - jkpopy;

ftpQu; ,. KUifad;

• nghw;fpopf; ftpQu; mU. NrhkRe;jud;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ,q;fpyhe;jpd; vyprngj; fhyg;gFjp> Kjyhk; vyprngj;jpd;

Ml;rpf;fhykhfpa (fp.gp. 1558 - 1603) fhyg; gFjpia

ikakhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,Ue;jNghJk; rpNu\;l ehlf

Mf;fq;fs; cUthd fhyg;gFjp 1580 - 1604 MFk;.

mjd; gpwF 1603 - 1625 tiu Ml;rp nra;j 1Mk;

N[k;]; murd; fhyj;jpYk; Mq;fpy ehlf tsr;rpiaf;

fhz KbfpwJ. [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfk; 1601 ,y;

vOjg;gl;lJ. tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpapupd; mtyr;Rit

ehlfkhfpa ,J> cyf epahak;> vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;Fk;

vy;yh kf;fSf;FKupa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mtuJ [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfk; md;W Kjy; ,d;W

tiu ,d;Dk; ,urpfu;fspd; eag;gpid ntd;w cyf

ehlf Mf;fq;fSs; xd;whf tpsq;FtNjhL mjw;F

VJthapUe;j tplaq;fis Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJ ,q;F

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.




: : : : : • FOr; nraw;ghL> fye;Jiuahly;> gFg;gha;T> tfpghfk;

MLjy;.


: : : : : • cNuhkhGupapd; gpurpj;jpkpf;f kf;fs; jiytuhd

[{ypa]; rP]upd; nfhiy gw;wpa tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtj;ijg;

gpugykhf;fp ehlfkhf Kd;itg;gjd; %yk; ,urpfg;

ngUkf ;fs plk ; $u ;ikahd ,uridia

cUthf;fpaik.

• ,q;F [{ypa]; rP]upd; nfhiy jw;nrayhf ele;j

tplak; md;W. mikr;ru;fshd G&l;l];> nfrpa];

Mfpa ez;gu;fspd; Nehf;fj;Jf;Fk; rP]uJ Nehf;fj;Jf;

FkpilNa cz;lhd Kuz;ghLfspd; tpisNt

vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjd; topahf ,urpfuplk; ehlf

eag;ig cUthf;Fjy;.

• ehlfj;ij tsu;j;Jr; nry;tJ> NguthTk; (Ambition)

mjpfhu gyKk; gw;wpa NkhJifNa. rP]Uf;Fk;

G&l;lrpw;FkpilNaAs;s khDlg; gpizg;G vd;gd

topahf ,urpfu;fsplk; xU czu;r;rp mjpu;r;rpia

cUthf;Fjy;.

cjhuzk;: rP]u;:- G&l;l]; ePAkh?

mg;gbahdhy; rP]u; tPo;e;Jtpl;lhdh?

• ,e;ehlfj;jpd; fijg;nghUs; vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;Fk;

vy;yh ehLfSf;FKupa ,ay;Gfshy; epiwag;

ngw;wpUg;gjd; fhuzkhfj; jw;fhy murpay; epiyik

fisf; ftdj;jpy; vLj;J mjid eaf;f KbAnkd;gJ.

• G&l;lrpdJk; khu;f; md;udpapdJk; ,Wjp mQ;ryp

ciuapd; topahf epiyepWj;jg;gLfpd;w el;gpd; Mok;>

mtu;fshy; vLf;fg;gLfpd;w fpsu;r;rp> ju;f;f> Fju;f;f

Ntfk;> Gfo;kpf;f ntspaPL> tpdhntOg;Gjy;> topahf

,urpfu;fsplk; eag;gpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.

cjhuzk;: G&l;l];: (nrhw;nghoptpd; gFjp) rP]u;

vd; kPJ fhl;ba md;gpd; msTf;F ehd; mtiu

vz;zpj; jtpf;fpd;Nwd;. mtu; mjpu ;\;lrhyp.

me;jsTf;F mtiug; gw;wp ehd; kfpo;tile;Njd;.

mtdJ ijupaj;ij ehd; kjpj;Njd;. vdpDk; mtid

ehd; nfhd;Nwd;. Vnddpy; mtd; xU Nguth gpbj;jtd;.

• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fspd; NtWgl;l

jd;ikfSk; mtw;wpd; topahf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w

$u;ikahd kNdhghtq;fSk; ,urpfu;fspd; eag;Gf;F

VJthfpd;wik.



• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpd nkhopeil fhtpakhf

,Ug;gjhy; ,urpfu;fsplk; czu;T ghtq;fis

cz;lhf;f Kbfpd;wik.

cjhuzk;: khu;f; md;udp (nrhw;nghoptpd; xU gFjp)

• vQ;rpa ehlfq;fspy; Mtpfs;> tUtJiuj;jy; Nghd;w

mkhD\;a rf;jpfs; ,urpfu;fsplk; Mu;tj;ijAk;

cyfg; gl;lwpTf;fhd nghUs; ntspg;ghl;ilAk;

trg;gLj;jp itj;jpUj;jy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • rP]upd; G+jTliyf; nfhz;L te;j FOtpdUld; khu;f;

md;udpapd; tUifiaAk; mtDila tpiuTk;

czu;r;rp kpf;fJkhd ,Wjp mQ;ryp ciuiaAk;

RUf;fkhd ebg;gpy; Kd;itf;Ff.

• [{ypa]; rP]u;> khu;f; md;udp MfpNahupd; ghj;jpug;

gilg;gpd; ,ay;Gfis Kd;itf;Ff.

[{ypa]; rP]u;[{ypa]; rP]u;[{ypa]; rP]u;[{ypa]; rP]u;[{ypa]; rP]u;



Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0 ::::: ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : : : : : tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; xj;njy;Nyh ehlf ghlj;ij

eag;gu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpd; fUg;nghUs; fhjiy mbahff;

nfhz;bUg;gjhy; fhjypdhy; Vw;gl;l nghwhik vd;Dk;

kNdhghtj;ij mwpf;ifapLjy;.

• nl];upNkhdh> mg;ghtpAk; J}a fhjypd; FwpaPLkhf

,Ug;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

• ,ahNfhtpdhy; jpl;lkplg;gLfpw rjpj;jpl;lj;ij vOjpf;

fhl;Ljy;.

• mbg;gil kNdhtpay;Gfisf; nfhz;Nl ghj;jpuq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

• ,e;ehlfk; %yk; ghj;jpunkhd;wpd; gytPdq;fs; gw;wp

vOg;gg;gl;lNghJk;> mq;F r%ff; fUj;njhd;Wk; Kd;

itf;fg;gLtij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.b ehlf ghlj;ijf;

d;

nraw;ghL 5.1.2nraw;ghL 5.1.2nraw;ghL 5.1.2nraw;ghL 5.1.2nraw;ghL 5.1.2 : : : : : xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;ij eag;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : xj;njy;Nyh ehlfg; ghlk;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : Nrf;];gpaupd; gilg;Gfspy; cd;djkhdjhff; fUjg;

gLgit n`k;yl;> xj;njy;Nyh> [{ypa]; rP]u;> ypau;

kd;dd; Mfpa ehlfq;fs; ehd;FNk MFk;. xj;njy;Nyh

Vida ehlfq;fis tpl NtWgLtJ> mJ jdpg;gl;l

fUg;nghUnshd;iw ntspg;gLj;JtjhyhFk;. rpy

tpku;ru;fs; $Wtjd;gb ,J 17Mk; E}w;whz;L

ehlfj;ij tpl 20Mk; E}w;whz;L ehlfq;fSf;F

mz;kpj;jjhff; fhzg;gLtNjahFk;. xj;njy;Nyhtplk;

cz;lhfpd;w re;Njfk; fhuzkhfj; jhd; kpfTk; Nerpj;j

jdJ kidtp nl];upNkhdhitr; rpiw itj;Jf;

nfhiy nra;j tpjj;ijj; njhlu;r;rpnahOq;fpy;

Kd;itj;J ehlff;fiyQu;> ,urpfu;fspilNa eae;J

,urpf;Fk; Mw;wiy tsu;f;Fk; tpjj;ijg; gapw;rp

nra;jNy ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


: : : : : • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly;> Muha;jy;



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;::::: • xj;njy;Nyh nl];upNkhdhit cz;ikahff; fhjypj;j

NjhL jpBnud mtdJ cs;sj;jpy; vOe;j re;Njfk;>

gopthq;Fk; czu;r;rpahf khw;wkile;j tpjj;jhy;

mg;ghtp nl];upNkhdh mile;j Ntjidfis ehlff;

fiyQu; Kd;itf;Fk; tpjk; ,urpfu;fsplk; czu;TG+u;t

mjpu;r;rpia cUthf;Fjy;.

• nl];u pNkhdh mg;ghtpahfTk; J}a fhjypd;

FwpaPlhfTk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjd; fhuzkhf

ghu;g;Nghuplk; mtisg; gw;wpa mDjhgKk; gpbg;Gk;

cz;lhfpd;wik.

• ghu;g;Nghu; Mu;tKk;> Mr;rupaKk; nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy;

,ahNfh jdJ J\;lj;jdkhd jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ij ehlfj;jpy; rpwg;ghff; fhz Kbfpd;wik.

• mbg;gilahf> jdpg;gl;l ghj;jpunkhd;wpd; gytPdq;fs;

,e;ehlfk; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL mjpy; r%f

tprhuiznahd;iwAk; fhzKbtjdhy; ghu;g;Nghiu

NkYk; mz;kpf;f KbfpwJ.

• ,e;ehlfk; %yk; fhjy;> ek;gpf;if> cd;djfhkk;>

JNuhfk;> nghwhik Mfpa Kf;fpa kNdhtpay;Gfspd;

njhFg;G kdpj r%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;

fhl;LfpwJ.

• fijg;nghUs; ntspg;gLj;jyhdJ> xd;wpizg;gpD}lhf

ehlff;fiy xOq;FKiwg;gb rk;gtq;fisf; Nfhu;j;J

gputfpj;Jr; nry;y ,lkspg;gjhy; NkhJif cr;rk;

tiu fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sgbahy; ghu;g;NghUf;F

mjidf; fpufpj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAkhapUj;jy;.

• xj;njy;Nyh ehlff; fijg;nghUs; ngUk;ghYk;

,aw;ifahfTs;stw;wpw;F mz;kpj;jjhf Kd;itf;fg;

gl;bUg;gNjhL Mtpfs;> tUtJiuj;jy;> Co;tpid

Aldhd rk;gtq;fis ,q;F fhz KbahjpUg;gNjhL

ghu;g;Nghupd; eag;Gf;F mJ xU jilahf ,y;yhjpUf;

fpd;wik.

• ghu;g;Nghuplk; ntspg;gLj;jiy Vw;gLj;Jfpw fhtpaka

nkhopeil Nghd;Nw jhdhfNt vOfpd;w ghly;fSk;

,q;F cz;L. cjhuzk;: tpNyh ghly;

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • xj;njy;Nyhtplk; nl];upNkhdh gw;wpa re;Njfj;ij

xOq;F Kiwahff; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf ,ahNfhtp

dhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w rjpj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa gy;NtW

gbKiwfisg; glk; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

• ~~nl];upNkhdh mg;ghtpahfTk;> J}a fhjypd;

FwpaPlhfTk; cs;shs;|| ,f;$w;iw kjpg;gpLf.

• ~~,ahNfhitg; Nghd;wnjhU tpy;yd; Nrf;];gpaupd;

Ntnwe;jg; gilg;Gf;fspYk; gilf;fg;gltpy;iy||

tpsf;Ff.

xj;njy;Nyhxj;njy;Nyhxj;njy;Nyhxj;njy;Nyhxj;njy;Nyh






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : : : : : n`d;upf; ,g;rdpd; A Doll’s house ehlfj;jpd;; jkpo;

nkhopngau;g;ghd ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlj;ij

eag;gu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • jpwn[b ehafpahf miktjw;Ff; fhuzq;fis

tpsf;Fjy;.

• Nehwh - Nuhty;l; Kuz;ghL ~FLk;gj;jpd; ,Ug;G|

njhlu;ghd xU Kuz;ghlhFk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

• ,urpf;fj;jf;f tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kuz;

ghl;by; mlq;Fk; Kjd;ikahd epfo;Tj; njhliu

vOj;J %yk; gl;baw;gLj;Jjy;.

• ehlfj;jpy ; ,lk;ngw ;Ws;s Fwpa PLfs; %yk;

tho;f;ifapd; ajhu;j;jk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij

kjpj;jy;.

• r%fj;jpd; gpizg;GfspypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhf Nehwh

vLf;Fk; jPu;khdj;jpd; Clhfr; r%fj;Jf;F xU nra;jp

toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 5.1.3nraw;ghL 5.1.3nraw;ghL 5.1.3nraw;ghL 5.1.3nraw;ghL 5.1.3 : : : : : ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlj;ij eag;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : xU ghitapd; tPL - ehlf ghlk;

(fyhepjp Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk; ,dJ

nkhopngau;g;G)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : cyfpd; gy;NtW ehLfspd; Gfo;ngw;w ehlf

ghlq;fisg; gapy ;tjd; %yk; ehk ; caupa

,uridiag; ngwyhk;. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; n`d;upf;

,g;rd; Mf;fpa ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlfk; Gjpa

Afnkhd;wpd; Muk;gkhf mike;jJ. mJ ajhu;j;jg+u;t

ehlff;fiyapy; xU gha;r;ryhf mike;jJ. ,e;j

ehlfj;jpd; Clhfg; ghu;g;Nghupd; ,urid Gul;rpfukhd

xU khw;wj;Jf;F cs;shfpaJ. Ngu;dhu;l;N\h

mtu;fsJ $w;Wg;gb ~~,g;rdpd; ehlfq;fisg;

ghu;f;fg;NghtJ vd;gJ gy;itj;jpau; xUtuplk;

nry;tijg; Nghd;wJ. ... Mu;tk; kpf;fJ $lNt

NtjidiaAk; jUtJ...|| MFk;. ,g;rdpd; ehlfq;fs;

ehk; thOk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf vk;kplj;jpNyNa Mokhd

tpdhf;fisj; njhLf;Fk; jd;ikAilait vd;gJ

,jpypUe;J njspthfpd;wJ. kf;fspd; ,uridapy;



khw;wk; Vw;gl;l tpjk; njhlu;ghf tpdhf;fis khztu;

fSf;F toq;FtNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.


: : : : : • FO> fye;Jiuahly;> Muha;jy;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • Nehu;Nt ehl;L ehlff; fiyQuhd n`d;upf; ,g;rd;

ajhu;j;j ehlf kugpd; je;ijahthu;.

• 19Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ghu;g;Nghu; mJ

tiuapy; ,urpj;j ~vyprngj;jpa| ehlfq;fSk; 18 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;rpYk; N[u;kdpapYk; ghu;g;Nghu;

,urpj;j ~nuhkhd;upf;| ehlfq;fSk; tof;nfhope;jd.

mg;NghJ ,g;rd; ghu;g;Nghupd; ,uridf;fhff; fhyj;jpd;

Njitf;Nfw;g ajhu;j;j ehlff; fiyia cUthf;fp

dhu;.

• ehlfhrpupau;> Nehwh vDk; ghj;jpuk; jkJ fztuhfpa

~Nuhty;l; n`y;ku;| cld; thOk; tho;f;ifapd;nghJ

mts; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; epfo;Tfspd; Clhfg; ghu;g;

Nghuplj;Nj ehlfr; Ritiaf; fhj;jpukhd tifapy;

ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

• Fnwhf;l];l;; ,lk; ,ufrpakhf Nehwh ngw;w fld;>

fld; rpl;ilapy; tQ;ridahff; ifnahg;gkply; Nghd;w

fle;j fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;J Kbe;j rk;gtq;fis

ehlfhrpupau; ntspg;gLj;JtjD}lhf Flash back Kiw

iaf; ifahz;L ghu ;g ;Nghu pd ; ,uridiaj;

J}z;bAs;shu;.

cjhuzk;: Nehwh: (ftiyg;gl;L moKd;du;)

me;j ,ufrpak;. vdJ kfpo;r;rpf;F...

ngUikf;F VJthd xNunahU mD$yk;. vy;yhk;

njhiye;jJ. eP ,ijj; njupe;J nfhz;lhy;...! ,e;j

msTf;F ,opthf mwpe;Jnfhz;lhy;...! cdJ

thapdhNyNa mjid mwpe;J nfhz;lhy;> vd;id

mtkjpg;gha;.||

• Nuhty;l; ,J tiuapy; xU tpUe;jhspahfNt jd;Dld;

tho;e;Js;shu; vd;gij ,Wjpapy; Nehwh tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapyhd ehlfj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd

gputhfj;jpd; Clhfg; ghu;g;Nghupd; ,urid J}z;lg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzk;: Nehwh (Nkyq;fpia mzpe;jthW)

~~tpUe;jhsp xUtupd; miwapy; Xupuitf; fopf;f

vd;dhy; KbahJ.||

xU ghitapd; tPLxU ghitapd; tPLxU ghitapd; tPLxU ghitapd; tPLxU ghitapd; tPL



• gpujhd ghj;jpur; Nrhb jtpu> Fnwhf;l];l;> itj;jpau;

uhq;;> jpUkjp ypd;Nl Nghd;w tiuaiwg;gl;l rpy

ghj;jpuq;fis kuGuPjpahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp

ehlfj;jpd; xUikg;ghL ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy;

,uridf;F topNfhyg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• tho;f;ifapd; ajhu;j;jj;ij ed;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;fhf

ehlfhrpupau; ej;jhu; kuk;> nghk;ik cilfs;>

kf;&d;];;> jue;jyh eldk; Nghd;w FwpaPLfisg; gad;

gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; ehlfk; KOtjpYk;

xU tpujkhd ,urid Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• jj;&gkhfg; gpuNahf nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy;

ghu;g;Nghuplj;Nj jUzj;Jf;Nfw;g ,uridf;F topNfhyg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzk;: Fnwhf;];ll;:-

~~,g;NghJ ehd; rpije;J mope;j fg;gypd; xU

Jz;ilg; gw;wpf;nfhz;L capu;gpiof;fj; Jbf;Fk;

xUtidg; Nghd;w epiyapy; cs;Nsd;.||

• etPd jpwn[b ehlfnkhd;whff; Fwpg;gplf;$ba ,e;j

ehlfj;jpy; kdpjd; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; mtyq;fs; mofpa

Yld; fye;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tprpj;jpukhd epfo;T

fs; kpifg;gLj;jpa eldq;fs;> me;j ep[tho;f;ifg;

ghj;jpuq;fspd; Kuz;ghLfs; ghu;g;Nghiu mjpu;r;rpAwr;

nra;tNjhL ,urpf;fj;jf;fdthfTk; mike;Js;sd.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • Flash back Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;;g;gq;fis

tptupj;J mjd; %yk; ghu;g;Nghu; ,urid ngWk;

tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.

• ajhu;j;j ehlf ghzp vd;gij> ~xU ghitapd; tPL|

ehlfj;ij cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • xU ghitapd; tPL - n`d;upf; ,g;rd;

nkhopngau;g;G - fyhepjp Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : : : : : ehlfghlj;ij eag;gu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ehlf ghlj;ij thrpf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; KOikahd

eag;ig tpgupj;jy;.

• eaj;jy; vd;gJ jkJ MSik tpUj;jpf;F ,d;wpaik

ahjJ vd;gjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 5.1.4nraw;ghL 5.1.4nraw;ghL 5.1.4nraw;ghL 5.1.4nraw;ghL 5.1.4 : : : : : jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlfj;ij eag;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp vOj;JU

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlf ghlj;ij eag;gjw;F

khztu;fis topg;gLj;JtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;f

khFk;.



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ey;y ehlfghlk; xd;wpid eag;gjw;F mbg;gilahd

mk;rq;fspd; ghy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; mj;jpahtrpa

khFk;. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlf ghlj;jpd;

fl;likg;G> ghj;jpug;gilg;G> nkhop vd;gd njhlu;ghff;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

• jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp vOj;JUthf;fk; ngw;w gpd;dzp

epiyikfisAk; mjd; tuyhw;Wj; NjitfisAk;

mt; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ifahsg;gl;l cj;jpfisAk;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

• epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lYf;Fupa gz;GfisAk; mNj Neuk;

xU ehlf ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fupa juj;jpidAk; mJ

nfhz;like;Js;s tpjk; gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.

flTs; tho;;j;jpy; ~ePj;jhu; jpup$lypq;fu; FwtQ;rp

ehlfj;ij epfo;j;j Ntz;b... vd miktjidf;

nfhz;L ,jid tpsq;fp nfhs;s KbAk;.

• ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fupa ngWkhdq;fis yag;gpbg;ghd

nrhw;fSf;$lhf vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpd;wJ. nrhw;fSf;Fg;

gpd;dhy;> epiwe;j fhl;rpj;jd;ikfs; tputp ,Uf;fpd;wd.



jdpnkhopg;ghtid> ,aw;ifNahL nfhz;Ls;s

epiyik ahTk; ehlfg; ghq;fhd eaj;jYf;F ,lk;

jUtjhf cs;sd. ,jid tre;jty;yp NjhopfSld;

gfpu;e;J nfhs ;f pd ; w e piyikAk ; ,aw ;ifg ;

nghUs;fis tpufjhgj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; gopj;Jg;

NgRtJk; jdpkdpj czu;r ;rpahf ntspg;gl;L

epw;fpd;wJ.

• FwtQ;rpapd; cyh> Fwk;> FSt ehlfk; vd;fpd;w

%d;W gFjpfspy; ngUq;fhl ;r pj ; jd;ikahd

nraypaf;fq;fSf;F mjpf ,lk; mspg;gjhf cs;sJ.

• Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fis Mrpupau; khztu;fSld;

fye;Jiuahba gpd;du; khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf

tFj;J vOj;JUtpw;$lhf Nkw;fpsk;Gk; eaj;jw; gFjp

fisAk; mjd; re;ju;g;g epiyikfisAk; gl;baw;

gLj;Jk;gb topg;gLj;jyhk;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapy; ehlf %yfq;fs;

ntspg;gl;Ls;s KiwikapidAk;> mit eaj;jYf;F

,l;Lr; nry;tjhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjid

Ak; tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp

Nkyfuk;. jpup$luhrg;gf; ftpuhau;






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : : : : : ehlfghlj;ij eag;gu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;ij mjd; ftpij topr;

rpwg;gpD}lhf eaj;jy;.

• $j;jpd; kuG topf;$Wfis myq;fhu&gd; vOj;JUtp

D}lhff; fz;Lnfhs;sy;

nraw;ghL 5.1nraw;ghL 5.1nraw;ghL 5.1nraw;ghL 5.1nraw;ghL 5.1 : : : : : ~njd;Nkhbf;$j;J tbtj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l myq;fhu&gd;

ehlfj;ij yaj;Jld; thrpj;J eag;Nghk;.|


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • ~myq;fhu&gd;| ehlf ghlk;

• xyp xspg;Ngiofs; ($j;J njhlu;ghdit)

• $j;J tbtk; njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;l fl;Liufs;> E}y;fs;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : kuGtop ehlf tbtq;fspy; xd;whfpa $j;J tbtj;jpid

eag;gjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;JtJ ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.


: : : : : • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw> nra;Jfhl;Ljy;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • kl;lf;fsg;gpYk;> aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; njd;Nkhbf;$j;J

kugpy; Mlg;gl;L tUfpd;w ehlfNk myq;fhu&gdhFk;.

,uz;bYk; rpy NtWghLfSk; gy xw;WikfSk;

cs;sd. Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jdhy; 1962 Mk; Mz;L

gjpg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l myq;fhu&gd; ehlfkhdJ

kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpapy; gapyg;gl;L te;j vOj;JUthFk;.

,J ahuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F Mjhukpy;yh

Js;sJ. Mdhy; tp.rp. fe;ijah mtu;fs; ~jkJ

kl;lf ;fsg;Gj ; jkpofk; | vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,t;

myq;fhu&gd; tl;Lf;Nfhl;iliar; Nru;e;j ~fzgjp

Iau;| (1709 - 1784) mtu;fshy; vOjg;gl;lJ vdf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jDk; fzgjp

Iaupdhy; vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhnkd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhYk;

kl;lf;fsg;G mz;zhtpkhu;> mJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ahNuh

xU Gytuhy; vOjg;gl ;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W

$Wfpwhu;fs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,jdhy;

myq;fhu&gid vOjpatu; ahu; vd;gJ Muhag;gl

Ntz;ba xd;whfTs;sJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; muhyp



Kj;Jf;Fkhug; Gytupdhy; xU myq;fhu&gd; vOjg;

gl;Ls;sJ. (1892) mJTk; ve;jg; gpujp vd;gjidf;

fz;Lnfhs;s KbahJs;sJ vd;w tplaq;fis

tpgupj;Jf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• ~fhjypy; ntw;wp| md;Nwy; ~nja;tj;jhy; epr;rak; ngw;w

jpUkzk; epr ;rak; epiwNtwpna jPUk;| vd;w

fUg;nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jk;> myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpd;

fij mk;rj;jpidf; fye;JiuahLtjD}lhf eaj;jy;.

• myq;fhu&gd; ehlf ghlj;ij mjd; ftpij top

yaj;NjhL thrpg;gjD}lhfTk; ehlfj;jpd; fij>

fUg;nghUs;> ghj;jpuq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtj

D}lhfTk; eaj;jy;.

• ehlfj;jpd; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fshd myq;fhu&gd;>

mofty;yp> mjptPu#ud;> nrfjidahsp> myq;fhu&gp...

Nghd;wd gw;wp Mrpupau; khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb

mtw;wpd; ghj;jpug; gz;Gfis eaj;jy;.

• myq;fhu&gd; ghj;jpukhdJ ,sturdhf ,Uf;fpd;w

mNjNtis tpwF jiyad;> nrl;b nghd;w Ntlq;fis

Ak; jhq;Ffpd;w gz;Gfisf; fye;Jiuahly;.

• fPioj;Nja ehlfq;fspd; gz;Gf;fika myq;fhu&gd;

ehlfj;jpy; tPuk;> Nfhgk;> Nrhfk;> fhjy; (rpUq;fhuk;)>

gf;jp... Nghd;w gy;RitfSk; tputp tUfpd;w

ehlfkhfTk; ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; $wg;gLtJ Nghy

ehlfk; kfpo;NthL kq;fyfukhf epiwT ngWtjhfTk;

mike;Js;sikiaf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• $j;Jtbt vOj;JUthdJ rhjhuzkhd thrpg;Gf;Fl;

gLj;Jk;NghJ ngwg;gLk; ,uridia tpl> ghbg;

gbf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; urid mjpfkhdJ vd;gjid

xUrpy ghly;fis MrpupaUk; khztUk; Nru;e;J ghb

,urpg;gjD}lhf czu;e;J nfhs;sy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • $j;jpd; kuGtopf; $Wfis myq;fhu&gd; vOj;

JUit Mjhukhff; nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • myq;fhu&gd; - Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jd; (gjpg;G)

• kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;



- fyhepjp fhiu Re;juk;gps;is

• kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk; - tp.rp. fe;ijah

• kd;dhu; khNjhl;l ehlfq;fs;

- mUl; je;ij - md;G uh[h






Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlkhdJ

ehlfkhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpid EZfpaha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlk;> ntw;wpfukhd xU ehlf

khf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• mJ Nkilapy; fhj;jpukhd xU ehlfkhf mike;

Js;sJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

• ntw;wpfukhd ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fhf ,e;ehlf ghlj;jpy;

nghjpe;Js;s rpwg;gk;rq;fis tupirg;gLj;jp vOjpf;

fhl;Ljy;.

• rP]u;> GW}l;l]; Mfpa ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fSk; ,e;

ehlj;jpd; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fshFk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 5.2.1nraw;ghL 5.2.1nraw;ghL 5.2.1nraw;ghL 5.2.1nraw;ghL 5.2.1 : : : : : ~~[{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlk; muq;Ff;Fj; jahuhfpwJ.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : [{ypa]; rP]u; - ehlf ghlk; jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G

[{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlk; tpku;rdk;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : Nrf;];gpaupd; [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfk; fhj;jpukhd xU

fUitf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt mjd; ghlkhdJ

muq;fpy; fhj;jpukhd xU ehlfj;ijg; gilg;gjw;Fr;

rhjfkhf mike;jJ. ,e;ehlf ghlk; xU ehlfkhf

khw;wg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; njhlu;ghfNt ,q;F ftdQ;

nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.


: : : : : • FONtiy> fye;Jiuahly;> Njly;> xyp - xspg;Ngio

(Video) fhl;rp> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfkhdJ Nkilapy; Muk;gpj;j fzk;

njhlf;fk; mjd; Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fj;jpd;ghy; mJ

Jupjkhf Kidg;Gw;Wr; nry;fpd;wJ vd;gJ ehlf

ghlj;ijg; guprPypg;gjd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ.

• ,uz;L tUl fhyj;Js; epfo;e;j xU njhFjp tuyhw;Wr;

rk;gtq;fs; MW ehs;fSs; epfOtjhf Mf;fG+u;tkhf

tu pirg ;gLj ;jg ;gl ;Ls ;sikahy ; ehlfj ;ijg ;

ghu;g;NghUf;F fhy xUikg;ghl;ilj; njspthf czu

Kbfpd;wJ.



• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpd; njhlf;ff; fhl;rp ghu;g;

Nghuplj;Nj `h\;a czu;itAk; Mu;tj;ijAk;

J}z;lj;jf;f tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. mLj;j fhl;rpAk;

Nkhbik ehlfghzpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfk; ,aw;ifj; jd;ikf;F mg;ghw;gl;l

Nkhbikg; ghq;fhd xU ehlfkhFk;. mjd;

nrhy;yhly;fs; re;jj;jpd;gbAk; ftpij nkhopg;ghq;iff;

nfhz;ljhf mike;Js;sJ. vdpDk; mjd;; ebg;gpy;

ajhu;j;j> ajhu;j;j tpNuhjf; fyg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

• Nrhjpldpd; khu;r; 15Me; jpfjpa vjpu;T$wy;> ,bNahir>

kpd;dNyhL> frpa];> rprNuh> f];fh MfpNahupd;; rjp>

fyp/gu;dpahtpd; fdT Nghd;w #oikTfs; Nkilapy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; Mfpatw;wpy; cl;nghjpj;j

(kiwthd) mofpay; gz;Gfisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

• GW}l;l]; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ FOtpdu;> rP]u; If; nfhiy

nra;j re;ju;g;gk; - Nkilapy; fhj;jpukhd tifapy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzk;: (Kjypy; f];fhTk; njhlu;e;J VidNahUk;

rP]iuf; Fj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,Wjpapy; GW}l;l]; rP]iuf;

Fj;Jfpwhu;.)

• mf;nfhiyf; fhl;rpapy; rP]Uf;Fk; GW}l;lRf;Fk;

,ilNa cs;s njhlu ;ig czu;TG+u ;tkhf

ehlfhrpupau; Nkilapy; cUthf;fpAs;shu;.

cjhuzk;: rP]u;:-

GW}l;l];> ePAkh? mg;gbahdhy; rP]u; tPol;Lk;||

• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpy; ,uz;L rpwg;Gf;fs; cz;L.

xd;W rP]upd; nfhiy. kw;waJ kuzr; rlq;fpy; khu;f;

md;ldpapd; ciu.

• khu;f; md;ldpapd; kuzr;rlq;F ciuapd; gpd;du; mty

tPudhfpa GW}l;l]; ,dJ tPo;r;rp Muk;gkhfpd;wik.

• Nkilapy; ehk; fhZk; ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; tPud; rP]u;

vd;gJk; mty tPud; GW}l;l]; vd;gJk; ehlf ghlj;jpd;

Clhfj; njspthfpd;wJ.

• ,b> kpd;dy;> fbfhu kzpNahir Nghd;wtw;iwf;

fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gy;NtW xypfs; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sik.



• rP]upd; tUif> rP]Uk; FOtpdUk; fg;gpl;NlhDf;Fr;

nry;y Kd;du; kJ mUe;jpf; fspf;Fk; tpjk;> rP]u;

nrdw; rigapy; ciuahw;Wjy;> GW}l;lRk; khu;f;

md;ldpAk; kf;fis tpspj;J ciuahw;Wjy;> kf;fs;

rP]upd; g+jTliyf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; re;ju;g;gk; Nghd;w

FOk ebg;Gf;fs; ed;F ifahsg;gl;Ls;sik.

• GW}l;l];> khu;f; md;ldp kuzr;rlq;fpy; ciu

ahw;Wifapy; ghu;g;Nghupd; ftdj;ij Nkil kPJ <u;j;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; tifapy;> fhj;jpukhd nkhopg;ghq;F kw;Wk;

nkhop cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.

• vyprngj;jpa fhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kw;Wk;

ehlfj;jpd; nghUisj; njspthf ntspf;nfhzUk;

tifapyhd Ntl cilfs;> muq;fg; gpd;dzp> ,ir

Nghd;w Jizf; fiyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.

• ,e;ehlfk; 5 gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. xt;nthUg;

gFjpf;Fk; fhl;rpfs; cz;L.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL ::::: • [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpd; fhj;jpukhd> ehlfg+u;tkhd

xU fhl;rpia ebj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fij

fisr; RUf;fkhf vOJf.

rP]u;rP]u;rP]u;rP]u;rP]u;




Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd;

%yKk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;%yKk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;%yKk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;%yKk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;%yKk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;thu;.nfhs;thu;.nfhs;thu;.nfhs;thu;.nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; xj;njy;Nyh (ntdpR ,isQd;)

ehlf ghlk; > ehlfkhf ;fg ;gl ;Ls;s tpjj ;ij

EZfpaha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • xj;njy;Nyh ehlf ghlk; ntw;wpfukhd xu ehlfkhf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ vdf; $Wjy;.

• xj;njy;Nyh ehlf ghlkhdJ> ghu;g;NghUf;F czu;

t+l;lf;$bathW ehlfkhfj; jahupf;fj;jf;fnjhd;whFk;


• xj;njy;Nyh ehlfghlj;jpd; %yk; ntw;wpfukhd xU

ehlfj; jahupg;igr; nra;ayhk; vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;

fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.

• xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; mg;ghtp

nl];bNkhdh> J\;ldhfpa ,ahNfh Mfpa ghj;jpuq;

fspd; mbg;gilahd ,ay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jjy;.

• Nkilapy; fhZk; xj;njy;nyh ehlfj;jpy; r%fj;Jf;Fr;

nra;jpnahd;W toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 5.2.2nraw;ghL 5.2.2nraw;ghL 5.2.2nraw;ghL 5.2.2nraw;ghL 5.2.2 : : : : : xj;njy;Nyh ehlf ghlk; - Nkilf;Fj; jahuhfpwJ.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : xj;njy;Nyh ehlfk; ghlk;

(nghw;fpspf; ftpQd; NrhkRe;jud; ,dJ nkhopngau;g;G)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; xj;njy;Nyh ehlfk; 1604 ,y;

vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ~FNshg;| muq;fpy;

NkilNaw;wg;gl;l rduQ;rfkhd xU ehlfkhFk;.

ntdpR efu tPjpnahd;wpd; Muk;gpj;J> xj;njy;Nyh>

nl];bNdkhtpd; fOj;ij neupj;Jf; nfhiy nra;j

gpd;du; jhDk; fpuPRf; fj;jpapdhy; Fj;jpf;nfhz;L

jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;Sk; tpjk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;ehlf ghlk; ehlfkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij Nehf;F

tNj vkJ Nehf;fkhFk;.


: : : : : • FONtiy> Njly;> fye;Jiuahly;> tPbNah ehlh

(xyp - xspg;Ngio)> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;.



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;::::: • xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpd; ebg;G Nkhb> ,ay;ghdjy;y.

khwhff; fhg;gpag;ghq;fhdJ> re;jj;Jf;F mikthdJ.

ajhu;j;j> Nkhbikg; gz;Gfs; mlq;fpAs;sd.

• xj;njy;Nyh ghj;jpuj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW fhj;jpu

khd ehlfg+u;tkhd #oikTfspy; czu;Tg+u;tkhd

ebg;G> ghlj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

cjhuzk;: xj;njy;Nyh:

Iah... rhgj;Jf;Fs;shd ,opatd;... muf;fu;fNs...

vd;idf; firahy; mbAq;fs;... ,e;j NjtNyhff;

fhl;rpapypUe;J vd;id mg;Gwg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

~~fhw;wpy; vd;idf; fhy;Nghd Nghf;fpy; mbj;Jr;

nry;Yq;fs;||

~~fe;jfj;jpy; Nghl;L vd;id vupj;JtpLq;fs;||

• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ngz; ghj;jpuq;fSk; Mz;fshNyNa

ebf;fg;gl;lik. nl];bNkhdh Nghd;w ,sk; ngz;

ghj;jpuq;fs;> ,isQu;fshy; ebf;fg;gLfpd;wik.

• 1594 ,y; rk;gu;Nyd; gpuGtpdJ ehlff; FOtpd; Xu;

mq;fj;jtuhf ,Ue;j Nrf;];gpau;> xj;njy;Nyh Nghd;w

ehlfq;fisAk; ~FNshg;| muq;fpy; ebj;Js;sik.

• xj;njy;nyh Nghd;w Nrf;];gpaupd; ehlfq;fspy;

Mz;fspd; cilf;fhfg; ngUk;ghYk; Kd;gf;fk; jpwe;j

mq;fpAk; (lTyw;) Koq;fhy; tiu fl;ilahd

fhw;rl;ilAk;> fhy;fSf;F ePz;l fhYiw (Nk];)fSk;

mzpag;gl;ld.

• ~nl];bNkhdh| Nghd;w ngz; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhf ePz;l

njhq;Fk; jd;ikAila fTz;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sd. fTzpd; Nkw;gFjp clYld; ,Wf;fkhfTk;

neQ;R jl;ilahf (Flat) mikAkhWk; ,Lg;G

mfykhfTk; njhq;Fk; tifapYk; jahupf;fg;gl;lik.

Mz; cilfspy; fOj;ijr; #o miy kbg;Gf;nfhz;l

fOj;Jg;gl;ilAk; (rulf) fhzg;gl;lik.

• ~~FNshg;|| muq;F Xu; vz;Nfhzf; fl;llkhFk;. mq;F

gpujhd jpiu fhzg;gltpy;iy. Nkilapy; cl;Gwkhf

NkiliaAk; fw;iff; $lj;ijAk; Ntwhf;Fk; jpiuap

dhy; kiwf;fg;gl;l xU gFjp (Study) fhzg;gl;lJ.

xj;njy;Nyh Nghd;w ehlfq;fspy; ,ufrpakhd epfo;Tfs;

mq;F fhl;lg;gl;lJ. mg;gFjpf;Fg; gpd;dhy; gy;fdp

(Balcony) xd;Wk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; fl;blKk;

mike;jpUe;jd.



• ghl;lhsp kf;fs; epd;wgb ehlfk; ghu;g;gjw;fhf epy

kl;lj;jpy; xU jho;thd ,lk; (pit) fhzg;gl;lJ.

• kpd; xsp ,Uf;ftpy;iyahifahy; xj;njy;Nyh Nghd;w

ehlfq;fs; gfw;fhyj;jpy; ebf;fg;gl;Ls;sik. ,uTf;

fhl;rpfs;> jPg;ge;jk;> nkOFjpup Nghd;wtw;wpd; xspapy;

ebf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

cjhuzk;: gFjp I, fhl;rp II

xj;njy;NyhTk;> ,ahNfhTk; jPg;ge;jk; Ve;jpa Nrtu;fSk;

epw;fpd;wdu;.

• fhl;rpf;fhf Nkilg; gpd;dzpfSk; gy;NtW fhz;gpaq;

fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

cjhuzk;: xnjy;Nyh ehlfj;jpd; Nfhl;il khspifapd;

gLf;ifaiw.

nl];bNkhdh fl;bypy; gLj;jpUf;fpwhs;. tpsf;nfhd;W

xspu;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • xj;njy;Nyh ehlff; fijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>

r%fj;jpy; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f> mjid xj;j xU fijia

md;Nwy; rk;gtj;ij ehlfkhf;Fq;fs;.

xj;njy;Nyhtpd; ,Wjpf; fhl;rpxj;njy;Nyhtpd; ,Wjpf; fhl;rpxj;njy;Nyhtpd; ,Wjpf; fhl;rpxj;njy;Nyhtpd; ,Wjpf; fhl;rpxj;njy;Nyhtpd; ,Wjpf; fhl;rp







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : n`d;upf; ,g;rdpd; ~v Nlhy;]; `T];| ehlfj;jpd;

nkhopngau;g;ghfpa ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlk;>

ehlfkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij EZfpaha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlj;ij ntw;wpfukhd

xUehlfkhf;fyhk; vdf; $Wjy;.

• ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlfkhdJ ajhu;j;j ehlf

Nkhbiaf; nfhz;l xU ehlfkhFk;.

• xU ghitapd; tPL ehlfj;jpy; nghjpe;Js;s ntw;wpfu

khd jahupg;nghd;wpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,ay;Gfis

vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.

• Nkilapy; fhZk; ~Nehwh| ghj;jpuj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;G

fis kjpg;gpLjy;.

• ~xU ghitapd; tPL| Nkil ehlfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

FwpaPLfspy; r%fk; rhu;e;j mu;j;jq;fs; nghjpe;Js;sd


nraw;ghL 5.2.3nraw;ghL 5.2.3nraw;ghL 5.2.3nraw;ghL 5.2.3nraw;ghL 5.2.3 : : : : : xU ghitapd; tPL ehlf ghlk; muq;Ff;Fr; nry;fpwJ.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlg; gpujp

(Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk; ,dJ nkhopngau;g;G)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ,g;rd; Muk;gpj;J itj;j ajhu;j;j ehlf kuGk; $lNt

,tu; gad;gLj;jpa ajhu;j;j ehlf NkhbAk; ,e;j

ehlfj;jpy; njspthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fika

,e;j ehlf ghlk; ehlfkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij EZfp

Nehf;FtNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gLfpd;wJ.


: : : : : • FONtiy> Njly;> fye;Jiuahly;> tPbNah ehlh

(xyp - xspg;Ngio)> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • ajhu;j;j Nkhb ehlfkhd ,jd; fUthdJ rkfhy

r%fj;jpD}lhfg; ngwg;gl;Ls;sikahy; mjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd ebg;Gg; Nkhbahf ajhu;j;j ehlfNkhb

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.



• ehlf ghlj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Kuiz Nkilapy;

fhj;jpukhd tifapy; Kd;itf;f KbAk;.

• Nehwh> n`y;ku; ghj;jpuq;fis ebf;Fk; ebfu;fsJ

(ghj;jpuq;fspd; kNdhghtq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy;)

cs;shu;e;j ebg;G gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(];ldp];yht;];fpapd; Kiw)

• ehlfj;jpd; rfy epfo;TfSk; tPl;bDs;NsNa

epfOfpd;wik.

• ajhu;j;j Nkhbiar; Nru;e;j xU ehlfkhapDk;

ebfu;fs; jkJ ghj;jpuq;fspd; czu;r;rp ntspg;

ghl;Lf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; nrhy;yhly;fspd;

cr;ru pg ;G fhj ;j pukhfTk; nghUj;jkhd Vw;w

,wf;fq;fSlDk; (Tone) mikj;Js;sik.

cjhuzk;: n`y;ku;:

~~Nehwh! Nehwh! (Rw;W Kw;Wk; ghu;j;jgb)

~~Kw;Wk; ntWik... mts; ,q;F ,y;iy... me;j

mg+u;tk;|

• Feed back Kiwapy; epfo;Tfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sik

ahy; ghu;g;Nghupd; Mtiy - Mu;tj;ijg; Ngz

Kbe;Js;sik.

• Kg;gupkhzg; gpd;dzpAk; ,aw;ifahd muq;fg;

nghUs;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.

cjhuzk;: Nkir> fjpiu> Fil> rha;kidf; Fjpiu>

czTj;jl;Lf;fs;> Nfhg;igfs;> Gj;jf mYkhup

• ajhu;j;jNkhb ehlfkhapDk; ej;jhu; kuk;. nkf;&d;>

MLfjpiu Nghd;w nghUs;fs; ehlfj;jpy; gy;NtW

re;ju;g;gq;fisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhff; FwpaPl;Lj; jd;ikAld;

Nkilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.

• Nehwh ,dJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; cs;shu;e;j kNdhghtq;fis

ntspf;nfhzUtjw;fhfj; jue;jyh eldk; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzk;: (ud;f; gpahNdh ,irf;Fk;NghJ Nehwh

tprupahf cUNtwp eldkhLfpwhs;)

• ehlfj;jpd; Milazpfs; ,ay;ghd kugpd;gb gad;

gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.

cjhuzk;: (ntspNa nry;Yk;NghJ mzpAk; Nkyq;fp>

igAk; njhg;gpiaAk; ifapy; itj;Jf;nfhz;L

n`y;ku; mYtyf miwapypUe;J ntspNaWfpwhu;.



• ~xyp/xir| cj;jpAk; ehlfj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ij ntspg;

gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nkilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.

cjhuzk;: (fPNo cs;s gpujhd fjT %lg;gLk; Xir

Nfl;fpd;wJ.)

• ,J %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;l xU ehlfkhFk;.

• ,ir ,ay;ghd tifapYk; rkNahrpjkhfTk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzk;: n`y;ku;> gpahNdh ,irf;Fk;NghJ Nehwh

eldkhLfpwhu;.

• ,e;ehlf ghlk; ntt;NtW nkhopfspy; ntt;NtW

ehLfspy; jahupf;fg;gl;lNghJ ehlf ghlj;jpd;

tpahf;fpahdk; (mu;j;jk;) khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sik.

• ehlfj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fhl;rp N[u;kdpapy; ngUk; gugug;ig

Vw;gLj;jhikahy; mJ khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;

ghu;g;Nghu; mjw;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jik.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| ehlfj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjpia

ebj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

• ~~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlfj;jpy; ajhu;j;j Nkhb

ntspg;gLk; tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.

xU ghitapd; tPLxU ghitapd; tPLxU ghitapd; tPLxU ghitapd; tPLxU ghitapd; tPL







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : : : : : ehlf ghlkhdJ ehlfkhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpid

EZfp Muha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ehlf vOj;JU (ehlf ghlk;) xd;W ehlfj;Jf;Fupa

ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ,e;ehlf vOj;JUit ntw;wpfukhdnjhU ehlfkhf

Mf;fyhk; vdf; $Wjy;.

nraw;ghL 5.2.4nraw;ghL 5.2.4nraw;ghL 5.2.4nraw;ghL 5.2.4nraw;ghL 5.2.4 : : : : : jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp vOj;JU ehlfkhf cUthf;fg;

gl;l tpjj;jpid tpsq;fpnfhs;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp ehlf vOj;JU (ehlf ghlk;)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp vOj;JU Xu; Mw;Wiff;fhd

vOj;JU vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.


: : : : : • Njly;> fye;Jiuahly;> FOKiw> ghj;jpuNkw;wy;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp vOj;JUitg; gFg;gha;T

nra ;tjd; Clhf mjw ;Fs; kiwe ;j pUf ;Fk ;

Mw;Wiff;Fupa gz;Gfis milahsq;fhzy;. (fij>

fU> ghj;jpuq;fs;> nraypaf;fk;> ngUq;fhl;rp> nkhop>

nrhy;yhly;> fijg;gpd;dy;> fl;likg;G> yag+u;tkhd

,ir> mirT> Nkhb> ...)

• ehlff; fl;likg;ghdJ flTs; tzf;fk;> E}w;gad;>

mitalf;fk;> fl;baf;fhud; tuT> cyh> Fwk;> FSt

ehlfk; vd tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;l tpjk; gw;wpAk;

ehlfhrpupau; gpujhd fij $Wgtuhfj; njhopw;gLk;

tpjk; gw;wpAk; MrpupaUk; khztUk; fye;JiuahLtu;.

• jpUf;Fw;whyehju; cyhtUjy;> Fwj;jp Fwp nrhy;yy;>

rpq;fd; rpq;fp re;jpg;G> rpq;fDk; E}tDk; re;jpg;G vd;g

tw;wpy; cs;s ngUq;fhl;rpj;jd;ikfs; jpUf;Fw;whyf;

FwtQ;rpia vt;tpjk; ehlfg; gz;Gilajhfg; ghu;f;f

itf;fpd;wJ vd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLtu;.



• nkhopg; gpuNahfq;fspw;$lhfg; ghj;jpuq;fspd;

,ay;Gfs; ntspg ;gLfpd ;w jd;ikapidAk; >

nraypaf;fk; Nkw;fpsk;Gk; KiwikapidAk;

fye;JiuahLtu;.

• Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp vDk; fijaikg;ghdJ ehlfg;

ngWkhdq;fSld; Nfhu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; njhlu;ghff;

fye;JiuahLtu;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlfj;jpd; muq;fpaw; gz;G


• jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w ngUq;

fhl;rpg; gz;Gila #oikTfisr; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;Lf.







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : ehlf vOj;JUthdJ ehlfkhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;s

tpjj;jpid EZfp Muha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • $j;J vd;w tbtj;jpD}lhf myq;fhu&gd; fij

nrhy;yg;gl;l Kiwia tpsf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• myq;fhu&gid ebj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;.

nraw;ghL 5.2.5nraw;ghL 5.2.5nraw;ghL 5.2.5nraw;ghL 5.2.5nraw;ghL 5.2.5 : : : : : ~~myq;fhu&gd; fij ehlfkhf Mfp cs;sikia

Muha;e;jwpNthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • ~myq;fhu&gd;| ehlf vOj;JU

• xyp> xspg; Ngiofs; ($j;J njhlu;ghdit)

• $j;J tbtk; njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;l fl;Liufs;>

E}y;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : xU fijahdJ vt;thW $j;J tbtj;jpD}lhfr;

nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ



: : : : : • fye;Jiuahly; Kiw

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • fw;gidf; fijahd myq;fhu&gdpd; fij> fijahfr;

nrhy;yg;gLtjpYk;> ehlfkhfr; nrhy;yg;gLtjpYk;

$j;jhf Mf;fg;gLtjpYk; cs;s NtWghl;bidf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

• $j;jpy; xU fij nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w KiwahdJ

vLj;Jiug;Gj; jd;ikahdjhf> fl;bafhud;> rigNahu;

Nghd;w cj;jpfspD}lhf efu;j;jg;gLtjhf mike;

jpUg;gjid tpgupj;J> myq;fhu&gdpd; fij nrhy;yg;

gLk; Kiwia Muha;e;J fye;JiuahLjy;.

• ehlf tbtnkhd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; fij> fU> Kuz;>

ghj;jpuk;> fijg;gpd;dy;> fl;likg;G> nkhop Nghd;w

xt;nthU tplaq;fSk; $j;Jtbtj;jpy; jdpj;Jtkhf/

NtWgl;ljhff; fhzg;gLtjidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.



cjhuzk;:

(1) $j;jpy; nrhy;yhly;fs; ghly; %yNk (ftpij)

epfo;j;jg;gLk;.

(2) ghj;jpu mwpKfk;> rigNahuhy; md;Nwy; ghj;jpuj;

jpdhNyNa nra;ag;gLk;.

(3) Kuz; ntspg;ghl;Lf;F Vw;w tifahd ~re;jk;|

epyTk; ghly;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

(4) NgRk;Kiw> ghLk;Kiw midj;jpYk; NkhbAw;w

jd;ik fhzg;gLk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;ljhd tplaq;fis myq;fhu&gd;

ehlfj;jpD}lhf Nehf;Fjy;.

• $j;J vd;fpd;w tbtj;jpw;F xU ~mofpay;| gz;G

cs;snjd;gjidAk; mJ vOj;JU epiyapypUe;J

mspf;ifahff; fsupapy; capu; ngWk;NghNj KOik

ailfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; me;j KOikf;Fs;> $j;jpd;

fij nrhy;yg;gLk; KiwikahdJ kpfg; gpujhdkhd

jhf Mfp epw;Fnkd;gjidAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpd; VjhtnjhU fhl;rpia

ciueil ehlfkhf vOJf.

• myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpid mjw;NfAupa njd;Nkhb

apy; Mw;Wif nra;f.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • myq;fhu&gd; - Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd; (gjpg;G)

• kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;> gioaJk; GjpaJk;

(2Mk; gjpg;G)


• kiyaff; $j;Jf;fs; - fhiu. nr. Re;juk;gps;is

• td;dpg;gpuhe;jpaf; $j;Jf;fs; - mUzh nry;yj;Jiu


- fhiu. nr. Re;juk;gps;is








EZfp Muha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpdhy; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk;

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij ntspapLjy;.

• rP]Uf;Fk; GW}l;l]; ,w;Fk; ,ilNa neUq;fpa

njhlu;G cz;L vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

• rP]upd; nfhiy epahakhdjh mepahakhdjh vd;gjw;

fhd rhd;Wfis tifg;gLj;jp> mJ njhlu;ghfj; jkJ

fz;Nzhl;lj;ij vOjpf; fhl;Ljy;.

• ,e;j ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWtd ghj;jpuq;fspd; ntt;NtW

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lq;fshy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd

vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

• rP]u; cs;shFk; mtyj;jpd; Clhfr; r%fj;Jf;Fk;

xU nra;jp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

nraw;ghL 5.3.1nraw;ghL 5.3.1nraw;ghL 5.3.1nraw;ghL 5.3.1nraw;ghL 5.3.1 : : : : : ~~[{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpD}lhfg; GjpanjhU

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lk;|| ngWNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • Nrf;];gpau; ehlfg; gilg;Gfs; njhlu;ghd tpku;rd

E}y;fs;

• Nrf ;] ;g pau ; ehlfg ; gilg ;Gfs ; njhlu ;ghd

Nkw;Nfhs;fs;/ gpupj;njLg;Gf;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ~g;Slhu;f;| vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l fpNuf;f cNuhkg;

gpuGf;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhW|| vDk; %yhjhu E}iyj;

jOtp> kdpj tho;f;iff;F mwpnthsp toq;Fk; tifapy;

[{ypa]; r P]u ; ehlfk ; gilf ;fg ;gl ;Ls;sJ.

me;ehlfj;jpd; fUtpd; ClhfTk;> ghj;jpuq;fspd;

ClhfTk; ghu;g;NghUf;Fk; urpfu;fSf;Fk; Gjpa

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lk; toq;fg;gLk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf

khztu;fSf;Fg; NghJkhd tpsf;fj;ij toq;FtNj

,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.


: : : : : • Njly;> fye;Jiuahly;> FONtiy> ghj;jpuNkw;W

ebj;jy;.



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;::::: • frpa]; ,dJ J}z;Ljypd; tpisthf> GW}l;l]; ,dJ

Neubahd jiyaPL fhuzkhfNt [{ypa]; rPru; ,dJ

nfhiy epfOfpd;wJ vdTk;> ,t;thwhd Gwthupahd

J}z;Ljy;fSf;F kdpjd; Mshthd; vdTk; ,J xU

nghJthd jd;ik vdTk; ,e;j ehlfk; vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;;: GW}l;l];:

~~rP]Uf;F vjpuhff; frpa]; vd;idj; J}z;l Kide;j

ehs; njhlf;fk; vdf;F epj;jpiuapy;iy. gaq;fukhd

xU nraiyr; nra;aj; jUzk; ghj;jpUg;gjw;Fk;

mjidr; nra;tjw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; gaq;fukhd

xU fdT Nghd;wJ. mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; kdpjdpd;

cstypik mtdJ cly; typikAld; thjk; GupAk;.

mg;NghJ kdpjdpd; jd;ikahdJ rpwpanjhU ehl;by;

muRf;F vjpuhd xU Gul;rp Vw;gl;lJ Nghd;w

epiyikia xj;jJ.

• rP]u; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mjpfhu ntwpnfhz;L NuhkhGupf;F

vjpuhfr; nraw;gLthd; vd;w Kd;$l;bNa vLf;fg;gl;l

xU KbT fhuzkhfr; rP]u; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;whu;. rP]u;

Kb#l Kd;du; mtd; njhlu;ghfg; GW}l;l];

cUthf;Fk; Kd;$l;ba Kbtpd; tpisthf epfOk;

,f;nfhiy epahakhdjh ,y;iyah vd;gij

ehlfj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; fhuzpfs;> tplaq;fs;>

Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; Nehf;Ftjhy;

khztu;fsJ jpwdha;T Mw;wy; Kidg;Gg; ngWk;.

• ,e;ehlfj;jpd; tPug;ghj;jpuk; [{ypa]; rP]u; MapDk;

mty tPud; GW}l;l]; Mthd; vd;gij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

• [{ypa]; rP]u;> GW}l;l];> frpa];> khu;f; md;udp>

f];fh Nghd;Nwhupd; ghj;jpuq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J

mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; nraw;ghLfis EZf;fkhf

Muha;e;J mtw;wpd; Clhf ehk; EZf;fkhf

tho;f;ifj; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijg; ngwyhk;.

• ,e;j ehlfk; %yk; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk; vf;fhyj;Jf;Fk;

nghUj;jkhd murpay; ajhu;j;jj;ijj; jw;fhy

,yq;ifapd; r%f> murpaw; gpd;dzpAld; njhlu;G

gLj;jp Muha KbAk;.



• ,e;j ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rP]u;> GW}l;l];> khu;f;

md;udp Nghd;Nwhupd; vLg;ghd $w;Wf;fs; %yk;

ghu;g;Nghupd; / ,urpfu;fspd; mwpTf; fz;fs; jpwe;J

nfhs;s topNfhyg;gLfpd;wik.

cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:rP]u;:

Nfhiofs;> ,wf;fKd;du; gy E}W jlit> Mapuk;

jlit ,wg;gu;. vdpDk; cz;ikahd tPud; kuzj;jpd;

,dpikia xNu xU jlitjhd; Ritg;ghd;.

GW}l;l];:

Mdhy; vdJ mwpTf;F vl;ba tiuapy;> cau;tila

tpUk;Gk; xUtd; NkNy VWtjw;fhf mlf;fj;ij

Vzpahf;fpf;nfhs;thd;. vdpDk; Vzpapd; filg;gbia

vl ;ba g pd ;du ; Kfpy ;fis Nehl ;lk pl ;lthW

mlf;fj;jd;ikia vl;b cijg;ghd;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • [{ypa]; rPru;> GW}l;l];> khu;f;md;udp Mfpa

ghj;jpuq;fshy; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntspaplg;gl;l

tho;f ;iff;F mwpTiu toq;Fk; tifapyhd

nghd;nkhopfs; Nghd;w $w;Wf;fisj; jpul;b xU rpw;NwL

jahupf;Ff.

• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpy; tUk; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fs;

milfpd;w Kbtpw;F mtu;fsJ nray;fs; vt;tpjk;

fhuzkhf mike;jd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

xj;njy;Nyhxj;njy;Nyhxj;njy;Nyhxj;njy;Nyhxj;njy;Nyh








EZfp Muha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpdhy; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk;

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• nl];bNkhdh ,Wjp tiuapy; xj;njy;Nyhtpd; kPJ

fhjy; nfhz;bUe;jhs; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

• ,ahNfhtpd; Jl;l rjpj;jpl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW gbKiwfis

tupirf;fpukkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.

• ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fs; nraw;gLk;

tpjkhdJ tho;f;if gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijj; jUfpd;wJ


• ,e;j ehlfj;jpy; r%fj;Jf;F toq;fg;gLk; nra;jpAk;

mlq;fpAs;sJ.

nraw;ghL 5.3.2nraw;ghL 5.3.2nraw;ghL 5.3.2nraw;ghL 5.3.2nraw;ghL 5.3.2 : : : : : ~~xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpd; Clhfg; Gjpa tho;f;iff;

fz;Nzhl;lk; ngWNthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj; jkpo;

nkhopngau;g;Gg; gpujp

(tpj;Jthd; NrhkRe;juk; mtu;fsJ nkhopngau;g;G)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : xj;njy;Nyh vd;gtd;> fhjy;> re;Njfk;> tpuf;jp

Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNa miyAk; jd;ikAila

xUtdhifahy; mjd; tpisthf mtykhd Kbit

Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lk; xU ehlfNk

,JthFk;. me;ehlfj;jpd; fU kw;Wk; ghj;jpuq;fspd;

Clhf toq;fg;gLk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; vkf;Fk;

tho;f;if gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijj; jUtjhf mike;Js;s

tpjk; ,q;F fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.



ebj;jy;.



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;• xj;njy;Nyh nl];bNkhdh kPJ fhl;Lk; mstw;w

md;ghdJ re;Njfk; fhuzkhff; FNuhjkhf khWk;

tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LtNjhL re;NjfkhdJ kdpjid

moptpd;ghy; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; tpjk; gw;wpa Mokhd

mDgtj;ijAk; tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; mJ

toq;Ffpd;wJ.

• ,ahNfhtpdJ rjpf;F Mshtjhy; rpwe;j xU

ghj;jpukhff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l xj;njy;NyhtpdJ

ghj;jpuj;jpd; eypthd jd;ik ntspg;gLfpd;wik.

• Xu; mg;ghtpg; ghj;jpukhd nl];bNkhdh ,Wjptiuapy;

xj;njy;Nyh kPJ md;G nrYj;jpathW ,yl;rpa kidtp

ahf ,Uf;fpwik.

cjhuzk;: vtUkpy;iy.. ehNdjhd; nra;J nfz;Nld;.

tzf;fk;... vdJ fUizkpf;f fztUf;F ehd;

epidt+l;bajhfr; nrhy;Y tzf;fk;!|| (mts;

kuzpf;fpwhs;.)

• ~xj;njy;Nyh| tlNkw;F Mgpupf;fhitr; Nru;e;j xU

jdte;jDk;> nl];bNkhdh xU ntdpR efu AtjpA

khifahy; ,UtUf;FkpilNa tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;>

fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,ilNaahd NtWghLfSk; XusTf;F

,e;j epiyikfs; Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhfp cs;sik.

• xj;njy;Nyh jkf;F xU gjtp cau;T toq;fhik

fhuzkhf> mjw;fhfg; gopthq;Fk; Nehf;Fld;>

,ahNfh xj;njy;NyhTf;F vjpuhfj; Jl;l vz;zj;Jld;

xU rjpiaj; jpl;lkpl;l tpjj;jpd; Clhfg; nghJthf

kdpj kdk; nraw;gLk; tpjk; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;

gl;Ls;sik.

cjhuzk;: nuhl;upNfh:

~~mJ mg;gbahdhy;...

ehd; vd;Wk; xU NghJk; mtdpd; gpd;dhy; Nghf

khl;Nld;.

,ahNfh:

k;... eP mJ gw;wpf; ftiyg;gl Ntz;lhk;.

vdf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; tUk;NghJ mtid xU if

ghu;f;fj;jhd; ehd; mtd; gpd;dhy; Nghfpd;Nwd;.||

• ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; fU> fhjy; FNuhjkhf khWk;

tpjj;ijf; fhl;Ltjhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mjpy; NkYk;

gy cg fUf;fisAk; fhz KbfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf: irg;gpu]; Nghd;w muRfspy; fhzg;gLk;

gy;NtW kf;fl; gpupTfSf;F ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghL

fSk; mjd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.



• frpNah> nuhl;upf;Nfh> vkpypah Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fs;

nraw;gLk; tpjj;jpd; Clhf ehk; kdpjupd; gy;NtW

jd;ikfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

• ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpYk; fhjy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;

,lk;ngWk; gopthq;Fjy;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW

mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf Nehf;Ftjw;Fk; xj;njy;Nyh

ehlfj;jpd; Clhf topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpy; xj;njy;NyhTk; nl];bNkhdh

Tk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Kuz;ghl;ilf; FW ehlf

nkhd;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW cUthf;Ff.

• xj;njy;NyhTk; nl];bNkhdhTk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk;

Kuz;ghl;Lf;F xg;ghd xU epfo;itj; jw;fhyj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdthW ghj;jpuq;fis cs;slf;fpa xU ehlf

vOj;JUthf vOjpf; fhl;Lf.








EZfp Muha;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| ehlfj;jpd; %yk; ntspf;

nfhzug;gLk; tho;f ;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj ;ijf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; Kuz;ghl;bd; Clhfg; nghJ kdpjj;

Jf;Fupj;jhd xU gpur;rpid gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlg;gL

fpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• Nehwh> ghuk;gupakhd xU ngz;zhf md;wpg; Gjpa

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; jpUkzj;ij Nehf;fpa tpjj;ij

vOjpf; fhl;Ljy;.

• ~n`y;ku;;| ghuk;gupaj;Jf;F mbikg;gl;l xUtdhthd;

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ~~jpUkz mikg;G|| njhlu;ghd xU r%fr; nra;jp

,e;j ehlfj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 5.3.3nraw;ghL 5.3.3nraw;ghL 5.3.3nraw;ghL 5.3.3nraw;ghL 5.3.3 : : : : : ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| ehlfj;jpd; Clhfg; Gjpa

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lk; ngWNthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • xU ghitapd; tPL - ehlf vOj;JUtpd; jkpo;

(nkhopngau;g;G Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;)

• ,g;rd; ehlfq;fspd; tpku;rd E}y;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : Nehu;Nt ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j n`d;upf; ,g;rd; vd;gtuhy;

1871 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| (Et

Dukkehjem) mf;fhy INuhg;ghtpy; fhzg;gl;l

tpf;Nlhupahr; r%fj;jpy; Nt&d;wpapUe;j r%f

mikg;Gfs;> kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffs; Fwpj;J Mokhfr;

rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;Lk; xU ehlfkhf mike;Js;sJ.

tpf;Nlhupahf; fhyk; vd;gJ ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ghuk;gupakhd

xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; Nt&d;wpapUe;j xU fhykhff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mf;fhy tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb>

,e;ehlfk; rkfhy r%fj;ij cYg;gpa xU gilg;ghf

mike;jJ. ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; Clhfg; ghu;g;NghUf;Fg;

Gjpa tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lk; fpilf;Fk; tpjNk

,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.





ebj;jy;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;• ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| ehlfk; mf;fhy Nehu;Nt

r%fj;j py ; tho ;e ;j ~yTuh fpany\;| vDk;

ngz;kzpapd; cz;ikf; fijnahd;wpidj; jOtp

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ rkfhy r%fj;jpd;

fijnahd;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sikahy;

ghu;g;Nghuplj;Nj Gjpa tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;l

nkhd;wpid cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; fhuzkhfp

As;sJ.

• ,e;j ehlfj;Jf;F mbg;gilahd eLj;ju tFg;igr;

Nru;e;j jk;gjpfshd Nehwh> Nuhty;l; n`y;ku; Mfpa

,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa cUthFk; Kuz;ghl;bDs;>

kdpjj;jd;ikf;F cupj;Jizahd cz;ik> Rje;jpuk;

Mfpatw;iw ehbr;nry;yy; njhlu;ghd Gjpa tho;f;iff;

fz;Nzhl;lnkhd;W ,jpy; mlq;fp cs;sJ.

cjhuzk;: Nehwh:

~~vk;kpUtupdJk; $l;L tho;f;if> rupahd Gupe;Jzu;T

ila xU jpUkzkhFk; tiuapy; ehd; NghfpNwd;

Nuhty;l;||

• NehwhTk; n`y;kUk; jpUkzkhfp vl;L tUlq;fspd;

gpd;du; mtu;fsJ jpUkzk; rpjwpg; Nghtjw;F VJ

thFk; jdpg;gl;l fhuzpfis kl;Lkpd;wpr; r%ff;fhuzp

fisAk; Nehf;Ftjd; %yk; ,d;W ehk; thOk;

r%fj;jpy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk;

gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf EZf;fkhf Nehf;f KbAk;.

cjhuzk;:

n`y;ku;:

~~... ehd; jUk; gzj;ijg; Nghypr; Nrhlidg; nghUs;

fSf;Fk; tPl;il myq;fupg;gjw;Fk; nryT nra;jhy;

ehd;jhd; kPz;Lk; gzk; juNtz;bapUf;Fk;.||

• Nehwhtpd; ghj;jpuk; gy;NtW fz;Nzhl;lq;fspy; Nehf;f

Ntz;ba gue;j jd;ik cila xU ghj;jpukhif

ahy; mJ njhlu;ghfg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy;

Muhayhk;.

• Nehwhtpd; ghj;jpuj;jpd; Clhfg;> ngz; tpLjiy

njhlu;ghd gpurhuf; fz;Nzhl;lk; ntspf;nfhzug;

gLk; tifapyd;wpg; ngz;zpd; tpLjiyAk;> nghJ

kdpj tpLjiyapd; xU gFjpNa vdf;nfhz;L> ,g;rd;

,e;ehlfj;ijg; gilj;Js;shu;.



• NehwhTf;Fr; rhu;ghf Nehf;Fifapy; n`y;ku; ghuk;gupa

khd r%f> gz;ghl;L> nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; mbik

vd;gJk;> ,Wjpapy; fld; gpizf; fljhrpia

Fnwhf;];ll ; jpUg ;g p mDg;g paNghJ mtdJ

cz;ikahd Ra eyj;jd;ik ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w

tpjj;ijAk;> fPo;j;jukhd r%fg; ngWkhdq;fisAk;

,ope;j kdpjj; jd;ikiaAk; fhl;bepw;fpd;wd vd;gJ.

cjhuzk;: n`y;ku;:

ehd; jg;gptpl;Nld; Nehwh

ehd; jg;gptpl;Nld;.

• gpujhd ghj;jpur; Nrhb> Fnwhf;];ll;> itj;jpau; uhq;f;>

jpUkjp ypd;Nl Nghd;w NtW ghj;jpuq;fSk; gpujhd

Kuz;ghl;il cUthf;Ftjpy; gq;fspj;Js;sik>

mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; nraw;ghL ghu;g;NghupdJk; ,urpfu;

fspdJk; tho;f;ifapd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij tpupTgLj;jpf;

nfhs;sj; Jizahfpd;wik.

cjhuzk;: uhq;f;:

Mk;... vdJ mg;ghtp ehup el;l <LnfhLf;fpwJ...

mf;fhyj;jpy; mg;ghtpd; JbJbg;ghd rpWgps;isj;

jdkhd tho;f;iff;fhf..!

• xU ghitapd; tPL Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fspd;

fU> Mrpa ehLfspy; thOk; vk;ikg; Nghd;w

ghu;g;NghUf;Fg; Gjpait md;W vd;gJ.

• ehlfj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; mjhtJ Nehwh tPl;bd; fPo;

khbapy; cs;s gpujhd fjitg; ~glhu;| vd;w

NgnuhypAld; %br; nry;tjd; %yk; Fwpg;ghy;

fhl;lg;gLfpd;w> gps;isfisAk; fztidAk; iftpl;Lr;

nry;yy; njhlu;ghfg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; Nehf;f

KbAk;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ,e;j ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gpujhd ghj;jpuKk;

Vida ghj;jpuq;fSk; tho;f;ifia Nehf;Fk;

ntt;NtW tpjq;fisg; gFj;jha;e;J> rQ;rpif

nahd;Wf;F xU fl;Liu vOJf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp

Nkyfuk; jpup$luhrg;g ftpuhau;



Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0 : : : : : ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : : : : : ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fis myrpg; Gjpa tho;f;iff;fz;Nzhl;lj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ,e;ehlfj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s nraw;ghLfspd; Clhftho;f;iff;fhd Kd;khjpupfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• ,e;ehlfj;jpw;F Clhfr; r%fj;jpw;F xU nra;jptoq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

nraw;ghL 5.3.4nraw;ghL 5.3.4nraw;ghL 5.3.4nraw;ghL 5.3.4nraw;ghL 5.3.4 : : : : : jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp ehlfj;jpD}lhf ntspg;gLk;Gjpa tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij Nehf;FNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlf ghlk;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fisg; gapYtjhy; khztuplj;Nj ehlfmwpit khj;jpukd;wp tho;f;if njhlu;ghd gue;jNehf;ifAk; fl;b vOg;gyhk; vd;gjid czu;j;JtNj,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : : : : : • Njly;> fye;Jiuahly;> FONtiy> ghj;jpuNkw;W

ebj;jy;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp ehlfj;ij eag;gNjhL

mg;ghlj;jpD}lhf toq;fg;gLk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fspd;%yk; jdpegUk; jkJ tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijtpupTgLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

• ,e;jf; fl;Gy ehlf ,yf;fpaj;ijg; ghj;jpuq;fspd;Nehf;fq;fis tupirg;gLj;jpf; fye;JiuahLtu;.

• ,e;ehlfj;jpidg; ghu;g;Nghu; kdjpy; ,Utpj tho;f;ifj;njuptpw;F ,lk; tpl;L tpLfpd;wJ.1. nja;tPff; fhjy; - [Pthj;kh gukhj;kh If;fpak;2. khDlf; fhjy;,e;epiyik ntspg;gl;Ls;s Kiwik njhlu;ghfMrpupaUk; khztUk; fye;JiuahLtu;.

• ehlf vOj;JUf;fisf; fw;gjd; Clhfj; jd; tho;tpy;fhZk; ghj;jpuq;fis milahsq;fhzTk; xg;GNehf;fTk; gofpf; nfhs;tu;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapy; tUk; tre;jty;ypapdJk;>rpq;fpapdJk; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfis kjpg;gpLf.



Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0 : : : : : ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : : : : : ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fis myrpg; Gjpa tho;f;iff;

fz;Nzhl;lj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpw;$lhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; tho;T

gw;wpa nra;jpapd; rhuj;jpidf; $Wjy;.

• Jd;gq;fspd; ,Ue;J kPs;tjw;fhd ek;gpf;ifAk;

cWjpAk; Vw;gLjy;.

nraw;ghL 5.3.5nraw;ghL 5.3.5nraw;ghL 5.3.5nraw;ghL 5.3.5nraw;ghL 5.3.5 : : : : : ~~myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpw ;$lhf ntspg ;gLk;

tho;Tf;Fupa rpe;jidfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : ~myq;fhu&gd;| (gjpg;G - Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jd;)

ehlf vOj;JU

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fisg; gapYtjhy; khztuplj;Nj ehlf

mwpit khj;jpukd;wp tho;f;iff;fhd gy;NtW gbg;gpid

fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd;gjidAk; myq;fhu

&gd; %ykhfg; gz;ila r%fj;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l

nra;jp ,d;Wk; nghUj;jKilajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ

vd;gjidAk; czu;j;JtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.


: : : : : • fye;Jiuahly;> FOKiw> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;ij eag;gjD}lhf mjpy;

ntspg;gLk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisAk; gbg;gpidf

isAk; mwptjD}lhfj; jdpkdpju;fs; jkJ tho;f;iff;

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid nrOikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;

vd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• vkJ kuG topr; r%fj;jpdupd; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp

Kiwahf md;iwa $j;Jf ;fs ; > tha ;nkhop

,yf;fpaq;fNs ,Ue;jd vd;gjid tpsf;Fjy;.

• myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpw;Fs; fpilf;fpd;w tho;tDg

tq;fisf; FOthfr; Nru;e;J fye;JiuahLtjD}lhfg;

gl;baw;gLj;Jjy;.



• myq;fhu&gDf;Fk;> mofty;ypf;Fk; Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fs;

rpiwtho;f;if> mq;fk; ,oj;jy;> ehL ,oe;J nry;Yjy;

vd;w gy;NtW neUf;fPLfs; rkfhy tho;tpay;

Jauq;fNshL Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;Fk; mtu;fSf;F

kPsTk; fpilf;Fk; tho;T vkf;F ~ek;gpf;if| jUtjhf

Tk; cs;sJ vd;gjidAk; fye;Jiuahb czu;e;J

nfhs;Sjy;.

• r%fj;ijr; rPuopj;J Vw;wj; jho;Tfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w

Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidahf ,Ug;gJ ~rhjp> tu;f;f|

gpur;rpidahFk;. ,d;W ehfupfk; vt;tsNth tsu;e;j

gpd;Dk; ,g;gpur;rpid ,Uf;fpd;w #oypy; nrfjidahsp

kd;dd; jhd; cau;rhjpnad;Wk;> mjptPu #ud; Fiwe;j

rhjpnad;Wk; Nehf;fp> Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w mopTfSk;>

jpUkz kWg;Gk; ,Wjpapy; nja;t rpj;jnkd;W mwpe;jjd;

gpd;du; rhjp kwe;J> myq;fhu&gDf;Fk; myq;fhu

&gpf;Fk; jpUkzk; nra;J itf;fpd;w rk;gtj;jpD}lhf

rhjpa /tu;f;fg; ghFghLfSf;fg;ghy; kdpj;Jtj;ij

kjpg;gjw;fhd kdgf;Ftj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gijf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

• nrfjidahsp jdJ kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;J itf;f

tpUk;ghky; vs;sp eifahbdhd; vd;gjw;fhfg;

nghWikapd;wp cld; Nghu; njhLf;Fk; mjptPu #ud;

kd;dd; ,Wjpapy; jhDk; ,we;J> ehfNjrj;ijAk;

gwpnfhLj;J kidtp kf;fSk; rpiw nry;yf;

fhuzkhfpd;whd;. ,r;rk;gtq;fspD}lhf mjpf NfhgKk;

czu;r;rp trg;gLjYk; nghWik ,d;ikAk;> Muhahky;

nra;Ak; NghUk;> mopTf;Nf toptFf;Fk; vd;w

cz;ikia czu;j;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij khztu;fSld;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

• myq;fhu&gDk;> jha; mofty;ypAk;> nrfjidahsp

apdhy;; rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;L> myq;fhu&gdpd; iffs;

ntl;lg;gl;Lj;; Jd;gg;gl;lhYk; mtu;fspd; nja;t

ek;gpf;ifAk; ,iw gf;jpAk; myq;fhu&gdpd; ifia

tsur; nra;jJld; mtu;fspd; kWtho;Tf;Fk; fhuzkhf

,Ue;jikia mwptjD}lhf> ,iw ek;gpf;ifAk;

gf ;jpAk; kdpjDf;F mtrpakhdnjd;gjidf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.



• myq;fhu&gd; ,sturdhf ,Ue;jhYk;> gQ;R

nkj;ijapy; gLj;Jwq;Fgtdhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ,Wjpapy;

kuj;jpd; fPo; gLj;Jwq;fpdhYk; tWikapdhy;

thbdhYk; rypg;Gf; nfhs;shky; tpwF ntl;b tpw;Wr;

rPtpak; elj;j Kay;tjpYk; ,Ue;J Jd;gq;fis vjpu;

nfhs;sj; jaq;ff; $lhnjd;Wk; cioj;J tho

Kw;gLjy; tho;tpd; mbg;gilj; Njit vd;gjidAk;

fye;Jiahbj; njspjy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jj;Jtq;fis

Ak; gonkhopfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

• myq;fhu&gd; ehlfk; rkfhyj;jpw;Fg; ngupJk;

nghUe;jp tUfpd;w xd;whFk;. Muha;f.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • myq;fhu&gd; - Nguhrpupau;. tpj;jpahde;jd;

• Kiwik rhuhf; fy;tpKiwahf

ehl;Lf;$j;J - fyhepjp jzpfhryk; gps;is



Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0 ::::: ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis /

vz;zf;fUf;fis nra;Kiw %yk; ifahz;Lvz;zf;fUf;fis nra;Kiw %yk; ifahz;Lvz;zf;fUf;fis nra;Kiw %yk; ifahz;Lvz;zf;fUf;fis nra;Kiw %yk; ifahz;Lvz;zf;fUf;fis nra;Kiw %yk; ifahz;L

ghu;g ;gjD}lhfg; gilg;ghf;fr; rpe;jidiaghu;g ;gjD}lhfg; gilg;ghf;fr; rpe;jidiaghu;g ;gjD}lhfg; gilg;ghf;fr; rpe;jidiaghu;g ;gjD}lhfg; gilg;ghf;fr; rpe;jidiaghu;g ;gjD}lhfg; gilg;ghf;fr; rpe;jidia

tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : FW ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhf> ehlf ghlnkhd;iw vOJtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • FW ehlfnkhd;wpid vOJtjw;F mj;jpatrpakhd

tplaq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;.

• FW ehlf tbtj;jpidg; gl;lwptpD}lhfg; Gupe;J

nfhs;Sk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.

nraw;ghL 6.1.1nraw;ghL 6.1.1nraw;ghL 6.1.1nraw;ghL 6.1.1nraw;ghL 6.1.1 : : : : : ~~FW ehlfnkhd;wpid vOjp kfpo;Nthk;||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • FWehlfk; njhlu;ghf ntspte;j fl;Liufs;>

tiutpyf;fzq;fs;.

• ehlf xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;

- FWehlfq;fs;> FWk;glq;fs;

(ntt;NtW tiffisAk;> NkhbfisAk; cs;slf;fpa

jhf miktJ rpwe;jJ.)

• xspg;glq;fs;> glq;fs;> jl;LKl;Lf;fs;

• nrhw;fs;> thf;fpaq;fs;> ftpijfs;> fijfs;

• #oikTfs;> czu;Tfs;> clw;gbkq;fs; (jdp/$l;L)

• ,ir> xypfs;> ghly;fs;

• fhl;LUf;fshfr; rpy ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : khztu;fs;> Rakhff; FWehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpidg;

gilg;gjw;fhd #oiy cUthf;fpf; nfhLg;gJk;> FW

ehlfnkhd;wpid vOJtjw;F mj;jpatrpakhd

tplaq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;s itg;gJNk ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.


: : : : : • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly;> rpe;jidf; fpswy;> Mf;fr;

nraw;ghL

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • rpwpa fijg;gpd;diyf; nfhz;lJk;> Fiwe;j

ghj;jpuq;fs;> Fiwe;j ghj;jpu tpUj;jp Nghd;wtw;Wld;

10 epkplj;jpw;F Nkw;glhj FW ehlf mikg;Gg; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.



• FW ehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpid Mf;Ftjw;fhd

fUg;nghUs;> #oikT> ghj;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw

toq;fp> MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; $l;lhf ,ize;J

ehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpid Mf;Fjy;.

cjhuzk; 1:cjhuzk; 1:cjhuzk; 1:cjhuzk; 1:cjhuzk; 1:

#oikT (ajhu;j;j Nkhb) - ~~md;W ghlrhiyf;Fr;

nry;y KbahJs;s khztd;...||

ghj;jpuq;fs; - jha;> je;ij> kfd;> kfs;

fUg;nghUs; - ,yl;rpaf; FLk;gk;

cjhuzk; 2:cjhuzk; 2:cjhuzk; 2:cjhuzk; 2:cjhuzk; 2:

#oikT (Nkhbikg;ghzpapy;) - ~~tPl;Lf;Fs; GFe;j

vypf;FQ;R..||

• khztu;fis ehd;F NgUf;F Nkw;glhj FOf;fshfg;

gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; xt;nthU #oikTfis

toq;fp> ghj;jpuq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tiuaWj;J

(4 md;Nwy; 5) FOr; nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; FWehlf

vOj;JUnthd;wpid Mf;fr; nra;jy;.

• khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa xt;nthU

FWehlfq;fis Mf;fj;jf;f tifapy; Mrpupau;

tplaq;fis toq;fp Mf;fj;jpy; <LgLj;Jjy;.

cjhuzk;: (tplaq;fs;)

tu;zq;fs;> nghUs;fs;> thf;fpaq;fs;> nrhw;fs;> egu;fs;>

glq;fs;> xypfs;.

(njhlu;e;JtUk; nraw;ghL rpWtu; ehlf vOj;JU

Mf;fkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; FWehlf vOj;JU Mf;fj;jpy;

rpWtu; ehlfk; mikahJ jtpu;j;jy; ed;W.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • 3 njhlf;fk; 5 tiuahd ghj;jpuq;fis cs;slf;fp

10 epkplq;fs; ebf;fj;jf;fjhd FWehlf vOj;JU

xd;wpid Mf;Ff.

• khztu;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JUf;fs; mlq;fpa

rQ;rpif xd;wpidj; jahupj;J ntspapLf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • ~ehlf tof;F| Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

• ehlfg;gilg;ghf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilj;jsq;fs;

- Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;



Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0 ::::: ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis /




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhf ehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpid

vOJtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;wpid vOJtjw;F mj;jpatrpakhd

tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

• rpWtu; ehlf tbtj;jpidg; gl;lwptpD}lhfg; Gupe;J

nfhs;Sk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.

nraw;ghL 6.1.2nraw;ghL 6.1.2nraw;ghL 6.1.2nraw;ghL 6.1.2nraw;ghL 6.1.2 : : : : : ~~rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;wpid vOjp kfpo;Nthk;||


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • rpWtu; ehlfk; njhlu;ghf ntspte;j fl;Liufs;>

tiutpyf;fzq;fs;.

• rpWtu; ehlf xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;> xspg;glq;fs;

• fhl;^d;fs;> nghk;kyhl;lq;fs;

• fijfs;> gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> ftpijfs;>

ghly;fs;

• fhl;LUf;fshfr; rpy ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

cjhuzk;: gQ;rtu;z eupahu; - Foe;ij rz;Kfypq;fk;

gy;yp - NtYrutzd;

jg;gp te;j jhb ML - nksdFU

kapy; - V.up. nghd;Dj;Jiu

Xl;L tPL - uhjh fpU\;zd;

gps;is mOj fz;zPu; - n[a;rq;fu;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : khztu;fSf;Fr; rpWtu; ehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpidr;

Rakhfg; gilg;gjw;fhd #oypid cUthf;fpf;

nfhLg;gJk;> rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;wpid vOJtjw;F

mj;jpahtrpakhd tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s

itg;gJk; ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.


: : : : : • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly;> rpe;jidf; fpswy;> Mf;fr;

nraw;ghLfs;.



tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;gJ> rpWtu;fspd; cs Kjpu;r;rpf;F

Vw;w vspikahd fijiaf; nfhz;lJk;> Mly;> ghly;>

tpisahl;L> tpNehjk; Nghd;wit tputpa rpWtu;fSf;F

kfpo;tspf;fty;yjhd> rpWtu;fis ,yf;Fg;ghu;it

ahsuhff; nfhz;l ehlfk; vd;gjidf; fye;Jiu

ahLjy;.

• Mly; ghly;fs; ,d;wpAk;> kfpo;tspg;G ,d;wpAk; rpWtu;

ehlfk; nra;ag;glyhk; vd;gjidAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• rpWtu; ehlfj;jpd; ,yf;Fg; ghu;itahsu;fs; rpWtu;f

shf ,Ug;gpDk;> gpd;tUk; %d;W tifahd Mw;W

Nthiuf; nfhz;ljhf mJ ,Uf;Fnkd;gjidf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

1. rpWtUf;fhfr; rpWtNu ebj;jy;

2. rpWtu;fSf;fhf tsu;e;jtu;fs; ebj;jy;.

3. rpWtUf;fhf rpWtUk; tsu;e;jtUk; fye;J ebj;jy;.

• rpWtu;fSf;fhd ehlfk; vOjg;gLk;NghJ rpWtu;fspd;

gpd;tUk; taJg; gbepiyfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lnkd;gjidAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.

gbepiy 1 - Muk;gKd;gs;sp (3> 4 taJ)

gbepiy 2 - Kd;gs;sp (5 taJ)

gbepiy 3 - juk; 1> 2 (6> 7 taJ)

gbepiy 4 - juk; 3 (8 taJ)

gbepiy 5 - juk; 4> 5 (9> 10 taJ)

gbepiy 6 - juk; 6> 7> 8 (11 - 13 taJ)

(ghlrhiy ehlfk; gbepiy 1)

gbepiy 7 - juk; 9> 10> 11 (14 - 16 taJ)


gbepiy 8 - juk; 12> 13 (17 - 18 taJ)


• ,g;gpupg;G KiwahdJ nefo;Tj;jd;ikahdJ vd;gjid

Ak; ciuahLjy;.

• rpWtu; ehlf ,yf;Fg; ghu;itahsu;fs;> rpWtu;fshf

,Ug;gjdhy; mtu;fspd; taJg; gbepiyapd; cs

Kjpu;r;rpf;Nfw;gf; fUg;nghUs; njupT> nrhw;fspd; njupT>

nrhy;yhlypy; nrhw;fspd; vz;zpf;if> ghly;fspd;

nrhw; njupT> msT> nkhop> Mw;Wif Neuk; Nghd;wd

jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLt

Jld; vijr; nra;jhYk; ,yf;Fg; ghu;itahsu;fs;

rpWtu;fNs vd;gjidAk; typAWj;Jjy;.



• khztu;fSf;Fr; RWRWg;Gk;> cw;rhfKk; Mde;jK

khd #oikit toq;fp rpWtu; ehlf vOj;JUit

Mf;fj; J}z;Ljy;.

• khztu;fis ehd;F NgUf;F Nkw;glhj njhifiaf;

nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;

xt;nthU fijfis toq;fpg; gj;J epkplj;jpw;Fl;gl;l

rpWtu; ehlf vOj;JUf;fis vOJtjw;F mtu;fis

topg;gLj;Jjy;.

• khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa xt;nthU

rpWtu; ehlf Mf;fj;jpy; <LgLtjw;fhd tplaq;fis

Mrpupau; jpUTsr; rPl;L %yk; toq;fp> ehlf vOj;JU

Mf;fj;jpy; <Lglj; J}z;Ljy;.

cjhuzk;: (toq;fg;gLk; tplaq;fs;)

fijfs;> rk;gtq;fs;> egu;fs;> nghUs;fs;> kpUfq;fs;>

gwitfs;> ,lq;fs;> ftpijfs;> ghly;fs;> xypfs;.

• khztu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l VjhtnjhU ehlfj;ijj;

njupe;J mjid thrpf;fr; nra;J me;j Mf;fk; gw;wp

khztu;fSk; MrpupaUk; fye;JiuahLjy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • 15 - 20 epkplk; ebf;fj;jf;f rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;wpw;fhd

vOj;JUtpid Mf;Ff. mt;thW Mf;fpa ehlf

vOj;JUf;fisj; njhFj;Jr; rQ;rpifahf Mtzg;

gLj;Jf.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • ehlf tof;F - fyhepjp k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

fw;if newpahf muq;F - Nguhrpupau;. fh. rptj;jk;gp

(njhFg;G)

NjtNyhfahid - NtY rutzd;

rpWtu; muq;F - Kj;J ,uhjhfpU\;zd;

$j;juq;fk;

rpWtu; muq;F - rptFkhu;



Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0 : : : : : ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis /




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : ehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpid vOJk;NghJ vjpu;nfhs;sg;

gLk; gpur;rpidfisf; fye;JiuahLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ehlf vOj;JUg; gw;wpg; g+uz mwpitg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

• gy;NtW tifahd ehlf vOj;JUf;fis vOJjy;.

nraw;ghL 6.2nraw;ghL 6.2nraw;ghL 6.2nraw;ghL 6.2nraw;ghL 6.2 : : : : : ehlfnkhd;wpid vOJk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis

Ak; mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;TfisAk; ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • khztu;fspdhy; vOjg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;.

• njhlu;Gilajhd NtW ehlfg; gpujpfs;

• xsp> xypg;Ngiofs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ehlf vOj;JUtpd; %yfq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjd;

%yk; g+uzkhd ehlf vOj;JUf;fis vk;khy; gilf;f

KbAk; vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.


: : : : : • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly;> fz;lwpKiw

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; : : : : : • khztu;fspdhy; 6.1.2 nraw;ghl;by; Mf;fg;gl;l ehlf

vOj;JUf;fspy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l rpy vOj;JUf;fis

thrpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLk;NghJ ehlf vOj;JUtpd;

gpd;tUk; %yfq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;

NghJ jhd; G+uzj;Jtkhd ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

cUthFnkdf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

fijfijfijfijfijfij vd;gJ epakkhd xd;whfNth md;Nwy; rk;gtk;>

gpur;rpid> neUf;fPl;L epiyikfs; rhu;e;jitahfNth

,Uf;fyhk;. mitfSf;Fs; ntspg;glhj fU cs;Siw

ahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fsk;fsk;fsk;fsk;fsk;Mw;Wif epfOk; fsj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; ehlfj;jpd;

rk;gtk; epfOk; fsj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; mikAk;.



fUg;nghUs;fUg;nghUs;fUg;nghUs;fUg;nghUs;fUg;nghUs;ehlf vOj;JU %yk; nrhy;y tUfpd;w %y tplak;

fUg;nghUshFk;. mJ ntspg;gilahfNth> cs;Siw

ahfNth mike;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mJ vg;NghJk;

njspthdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tplak;tplak;tplak;tplak;tplak;/tplag;nghUs;tplag;nghUs;tplag;nghUs;tplag;nghUs;tplag;nghUs;ehlf vOj;JUtpd; %yk; nrhy;y te;j nghJthd

tplakhFk;.

cjhuzk;:

jpUkz epfo;r;rp xd;wid ehlfk; mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;bUj;jy; - tplak;

mjpy; tUfpd;w Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahfpa rPjdg;

gpur;rpid - fUg;nghUs;

fijg;gpd;dy;fijg;gpd;dy;fijg;gpd;dy;fijg;gpd;dy;fijg;gpd;dy;ehlf epfo;Tfspd; njhlu; mikg;G fijg;gpd;dyhFk;.

,J fhuz> fhupa uPjpahdJk; ju;f;f uPjpahdJkhf

xt;nthU epfo;Tk; mLj;j fl;l epfo;Tf;F mioj;Jr;

nry;tjhd njhlu;r;rpapd; tbtkhFk;. ,J Nky; njupAk;

fijg;gpd;dy; vd;Wk;> kiwKfkhd/ cs;Siwahd

fijg;gpd;dy; vd;Wk; ,Utifahff; fhzg;gLk;.

fl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gehlf vOj;JUtpd; rl;lfk; Nghd;W fijf;fhd ngsjpf

epfo;Tfis md;Nwy; rk;gtq;fis xd;wd; gpd; xd;whff;

Nfhu;j;Jr; nry;tJ fl;likg;ghFk;. epak muq;fpy;

,J Muk;gk; - rpf;fy; -tsu;r;rp - cr;rk; - KbT vd

mikAk;. epakk; rhuhj ehlfq;fspy; rk;gtq;fspd;

Nfhu;itahf mikAk;. fij tsu;j;Jr; nry;yg;gLk;

NghJ vjpu;ghu;g;G epiyia> gjl;lj;jpid> fjpapid

tsu;j;Jr; nry;Ynkhd;whfTk; fhzg;gLk;.

rpf;fy;rpf;fy;rpf;fy;rpf;fy;rpf;fy;/neUf;fPLneUf;fPLneUf;fPLneUf;fPLneUf;fPL/Fog;gk;Fog;gk;Fog;gk;Fog;gk;Fog;gk;ghj;jpuk; jdJ Nehf;fpid/Njitapid/tpUg;gpid

epiwNtw;w Kw;gLk;NghJ r%fj;jpy; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w

neUf;fbahd epiyik.

NkhJifNkhJifNkhJifNkhJifNkhJif/Kuz;Kuz;Kuz;Kuz;Kuz;Vw;nfdNt nrhy;yg;gLk; neUf;fPLfspdhNy xU jdp

egUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU jdp egUf;Fk; md;Nwy; xU

jdp egUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; md;Nwy; jdp kdpjdpd;

Raj;Jf;Fs; vd Vw;gLfpd;w Kuz;/NkhJif epiy.



cr;rfl;lk;cr;rfl;lk;cr;rfl;lk;cr;rfl;lk;cr;rfl;lk;/cr;repiycr;repiycr;repiycr;repiycr;repiyneUf;fPL gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;J Kuz;/NkhJif

epiyf;F te;J mk;NkhJif epiyikfspd; tsu;r;rp

cr;rf; fl;lj;ij mile;J KbT/tpisT ntspg;gLfpd;w

epiyik. (me;epiyik ehlff; fijia epiwTf;Ff;

nfhz;L tUk;.)

cr;rfl;l tPo;r;rpcr;rfl;l tPo;r;rpcr;rfl;l tPo;r;rpcr;rfl;l tPo;r;rpcr;rfl;l tPo;r;rp/jPu;TjPu;TjPu;TjPu;TjPu;Tcr;rfl;l tPo;r;rpapy; jPu;T vl;lg;gLk;. jPu;T ntspg;gLt

jhfNth> ntspg;glhjjhfNth mikayhk;. mj;jPu;T

rhjfkhdjhfNth ghjfkhdjhfNth mikayhk;.

ghj;jpuq;fs;ghj;jpuq;fs;ghj;jpuq;fs;ghj;jpuq;fs;ghj;jpuq;fs;ehlf Mrpupau; vLj;j tplaj;jpid efu;j;Jtjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpfNs ghj;jpuq;fshFk;. ,it

milahsg;gLj;jg; ngWgitahfTk;> xt;nthU

ghj;jpuq;fspdJk; jdpj;Jtk; Ngzg;gLgitahfTk;

,Uf;Fk;. (ghj;jpuk; rpijahky; gilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.)

nraypaf;fk;nraypaf;fk;nraypaf;fk;nraypaf;fk;nraypaf;fk;ehlf vOj;JUtpd; ngsjpfr; nraw;ghLfs; nraypaf;f

khff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk; cs/kduPjpahd

nray;fs;/mirTfs;> fijapDila mirT> rk;gtj;

njhlu;r;rpfsha; tUk; mirT> rpe;jid tsu;r;rpahf

tUk; mirT> ghj;jpu tsu;r;rpapdhy; tUk; mirT>

ghj;jpu cwTfs;> khw;wq;fspy; tUk; mirTfs; vd>

#oy;> kdepiy> mkhD\;ak; vd;w gy;NtW epiyfsp

yhd mirTfs;> nraypaf;fk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

nkhopnkhopnkhopnkhopnkhop/nrhw;wpwd;nrhw;wpwd;nrhw;wpwd;nrhw;wpwd;nrhw;wpwd;ehlfj;jpy; Ngrg;gLfpd;w nkhopapd; jd;ikNa ,t;thW

Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhopahdJ Ngr;RnkhopahfNth>

nrk;nkhopahfNth mikayhk;. mt;thNw ciueil

rhu;e;jjhfNth ftpij rhu;e;jjhfNth mikayhk;.

mit ehlfj;jpd; ghzp/Nkhb rhu;e;Jk;> ehlfr; rk;gtk;

epfOk; fhyk;> gpuNjrk;> r%fepiy rhu;e;Jk;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nrhy;yhly;nrhy;yhly;nrhy;yhly;nrhy;yhly;nrhy;yhly;/ciuahly;ciuahly;ciuahly;ciuahly;ciuahly;ghj;jpuq;fSf;fpilNaahd Clhl;lj;Jf;Fupa Kf;fpa

Clfkhf ciuahly; fhzg;gLk;. ,J ehlf

tiff;Fk; Nkhbf;FNk mike;jpUf;Fk;.



ngUq;fhl;rpngUq;fhl;rpngUq;fhl;rpngUq;fhl;rpngUq;fhl;rpngUq;fhl;rp vd;gJ ntWkNd ehlfj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j

tpisTfs; midj;ijAk; Fwpj;J epw;gJ. fij>

ghj;jpuk;> efu;T... vd xt;nthU tpistpD}lhfTk;

ghu;itahsupy; ntspg;gLk; gbkk; md;Nwy; $l;Lr;

nray;Kiw md;Nwy; xt;nthU $WfisAk; xd;W

gLj;jpajd; tpisT md;Nwy; ehlf vOj;JUtpd;

MSikr; rpwg;G vdf; $wyhk;.

NkhbNkhbNkhbNkhbNkhb/ghzpghzpghzpghzpghzpmbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L tifahf mikAk;

(1) ajhu;j;jk; (2) ajhu;j;jk; mw;wJ/NkhbAw;wJ.

tiftiftiftiftif,J gy;NtW jd;ikfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;> Mw;Wk; Kiwfs;

rhu;e;J tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;:

- ,d;gpay;> Jd;gpay;

- fhj;jpukhd ehlfk; (fhj;jpukhf vOjy;)

- vspikg;ghq;fhdJ (eifr;Ritg; ghq;Fld;

vOJjy;)

- $j;J> ,irehlfk;> ehl;ba ehlfk;...

Nkilf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;Nkilf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;Nkilf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;Nkilf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;Nkilf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;ehlfj;jpy ; tUfpd;w Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs;

midj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gL

fpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;:

nray; Fwpg;Gf;fs;

czu;Tf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;

Nkilj;jsf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;

njhopy;El;gf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • ehlf vOj;JUtpd; %yfq;fis ,dq;fz;L mit

gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

• ckf;Ff; fpilf;ff; $ba VjhtJ FWehlfj;jpid/

rpWtu; ehlfj;jpidj; njupTnra;J mjd; vOj;JU

%yq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;f.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz : : : : : • ehlf tof;F - fyhepjp k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

muq;fg; gilg;ghf;f mbj;jsq;fs;

- Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;

• fw;if newpahf muq;F - Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp



Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0 ::::: ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;GilaehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;GilaehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;GilaehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;GilaehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

fiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ikfiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ikfiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ikfiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ikfiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ik/njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;

rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : : : : : njhopy ; /thz;ikj ; Jiwfis ehLtjw ;fhd

gupr;raj;ijg; ngWtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • rpWtu; ehlf mspf;if xd;wpy; jahupg;G %yfq;fs;

ngWk; ,lj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• rpWtu; ehlfj; jahupg;G xd;wpy; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl

Ntz;ba mk;rq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 7.1.1nraw;ghL 7.1.1nraw;ghL 7.1.1nraw;ghL 7.1.1nraw;ghL 7.1.1 : : : : : rpWtu; ehlfk; xd;wpidj; jahupg;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : • rpWtu; ehlfj; jahupg;Gj; njhlu;ghd fl;Liufs;>

E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;

• rpWtu; ehlf Mw;Wiffs; njhlu;ghd xyp> xspg;

Ngiofs;.

• rpWtu; muq;F njhlu;ghd xspg;glq;fs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ve;j xU Mw;Wif tbtKk; midj;J %yfq;fisAk;

,izj;Jf;nfhz;l fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy> mirtpaf;ff;

fiytbtk; MFk;. rpWtu; ehlfq;fs; jkf;NfAupj;jhd

jahupg;Gld; ,ize;j %yfq;fisg; gpuj;jpNafkhf

vjpu;ghu;j;J epw;fpd;wd vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj



: : : : : • FO> fye;Jiuahly;> nra;Jfhl;ly;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; ;; ;; ; : : : : : • 6.1.2 ,y; vOjg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JUtpidg; gFg;gha;T

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (,J jdpahfNth> FOf;fshfNth

Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.)

• gy jlitfs;> gytpj czu;r;rpj; jsq;fspy; epd;W

thrpg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. Kjypy; gilg;Gj; jUk;

czu;r;rpf;Fs; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; thrpf;Fk;

NghJ kdf; fz;fspYk;> kdf;fhJfspYk; njupe;J

nfhz;bUe;j me;j mDgtj;ijj; jahupg ;gpy;

fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;.



• mjd; gpd;du; XusT Gwtakhf epd;W ehlf vOj;JUtp

idg; gFg;Gf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. thu;j;ijfSf;

$lhfg; gilg;gpd; mj;jpthuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;Jg;

gilg;gpd; Kfg;ig Nehf;fpf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F

vitnait gad;gl;Ls;sd md;Nwy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gL

fpd;wd vd;gjidg; gl;baw;gLj;JtJ rpwe;jJ.

• nrhy;yhly;fs;> ghj;jpuq;fs;> nraypaf;fk;> mirTfs;>

jl;LKl;Lf;fs;> kl;lq;fs;> thu;j;ijfs;> fhz;gpaq;fs;>

,ir> NtlTLg;G> xg;gid Nghd;w gy tplaq;fisAk;

mit re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;gj; njhopw;gLk; Kiwikapid

Ak; gl;baw;gLj;JtJ rpwe;jJ.

• nrhy;yhly;fs; rpWtu;fsJ MSikfs;> gof;f

tof;fq;fs;> mtu;fsJ kdg;ghq;Ffs; vd;gtw;Wf;F

Vw;wtifapy; mike;Js;sdth? nrhy;yhly;fSf;Fg;

gpd;dhy; kiwe;jpUf;fpd;w nraypaf;fk; ahJ/ahit

vd;gtw;iwf; fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• nraypaf;fq;fs; rpWtu;fSf;NfAupa Mly;> ghly;>

tpNehjk;> fij$wy; vd;gtw;Wf;F Clhf vt;thW

ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ? ghj;jpuq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; rpWtu;fspd;

cs Kjpu ;r ;r piag ; Ngzf;$ba tifapYk ;

NkhJiffs;> Kuz;epiyfs; ahTk; rpWtu;fSf;NfAupa

kdg;ghq;Fld; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdth? vd;gijf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

• fhz;gpaq;fs;> xg;gidfs;> NtlTilg; gpuNahfk; ,ir/

ghly;fs; vd;gitfs; rpWtu;fspd; csj;njspit <L

nra;tdthf ehlff; fUtpw;F mOj;jk; jUtdthf

mike;Js;sdth vdg; gFg;gha;T nra;tJ jahupg;ig

nkUFgLj;Jk;.

• gilg;gpd; (vOj;JU epiyapy;) KOikia tpsf;fpf;

nfhz;ljd; gpd;du; FOf;fshfNth md;Nwy;

khztu;fs; midtiuAk; ,izj;j KiwikapNyh

jahupg;G Kaw;rpapy; <Lglyhk;.

• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfj; jahupg;gpd; nghWg;Gf;fis

Vw;fg; gzpg;gJ ~ehlfj; jahupg;G| ~$l;L ciog;G|

vd;w fUj;Jepiy gpwf;f top rikf;Fk;.

• FOf;fshfr; rk;gtq;fs;/ fhl;rpfis xj;jpif

nra;tjw;F Mrpupau; topg;gLj;jyhk;. xj;jpiffisr;

rpWtu;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd tpisahl;L> Mly;>

ghly;fNshL Muk;gpg;gJ jahupg;ig MNuhf;fpag;

gLj;Jk;.

rpWtu; ehlfk;rpWtu; ehlfk;rpWtu; ehlfk;rpWtu; ehlfk;rpWtu; ehlfk;



• xt;nthU rk;gtq;fspYk; ehlff; fUit Nehf;fpa

mOj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd nraypaf;fk;>

ghly;fs;> mirTfs;> ,irfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fisg;

gpuNahfpj;J khztu;fis topg;gLj;jyhk;.

• xt;nthU rk;gt ,izg;gpYk; ehlf vOj;JUtpy;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l vt;ntt; tplaq;fs; cjTfpd;wd

vd;gjidr; nrad;Kiwf;F Clhf topg;gLj;jyhk;.

• ehlf ntspia tiuaiw nra;J (vOj;JUtpy;

Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhy;) nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mf;Fwpj;j

ntspapy; rk;gtf; fhl;rpfis czu;Tg+u;tkhfTk;>

mofpay; g+u;tkhfTk; ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

,jw;Fr; rpWtu;fspd; fw;gidahw;wiy mjpfk;

gilf;ff;$ba El;gq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F Kaw;rp

vLf;fyhk;. jd;ndOr;rpahd mirTfisj; J}z;l

Ntz;Lk;.

• mspf;if ntspapy; gilg;G mirtpaf;f KOik

ngw;wjhapd; ,ju fhz;gpag; gbkq;fSk; FwpfSk;>

kl;lq;fSk; NkYk; gilg;gpw;Ff; fiyj;Jt Moj;ijf;

nfhLf;Fk; tifapy; jpl;lkplyhk;.

• ,ir> xg;gid> NtlTLg;G gilg;gpd; mofpaiyAk;>

gilg;G NgRk; tplaj;jpidAk; csj;njupitAk; <L

nra;fpd;wjh vd kjpg;gPL nra;Aq;fs;.

• ,yf;Fg; ghu;g;Nghu; rpWtu; jhd;. rpWtu; ehlf

mspf;ifapid mtu;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; Mw;Wif

nra;J ghUq;fs;.

• ghu;g;NghUk; gilg;Gld; gq;Fnfhs;s Kbfpd;wjh/

Kbe;jjh vd;gjidr; nra;Kiw uPjpahf mDg

tpAq;fs;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL : : : : : • khztu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JU xd;wpy;;

tUk; ghj;jpuq;fis> #oiy> nghUs;fis> NtlTil

xg;gidfis tiue;J tu;zk; jPl;Lf.

• ehlf vOj;JUtpy; tUk; ghly;fSf;F ,iraikj;J.

mirTfSld; ntspg;gLj;Jf.

• jahupg;G %yfq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf.

• MrpupaUk; - khztUk; ,ize;J jahupg;Gg; ghlj;

jpid tbtikAq;fs;.



Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0 ::::: ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;GilaehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;GilaehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;GilaehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;GilaehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

fiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ikfiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ikfiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ikfiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ikfiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf thz;ik/njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;

rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : : : : : njhopy ; /thz;ikj ; Jiwfis ehLtjw ;fhd

gupr;raj;ijg; ngWtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • FW ehlfj; jahupg;G mDgtj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

• FWehlfk; xd;Wf;fhd jahupg;G %yfq;fis tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Sjy;.

nraw;ghL 7.1.2nraw;ghL 7.1.2nraw;ghL 7.1.2nraw;ghL 7.1.2nraw;ghL 7.1.2 : : : : : FWehlfk; xd;iwj; jahupj;J kfpo;Nthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : : : : : FWehlfk; njhlu;ghd rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;

FWehlf Mw;Wiffs; njhlu;ghd xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; : : : : : ehlfk; vd;gJ $l;Lf; fiyfspd; ,izg;G MFk;.

FW ehlfj; jahupg;G xd;wpy; <LgLtjd; Clhff;

$l;Lf;fiyfs; ahTk; ,ize;J fiyahf;fkhf

vt;thW ntspg;ghL milfpd;wJ vd;gjid mwpe;J

nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.



ghl tplaq;fs;ghl tplaq;fs;ghl tplaq;fs;ghl tplaq;fs;ghl tplaq;fs; : : : : : • vOjg;gl;l ehlf ghlj;ij thrpj;jy;. (jdpahfNth>

FOthfNth)

• ehlf vOj;JUg; gFg;gha;tpid Nkw;nfhs;sy;. khztu;

fisf; FOf;fshf tFj;J xt;nthU rk;gtq;fs;/

fhl;rpfs; NjhWk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ehlf

%yfq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;j Mrpupau; topg;gLj;jyhk;.

• FW ehlf vOj;JUtpy; tUk; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfs;> ghj;jpu

NkhJiffs;> mjd; tsu;r;rp epiyfis tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tJk; mtw;iw tiuGfSf;F Clhf ntspg;gLj;

JtJk; J}z;lg;glyhk;.

• FW ehlf vOj;JUtpd; czu;r;rp NtfkhdJ mjd;

fl;likg;G epiyapy; vt;tpjk; ntspg;gl;L cs;sJ

vd;gij tiuGf;F Clhf ntspf;nfhzuyhk;.

czu;r;rpfs; mOj;jg;gLk; jsq;fisAk; Fwpj;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;.



• rk;gtq;fs;/fhl;rpfisj; jd;ndOr;rpahfg; Gj;jspg;Gr;

nra;Jghu;f;f Mrpupau; khztu;fis topg;gLj;jyhk;.

jd;ndOr;rpahd mirTfspypUe;J ghj;jpuj;jpd;

,ay;Gfis tsu;j;njLf;ff;$ba mirTfisAk; mjd;

gyj;ijAk; nra;Kiw uPjpahf khztu;fis czu

itf;fyhk;.

• ghj;jpu czu;r;rpfs; #o;epiyikfSf;Nfw;g tsu;j;

njLf;fg;gLtjw;F czu;Tj; J}z;lYf;Fupa gapw;rp

fisAk; nfhLj;J newpg;gLj;jyhk;.

• FWehlfkhapDk; rup> KO ePs ehlfq;fshapYk; rup

jahupg;gpy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fSf;F

mOj;jk; jug;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpak; vd;gjid czu

itj;jy;.

• khztu;fs; jhk; tiue;J ghu;j;j fhz;gpaq;fs;>

fhl;rpfs;> kl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;J xj;jpif

nra;Jghu;f;f topg;gLj;jy;> mofpaypYk; czu;r;rp

ntspg;ghl;bYk; mit ngWk; gq;fpid czu

itj;jy;.

• tiue;J ghu;j;j ghj;jpu xg;gidfisj; njupTf;Fl;gl;l

ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fr; (ebfu;fSf;F) nra;J ghu;g;gjw;F

,lkspj;jy;. xg;gidapd; Clhff; FW ehlff;fU

ntspg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gjid MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk;

gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.

• xg;gid nra;ag;gl;l ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

NtlTil tpjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; nra;J ghu;f;fyhk;. mit

ntWk; mofpaYf;fhftd;wpj; jahupg;gpd; xl;Lnkhj;j

czu;r;rpf;F Mw;Wk; gq;fspg;gpidAk; MrpupaUk;

khztu;fSk; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.

• nghUj;jkhd ,irf;Nfhyq;fis MrpupaUk; khztu;

fSk; ,ize;J tbtikj;jYk; ,izj;jYk;.

• Fwpj;j ntspapy; fhl;rpg;glkhf Mw;Wif njhopw;gLk;

Kiwikapidr; nra;Kiw uPjpahfr; nra;J ghu;j;J

mDgtpj;jy;.

• Fwpj;j ,yf;Fg; ghu;g;Nghu; Kd;dpiyapy; Kw;fhl;rp

(Pre-view show) xd;wpid epfo;j;jpg; ghu;g;gJk;>

mtu;fsJ tpku;rdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; rpwe;jJ.

• jahupg;gpid Mw;Wif nra;tjw;fhd tpsk;gu

tpjhdpg;gpid MrpupaUk; - khztu;fSk; ,ize;J

jpl;lkplyhk;.



• Mw;Wif xd;wpy; khztu;fs; midtiuAk; <LgLj;Jk;

tifapyhd jahupg;Gg; nghWg;Gf;fisg; gfpu;e;jsp

Aq;fs;.

• Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j ,yf;Fg; ghu;g;Nghu; Kd;dpiy

apy; FW ehlfj;jpid mspf;if nra;Aq;fs;.

kjpg;g PLkjpg;g PLkjpg;g PLkjpg;g PLkjpg;g PL ::::: • jdpahs; jahupg;Gg; gjpNtl;bid tpjhdpf;Ff?

• jahupg;Gf; fhyq;fspYk;> Mw;Wifapd; NghJk; ePu;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mDgtq;fisj; njhFf;Ff.

• ~Mw;Wifapd; Kd;Dk; Mw;Wifapd; gpd;Dk;| ghu;g;

Nghuplk; Vw;gl;l kdg;gjpTfisj; njhFf;Ff.



ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPL Mfpad fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwfspd; Kf;fpa %d;W

$WfshFk; vd;gJk;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpag; fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; vy;yh Mrpupah;fSk; njspthf mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba

xU tplakhFk;. mit xd;wd; kPJ xd;W nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis

xt;nthd;Wk; kw;iwatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ

Mrpupah;fs; ahtUk; mwpe;j cz;ikahFk;. njhlh; (epjKk; epfOk;) kjpg;gPl;Lf;

Nfhl;ghLfSf;fpzq;ff; fw;wy; eilngWk; NghNj kjpg;gPLk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.

,J fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gg;gFjp> ,ilg;gFjp> ,Wjpg;gFjp

Mfpa ve;j xU rkaj;jpYk; ,lk; ngwyhk; vd;gij Mrpupah;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ

mtrpakhFk;. jkJ khztiu kjpg;gpl vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Xh; Mrpupah; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;

kjpg;gPL Mfpad njhlh;ghd xOq;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy; mtrpak;.

ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lkhdJ xU guPl;ir

KiwNah Nrhjid elj;JtNjh md;W. mJ khzth;fsJ fw;wiyAk;> Mrpupah;fsJ

fw;gpj;jiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU jiyaPlhFk;. Mjyhy;

khzth;fSf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;J mth;fSila gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;fisAk;

,dq;fz;L mtw;wpw;Fg; gupfhuk; fz;lthW khzth;fis mth;fsJ cr;r tsu;r;rp

kl;lj;ij milar; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU Ntiyj; jpl;lkhFk;.

fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw %yk; Njlw; nrad;Kiwapd; ghy; khzth;fs;

topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;

jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ khzth;fspilNa Mrpupah; rQ;rupj;J mth;fs;

nra;Ak; Ntiyfis mtjhdpj;J topfhl;liy toq;fpr; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F khzth;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cs;shf;fg;gLt

NjhL khzth; Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jp vjpu;ghu;j;jthW eilngWfpd;wjh vd;gij Mrpupau;

cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

khztUf;Fj; jf;f mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J mtw;iw khzth;fs; rupahfg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;fsh vd cWjpg;gLj;jy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Clhf epfo Ntz;Lk;.

mj;NjhL> mjw;Fj; jf;f topfhl;ly; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;by; (fzpg;gPl;by;)

<Lgl;Ls;s Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fSf;F ,uz;L tifahd topfhl;ly;fis

toq;f KbAk;. mit nghJthfg; gpd;D}l;ly; / Kd;D}l;ly; vdg;gLk;.

khzth;fspd; gytPdq;fisAk; ,ayhikfisAk; fz;;;lwpe;jNghJ mth;fsJ fw;wy;

gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztu;fspd; jpwikfisAk;

Mw;wy;fisAk; ,dk;fhZk;NghJ mtw;iw Nkd;gLj;j> Kd;D}l;liyAk; toq;FtJ

Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;.

fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhfg; ghlnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fSs; ve;j

Nehf;fj;ij ve;j kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;w Kbe;jJ vd;gij ,dq;fhzy;> khzth;fSf;F

mtrpakhfpd;wJ. kjpg;gPLfs; %yk; khzth;fs; mile;Js;s Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisj;

jPu;khdpj;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l MrpupauplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs;>

Mrpupau;fs;> NtW gpuptpdu;fSf;F khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fis

mwptpg;gjw;F Mrpupau; Kida Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk;



nghUj;jkhd Kiw> njhlu;r;rpahf khztiu kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;j tha;g;gspf;Fk;

ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;L KiwahFk;.

Nkw;gb Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLk; Mrpupah;fs; jkJ fw;gpj;jw; nrad;KiwiaAk;

khzth;fspd; fw;wy; nrad;KiwiaAk; NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;F

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fw;wy; -fw;gpj;jw; kjpg;gply; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,J njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZFKiwg;

Ngjq;fs; (tiffs;) rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ePz;lfhykhf Mrpupau;fSf;Fj;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhYk;> guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhYk; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;l

KiwfshFk;. vdNt mit njhlu;ghfg; ghlrhiyj; njhFjpiar; Nru;e;j Mrpupau;fs;

Nghjpa mwpt+l;lk; ngw;wpUg;gh; vd vjph;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;Ngjq;fs; tUkhW@

1. xg;gilfs; 2. nraw;wpl;lq;fs;

3. mstha;Tfs; 4. Njbaha;Tfs;.

5. mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; 6. fz;fhl;rp / Kd;itj;jy;fs;

7. fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fs; 8. FWfpa vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs;

9. mikg;Gf; fl;Liufs; 10. jpwe;j E}y; Nrhjidfs;

11. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; 12. nrtpkLj;jw; Nrhjidfs;

13. nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; 14. Ngr;Rf;fs;

15. Ra Mf;fq;fs; 16. FOr; nraw;ghLfs;

17. vz;zf;fUg; glq;fs; 18. ,ul;ilg; gjpT - N[h;dy;

19. Rth;g; gj;jpupiffs; 20. tpdh-tpil epfo;r;rpfs;

21. tpdh-tpilg; Gj;jfq;fs; 22. tpthjq;fs;

23. FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; 24. fUj;juq;Ffs;.

25. cldbr; nrhw;nghopT 26. ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;

mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Nkw;gb fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; midj;ijAk;>

vy;yhg; ghlq;fspdJ vy;yh myFfSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gltpy;iy. jkJ ghlj;jpw;Fk; Fwpj;j ghl myfpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd Ngjq;fisj;

njupT nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F mwpt+l;lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;gb Mrpupah; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; jkJ khzth;fspd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf;

fzpg;gplg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L Ngjq;fs; gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf mtw;iwj;

jf;fthW gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhJ jtpu;;j;jy; khztu;

jkJ mwpthw;wy; kw;Wk; cs vOr;rp> cs ,af;fj; jpwd;fis tsh;j;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jilahf mikAk;.



fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL

ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; - juk; 13ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; - juk; 13ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; - juk; 13ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; - juk; 13ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; - juk; 13

fUtp - 01fUtp - 01fUtp - 01fUtp - 01fUtp - 01

01.01.01.01.01. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; : 2.1 mbr;nrhw;gjq;fSf;Fk; mbg;

gilahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fk;

nghUs; tpsf;fk; mspg;gu;.

02.02.02.02.02. tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk; ::::: • newpahs;if gw;wpg; gapYNthk;.

03.03.03.03.03. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghL - FOKiw

04.04.04.04.04. Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; ::::: • 2 ghlNtisfs;

05.05.05.05.05. Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs; ::::: • newpahs;if vd;Dk; gzpia tpsf;Ftu;.

• newpahs;ifj; jpwd;fisr; nrad;Kiwahff;

fw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.

06.06.06.06.06. fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :::::• tFg;gpYs;s khztu; njhFjpia 5 FOf;fshf;Ff. xt;nthU FOf;fSf;

Fk; xt;nthU nraw;ghLfisr; nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

FO 1: mgRuk; ehlf vOj;JUitg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.

FO 2: ebfu; njupTk; mtu;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;jYk;.

FO 3: mgRuk; ehlfj;jpd; Fwpj;j xU fhl;rpf;fhd xj;jpifia

Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

FO 4: Jizf;fiy mk;rq;fisj; jpl;lkpLjYk; xUq;fpizj;jYk;.

FO 5: NkilNaw;wj;jpw;fhd xOq;Ffs; nra;jYk; NkilNaw;wKk;.

07.07.07.07.07. epajpfs;:epajpfs;:epajpfs;:epajpfs;:epajpfs;:1. Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd jpl;lkply;fis vOj;J tbtpy;

rku;g;gpj;jy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

2. Fwpj;j tplaj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; xt;nthUtupdJk; gq;Nfw;ig ntspf;

fhl;Ljy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

3. jj;jk; nraw;ghLfis tpgupj;jy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

4. rpj;jpug;Gj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

5. gilg;ig NkilNaw;wpf; fhl;Ljy; (Gs;spfs; 04)

nkhj;jg;Gs;spfs;nkhj;jg;Gs;spfs;nkhj;jg;Gs;spfs;nkhj;jg;Gs;spfs;nkhj;jg;Gs;spfs; 20 Gs;spfs;




01.01.01.01.01. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :ehlfj;ij Vida fiyfSld;

xg;gpLjy;.

02.02.02.02.02. tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk; ::::: • ehlfKk; Vida fiyfSk;

03.03.03.03.03. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • FOr; nraw;ghL


05.05.05.05.05. Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs; ::::: • ehlff;fiy Vida fiyfspYk; ghu;f;f

NtWgl;lJ vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.

• xt;nthU fiyapdJk; rpwg;ghd mk;rq;fis

,dq;fz;L $Wtu;.

• fiyfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfis ,dq;fz;L

$Wtu;.

06.06.06.06.06. fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :::::• tFg;gpYs;s khztu; njhFjpia 5 FOf;fshf;Ff. xt;nthU FOf;fSf;

Fk; xt;nthU nraw;ghLfisr; nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

FO 1 : ehlfj;ijAk; rpdpkhitAk; xg;gpl;L mf;fiyfspd; rpwg;Gj;

jd;ikfisAk; mtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisAk;

Kd;itj;jy;.

FO 2: ehlfj;ijAk; njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfj;ijAk; xg;gpl;L mf;fiy

fspd; rpwg;Gj;jd;ikfisAk; mtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghL

fisAk; Kd;itj;jy;.

FO 3: ehlfj;ijAk; ehtiyAk; xg;gpl;L mf;fiyfspd; rpwg;Gj;

jd;ikfisAk; mtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisAk;

Kd;itj;jy;.

FO 4: ehlfj;ijAk; thndhyp ehlfj;ijAk; xg;gpl;L mf;fiyfspd;

rpwg;Gj; jd;ikfisAk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilapyhd NtWghL

fisAk; Kd;itj;jy;.

FO 5: ehlfj;ijAk; eldj;ijAk; xg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ik

fisAk; mtw;wpw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisAk; Kd;itj;jy;.



07.07.07.07.07. epajpfs;:epajpfs;:epajpfs;:epajpfs;:epajpfs;:1. fiyfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

2. rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fz;lwptjw;fhd Njly;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

3. gq;Nfw;Gk; fye;JiuahlYk;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

4. fiyfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;il kjpj;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

5. tplaq;fisr; rku;g;gpj;jy;. (Gs;spfs; 04)





01.01.01.01.01. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; :cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; : 3.1: ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL

njhlu;Gila fiyfspd;

gad;ghl;il/gpuNahfj;ij

,dq;fz;L gilg;ghf;fk;

nra;aj; jiyg;gLtu;.

02.02.02.02.02. tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk; ::::: • ebfupd; fiyf;Fj; Jiz epw;fpd;w muq;ff;

fiyfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

03.03.03.03.03. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghL - FOKiw


05.05.05.05.05. Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs; ::::: • ebfupd; fiy Nkk;gLtjw;Fj; JizGupAk;

muq;ff; fiyfis ,dq;fz;L $Wtu;.

• muq;ff; fiyfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjpy; gupr;rak;

ngWtijf; fhl;Ltu;.

• gilg;ghf;fj; jpwid ntspj;njupar; nra;tu;.

06.06.06.06.06. fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :::::• tFg;gpYs;s khztu; njhFjpia 5 FOf;fshf;Ff.

• md;upf;fdp ehlfj;jpypUe;J ahjhapDk; xU gFjpia vy;yhf;

FOf;fSf;Fk; toq;Ff.

• mjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xt;nthU FOitAk; me;ehlfg; gFjpf;

Fupa muq;ff; fiyiag; gilg;ghf;fk; nra;AkhW topg;gLj;Jf.

FO 1 : Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpf;fhd fhl;rp tpjhdpg;ig Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

FO 2: Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpapy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhd Ntl cil

fis tpjhdpj;jy;.

FO 3: Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhd

xg;gidia tpjhdpj;jy;.

FO 4: Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpf;fhd xsp tpjhdpg;igj; jpl;lkpLjy;.

FO 5: Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpf;fhd ,ir tpjhdpg;igj; jpl;lkpLjy;.



07.07.07.07.07. epajpfs;:epajpfs;:epajpfs;:epajpfs;:epajpfs;:1. Fwpj;j muq;ff; fiyia tpjhdpg;gjw;Nfw;g ehlfg; gFjpapYs;s

Kidg;ghd jd;ikfis ,dq;fhzy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

2. Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd muq;ff; fiyfspd; jstiuglk;>

gf;fj; Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;iw Mf;Fjy;. ,ir tpjhdpg;gpy; mjw;Fupa

ghly;fs;> Ruq;fs; vd;gtw;iwj; jpl;lkpLjy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

3. fpilf;fpd;w tsq;fisf; nfhz;L muq;ff; fiyfisg; gilg;ghf;fk;

nra;jy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

4. gilg;ghf;fj; jpwidAk; fw;gidiaAk; ntspg;gLj;jy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)

5. mofpay; kdg;ghq;Filatuhjy;. (Gs;spfs; 04)


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