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Training Report

On

Embedded Systems

(July 1th to 11th August)

At

EmTech Foundation, New Delhi

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirementfor the award of degree of B.Tech

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By:

Deepak Kumar(2307388)

Submitted to:

Electronics and Communication Engineering DepartmentAmbala College of Engineering and Applied Research

Devsthali, near Mithapur, Ambala Cantt.(Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)

(2009-10)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any work of this nature would not have possible without support and guidance of

others. It is important to acknowledge all those peoples who had a major influence on

the conception & fruition of this report.I am very thankful to all those who helped me during my Practical Training

at EMTECH FOUNDATION. I am very thankful to Mr. Naveen kumar (C.E.O), who

allowed me six weeks training inEMTECH, Delhi. I am also thankful to Mr. Neeraj

Kumar & Mr. Shubham Goyal (EMTECH Team members) who share their

knowledge with me.

My special thanks to Mr. Naveen kumar for engagingin many fruitful

work and I am very grateful for his cooperation and help at various stages of my

training period .

I also thanks to the staff of EMTECH for their co-operation & guidance.

Lastly I am thankful to the management for allowing me to do summer training in

their organization.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE

NO.COMPANY PROFILE 1

CHAPTER1: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2-13

1.1 INSIDE THE CPU 3

1.2 EMBEDDED PRODUCTS & THEIR CHRACTERSTICS 4

1.3 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 6

1.4 OTHER APPLICATIONS 9

1.5 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS vs. GENRAL COMPUTING

SYSTEMS

10

1.6 EMBEDDED MARKET GLOBALLY 10

CHAPTER2 :MICROCONTROLLER 14-27

2.1 IMPORTANT FEATURES & APPLICATIONS 14

2.2 MICROPROCESSOR vs. MICROCONTROLLER 16

2.3 TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS 16

2.4 HISTORY OF THE 8051 18

2.5 STANDARD FEATURES OF 8051

MICROCONTROLLER

20

2.6 8051 ARCHITECTURE 22

2.7 8051 REGISTERS 25

CHAPTER3 : PROGRAMMING OF 8051 28-33

3.1 LANGUAGES 28

3.2 ADRESSING MODES 29

3.3 TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONS 303.4 PROGRAMMING TOOLS 32

CHAPTER 4 : INTERFACING DEVICES 34-38

4.1 GENRAL INTERFACING DEVICES 34

CHAPTER 5 : PROGRAMMING OF 8051 39-42

REFRENCES 43

LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure No. Title Page No.

1.1 EMBEDDED PRODUCTS 4

1.2 HARDWARE 5

1.3 SOFTWARE 61.4 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 7

1.5 EMBEDDED IN ROBOTICS 8

1.6 GENRAL APPLICATIONS 10

1.7 EMBEDDED MARKETPLACE 11

1.8 GROWTH RATE 12

2.1 PROCESSORS RELATED TO 8051 15

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051 22

2.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051 23

2.4 CONNECTION DIAGRAM 25

4.1 RELAY CIRCUIT 35

4.2 RELAY WORKING 36

4.3 OPTOCOUPLER 36

4.4 CONSTRUCTION OF OPTOCOUPLER 37

4.5 LCD Connections 38

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

2.1 4-bit Microcontrollers 17



2.4 Comparison of 8051 Family members 21

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EmTech Foundation

Introduction

Embedded Technology Foundation (EmTech) was established in 2000 as a public

sector Enterprise provides various services like:

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGINING COURSES

TRAINING ON 8051/PIC/AVR/ARM MICROCONTROLLERS

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CAREER & JOB PLACEMENT PROGRAM FOR ENGINEERS

SUMMER / WINTER INDUSTRIAL EMBEDDED SYSTEMS TRAINING

FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS

Today EmTech Foundation is spread over five locations in Gurgaon, Faridabad,

Greater Noida, Jodhpur, New Delhi having ISO-9001 accreditation.

Embedded Technology Foundation also organize Training programs in different

institutions for PCB designing, Embedded System Designing etc.

Embedded Technology Foundation is UKs Board Affiliated ISO 9001:2000 Certified

company Leaders in Embedded Technology Training provides training on Embedded

Systems for Engineering Students & organize various Training workshops on

Robotics, PCB Designing for Engineering students.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software design to meet a

specific need with performance in a given time frame. It is a specialized computer

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system that is a part of larger system on machine. Typically an embedded system is

housed on a single microcontroller board with programs stored in ROM. Virtually all

appliances which have a digital interfacewatches, microwaves, carsutilize

embedded systems include an operating system, but many are so specialized that the

entire logic can be implemented as a single program. An embedded controller is a

controller (or computer) that is embedded into some device for some purpose other

than to provide general purpose computing. It is a special purpose system in which

the computer is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. Unlike a general-

purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs pre-

defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated

to a specific task, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of

product. Embedded systems are often mass produced, so the cost savings may be

multiplied by millions of items. Hand held computers or PDAs are generally

considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even

though they are more expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues

to blur as devices expand. Embedded systems are a combination of hardware as well

as software. The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and

is stored in ROM or FLASH memory chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with

limited hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little RAM memory.

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general

purpose computer for multitasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints

that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability: others may have low or no

performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce

costs.

1.1 INSIDE THE CPU :

REGISTERS: These are used to store information temporarily, which could

be address or data.

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ALU: Arithmetic logic Unit- performs arithmetic operations such as addition,

subtraction, division, multiplication and logical operations AND, OR, XOR,

NOT

PROGRAM COUNTER: It points to the next instruction to be fetched.

Increases automatically with execution of each instruction.

INSTRUCTION DECODER: Interprets the instructions fetched into CPU.

DATA BUS:

Used to carry information in and out of CPU.

Increase in number of data buses increases speed as well as cost.

Address bus:

Used to identify the devices and memory connected to the CPU.

Determines the number of locations which it can communicate

No. of locations=2^X where X= number of address lines. Ex: 16 address lines

make 64k of addressable memory.

RAM:

Random Access Memory

Also known as Data Memory. This is a volatile memory and is used to store

the data temporarily during the execution of a program.

ROM:

Read Only Memory

This is a permanent memory. In Embedded systems (micro controllers) the

ROM is FLASH ROM also known as CODE MEMORY. The program is

stored in this memory, which doesnt have to remain same.

1.2 EMBEDDED PRODUCTS & THEIR CHRACTERSTICS:

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Fig. 1.1 EMBEDDED PRODUCTS

CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED PRODUCTS:

Perform single set of functions.

Works in time constrained environment

Provides high-performance and reliability

Mostly embedded systems have low cost because they are mass produced in

millions.

Some embedded systems have mechanical moving parts such as disk drives as

they are less reliable as compared to solid state parts such as Flash memory.

How quickly an embedded design responds to a particular function key being pushed

on an information appliance or to an event triggered by the appliance doesn't just

depend on how well the device was designed. Nowadays it depends on things that

used to be far outside the problem domain of traditional unconnected, or locally

connected, embedded systems. In connected embedded systems, response time to an

event depends on how fast the routers and the servers on the intranet, the virtual

private network, or the World-wide Web can respond. This is especially true as

companies such as IBM, Microsoft, and Sun shift to services-based models as a way

to counteract the shift away from platform loyalty and take advantage of the Internet.

They want to shift to a model in which software is maintained on a server and sell

services on a transaction-by-transaction basis. The designer of a net-centric embedded

device now has to deal with a problem domain as large and as complex as the servers

and routers that link the device to the controlling system. In any design that depends

on access to resources located remotely, as is proposed by a number of services-

9

INPUTSYSTEMS

CONTROLLOGICS

FEEDBACK/ERROR CONNECTION OUTPUT

SYSTEMS

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oriented models for future Web activity, it will be necessary determine not just the

parameters of the problem. You'll also have to look for sources of delay that require

modifications of the way the various elements interact, which ones are related to the

nature of the Internet medium, and which depend on the architecture of the various

nodes. The architecture of the various computing devices will affect the performance

parameters important to an embedded designer; specifically in the microprocessors at

the heart of every server. Embedded designers are going to have to look closely at the

architecture of the processors in that server-mediated chain of causality imposed on

all connected net-centric computer systems. The demands that are placed on Web

servers are much different now from even a year ago, and they will differ even more

in a few years. Processor architectures will have to reflect that change. The nature of

the server loads in the context of both present and future diverse.

HARDWARE

Fig 1.2

SOFTWARE

10

PassivecomponentsResistance,

Capacitance,Transistors etc.

PassivecomponentsResistance,

Capacitance,Transistors etc.

Printed

CircuitBoards(PCBs)

Printed

CircuitBoards(PCBs)

Electro-

mechanicalMotors,

Valves etc.

Electro-

mechanicalMotors,Valves etc.

Analog CircuitsOPAMP, ADC,

DACetc.

Analog CircuitsOPAMP, ADC,

DACetc.

Digital Circuits

Decoder, latchesetc.

Digital CircuitsDecoder, latches

etc.

HardwareHardware

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Fig 1.3

1.3 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Automatic teller machines(ATM)

Cellular telephones and telephone switches

Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles

Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers,

and security monitoring systems, handheld calculators.

Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines,

television sets, DVD players

Handheld computers

videogame consoles

Even computer peripherals themselves such as routers and printers have

embedded processors.

11

Java/J2EEJava/J2EE

Embedded C,C++

Embedded C,C++

AssemblyLanguage

AssemblyLanguage

MachineLanguage

MachineLanguage

SoftwareSoftware

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ROBOTICS:

Fig 1.5 EMBEDDED IN ROBOTICS

This is a Part I of a series of articles which is an attempt to introduce the reader into

the world of embedded systems and their applications in the industry. I have decided

to divide the topic into several parts that will be presented gradually as I complete

them. The objective of the series will be a general discussion of embedded systems

and what they are. In the process I will also show how to assemble a basic robot using

a robotics kit provided by Parallax which will be controlled thru the BASIC Stamp II

microcontroller. Towards the end of the series, I will start using the Microsoft

Robotics Studio to illustrate some of the f features available thru the new IDE

provided by Microsoft if time permits.

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So what is an embedded system? In general terms, an embedded system is any device

that includes a programmable computer for a specific task. Sometimes it is also said

that, a computer. Embedded systems are found everywhere these days! Your cell

phone, digital camera, portable video games, calculators, digital watches, and etc

the list can go on for a really Long time. This gives you an idea of the broad

application base of embedded systems.

1.4 OTHER APPLICATIONS:

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Fig 1.6 GENRAL APPLICATIONS

1.5 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS VS. GENERAL COMPUTING

SYSTEMS:

An embedded system will have very few resources compared to GENERAL

purpose computing systems like desktop computer.

The memory capacity and processing power in an embedded system is limited

It is more challenging to develop an application in embedded system due to its

constricted environment as compared to developing the same for a desktop system

Embedded system are dedicated to specific task

ES can be implemented using wide variety of processors, even generic or custom

Es are cost sensitive(but so are PC)

Es operate have real time constraints

Es have environmental constraints (i.e. supposed to work in diverse environmental

conditions)

Es usually run out of ROM

Es have resource constraints

Es are infrequently reprogrammed

Es often work in reactive mode

Es have hard reliability and correctness constraints.

1.6 EMBEDDED MARKET GLOBALLY:

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The world market for embedded systems development is around $250

billion and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 26%

Cisco, Wind River Systems, Sun Microsystems, Integrated Systems,Microware Systems, and QNX Software Systems are among the prominent

developers of embedded systems.

According to a study, for future of Embedded Systems Technologies, the

market for embedded systems is expected to grow at an average annual

growth rate (AAGR) of 16% over the period.

Fig 1.7 EMBEDDED MARKETPLACE

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GROWTH RATE:

Embedded Processor will grow at 11.2% on average per year

Embedded Memory products will rise at an AAGR of 17.7%.

Embedded Boards will see a respectable AAGR of 13.1%.

Embedded Software will average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 16%.

Fig 1.8 GROWTH RATE

WHY THE MARKET OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IS BOOMING??

Embedded products are no more limited just to the high-end technology

related tools. They are very much an integral part of our life today.

Everyday home appliances, phones, toys, entertainment systems and

printers, though find extensive use of embedded systems, are first

generation systems.

The advent of the internet and the need for convergence has ushered a new

era in the field of embedded systems.

17

0

2

4

68

10

12

14

16

18

growth

Rate

1st

Qtr

2004

Embedded

ProcessorEmbeddedMemory

EmbeddedBoards

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The embedded systems applications will branch out areas as diverse as

wireless, internet and mobile communications, industrial control, test and

measurement, networking, aerospace and automotive control, consumer

electronics, digital imaging and defence

Exciting Career opportunities:

15% of HCL staff is working on embedded systems. It contributes more

than 30% of HCL Technologies revenues.

Wipro has around 4,000 people in embedded systems. If the telecom

services are included then the number goes up to 9000.

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CHAPTER 2

MICRONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION:

Microcontrollers are single chip computers. The Intel 8051 is a single chip

microcontroller (C) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded

systems. Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but has

today largely been superseded by a vast range of faster and/or functionally enhanced

8051-compatible devices manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers

including Atmel, Infineon Technologies (formerly Siemens AG), Maxim Integrated

Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips

Semiconductor), Winbond, ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly

Cygnal), Texas Instruments and Cypress Semiconductor. Intel's official designation

for the 8051 family of Cs is MCS 51.Intel's original 8051 family was developed

using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter "C" in their name,

e.g. 80C51, used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS

predecessors - this made them eminently more suitable for battery-powered devices.

2.1 Important features and applications

It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer,

etc.) in a single package

8-bit data bus - It can access 8 bits of data in one operation (hence it is an 8-bitmicrocontroller)

16-bit address bus - It can access 216 memory locations - 64 kB each of RAM

and ROM

On-chip RAM - 128 bytes ("Data Memory")

On-chip ROM - 4 kB ("Program Memory")

Four byte bi-directional input/output port

UART (serial port)

Two 16-bit Counter/timers

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Two-level interrupt priority

RELATED PROCESSORS:

The 8051's predecessor, the 8048, was used in the keyboard of the first IBM PC,

where it converted keypresses into the serial data stream which is sent to the main unit

of the computer. The 8048 and derivatives are still used today for basic model

keyboards.The 8031 was a cut down version of the original Intel 8051 that did not

contain any internal program memory (ROM). To use this chip external ROM is to be

added that will contain the program that the 8031 will fetch and execute.The 8052

was an enhanced version of the original Intel 8051 that featured 256 bytes of internal

RAM instead of 128 bytes, 8 kB of ROM instead of 4 kB, and a third 16-bit timer.

The 8032 had these same features except for the internal ROM program memory. The

8052 and 8032 are largely considered to be obsolete because these features and more

are included in nearly all modern 8051 based microcontrollers.

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Fig. 2.1 PROCESSORS RELATED TO 8051

2.2 Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

In short microcontroller can be defined as:

True computer on a chip

Specific-purpose digital computers

Design incorporates all the features of a microprocessor like ALU, PC, SP and

registers along with RAM ROM, parallel I/O, serial I/O,, timers, clock circuits

ADC etc

2.3 Types of microcontroller:

4 BIT MICROCONTROLLERS:It is the most popular microcontroller made in

terms of production. It is most economical and cheaper. It is mainly applicable to toys

and small appliances

21

CPU RAM

ROM

I/O TIMERSERIAL

COMPORT

CPU

General

purposeuP

RAM

ROM

I/O

TIMER

SERIAL

COM

PORT

Address Bus

Data Bus

MICRPROCESSOR MICRCONTROLLER

1. Contains no on chip RAM, ROM, I/O,

TIMER, Serial port .

1. Contains on chip RAM, ROM, I/O,

TIMER, Serial port .

2. Used in General Purpose applications 2. Used in Specific Purpose applications

3. Dont provide data storage facility. 3. Provides data storage facility.

4. The structure of uP is as given below 4. The structure of uC is as given below

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Table 2.1 4-bit Microcontrollers

8 BIT MICROCONTROLLERS: It represents the transition zone between

dedicated, high volume, 4 bit microcontrollers and the high performance 16 bitmicrocontrollers. 8-bit word size adequate for many computing tasks and control or

monitoring applications it is applicable to simple appliances control, high speed

machine control, data collection etc.


16 BIT MICROCONTROLLERS: It provides faster and more sophisticated

calculations. It is applicable to control of servomechanisms like robot arms.

22

Serial bit I/O2K128242:35Toshiba: TLCS47

LED display1K6428:23TI: TMS 1000

1K3216:11OKI: MSM6411

Serial bit I/O1K64128:23National: COP42

10 bit ROM5123228:10Hitachi: HMCS40

Otherfeatures

ROM

(bytes)

RAM

(bytes)CountersPins: I/O

Manufacturer:

Model

8-channel AD; very low cost4K256228:22Zilog : Z86C83

Ext memory to 124K; serial port2K128240:32Zilog : Z8

serial port; ADC; WDT8K256368:48Philips : 87C552

2K64140:32Rockwell : 6500/1

serial ports; ADC; WDT8K256252:40Motorola : 68HC11

1K64128:20Motorola : 6805

serial bit I/O1K64128:24National : COP820

25/20 ma sink/source; WDT1K25018:12Microchip:PIC16C56

Ext memory to 128K;serial port4K128240:32Intel : 8051

Ext memory to 8K1K64140:27Intel : 8048

Other featuresROM

(bytes)

RAM

(bytes)CountersPins: I/O

Manufacturer:

Model

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32 BIT MICROCONTROLLERS: The design emphasis is more on high speed

computation features and not on chip features like RAM, ROM, and Timers etc. it is

applicable to robotics, highly intelligent instrumentation, avionics, image, processing,

telecommunications, automobiles

Example: Intel 80960, ARM

2.4 History of the 8051

Developed by Intel Corporation in the year 1981.

First 8-bit microcontroller called as 8051

It was called as a System on a chip

Intel refers to it as MCS-51

In 2005, the 8051 microcontroller celebrated it's 25th anniversary. Intel introduced a

Single-chip processor, the 4004, in 1971. It was a 4-bit microprocessor, with

whopping processing speed of 100 thousand operations per second, and was meant for

23

Ext memory to 64K; serial port; A/D;PWM

16K512468:52National:HPC1616

4

Ext memory to 64K; serial port; A/D;PWM; WDT

8K232268:40Intel:80C196

Ext memory to 1M; serial port; A/D;PWM

32K1K584:65Hitachi:H8/532

Other features

ROM

(bytes)

RAM

(bytes)

Counters

Pins:I/O

Manufacturer:

Model

132 Pin ceramic package efficient procedure calls20 MHz clock Fault handling capability

32 Bit bus Trace events

Floating point unit Global registers

512 Byte instruction cache efficient interrupt vectors

Interrupt control versatile addressing

Hardware features Software features

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an electronic calculator. There is a lot of 4-bit processing in calculators, especially if

the software is based on BCD arithmetics. Later Intel introduced the 8-bitter 8008

and it's grown-up brother - the famous 8080 (which then was perfected by an ex-Intel

employee as Ziploc Z80, one of the best 8-bit microprocessors of all times).

In 1976, Intel introduced its first microcontroller, 8048. It integrated the processing

core with code and data memory and certain peripherals. The code memory was a

1kB mask ROM (defined by the last metallization mask during the chip processing) or

EPROM (after all, Intel invented EPROM), the data memory was 64 bytes of RAM

(including the 8-level stack and two pages of eight general purpose registers). Besides

general-purpose I/O (see below), peripherals included a timer and an external

interrupt (plus the necessary interrupt system).Although the 8048 is clearly an 8-bit

architecture, it is said to be an ancestor of the 4-bit 4004 Rather than the 8080. Also it

is said to bear remarkable similarities to Fairchild F8 microprocessor.

8051: The Classics.

In 1980, Intel introduced the successor to 8048, the 8051.Intel made sure that the

transition from the already successful model will be as smooth as Possible.

Architecturally, the 8051 is an extension to 8048. Almost every resource of

8048 is present in 8051 in same or superior form. 4kB ROM and 128B RAM on chip.

Pin Compatibility was not maintained, but it was not a real issue. Software

compatibility is not binary wise but source-wise, but that is also acceptable. The

preliminary datasheet read: "Enhanced MCS-48 Architecture".

The extensions included code and data memory extended to 64kB with appropriate

support in Instruction set and registers (DPTR), relative conditional and unconditional

jumps (conditionals and DJNZ were constrained within a 256-byte page in 8048), four

register banks instead of two, unlimited" stack (8048 had stack limited to 16 bytes),

multiple and divide instructions. As for peripherals, second timer was added and both

were extended to 16 bits with multiple modes

(Including 8-bit auto reload mode), and an UART (which was a luxury that many

lower-end microcontrollers didn't have even a couple of years ago). The raw clock

frequency did not increase considerably, being 12MHz, but an instruction cycle is 12

clocks now.

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2.5 Standard Features of 8051 Microcontroller:

8 Bit data path and ALU.

On chip flash memory.

4K X 8 ROM - Program memory.

128 x 8 RAM - Data memory.

Multiple 16-bit Timer/Counter.

Full duplex UART (Serial port).

On chip clock oscillator.

32 I/O pins

Six Interrupt sources

Introduced by Intel Corporation in 1981 as MCS 51

Main features of MCS 51:

Intel allowed other manufacturers to make and market any version of 8051

depending upon the speed and on chip ROM

All versions code compatible

Other members of the 8051 family: 8052, 8031

25

ROM 4K bytes

RAM 128 bytes

Timer 2

I/O Pins 32

Serial port 1

Interrupt sources 6

Feature Quantity

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COMPARISON OF 8051 FAMILY MEMBERS:

Table 2.4 Comparison of 8051 family members

128 bytes of RAM, a timer and extra 4K bytes of on chip ROM. 8051 is an upward

compatible to 8052.

MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)

The AT89S52 is an upgraded version of the micro controller 8051. the main features

of 8051 are given as under:8051 micro controller has 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of

on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports (each 8-bits wide) all on a

single chip. The 8051 is an 8-bit processor i.e. the CPU can work on only 8 bits of

data at a time. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, and number of I/O ports in

microcontroller makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are

critical.

FEATURES OF THE AT89S52:

Feature Quantity

ROM 4K bytes

RAM 128 bytes

26

ROM 4K 0K 8K

RAM (bytes) 128 128 256

Timers 2 2 3

I/O Pins 32 32 32

Serial Port 1 1 1

Interrupt Sources 6 6 8

Feature 8051 8031 8052

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Timer 2

I/O pins 32

Serial port 1

Interrupt sources 6

The only differences in 89S52 and 8051 is that of on-chip ROM and RAM, timers and

interrupts. Both the micro controllers are based on the high power CISC architecture

of INTEL-MCS-51.

2.68051 ARCHITECTURE:

The 8051 family is one of the most common microcontroller architectures used

worldwide. 8051 based microcontrollers are offered in hundreds of variants from

many different silicon manufacturers. The 8051 is based on an 8-bit CISC core with

Harvard architecture. The 8051 family is one of the most common microcontroller

architectures used worldwide. 8051 based microcontrollers are offered in hundreds of

variants from many different silicon manufacturers. The 8051 is based on an 8-bit

CISC core with Harvard architecture

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF UC 8051 :

27

CPU

INTERRUPT

CONTROL

OSC

ON CHIPRAM

BUSCONTRO

L

SERIALPORT4 I/O PORTS

ON-CHIP

FLASH

ETC.

TIMER1

TIMER0

COUNTER

INPUT

EXTERNAL

INTERRUPTS

P0 P2 P1 P3TXD RXD

ADDRESS/DA

TA

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Fig 2.2BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051

PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig. 2.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051

PIN DESCRIPTION :

Port 1- Pins (1-8) :

Input/output pins

Contains internal pull-ups.

Port 3- Pins (10-17)

Input/output pins.

28

1 40

2 39

3 38

4 37

5 36

6 35

7 34

8 33

9 32

10 31

11 30

12 29

13 28

14 27

15 26

16 25

17 24

18 23

19 22

20 21

P1.0

P1.1

P1.2

P1.3

P1.4

P1.5

P1.6

P1.7

RST

(RXD) P3.0

(TXD) P3.1

(INT0) P3.2

(INT1) P3.3

(T0) P3.4

(T1) P3.5

(WR) P3.6

(RD) P3.7

XTAL2

XTAL1

GND

Vcc

P0.0 (AD0)

P0.1 (AD1)

P0.2 (AD2)

P0.3 (AD3)

P0.4 (AD4)

P0.5 (AD5)

P0.6 (AD6)

P0.7 (AD7)

EA/VPP

ALE/PROG

PSEN

P2.7 (A15)

P2.6 (A14)

P2.5 (A13)

P2.4 (A12)

P2.3 (A11)

P2.2 (A10)

P2.1 (A9)

P2.0 (A8)

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Alternate functions to provide signals such as interrupts.

Port 2- pins (21-28) :

Input/output port.


Used both as I/O port and higher address byte

Port 0- Pins (32-39):

Input/output pins.

Required external Pull- up resisters of 10 k.

Used both as I/O port and higher address byte

PSEN- (pin 29): Program store enable

Active low input

Used while accessing external memory.

Connected to OE pin of external ROM.

ALE- (pin 30) : Address Latch Enable

Active high.

Used for de-multiplexing the address and data by connecting G pin of the

74LS373.

EA- (pin 31):

Active low input.

To access external ROM, it must be GND.

XTAL1and XTAL2 - (pin 19 and pin 18):

Provides clock to quartz crystal oscillator.

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Fig. 2.4CONNECTIONS DIAGRAM

RST- (pin 9) : Reset

Active high input.

Terminate all activities of uc.

Sets PC to 0.

Requires minimum 2 machine cycles.

VCC - (pin 40): Power supply

GND (pin 20): Ground

2.7 8051 REGISTERS:

GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS:

REGISTERS (R0-R7): Set of 8 auxiliary registers, namely R0-R7

There are 4 such banks in lower RAM.

Data Pointer (DPTR): Made of two 8-bit registers, namely DPH and DPL.

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Used to furnish memory address for internal and external code access and external

data access.

Program Counter (PC): 16-bit register holds the address of the next program

instruction to be executed, automatically Incremented after each instruction fetch.

Stack Pointer (SP): 8-bit register, used to hold an internal RAM Address called the

top of the stack.

Special Function Registers

CPU REGISTER:ACC : Accumulator.

- B : B registers.

- PSW : Program Status Word.

- SP : Stack Pointer.

- DPTR : Data Pointer (DPH, DPL).

INTERRUPT CONTROL:

-IE : Interrupt Enable.

-IP : Interrupt Priority.

I/O PORT:

- P0 : Port 0.

- P1 : Port 1.

- P2 : Port 2.

- P3 : Port 3.

TIMERS:

- TMOD: Timer mode.

- TCON : Timer control.

- TH0 : Timer 0 high byte.

- TL0 : Timer 0 low byte.

- TH1 : Timer 1 high byte.

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- TL1 : Timer 1 low byte.

SERIAL I/O:

- SCON : Serial port control.- SBUF : Serial data registers.

OTHER:

- PCON : Power control & misc.

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COMMENT:

Begin with semicolon comment indication.

Comments should be small and meaningful.

Assembler ignores comments, but they are indispensable to programmer.

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES

The language whose instruction set is more compatible with human languages

and human thought processes

HLL offers three significant advantages over machine/assembly language.

SIMPLICITY.UNIFORMITY.PROBABILITY

HLL the programmer need not to be concern with internal detail ofmicroprocessor and microcontroller

3.2 ADDRESSING MODES

IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING MODE: The operand comes immediately after the opcode.

Immediate data must be preceded by the pound sign (#).

Can be used to load information into any of the registers and

memory locations.

MOV 30H, #23H

MOV A, #25H

MOV R0, #65H

REGISTERS ADDRESSING MODES:

Involves the use of registers to hold the data to be

manipulated.

MOV A, R0

MOV R1, A

MOV A, R6

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DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE:

The data in the RAM memory location and whose address is

known.

The address is given as apart of instruction

MOV 30H, A : Save content of A in RAM

MOV R0, 24H

MOV A, 28H

REGISTER INDIRECT ADDRESSING MODES:

A register is used as a pointer to the data.

As the register hold the address of RAM location they must be proceeded by

@ sign.

Only register R0, R1 are used for this purpose.

MOV A, R0; Move the content of Ram location whose address is

Held by R0 into A.

MOV @R1, B; Move contents of B into RAM location whose

Address is held by R1.

INDEXED ADDRESSING MODE:

Used in accessing data elements of look-up table located in ROM space.

The 16-bit register DPTR and ACC are used to form the address of data

element stored on a chip ROM.

The instruction used foe this purpose is

MOV A, @A+DPTR

3.3 TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONS:

Arithmetic instructions:

Mnemonic Operands Bytes/cycle

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ADD A, Rn 1/1

ADDC A, direct 2/1

SUBB A, @ RI 1/1

A, #Data 2/1

INC A 1/1

DEC Rn 1/1

Direct 2/1

@ RI 2/1

INC DPTR 1/2

MUL AB 1/4

DIV AB 1/4

DA A 1/1

LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS

Mnemonic Operands Bytes/Cycle

ANL A, R 1/1

ORL A, direct 2/1

XRL A,@Ri 1/1

A, #data 2/1

Direct, A 2/1

Direct, #data 3/2

C, bit 2/2

C, /bit 2/2

CLR A 1/1

CPL C 1/1

Bit 2/1

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RL A 1/1

RLC A 1/1

RRC A 1/1

SWAP A 1/1

SETB C 1/1

DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTION

Mnemonic operands Bytes/Cycles

MOV A, Rn 1/1

A, direct 2/1

A, @ RI 1/1

A, #data 2/1

Rn, A 1/1

Rn, direct 2/2

Rn, #data 2/1

Direct, A 2/1

Direct, Rn 2/2

Direct, direct 3/2

Direct, @ RI 2/2

Direct, #data 3/2

MOVC A, @ A+DPTR 1/2

A, @ A+PC 1/2

PUSH Direct 2/2

POP direct 2/2

XCH A, Rn 1/1

XCHD A,@ Ri 1/1

3.4 PROGRAMMING TOOLS

EDITOR: It provides the facility to write the programs and then immediate

assemble or compile the program. It gives us the facility to create new text,

open existing text and save the written text.

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ASSEMBLER: Assembler is software which convert assembly language

program into machine language program called object code. After assembling

it generates a number of files

Asm file---lst file---Obj file---Link file---Hex file ASSEMBLING A PROGRAM:

The program developed by the programmer is stored as asm file

The assembler converts the source file into machine code and produce an

object file and list file

The linker links all the object files and produces link files

The link file is fed into an OH (object to hex converter) which creates a

hex file.

The hex file is programmed into the ROM

COMPILER:

A compiler is a program that translates a high level language program to

machine level language instructions

A compiler may use an assembly language as an intermediate step in the

translation or may translate the program directly to machine code

After assembling the code it generates a number of files like c file, asm

file, lst file, obj file, rel file, link file, hex file etc depending on the

compiler.

The most popular microcontroller compilers are SDCC, READS, (PIC),

PL/M, from Intel and many more,

PROGRAMMER:

Programmer is a device used to program the hex file generated by

assembler/compiler into ROM of microcontroller

SIMULATOR:It is a program which provides the facility to step through

the code to see exactly what is happening as the program runs. The

contents of register or variable can altered to change the way the program

runs. A simulator cant support real interrupts or devices.

DEBUGGER:It is a tool that is used to help identify and fix problems in

a program. It supports step by step execution of the code and viewing the

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contents of code variables. It allows monitoring of registers memory and

program statements

CHAPTER 4

INTERFACING DEVICES

Many times we need to interface some devices at I/O ports of 8051 microcontroller.Some common interfacing devices are:

4.1 GENRAL INTERFACING DEVICES:

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)

Light emitting diodes, commonly called LEDs do dozens of different jobs and are

found in all kinds of devices. Among other things, they form the numbers on digital

clocks, transmit information from remote controls, light up watches and tell you when

your appliances are turned on. Collected together, they can form images on a jumbo

television screen or illuminate a traffic light.

Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. But

unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that will burn out, and

they don't get especially hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement ofelectrons in a semiconductor material, and they last just as long as a standard

transistor.

PHOTO DIODE

Photodiode are efficient light detectors that can be made small sizes, good linearity,

and high response speed. Photodiode converts light into an electrical signal.

Photodiode are faster than photoconductor because they have a pn junction to collect

the carriers.

Photo dictions mechanism in photodiodes is similar to that in photoconductor in

that an electron-hole pair is created by a

Photon for which hv>=Eg but it differs in that only the photo carrier

That diffuse to the depletion layer are counted and only the minority carriers are

collected.

RELAYS

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In industrial application we need to isolate one circuit electrically from another, while

still allowing the first circuit to control the second. The way of providing electrical

isolation between two circuits is to place a relay between them.

A relay consists of a coil, which may be energized by the low-voltage circuit, and one

or more sets of switch contacts, which may be connected to the high-voltage circuit.

Fig. 4.1 RELAY CIRCUIT

RELAYS WORKING:

When a relay is off, the metal arm is at its rest position and so there is contact

between the Normally Closed (N.C.) switch contact and the 'common' switch contact.

If a current is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts the metal

arm and there is now contact between the Normally Open (N.O.) switch contact and

the common switch contact.

Fig. 4.2 RELAY WORKING

40

Low-voltage circuit High-voltage circuit

A relay providing isolation between two circuits

Relay off Relay on

Metal arm

Energized coilCoil

Coil contactsN.C.

contact

Common

contact

N.O. contact

There is contact between thecommon and N.C. contacts

There is now contact between thecommon and N.O. contacts

The mechanical operation of a relay

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OPTOCOUPLERS

The MCT2XXX series opt isolators consist of a gallium arsenide

infrared emitting diode driving a silicon phototransistor in a 6-pin dual in-line

package.

Fig 4.3 OPTOCOUPLER

There are many situations where signals and data need to be

transferred from one subsystem to another within a piece of electronics equipment, or

from one piece of equipment to another, without making a direct electrical

connection. Often this is because the source and destination are (or may be at times) at

very different voltage levels.

Relays provide this kind of isolation, but even small relays tend to be fairly bulky

compared with ICs and many of todays other miniature circuit components. Because

theyre electro-mechanical, relays are also not as reliable and only capable of

relatively low speed operation. Where small size, higher speed and greater reliability

are important, a much better alternative is to use an optocoupler. These use a beam of

light to transmit the signals or data across an electrical barrier, and achieve excellent

isolation.

Optocouplers typically come in a small 6-pin or 8-pin IC package, but

are essentially a combination of two distinct devices: an optical transmitter, typically

a gallium arsenide LED (light-emitting diode) and an optical receiver such as a

phototransistor or light-triggered diac. The two are separated by a transparent barrier

which blocks any electrical current flow between the two, but does allow the passage

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of light. The basic idea is shown in Fig.1, along with the usual circuit symbol for an

optocoupler.

Fig 4.4 CONSTRUCTION OF A OPTOCOUPLER

Usually the electrical connections to the LED section are brought out

to the pins on one side of the package and those for the phototransistor or diac to the

other side, to physically separate them as much as possible. This usually allows

optocouplers to withstand voltages of anywhere between 500V and 7500V between

input and output.

Optocouplers are essentially digital or switching devices, so theyre

best for transferring either on-off control signals or digital data. Analog signals can be

transferred by means of frequency or pulse-width modulation.

LCD

A Liquid Crystal Display is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color

or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of light source or reflector.

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Fig 4.5 LCD Connections

It is often utilize in battery powered electronic devices because it uses very small

amount of electric power.

LCDs can be broadly broken in to two categories:

Graphics LCD

Character LCD

CHAPTER 5

Programming of 8051

LEDs interfacing program:

LEDPORT EQU P0

MAIN:

LEDPORT,#00H

ACALL DELAY

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LEDPORT,#00H

ACALL DELAY

SJMP MAIN

DELAY1:

MOV 33H,#100D

D3: MOV 34H,#100D

D2: MOV 35H,#50D

D1: DJNZ 35H,D1

DJNZ 34H,D2

DJNZ 33H,D3

RET

LCD interfacing Program:

LCDPORT EQU P2

RS EQU P1.1

EN EQU P1.0

ORG 0000H

MOV P2,#38H

ACALL COMMAND

MOV P2,#0CH

ACALL COMMAND

MOV P2,#01H

ACALL COMMAND

MOV P2,#80H

ACALL COMMAND

MOV R2,#00H

MOV R3,#16D

H2:

MOV A,R2

MOV DPTR,#0100H

MOVC A,@A+DPTR

MOV P2,A

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ACALL DATA

INC R2

DJNZ R3,H2

MOV P2,#0C0H

ACALL COMMAND

MOV R4,#00H

MOV R5,#16D

H3:

MOV A,R4

MOV DPTR,#0110H

MOVC A,@A+DPTR

MOV P2,A

ACALL DATA

INC R4

DJNZ R5,H3

HERE3:SJMP HERE3

COMMAND:

CLR P1.0

SETB P1.1

NOP

NOP

CLR P1.1

ACALL DELAY

RET

DATA:

SETB P1.0

SETB P1.1

NOP

NOP

CLR P1.1

ACALL DELAY

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RET

delay:

MOV R0,#0FFH

HERE1:MOV R1,#0FFH

HERE:DJNZ R1,HERE

DJNZ R0,HERE1

RET

ORG 0100H

DB 'DEEPAK GUPTA'

ORG 0110H

DB 'DATE 30/JUL/2009'

7 Segment Interfacing Program:

SEG EQU P3

LOOP2:

MOV R3,#00H

MOV R4,#10D

LOOP1:

MOV A,R3

MOV DPTR,#0070H

MOVC A,@A+DPTR

ORL A,00H

MOV P3,A

ACALL DELAY

INC R3

DJNZ R4,LOOP1

SJMP LOOP2

STOP: SJMP STOP

delay:

MOV R0,#0FFH

HERE1:MOV R1,#0FFH

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HERE:DJNZ R1,HERE

DJNZ R0,HERE1

RET

org 0070h

DB 00H

DB 10H

DB 20H

DB 30H

DB 40H

DB 50H

DB 60H

DB 70H

DB 80H

DB 90H

REFRENCES

www.emtech.in

www.wikipidia.com

www.siliconindia.com

www.google.com
http://www.emtech.in/http://www.wikipidia.com/http://www.siliconindia.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.emtech.in/http://www.wikipidia.com/http://www.siliconindia.com/http://www.google.com/

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