Deepak E-gov Nepal

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eGovernanceinNepal:Prospectsand

Challenges

in

Implementation

DeepakBahadurDhamiCorvinusUniversityofBudapestHungary

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Contents

IntroductionScopeofeGovernance

Objective

of

the

Thesis

workLiteratureReviewResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis

Finding

of

the

Research

workResearchAchievementsandRecommendationConclusionandFurtherworks

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Introduction

InformationAge:

ICTtechnologyisthemajordriver

eGovernance referstotheuseofICTandecommercetoprovide access to government information, communicating

withinthegovernmentorganization,deliveryofpublicservicesto

their

citizens

and

business

partners.

StrategicObjectives: ServicetothePublic EfficientGovernment

ICT plays the key role to Create,Access, Circulate, Process,Analyze and Uses the Information. It helps to transformtraditional government by making it accessible, transparent,effectiveandaccountable.

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IntroductionContinue..

Governmentmore

accountable

by

making

its

operations

more

transparentthatwillreducecorruption.

ICTbasedonlineserviceisthemostdemocraticandunbiasedsystem.It

offersequal

opportunity

to

all

races,

genders

and

ethnic

groups.

EGovernmentbreaksthebarrierofgeographicaldiversityandmakesthegovernmentserviceshandytoallcitizensatvillageswhoareevennotconnectedbyroadsandopensupmanyopportunities,providedInternet

connectivityis

available

either

through

wireless

communication, fiber

opticcables,dialups,VSATsorwhateverothermedium.

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eGovernanceMasterPlan(eGMP)byHLCIT2006

Improvethequalityofpeopleslifewithoutanydiscrimination,transcendingregionalandracialdifferences,andrealizesocioeconomicdevelopmentbybuildingatransparentgovernmentandprovidingvalueadded

quality

services

through

ICT

ICT and eGovernance in Nepal: Hope for overcome Poverty andimproveeconomicdevelopment

MajorProblem: Implementation

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Nepal

is

a

landlocked

and

underdeveloped

countrywithabout29.3millionpeople.

ItliesbetweenIndiaandChina.

Nepalis

characterized

by

Diverse

and

difficult

terrain

includinghighestmountainMountEverest

PoorLiteracyRateandTechnologicalCulture

Pooraccess

of

Government

services

by

the

People

of

remoteandruralareaofNepal

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WhereisNepal?

Capital:Kathmandu

Language:Nepali

Government:Republic

(May

28,

2008)

Population:29.3million(approx)

Area:1,47,181squarekm

LiteracyRate:57%(approx)

GDPPercapita:$470(2009)

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ScopeofeGovernance

Citizensarebenefitedfromtheinformation

ImproveTransparency,Accountabilityandreduce

CorruptionRuralpovertyalleviationandimprovedservice

deliverytothecommunity.

Enhancedproductivity

and

Economic

development

Moreeffectiveruleoflawwithastrongerlegalsystemandlawenforcement

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ObjectiveoftheStudy

Toknow

the

current

status

of

egovernance

in

Nepal.

Findingthesocial,economicalandpoliticalaspectofeGovernanceimplementationratherthantechnological.

To

find

out

the

factors

that

influence

e

Governance

implementation.ListouttheChallengesonitsimplementation.Readinessofgovernmenttoitsimplementation.

Comparativestudy

of

the

government

office

with/withoutimplementation.Tofindoutwhethertheavailableresourceisutilizedor

not.

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LiteratureReview

Definitions:Egovernment is the use of information and communications

technologies(ICT)totransformthetraditionalgovernmentbymakingitaccessible,transparent,effectiveandaccountable.

WorldBank,2007EGovernment referstotheusebygovernmentagenciesofinformation

technologies(suchasWideAreaNetworks,the Internet,andmobilecomputing)thathavetheabilitytotransformrelationswithcitizens,businesses, and other arms of government. These technologies canserveavarietyofdifferentends:betterdeliveryofgovernment services

tocitizens,

improved

interactions

with

business

and

industry,

citizen

empowerment through access to information, or more efficientgovernment management. The resulting benefits can be lesscorruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenuegrowth,and/orcostreductions.

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LiteratureReview

continue

An

e

government

is

a

complex

socio

technical

system

inwhichheterogeneousstakeholdersareinteractivelyentangled to fulfill their best interests. Rich anddiverse researches have examined and analyzed

multiple

issues

in

implementing

the

egovernment

amongdevelopedcountries(Nouretal.,2007).

Sharing and delivering services to citizens and

businesses

for

the

purpose

of

reducing

corruption,

strengtheningaccountability,reducingtimeandcost,andincreasingtransparency.Bhatnagar(2002)

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LiteratureReview

continue

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LiteratureReview

continue

The Onion Ring Model

Source: Heeks(2005)

13

The Onion Ring Model

Source: Heeks(2005)


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LiteratureReview

continue

CategoriesofeGovernance

Table:eGovernanceCategories

14

Category Abbreviation

Government to Citizen G2C

Government to Government G2G

Government to Business G2B

Government to Employee G2E


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LiteratureReview

continue

WhyeGovernanceforDevelopment? Threebasicchangepotentialsforgoodgovernancefordevelopment:

Automation

Informatisation

Transformation

fivemainbenefitstogovernancefordevelopment:

Efficiencygains: Governancethatischeaper

Governance

that

does

more Governancethatisquicker

Effectivenessgains: Governancethatworksbetter:

Governancethatisinnovative

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LiteratureReview

continue

ICTandeGovernmentinHungary

In2005,

GSM

penetration

was

86%.

UNereadinessindexofHungaryis0.6494(30)in2008and0.6315in2010(27).

ComputerInfrastructure Centraladministration:0.93computer/employee(practicallycomplete) Local

administration:

0.89

computer/employee

NetworkInfrastructure Central:500institutesongovernmentbackbone,LAN:98%,Internetaccess:

97% Local

:Internet

access:

88%,

LAN:

36%

HomePages Central:>90% Local:


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LiteratureReview

continue

DevelopmentofeGovernanceinHungary

InitialPhase:

Early

1990s,

Modernization

of

office

equipment

and

exchangingtypewritersforPCs

DevelopmentPhase:

In2000,newinstitution,theOfficeoftheGovernmentCommissionerfor

Informationand

Communication

Technology

(Informatikai

Kormnybiztossg IKB),wasestablishedinthePrimeMinistersOffice.WithinIKBaseparateorganizationalunit,theDivisionofElectronic

Government,wasestablishedtocoordinatethedevelopmentofgovernmentinformationsystems

Bythat

time,

several

ministries

and

institutions

had

developed

their

own

networksconnectingtheirownareasofresponsibility.

egovernmentdevelopmentwasfinancedbythePHARE1 programme,becauseofthesubstantialtransittradethathadtobecontrolledaccordingtoEUstandards.


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LiteratureReview

continue

DevelopmentofeGovernanceinHungary

ImplementationPhase:

Inmid2003,ElectronicGovernmentCentre(Elektronikuskormnyzatkzpont EKK)wasestablished.SincethenEKKhasbeenresponsibleforthecoordinationofegovernmentdevelopmentatthecentrallevel.

In

November

2004,

a

new

version

of

the

Governmental

Portal,

www.magyarorszag.hu,waslaunched,andtheElectronicGovernmentBackbone(ElektronikusKormnyzatiGerinchlzat EKG),

SinceApril2005,atransactionalgateway,theClientGate(gyflkapu),hasalloweduserstosecurelyidentifythemselvesonlineandgainaccessto

transactionalegovernment

services.

InJuly2005,theActontheFreedomofInformationbyElectronicMeans wasadopted;itsgoalistheestablishmentofthelegalenvironmentrequiredtocreateatransparentdigitalstate.


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LiteratureReview

continue

NeweGovernanceServicesunderimplementationinHungary:

Institution Eservices

under

implementation

Hungarian National Public Health and MedicalOfficer Service (NTSZ)

Epidemic reports 24.000 /year will be sent electronically.

Laboratory test results (30.000 / year) will be sent electronically.

Employment and Social Affairs Office (FSZH), Declaration of staff number cutbacks over 12 employees at the

same time.Central Office for Administrative and ElectronicPublic Services (KEKKH)

Electronic handling of applications for new ID cards.

Electronic registration in ownership changing of cars.

Applications for ethical certificate necessary for certain jobs.

Electronic ethical certificate

Central Statistical Office Electronic declaration of statistical data (mandatory for businesses)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Electronic data transfer from the Hungarian Embassies to theMinistry, when new Passport should be issued for Hungariancitizens living abroad.

Hungarian Office for Mining and Geology(MBFH)

Electronic handling of mining permissions


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LiteratureReview

continue

NeweGovernanceServicesunderimplementation

inHungary:

Institution Eservicesunderimplementation

Hungarian Patent Office (MSzH) Electronic forms for patent related queries

Ministry of Economy and Transport (NFGM) Electronic handling of building permits

Electronic data collectionNational Consumer Protection Office (NFH) Electronic handling of complaints

National Health Insurance Company (OEP) Electronic handling of applications for public care attendance

Educational Authority (OH) Electronic handling of all cases in the competency of theAuthority.

Central Administration of National PensionInsurance (ONYF)

Electronic access to personal pension data


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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis

Research

Categories:1. Quantitative Analysis: systematic empirical investigation ofquantitativepropertiesandphenomenaandtheirrelationships.E.g.Survey

2. Qualitative

Analysis: aim

to

gather

an

indepth

understanding

of

humanbehaviorandthereasonsthatgovernsuchbehavior.Thequalitativemethod investigates the why and how of decision making, notjust what, where,when. E.g.Interviews,reviewofrecordsandobservations

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DataCollectionTechniques:

1.PrimaryDataCollection:

DataSources:

1. MinistryofFinance2.MinistryofLandandreform3.Ministryof

Scienceand

technology

4.

Ministry

of

General

administration

Questionnaire:

4setsofquestionnaireforsurvey:Type1,2,3and4

SampleSize:

MinistryStaff:50

Citizens:100

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DataCollectionTechniques:

1.SecondaryDataCollection:

DataSources:

1. AnnualReportsofgovernmentagenciesandNGOs

2. Websites

3. Articles

4. NationalandInternationalpapers

5. Reviewingexperts

views

and

interviews

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QualitativeDataAnalysis:

Analysisof StructuredQuestionnaire interview andresearchpapersof

ViceChairman,HLCIT

EGovernance

Expert

CoordinatorofeGovernanceimplementation

ComputerEngineer,HLCIT

FormerMemberSecretary,HLCIT

Numberof

Structured

Questions:

12

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Analysis

of

Ministries

Employee

Survey:

25

Questions Option a Option b Option c Option d

IT training courses Professionaltraining (61%)

Hardware andnetworking courses(30%)

How to usepc (9%)

IT infrastructurecapabilities

Networkedcomputers

(90%)

Stand alonecomputers (10%)

Operating systemand applicationsoftware in use

Windows xp(60%)

Linux (25%) Ubuantu (5%) Others(10%)


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ResearchMethodology

and

Data

Analysis

BudgetAllocationinICTfordifferentMinistries:

HRDBudget:VeryLow

Result:Verypoortechnicalhumanresources

Poorlyutilizedhardwareresources

Andpropermaintenanceand

Supportintheministry.

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ResearchMethodology

and

Data

Analysis

Analysis

of

Citizen

Survey:

27

Questions Option a Option b Option c Option d Option e

Satisfaction onadministrativeservices

Normal or below(91%)

Good or verygood (9%)

Ways to getadministrative

services

Visit governmentoffices (47%)

Query throughtelephone lines

(27%)

Uses internet(18%)

Postalservices

(8%)

Fax

(0%)

Administrativeservices to becomputerized

National IDservices (44%)

Customersservice (20%)

Tax service(16%)

Real Estate(10%)

Licenseservice(10%)


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ResearchMethodology

and

Data

Analysis

28

Goal of the e-Governance ProjectSteps to improve AdministrativeServices

Analysis of Citizen Survey:


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CurrentStatus

of

ICT

and

eGovernance

Development

BriefHistory

1972:Introductionofcomputerforcensus(IBM1401) 1974:EstablishmentofElectronicDataProcessingCenter 1982:FirstPrivateOverseasInvestmentinsoftwaredevelopmentbyestablishing

companyforexport,DataSystemsInternational(p)LTD

1985:Distribution

of

Personal

Computers

1990:Liberalizationonimportsofequipment 1992:EstablishmentofComputerAssociationofNepal 1996:EstablishmentoftheMinistryofScience&Technology 2000:AnnouncementofthefirstITpolicy,ITPolicy2000

2001:Establishment

of

National

Information

Technology

Center

(NITC)

2003:EstablishmentofHighLevelCommissionforInformationTechnology(HLCIT)

2007:EnactmentofElectronicsTransactionAct

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KeyInstitutions

and

Organizations

dealing

with

ICT

inNepal

Ministryof

Science

and

Technology

(MoST)

HighLevelCommissionforInformationTechnology(HLCIT)

NepalInformationTechnologyCenter(NITC)

Nepal

Telecommunication

Authority

(NTA) InternetServiceProviders'AssociationofNepal(ISPAN)

NepalTelecom(NT),UnitedTelecomLimited(UTL),SpiceNepalPvt.Ltd.(SNPL)

NGOsand

Organizations:

ENetworkingResearchandDevelopment(ENRD)

ComputerAssociationofNepal(CAN)

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DevelopmentofICTInfrastructureand

Networks

ProgressinConnectivityacrossthecountryispositive.

InrecentyearsNepalhasremarkablyimprovedtheICTandTelecommunicationfacilities.

TelecommunicationandinternetBackbone:

EastWest

(900

km)

Optical

fiber

network

is

almost

completed

and

will

beconnectedtoIndiaviaseveralconnectingpoints. fiberopticproject(115kilometreArnikoHighway)linkingKathmanduto

Khasa,whichbordersChinaonthenorth,issettocompletetheproject.

At

present

there

is

a

project

to

connect,

via

very

small

aperture

terminals

(VSATs),1,000

Village

Development

Committees

(VDCs)

out

of

Nepals

3,915

VDCsinmountainousregionswhereothermodesoftelecommunicationsarenotconsideredtobefeasible.

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Developmentof

ICT

Infrastructure

and

Networks

continue

TheinstallationofsmallWirelessNetworksinruraland

remoteareas

are

increasing

using

Wireless

Fidelity

(WiFi)technology.

By

the

end

of

2009,

The

number

of

fixed

lines

has

reached

to818526 andmorethan6million(6286942)mobiletelephonelinesweredistributedbythesamedate.

CurrentlyMore

than

30 ISPs

and

Total

International

internetbandwidthusedisintheratioof1:2.25with 52Mbpsand 116Mbpsforuplinkanddownlink

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Developmentof

ICT

Infrastructure

and

Networks

continue

Service

Penetration:

33

Services Penetration(%)

FixedLines 2.97

Mobile 22.86

Others(LimitedMobility) 0.87

Internet(Subscriberonly) 2.55

Note: Projected total population for 2009 is 275, 04,280.

Although the progress of telecommunication facilities in Nepal

is good enough but still the rate of use of internet is very low.


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Development

of

ICT

Infrastructure

and

Networks

continue

EReadinessIndex:

34

Country 2010

Index

2008

Index

2010

Ranking

2008

Ranking

Maldives 0.4392 0.4491 92 95Sri Lanka 0.3995 0.4244 111 101

India 0.3567 0.3814 119 113Pakistan 0.2755 0.3160 134 131Bhutan 0.2598 0.3074 146 134

Bangladesh 0.3028 0.2936 152 142Nepal 0.2568 0.2725 153 150

Afghanistan 0.2098 0.2048 168 167

Region 0.3248 0.3395

World 0.4406 0.4514

Nepal 150th position out of 192 Countries in 2008Nepal 153rd position in 2010


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Developmentof

ICT

Education

Universities:Four(TribhuwanUniversity,Kathmandu

University,Pokhara

University,

and

PurbanchalUniversity)

AffiliatedICTColleges:55 (Approx)

ICT

training

Institutes:

ManyTheyprovideHighereducationandITtraininginNepal.

AccordingtoCANstatistics,some4,000 ICTgraduatesareproducedeveryyear.Only22.49%oftheITgraduatesare

engagedin

real

ICT

activities.

Productionispositivebuthigherpercentageofthemaremigratedforbetteropportunities.

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GovernmentInitiatives,

Opportunities

and

Achievements

WiththesupportofKoreaITIndustryPromotionAgency

(KIPA),

prepared

an

eGovernment

Master

Plan

(EGMP)

inNovember2006.

In order to establish the foundation for the investment

phase

of

the

Master

Plan,

theAsian

Development

Bank

(ADB)providedaprojectpreparatorytechnicalassistance(PPTA)totheGovernmentofNepal.

With

the

financial

and

technical

support

of

KoreaInternational Cooperation Agency (KOICA), the

establishment of Government Integrated Data Center(GIDC)hascompleted.

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GovernmentInitiatives,

Opportunities

and

Achievementscontinue

About500 Telecentersarealreadyestablished.

The

NGO

sector

is

also

active

in

using

ICT

for

development.eNetworking Research and Development (ENRD), another

NGO, conducts basic computer education and hardwaretraining

in

the

rural

areas.

It

establishes

wireless

networks

in

ruralvillagesupportedwithapplications like telemedicineandeducation. It is nowworking on connecting more rural areas

withWiFi.

FinancialPlan

to

Implement

eGovernance:

ADBGrant:$25 million

KoreanGovernment:$30 millionasLoan

NepalGovernment:

$9 million 37


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Findingsfrom

the

Research

Work

38

1.Technical Factor: i.* Internet Infrastructure and Bandwidth

ii.* Privacy and Security Concerns

iii.* Digital Divide

iv.* E-readiness

v.* Supply of Electricity

2. Education and Citizens Concerns: i)* Insufficient Education and Low ICT Literacy

ii)* Citizens Expectations prior to e-Governance

3. Cultural Factors i)* Employee Resistance to Change

ii)* Corruption

4. Political Factors i)* Regulations and Legislation

ii)* Lack of Governments will and stand due to

Political Instability

iii)* Governments priority

iv)* Frequent Changing of Ministries and high level

officials

Factors identified that influence the challenges of implementation

of e-Governance in Nepal:


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Findingsfrom

the

Research

Work

39

5. Institutional Factorsi)* Limited Information Sharing and Transparency

ii)* Public Sector Weaknesses

iii)* Lack of training and awareness programs

6. Human Resource Factori)* Lack of e-Governance Awareness

ii)* Inadequate skilled human resource Capacity

7. Financial Factor

i) * Funding Issues

ii) * Sustainability

Factors identified that influence the challenges of implementation

of e-Governance in Nepal:


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Strategiesand

Recommendations

The successful introduction of eGovernance depends

largelyon

the

first

applications,

which

should

be

relatively

cheap, easy to implement, easy to use, secured and alsoshouldinvolvearelativelyimportantnumberofusers.

The

firstversion

shouldn't

be

necessary

a

complete

twowayinteractiveapplication,butextendablelater.

For example: etaxation in Hungary,which in fiveyearsreachedan83%levelconcerningthetaxdeclarations.

Thatmeans,theapplicationwasverymuchuserfriendlyand easy to implement. Similarly, It is secure enough todeclaretax.

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Strategiesand

Recommendations

continue

1. Governmentshould

change

their

focus

of

attention

2. EvaluateEgovernmentMasterPlananddevelopnewVision/Strategies/Leadershipforegovernance

3. AdvancingICTinfrastructure

4. GovernmentProcessReengineering

5. CreateandRetainadequateskilledIThuman

resource6. IncreasingtrainingtoimproveITliteracyto

governmentofficials

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Strategiesand

Recommendations

continue

7. Organizepublic

awareness

programs

on

ICT

8. Developamechanismtoquickmonitorandtracktheprogressoftheproject

9. EnsureReliability,PrivacyandSecurity

10. PrioritizetheissuesofEnterpriseArchitectureandInteroperability

11. Implementinggovernmentwebportalsand

Monitorthe

functions

of

Telecenter

12. Assistancefromdonorcommunitybyraisingawareness

13. Develop

sustainable

models

for

e

Governance 42


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Conclusion

PopularityofICTisincreasingbutstillImplementationisBigProblem

inNepal

like

other

Underdeveloped

country.

The basic foundations like Human Resource, ICT Infrastructure,Literacy, awareness, Commitment, Funds must be improved for theimplementationofeGovernance.

RuralconnectivityandICTuseintheruralareasshouldbeexpandedthrough

use

of

such

technologies

as

WiFi,

WiMAX,

and

Voice

Over

InternetProtocol(VoIP).

FirstidentifytheSizeandScopeandthenimplementbasedupon thePriority.

Alwaysthink

about

the

public

expectations

and

their

participation

to

successtheeGovernanceinNepal.

Conduct further cycle of researchwhere more attention is paid totechnicalaspectofeGovernanceimplementation.

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References

Heeks,R.MosteGovernmentforDevelopmentProjectsFail:Howcanrisksbereduced?iGovernmentworkingpaperseries,paperNo.14,2003.

DanishDada,

A

failure

of

eGovernment

in

developing

countries:

A

Literature

review,

The

ElectronicJournalofInformationSystemsinDevelopingCountries, Vol.26,2006

MISReportNepalTelecomAuthorityVol.32,2010.

AHandbookforCitizencentriceGovernmentVersion2.1December2007,October2008

RoadmapforEgovernmentintheDevelopingWorldbyPacificcouncilonInternational

policy,

October

2008 NationalITWorkforceSurvey2005,ComputerAssociationofNepal (CAN).

UnitedNationeGovernmentSurvey2010

www.egovernance.wordpress.com/2006/10/11/niitsingaporejoint handsforeGoveranance,September2008

KIPA,GovernmentofNepal,eGovernmentMasterPlanConsultingReport,2006.

AsianDevelopment

Bank.

Aide

Memoire

of

ICT

Development

Project, Fact

Finding

Mission

(2007)

TheeGovernmenthandbookfordevelopingcountriesAprojectofInfoDevandthecentrefordemocracyandtechnology,November2008

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References

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managementand

Learning,

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,Hungary,

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McKay,PeterMarshall,PrenticeHall,2008

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ThankYou!!!

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