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LEPTONS

NUCLEONS

(atomic nuclei)

Q/e = +1 Q/e = 0

H = pH = pnH = pnnHe = ppnC = 6p 6n

e

p n

− ν

1

2

33

12

proton neutron

electron neutrino

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§t°s·

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Z

N

1−10 days10−100 days100 dgn − 10 yr10−10.000 yrnaturally radioactivestable> 10.000 yr

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§t°´

right−handed

or left−handed

onlylefthanded

Q/e = +2/3 Q/e = −1/3

u d

p = uudn = udd

e

ν− −e e

up down

3 colors

(nucleons)

QUARKS

− ν

electron neutrino

LEPTONS

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§t°s¹

ν+− ν

electron neutrino positron neutrino

downupdownup

ππ

_+ = ud

= u d

u ddu

e e

(pions)

QUARKS ANTIQUARKS

ANTILEPTONSLEPTONS

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top bottom tau neutrino

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up down electron neutrino

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W X>N? AZ? =YC^`?eSV; Q JL\_FGJ B A W a J HfH ?E A 9 P Y Q J [\_F%J B AJLTN Q Tn^PJVFZ= Q a cNH JLF=%>@? Q= ? FG?ET a ?EA Q Tn=G>N? Q JV\_F%J B ;6SLF % JVTN % a S BDQ TN\;6FGS B a S B ^ H ?6L )Xd B JV=GF Q ? H ? B ? TU=%AEW a J c AG? Q FG? a = L 7 K Q S H Jl[= Q S_TgiX>@? Q T a S_FG^`S_F%Jl= Q SLTSL; L 7 [ K Q S H Jl= Q SLT Q T=%>@?AZ=%JLTNPJLFZ B SCN? H K Q J a S B ^ H ??? TU=%F Q ? A Q T =G>N? L )Xdn[B JV=GF Q a JLTSL; a S c FGAG?bTNSL=FZ?J HRH Yk|`? a S_T@A Q @? FG?E JLA c T@N? FZAZ=vJVTN Q T@\ =G>N?DSLF Q \ Q Tgi¥/S AZ= c @Y Q TB S_FZ?b@?E=vJ QfH L 7 [<K Q S H JV= Q S_T W?6 ^ ?EF QRB ?ETm=GA Q T=%>N? [AqYCAZ=%? B JLFG? c TN@? F 7 JY_W 7 >@? FG?b=%>N?? ? a =%AJVFG? ?6 ^`? a =%? =%Sn|`? Bdc a > H JLFZ\_? FEi z TN?d=%> Q TN\MS_T@? a JLTO?6 ^ HRQ a Q = H Ye@SNW Q A a >N? a =%>N? c T Q =vJVF Q =Y=GF Q JLTN\ H ? =%SAG?E? Q ;=%>N? L )Xd B JV=GF Q Q A c T Q =%JLFZYLiL 7 [<K Q S H JV= Q S_TIJLTN x JLAGA cNBbQ TN\ L 7 Jp\_SCS IAZY BDB ?E=GFZY y [ K Q S H JV= Q S_TIJ H AGS Q A T@? ? @? =%S?? ^ H J Q T Q T =%>@? | Q \e|PJVTN\kA a ? TPJVF Q S =%>N?DA c FZ^ Hfc A SL; B JV=Z=%? FS:K_?EFdJLTU= QRB Jl=G=%?EF Q T =G>N? c T Q KL? FGAZ?Liz TN? BbQ \L>m= 7 S_TNN?EF Q = =G> Q A a JLT]|`?M?6 ^ H J Q TN?E | ? a J c AG? 7 ?MAq=vJV=G? L 7 [<K Q S H JV= Q S_T 7 JLA A B J HfH iµ H =G>NS c \_>kJ HfH K Q A Q | H ?AZ= c% x Jl=%S B A y Q A S_T H Y B Jl=G=%?EF W =G> Q A Q A SLT H Y JL|`S c = ^@FG? AZ? TU= Q TJ¯ 9 ¯\FGJV= Q S 7 Q =%> Q TUK Q A Q | H ?Aq= c% A c a >nJLA x AG? H ; [ a S_T c \UJl=%? y ^N>@SL=%S_T@A x 1 ) |PJ a \_FZS c TNoFGJL Q JV= Q S_T y JLTNx ^NFGSL|PJL| H Y y ?³ c J H J B S c TU=%AXSL; TN? c =%F Q TNS_AJLT@eJVTm= Q [<TN? c =GF Q TNS_A H ? ;~=X;6FGS B =%>N?| Q \|PJLTN\Ni k ?J H FZ?JL YM Q A a c AZAG?EkTN? c =%F Q TNS_AJLTNn=%>@? Q F H ?E;~=G>PJLTNN?ENTN?EAGA JVTN 7 ?FG? B JLF ? n=%>NJV= H ?E;~=q[hJLTNF Q \_>U=G>PJLTNN?ENTN?EAGAeJLFG?\_SCSC ^NFGS_^`? Fq= Q ? AoS_T H YI;6SLF B JVAGA H ? AZA ^NJLFZ= Q a H ? AEi e? a ?ETU= H Y Q TN Q a Jl= Q SLTNAJ a a c@BdcNH Jl=%? =G>PJV= T@? c =GF Q T@S_AJLFZ?dTNSL= B JLAZA H ?EAGAEWg?EK Q @? T a ? a S BbQ TN\b;6FGS B TN? c =%F Q TNSoSLA a QRHfH JV= Q S_TNA iz A a QfHRH JV= Q S_T@A SL; ? H ? a =GFGS_T#TN? c =%F Q TNS_A ;6FGS B =%>@?E@PFZAZ=;3J BbQfH Y Q Tm=GSOTN? c =GF Q TNS_ASL;=%>N? SL=%>@? F = 7 S;3J BDQRHfQ ?EA a S cNH n;6SLF Q TNAq=vJLT a ??6 ^ H J Q TM=G>N?S_|NAZ? FZKL? eAG>NS_Fq=vJL\L?SL;AZS H JVFTN? c =%F Q TNS_AEi X>N? H JV=Z=%? F Q AJ H S_TN\V[<AZ=vJVTN Q T@\ ^NFGS_| H ? B Q T JLAq=%FGSL^N>UY A Q a A iX>N? ^NFG?EAG?ET a ?XSL;@S_T H Y H ?E;~=G>PJLTN@? AZ^ ? a Q ? ASV; J B JLAGA Q KL?h;6?EF BbQ S_TJV=@PFGAq=A Q \_>U= \ Q KL? A=%FGS c | H ?Viµ AX Q A a c AZAG?E Q T AG? a = Q S_T I i 1 WN>N? HRQ a Q =YbAZ=%JV=%?EA;6SLFXJ B JVAGA Q K_? ;6?EF BbQ S_TMJVFG? ^N>UYCA Q a J H x ? Q \_? TNAq=vJV=G? ASV; =G>N?;6FG?E?>NJ BDQRH =GS_T Q JVT y W | c =hTN? a ?EAGA%JVF QfH Y |`SL=%> x ^ S_A Q = Q K_?JVTNTN? \UJl= Q KL? y >N? HfQ a Q = Q ?EA?6 Q AZ=i©X> Q AQ AJDA QRB ^ H ? a SLTNAG?³ c ? T a ?dSL;=G>N?;3J a ==%>PJl= >N? HfQ a Q =Y N? ^`? T@NA S_T =%>N?S_|NAZ? FqK_? F x B S K Q TN\A H S 7 ? FSLF;3JLAZ=G? FX=%>PJVT =G>N?^PJLFZ= Q a H ? y iX>N?AGS Hfc = Q S_T Q A=%>N??6 Q AZ=%?ET a ?SL;/= 7 Sb=YC^ ?EA SL;/;6? F BDQ S_TNA 93 h 3 9(h £7%5 i)X>N?EAG?JLFG?=%>@? B S_Aq= 7 ? HfH [ TNS 7 TS_T@? A;6S_F 7 > Q a >S_TN?h>PJLA|`SL=%>^PJVFZ= Q a H ? AJLTNeJLTU= Q ^NJLFZ= Q a H ? AEi G@J B ^ H ? AJLFG?? H ? a =%FZS_TNAJLTNE³ c JLF AEiXz TN?>PJLA= 7 S a > Q F%J HRQ =YoAq=vJV=G? A;6S_F=%>N?X^NJLFZ= Q a H ? x e JLTN e y JVTNb= 7 S;6S_F=%>@? JVTm= Q ^PJVFZ= Q a H ? x JLT@ y iX>N? x ^@>mYCA Q a J H y>N? HRQ a Q =YoAq=vJV=G? A JLFG?JL^N^NFZS_^NF Q JV=G? HfQ T@?JLF a S B | Q TPJV= Q S_TNA x S KL? F H JL^n;3J a =GS_FGA\ Q K_?ET Q TnAZ? a = Q S_TI i 1_y i3 3 7 h 3 3 9(h £7%5 itX>N?EAG?nJLFZ?D;6?EF BbQ S_TNA;6S_F 7 > Q a > ^NJLFZ= Q a H ? ,JLTU= Q ^PJLFZ= Q a H ?LW/A QRBDQRH JLFJLA?Lij\Ni;6SLF ^N>NSL=GS_TNAEi¥T=%>PJV= a JLAG?d=G>N? AZ=%JV=%?EA 7 > Q a > 7 ? c ^O=GSnTNS 7 a J HfH ? l JLTN l JLFG?J a = c J HRH Y=%>N? H ? ;~=Z[ JLT@DF Q \_>U=%>NJLTNN?E a S B ^`S_TN?ETU=%AhSL; SLTN? x d J ZSLF%JLTPJ y T@? c =GF Q T@SNiX>N?x ^N>UYCA Q a J H y >N? HfQ a Q =YAq=vJV=G? A TNS 7 JLFG? c AZ= HfQ TN?JLF a S B | Q TPJV= Q S_TNASL;g=G>N? AZ? = 7 S a S B ^`S_TN? TU=GA iX> Q ASL; a S c FGAG? a JLTeSLT H Y 7 S_F ;6S_FJ TN? c =%F%J H ;6? F BbQ SLTgi

SL=%?h=%>PJV= 7 Q =G>=%>@?TN? c =%F Q TNS_A | ? Q TN\Jd J ZSLF%JLTPJ;6? F BbQ SLTNA W =%>N? ^PJLFq= Q a H ? [ JLTU= Q ^PJLFq= Q a H ?JVFGFGS 7 A7 > Q a > 7 ?DJLAGA Q \_TN?E=GS ;6?EF BbQ S_T HRQ TN?EA Q TO Q JV\_F%J B A TNS H SLTN\_? FAZ>NS cNH |`? c AG?E ;6S_FTN? c =%F Q TNSLA i

¶JIV·

?E^@=%S_TT cNB |`? F a JLT|`?K Q S H JV=%?Ed|UYd= 7 S c T Q =GA : ¶ WU?E= a i© Q =%> J B JLAGA=G? F B S_T@?J H AZS >PJLA=G>N?^ SLAGA Q | QfHRQ =Y SL;hTN? c =%F Q TNSnS_A a QfHRH JV= Q S_T@A |`?E= 7 ? ?ETpTN? c =%F Q TNS_A|`? H S_TN\ Q TN\o=%SM Q= ? FG?ETU=;3J BDQRHfQ ?EA iX> Q A A QfB ^ H YnN?E^ ?ETNNAS_Te=%>N? ;3J a = Q ;=%>N? B JLAZA ? Q \_?ETNAZ=%JV=%?EAJLFG?=%>N?A%J B ?dS_F Q= ? FZ? TU=JLA=%>N?Aq=vJV=G? Ao?ETU=%? F Q TN\ =G>N? Q Tm=G? FGJ a = Q S_TNAEi T =G>N? a JVAG? =G>N? B JLAGAD? Q \L? TNAq=vJV=G? AMJLFZ? Q ?EFG?ETm= H ? ^ =%S_TT cNB | ?EFGASL; Q= ? FG?ETU=X;3J BDQRHfQ ? A a JLT a >PJLTN\_?Vi?E= c A QfHfHRc AZ=GF%JV=G?=G>N?d^N>@? TNS B ? T@S_TOSL;hS_A a QfHfH JV= Q S_TNAX;6S_F = 7 S x Q TNAZ=G?JLSL;=G>NFG?E? y TN? c =%F Q TNSLA iµ AGA cNB ?d=G>PJV= =G>N?³ c JLTU= c@BB ? a >PJLT Q a J H AZ=%JV=%?Jl= ^NFZS c a = Q S_T x AGJYJ Bdc SLTTN? c =GF Q TNSMJLF Q A Q TN\;6FZS B ^ Q S_TN? a JY y Q ATNSV=JVTb? Q \_?ETNAZ=%JV=%?SL;`=%>N?>PJ BbQfH =%S_T Q JLTgiwµ AGA cNBDQ TN\= 7 SFG? H ?EKVJLTU=hTN? c =%F Q TNSAZ^ ? a Q ? A Wm=%>@? AG?? Q \_? T@AZ=vJl=%? AhSL; =%>N?>PJ BbQfH =%S_T Q JLT JVFG?X= 7 SS_FZ=G>NS_\_SLTPJ H Aq=vJV=G? A lN# JLT@ l 7 > Q a >JVFG? c AZ? DJLAS c F|PJLA Q A i-X>N?EY JLFG?? Q \_?ETNAZ=%JV=%?EA 7 Q =G> N?@PT Q =%?X?ETN? FZ\ Q ?EA a SLFGFG?EAG^`S_TN Q TN\ =%SA HfQ \_>U= H Y Q= ? FG?ETU= B JVAGAG?EAC # JLTNC W Q ij?Li # j ´ C # JLTN j ´ C izX> c A 7 ? >PJKL? Q T\L? TN?EF%J H x : y # lN# x : y ´ l x : y # e R lN# x y ´ e R l x y ' x£¶ i=¯ 1 ¯ yµ AGA cNBDQ TN\D=G>PJV= J Bdc S_T [T@? c =GF Q T@SD^NFZS c a ?E Q T =%>N? JV= B S_AG^@>N? FZ? Q A J HfQ T@?JLFA c ^ ?EFG^`S_A Q = Q SLTeSL;=G>N?= 7 S B JLAGA? Q \_? T@AZ=vJl=%? A l # JLT@ l W Q ij?LiJV=X= QfB ?:$ @W l x y a S_A0 lN# x y ´ A Q T0 l x y SLTN?>PJLAJV=X= QRB ? : l x : y a S_A e R lN# x y ´ A Q T e R l x y JVTN =G>N?^NFGSL|PJL| QRHfQ =Y=GSY@PT@ JV=X= QfB ? :XJV\UJ Q TnJ Bdc S_T [T@? c =GF Q T@S Q A * l o l x : y ¯ A Q T ¶ A Q T # ¶ : ' x£¶ i=¯ 1[¶_yEPS_F! Q c J" Q S_T#$PJ" C # W1C &% j S_T!NJ' # W |`S'$)(GS c \*+RY,³ c- +.%S j ix $/RTmY y T0(G\VYM/ 0(1 T a &/2 # C # C ¶ : C

¶ µ3$4(5( -76 4+2+2/98: - /2 1 - 8 a ; 7 /<$ -'== (1>8/9? - 0+<@A$B = 4 C>'3D+2/9:*E nx $/9?BF/9 GH Ey >*808H - - I( 6 / 6"- + = (1>_| - |/2+2/<@

& x l\o y ®¯ /28 ¶ F 1/28 = : C 4 G ¯ /28 ¶ F 1/28 J x£¶LK ¯ 11Uy7 /<$ J 4

: C ' x£¶LK ¯ 1'4my>'(M3N>*(8OI?B4(/9P - + = I( = >* 4 JRQ ? w ¶ ' · QTS w

: C Q w ' x£¶LK ¯ 1[·_yI?U0(/9P - +9+9@ - 7 -76 4+208:'$ J ¯\ ?VP0>*(1(4 = >*8N W3N>*( - 80I(/28> 7 /<$ - @ = /9P - +480(1:'@>"3¯ S X$> - ? - 1 ³OI - (1 e/ 0(108P45>"3 : C x K · y K0I(/28>5>' P0/9+2+ - $/9>*8 Y -76 |Z408U>_| 10( 6 U3N>*( - ?B>* = 4(/2P x = (E>*?U/28 - 8O+9@ Z[ @ = y 80I [(/98>* !> 6 0(d/9 1 - 8P04 \>'3>*(Z0(G$>*I - 8N ]>'3 /2+9>*?B^$4( 0_ - 8N`3N>*(G >*+ - (580I(/98>* 7 /<$C/98 [/2P - $/2>'8 - $d@P4/9a>"3b0+24P4(>*8 [ @ = ]80I(/28>* x 6 = 4P4 - $/9>*8k| - 1 c>*8c 1>*+ - (?U> 0+2 y-"== - ( - a>'0(d@ = \>'3b84I$(1/28>* K E>'(d >'+ - (80I$(/98>* d\>* 1P0/2+9+ - /2>*8 - (]48 - 8P0 |E@? - 1$0( 4P4 x dk( y - 8Ne$&P4>*8 6 0(1 /9>*8)>"3f@ = 0 - P4I - +2+<@,>LP0P4I( /28 /fa$& I8 K

¶JI>I

d - 8E@t³OI4 1/2>*8 (4? - /98e>*8)G3N>*I8N - /2>*8e>'3 L - 8@ - (Gd)>C0+ K E>*(/28 - 8P4'_>*85 - 3N>'I8NF$ - b0(1 - (18>'W?B>'(M$ - 8 1 3 - ?U/2+9/20 f>'3 ³OI - ( - 8NB+9 = >*8 4_ - b+9 - b3 - ?B/9+2/90 7 /<$& - ?U& 1(IP^$I(1'_/ K K /98e0 108P4!? - 1+24 80I$(/98>* K

EM Z

σ [mb]

νν

N = 3N = 4

N = 2ν30

10

20

% (0 1>*8 - 8P0 -'= 0 1> 7 8 4( - (| - 1 >*8 - +2+ 6 /9 /f|+2 0P - @ ?U> 4 /28E>³OI - ( U3N>*(r@ 6 >"35c /U/³OI - ( 0_a+9 = [$>*8 e ^_ - 8N /28 6 /2 1/f|+9 4P - @)?B>C0 3N>*(¶ _ 1 >*( 4 84I$(1/28> aT K a6 = 0(1/2?U08E - + 1 -'= ?B - I( 7 /955 G 7 - P4P00+90( - $>*( - L G$e= >'/28E$ 7 /<$ 6 4(1@e ? - +9+ 0(1(>*(1 > 1K

I 7 O@A$(10F3 - ?B/9+2/90 d0(^³OI0 $/9>*8 - (\>* - |>*I F>*(/9:*/28A>'3 B³OI - ( L ) d?U//98:;? - $(1/ - 8@ $ 5 Y3 OYO 6 /9>*+ - /2>*8H>'3H$& [ /28 6"- (/ - 8P4'_`>,84I$(1/28>* d -76 - ? - 4_ - 8N7 - !/9 = (4P0/2 10+<@c$U8 - I(U>'3D/9:*:* &?B4P - 8/9 ? K /<$/98 L - 8@ - (G d)>C0+ - +9 > 1 6 0( - +³OI0 $/9>*8 ](10? - /28 >*8 ; $(1IP4I(,>"3 - (1>*8 4_f$ - ]P - 8`8>"d| - 8 7 0(E 7 /9$/28= 0($I(Z| - / 6 ^³OI - 8EI? @0+R#$4>*(1@ K

screening anti−screening

= g /4π α 2

10 10 10 10 100 5 10 15 20 E[GeV]

electromagnetic

weak

strong

?

5 /98:&?B^$>C 3N(>*? ³LI - 8E$I? @4+fF$4>*(1@>'8MP - 8U $IN@!$ 1$(108:"$\>'3$P0>*I = +2/28:P4>*8 - 8E$ d>'3 $ 6"- (/9>*I d/98E$0( - P4/2>*8 K E>'(/98 1 - 8P4F3N>'( L 2 $F/9:*4( >*(G4(XE^@L8 [? - 8M/ - :*( - ?B 4_ 1> 7 8)+9437_+2 - ,$>F P4(048 [/98: - 8N - 8E/ [ 1P0(1008/28:B>'3 $'_/28)/2 P - P4>*+2>'(0_;P - (:* K - 8E/ [ 1P0(1008/28: 7 /98 - 8N $C 1(08:'$X>'3\C/98O0( - P4/2>*8 )/28 [P4( - 4 &3N>'(a+ - (1:*0( /2 - 8P40 - 8@0P0(1 - 10 3N>'( ? - +2+90(//2 - 8P00 N>*( 6 / - E>*I(/24( $( - 8 [3N>'(? Z/2:'0( ?U>*?U08E - 084(:*/90 8> 7 8 - 3 5 f 7 hP9I9 7 K E>*( G 2R$ 0P4>*8N/ - :*( - ? /2 - | 108E - 8N $eP0>'I = +2/98: P0>*8 [ - 8Ed/28P4( - 0 3N>*(/2:*0(084(:*/90 K a - |048 - (1:*IEA$ - 4@H? - @e?B44 - >*?U/2:*e P - +2"_(^3N0(1( H$> - $ S 5! h 3 Pp ", 3 £7 ED 9 7 h f 1P - +9 - (>*I8N¯\ # WS !_/ K K /2 - 8P00 >'3Y$5>'(G4(>"3¯\ e ! ? Kd - 8E@#$4>*(^$/9P - +$ - $4? = $ - (|Z4/28:5I8N0(1 -j 48,$>G0?d| ; L - 8@ - (G d)>C0+/28U?B>'(4+24: - 8E#$4>*(/90 M|I/2+9;3N>*(#/28 - 8P0 >*8 - /28:*+2 @L?B?U4(1@R:'(>*I = /28 >'(G4(e> -76 >*8+<@>'8#P0>*I = +2/98: P0>'8 1 - 8E7_W>*(\/28P4>*( = >*( - $;3N4(?U/2>*8 [ |>* >*8 1@L?U?B^$(1@ 5(P f+9(h 5 9 h K µd+9 >#/28P0>*( = >*( - $/9>*8`>"3:'( -76 /9@C/98C$#I8/=@P - $/9>*8C/9 - 8 /2? = >'(1 - 8OG:*> - + K µM0? = $ \/98P0+9INP4>*8 1/f4( - /2>*8 >'3a?U>*(1e - 8 1 =- P0e/2?U08 /2>'8 - B(1³OI/9( 3N>*(F ^$/98: I =R- P0>*8 1/2 $08E0>'(1@#/98 7 /2P =- (1/2P0+90 - (&8>U+2>*8:'0( = >*/28E /98e =- P4 [ $/2?U'_@|I% > = 08H>*(P4+2>* 1 & M 1(/98:* ?U> 6 /28: - +9>*8: - 7 >*(1+f [ 44/28 $ - )>'3 - 7 >*(1+f+9/28 K /<$#$G/98P0(1 - 1G>'3f$&480(1:'@H P - +2>'8 - +2 1>U:'>4 X| - P $>\@( /98 1 - 8E$ - 30(M$|/2:| - 8: K

¶JI('

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% ! e ° 7 ' ' Gd) ° 5 ¯ 4 dH e W e l o ° o ¯\ I dH ° e W e l ° ' · d) % _ e £° 2¯ S W e ° ~ ( '

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» W 15G ¼ (ÂK 1 0 j » W 15Q + ¼ ( XY[(- +6. Q . 1 0 j £

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» Y 15G ¼ (mK 1 0 j Å » Y 15Q + ¼ ( XY[(- +6. Q . 1 0 j ó

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Transcript of of Matter/The... · 2018-12-11 · FpCr;I478E6927;>6KF ¸\^`]P-cYXiRt ^ZgX[RtM]\(M]noZgX[MON.Rts...