6) LBO
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6) Going Private and
Leveraged Buyouts (LBO)
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Introduction
• Going private — transformation of a publiccorporation into a privately held rm
• Leverage buyout (LBO) — purchase of a
company by a small group of investorsusing a high percentage of debt nancing – Investors are outside nancial group or
managers or e!ecutives of company
–
"anagement buyout ("BO) — leveragedbuyout performed mainly by managers ore!ecutives of the company
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– #esults in signicant increase of e$uity
share o%nership by managers – &urnaround in performance is usually
associated %ith formation of LBO
– &ypical LBO operation• 'inancial buyer purchases company using
high level of debt nancing
• 'inancial buyer replaces top management
• e% management maes operating
improvements
• 'inancial buyer maes public o*ering ofimproved company at higher price thanoriginally purchased
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•
Buyout group may includeincumbent management and maybe associated %ith – Buyout specialists+ e,g,+ -ohlberg
-ravis #oberts . /o, (--#)
– Investment baners
– /ommercial baners
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• "anagement buyouts ("BOs) – Investor group dominated by
incumbent management
– 0egment ac$uired from parent
company• LBO transaction may be reversed
%ith future public o*ering –
1im is to increase protability ofcompany and thereby increase maretvalue of rm
– Buyout group sees to harvest gain
%ithin three2 to ve2year period
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• 3lements of a typical LBO operation – 'irst stage — raise cash re$uired for
buyout and devise managementincentive systems• 'inancing
– 1bout 45 of cash is put up by investor groupheaded by company7s top managers and8orbuyout specialist
– 1bout 95265 of re$uired cash through securedban loans
–
#est of cash by issuing senior and :uniorsubordinated debt
» Private placement %ith pension funds+insurance companies+ venture capital rms
» Public o*erings of ;high2yield; notes or bonds
(:un bonds)
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• "anagement incentives – "anagers receive stoc price2based incentive
compensation in form of stoc options or%arrants
– Incentive compensation plans based onmeasures such as operating performance
–
0econd stage — organi<ing sponsorgroup taes company private• 0toc2purchase — buys all outstanding
shares of company
•
1sset2purchase — purchases all assets ofcompany and forms ne% privately heldcorporation
• e% o%ners sell o* parts of ac$uired rmto reduce debt
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– &hird stage — management strives toincrease prots and cash =o%s• /ut operating costs
• /ut spending in research and development
• /ut ne% plants and e$uipment as long asprovisions for capital e!penditures areade$uate and satisfy lenders
• Increase revenues by changing mareting
strategies
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– 'ourth stage — reverse LBOs• Investor group may tae improved
company public again through public e$uityo*ering (secondary initial public o*ering 20IPO)
• /reate li$uidity for e!isting stocholders• "uscarella and >etsuypens (4??5)
– @A reverse LBOs in 4?@624?@
– 6 of rms use o*ering proceeds to lo%er
company7s leverage – 3$uity participants reali<ed median annuali<ed
rate of return of A6,C on e$uity investment bytime of 0IPO
– "edian length of time bet%een LBO and 0IPO
%as A? months
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• /onditions and circumstances of
going2private buyouts in the 4?5s – &ypical target industries
• Basic+ nonregulated industries – Predictable and8or lo% nancing re$uirements
– Predictable8stable earnings
• Digh2tech industry less appropriate – 0horter history of protability
– Greater business ris
– 'e%er leveragable assets – /ommand high P83 multiples %ell above boo
value
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•
Lehn and Poulsen (4?) – Dalf of 45 LBOs during 4?524?C %ere in
ve industriesE
» #etailing
» &e!tiles
» 'ood processing» 1pparel
» 0oft drins
– /onsumer nondurable goods
» Lo% income elasticity of demand
» 0ales =uctuate less %ith GP
– "ature industry %ith limited gro%thopportunities
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– Other target characteristics• &rac record of capable management
• 0trong maret position %ithin industry toenable it to %ithstand economic=uctuations and competition
• Dighly li$uid balance sheet – Little debt+ either short or long term
– Large unencumbered asset base — forcollateral
– Digh proportion of tangible assets %ith fairmaret value above net boo value
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– Leverage factors•
Increase return on e$uity (#O3) and cash=o%s to retire debt
• 1ttractions for lenders – Interest rates only F29 points above prime rate
– /ompany and collateral characteristics
» Large amounts of cash8cash e$uivalents
» ndervalued assets (hidden e$uity)
» /ould li$uidate some subsidiaries to raisefunds
–
Digh prospective rates of return on e$uityespecially for lenders such as venture capitalistsand insurance companies %ith e$uityparticipation
– /ondence in management group spearheading
LBO
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– "anagement factors•
#ecord of capability• Betting reputation and personal %ealth on
success of LBO
• Dighly motivated by potential large
personal gains from stoc o%nership – 0ources of "BO targets
• Hivestitures of divisions by publiccompanies
• Private companies %ith lo% gro%threcords
• Public corporations selling at lo% P83multiples representing large discounts
from boo values
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• 0ources of gains in LBOs –
&a! benets — can enhance alreadyviable transaction• 0pecic ta! benets
– Interest ta! shelter from high leverage
– 1sset step2up provides higher asset value fordepreciation e!penses especially accelerateddepreciation on assets involving little recapture —more diJcult under &a! #eform 1ct of 4?6
– &a! advantages of using 30OP as LBO vehicle
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– "anagement incentives and agencycost e*ects• Increased o%nership stae provides
increased incentives for improvedperformance
– Protable investments that re$uire
disproportionate e*ort of managers may only beundertaen if managers are givendisproportionate share of prots
– /oncentrated o%nership aligns managers andshareholders7 interest+ reducing agency costs
–
Hebt from LBO commits cash =o%s to debtpayment+ reducing agency costs of free cash=o%s
– Hebt puts pressure on managers to improverm performance to avoid banruptcy
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– Kealth transfer e*ects• Payment of premiums in LBO transactions
may represent %ealth transfer toshareholders from other staeholders
• Kealth transfer from e!isting bondholdersand preferred stocholders
–
#eduction in value of rm7s outstanding bondsand preferred stoc due to
» Large increase in debt
» Bond covenants may not protect e!istingbondholders in event of control changes and
debt issue» In banruptcy proceedings+ ;absolute priority
rule; for senior security may not be strictlyfollo%ed
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• Kealth transfer from current employees tone% investors
– "anagement turnover in buyout rms lo%erthan in average rm sometimes ne%management team is brought in after LBO
– umber of employees gro%s more slo%ly in LBOrm than others in same industry andsometimes even decreases — may result frompost buyout divestitures and more eJcient useof labor
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• &a! benets in LBO constitute subsidy from
public and loss of revenue to government – Premia paid in LBOs positively related to
potential ta! benets
– et e*ect of LBO on government ta! revenuesmay be positive
» 0hareholders pay capital gains ta!es on saleof their stoc in LBO tender o*er
» LBO investor group pays capital gains ta!es%hen rm goes public at a later date
» Improved protability — rms pay more
corporate ta!es
– "any of ta! benets from increased leveragecould be reali<ed %ithout LBOs
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– 1symmetric information andunderpricing• "anagers or investor groups have more
information on value of rm than publicshareholders
• Large premium in buyout proposal signalsthat future operating income %ill be largerthan previously e!pected or rm is lessrisy than previously perceived
• Investor group believes ne% company
%orth more than purchase price —prebuyout shareholders receive less thanade$uately informed shareholders
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– Other eJciency considerations
• "ore eJcient decision process as privaterm
– o need to :ustify ne% programs %ith detailedstudies and reports to board of directors+ morespeedy actions can be taen
– Public rms have to publish reports that candisclose valuable information to competitors