11. 1. smcwr c qr~kI

tYlIPon dw bxnw1876 AlYgzYfr grYhm bYl dI Koj ny swrI dunInW nUM joV idqw[ 1926 pihlI vwr Atlwitk smudr dy dono pwsy g~l kIqI geI, 1927 inaUXOrk qy lMfn c tYlIPon (ryfIAo nwl) l~igAw[ ey tI qy tI ny 1935 c prdys q~k phucn vwly tYlIPon lgwey[ 1956 c smudr ivc tYlIPon lweInw peIAW, 1962 c sMcwr sYtylweIt[ A~j rswiexk ivigAwnIAW ny qWby dIAw qwrW qoN PweIbr AOpitks, sWJy tYlIPon lweInW qoN ientrnYt idqw hY]

ibn qwr sMcwrsYl Pon, pyjrz eykIkrx srkt, nvIn smwn qy Cotw sweIz swmwn ivigAwnkW n idqy[ 1940 c ey tI qy tI lYbytorI ny kwr Pon bxwey, pr sMcwr cYnlz nw hox kwrn prc~lq nw hoey[ 1980 c ibn qwr sMcwr sYlW c vMifAw igAw qy AOtomYitk sivcW ijnW nwl hr sYl dubwrw vriqAw jWdw hY[ sYl Pon CyqI hI Awm ho gey[ rswiex ny rIcwrz hon vwlI sYl PonW leI ilQIAm-Awien bYtrIAW bxweIAW]

PYks qy Skl-nkl ivigAwnBwvy 1902 c jrmnI dy AwrQr kohn ny qwr rwhI Poto ByjI, pr pihlI PYks mSIn 1924 c bxI[ Poto dI nkl ibjlI dy isgnlW nwl kIqI geI qy tYlIPon rhIN ByjI geI[ Poto iPlm qy nkl hnyry c isD kIqI jWdI[ 1949 c shI Skl nkl hox l~gI[ 1970 c PYks ivigAwn ny nvy kwgz, isAwhI qy Poto lYx dy qrIky bxwey gey]

Lyzr qy PweIbr Awpitks hun SISy dIAW qwrW ivc roSnI nwl sMcwr ho irhw hY[ rswIexkW ny pihlI SISy dI qwr 1970 c bxweI[ iPr SISy dIAW qwrW ivCweIAW geIAW[ 1977 c roSnI nwl AwvWz, AMkVy qy qsvIrW phucx l~gIAW[ A~j kroVW Pon, AMkVy qy qsvIrW iek SISy dI qwr c jw skdy hn]

tYlIPootogrwPIy

sivc borf

11 tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn

11. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn

kmpUtrW dw bxnw rsWiexk ivigAwnIAW ny kmpUtr bxwey qy iPr ienw nUM hor SkqIvwn, qyz rPqwr qy ssqw kIqw[ 1939 c AwieAovw sUby c pihly kmpUtr dI Koj hoeI[ 1940 c progrwm hox bulIAn FMg vwly ihswb-krn bxn l~gy[ 1946 c eInIAk , AkiVAW vwlw kmpUtr bixAw, 1962 c pihlw mweIkro-prosYsr[ 1971 ientYl kMpnI ny 4004 4-ibt mweIkro-prosYsr qy lokW ivc kmpUtr Awm ho gey[ A~j BI nvIn trWizstr, islIkon-icps, ientYgryitf purzy, AMkVy swBx dy mwl bxdy hn]

sYmIknfktr ivigAwnRrswiexk ivigAwn ny islIkon qy jrmynIAm qo sYmIknfktr bxwey jo kmpUtrW, AOzwrW qy sMcwr swDnw c vrqy jwdy hn[ sYmIknfktrW c grm ho ky izAwdw krMt l`Gx l`g jWdw hY[ sYmIknfktrW jo ik izAwdw Xw ibnw ielYktrOn bxwx vwly bxwey jw skdy hn[ sYmIknfktrW nwl kmpUtr qy ientYgryitf srkt bxdy hn[ sYmIknfktrW nwl ielYktrOink smwn Coty sweIz, qyz qy G~t ibjlI nwl c~ldy hn[ ivigAwnkW ny sYmIknfktrW nwl cMgy gux vwly AOzwr, murMmq krnw qy nvIn Coty ielYktroink swDn idqy hn]

islIkoon icps qy ientYgryitf srkt1947 c ivigAwnk jon bwrfIn, ivlIAm Soklye qy vwltr brwtyAn ny isD kIqw islIkon rwhI ibjlI imQy p~Dr nwl lMG skdI hY[ ies qrW islIkon icps, ientygryitf srkt qy mweIkro-prosYsr nwl A~j qyz rfqwr vwly cMgy kmpUtr bxdy hn[ 1961 c islIkon icps ivc trWiztrs, rizstrs, kpYsItrs qy mYmrI icps islIkon dy p~qrW v~K v~K rswiexW lw ky bxdy[ 1967 c pihlw ientYgryitf srkt vwlw kYlkulytr bixAW ijs ivc keI trWizstrs qy ielYktrOink purzy sn[ 1980 c ientYgryitf srkt vwly kmpUtr bxn l~gy]

jOn vOn inaUmn qy

eInIAk

11.2. kmpUtr ivigAwn

eInIAk

AYn-tweIp sYmIknfktr (v~D ielYktrOn)

pI-tweIp sYmIknfktr (ielYktrOnW qo ibnw)

11.3. kmpUtr tknOlOjIy

jWc qy prdrSn tknOlOjIprdrSn qy kmpUtr tknOlOjI c bhuq qr~kI hoeI hY[ swP rMgIn prdrSn tI vI kYTof ry tUaubW dy ADwr qy bxyN[ god ly ikqwb-kmpUtr p~Dr skrIn vwly bxyN[ 1969 c AYl sI fI prdrSn rswiex dy ADwr qy bxyN[ iPr pqlI-qsvIr trWijstr dy ADwr qy AYl sI fI qsvIrW bxIAW[ rswixkW ny qrl-kirstl, rMgIn iPltr, qYhdwr pOlImr, Fwly-plwsitk dIAW SItW jo roSnI KMf krn qy plwzmw prdrSn bxwey hn]

jwxkwrI stor krnwjwxkwrI dw stor hoxw aus nUM inkwl ky ihswb c vrqoN ho skxI zrUrI hY[ rswiexk KojW ny cMgy, sOKy qy ssqy irkwrf r~Kx dy swDn idqy[ nvIn qyz rMgIn irkwrf dy qrIky, cubk rYkrf, ifjItl prdrSn bxy[ 1955 c AmrIkn kMmpUtr KojI rYnlf

jOnsn ny pihlI kmpUtr ifsk frweIv bxweI[ 1984 c sI fI rwm bxI, hux kMmpUtr ifsk qy cubk-typW c hor BI nvInqw Aw cukI hY]

sMcwr sYtylweItsU1960 q~k AmrIkw qy dUsry mhWdIpW c sMcwr bhuq mYhgw sI[ 1962 c tYlstwr pihlw sMcwr sYtylweIt AOribt c ciVAw[ rswiex ny sYtylweItw bxn qy cVn dw swmwn imSrx-DwqW, plwsitk qy nvIn mwl idqw[ 1990 q~k sMcwr sYtylweItW ny dyS ivdySW nUM Pun qy tI vI phucwey[ A~j sMcwr sYtylweIt isDy GrW c sYtylweIt ifSW nUM ifjItl tI vI dy rhy jn]

jI pI AYs sYtylweIt

AOribtivc

jI pI AYs sYtylweIt dI bxqr

11. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn

11. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn

iPmmW1927 c jYz isMgr pihlI iPlm sI ijs c qsvIrW qy Awvwz dw shI myl sI[ 1930 dy AMq q~k rMgIn iPlm mShUr hoeI[ iPlmW dy rswiex ivc nvIn mwl, rswiexk Gol qy roSnI dIAW KojW Swml hoeIAW]

tYlIvIjn1926 c, skwitS jOn logI byArf pihlw tI vI bxwieAw, inpko ifsk dw 1883 c pytYt ilAw igAw[ 1897 c kYQof ry dI Koj hoeI, 1927 c kYQof ry nwl pihlw tI vI bixAw[ A`gly vIh swl vYkaUm tIaUb dIAw KojW hoeIAw[ 1958 c ientYgryitf srkt bxyN[ iPr sOilf styt qy Coty ielYktroinks bxy[

PotogrwPIyPootogrwPI qy iPlmW izdgI c XwdW nwl lokW dw irkwrf r~KdIAW hn[ rswiex ny iPlmW, kYmry, roSnI dy Xog FMg qy slaUSn bxwey[ bYtrIAW, 1950 c AYlklweIn CotIAW bYtrIAW qy kYmry c l~gy PlYS[ 1963 c eIstmYn koifk ny qurq kYmry coN inkln vwlIAW qsvIrW bxweIAW, 1970 q~k 5 kroV Ajyhy kYmry ivky]

inpko ifsk qy KojI pwl inpko

11. 4. mnorMjn

11. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn

11. 5. nvIn ielYktrOinks

nvIn ielYktrOinks Huhux nvIn imnI ielYktrOinks sI fI plyArW, tI vI, kmpUtr, ifjItl kYmry, ibn qwr Pon Awd c hn[ vYkuAm tIaUb qo trWizstr qo ientYgryitf srkt rswiexk iejnIArW ny ielYktrOinks Coty, izAwdw SkqIvwn, G~t ibjlI dI loV qy ssqy bxw idqy hn[ nvy Sud mwl qy sYmIknfktr bxwx dy qrIky ny trWizstrW qy ientYgryitf srktW nUM hor smrQw qy vDyry vrqo c ilAWdw hY]

nvIn snQYitk mwlAwm vrqoN ielYktrOinks, sYl Pon, kmpUtr sKq qy cMgy plwsitk dI loV hY[ plwsitk ielYktrOn nUM iensUlyt krdy hn[ rswiexkW ny mOlIkulwr bxqr bdl ky nvy sKq qy keI vrqoN c Aw jwx vwly mwl bxwey[ ienW KojW nwl cot shx, G~t vzn qy ssqy Awm vrqoN dy swDn bxwey]

trWizstrziek Coty ijhy trWizstr ny kmpUtr qy sMcwr dw smyln krvwieAw[ 1947 c john bwrfn, vwltr brYtyn qy ivlIAm SOkly ny trWizstr bxwieAw ijs ny motI tutx vwlI vYkUm tIaUb dI QW isgnl sivc krn leI lY leI] ientYgryitf srkt c l~KW trWizstr hn ijnw nwl nvIn ielYktrOinl bxyN[ 1954 c trWizstr ryifAo bixAW qy 1958 c AmrIkn ielYktrIkl ienjnIAr sImor kryA ny trWizstr vwlw kmpUtr bxw idqw]

trWizstr dy KojI