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+ P s 3 r t r _(oLu4/s 8a<t s6,./LoA 6E t)

t '"1e"/,"1"*^ ( s.n,al.Y)

) 15 ^- >- y '1 , { s7t i " l sp . r , i j 2' ' - '

, r r oo J , r t a^G b . l dea^ s / t r a / s

t, SptraL ,Atv.uo.AGE Z l '5 extr" 1,

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v/.

t^s@ e

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t) t:/t! TD

c o y a v o [ u w e ( o u L / " . o u ! . 1 s P i " t s )

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'n ' "o s , . , . ruJ J - ouLs ;Je ) ; ' - . t , � , ' l sp ' io l

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P-A t:=--

t1 t ,o" 5, . '^ JarJ hb'L

t ' -| - ^ "l -4 1u

Q. in l " r , " , - "^+ ( ( r ) t tn r rs ' Ve

O , o t < 0 " n g 6 . t : Bn * v-,1

( , - - Q" /21-ror fu sct,i""l Lalilu/'iaL *"- '-O-

A / , ^ , z n " O 4H s l / L t | - - ^ c . t s - 0 . "

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i iai,,uorntAt l- , ,E A E S l , - 7 ,

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srz" . (1 r o . , t , " )

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/='-

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l , = zes

6 t o

t-!t (!

{'bLau,

f t t l = ( o * q 1 U = l l V U 4 ^

=' 8 f , a s *, ozo-1 ( 6 ! o " ge o' 214.o) +.3 ks. 2?k;l

alh...abtq lallz!4 1p+/ I"" a :tup c€rizllAt !/'

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d

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?

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+ --r ( J- t"1,14 "-l^,* /" .,* t t .- ( 41 .

4' = 4t/z 'L

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- - ^

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o . ? > - a '7 < - J> \ *

r + 2 . s 1 ? ^ / ( . ' A t )

@ro, /ot<41".'14,e- lL^

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lbZ Af'*, al',r''J. W lcA'T'. (€rtrzo'D,.( J-)')

eh = a, ( zas-at)-+ t-(sos- ztC:s/z)ai (

{k7 - zos) ; llPu = /gss c? -.E:.:4=zzz

N a m / A L \

?, , *,tt €5 , tt rr15, Ltt, ?,. , Lrt -ll,r , L/1^

3 s 8 . 111 ss

N.c- ?-t -- . ai ?t 4

eA L4 NCt D J-b-.4 ca44(!4qtr* @ .4,,*^ {:'=-

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i \ { t l t - =r . , , -d^ '7 ! . s \ l l ' oo3--3ra.ai7'e"" rF5

, ,*_l-)- tC i = 0 o a 3 3 k a b - b ' = . o o t a ' .

: t . 4 . i/ ^ r t . 3 k a . L - - _ _ _ _ i - - r ^ - f

't -J - - +r l t ' - - 3et - - .ao l : �2s

I . r . r L_ lL '85 f .

1s : c t a2< rB > l r lE ' = ' ao t22 t - ey l " " ^7 l r '

.. at M/34st /o^.) eQl b,-1"(-, t,'= A a.1 ./*' ,... E = .A t

Q - - o . a s " . a 2 o 1 * . 8 s . 3 k a 6 * ? a o : l 1 8 l L r / ; ! = -- T . . 3 t L s " / l ? o = { a 7 L ^ /

z 1 ' "

, & ! 3 r . | < t

)-^ 6-2t: ,t

& .^",1^. i ^ n ,, :1'/,r.r. ,.U;c,= 4'({c --.s'1. ) l ''l:t:

= /q-?o (3qs- ,as , -oz t : t ) -= QB/ .3 L^ / , . . ;EK2-

= z , : C . . - . o t l . ' b ( . as z ) f 4 , = .a ' -

^ t o t ^ / - ^\ J - - " f - o t -J I t t ) t - t - . t , t - aO3)

- S. Gb3 - ( "8s , - /z -Bas - ! -, a A L z 8 - B s 2 < ( s k 1

S-t"lt4^ l. tLa p-rrA 'an i j: = Q AQ "-".,

: . C,= 2A9S-1 LM *-=- 3,16:6 L1', /' ^ , €ge, . +-bl .3.r 2a1s.1-3/6. L = 72ao-O LtJ

T,:"L

' . . t."" z*e.a-.ce-"t \ --i1trtr{:'' a i >€ " Ga Exz ) " t ^

" - 3 f 'j ' .A , l " " . J ' l ' l

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caf4a4 t)]r4Le: 2D3\" )I.-zt1tl^*" ,\--zr.s

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-- 282-2 ^*, H..^ €,Zer. ".1 X..,71fee ss/a^J ..,,trolr 'r,=€.€'

Elt

f n ^ - - 2 Q t o o " G t . L a 3 = 4 q c - 5 L l J -

@,. , . / "7

tJS,ut t'l.q,4L=7,tu l €. ty M^, l ,M^ ?. , Lr , r l t t l . , Lt i /k(,at6 2a3 +gq:s .l 599 3.2a.-7.1

i4^^: , ' lv . 3ds ///^^:d&L .< = toa". ,

caal^/ta 1 c >cL k€,>e,la St'aJ,.t c^L,J*r;^4

- /I

tJ,rr*

e ) e q, 2 O2-2 r^,ret4!99

4>€ t t -gt:;;

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a-r,"^.r*"'h/.*.lb

I - 5 ' C 8 3 : , c 4 Q . B t ' 3 - 5 o ? ' 2 ̂

)-Glz*' .nn""l' "ldr/ t Lu/""."

| \ | l . a t "I L-J r

lr=n,t, t I' I t ( .C,

( , - . g i f , a t . = - a t * ' a 2 ( , ? , 3 a o x . B t x- , t , 6 8 3 , .

e, :4 t - .a t { . ; - - tp tu ( .zzs - .a r " .o2"7)- 4 . V t ' 5 k / V

. f ^ l uo t4 l / JAL I - , I ' a t L t - z ' a - < .+

I @,^.yoz

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j+4aLz-. aea _ <,,, t/,uy, .,.-a,27 .{'a

(Z:7.6-t -..tDs gaj4..-_)sJt{: L=./tok J aw.

l'..(.. 5'Q8" - = 93a'a + tt/-I= 9zz.z. zs,t =etel kA

lr,\& ** i^p tJ.al C,'r-ty 5tt, '=l, l:_

E'".:,"f3t,^,rij,,;, :.'::-, ." .';:!:.

f ,Jto' -!-"s /1-oo,a1 . -ao t, es <.,,'tet iEF!,lr-/"d Et4lp q E?L?/EL <!2J= o_ t4tl i ji.*o

l f -,, ' , ^ _, ,.r, ̂ . '>- ..G c e..t-, d {;. l ')' -

t +2 ,sPJL 'A . \ " ' t ' - 'Y <Y* , : ' -

r*. ' . Q = . . ^ . . ' : . . . : ^ ; - . . . : = . G t t 2 6 . 5 1

'$li e-- U-,1^ 1f*,_L!_- /14"-!,/*]aC' l 5o8 , .60. G I t7s,1. 299. L

f No tLt^JAL- .->k_ FA<ToL=D _q4/^"!;!) 7.-_w- .p,=+) J3rL,i .k ,r-

j e..: 'U;;u ',^ r i.r ' t ,r-L -_-I--:--.'1"; "ll,.t -JqJ\ .P -)\ )\ J^e.- i -:-):,-.>.. . .

i - - .c: :>4 =,uf 5, e,-) . . . ,_t , ,q.I ::,Jl -)\s\ (;Jt - \j r-,2)\ =--s:)

( - r t t t ,z t caLL, ̂ 4Ms L/N D €eUI I Av tAL EEND/NC \

:.4 -.o.+) l ^z)CaL u/tt.J /NT?RA L'rra J ) tAc< aU

( s . .a f ( eS3- 1796 Tzgct t lo r2

@,"t./o='( aLumM //,J7€j.Ac 7/oN DtAcRt4tr4 (ctO],

Acr3lg<;J-:O (ao P 6F cuevl)

.L 2 (z;atr eeso;o fa.t-"/;

- € ' > € J

t,<e"- | tNA < t- lffilfr,^.."., z'tvp. ft.a r,

( t T r- --- 3--.'.''-'

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J - ,

14, p"' I

" r r -F f . . . ,noz o t+p | /@ ' - t J ' t

@," , . l ovU'L lERCOsaN j+ 493- 436 r&frtarb.a

Eq^"-r*" t ,l^ o-J t' 4 =_e,tJ44 G), at.,4g+a,, ("

y -- le f oa5 1,' ) (v-l&/ tuL) (u". L'N

e/\ 6D L\1-S!(orecliaz Eacj" r :

i (4cD j (o ,c9 ) l / ) t 14cs \ - ' loua; u t'

-?)t (413- taLy)'J\

- r z + @ , @ @ , @/: AcTolzED ,,-41 7,tI- t Ls- | ; l i_a* "s,,//op -T -;-/E D (oLu;^)

IJA. )DEQ. U,UI AVIAL BF^JD/ 'O E ' '

A4:--. ," eAa;- 1lt ts"- f p +13-e1G .^l-:l. < ta I l*; ,tt 1 tt ^ ,qa,la U*

l j 4oo . r ' , t t ] ane.i<t /) E1.(t

2A.,1paAcaAMs 493

o '

a : , 4 1

F T G U R E T S . T ? . c o / ! , n n l o k r a d o n c h a d , = l a - = , h q* . - " , , , . , _ " " " * . . , _ c . : " , ' ; . " ; ; " : ; _ " , " " , : r i i % 3 n . r b a

C9

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zsme-@,". )tBrEiacioN DJacFAMs 4gs

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c

".,,." ,",".,","" :. 1'"' " - ' ' ' , " " ' " " ; ; . " ; ; ; ; ; , " " ' n s r ' " s d n e ' r c ' u o . , , 1

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o " 3 8- 3

€ z " a 2 a f r 3 8 o y 3

L

A / o t t2

1 3

/ . )

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) ,M " ( 3 " / 6 ? 3 - - = ? 3 " e * . ^

zetiQ496

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G u

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FTGURE 1s.12d qnrin Inerseffed of ,t, Lut nor.oiiedlv bdo* o.dimte o{ 010

1 COLUMN ]

^ ' tE tLSsssssssssssssss� I- /^-d

-tL4 /2tcL4i c.r',-arq tfuW

P | ^ ^ -C : 1 Q 5 . t a t L ; + . : . < V . t ,

L'//*:)J 1. U. o c, rLlN^v: "A"= A,,=Atlz- !47o ^-'-'Sd"L--.(+- n,tkLt ) G)

' ? q t , ^ / , , ' , 2 R ^ \ L - - - -

_ O.oJ2GB >-.ol (ek) 41aOIe4

. ' . ( t *= aJ268 " cqef( .es*zat) --E:288.

= C6(o- 2" 6/)/r-t t = O.8 ; . , e".-,". ets f ,, .^nta ' e lL : o.333 & 6 f - - 0.288 : - 4r= O.38

tt) - t). ' . 0 ' 3 6 : f " F - r - F

t : L k , o 2 a 1 ' 3 9 6 \ ( a t o

: . Rr = 768 kM' 6 2 0 7 t 3 6 . , l

?^ --(. bt la) -768 -l r1" -_ 'goa t t t3 = 3 G Z k M n

6tu

CZ ' cot. r/oV

1D q t . .

S- o.'.-G S. -t+ 2-s r-^f ( +, /h)

' 7 - > , ' 6 rt - + a 1 . > ' , " t / / ' , Q . 6 2 a 7 x b 1 0 x 3 g a )

I ^'P,*.= 78 A/J. .LuA,^,/

( / X ) . ^ t / h > .

6/4 ) AL mon/€P 7.9 /4-,/ (oLU A M S

uta Bftzstr-4 <E ctf Pa<Al= .].^11.4."J..

t , I t t - ! t -q=tActo. .d h^o^.4f to4,1,{ .414.44/ /4!44' <* 4<J

t e ux.k e. z>L/' (er. o.li j = 1 ' ' < u ' ( e , = o )' " i , , 4 So.os X' a4r-,4,1* 4* 4i *

M" , _ / 5 / . 4 l / / ^ &/W"q = G1.8 L)V^ --L

-1^; ,4\",-^ ca 4oor 4co^-,

tfEt.A?ta/J / * t ,64'ftu- t> rz41tr1" r1t l-P-tt & 4yC-,4+ //'- e^/ ,r,/1 -A* tuz;4

6 6r/.t),.P"- "-4 ,44" uttd p laoL lt il-,d^4A.,-/ ,1M/A/!4 : .v[/=p"ifu 5;t'i", &R.=dLb;) P":. /' .u x € = (.t /. 6s) /s/.A - /63 l zt/-]'"+t .

M u q € = , , 6 7 . 8 _ 7 3 " | ' - - .,.-- il* i,tt P,rA A4pk, I .,-,,

F...7,L,,:- t r t 1. '11p {, t]).t | . .}-.-- _.-,

q 6 9 0

o J4\. o

o a o

. , c o c . / o V

I e, -- lhsF J P-r,. 1s ̂ Lo?& p- u1lL+ ""^JI itr<- 42144t J6v, ll^ na4 - i'i.J-*)*l* ..:thtn .I4z

. #-- .4^,t'- ttr JJ* a-cct 'r^ / d/< a.l)a;^:

( a , = . o z a s , 2 2 . 4 / = o . s g 3e,-/l --G38 ) <x lA=-las :J= o]

= ' S o ) V l f = . 9 x ' o z l " . , z 6 6 2 = / 6 8 0 "

. - - ,9e. ,o2 ' ( 4 eb: - - .sG! .8) + s6k8 " .+ . So/ , /M?."€=.t"soLk =3t/o L,( Fn,+.^ v-tu"' t l l l

' f l€ t "y f P."F P""r

/ 6 8 0" # - * , - : E r = 7 k a A

/:_\ A /-' 4.; g-<lt" :....- -tt1 26 =

'/tgo Ltat

' (-.")t .'t-.,)

, " 1 / A z " , a c f t t a o . r c 3 ) . / 3 g ^ ; ? , / L = ' l * s j ( . =i ( 1 : 1 ] " r o " f + = q , ' 1 . ) e J / L , . t t t J ' s s s. . . ( " = ( , ) .ka , ' , "L,1=,11:^1, )p,"p, ssto t^// r = . 6 6 , l " | F = 2 2 t 8 , I

. cot. /ob

- / k 7 g 22 /6 3t/o

:| | AO l^t-- /2)l t -D r -,2'a)l ors eJ

Uo"?-z- 116i- lu *A /a"xF -J-23 Lr{*4l/u'1 f = 13 A^./,^FpJ t,*,'uL /&t-.t} l -: t".<' 4:)

aN.A}^ . Ala <,4+

tuluy J-- 5-r. a I(f .,. ,! . , -Vt4 Etz s-cI 4:a t j )b4t* .^ / :_ : := ! a2- - - - _ ' o1 t st

' a d

Elt<g'/ t Q .2,^t-1

!Lc!4&r * L T ' /( oa r E QLlq- fi> * . 3 9 q a L ^ 1

Urv!'L lllqr = ? ll k/V^

ola*:a^^+^

1 0 i ^ / / u B t

g*'Lri^ , 4' 'L-h'"

\l--t *'l^, ";= -'t't- Xaa*-l't/',asll * : , " - - * - " * - 7 . - - d , . : . , , . , .

, ,? ,^r = +:q7 L i l t& M"r ' - t t lo kN^-=- -- -- - -- - -;;-

t f r , '

Pu '€ 2"v€ - PuoFe, 1S- $ ro /c2 s1) t / .8 = . /kB ) f * /1 '4 r ,> i =

!;, / sa" = l.B ; 4 =,f,,^rn.l ("," ::"::,-.\ o ' o i q . z ) (L t - - o ' o / kv3*k " " / ( ' s5^28 ) -2+3l"r" , .0qt f . "2. ' .c.3 4 / ,< = 'oa7 Gi ' " :J ' l^=rL- i"

ED . o L . / O Z

,:, .sz =-Pote-/ (,oze* s.o,eot r-?-/€.=,s13G tri

= 4 7 ( , l E J vt _ l

Q 2 1 - 7 5 q ? G, l _

P q € B q 6 l

4t -- JZy€J<1" Ltg- s{Bz/1 oze,,c*,a.)= o . 5 O I

{3,= 3st / . f os. � o: lJ-- . .6o.u V-g7p f ,o< e /L = o ' o A+

: e l k : . o s + / . 5 o 0 = . t 6 5=-l!o5 * s-a 6 : Q7- 68t-t^

I . r 44o,1 F= Iz . tu4 zqz" to 3 -_3s5.3yr< : /11"1 4 6s /.t ) 3s'B ==34.? kM-

aj).4! _;tl) -_r.

/..,'1/u

t-"+,- sA"--.a f's E,l"!Ar4,4 *,frq,E. a f . A S *,t28( gaa - tao - a. *z).,. L: 8, 9 6 2f

tJ:.lq) Ldt-

S"l-,r4;,

. 3 7 * . o z Q /I

n <z,z)t'. L c)-€.- ,r.dr-,

s a a " 4 6 6 = a , 1 4 4 k M

3 5 6 6

:. I?*g = 64/o"<" - 6 4.to /(.o2s.

+ q 1 4 4 8 7 6 |

L N- - ^ \ /. t / 2 , o , = .D 44 , . p : . t d .

(E' @)-'

't+ d.

"', il'1""4+s /.t) 3k2.1 = 3lb.zLr\/ - ?)tu-y t ) u*

4--"f"""/ 3U."/2.;t d'r.1. my;a ^"t; X. y ./-/61114,uo4L <3tAnA L BEpptNc) It,,- l/..*

c"t. /ov

M"^F =- !22 " .8* 3sao- -a2at rNa

Bt&,L-. P!SL!!:: rt .vt\zth*1/ h- 7/* A&firllf ,*"'-'"-'( a-y.

- r - + t l B D t l 8 ' 3 2 8 a A t'r I' c-&L''.t t4! -f"* ! 28't'_l 8aP'

| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '

c.1,..^ ,. eoor 8a- f f;---V---" 1;5^n l,.2on/^*.r Slal * -l - --J_Yl x = 4 a o " ' l _ 1 "

i " i4- - 49-l!12948 Vu'"l*, ^ !xI. QJ uJal; !" ,-t4*g t+u4'4- n4"7- aEo Lu* p7,r1^, = 2oo LMu

C"Ld"r- B -"t ̂ 4 ^t* ui" = i"" i-U"r=-r^ l,u^D,i l P- -, *.aa.o Lf l ̂ / ""=3zo ki l . /^.1 1,1y..*.g

@ ro. ,/ov' L € ry!4 (tara) - BC. cc'LJ.) M S

( t l ^ ) "l" E7. @.EJ = t^nl4L J"k3&^144/i-! . -_ c-'4,!t*.a apsu Pepge-b I

6qzt ,x,,t)

tRaA..f

(1 " &k

u44

&,"u (;! & ..L s t . / * kL < r'srrt

Byl tt&

lArzsr Ac I CJ,'-*^ iQl c't.,/oz

€r =p44Ja-+ €"14/(t+tril <a,s)f.^ f."U;"* catada.d:N"-J6v.3- tai u*,""'^ 'Et =(E-Ja /a.s)/{ ra4rl <3,")-;jp- ;-, ( 3 s))-;:-0):i-4- . "s1__) ,.+ip !--LJ| :t+-- azo"t.sh4-/) ;t)LA tL>\

o oa Al lua I

k M /+^'*' IJAC K ta\l- 0! 44e L A|\LO

v __ z(f,r//.\ _ ,", 12;,n _(75).z(Er/ /61 * : -y ' )

-G 4',^/ V , Er (B.c).w-,/ k u4'-/.).a; 4-LU V , Er.(Bs) 41/ k u!4/,

F, 6€ nM: , ".t'"a. {Uo,t^., = o,8S It] (g5,.)t .ttottl:- " , - *-o:7o I, )*,F ,,( ( ! ! ! tut tL. .J- � " " . -o.1a Tt )* , l * , "(.=Zt-t ry 4,, tu1,"-nu^^

*4'4-1u-- , /t<4'?ra I p. @D-r./.2

FZ Q,9) 7/^e, './pL U*)t/l+ l,,vta.x. //,a e &:4"-'1"./.Ll" / r 3 /oo

. " ) ^ ^- 4< uL)

.k - !I/4.t4a tzlN

(s,s")

cL4 * _(L s-)

kl"/r - ' : tao l( : O.3 " 6'i.^41/ .J"*^ /,;^-b,*"" @ A*.o^2"t^ tre.tv-- O.25 . )^".^"fr'- \ @7-""t^1.,1"'* )

4 -tnatX .t"ult a^+rl^e/ "o'UoJu:aez",V.

^ - I )a - <Ji 4" < a.as Qo s")Y" l.

a .4'Z4rz

h) LIL Bu xtA L ztrau^h;

z '.-4+.t^^, a//s2

lfutl l'/d].a4h - &US QLY f2z4a47

T7.ct- "*^.t<'.,.".n [ -.. 44'* - to<-] ;/'

T1,

SkeZ

(Lt"/r) 3 3q - /2 il, /mz < //p, - Qe 'g )b,.t,'42 ftt4, /t44 )- -o.s @- ( /Z,s;i14. - gn ", l.J 2 - (4 5")

u-"./ /a its/e N

tua2Sail' <w-avr.u./e*.-1 'v"'","*t,

"44 ,*,*-t".*Z*,(**,^

> /7?

€ ^ . =

o.1s E

/'47-1ul2 (... /oz

-,4t*2. )^"2,,*/ "4;^.l L-r' J-< dR) ,?,=-c';nJl*4= z:Ef. <4'Jr) |

t , , 1 /, / ' - / . 1 / ' ^ , t t t t l \ - ^ ' ( t - r - lL h . : { ( - , / ' b + U ,4 t v r t / / n , ) > - u ' Q \ t / r ' . /

.{- =,11,'t.1,.Tt+ E' L;)ftfF2 Qss-)'1- J'U | 2,2,)t :.2, :^s "^o J*--:, , '*e t-Er = 2oc t LM/ - " ' (te.t')

." ,€I = (o.4 E- 4)//r+nu1 ear;\ ?'D14D1:i ?.*J,uL o ;e. J4)))-:+ltrL

3^:e"-* 4 I a -i-" =.-zg * t4,,,,.u, :' m.,,; " ='F? ( /s+ o.a3 k) -k t ,t- '1

,\.

@," . - / oz/4, = /)'Jtnr + d] Ms -(asl)

/t/a-G: l-o+ 71,-* 51t/AY C442 (,o2-e-

Br.O "/ //- .sdAY i .4',^4-( -t'.

44'v< - tr-)*- 4/4.L i zJ/MD 6--1-

I EA(|7HQaAE E t,-41'14-1t-<- -I - ;

- - t14 d 4]* b4, I

' , f P " :I r ; ; -

. , tc /_aX -

t"-

- '7 j'tu 4't'///' 7 z u2l I U, - f," "' n t1 J

l { 6l > ?. t ',.!Lu

s rtrr ta c.4u* -(3o^- )

F,t *> -:-t: .-, tuarrrlrty't .U ', t I ') , ',L-t !l-

I e fl*s,J :( {),, "t-',-- (er ,Ztl$':ttt.gt'J,.-.,. .L,L -'t.-:, €4!Z *4t -V t't (z'

I d:,.^zr', tazGg:pl ,t fe1.g1s2l-3,-.' f,'Q z c s')'t".ttl Ll,' f<Zz4'1.'"tt 3,il,

&; fz-l:Jl ;s, *, ( L,< t) '4L k!!:,-,/ ' ;, "t" .' t z )- F?04s!-- -,- €ix Ja-='

@,o ,7ov

\ ' " ^ \

a ,z./*_=]

L/Ut'rN

q S/r'.,z7 .1 Fa /t^ -/l\ / ' < J | 4

7 '74 t " t

L!.2, - ,, y,' < 40 /,t,- c, (,L-)-./1' t v t z

, - _ C l ,--3Q { -*...,-,zlklt J9k t u l r = 2 2 . 6 < Z k ; : . C J . , _ s / , c z z;. N0 2,46utFtcpz rorJ 4 ,"- ;47,

{= (azt ' -2 , as) /k3a = c ; "2 - e .Lse f

I eD c6L. /azt -l ( '= /o" E?o / k3o'= o.o z6s < 6E' l :o( /22a

lu = lt ft.as l.'; = a". /1zi.zt)= a2i. 13,' J e'tu'u

l(rr:- o-ss< : 6/t- = 6a.t/*so = o./4/Goro ,2. Q?l< Fe;ra'ta'tn ' <-= o . 6f. : E g = x I ' l f = . 6 2 * . o . , i a g j

- f .26oo 1 , 171M{P" -?-g --hs,/ ' f . 2Goo',6tf7

= eitre k'u > 2zrzs Lat- ctn urr

] 4+)z' , ':'�

I

E u_ ru 14.',. ; 2agz- F),t'y' 44,,.4T); --p . Ct"* ,".4,n ; Eto. sza^*.[--zt. a i7^;, ly = 4uu Lu; 6^ //. /(: -sc -^Uvi^AU-l ,tan. 7;u lbJ 4:U- I'L,lrr./

) a P^ -- /tz r>oa Lnt h- dU L c1".*'".,4^*4",r n = O. 4 -/o,- d,U ."/.--,t;Lr, ( t. z;.-t"l;r

!",*^d *"j 4@ ), /. -- sos" /,-.1 €.,P, . , 2zss Lr , t , ,440,= zbo L tV- & l lns- I sLN^ ..i.-14."- 1ye 4 .-t.^ @t

5 / ol-r

l

zit' o)" ?ttf6/b

\4 tA I ?.a.-

"sAd Y' P^r,*.

:= 3o so*---,<: J r-:- -)' -". t.-. tt w aM ejs (zs') ^4 (8'g)

t,it v = a6i7t,2/ zGr/ 1")(.., *+r^ wu o.'r Jr: d, sro/tz=.3.1* 6.to "'^n"tf

* :: '.zs I, = '3s,3s5,'t toTt z= 2'3stt--/0 '"'-^a

* iJ i" ,J.)u =e t / 26

/"th. r t) i"-.., l" 1t /4 u,- I t, l .t-c^,- t./..4

-7;

9e.oan- CD ,n

€, - < 2,^-,8 =c.^ nlX2 A " ? L

V"=r .,t c"'!+"* ln&^; 411 c.'*. 1.p'il. /j't'1F/,-/^ 11- JAcK tDp' ,''/oR€LADD 4t g^^"^-tcL$'t (A s]] fleaos"-), L= /,81 6*t^*'c,'Lr,* upeaAc b) & L:: /.6;*- (/;ir4.! 614,*.,.-

ct x {2.(2 2)

44 ; :. C,'t**^ ; r^L ,';t7"vdLt:

+1tr ;2 - t/1^-

\J | -j2- 1: 6 j ) c " t . /oz2 . e

, "= 12, zoa * t jo] + -zo6 " 63^= 3" t7" id ^^k

Fo+ zttz4tt>e cJ. t [/=t'- 6-t1s4to ' ' /

(t, a+^

3.so)*= 2:tZ1/ /< 1.1 -* :.Jt-', E; 1),. 4 - 1t A+4 c"4vt-. €P- = av7s7t1 2" 2o Aob =3!333LtL"13 'z'tr'<..n.4;7 t2e) : Q"=

l-+-= ,--l--- / '2ss

=35 + 1'2SSt36a= <aG'A J</1/.

6?. (12 -r)

/6' j < lL 4u;-t',1"''^f4.tuk'L N'41u4 /)

E1 (t z ^r) / d"t'...t- ,, 22 .

QP c" ,/oz

? (2,s r') :4uLY ;/xJ&,A; ( i'*,-) "/ '

,(-/r-4s7r= t9,1 < c/.Q.

/7?c tZ) qJr --12 u .,

- N4gtLrAY L -L tr- .' (SL4P De/2)

v . ly 1t asl!) = /f.as , .. (, 7. 0:555e-4:-_ S-t<:e:e = 28y',G *,"-

.:/tP' 21?t d= 3eo/1lt :=.f t

= 2 3 9 . 6 / s r o - _ . a S ?kautat,, trp ?qQ /,d7t ER Gu s otL :

, 2y '66 L r ' / > zSss .<('s.Jt'.'ult ) L-

k 1 .z aaJ>l\' A U -;;)-- L

4q -t/1J411 a o o

2a ctoa '

-rn , .4, 1L-( "/1 ls-o<u >.

'€ = " ; rf i7,: .' """ r' !: ; i:l |n,::"':TA , ; ^ , t t - - - '' f ( t 6 ) . > ) s . : t / f / - Z f t / . x 2 e ]1 6 l . _ t ; ,

.1 t \ 269 k.,--�

.e/ncAL (.-- uze<) j-+:-(

@.,, /ov4 z e ' n ' i l , - t n . " < + ? * " 1 6/4.!.v*-44,

A/tl t t 7 - - 2ao + / 'kb2.a ;50: /oa5.2 k l r ' ^ : r t l

A/O aJ s t")A Y. I -a,4, r " , ' - - , , , L ^ ^ ,l k l - / r l M a t u s L t u / = " l l e z l l / ( . 3 . . E ) = 3 k . 4 3

.:. d-l'r--!.<Ll"/-),anrsa..t n y-34:a3 > za-

'?.(21 s"):3s/{TT({,qD = s4:.__' - +ca ""/@2""""'t^)

- z / 4 " 31-7 " - - t ' / f . a " .a ) . - 4s?63 > kk .3

67. (2 aa) : C* = 0,6 a-+ t"tr4 tl 2 M, , tr[.. ." C^--!"*.k, / = / -

I = s.2 ar.- /o" / ( t.z..a) -=!tQ G st 0 |tu, ̂ n:. z" €r r/!<l-51=- 3.ak6, ro-zl/1;zz-LL ".4:= €2 9oa kM .aLi.J ( a1-4,5:L< €p) L'-J

f " r = - -C : t -= I - / ' i ?2

I t 4 :1 sc - t -6a ' :L1z?41? tE?:!k,r/): /)4, = €or Mz- /!/?2- /oas.2 = l/?s /<z/^( - - 2 " . - - ^ : - , o "qn ; y= .e -T " : - i *"".- rBfii l!.""""i?' |,i,fu lV "r, t,rZ","i -t-.-]'

f { r s a c , - O . G ' I ) , ' . K r : . 6 1 r . a z t 8 6 x - k " - - 7 O G 6 k t

P p . . 6 s P ^ o - . G : , z o a 6, i "w '1 '6n6,

) 6eoa . a . .22C. )*v

".. (/Lr'-t^ ; s4 /: E

r--tr- .n",J)J a-1. ̂".4 = k. p,r: Va"7t = 2'E ; tlJooa IU;

./In,r- ao nLU^ &2', = 3Zo l,(^: + -

e;-" -

^41-^'/a - 1/--A- 3a^

,. )J!4t ..-u+@, , j -r(Z^/DGe . J*J) t * ,

i . e l r ) : 5 , = . , ! - 2 , . , S l = , - / . 0 1 1 < / : s . a tta =/1,n,,"u C/r1,"'a3oo I t.011, 41:1. tfie ut* -.e

(t:/4at+€.14t,e:-3oa + t.011 -37o -7b6,b- Br,.z-

V9glrlJ- 1"-* . I< | " /r = :ao' !t.2 /(3,4) = i t. aL;-;X fut3agzi'L"* | 3k 4/z x-b441a1D6.6 = 2 z

t"1, 1^1r).,"1, - /s"e < 22 .- .r 'Jo^Jtq./etla,d q 2a,\4( "= tse 'e s / fa . ,6 .Gk4J* o" " 14 .es ,26 ; . o .nCll=o.o ; e/L,. ("\oa a/2"""), / .8 -,L/2G --)Ga.b e-Q:1S Z?,h44.n : oZ . - a .S

c-l oe

EFFECTTv; coLlJvN LENGTH. r / , 531

" l i i( i

momenLs misbt be more appropriate, since c.eep ir a function of sustainedlording.) The author feels that this pd correciion may be unimporiatt intbe assessmeDt of an EI value thai p.obablJ inrol'es a typical c.ror of atleast 307,. Foriunately, lhe efiecl of trd (and e.en of t1) is far removedfrom the end resul t of a design. Exper ience nat show that i t is only o.refy urusual lons col !mns thal6r is real l \ o i ! isni f icAn.e.

19 ,8 EFFECTIVE COLUMN LENGTH. K1"

ID s implc mechanics the concept of ef iecufe colunn length is vel l

, , establishedr a fixed ended cotunn has an effectile length of hatl iLs overallheishl between fixed ends. If it we.e onl! a hatter ol the lrame.eaction toa stalically determined moneni applied directlJ.. as a load cn ihe column,the efiective ledgih would be a relatively simple matter of frane or joint

Jackson and Moreland? solved ihe i1. problem in terms of rclative

1 , ,

t,"+I

I , 'J ". l

FIGURE 19.6 Efiective l€nslh facto.s (Fron ACI Cod. Comnentary.) (d) Bracedframes (r) Unbraced ftan€s.1, = ratio of:!'111. !lconp.ession meDb€6 to ! llal/ olf lexura l nrembe.s in a p lan€ ato.eendoiacDnpre:s ior d .ml i . r : i = edect ive lens lh