Post on 09-Jan-2017
UNESCO, heritage and poverty: towards an ethics of care
Marc Jacobs
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization, 16 November 1945:
• organisatie van de Verenigde Naties voor onderwijs, wetenschap en cultuur
• bijdragen aan de vrede en de veiligheid in de wereld door het stimuleren van de samenwerking tussen staten door onderwijs, wetenschap, cultuur en communicatie, teneinde het universele respect voor de gerechtigheid, de heerschappij van het recht en de rechten van de mens, te bevorderen zonder onderscheid naar ras, geslacht, taal of godsdienst
• www.unesco.org
UNESCO in the first decade of the 21st
century• The Matsuura Era (even USA returns)• Globalization,
WWWTransformationsDiscourse, identity!Glocalisation,Answers?
• Symbolic capital!– Recognition, proclamation, …
• Global redistribution or investment of limited resources
But crisis/Bokova era
Millenniumdoelstellingen: tegen “2015”
: Convention for the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
of 1972
• Monuments & landscapes• World heritage list• symbolic capital of
UNESCO• Influence on heritage
policy world wide • Effects of the list
Golden Temple of Dambulla, Sri Lanka, inscribed 1991
The Midas Touch• Dionysus offered Midas a
chance for a wish come true.
• Midas asked that whatever he might touch should be changed into gold.
• He touched an oak twig and a stone and both turned to gold.
• When he touched his food it grew rigid and his drink did harden into golden ice
• World heritage sites & UNESCO lists
• It is in this context that UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre launched a project in 2002 entitled “Poverty Reduction through Sustainable World Heritage Management”.. It aims to promote an approach combining heritage conservation and sustainable development and to explore assistance mechanisms for communities. Five properties inscribed on the World Heritage List or Tentative Lists were selected: The City of Porto-Novo : ancient districts and Royal Palace (Benin), Island of Saint-Louis (Senegal), The Ancient Waterfront Towns in the South of Yangtze River (China), Town of Luang Prabang (Lao People's Democratic Republic) and Georgetown (Guyana).
Article 15: Participation of communities, groups and
individuals
Within the framework of its safeguarding activities of the intangible cultural heritage, each State Party shall endeavour to ensure the widest possible participation of communities, groups and, where appropriate, individuals that create, maintain and transmit such heritage, and to involve them actively in its management.
UNESCO noted in 2012:
“The post-2015 development agenda should also recognize the specific contribution that culture as a sector, encompassing tangible and intangible heritage, cultural and creative industries and cultural infrastructures, has made towards achieving sustainable development, as evidenced in terms of poverty alleviation, social inclusion and environmental sustainability.” UNESCO (2012). Culture: a driver and an enabler of sustainable development, Thematic Think Piece, available at https://en.unesco.org/post2015/sites/post2015/files/Think%20Piece%20Culture.pdf
Agenda 2030
Armoede / Empowerment
• “Derde wereld”/ontwikkelingslanden– Afrika als prioriteit
• “Vierde wereld”/”kansengroepen”
Sustainable development issues and ethics on the agenda in the 2010s
Invloed van de Agenda 2030• Draft directives• 12 Ethical principles• Hoofdstuk 6 operational
directives op basis van UN sdgs (december 2015/June 2016)
• Capacity building programmes
Operational directives SDGs on the “national level”
OD174
• 174. States Parties shall endeavour to ensure that their safeguarding plans and programmes are fully inclusive of all sectors and strata of society, including indigenous peoples, migrants, immigrants and refugees, people of different ages and genders, persons with disabilities and members of vulnerable groups, in conformity with Article 11 of the Convention
OD175
• 175. States Parties are encouraged to foster scientific studies and research methodologies, including those conducted by the communities or groups themselves and by non-governmental organizations, aimed at understanding the contributions of intangible cultural heritage to sustainable development and its importance as a resource for dealing with development problems and at demonstrating its value with clear evidence, including appropriate indicators if possible.
VI.2 Inclusive economic development
183. States Parties are encouraged to acknowledge that the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage contributes to inclusive economic development, and to recognize in this context that sustainable development depends upon stable, equitable and inclusive economic growth based on sustainable patterns of production and consumption and requires reduction of poverty and inequalities, productive and decent employment as well as ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, renewable and modern energy for all and improving progressively resource efficiency in consumption and production.
• VI.2.1 Income generation and sustainable livelihoods• 185. States Parties shall endeavour to recognize,
promote and enhance the contribution of intangible cultural heritage to generating income and sustaining livelihoods for communities, groups and individuals. To that end, States Parties are encouraged to:
• (a) foster scientific studies and research methodologies, including those conducted by the communities and groups themselves, aimed at identifying and assessing opportunities that intangible cultural heritage offers for generating income and sustaining livelihoods for communities, groups and individuals concerned, with particular attention to its role in supplementing other forms of income;
• (b) adopt appropriate legal, technical, administrative and financial measures to:
• b.i. promote opportunities for communities, groups and individuals to generate income and sustain their livelihood so that the sustainable practice, transmission and safeguarding of their intangible cultural heritage can be ensured;
• b.ii. ensure that the communities, groups and individuals concerned are the primary beneficiaries of income generated as a result of their own intangible cultural heritage and that they are not dispossessed of it, in particular in order to generate income for others.
• VI.2.2 Productive employment and decent work• 186. States Parties shall endeavour to recognize,
promote and enhance the contribution of intangible cultural heritage to productive employment and decent work for communities, groups and individuals.
A4 (12 principles), or in another contemporary format, that of a tweet:
“When safeguarding ICH, the widest possible participation and active involvement of CGIs is the right thing to do”
ICH (on its own)
• EP8) The dynamic and living nature of intangible cultural heritage should be continuously respected. Authenticity and exclusivity should not constitute concerns and obstacles in the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage.
CGI – ICH • EP2) The right of communities, groups and, where applicable, individuals to continue the practices,
representations, expressions, knowledge and skills necessary to ensure the viability of the intangible cultural heritage should be recognized and respected.
• EP3) Mutual respect as well as a respect for and mutual appreciation of intangible cultural heritage, should prevail in interactions between States and between communities, groups and, where applicable, individuals.
• EP5) Access of communities, groups and individuals to the instruments, objects, artefacts, cultural and natural spaces and places of memory whose existence is necessary for expressing the intangible cultural heritage should be ensured, including in situations of armed conflict. Customary practices governing access to intangible cultural heritage should be fully respected, even where these may limit broader public access.
• EP6) Each community, group or individual should assess the value of its own intangible cultural heritage and this intangible cultural heritage should not be subject to external judgements of value or worth.
• EP7) The communities, groups and individuals who create intangible cultural heritage should benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from such heritage, and particularly from its use, research, documentation, promotion or adaptation by members of the communities or others.
CGI – ICH• EP10) Communities, groups and, where applicable, individuals should play a significant
role in determining what constitutes threats to their intangible cultural heritage including
- the decontextualization, - commodification and - misrepresentation of it - and in deciding how to prevent and mitigate such threats.• EP12) The safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage is of general interest to
humanity and should therefore be undertaken through co operation among bilateral, sub regional, regional and international parties; nevertheless, communities, groups and, where applicable, individuals should never be alienated from their own intangible cultural heritage.
CGI-Safeguarding
EP1) Communities, groups and, where applicable, individuals should have the primary role in safeguarding their own intangible cultural heritage.
EP11) Cultural diversity and the identities of communities, groups and individuals should be fully respected. In the respect of values recognized by communities, groups and individuals and sensitivity to cultural norms,
+ specific attention to gender equality, youth involvement and respect for ethnic identities should be included in the design and implementation of safeguarding measures.
ALL (including CGI) – ICH & CGI
EP9) Communities, groups, local, national and transnational organizations and individuals should carefully assess the direct and indirect, short-term and long-term, potential and definitive impact of any action that may affect the viability of intangible cultural heritage or the communities who practise it.
CGI-ALL ACTORS (that safeguard)EP4) All interactions with the communities, groups and, where applicable, individuals who create, safeguard, maintain and transmit intangible cultural heritage should be characterized by
- transparent collaboration,
- dialogue, -
- negotiation and consultation,
- and contingent upon their free,
•prior,
•sustained and
•informed consent.
Between States
EP3) Mutual respect as well as a respect for and mutual appreciation of intangible cultural heritage, should prevail in interactions between States and between communities, groups and, where applicable, individuals.
Zie 2030-2045