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Post Mortem Muscle Softness in the Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion
nebulosus: Effect of the Myxozoan parasite Kudoa inornata
Candice Alge, Eric McElroy, and Isaure de Buron Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424
Candice Alge
Department of Biology, College of Charleston
Email: candicealge@gmail.com
Website:
Contact 1. Dyková, I., de Buron , I., Fiala, I., & Roumillat, W. A. (2009). Kudoa inornata sp. n. (Myxosporea:
Multivalvulida) from the skeletal muscles of Cynoscion nebulosus (Teleostei: Sciaenidae). FOLIA
PARASITOLOGICA, 91-98.
2. Sunquist,L., McElroy, E., & de Buron, I. (2013) Temperature mediated myoliquefaction: The effect of a
myxozoan parasite Kudoa inornata on the spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), College of Charleston,
SC
References
Kudoa inornata is a myxozoan that infects the skeletal muscles of the
spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus. A previous study in our
laboratory indicated that infected wild fish displayed increased post
mortem flesh softness when compared to non-infected fish
(mariculture raised). We hypothesized that infection by K. inornata was
at the origin of the difference in flesh softness observed. Plasmodium
density, plasmodium area, and spore density were determined from
biopsies of seatrout previously tested for muscle softness (3 biopsies
per fish, N=33). Results indicated that spore density was positively
correlated with plasmodium density and area. Although muscle
softness was not correlated with spore and plasmodia densities, data
suggest that the larger the plasmodia, the softer the muscle is. Hence,
the older the infection in a fish, the higher the post mortem muscle
softness may be. Since old infection may occur in larger (older) fish, this may be of concern to anglers.
Abstract
Introduction
Methods and Materials
• Muscle softness is observed in post-mortem infected
muscle.
• Spore density is correlated to both plasmodium density
and plasmodium area.
• Number of spores, plasmodia do not seem to be
associated with post-mortem muscle softness but
plasmodium size may be.
• Analysis of replicate samples need to be observed to
determine if plasmodium area at 24 hours post mortem
is associated with muscle softness.
Conclusions
Kudoa inornata
• Spores of K. inornata (Fig.1) are organized into
plasmodia (Fig. 2).
• The plasmodium infects the skeletal muscle of
Cynoscion nebulosus1 (the spotted seatrout) (Fig. 3).
• Previous studies show that Kudoa inornata is associated
with post mortem muscle softness2 (Fig. 4 ).
Hypothesis
• Post mortem muscle softness of infected muscle is
associated with spore density, plasmodium density, and
plasmodium area.
Results
Fig. 1 Spores of Kudoa inornata in
muscle squash
Fig. 2 Plasmodium in skeletal
muscle
Fig. 3 Cynoscion nebulosus
Materials
• 11 fish were examined
• 3 biopsies per fish (Fig. 5)- each was weighed
• Each biopsy was taken at a different post mortem
time point: 24, 72, and 144 hours
Plasmodium Density
• Standardized squashes of each biopsies were
made
• Squashes were observed via light microscopy
and counted (Fig. 6)
Plasmodium Area
• Pictures of first 10 plasmodia per biopsy were
taken
• Area was determined using NIH program Image
J (Fig. 7)
Spore density
• Biopsies were trypsinized
• Spores were counted via hemocytometer (Fig. 8)
• Total number of spores per biopsy was inferred
Fig. 6 Skeletal muscle squash
with plasmodium under light
microscopy
Fig. 7 Plasmodium outlined
to determine area
Fig. 8 Spores on a hemocytometer
Individual spores
• A significant positive correlation was found
between spore density and plasmodium density,
R2= 0.34, p<0.003 (Fig. 8).
• A significant positive correlation was found
between spore density and plasmodium area,
R2=0.36, p<0.0002 (Fig. 9).
• A positive correlation between plasmodium area
and muscle softness at 24 hours post mortem
was found to be on the verge of significance, R2=
0.28, p=0.059 (Fig. 10).
Fig. 9 Log spore density and Log plasmodium density
Fig. 10 Log spore density and Log plasmodium area
Fig. 11 Log plasmodium area compared to log force at 24, 72,
and 144 hours.
5µm
Fig. 5 Biopsies taken from seatrout filet
Figure 4. Maximum force readings over time for infected and uninfected fish
Parasite Effect: F1,60 = 5.4, p =0.023
Time Effect: F2,327 = 32.6, p < 0.001
(Sunquist et. al, 2013)