Download - Water Pres 3

8/3/2019 Water Pres 3

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ANANTHA.C DEPT. OF CHEMISTRY

M .E .S. DEGREE COLLEGE MALLESHWARAM. BANGALORE.


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WATER

Water is a prime natural resource anda basic essential of all known life

forms and a precious national asset. It directly contributes to health and

wellness.

It contributes to economical, politicaland industrial development of everycountry.


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Water is essential to life on earth.


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USES OF WATER


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22%

8%

70%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Agriculture Domestic Industry

Water uses

%oftotalwate

rused


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80% of all illness in developing countries

is caused by water related diseases.

90% of wastewater in developingcountries is discharged directly into

rivers and streams without treatment.

The UN estimates that by 2025, 75% ofthe world population wont havereliable, clean water.


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SOURCES OF WATER1. Rainwater

2. Surfacewater

Impoundingreservoirs Riversandstreamsandseawater.

Tanks,pondsandlakes

3. Groundwater Shallowwellsanddeepwells

Springs


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Importanceofwatertolife

Watertodrink;weneedtostayhydratedtoremainalive;weare55 75%water!

Solarenergyconvertedbyplants;wateristhecatalystthathelpsplantsgrow.

Watervaporintheatmospheretrapsradiationandwarmsupthe Earth.

Earthsoceansaffectclimateandstoreheat.


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Waterhasavarietyofunusualproperties

becauseofattractionsbetweenthesepolar

molecules. Theslightlynegativeregionsofonemoleculeare

attractedtotheslightlypositiveregionsofnearbymolecules,formingahydrogenbond.

Eachwatermoleculecanformhydrogenbondswithupto

fourneighbors.


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HYDROGEN BONDS Hold water molecules

together

Each water molecule

can form a maximum

of 4 hydrogen bonds

The hydrogen bonds

joining water

molecules are weak,

about 1/20

th

as strongas covalent bonds.

They form, break,

and reform with

great frequency

Extraordinary Properties

that are a result ofhydrogen bonds.Cohesive behavior

Resists changes in

temperature

High heat of vaporization

Expands when it freezes

Versatile solvent


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Cohesion-abilitytosticktoitself

Adhesion-abilitytosticktoother

surfaces

Capillarity High SpecificHeat

HighHeatofVaporization

Solidwater (ice)islessdensethanliquid

Solvent

Transparent

Waters Properties


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Importanceof Cohesion

Cohesion is responsible for

the transport of the water

column in plants Cohesion among water

molecules plays a key role in

the transport of water against

gravity in plants Adhesion, clinging

of one substance to

another, contributes

too, as water adheres


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AdhesionAdhesion

Attraction between two differentAttraction between two differentsubstancessubstances..

Water will makeWater will make hydrogen bonds with otherhydrogen bonds with othersurfacessurfaces such as glass, soil, plant tissues,such as glass, soil, plant tissues,and cotton.and cotton.

CapillaryCapillary actionaction--water molecules will towwater molecules will toweach other along when in a thin glass tube.each other along when in a thin glass tube.

Example:Example: transpirationtranspiration process which plantsprocess which plantsand trees remove water from the soil, andand trees remove water from the soil, andpaper towels soak up water.paper towels soak up water.


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Whenwaterreaches0oC,waterbecomeslockedintoacrystallinelatticewitheachmoleculebondedtotothemaximumoffourpartners.

Asicestartstomelt,someofthehydrogenbondsbreakandsomewatermoleculescanslipclosertogetherthantheycanwhileintheicestate.

Iceisabout10%lessdensethanwaterat 4oC.


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The next

WORLD WARwill be over

WATER


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Is There Really A Water Crisis?

Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water

2 out of 3 people will be living with water shortages by 2025

Half of the world's wetlands have been lost since 1900.

The basis for most projections for future conflicts is that with the

growth of demand, the decline in freshwater availability , and the

adverse health effects from poor water quality, scarcity will result

in violence and water wars.

YES


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The global situation


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The global situation

Less than 3% of the worlds water is

fresh the rest is seawater and

undrinkable.

Of this 3% over 2.5% is frozen, locked

up in Antarctica, the Arctic and glaciers,

and not available to man.

Thus humanity must rely on this 0.5%

for all of mans and ecosystems fresh

water needs.


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TheIndian situation

Groundwater [Depleted]

Surface water [Polluted]

Rainfall [Wasted]

Population [ ]

Demand [ ]

Consumption [ ]

SCARCITY

Agriculture [ ]

Health & Environment[ ]

Future [ ? ]

Industrial Growth [ ]

Economy-Industry [ ]

Water Business[ ]


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TheIndian situation

Groundwater is the majorsource of water in our country

with 85% of the population

dependent.

Groundwater water tabledecline - 33 centimeters per

year.


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Indian government is too focused on economic growth, instead of

facilitating in basic human needs.

Poor water Management system.

Biofuel threatens India water supply.

Package Water Industries are encouraged.

The Indiansituation

The Indian Government


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Challenges


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Challenges

IndustriesOver exploitation

Groundwater depletionPollution

Land Degraded

Agriculture Spoiled

Groundwater & Surface water polluted

Health Issues


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Challenges

Governnt

Inefficient Government State construction

Lack of integrated water management

Inadequate enforcement of environment legislation relating to

water

Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment

Insufficient local technological research on water


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Challenges

Public

Wasting Water

Polluting Water


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Challenges

Climate change.

2020 India will become a water stressed nation.

66 million Indians in 20 states are at risk due to excess fluoride

10 million due to excess arsenic in groundwater

Out of these 6.3 lakh rural schools only 44 % have water supplyfacilities

Half of all Indian children are undernourished and half of all

adult women suffer from anaemia.


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Challenges

37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases

annually

1.5 million children are estimated to die of diarrhoea alone

180 million working days are lost due to waterborne disease

each year

Economic burden is estimated at $600 million a year.

1,95,813 habitations in the country are affected by poor water

quality.


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Challenges

Indias rivers carry 90% of the water during the period fromJune to November, but only 10% is available during the other six

months.

Biofuel threatens Indias water supply.

161 of out of approximately 600 districts in India have

been declared drought.

At least 45% of India's land area is degraded.

90% of the sewage generated by municipal councils and

over 50% of sewage discharged by municipal corporations

goes untreated


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Challenges

Overview of the major problems:

Drinking Water

Inadequate and intermittent supply of drinking water

Metallic and bacterial pollution of water

Inadequate piped water supply in rural areas and some urban

slum areas

Loss of water in transmission (distribution) and storage

Lack of financial resources for improvements.


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Challenges

Affect agriculture production

Insufficient local technological research on water

Lack of integrated water management

Inadequate enforcement of environment legislation relating to

water

Lack of control over-exploitation of groundwater resources

Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment


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Challenges

Industrial Water

Inadequate enforcement of special water

regime for industries requiring considerable

amounts of water

Inability of municipal water supply

organizations to meet increasing

demands of existing and new industries


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Challenges

Uncontrolled exploitation of ground water by some industrial

establishments

Safety of industrial establishments from surplus surface water and

floods

Lack of proper draining facilities


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Solution

Progress is Must,

But

Environment isFirst.


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Solution

Solutions to water problems require the consideration of cultural,

educational, communication and scientific aspects.

Plant Trees

Avoid PollutionConserve water

Technologies and Innovations

Water Purification Systems

Seawater desalination

Water Footprint


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Solution

The much-awaited seawater desalination plant, the largest in the country with a

capacity of 100 MLD (million litres per day), coming up near Minjur about 35 km

north of Chennai .

Under the technology, developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology

(NIOT), warm water is pumped into a vacuum flash chamber and the resultant

vapour is condensed using cold water to get crystal clear potable water.

Desalinated water is of a better quality and the cost is only 6 paise per litre.


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Solution

Water FootprintTo manage the water consumption better.

A water footprint measures the total amount of water

it takes for a company to manufacture and transport a

product, or for a city, country, or business to operate.

Calculating water footprints can help businesses and

communities better understand and prepare for the

impacts of global water scarcity, according to experts.

Such data allows companies to identify potentialwater savings and plan for future shortages


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Solution

Rain Water Harvesting

Irrigation Water Management

Hydrological projects - Construction of Dams

Artificial Recharge to Ground Water through Dug well


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Solution

Try to do one thing each day that will result in saving water. Don't worry if the savingsare minimal every drop counts! You can make a difference.

Remember to use only the amount you actually need.

Form a group of water-conscious people and encourage your friends and neighbors

to be part of this group. Promote water conservation in community newsletters andon bulletin boards.

Encourage your friends, neighbors and co-workers to also contribute.

Encourage your family to keep looking for new ways to conserve water in and

around your home.

Make sure that your home is leak-free. Many homes have leaking pipes that go

unnoticed.

Do not leave the tap running while you are brushing your teeth or soaping your face.


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Solution

sAvE wAtEr

SaVe WoRlD


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THANKS