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Page 1: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 - BISMUNbismun.com/HSC_topic.pdf · The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, also known as the Second Kashmir War was one of the most important conflicts in

A: Bd. Mihail Kogălniceanu nr. 36-46, Complexul Studenţesc Mihail Kogălniceanu, Cămin B, camera 122B

E: [email protected] W: www.unyouth.ro Tel: 0213104264

Bucharest International Student MUN 2013

Historical Security Council Study Guide

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

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A: Bd. Mihail Kogălniceanu nr. 36-46, Complexul Studenţesc Mihail Kogălniceanu, Cămin B, camera 122B

E: [email protected] W: www.unyouth.ro Tel: 0213104264

Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3

2. Historical Context ......................................................................................................... 4

2.1. The Partition of British India ................................................................................... 4

2.2. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 .............................................................................. 4

2.3. The Kashmir problem .............................................................................................. 5

2.4. The Rann of Kutch problem ..................................................................................... 7

3. The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War unfolds ........................................................................ 7

3.1. Operation Gibraltar ................................................................................................. 7

3.2. Indian response ........................................................................................................ 8

3.3. Operation Grand Slam ............................................................................................. 8

3.4. The Punjab Front ..................................................................................................... 9

4. Foreign involvement ................................................................................................... 10

4.1. The People’s Republic of China ............................................................................ 10

4.2. USSR ...................................................................................................................... 11

4.3. The United States of America ................................................................................ 12

4.4. The United Kingdom and France .......................................................................... 12

5. UNSC Resolutions prior to the 20th

of September ................................................... 13

Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 13

Bibliographical references.............................................................................................. 14

Further reading ............................................................................................................... 15

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A: Bd. Mihail Kogălniceanu nr. 36-46, Complexul Studenţesc Mihail Kogălniceanu, Cămin B, camera 122B

E: [email protected] W: www.unyouth.ro Tel: 0213104264

1. Introduction

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965,

also known as the Second Kashmir War

was one of the most important conflicts

in the region of South-East Asia during

the post-World War II period. The

conflict itself was not an isolated

incident. Tensions between these two

actors originated with the Partition of

British India in 1947 and diverged into

the 1947 war, along with systematic border skirmishes in the aftermath of the war and they

continued after 1965 as well, most prominently with the 1971 War over East Pakistan and the

1999 Kargil War. The region still remains in turmoil to this day, especially after both countries

decided to pursue nuclear strategies (neither country is a member of the NPT1), with India

conducting their first nuclear test in 19742 and Pakistan in 19983 4. It is thus important to be

aware of the entire context that defined the characteristics of the conflict in order to achieve a

better understanding of the nature and causes of the given dispute.

The simulation of the BISMUN 2013 Historical UN Security Council begins on the 20th of

September 1965, the day when the actual SC unanimously adopted Resolution 211/1965 which

demanded the implementation of an immediate ceasefire by the 22nd of September. During the

simulation however, you will be required to go beyond a simple decision regarding the

imposition of a ceasefire on the parties and will have to come up with genuinely long-lasting

solutions to resolve the Kashmir problem from degenerating into further conflicts in the future.

1 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

2 http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/nuke/index.html.

3 http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html.

4 For a further discussion particularly focused on the problem of Kashmir see Hoyt (2003).

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A: Bd. Mihail Kogălniceanu nr. 36-46, Complexul Studenţesc Mihail Kogălniceanu, Cămin B, camera 122B

E: [email protected] W: www.unyouth.ro Tel: 0213104264

Further, unlike all the other Committees simulated at BISMUN, you will also receive a mandate

from your respective Ministries of Foreign Affairs, which will contain various tasks that you will

have to pursue during the conference. Also, be advised that the situation in Kashmir as well as

in Pakistan and India is highly volatile and this could lead to the development of unforeseen

scenarios by the hour...

2. Historical Context

2.1. The Partition of British India

In the aftermath of World War II, British India was having severe difficulties in handling

social and economic problems and was to be divided into two separate sovereign states, i.e. the

Dominion of Pakistan (which was ultimately split between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and

the People`s Republic of Bangladesh in 1971) and the Union of India (later called The Republic

of India), according to religious criterions. The two countries therefore exist independently

since the 14th and the 15th of August 1947. However, even if the separation should have

finalized in peaceful, diplomatic relations, it was not easily implemented and caused numerous

problems, as it included an actual territorial and provincial partition5, complemented by an

administrative, governmental partition6. An estimated number of 12.5 million people crossed

the borders from one country to the other that year, while nearly one third of the Muslim

population of British India remained in India, causing violent actions between them, the Hindus

and the Sikhs. The tension and the symbolic conflicts brought about by the religious

fundaments that originally legitimated the partition kept rising and eventually focused upon

one central goal: the Kashmir territory claimed both by Pakistan and India. This led to the first

war between India and Pakistan, fought in 1947.

2.2. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

The first war between India and Pakistan, fought in 1947 is also known as the First

Kashmir War, strongly emphasizing the object of the dispute itself. Even if the two newly

5 See for instance the Bengal province which separated into East Bengal and West Bengal.

6 For instance the civil service, the army, the navy etc.

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independent countries had already started to divide their territories, they were still waiting to

receive a proper answer regarding the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. But

despite of (or maybe even because of) the exposure to the high international pressure, the

ruler of the region refused both alternatives. Only after a Muslim revolution that took place

inside Kashmir, the Maharaja7 found himself in the necessity of requiring external aid and

military assistance from India. This put India in a favorable situation, meaning that it would

have agreed only if Kashmir also agreed to afterwards accede to India, which it did and thus

signed an instrument of accession on the 25th of August 1947.

However, Pakistan did not accept the legitimacy of the Indian military intervention in

Kashmir8 and therefore sent military troops of their own in the region, but they had arrived too

late as India had already taken control over a significant part of Kashmir’s administrative

territory. On the 22nd of October 1947, Pakistani troops crossed the Kashmir border. The war

started with India in a defensive stance (supported by the National Council volunteers of

Jammu and Kashmir), followed by a series of counterattacks and military operations, e.g.

Operation Gulab and Eraze, Operation Bison, Operation Easy that almost lasted a year. It was

not until the end of December 1948 that the UN implemented a ceasefire operation after the

SC adopted two resolutions related to the “India-Pakistan Question”9. The resolutions10 urged

Pakistan to withdraw all military forces from the area and to immediately cease hostilities,

while asking India to also minimize its military presence in the region after the finalization of a

plebiscite regarding the accession of Jammu and Kashmir in either one of the two states in

conflict.

The war left both parties damaged from a humanitarian perspective, but each with the

possession of a small portion of Kashmir. Apparently, it was not enough.

2.3. The Kashmir problem

7 The title of the ruler of Kashmir.

8 http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000000394u00076000.html

9 http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1948.shtml

10 http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/47%281948%29

http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/51%281948%29

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A: Bd. Mihail Kogălniceanu nr. 36-46, Complexul Studenţesc Mihail Kogălniceanu, Cămin B, camera 122B

E: [email protected] W: www.unyouth.ro Tel: 0213104264

Right after the 1947 war between the two states, the population of Jammu and Kashmir

was due to be the subject of a plebiscite in order to legitimize the accession to Pakistan or

India. However, neither Pakistan nor India did fully respect the rules that the UN had set for

them: Pakistan did not withdraw its military troops from Kashmir, which determined India not

to organize the plebiscite in the given conditions11. But Pakistan did not feel at all intimidated

by India’s position, stating that either way the results of the poll would not have been sincere

and objective since they were influenced by the presence of Indian troops. The real dilemma

had been brought to light: none of the two enemy countries had incentives to withdraw their

troops unilaterally and neither of them would have done it at all without the guarantee that the

other will not further react in reciprocity. The solution identified by Pakistan was a

simultaneous withdrawal of troops, but India still did not agree, leading to the impossibility of

further organizing the plebiscite in Kashmir.

Roughly, India’s arguments related to the Kashmir problem may be summarized as

follows: 1) an accession instrument had been signed between the two states, thus Kashmir is

formally an Indian territory; 2) the United Nations did not oppose the accession; 3) the Indian

Constitution provided significant autonomy for the Kashmir territory, so their accession would

not be interpreted as constrained at any time; 4) the lack of the plebiscite was not at all their

fault, as it was the result of the Pakistani refusal to withdraw their troops.

On the other hand, the Pakistani arguments related to the Kashmir problem were

mainly the following: 1) the legitimacy of the Accession instrument is debatable, since the

Maharaja himself did not have the power to ratify it, as the symbol of the former British India

instead of an autochthonous leader; 2) the majority of Kashmir’s population is Muslim, thus it

naturally should belong to Pakistan; 3) India failed to organize a plebiscite in Kashmir,

disregarding the UN resolutions.

Jammu and Kashmir was the most powerful reason for war between the two states and

it was apparently impossible to reconcile them even after a number of UN resolutions had been

adopted in this regard. However, some of these were passed under Chapter VI of the UN

11

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1766582.stm

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Charter, meaning that they were non-binding and their enforcement was not mandatory. The

given resolutions between 1948-1952 related to the Kashmir problem and the necessity of

calling the two parties to negotiations are: 38/1948, 39/1948, 47/1948, 51/1948, 80/1950,

96/1951 and 98/1952.

2.4. The Rann of Kutch problem

Kashmir was the most powerful reason which strained the relation between India and

Pakistan, but it was certainly not the only one. Rann of Kutch is a region within the Indian state

of Gujarat, which India held in possession since 1947. The Rann of Kutch became the perfect

pretext for skirmishes and other kinds of limited military maneuvers as the Pakistani

government laid claim to the northern part of the region ever since 1947. On the 8th of April

1965 the territory became the scene of several skirmishes between India and Pakistan, which

lasted intermittently until the 30th of June, when the intervention of the United Kingdom

compelled both states to solve their conflict in a legal framework. The results were yet another

time unsatisfying for Pakistan as they attributed them almost 10 times less square miles of

territory than they did to India (Brecher and Wilkenfeld, 1997, pp.170-171).

3. The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War unfolds

3.1. Operation Gibraltar

The first phase of the war began on the 5th of August 1965 when between 26.000 and

33.000 Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control instituted in 1949 which delimited the

regions of Kashmir controlled by Pakistan and India respectively, dressed as Kashmiri locals,

who spread out alongside various localities within the Kashmir Valley12. Since India had an

uneasy history in dealing with the locals, especially in the Kashmir Valley where there was an

overwhelming Muslim majority, the Pakistani government tried to spark a popular uprising by

infiltrating its own military among the locals, in what was known as Operation Gibraltar. It is

unclear to what extent Ayub Khan, who was at the time President of Pakistan, and the other

army commanders sought to engage in a full scale war against India since they were aware of

12

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm.

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India’s strong military capacities at that time. As Ganguly (1990) remarks, by following

conventional deterrence theory, we can conclude that Pakistan was not in a favorable position

to attack India, since: 1. after the defeat in the Sino-Indian War of 1962 India underwent a

massive modernization program for the armed forces, 2. India had announced on several

occasions that they would not tolerate any border incursions by foreign troops and 3. India had

a significantly greater industrial capacity then Pakistan which would have given it a clear

advantage during a protracted conflict (Ganguly, 1990, p.77). It is therefore possible that under

these circumstances, the conflict itself spiraled out of control toward a direction previously

unforeseen by the Pakistani officials and military commanders, although they were responsible

for making the first move.

3.2. Indian response

Operation Gibraltar was not the success which Pakistan expected it to be mainly

because of miscalculations regarding the discontent present among the Kashmiri locals. Instead

of being galvanized toward a rebellion by the Pakistani infiltrators, most of the locals remained

neutral, some of them even rallying to the Indian side and tipping off the army that Pakistani

regulars in disguise have advanced on several areas of the Kashmiri Valley. In all, it seems that

only 4 districts joined the Pakistani cause and fought alongside them against India13. After being

informed on the Pakistani presence in the Kashmir Valley, the Indian army replied in kind by

crossing the Line of Control and capturing several outposts from the Pakistani side of Kashmir,

effectively dismantling one possible assumption made by the Pakistanis, namely that military

action would remain confined to the ceasefire line14. According to a much later statement made

by Gohar Ayub Khan, who was at the time the Foreign Minister of Pakistan, somewhere around

4.000 Pakistani soldiers were captured or killed after the exposure of Operation Gibraltar and

the subsequent Indian offensive, although in light of the official numbers estimated this might

be an exaggeration15.

3.3. Operation Grand Slam

13

http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050603/main2.htm. 14

http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-6-2005_pg3_2. 15

http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050603/main2.htm.

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E: [email protected] W: www.unyouth.ro Tel: 0213104264

In order to relieve the disorganized units being faced with annihilation in the Indian part

of Kashmir, the Pakistani army initiated a counter-offensive on the 1st of September,

codenamed Operation Grand Slam, in the Jammu province with the purpose of capturing

Akhnur and thereby cutting off the supply lines for the Indian army. Although it was met with

some initial success mainly attributed to the technological superiority of their tanks, the

Pakistani thrust did not reach Akhnur, but instead was halted by the retaliation of the Indian Air

Force16. Another version, narrated by Lt. Gen. Abdul Ali Malik who was relieved of his command

during the beginning of Operation Grand Slam, in spite of significant progress being made,

suggests that the Pakistani leaders did not want to capture Akhnur however, because of fears

that this could push the conflict into an all-out war (since Akhnur was behind the international

boundary not the Line of Control)17. The Jammu front saw further action especially in the region

of Sialkot (in Pakistani Kashmir) where the Indian army was initially repealed but managed to

retain some of the ground they had gain up to the 20th of September after winning a decisive

victory at Phillora on the 11th of September (Wilson Prabhakar, 2003, p.84)

3.4. The Punjab Front

After the Pakistani army launched Operation Grand Slam the Indians launched a

strategic counter offensive in the Punjab region in order to thwart any potential Pakistani

advance. The initial thrust began on the 6th of September with the main column heading toward

the Pakistani city of Lahore. This attack left no doubt as to the scale of the conflict since for the

first time it was clear that the international boundary had been violated (although Indians

consider that the Pakistani offensive began on the 1st of September marked the official start of

the war18). After some initial success the Indian army was halted on several directions and even

repealed, allowing a Pakistani tank column to launch an offensive toward Amritsar and to

capture the Khem Karan which was 5 km within the Indian border. The Pakistani advance was

stopped however and its divisions routed at Asal Uttar, where one of the largest post-World

War II tank battles took place, leaving 97 Pakistan tanks on the field (Wilson Prabhakar, 2003,

16

http://www.indianexpress.com/news/underestimating-india/512676/0. 17

http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_19-9-2004_pg7_30. 18

http://www.indianexpress.com/news/underestimating-india/512676/0.

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p.84). After this point the Indians regained the initiative. On the 20th of September India held

about three times more Pakistani territory, especially through the advances in the Lahore and

Sialkot sectors, than the Pakistani army held Indian territory, although they had made some

smaller gains in the northern parts of Kashmir. The death toll at that time was also slightly more

favorable to the Indians who lost approximately 3000 soldiers while Pakistan had a number of

approximately 3800 soldiers lost in action19.

4. Foreign involvement

4.1. The People’s Republic of China

The diplomatic relations between the PRC and India were relatively poor at the outset of

the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, mainly due to the border problems which the two countries were

arguing over for the past 6 years. Although India was one of the first countries to recognize the

PRC and establish diplomatic relations with them in 1950, by the end of the decade the ties had

rapidly deteriorated, especially due to conflicting views over the placement of borders in the

Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh regions20 but also because of India’s “hostile attitude

towards Chinese actions in Tibet” (Simon, 1967, p.176). The diplomatic conflict later

degenerated into a limited war, during the year 1962, in which the Chinese army won the

military engagement but later withdrew to its original positions. The war decisively strained the

relation between the two countries and it also provided a background for the initiation of

friendly relations between China and Pakistan. Because during the Sino-Indian War, the United

States had supplied emergency military and financial aid to India, without consulting Pakistan

(although an agreement was previously established between the two parties specifying

precisely this), the Pakistani government felt the need to foster better relations with other

foreign powers who could provide them with international support in the region and the first

choice was obviously the PRC, especially as they were also at odds with India over issues of

their own. Thus, by the year 1963 “the two countries had signed a border agreement, signed

19

http://onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr65/fkashmir1965.htm. 20

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/india-china_conflicts.htm.

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trade and barter agreements, and concluded an air transport agreement” (Rakisits, 2012, p.84).

After 1962 the Chinese also got involved in the Kashmir problem in particular, maintaining that

“the dispute should be resolved in accordance with the wishes of the people of Kashmir as

pledged to them by India and Pakistan” (Simon, 1967, p.178), in line with the Pakistani policy of

Kashmiri self-determination. During the war itself, the PRC clearly allied itself with the Pakistani

cause, in particular during the escalation of hostilities at the beginning of September. Thus, on

the 5th of September, the Chinese Foreign Minister expressed “‘complete sympathy and

support’ for Kashmir's ‘just struggle’“(Simon, 1967, p.181) and on the 7th of September they

labeled the Indian offensive in Punjab an act of “naked aggression” (Simon, 1967, p.181).

Further, after the Indian army crossed the international boundary, the Chinese government

pursued a much more aggressive course of action, giving India a “three-day ultimatum to

dismantle all their military works on the Chinese side of the Sikkim-Chinese boundary, or else

‘bear full responsibility for all the grave consequences arising there from’ (Rakisits, 2012, p.85).

4.2. USSR

The relation between India and the USSR had an altogether opposite course than the

relation between India and the People’s Republic of China. Due to the tough stance in favor of

the non-aligned movement which India assumed immediately after the Partition of British

India, the USSR did not engage in friendly relations towards India as they were vehemently

opposed to the emergence of a strong non-aligned movement (Chari, 1979, p.232). In the post-

Stalinist period however, in correlation to the influence which the PRC was beginning to gain in

Asia (Donaldson, 1972, p.476), the USSR began a process of thawing relations with India which

was also going to result in several acquisitions of military equipment, especially airplanes and

helicopters, with the trade frequency intensifying significantly after the Sino-Indian War. The

USSR still maintained amicable relations with Pakistan as well, considering that peace between

the two countries was essential to containing the Chinese influence in the region (Donaldson,

1972, p.476). Although at the outset of the 1965 conflict, the USSR had closer ties to India than

to Pakistan, a fact illustrated through the emphasis put on the “traditional friendship” relation

between the USSR and India, by Russian governmental sources (Simon, 1967, p.179), the USSR

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maintained official neutrality throughout the war, offering its good offices for the mediation of

a peace agreement at Tashkent several months after the ceasefire, in the establishment of

which they also played an instrumental role.

4.3. The United States of America

The relations between the US and Pakistan in the first years after the British Partition of

India were excellent, mainly due to the fact that Pakistan, trapped between three powerful

regional neighbors (USSR, PRC and India), was in desperate need of strong allies and that the

United States needed a strategic ally in the region, especially in order to halt the Russian

influence in southern Asia, and prevent it from reaching the Arabian Sea (Khan and Clary, 2004).

During that time, the US streamlined large sums of money in the form of economic aid, leading

some to state that during the first decades of existence, the United States was the lifeline to

Pakistan and that without U.S. diplomatic, military, and economic aid, Pakistan would have had

great difficulties surviving (Khan and Clary, 2004). The military dimension was also an essential

one and in 1954 the US and Pakistan signed their first arms agreement (Wirsing and Roherty,

1982, p.589), after which the US supplied vast quantities of military equipment to Pakistan. As

mentioned previously however, by 1965 the relation between Pakistan and the US was

somewhat cooled and it was nowhere near the excellent terms on which it was before 1962,

due to what the Pakistani perceived as a US betrayal by the shipment of arms to the Indian side

during the Sino-Indian War (Chari, 1979, p.231). Thus, the United States did not welcome the

conflict which emerged on 1965 between India and Pakistan, declaring their neutrality,

supporting efforts to end the war and being one of the primary actors supporting an arms

embargo toward both India and Pakistan.

4.4. The United Kingdom and France

Although the United Kingdom and France were not as involved as the three countries

mentioned above in the conflict, i.e. PRC, USSR, USA, they played a significant indirect role by

supplying arms in the period preceding the conflict to the belligerents. The UK was the first one

to provide both India and Pakistan with military equipment, as per the arrangements made in

the Partition of India of 1947 (Chari, 1979, pp.230-231). Later on, both the UK and France would

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continue to engage in the practice of arms trading with India but not with Pakistan (Chari, 1979,

p.231), the UK also being responsible for providing financial aid to India, alongside the US,

during the Sino-Indian War (Rakisits, 2012, p.84). Both the UK and France supported the arms

embargo imposed on the countries after the war and neither of them openly favored any of the

sides during the unfolding of the 1965 conflict.

5. UNSC Resolutions prior to the 20th of September

At the outset of the major phases of the war (the beginning of September), the UN

Security Council adopted two Resolutions, 209/196521 and 210/196522, on the 4th and the 6th of

September respectively, both of which called for an immediate ceasefire and an empowerment

of UNMOGIP23 in order to determine a swift end to hostilities between the parties. Neither

Resolution was however implemented by either of the two parties.

Appendix

Figure 1. The Jammu and Kashmir region

21

http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/222/80/IMG/NR022280.pdf?OpenElement 22

http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/222/81/IMG/NR022281.pdf?OpenElement. 23

United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan

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Source: http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/kashmir.pdf.

Bibliographical references :

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A: Bd. Mihail Kogălniceanu nr. 36-46, Complexul Studenţesc Mihail Kogălniceanu, Cămin B, camera 122B

E: [email protected] W: www.unyouth.ro Tel: 0213104264

Brecher, M., Wilkenfeld, J. (1997), A Study of Crisis, University of Michigan Press, Michigan.

Chari, P. (1979), “Indo-Soviet Military Cooperation: A Review”, Asian Survey, 19(3), pp.230-244.

Donaldson, R, (1972), “India: The Soviet Stake in Stability”, Asian Survey, 12 (6), pp.475-492.

Ganguly, S. (1990), “Deterrence failure revisited: The Indo-Pakistani war of 1965”, Journal of

Strategic Studies, 13 (4), pp.73-93.

Hoyt, T. (2003), Politics, proximity and paranoia: the evolution of Kashmir as a nuclear

flashpoint, India Review, 2 (3), pp.117-144.

Khan, F.H., Clary, C. (2004), “Dissuasion and Regional Allies: The Case of Pakistan”, Strategic

Insights, 3 (10).

Rakisits, C. (2012), “Pakistan-China Bilateral Relations 2001-2011: A Deepening but Cautious

Partnership”, Security Challenges, 8 (3), pp.83-101.

Simon, S. (1967), “The Kashmir Dispute in Sino-Soviet Perspective”, Asian Survey, 7 (3), pp.176-

187.

Wilson Prabhakar, P. (2003), Wars, Proxy-Wars and Terrorism: Post-Independent India, Mittal

Publications, New Delhi.

Wirsing, R., Roherty, J. (1982), “The United States and Pakistan”, International Affairs, 58 (4),

pp.588-609.

Further reading:

http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-

FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/index.html

http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Lal-65.htm

http://www.countercurrents.org/ahmad270808.htm

http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_7-9-2005_pg3_1

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/india-china_conflicts.htm

http://www.indianexpress.com/news/underestimating-india/512676/0

Page 16: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 - BISMUNbismun.com/HSC_topic.pdf · The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, also known as the Second Kashmir War was one of the most important conflicts in

A: Bd. Mihail Kogălniceanu nr. 36-46, Complexul Studenţesc Mihail Kogălniceanu, Cămin B, camera 122B

E: [email protected] W: www.unyouth.ro Tel: 0213104264

http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050603/main2.htm

http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unipombackgr.html

http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1965.shtml