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Karl Hillesland - NVIDIA Hardware - 11/2 - Slide 1

NVIDIA HardwareNVIDIA Hardware

Karl HilleslandKarl Hillesland

November 2, 2000November 2, 2000


Cards discussedCards discussed

• Major release in fall, improvement in springMajor release in fall, improvement in spring• NV10: GeForce 256 (Fall 1999)NV10: GeForce 256 (Fall 1999)• NV15: GeForce2 GTS (Spring 2000) NV15: GeForce2 GTS (Spring 2000) • NV11: GeForce2 MX (Summer 2000)NV11: GeForce2 MX (Summer 2000)• NV16: GeForce2 Ultra (Fall 2000)NV16: GeForce2 Ultra (Fall 2000)• NV20: ??? (Anandtech: Dec 2000 - April 2001)NV20: ??? (Anandtech: Dec 2000 - April 2001)• NV25?: X-Box (Fall 2001) NV25?: X-Box (Fall 2001)


GeForce 256GeForce 256

• 0.22um, 23 M transistors0.22um, 23 M transistors• 120 MHz core120 MHz core• 128 bit, 166 MHz SDR or 150 MHz DDR, up to 128 MB (64 128 bit, 166 MHz SDR or 150 MHz DDR, up to 128 MB (64

MB biggest I’ve ever heard of)MB biggest I’ve ever heard of)• AGP 4x with fast writesAGP 4x with fast writes• 350 MHz RAMDAC350 MHz RAMDAC• DVDDVD• TV-outTV-out


GeForce 256 TrianglesGeForce 256 Triangles

• 15 MTris/s (BenMark5 gives 13M. Have seen 15 MTris/s (BenMark5 gives 13M. Have seen other references to 14.5M) other references to 14.5M)

• Up to 6 triangles “in-flight” at a timeUp to 6 triangles “in-flight” at a time• 2 matrix Vertex skinning2 matrix Vertex skinning• Texture coordinate generation (+emboss, Texture coordinate generation (+emboss,

reflection, cube map)reflection, cube map)• 8 lights8 lights


BenMark5BenMark5NV10: 13 MTris/s, NV15: 24 MTris/sNV10: 13 MTris/s, NV15: 24 MTris/s


Transform Engine

LightingEngine

SetupEngine

RenderingEngine

Four Independent Pipelined EnginesFour Independent Pipelined Engines

Industry-leading 3D performance15-25M triangles/second

Sustained DMA, transform/clip/light, setup, rasterize and render rateExtremely efficient

>70% of the chip active at all timesUp to 6 triangles “in flight” at a time

Super-pipelined designVery low latency between engines

QuadEngineTM Architecture (from summer 99 notes)


GeForce 256 pixels/texelsGeForce 256 pixels/texels

• 4 pixel pipes, one texture each. Can do 2-texture multi-4 pixel pipes, one texture each. Can do 2-texture multi-texturing by coupling pipestexturing by coupling pipes

• 24/8 bit Z/stencil, 32 bit color (note: 4*(24+8+32)=256)24/8 bit Z/stencil, 32 bit color (note: 4*(24+8+32)=256)• Register CombinersRegister Combiners• Texture CompressionTexture Compression• 8-tap anisotropic filtering8-tap anisotropic filtering• range based fogrange based fog• anti-aliasing(?)anti-aliasing(?)


GeForce 256 -> GeForce2 GTSGeForce 256 -> GeForce2 GTS

• 2 textures per pipe2 textures per pipe• 25M Transistors 25M Transistors • 0.18 Micron technology0.18 Micron technology• 200 MHz core clock, 166 MHz DDR (“333” MHz)200 MHz core clock, 166 MHz DDR (“333” MHz)• 25M Tris/s (BenMark5 gives 24M Tris/s)25M Tris/s (BenMark5 gives 24M Tris/s)• Flat panelFlat panel


GeForce2 GTS GeForce2 GTS GeForce2 MX GeForce2 MX

• Remove two pixel pipes (left with 2, 2 textures each)Remove two pixel pipes (left with 2, 2 textures each)• Dual head supportDual head support• ““Digital Vibrance Control”Digital Vibrance Control”• Low power and heat Low power and heat • Slower Core Clock (175 MHz)Slower Core Clock (175 MHz)• Either 64 or 128 bit memory possibleEither 64 or 128 bit memory possible• Cheaper: (intended for ~ $100 range)Cheaper: (intended for ~ $100 range)


GeForce2 GTS GeForce2 GTS GeForce2 Ultra GeForce2 Ultra

• Faster core clock: 250 MHzFaster core clock: 250 MHz• Faster memory: 225 MHz DDR ( “450” MHz)Faster memory: 225 MHz DDR ( “450” MHz)• Expensive: ~ $500Expensive: ~ $500


GeForce GeForce Quadro Quadro

• Increased clock ratesIncreased clock rates• Acceleration of some common CAD-oriented Acceleration of some common CAD-oriented

features (.e.g, anti-aliased lines)features (.e.g, anti-aliased lines)


BandwidthsBandwidths

• AGP 4x : 1.2 GB/sAGP 4x : 1.2 GB/s• Video memory: 333 MHz * 128 bits = 5.3 GB/sVideo memory: 333 MHz * 128 bits = 5.3 GB/s• PCI: 132 MB/s PCI: 132 MB/s • Host: PC100 with SDRAM = 1.6 GB/sHost: PC100 with SDRAM = 1.6 GB/s


Vertex BandwidthVertex Bandwidth

• Q3 -> 18 bytes per vertexQ3 -> 18 bytes per vertex–position 2 * 3 = 6 bytesposition 2 * 3 = 6 bytes–texture coords, 2 textures: 2 * 2 * 2 = 8 bytestexture coords, 2 textures: 2 * 2 * 2 = 8 bytes–color: 4 bytescolor: 4 bytes

• The double eagle: 10/16 bytes per vertexThe double eagle: 10/16 bytes per vertex–position 2 * 3 = 6 bytesposition 2 * 3 = 6 bytes–color: 4 bytes color: 4 bytes


Vertex Bandwidth, Q3Vertex Bandwidth, Q3

• AGP 4x : 1.2 GB/s / 18 = 67 M Verts/sAGP 4x : 1.2 GB/s / 18 = 67 M Verts/s• Video memory: 5.3 GB/s / 18 = 294 M Verts/sVideo memory: 5.3 GB/s / 18 = 294 M Verts/s• PCI: 132 MB/s / 18 = 7.3 M Verts/sPCI: 132 MB/s / 18 = 7.3 M Verts/s• Host: PC100 with SDRAM: 1.6 GB/s / 18 = Host: PC100 with SDRAM: 1.6 GB/s / 18 =

88 M Verts/s88 M Verts/s


Add indicesAdd indices

• Assume “perfect strips” (one new vertex for each Assume “perfect strips” (one new vertex for each triangle)triangle)

• Each triangle -> 3 indices, 1 new vertexEach triangle -> 3 indices, 1 new vertex• 18 + 2 bytes/index * 3 indicies/tri = 20 bytes/tri18 + 2 bytes/index * 3 indicies/tri = 20 bytes/tri• indicies and verticies may come across different indicies and verticies may come across different

bussesbusses• Vertex cache can save some bandwidthVertex cache can save some bandwidth


Texture CompositingTexture Compositing

TextureEnvironment

0 TextureEnvironment

1

TextureFetching

SpecularColorSum Fog

Application

Tex0

Tex1

Fragment Color

Fog Color/Factor

Specular Color


Register CombinersRegister Combiners

• Replaces blending of fragment, texture, fog, and Replaces blending of fragment, texture, fog, and secondary colors.secondary colors.

• Provides configurable 8-bit, signed math per-pixel Provides configurable 8-bit, signed math per-pixel operationsoperations

• Cascading of register combiners for more Cascading of register combiners for more sophisticated computations (Hardware limit on sophisticated computations (Hardware limit on levels. Currently 2)levels. Currently 2)


Register CombinersRegister Combiners

Spare 0

Fragment Color

TextureFetching

GeneralCombiner

0

4 RGB Inputs

Texture 0

Texture 1

Fog Color/Factor

Reg

iste

r Set

6 RGB Inputs

Specular Color

4 Alpha Inputs

3 RGB Outputs

3 Alpha Outputs

GeneralCombiner

1

4 RGB Inputs

4 Alpha Inputs

3 RGB Outputs

3 Alpha Outputs

FinalCombiner

1 Alpha Input

Specular Color


Input/Output mappingsInput/Output mappings

• Input mappingsInput mappings– InvertInvert– NegateNegate– Bias by 1/2Bias by 1/2– Expand by 2Expand by 2

• Output mappings Output mappings – Bias by 1/2Bias by 1/2– Scale by 1/2, 2 or 4Scale by 1/2, 2 or 4


General Combiner, RGBGeneral Combiner, RGB

zero

primary color

secondary color

constant color 0

constant color 1

fog

spare 1

spare 0

texture 0

texture 1A B + C D

A B mux C D-or-

A B

A B-or-

C D

C D-or-

A B C D

inputmap

inputmap

inputmap

not writeable

RGB A RGB A

input registers

computations

output registers

scaleandbias

inputmap

not readable

zero

primary color

secondary color

constant color 0

constant color 1

fog

spare 1

spare 0

texture 0

texture 1


General Combiner, AlphaGeneral Combiner, Alpha

zero

primary color

secondary color

constant color 0

constant color 1

fog

spare 1

spare 0

texture 0

texture 1A B + C D

A B mux C D-or-

A B

C D

A B C D

inputmap

inputmap

inputmap

not writeable

RGB A RGB A

input registers output registers

scaleandbias

inputmap

not readable

zero

primary color

secondary color

constant color 0

constant color 1

fog

spare 1

spare 0

texture 0

texture 1


Final CombinerFinal Combiner

zero

primary color

secondary color

constant color 0

constant color 1

fog

spare 1

spare 0

texture 0

texture 1

A B C D

RGB A

input registers

A B + ( 1 - A) C + D

E F

E F

G

spare 0 +secondary color

inputmap

inputmap

inputmap

inputmap

inputmap

inputmap

inputmap

fragment RGB out

fragment Alpha outG


X-Box (Abrash on Dr. Dobbs)X-Box (Abrash on Dr. Dobbs)

• Intel PIII/733 with 238 KB cacheIntel PIII/733 with 238 KB cache• 250-300 MHz Core250-300 MHz Core• DVD, hard diskDVD, hard disk• custom sound with 64 3D-audio channelscustom sound with 64 3D-audio channels


X-Box Transform/lightingX-Box Transform/lighting

• 125 M Tris gouraud, transformed, shaded, two textures. 125 M Tris gouraud, transformed, shaded, two textures. • +one infinite light, 62.45 MTris/sec, +one infinite light, 62.45 MTris/sec, • 8 local lights 8 MTris/sec8 local lights 8 MTris/sec• 125 M particles/s (single color front-facing squares)125 M particles/s (single color front-facing squares)• Vertex ProgramsVertex Programs• Surface engine “works with CPU” for Catmull-Clark, Surface engine “works with CPU” for Catmull-Clark,

Bezier, Loop, and uniform B-splines at 50Mtris/secBezier, Loop, and uniform B-splines at 50Mtris/sec


Vertex ProgramsVertex Programs

• Replaces transformation and lightingReplaces transformation and lighting• Custom vertex lightingCustom vertex lighting• Custom skinning and blendingCustom skinning and blending• Custom texture coordinate generationCustom texture coordinate generation• Custom matrix operationsCustom matrix operations• Custom vertex computations of your choiceCustom vertex computations of your choice


Vertex ProgramsVertex Programs

• Input is untransformed, unlit vertexInput is untransformed, unlit vertex• Create a transformed vertexCreate a transformed vertex• Optionally computeOptionally compute

– lightinglighting– texture coordinatestexture coordinates– fog coordinatesfog coordinates– point sizespoint sizes


Vertex Programs cont.Vertex Programs cont.

• Does 4-vector fixed point mathDoes 4-vector fixed point math• 17 Instructions:17 Instructions:

–ARL, MOV, MUL, ADD, MAD, RCP, RSQ, ARL, MOV, MUL, ADD, MAD, RCP, RSQ, DP3, DP4, DST, MIN, MAX, SLT, SGE, EXP, DP3, DP4, DST, MIN, MAX, SLT, SGE, EXP, LOG, LITLOG, LIT


Vertex Program RegistersVertex Program Registers

16x4 Vertex Attribute Registers

Vertex Program

128 instructions

15x4 Vertex Result Registers

96x4 Program Parameters

(e.g, modelview projection matrix)

12x4 Temporary registers


Using Vertex Programs (OpenGL)Using Vertex Programs (OpenGL)

• Programs are arrays of GLubytes(“strings”)Programs are arrays of GLubytes(“strings”)• Created/managed similar to texture objectsCreated/managed similar to texture objects• No penalty for switching in and out of vertex No penalty for switching in and out of vertex

program modeprogram mode• execution time ~proportional to length of programexecution time ~proportional to length of program


X-Box memory bandwidthX-Box memory bandwidth

• UMA with GPU in controlUMA with GPU in control• 64 MB, 128 bit, 200 MHz DDR RAM64 MB, 128 bit, 200 MHz DDR RAM• 1 GPix/sec fill rate + “occlusion circuitry”1 GPix/sec fill rate + “occlusion circuitry”• ““automatic z compression”automatic z compression”


X-Box bandwidth diagramX-Box bandwidth diagram


X-Box TexturesX-Box Textures

• 4 textures per pixel (but takes two clocks for >2)4 textures per pixel (but takes two clocks for >2)• One texture can be used as lookup to next textureOne texture can be used as lookup to next texture• 8 general register combiners + final combiner8 general register combiners + final combiner• 3D Textures3D Textures• Cube maps, compression, etc.Cube maps, compression, etc.• 2 or 4 sample anti-aliasing2 or 4 sample anti-aliasing


Texture compression (OpenGL)Texture compression (OpenGL)

• DXTC/S3TC DXTC/S3TC –Pre-compressed (DDS file)Pre-compressed (DDS file)–Compressed by driverCompressed by driver

• DXT1/S3TC, DXT3, DXT5 (not DXT2, DXT4)DXT1/S3TC, DXT3, DXT5 (not DXT2, DXT4)• Ugly (be careful of trickery though)Ugly (be careful of trickery though)