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ud&,mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? d Published by ,ckpmtkyonf (USAID)
ESihf Intern- f Human Rights Education Institute of ational Rescue
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tjcm;olrsm;ESihf twlwuG a0r#ay; d oljzpf&ygrnf? txl ; u|rf ;
usif o l jzpf & ef r vd k t yf y g? ?
aqG;aEG;rnfta=umif;t&mrsm;udk jyifqifay;oljzpfaomf h vnf;
ulnDaqmif&Gufay;olonf ta=umif;t&mwckcsif;tay: Y
tkyfpkwGifyg0ifonfh tjcm;olrsm; xuf ydkrdkodcsifrSodygvdrfhrnf?
tm;vH k ; u tmH k p d k u f o nf h q H k c suf rjzpf & yg? ?
aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;wa,mufonf tjcm;ol rsm;tm; aqG;aEG;yGtwGi;f
yg0ifvmatmif aqmif&uay;onfrvI tjcm;yg0iforsm;xuf pum;avsmajym J
G f S JG l h &ygrnf? tqH k ; tjzwf a y;ol rjzpf & yg? ?
tjcm;olrsm;ESihf tjyeftvSeaqG;aEG;ajymqd&mwGif aphpyfaqmf=o f k
ay;olonf rnfonfhxifjrifcsufrsm;u rSefonf/ rSm;onf/ toHk;r0ifawmhyg
ponfjzifh rqHk;jzwf&yg? tapcH rjzpf & yg? ?
avhvmaqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
pDpOf&mwGiunaqmif&uf olonf f l D G
tpydkif;wGifOD;aqmifr_udk vkyfaqmif&aomfvnf;ol odkr[kwf olronf
t&m&mtm;vHk;udkwm0efcHolrjzpf &yg? wOD;wa,mufxu
tr_uodursm;tm;vH;k udk pkyor;f qnf;&ol odk r[kwf pDrcefcrtao;
pdwukd J d f k f kH d H JG _ f
tcsdefjynfhvkyfaqmif&olrjzpf&yg? 12 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v
rf ; T ef 2 0 0 7hre pack.pmd 12 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
13. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H h hf kf aph p yf a
qmf = oay;ol a umif ; wa,muf j zpf z d k bmawG v d k t yf o vJ ?
yk*~vdut&nftcsif;rsm;tay:tajccHaom wOD;csif;pGrf;&nfESifh
vkyfief;tay:ZJGvHk@vtjynfhjzifh vkyfaqmif vdaom t"dXmefpw&rwkd
onf aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;. t&nftaoG;rsm;wcsK@d jzpfygonf/? odk
&mwGif todynm k d f dS _ jynf0r_Eihf vkyief;tawGtuHwkd rmvnf;
aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;.t&nftaoG;udk ydrjkd
rifrm;apaomtcsursm;jzpf h S f S k h f ygonf? vl w OD ; csif ; pD .
cH p m;csuf r sm;tay: pmemem;vnf c H p m;Ed k i f r _ p G r f ;
&nf ? ,H=k unfrEihf tjyeftvSeav;pm;r_ &Sonfywf0ef;usiukd
zefw;D Edi&efEihf xde;f odr;f xm;Edif _ S f d h f kf S k
&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;onfhacgif;pOfrsm;tay: vltrsm;urnfodk@
xifjrif,lqonf/ tjcm;olrsm; tay: rnfodk@wkef@jyefonfwdk@udk
avhvmtuJcwf pmemem;vnfcHpm;ay;Edkif&ef txl;vdktyf onf?
vltrsm;tjym;onfowkd . pdwroufromjzpfrrsm;/ pdwxcurrsm;ESihf agojzpf
l f _ f d kd f _ r_rsm;udk xkwfazmfjyoavhr&Sd=uyJ
aqG;aEG;r_rsm;twGif;rSvnf;aumif;/ wcgw&Htkyfpk
twGif;rSvnf;aumif; wdwfqdwfpGm aemufqkwfoGm;wwfygonf? xdk@twGuf
tjcm; olrsm;rnfokd cpm;aeonfukd od&cpm;Edijf cif;/
tajctaew&yfukd rnfokd wef jyef&rnfukd H dS H k k
em;vnfjcif;wdk onf aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;wa,muf. ta&;}uD;aom
t&nftcsi;f jzpfygonf? tk y f p k . cH p m;csuf r sm;tay:
pmemem;vnf c H p m;Ed k i f r _ p G r f ; &nf ? rnfonftypwirqdk
tkypwckv;kH udponf tpdwtydi;f wckcsi;f xuf ydrta&;ygyg h k f k
Gf f k P f k k kd onf? wOD;xHrwOD; a0r#u;l pufEionfh
cHpm;r_rsm;jzpfaom rvdvm;r_/ aerxdxiromjzpfr/_ S kd f k kd f
pdwfqdk;r_/ ysif;&dr_/ pdwfjyif;jyr_/ oHo,jzpfr_ESifh
wcgw&Hpdwfrwnfjidrfr_wdkonf tkyfpkwckvHk;xHokd@
ul;pufEdkifygonf? tkyfpktwGif;jzpfay:ajymif;vJaer_rsm;udk
&SmazGtuJcwfwwfjcif;ESifh wkefjyefwwfjcif;wdkonf
u|rf;usifaomaphpyfaqmf=oay;olxHwGif r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf//
em;axmif E d k i f p G r f ; &S d j cif ; ?
tkyfpkwckvHk;.cHpm;csufrsm;ESifh tkyfpkwGif;&Sd
wOD;csif;.cHpm;csufrsm;udk od&SdcHpm;Edkifonfh enf;vrf;wckrSm
pl;pduem;axmifwwfjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ pum;vH;k wckcsi;f pD.
t"dym,foufa&mufrrsm;/ ajymqdowkd . toHaetoH k f ` _ k l
xm;rsm;udkavhvmI t"dy`m,fudkcHiHkazmfxkwfEdkif&rnfjzpfonf?
xdktwGuf aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tkyfpkwckvHk;ESifh ,SOfv#ifpum;tenf;qHk;
ajymoljzpf&ayrnf? wcgw&HwGif aphpyfaqmf=ool.oHk;oyfr_rSm
tjcm;olrsm;.ajym=um; csufrsm;udk jyefvnfajymjyjcif;/
twdkcsKyfaygif;pkay;jcif;wdk@jzpf&rnf? enf ; em? wcgw&HwGif
ulnDaqmif&Gufolonf tkyfpkwckvHk;. aumif;usKd;twGuf
oufawmifhoufom r&SdvSonfh yrlaqmif&urrsm;/ em;0ifrcsKvonfh
ajymqdrrsm;udk yvkyajymqd&wwfygonf? ,if;odk ajymqdk
yrl&mwGif odrarGpm G f_ d S k_ f k hf G jzif*kwpduf yrl&ef
ta&;}uD;ygonf? txl;ojzifh vltcGita&;bmom&yfEihf
ywfoufIaqG;aEG;aepOf yg0iforsm; h k hf S l twGif; jyif;xefaomcHpm;
csufrsm;ESifh qdk;&Gm;aomtjzpfqdk;rsm;udk
jyefvnftrSwf&apr_rsm;jzpfay:apwwfygonf/
aphpyfaqmf=oolrsm;taejzifh pdwvy&m;zG,tajctae
rsm;uHawG&ifqi&ygu rdrvyief;tay: wcgw&H cdicirmrm f _fS
f kd f d kf k f kd f &yfwnf&ef vdktyfouJhodk xdkolrsm;tay:
av;av;pm;pm; yr_aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh enf;emrsm;vdktyfygonf? tjyef
t vS e f y l ; aygif ; vk y f a qmif r _ t ay: ,H k = unf j cif ; ?
tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifoif=um;r_onf wcgw&HwGif
pdwfysufzG,f&mjzpf+yD; jynfhpHkvkHavmufr_r&Sd[k
xif&ygonf// xdtcgrsK;d wGif aphpyfaqmf=oolonf
ulnaqmif&uay;onfyptpm; td;k pJaeaom a&S;d;k pJoif=um;r_ k D
G f h kH H G G yHkpHjzpfonfh
q&mwOD;wnf;a&Saqmifoif=um;r_yHkpHodk ajymif;vJvdkpdwfrsm;
ay:vmwwfygonf? odk&mwGif aphpyf aqmf=ool. tjyeftvSey;l aygi;f
vkyaqmifoif=um;r_tay: cdicirmrmvufcH ,H=k unfxm;ygu xdo@kd
q&mwOD;wnf;u f f k f kd f k o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; T ef 2
0 0 7 13hre pack.pmd 13 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
14. h hf vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H kf
OD;aqmifoif=um;vdrukd wGe;f vSeqefusiapEdiygonf? wzufrvnf;
aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tkypwi;f &Sd tjcm;olrsm;. k _ f f kf S fk G
aphpyfaqmf=or_rsm;udvnf; zdwac: vuf cH&efvtyfygonf? k f kd tcsd
e f t ay: od & S d c H p m;r_ ? aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tcseEiygwoufI
qrtmHudk arG;jrLxm;oifonf? rnfonftcsewif aqG; d f S hf f k h h d f
G aEG;r_ukd tqH;k owfrnf/ rnfonftcsewif acgi;f pOfajymif;&rnf/
pum;&Sn&nvsm;vsm; ajymwwfoukd rnfonfh h d f G f S f l
tcsdefwGif pum;jzwf&rnf/ rnfonfhtcgwGif
owfrSwfcsdefxufausmfvGefI aqG;aEG;cdkif;qdkrnf/ rnfonfhtcgwGif
wdwfqdwf+idrfoufr_udk tcsdef=um=umqGJxm;oifhonfponfjzifh
tcsdefESifhywfoufI od&Sdem;vnf&efvdktyfygonf? ajymif ; vG ,
f j yif v G , f & S d r _ ? aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tpDtpOfrsm;udk
pDpOfvkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfouJhodk tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; vdktyfygu
tajctaeESifhvdkufavsmnDaxGpGm ajymif;vJvdkr_&Sd&rnfjzpfonf?
wcgw&HaqG;aEG;&mwGif yg0ifaeaomolrsm;onf
aqG;aEG;onfhta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI b,fvdka&Squf&rnfukd
rodavmufaom tajctaersKd;a&mufoGm;Edkif onf? wcgw&Hwif
aqG;aEG;onfta=umif;t&mwcktwGuf cef@re;f xm;onfxuf tcseyrvkd
tyfonftjzpfrsK;d vnf; G h S d f kd kd h &ifqi&Edionf?
aphpyfaqmf=ooltaejzifh tkyp.vdtyfcsuay:wGif oH;k
oyfwwf&efvtyf+yD; rnfokd wef jyef&rnfukd kd f k f fk k f kd
k qH;k jzwfEi&rnfjzpfonf? ta=umif;t&macgi;f pOfwi;f onf
ta&;}uD;onfreaomfvnf; wcgw&Hwif ydrjkd ynfpaom kd f kd S f
G k h kH ajz&Sif;r_jzpfap&eftwGuf tcsKdacgif;pOfrsm;udk
vdktyfyguzwfypf&ef qHk;jzwf&wwfygonf? [mo^m%f & S d j
cif ; ? wcgw&H tvGepwtmHp;l pduae&aomtcsersm;twGi;f
aphpyfaqmf=ool.[mo ^m%f&Sdr_/ tjcm;olrsm;. fd f k k f df
&,f&$ifzG,ftjzpftysufrsm;udkzvS,fwwfr_wdkjzifh
avhvmolrsm;pdwf&$ifvef;vmap&efvkyfEdkifonf? A[k o k w jynf
h 0 jcif ; ES i f h zef w D ; wwf r _ ? yg0iforsm;tay:wGitajccHI
tkypwi;f / tkypwi;f wGiujJG ym;jcm; em;r_rsm;&Sayrnf?
aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif; l f f k kd f k kd f d wa,muftaejzifh
ajymif;vJaeaomtajctaeESihf tcGitvrf;rsm; ay:wGirwnfI
vduavsmnDaxG&atmif aexdif hf fl k f dS k wwfouJhodk
wckvHk;.vkyfief;pOfESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udkvnf;
azmfaqmifEdkif&rnfjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifhtkyfpk
wGif;&Sdxl;c|efolrsm;ESifh tawGtuH&Sdolrsm;udk
azmfxkwf&SmazGEdkif&rnfjzpfouJhodk
rdrd.A[kokwt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk avhvmolrsm;tusKd;twGuf
t}uHyay;apEdkifygonf? 14 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; T ef 2 0 0
7hre pack.pmd 14 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
15. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H h hf kf
aphpyfaqmfMoay;olaumif;wpfa,muf t&nftcsif;rsm; pd w f " mwf y d
k i f ; qd k i f & m bufvurr&S/d yk*K~ vpr&SbJ
ormorwfusus &yfwnf kd f _ d f GJ d &rnf? tjcm;olrsm;.
*k%foduQmESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk av;pm;wwf&rnf? rdru,rrd
bufaygi;pHjk ynfpo/l tm;vH;od tm;vH; d kd f d f h kH k k
wwfaeaomol[k rrSw,oif? f l h udk,fwdkifu vdifcJGjcm;r_tjrifESifh
cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_pdwf uif;&rnf? avhvmoif,orsm;xJrS
jyefvnftwk,avhvmvdaom pdwxm; l l l k f rsKd;&Sd&rnf?
avhvmoif,orsm;onf bmrSrod/ bmrSrwwf[aom tawG;pdw"mwfrsK; l l l f d
a&Smif&rnf? tjyKtrl y d k i f ; qd k i f & m
avhvmoif,lolrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh
&if;ESD;azmfa&GpGmqufqHwwf&rnf? rdrajymonftcsuEihf
rdr.tytrl/ tajymtqdk udunr&&rnf? d h f S d k f D _ dS
rdrduajymonfxuf olrsm;ajymonfudk ydkem;axmifEdkif&rnf?
avhvmoif,lolrsm;. ajym=um;csufudk tav;xm;
*kpuem;axmifay;wwf&rnf? kd f pdwfqdk;pdwfaumufaom/
pdwfysufaomtrlt,mrsm;udk ray: atmif xdr;f odr;f Edi&rnf? kf
rdrdudk,fwdkifuvJ udk,fhudkukd,f,Hk=unfr_&Sd+yD; oufawmifhouf
omjzpfaom yHprsK;d jzpf&rnf? oifavsmovdk Z0eOm%fo;kH wwf kH h f
&rnf? b0ifjrif/h rme}uD;aomyHpukd a&Smif&m;&rnf? k
H S tcsdefwdusr_ESifhwm0efudk rdrdudk,fwdkifav;pm;wwf&rnf?
rvdkvm;tyfbJ trsm;tmHkpl;pdkufapaom/ tjrif_wfapaom
0wfpm;qif,ifr_udka&Smif=uOf&rnf? cE
16. h hf vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H kf
avhvmoif,orsm;. vkyaqmifrrsm;ESihf vkyief;pOfw@kd l l f _ f udk
t+rJrjywfavhvmae&rnf? avhvmoif,lolrsm;&nfrSef;xm;onfh
&nf&G,fcsufrsm; twdkif; a&mufEdkifatmif
vrf;a=umif;ay;Edkif&rnf? avhvmoif,owkd em;rvnfEiaom twwfynm l l
kd f pum;rsm;rsm;udk wwfEior# a&Smif&m;&rnf? kd f S
rdrqvonftcsursm;udk d kd kd h f avhvmoif,ol rsm;em;vnf l
atmifv&if;wd&i;f ajymEdi&rnf? kd kS kf
oif=um;r_enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkudk oifhavsmfovdkajymif;vJtoHk;cs
wwf&rnf? avhvmoif,orsm;. l l avhvmEdirpr;f &nf
udqef;ppfavhvmwwf&rnfjzpf+yD; vdtyfovdk xde;f
ausmif;Edi&rnf? kf_G k k kf vlwdkif;yg0ifaqG;aEG;vmatmif
tm;ay;Edkif&rnf? odk@aomf avhvmoif,lolrsm;onf
yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifhyg0ifwwf onfudk t+rJowdrl&rnf?
tcsKd@olrsm;onf tkyfpk}uD;wGif aqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;
tkyfpki,ftwGif;wGif aqG;aEG;r_&wwfonf? dS
avhvmoif,loltcsif;csif; &efvdk/ wdkufcdkufr_udk rjzpfatmif
wm;qD;umuG,fay;Edkif&rnf? tm;vHk;,Hk=unf av;pm;wefzdk;xm;onfh
ywf0ef;usifrsKd;wnfaqmufay;Edkif&rnf? aqG;aEG;aeonfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;xJrS ta&;}uD;aomtESpfcsKyfudk
tjcm;olrsm;odatmif/ b,ftqifh txda&mufaeonfudk owdyrdatmif
tESpfcsKyfjyefvnfwifjywwf&rnf? oifcef;pmwckEiwck od@k r[kwf
aqG;aEG;onfta=umif;t&mwckEiwckt=um;
qufpyfr&&wifjyoGm;wwf&rnf? S hf h S hf _ dS dS
oifwef;om;rsm;. em;vnfr_tajctae {em;vnfr_/ _wfaxG;r__/
qufvufoif,lEdkifr_a&csdef(yifyrf;/ tdyf idkuf/ wufuG )}wdk@udk
avhvmtuJcwfwwf+yD; vdktyfovdk xdef;ausmif;ay;Edkif&rnf?
avhvmoif,lol udk,fwdkifvkyfudkif&if;
tajz&SmEdkifrnfhtvkyfrsm;udk udk,fudk,fwdkifu pdwfapmI udk,fpm;
vkyfaqmifay;jcif;/ tajzxkwfay;vdkufjcif;rsm;udk
a&Smif=uOf&rnf? avhvmoif,lolrsm;onf olwdk@udk,fwdkif
vkyfaqmifavhvmoif,Edkir_udk ydkrdkwefzkd;xm;wwf/ rSwfrdwwfonf? l f
oifwef;om;rsm;t=um; vSnfhvnfI avhvmwwfoljzpf&rnf?
tkyfpkwpkxJwGifom t+rJaejcif;udk a&Smif& rnf? xdkodk@aeygu
xdktkyfpkudk rdrduv$rf;rdk;ouJhodk@jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?
avhvmoif,lolrsm;xHwGif ar;p&mar;cGef;rsm;&Sd/ r&Sd
r=umc%ppfaq;ay;&rnf? rdrdar;cGef;wckar;vdkuf+yD;ygu
ajz=um;rnfholrsm; tcsdef,lpOf;pm;Edkif&ef tcsdefay;&rnf?
rdrduqHk;jzwfcsufcsay;jcif;r[kwfbJ avhvmoif,lolrsm;taejzifh
ydkrdkeufeJpGmaqG;aEG;awG;ac:apEdkifrnfh ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;+yD;
ukd,fwdkifoHk;oyfwwfap&ef vkyfaqmifay;Edkif&rnf?
jzpfay:vmaomtajctae/ aqG;aEG;r_ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm
ajymif;vJwwf&rnf? aqG;aEG;rnfhta=umif;t&mudk
avhvmxm;oljzpf&rnf?
rdrdudk,fwdkifuavhvmoif,lolrsm;.tm;aumif;csuf/
tm;enf;csufrsm;udktyoabmjzifhaxmufjywwf&ef vdovd/k
rdrtay:a0zefaxmufjyEdi&efuvnf; vrf;zGiay;wwf+y;D av;pm;pGmvufcI
vdtyfyguajymif;vJwwf&ef k d k f kd hf H k vdonf? k 16 o if w ef
; e nf ; jy v rf ; T ef 2 0 0 7hre pack.pmd 16 11/28/2007, 5:13
HREIB
17. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H h hf kf
aphpyfaqmfMoay;olwm0efrsm; aphpyfaqmf=oay;olonf vlxkt=um;wGif
vlr_toGifyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; jzpfay:ap&eftwGuf
vGwvyfyivif;r_&aom/ vlwi;f yg0ifavhvmr_&aom/ vlxEiuunaom/
vlxukd pGr;f &nfjriay;aomynm f G hf dS kd dS k S hf kd f D k hf
oif=um;r_udk udkifpJGusifhoHk;oljzpf&rnf? xdk@odk@aom
ynmoif=um;r_yHkpHrsKd; jzpfap&eftwGuf aphpyfaqmf=o
ay;oltaeESifh owdyvdkufemvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0ef (5)
rsKd;&Sdonf? 1 ? yxrOD;qHk;wm0efrSm avhvmoif,lolrsm;t=um;
pdk;&drfr_/ r&if;ESD;r_/ oufawmifhoufomr&Sdr_rsm;
yaysmufom;+yD; &if;ES;D r_rsm;&&Satmif
pwifvyaqmifay;&rnfh (Initiate) jzpfonf? avhvmolrsm;taejzifh G d
k f oifwef; od@k r[kwf aqG;aEG;yJppcsi;f wGip;kd &drr/_
,cifurawG@b;l aomolrsm;ESiawG@&ojzifh r&if;ES;D
r_rsm;&Swwf G f f hf d onfrSmobm0yifjzpfonf?
xdkcHpm;csufrsm;aysmuf+yD; vef;qef;wufuGvmap&eftwGuf
v_yf&Sm;r_wckckjzifh pwifoifhonf? odk@rSom
wdwfqdwf+idrfoufaeaomtajctaeudkzdzsufI oif,lolwdk@taejzifh vGwfvyf
aygyg;r_ucpm;Edirnf? xd@k aemuf oif,avhvmolw@kd .
tawG;rsm;udazmfjyEdirnfh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk pwifar;Edirnf? h kd H k f
l k kf kf 2 ? aemufxyfwm0efrSm oif,lolrsm;t=um; av;pm;r_/ em;vnfr_/
tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSef ulnDr_rsm; &Sdap&eftwGuf
rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifoihfa=umif;/
a&Smif=uOfoifha=umif;0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;I pnf; urf;rsm;csrwjf
cif; (Regulate)jzpfonf? oif,orsm;tm;vH;k yg0ifaqG;aEG;vmatmif/
tjcm;olrsm; wifjyr_ukd S l l avSmifajymifysu&,f ryatmif/
0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;r_r&SbJ t+rJwrf;wdwqw+f idroufaeolukd
yg0ifvmatmif/ f d f d f aqG;aEG;r_acgif;pOf ta=umif;t&mrsm;
OD;wnfcsuftwdkif;oGm;Edkifatmifb,fvdkrsdK; vdkufemaqmif&Gufoifh
a=umif; 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfjcif; tqifhyifjzpfonf? 3?
aphpyfaqmf=oay;oltaejzifh aemufvkyf&rnfhwm0efwckrSm oif,lolrsm;
odoifhod xdkufaom/ avhvmvdkaomta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI
vdktyfoavmuf owif; tcsuf r sm;ay;jcif ; / ta&;}uD ; onf h t
csuf r sm;ud k a xmuf j yjcif ; / avh v moif , l olrsm;tm;
aqG;aEG;rnfhta=umif;t&mrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufESifh
tcsdefpm&if;rsm;udk today;jcif;(Inform)jzpfonf? 4 ?
aemufxyfvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrSm rdrdta=umif;t&mudk ajymqdk
wifjy&ef tcuftcJ&Sdolrsm;/ rdrdwifjycsufudk
tjcm;olrsm;em;vnf atmif wifjy&mwGif tcuftcJ&orsm;udk
tm;ay;ulnjD cif; (Support) dS l jzpfonf? xdo@kd
vyaqmifay;jcif;jzifh tm;vH;k wifjyEdiatmif yHy;kd ay;&m k kf kf
h a&mufovdk &nf&G,fcsuftwdkif; c&D;qufEdkifatmif
xdef;ausmif;ay;&m vnf;a&mufonf? 5?
aemufxyfvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrSm jyefvnftuJjzwfjcif; (Evaluate)
jzpfonf? aqG;aEG;r_rsm; b,ftqifo@kd a&mufaeonf/ b,ftcsursm;udk
tESpcsKyf h f f wifjyoifonf/ oif,orsm;teuf rnfoutxl;tmHk yI
qJac:&ef vdtyfaeonf/ h l l l kd G k aemufxyfb,ftcsursm;udk
qufvufaqG;aEG;atmif vrf;a=umif;ay;oifonf ponfh f h tcsufrsm;udk
t+rJrjywf tuJjzwfqef;ppfaejcif;rSmvJ ynmay;olwa,muf rjzpf
raevkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;w&yfyifjzpfonf? o if w ef ; e nf
; jy v rf ; T ef 2 0 0 7 17hre pack.pmd 17 11/28/2007, 5:13
HREIB
18. h hf vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H kf 18 o if w ef
; e nf ; jy v rf ; T ef 2 0 0 7hre pack.pmd 18 11/28/2007, 5:13
HREIB
19. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H h hf kf tcef;(2)
oifMum;rItaxmuftuljyK enf;vrf;rsm; o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; T
ef 2 0 0 7 19hre pack.pmd 19 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
20. h hf vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H kf 20 o if w ef
; e nf ; jy v rf ; T ef 2 0 0 7hre pack.pmd 20 11/28/2007, 5:13
HREIB
21. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H h hf kf
oifwef;wckjyifqifykH (Designing Training) oifwef;wckujkd
yifqifawmhrnfqygu vG,v,Eihf jyifqifIr&Ediyg? trSewu,f
xda&mufatmifjrifaom kd f G fS kf f oifwef;wckjzpf&eftwGuf
tzufzufrS udwifjyifqifp&mrsm;&Sdygonf? oifwef;wckudk
jyifqifawmhrnfqdkygu rjzpfraejyifqifxm;oifhaom
ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf? 1?
bmta=umif;a=umifh oifwef;vdktyfovJudk od&Sd aom todynm
twwfynmvdktyfcsufrsm;/ oifwef; xm;&rnf? (Training Needs
Assessment) umvtwGi;f t"duavhvmvdaom tcsursm;udk odatmif k f
oifwef;wckyvkyawmhrnf od@k r[kwf vlwOD;OD;/ f vkyEiygu bma=umifh
,ckoifwef;vkyz@kd vdtyfovJqkd f kd f f k tzJG@tpnf;wckcku
oifwef;ay;&eftwGuf vma&muf onfhtcsufESifh ywfoufI
vHkavmufaomtajzrsm;&&Sd tul t nD a wmif ; onf q d k y gu
yxrOD ; qH k ; od & S d & rnf h Edkifrnf? tcsurm
bmtwGua=umifh ,ckoifwef;vkyz@kd vdtyf f S f f k xdk@tjyif tu,fI
tjcm;olwOD;OD; odk@r[kwf tzJ@G tpnf;wckcu zdw=f um;onfqygu
bma=umifh xdk k kd ta=umif;t&mudk oif=um;yd@k csapvdovJqonfh
ar;cGe;f k kd udar;jref;Edionf? xktzG@J pnf;. &nf&,csu/f
aemufcH k kf d G f ordkif;a=umif;rsm;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxkH;pHrsm;/
olwdk@. jyemrsm;udk od&Sdxm;jcif;jzifh aemufqufwJGjyifqif
p&mrsm;jzpfaom aqmif&efa&Smif&efrsm;/ oif=um;r_enf;
vrf;rsm;/ taxmuftulyypPnf;rsm;udk qufvufjyif qifEdkifonf?
xdkuJhodk@vdktyfcsufrsm;tm; avhvmpHkprf; jcif;udk twdkaumuftm;jzifh
TNA (Training Needs Assessment) [kvnf;ac:onf? tu,f I oif w ef ;
ay;&ef vd k t yf c suf r sm; ovJqaom tcsuyifjzpfonf? xdtcsuonf
yxrOD; kd f k f odk@r[kwf oifwef;om;rsm;avhvmvdkaom ta=umif;
qHk;vkyfaqmif&rnfh tcsufjzpfovdk oifwef;atmifjrif
t&mrsm;udk udwifI ravhvmEdiygu ppcsi;f tcsewif kf d f G
xda&mufrukd wdi;f wm&mwGita&;t}uD;qH;k aom tcsuf _ k f
oifwef;om;rsm;xHrS b,fta=umif;t&mrsm;udk avh vnf;jzpfonf?
xdk@tjyif xdktcsufudk aoaocsmcsm vmvdovJqonfh tcsursm;&atmif
ar;jref;xkwazmf k kd f f &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odxm;rSom
aemufxyfta&;}uD;aom oifhonf? tcsursm;tm; b,fvjkd
yifqif&rnfukd pOf;pm;qifjcifEif f kd ayrnf? 2?
&nf&G,fcsuf (Objectives) bmtwGuf ,ckoifwef;vkyfzdk@
vdktyfovJqdk aomtajzudo&&ef
rdroifwef;vky&ef&nf&,xm;onfh k d dS d f G f bma=umifh
xdkoifwef;ay;&ef vdktyfovJqdk aoxHokd@oGm;a&mufI
oifwef;vkyf&ef&nf&G,fcsuf aom tajzrsm;udk
&&Sd+yD;+yDqdkygu aemufxyfvkyfaqmif vkyfxm;aomolrsm;tm;
oGm;a&mufar;jref; okawoe &efrm
&dxm;aomtcsursm;tay:tajccHI oifwef;. S S f vkyfEdkifonf?
xdkodk@oGm;a&mufar;jref;&mwGif vlawG@
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkcsrSwf&efjzpfonf?
&nf&G,fcsufqdk ar;jref;jcif;vkyEiovdk
oifwef;vdtyfonftcsursm;udk f kd f k h f onfrm oifwef;t+yD;wGif
oifwef;wufa&muforsm;udk S l od&SdEdkifonfh
ar;cGef;azmifrsm;jyifqifI jznfhpGufapEdkif
b,fvdkjzpfoGm;apcsifonfqdkonfh ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk onf?
vltrsm;=um;xJ vSnfhvnfoGm;vmI ppfwrf; csrwjf cif;jzpfonf? xdo@kd
&nf&,csursm;udk tpuwnf; S k G f f aumuf , l E d k i f o nf
? xd k o l r sm;wG i f uH a wG @ ae&aom u wdwusus&i;f
&Si;f vif;vif; csrwxm;rS xdoifwef;. d S S f k jyemrsm;/ xdjk
yemrsm;udk ajz&Si;f vdaom t}uH^m%f k atmifjrifr/_
xda&mufr/_ tusKd ;&Srw@kd ukd oifwef;t+yD;wGif d_ rsm;/
xdo@kd ajz&Si;f onftcgwif if;wd@k vtyfaom/ odvkd k h G kd
xifxif&Sm;&Sm;wdkif;wmEdkifrnfjzpfonf? oifwef;t+yD; o if w
ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; T ef 2 0 0 7 21hre pack.pmd 21 11/28/2007,
5:13 HREIB
22. h hf vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H kf wGif
xd&nf&,csursm;udk jyefvnfu;kd um;I xd&nf&,f nDr#um
oifwef;.&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twdkif;&&SdEdkifrnf? k G f f
k G csursm;&&Satmif vkyaqmifEijf cif;&Sr&S/d
vkyaqmifEiyg f d f kd d f kd f u b,favmuftwdi;f twmtxd
vkyaqmifEionfukd k f kd f wdi;f wm&rnf? xd@k a=umifh
&nf&,csucsrw&mwGif (SMART) k G f f S f
jzpf&efvdkonf? xdkpum;vHk;.qdkvdkcsufrSm(S-specific tao;pd w f
u sr_ ) jzpf o nf ? qd k v d k o nf r S m rd r d c srS w f xm;aom
&nf&G,fcsufonf a,bl,srqefbJ vlOD;a&/ ta=umif;t&m/
tcsdefwdwdususjzpf&efvdkonf? (M- measurable wdi;wmI&aom)
qdonftcsurm xd&nf kf k h fS k
&G,csuatmifjrifr&r&Sukd tvG,wul wdi;f wmEdiaom f f _ dS
d f k kf tcsufjzpf&ef vdktyfonf? tcsKd@aom
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf vlxkt=um; tu,fI oifwef;ydk@csrnfholu
rdrdvdkcsifonfht&nf todtjrifwkd;wufap&ef[laom
ta&;tom;rsKd;jzpfI tcsi;f rsm;ESihf udunaomoifwef;om;rsm;
&Edirnfqyg k f D kf kd vlxkt=um;todtjrifwdk;wufr_ay:
rnfuJhodk@wdkif;wm u taumif;qHk;jzpfonf? odk@aomf oifwef;wdkif;wGif
EdirvJqonfrm ar;cGe;f xkwp&mjzpfaeonf? aemufw
xdkuJhodk@aomoifwef;om;rsm;&Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@ kf kd S f
csujf zpfonfh (A- achievable atmifjrifEir)qdonfrm twGufa=umifh
oifwef;ydk@csrnfoltaejzifh rdrdoifwef; kd f _ k S
xd&nf&,csuukd owfrwxm;onftcsetwGi;f trSef
wGiwufa&mufrnfh oifwef;om;rsm;ta=umif;udk odEif k G f f S f h d
f f kd wu,f atmifjrifEir&r&Sqonftcsujf zpfonf? w&uf
or#oxm; atmifvy+f yD; xde;f !Ei&ef ud;pm;&ayrnf? kd f _ dS
d kd h d k d kd f wmoifwef;twGif;
vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif;t&mtm; oifwef;om;rsm;.ta=umif;udk
avhvm&mwGif vH;k udk E_uEuc|wc|wf tao;pdwoifEirnf r[kwyg? d f
d_ f f f kd f f trsm;tm;jzifh vlta&twGuf/ usm;rOD;a&/ touf/
&&SdaomtcsdefESifh tajctaetwGif;trSef wu,f&&Sd
ynma&; tqiftwef;/ ajymqdonfbmompum;/ vlrsK;d / h k h Edkifaom
&nf&G,fcsufrsKd;jzpf&rnf? aemufxyftcsufrSm
,Ofaus;r_aemufcH/ tzJG@tpnf;/ wm0ef/ wufa&mufcJh (R- realistic
jzpf E d k i f a cs&S d r &S d ) qd k o nf h t csuf j zpf o
nf ? bl;aom oifwef;tawG@tuHrsm;udk odEior#o&atmif kd f d dS
oifwef;wywfay;Hjk zifh wEdiiv;kH u jynforsm;udk vl@tcGihf kfH l vk
y f a qmif & onf ? xd k t csuf t vuf r sm;ud k rsm;rsm;
ta&;u|rf;usifolrsm; jzpfatmifvkyfIr&Edkifay? xdk&nf
odEdkifavav xdkoifwef;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfudkufnDaom &G,fcsufonf
atmifjrifEdkifr_qdkonfh tcsuft&qdkv#if oifcef;pmenf;vrf;rsm;udk
a&G;cs,fEdkifavavjzpfrnf?
jzpfEdkifrnfh&nf&G,fcsufr[kwfEdkifyg? aemufqHk;tcsufrSm
xdkodk@odxm;ygu xdkolwdk@. touf/ usm;ruJGjym;r_ESifh (T-time-bound
tcseuujf zpfr)jzpfonf? oifwef;yvkyf d f kd _ ,Ofaus;r_rsm;jzifh
udkufnDrnfh v_yf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;rsm;udk &ef
jyifqifxm;aomtcseEihf jzpfysuaeaom ta=umif; dfS fwDxitoH;k
yEdirnfjzpfovdk xdow@kd . aemufctcsuf Gf kf k l H t&mudprsm;
udunr&r&S/d xdtcsetwGi;f wufa&muf P k f D _ dS k df
tvufrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;.tajctaersm;/ vuf&Sdvkyf rnforsm;
vma&mufEijf cif;&Sr&Sd ponfw@kd ukd xnfoi;f h l kd d h
G aqmifaeonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udo&ygu rdroifcef; k d dS d
pOf;pm;&rnf? pmaqG;aEG;r_rsm;xJwif xdtawG@tuHrsm;udk aqG;aEG;vm
G k Edkifatmif OD;aqmifqJGac:oGm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? txl; ojzifh
xdorsm;. ,Ofaus;r_qi&m tqdtrde@f rsm;/ vufcH k l kd f k 3?
oifwef;om; a&G;cs,fr_ (Participant) ,k=H unfrrsm;udk
rdravhvmxm;+yD; oifcef;pmESihf qufpyf _ d oifwef;om;udk
a&G;cs,f&jcif;rSm oifwef;om; IvdktyfovdktoHk;yjcif;jzifh
oifwef;om;rsm;. vuf rsm;.uGm[r_ukd avsmenf;ap&efjzpfonf?
oifwef;wuf awG@b0ESifheD;pyfaom aqG;aEG;csufrsm; jzpfay:vmapEdkif h
rnfh olrsm;tm;vH;k wln&efrmrjzpfEiyg/ od@k aomf oifwef; onf? D
S dk f wGif;&Sd oifwef;om;rsm;. tawG;tac: jrifhrm;r_a&csdef
uGm[csufenf;avav oifwef;atmifjrifr_ ydkrsm;av avjzpfonf?
oifwef;yd@k csotaejzifh oifwef;om;rsm;. l a&csdefudk
xdef;!day;Edkifrnfqdkygu oifwef;om;.yg0ifr_ 22 o if w ef ; e nf ;
jy v rf ; T ef 2 0 0 7hre pack.pmd 22 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
23. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H h hf kf 4? ae&m/
tcsd e f ul n D r nf h o l rsm;udk udwifod&SdrSom
xdk&&SdaomtcsdefESifh udkufnDpGm (Place, Time, Assistance)
oifcef;pmrsm;udk jyifqifEdkifvdrfhrnf? aemufxyfqufvuf+yD;
jyifqif&rnfht&mrSm xdk@jyif
xdkoifwef;tqifajyajyatmifjrifpGm oifwef;yd@k csrnfae&m/
tcseEihf oifwef;twGi;f rdrvtyf h dfS d kd +yD;qHk;oGm;&eftwGuf
0dkif;0ef;ulnDaqmif&Gufay;rnfh onfrsm;tm; ulnDay;rnfholrsm;udk
jyifqifjcif;yifjzpf olrsm;udk owfowfrSwfrSwfa&G;cs,fI
wm0efay;&efvJ onf? rdrdvkyfrnfhoifwef;ae&mudk
rdrdt&ifqHk;=unfh vdktyfonf? rdrdoifwef;om;rsm;.
aea&;pm;a&;udk Ediygu taumif;qH;k jzpfonf? xdo@kd =unfjh
cif;jzifh rdrjd yif kf k ulnDay;rnfh xrif;[if;csufolrsm;/
um;armif;ydk@ay;rnfh qifrnfoifcef;pmrsm;udk
xdae&mtus,t0ef;ESihf tcef; h k f olrsm;/ oifwef;twGi;f
rSwwrf;wifay;rnforsm;/ rdrEihf f h l dS wnfae&mtvdkuf
udkufnDtqifajyrnfh v_yf&Sm;r_enf; yl;wJGI
oifwef;ydk@csrnfholrsm;/ oifwef;twGif;vdktyf vrf;rsm;xJrS
a&G;cs,fpOf;pm;Edkifrnf? rdrdzdwf=um;rnfh rnfht&mrsm;udk
0,f,lay;rnfholrsm;udk udwif&SmazG oifwef;om;rsm;
avhvmv_yf&Sm;Edkif&eftwGuf tcef;. aqG;aEG;xm;&efvonf?
tu,fI bmomjyefrnfvl vdk kd h taetxm;onf vHavmufaomtus,t0ef;/ av0if
k f tyfygu xdkolonf bmompum;ajymwwfHkoufouf avxGu/f
tvif;a&mif&&Sr_ aumif;rGevavmufr&r&Sukd d f kH
_ dS d omru rdrdaqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;
udwif=unhf&_ avhvmoifhonf? oifwef;yvkyfrnfhae
u|rf;0ifjcif;&Sdr&Sdudk pDppfavhvm&efvdkonf? trsm;pk
&monf oifwef;om;rsm;. kyfykdif;qdkif&moufawmifh
arhavsmavh&aomolwOD;rSm tu,fI rdroifwef;om; h dS d
oufomjzpfruomru pdwyi;f qdi&m oufawmifh ouf _ kd f kd k f
rsm;xJwGif uav;i,frsm;&Sdaom rdcifrsm;ygvmygu xdk omjzpf
apatmifvnf; jznfhqnf;ay;Ekifaom ae&mjzpf d uav;rsm;udk xde;f
ausmif;ay;rnfh uav;xde;f rsm;yifjzpf oifonf? vHk cHa&;ESihf
ywf0ef;usif aESmuf,urw@kd uvJ h S f _ kd onf? rdrd&ifaoG;udk
pdwfcspGmxm;EdkifrS xdkrdcifrsm;onf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf?
xdkae&modk@ oifwef;om;rsm; oifwef;tay:
pdwf0ifpm;Edkifrnfjzpfojzifh pdwfcs&aom vma&muf&ef
tcuftcJ&r&Sqonfh tcsurmvJ xnfh dS d kd f S uav;xde;f .
tcef;urSmvJ tvGeta&;}uD;ygonf? f oGif;pOf;pm;oifhaom
tcsufyifjzpfonf? aemufxyftcsufrSm oifwef;vkyfrnfhtcsdefjzpf 5? oif
c ef ; pmacgif ; pOf r sm;a&G ; cs,f r _ / onf? xdktcsdefonf
rdrdtwGufomru oifwef;wuf (Lesson plan content) rnfh olrsm;tm;vHk;
tqifajyEdkifrnfhtcsdefudk a&G;cs,f aemuf x yf j yif q if &
rnf h t csuf r S m oif w ef ; wwf&efvonf? txl;ojzifh
rdroifwef;om;rsm;xJwif kd d G twGuf txl;ta&;}uD;aom
oifcef;pmjyifqifr_jzpf tdrfaxmifwm0efudk
rjzpfraexrf;aqmifae&aom tdrf onf? ,cifu rdrdavhvmxm;aom
oifwef;yvkyf& axmifpD;yGm;a&;twGuf jyifyxGufI
pdkufysKd;a&;vkyf&ol onfh&nf&G,fcsufudktajccHI
,ckoifwef;twGif; rnf rsm;/ puftvkyvy&olrsm; wufa&mufEirnhf
tcsersK;d Hk f kf kd f df onfhta=umif;t&macgif;pOfrsm;ESifh
tcsuftvufrsm; jzpf r S o m atmif j rif a omoif w ef ; jzpf r nf ?
xd k @ tjyif udk xnfoi;f aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfa=umif; a&G;cs,q;kH
jzwfonfh h G f oifwef;om;rsm;rS ay;Edkifrnhftcsdefumv b,favmuf
tqifhjzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfh ta=umif;t&m vJqonfh
tcsuuvxnfoi;f pOf;pm;&rnf? wae@v#if kd f kd J h G rSm
tvGefus,fjyef@vSojzifh xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;xJrS
b,fem&DoifrvJ/ b,fESpf&ufoifrvJqdkaom tcsuf
rnfonfhta=umif;t&monf oifwef;om;rsm;vdktyf onfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;jzpfonfua&G;cs,&rnf? xdo@kd kd f k
a&G ; cs,f & mwG i f oif w ef ; om;rsm; avh v mvd k o nf h
ta=umif;t&momru rdrdzGifhvSpf&onfh oifwef;.
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkyg [efcsufnDnD xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;& rnf?
rdry@kd csrnfoifcef;pmrsm;onf rdr&nf&,xm;aom d h d G f
oifwef;wckv;kH . &nf&,csuEihf udun&rnfjzpfonf? G f f S
k f D rdrdoifcsifonfht&m/ rdrdu|rf;usifonfhacgif;pOfudkom
oifIr&yg? oifwef;umvtwGi;f rnfonfacgi;f pOfEihf rnf h S o if w
ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; T ef 2 0 0 7 23hre pack.pmd 23 11/28/2007,
5:13 HREIB
24. h hf vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H kf
onfhta=umif;t&mrsm;yg0ifatmif aqG;aEG;aprnf[k 7?
&effykHaiG(Fund) a&G;cs,owfrw+f yD;rSom aemufxyftao;pdwf
tqifukd f S h txufygtcsufrsm; jynfhpkHaomfvnf;
qufvufjyifqifEdkifayrnf? oifwef;ydk@cs&ef
ukefusrnfht&mrsm;twGuf &efykHaiG 6?oif = um;r_ e nf ; vrf ;
rsm;ES i f h v k d t yf a omypP n f ; rsm;
r&SduvkyfaqmifEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@twGuf ukefusrnfh (Module
planning and materials) p&dwfrsm;udk rnfoluwm0ef,lrvJ/
rnfonhfenf;jzifh oifwef;umvtwGi;f rnfonfacgi;f pOfEihf rnf
&efyaiG&mrvJ/ ukeusrrsm; tenf;qH;k jzpfatmifb,fvkd h S kH S
f _ onhfta=umif;rsm;yg0ifatmif aqG;aEG;aprnf[ka&G;cs,f
jyifqifrvJ ponf wdk@udkjyifqif&ayrnf? owfrSwf+yD;v#if
aemufxyfjyifqif&rnfh tcsufrsm;rSm xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ydk@cs rvJqdkaomtcsufyifjzpfonf?
rdrdxnfhoGif; aqG;aEG;ap rnfhta=umif;t&macgif;pOfwckcsif;tay:
rnfonfhenf; vrf;rsm;oHk;rvJ/ rnfonfhaemufqufwJGar;cGef;rsm;udk quf
p yf a r;rvJ / rnf o nf h A [k o k w rsm;xnh f a y;rvJ /
vufawG@b0eJ@ b,fvqufpyfrvJponfh (ADIDS) enf; kd vrf;rsm;udk
jyifqif&rnfhtcsdefjzpfonf? wcsdefxJrSmyif xd k o if = um;r_ e
nf ; vrf ; rsm;twG u f vd k t yf r nf h k y f y H k /
jyZmwfZmwfvrf;/ oDcsif;/ ADGD,dk/ avhvmp&mtjzpf tysuf
Zmwfvrf;ponfwdk@udkvJ jyifqifxm;&awmhrnf jzpfonf?
xdkvdktyfaomypPnf;rsm;udk pOf;pm;a&G;cs,f&m wGif
rdrdoifwef;om;rsm;.touftG,f/ &ifhusufr_/
,Ofaus;r_ponfwdk@ESifhudkufnDaom taxmuftuly 8?
tuJjzwffjcif;(Evaluation) ypPnf;rsm;jzpf&rnf? oif w ef ; .
atmif j rif t oH k ; 0if r _ u d k w d k i f ; wm Edkif&eftwGuf
tuJjzwfjcif;onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom tcsufjzpfonf?
rlvucsrSwfxm;aom oifwef;vkyf aqmif&onfh
&nf&,csursm;ud&&Sd jynfrr&r&Sukd wdi;f G f
f k h DS _ dS d k wmEdi&eftwGuf tuJjzwfjcif;udk rjzpfrae
vkyaqmif& kf f onf ? rd r d c srS w f x m;aom SMART &nf
& G , f c suf r sm; twdkif;
vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhjcif;&Sdr&Sdudk tuJjzwf