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Water-EnergyInteractionsDr Fayyaz Ali Memon

Centre for Water Systems. University of Exeter

United Kingdom

2nd Int. Conf. on Energy, Environment & Sustainable Development (EESD-2012)

27-29 Feb. 2012, MUET - Pakistan


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Outline

Water implications for energy generation

Potential solutions

Energy/carbon implications forwater services Energy consumption reduction through WDM

Wastewater a liability or resource

Water-Energy-Food nexus

Key messages


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Is it a system capacity issue?

Is it a management/resource

issue? Is it growth in demand?

Or

Bit of everything?


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Growth in Energy demand


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(2008)

Energy flows in the global electricity (TWh)

Is

itint

elligent

us

e

ofre

source..

?

Carbon implications..!!


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CO2 emissions by sector


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Climate

change

implications!!!


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climate

waterenergy

demand

carbon

variability

mitigation

mitigation

adaptation

demand mitigation

Energy-water-climate nexus


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Global electricity generation by resource

Electricitygenera

tion(TWh)

Source: IEA Statistics


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Water use in pulverised coal fired

power plants

Zhai et al (2011)


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Water footprint for typical CFPPs using

different types of boilers

Zhai et al (2011)


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Coal fired power plants vulnerable to

water / supply demand

Near 340 plants in 43 states are vulnerable

Source: US department of Energy

DOE/NETL-2010/1429


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Water consumption to generate power

from different fuel sources


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Gerbens-Leenes, et al (2010).

Water footprint of crops

providing bio energy fuels

(ethanol and bio diesel)


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ET = embodied for ethanol transportation from field to pump (field-to-pump

water use of 1 L of ethanol to be between 263 and 784 L)

Dominguez faus et al (2009)

Resource footprint for producing 1 L of ethanol


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Water consumption to generate power

from different technologies

http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-

make-electricity

This may be carbon friendly but not water efficient
http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricityhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/how-much-water-does-it-take-to-make-electricity


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Embodied water in

transportation of

fuels

Scown et al (2011)

Water is also needed to transport energy/fuels


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Marine renewable energy

Wave energy hinged contour device

buoyant moored device

overtopping device

Tidal energy tidal flow turbines

tidal barrages

Ocean thermal energy

UK Govt . to push for W&T

energy , as it could meet 1/5th

of energy needs


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Water : Energy Nexusboth challenges must be addressed together


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Energy consumption in water

production


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Price of bottled water


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Bottled water consumption by region


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Bottled water energy implications Producing the bottles for American consumption

required the equivalent of more than 17 million

barrels of oil, not including the energy for

transportation

Bottling water produce more than 2.5 million tonsof carbon dioxide

It takes 3 liters of waterto produce 1 liter of

bottled water


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CO2 emissions by sector

World Development Report (2010)


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Medium to high energy uses in

water supplyProcess/operation Typical energy use Factors influencing

use

High lift pumping 250 500 kWh/Ml Head, pump efficiency

Abstraction pumping Up to 250 kWh/Ml Head, pump efficiency,

depth of water table

Ozonation 60 kWh/Ml Ozone dose

DAF 25 kWh/Ml Saturator pump

efficiency, recycle flow,

pressure

Membranes 25 kWh/Ml Type of membrane,

pump efficiency

UV 5-40 kWh/Ml UV Dose

Pumping..!!!


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Tool generated composite strategies

(water + energy use)


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WDM optionsWater saving options

Leakage control

Metering

Grey water recycling

Rainwater harvesting

User behaviour

Water saving fixtures

Displacement devices

Low flush toilets Low flow taps

Water efficient showers and baths

Water efficient white goods

C b t i t d ith WDM


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Carbon cost associated with WDM

options


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RWH energy consumption

Because of high capacity pumps...... EA (2010)


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Eco-Compac system

Exeter has developed refined

methods to quantify actual

energy consumption based

on real consumption

UVETOTO EPEEE ))1(( .22

))1(( .22 ETOT PEEE

Pumping

UV disinfection

Ward et al (2012)

Energy implications comparison of Eco-Comapc with


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Energy implications comparison of Eco Comapc with

mains supply

30 years

analysis

60 years

analysis


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Water as a source for Energy - Innovations


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1. Groundwater, in some cases, contains methane (up

to 50 mg/lit.) and this can be extracted and used as

energy source as is happening in the Netherlands

1. Nitrogen removal from wastewater is necessary.

This can be achieved using microbial fuel cells

which have been found to produce electricity.

2. Source separation of urine and excreta and

processing could reduce the need for syntheticfertilisers

3. Micro-Hydro Turbines Embedded in mains water

distribution pipes as happening in NY

4. Direct use of sea water for toilet flushing and

resulting savewater could be treated withprocesses (e.g. SANI) which require least amount of

energy (e.g. In Hong Kong)

5. Fuel from algae

Water as a source for Energy - Innovations

There are numerous

possibilities


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ps


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G

lobalavera

gewaterfootprintof

keycro

(m3/ton)


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Demand for meat


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The water-energy-food nexus a perfect storm (Prof


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The water energy food nexus a perfect storm (Prof

John Beddington, 2009)


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